PROCEEDIN
Volume 2
Chicago, Illinois
Jan. 31, Feb.1-2, Feb. 5-7,1961
Executive Session
March 7.8 and 12,1968
CONFERENCE
I L L I N 0 I S
INDIAN*
Pollution off
Lake Michigan and its tributary basin
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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463
1 THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1968
2 MORNING SESSION
3 (9:30 a.m.}
4 MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
5 While we get started, I think, you will
6 see that Assistant Secretary Max Edwards is at
7 the table with us again today, and in addition
8 we have a brand new Federal Water Pollution
9 Control Administration Commissioner, Mr. Joe
10 Moore, Jr., who was just sworn in this morning.
H Please stand up, Mr. Koore, so they
12 can see you.
13 (Applause.)
14 MR. STEIN: I think we also have an
15 old friend from Illinois, Dr. C. S. Boruff, of
16 Peoria.
17 And we have John Vo.gt,of Michigan,
18 who is an old friend. Both of these people
19 have worked in water pollution control for
20 many years.
21 I have a tentative schedule now, so
22 you people might be able to adjust your appoint-
23 ments.
24 We expect that the Federal presen-
25 tation will take most of the day, if not the
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MR. STEIN
complete day today.
£
Tomorrow we will have a presentation
O
. from Illinois.
4
We will recess as early as possible
5
on Friday to enable those people who want to
6
get back to their home base to make it before
the weekend and have a recess Saturday and
o
Sunday.
9
_ We will reconvene again on Monday
morning. Monday morning Indiana will make
12 its presentation. When Indiana has completed
,, it, Michigan will make its presentation, which
13
14 will possibly take the rest of the afternoon,
15 possibly into Tuesday, and then Wisconsin
16 will make its presentation.
Yl We expect most of the presentations
18 on the present schedule to be completed sometime
19 on Tuesday, we hope fairly early. At that time
20 we will have a discussion among the conferees
21 and we should have this session of the conference,
22 I hope, concluded by next Tuesday or Wednesday.
23 Before we begin, I believe Wisconsin
24 has a procedural document it might want to
25 insert in the record now.
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MR, STEIN
Mr. Holmer.
MR. HOLMER: Mr. Chairman, first I
would note at the table the presence of another
old friend of yours, Ted Wisnlewski, who is
my assistant and an alternate today.
Next to him Tom Prangos, who is Director
of our Water Resources Bureau and also an alter-
nate today.
You indicate that next Tuesday we will
be coming to the conclusion of this first section
of the conference, and I have distributed to the
members of this conference a document which
suggests the form and some of the content that
might be included in the summary and recommen-
dations which come out of this conference. This
document, which I intend should be entered in
the record of this conference, is purely
recommendatory and indicative. We think that
the other members of the conference will find
it a useful point of reference as they consider
their participation in these proceedings.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Holmer.
Without objection,this document will be entered
into the record as if read.
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465
WISCONSIN PRESENTATION
3 OPENING STATEMENT
4 AT
. LAKE MICHIGAN ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
o
6
_ "Wisconsin shares the widely-held
g hope that this conference will deal boldly and
9 promptly with the issues before it. The quality
10 of Lake Michigan is rightly our concern.
jj "We have considered, at length, the
12 statutory purposes of the conference and how
13 we might best contribute to the effectiveness
14 of these deliberations. As our first contri-
15 bution, I would offer the following suggestions
16 with respect to the content and sequence of
17 the discussions.
18 "The Federal Water Pollution Control
19 Act does not define the agenda for this conference
20 but it does declare that 'the Secretary shall
21 prepare. . . .a summary of conference discussions
22 including (A) occurrence of pollution. . . .
23 subject to abatement under this Act; (B) adequacy
24 of measures taken toward abatement of the pol-
25 lutionj and (C) nature of delays, if any, being
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WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
encountered in abating the pollution.' (Sec. 10
"The Act further authorizes the
Secretary* if he finds 'that effective progress
toward abatement of pollution is not being made,1
to 'recommend to the appropriate State water
pollution control agency that it tafce necessary
remedial action.'
"The summary and recommendations are
the end product of this conference. They are,
of course, the prerogative of the Secretary.
However, Wisconsin recommends that the following
data and conclusions be incorporated in the
conference summary:
"A. Occurrence of pollution
"l. A listing of the municipal
and industrial sources of waste
discharge, with descriptions of
each to include:
a. Minimum, maximum, and aver-
age daily volumes
b. Character of the discharge,
showing at least
(1) Biochemical oxygen demand
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1 WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
2 (2) Nutrients (it known)
3 (3) Toxic chemicals
4 (4) Temperature
5 c. Type of treatment
g d. Nature of receiving water-
7 course
g n2. A summary narrative descrip-
9 tion of the pollution resulting
10 from other manmade sources.
11 a. Dredging
12 b. Commercial and pleasure
13 vessels
14 c. Urban and agricultural
15 runoff (salt, fertilizers,
16 pesticides)
17 d. Other hazards (e.g., oil,
18 sedimentation, solid waste
ID disposal)
20 "3. A description of other sources
21 of pollution
22 a. Alewife
23 b. Rainfall
24 c. Natural runoff
25 "B. Adequacy of abatement measures
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469
! WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
2 nl. Acknowledgment that the
3 quality of Lake Michigan shore-
4 line waters has deteriorated
5 and that corrective action has
6 not been adequate,
7 B2. An affirmation that the
8 I water quality standards adopted
9 by the States and approved by the
10 Secretary are believed to be ade-
11 quate to cope with the sources
12 of pollution to which they apply.
13 "3. A finding that other sources
14 of pollution may not be adequately
15 controlled.
16 a. Dredging
17 b. Commercial and pleasure
18 vessels
19 c. Urban and agricultural
20 runoff
21 d. Alewif e
22 e. Other hazards.
23 "4. Consideration of the neces-
24 sity for zoning of the use of
25 related land resources.
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1 WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
2 HC. Nature of delays
3 nl. A general description of
4 leadtimes required.
5 "2. Identification of research
6 gaps and an estimate of the
7 periods of time for filling
g them.
9 "3« Shortages of technical
10 personnel,
11 "M-, Organizational and legis-
12 lative leadtime.
13 "5. Financial aspects
14 a. The role of Federal and
15 State grants
16 b. The magnitude of the task
17 (l) Sewer separation
18 (2) Combined municipal-
19 industrial and inter-
20 municipal Joint treatment
21 (3) Establishment of new
22 districts
23 c, The need for a degree of
24 certainty about future require-
25 ments.
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471
! WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
2 "The Secretary should, it seems to us,
3 include with the conference summary specific
4 recommendations to the States with respect to
5 remedial action. Although final authority is
6 his, it is hoped that each recommendation will
7 be discussed at this conference. The following
8 outline is intended to suggest an appropriate
9 sequence for such a discussion. It is recog-
10 nized that many elements are interdependent
H but some clearly precede others.
12 "!• Recommendations relating to
13 research and investigation
14 "a. Present research programs
15 Mb. Proposed investigations,
16 indicating
17 (1) Priorities
18 (2) Timetable
19 (3) Assigning specific re-
20 sponsibilities
21 "2. Data needs
22 "a. Water monitoring
23 "b. Related shoreland uses
24 M3. Treatment standards and methods
25 M4. Collection standards
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1 WISCONSIN OPENING STATEMENT
2 B5. Organizational recommendations
3 "6. Legislative recommendations
4
6 MR. STEIN; Now I would like to call
on Assistant Secretary Edwards for a short
7 statement.
g Mr. Edwards.
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473
1 ASSISTANT SECRETARY EDWARDS
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3 STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE
4 MAX N. EDWARDS, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
5 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
6
7 ASSISTANT SECRETARY EDWARDS: Conferees,
g ladies and gentlemen.
9 Earlier yesterday while I w&s rum-
10 staging through Secretary Udall's file to find
11 some material to fulfill his commitments, I
12 came across a letter which I think pointedly
13 describes the problem, although it may describe
14 it simply. The letter is as follows:
15 wMy Dear Mr. Secretary:
16 "Last evening my fourth grade son asked
17 if he could describe to me his homework project,
18 a drawing of the city. He proceeded to point
19 out the John Hancock Center, the Eisenhower
20 Expressway, an apartment complex, office
21 buildings, an airplane in an approach to O'Hare
22 Field, and in the center of the picture, 'A
23 polluted river.' Nothing ever said to me by one
24 of oy six children has made such an impact as
25 that 'polluted river.' That a child his age
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1 ASSISTANT SECRETARY EDWARDS
2 must include in his knowledge of the world about
3 him in such matter-of-fact terms 'a polluted
4 river1 is the shame of our generation. How I
5 wish he could have said !A wild river.' For
6 Tommy's sake, let's get going."
7 I think that that sets the theme for
8 this conference. From my own personal view, it
9 sets the theme for recommendations after we have
10 found the sources of pollution to Lake Michigan.
11 It sets the theme for the recommendations that
12 we will make to the Secretary to abate these
13 sources of pollution. If they are not abated we
will have to take the proper action to do so.
Thank you.
16 MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Edwards.
Mr. Poston, would you go on with the
I8 Federal presentation, please.
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475,
1 FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
2
3 STATEMENT BY H. W. POSTON
4 DIRECTOR, GREAT LAKES REGION
5 FWPCA, DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
6
7 MR. POSTON: I am H. W. Poston, Regional
8 Director of the Federal Water Pollution Control
9 Administration (FWPCA) of the Department of the
10 Interior. I am responsible for the administration
11 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Program in
12 this area, which includes Lake Michigan.
13 In the century and a half that people
14 have lived along the shores of Lake Michigan, this
15 body of water has been used and abused, to such an
16 extent that today we are at a critical time in its
17 history. In a number of local areas, a crisis
18 condition exists. The nature of this crisis is
19 illustrated by the fact that not too many years
20 ago the City of Chicago was still drawing drinking
21 water from the lake and treating it only with
an
chlorine. Today this water must go through an
03
I extensive and sophisticated treatment process.
Pollution has been increasing at such an acceler-
25 ating pace in the past few years that the most
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1 H. W. POSTON
2 modern methods of water treatment used by Chicago
3 have been taxed on occasion to produce a drinking
* water of satisfactory quality. Many other instance
5 of impairment of water quality around the shores
6 of the lake could be cited. Scientific evidence
7 of this will be presented later in reports by
8 other Federal representatives.
9 Our senses of sight and smell also tell
10 us that we are faced with a polluted resource,
11 where oil spills discolor the water, where algae
12 pile up in windrows on the beaches, and where wastes
13 of every variety are seen floating by. The visi-
14 bility of pollution has aroused the people of this
15 area; they are demanding a cleanup.
16 The management of Lake Michigan must be
17 a combined Federal, State and local effort. The
18 lake is an interstate and national asset even
19 though pollution is created at the local level.
20 Federal financial and technical assistance is
21 available; but where it cannot be provided, local
22 government and local industry must assume respon-
23 sibility for controlling their pollution. In
24 fact, local leadership is imperative to the
25 success of this program. If nothing else is
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477
1 H. W. POSTON
2 accomplished at this conference but to create
3 this sense of responsibility and urgency at the
4 local level, then this meeting will have gone
6 far in accomplishing its goals.
6 The Federal water pollution control
7 program was launched Just over a decade ago when
8 the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956
9 was signed into law. This Act and its subsequent
10 amendments recognize the primary right and respon-
11 sibility of the States to prevent and control
12 water pollution. The Federal program provides
13 for a cooperative attack upon water pollution
14 through numerous approaches, such as:
15 grants to municipalities for con-
16 struction of ^treatment works;
17 program grants to State water
18 pollution control agencies;
19 training grants to educational
20 institutions and to individuals;
21 grants for research and develop-
22 ment and planning;
23 establishment of water quality
24 standards, and
25 enforcement actions such as this.
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1 H. W. POSTON
2 Assistance is also provided to indus-
3 tries through investment tax credit, through
4 the indirect benefits of Federal assistance to
5 municipalities, and through grants for industrial
6 research. All phases of this program have been
7 brought to bear at the Federal, State and local
8 levels in the Lake Michigan area, but a greater
9 effort is obviously needed.
10 Today we have an unparalleled opportunity,
11 not only to improve this water resource for future
12 generations but, more importantly, we have the
13 opportunity to move now to clean up the lake for
14 our own use. The question has been asked, "Can
15 the lake be saved?" This is not the issue here
16 today. The lake must be saved. The issue as I
17 see it is: Do we have the will to save it?
18 Later on we will submit recommendations
19 which will provide a program for saving the lake.
20 We have the resources, we have the technology, we
21 have the legal and administrative authority, and
22 most importantly we have an aroused press and
23 public, all of which now makes possible a meaning-
24 ful effort to preserve Lake Michigan.
25 While we must recognize all legitimate
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1 H. W. POSTON
2 uses of our water resources, we must at the same
3 time change our concept of using our lakes and
* streams as natural dumping grounds for wastes.
6 We must recognize that Lake Michigan and its
tributaries are a limited resource that requires
the wisest management to meet the constantly
increasing needs of our growing population and
industry. Let us recognize that although an
10 effective water pollution control effort will be
expensive, it will be much less costly than the
12 incalculable damage this water resource will
13 suffer if we do not act now.
1* Little more than a century ago the
15 Lake Michigan area was a frontier, its waters
pure and undefiled. Today the frontiers have
gone. We have no choice but to preserve and
enhance our heritage of clean water in Lake
Michigan. I believe this conference will begin
20 that action.
21 I would now like to proceed with presen-
22 tation of reports which will provide the basis for
23 recommendations for pollution control. First a
24 report will be presented on the general pollution
25 problems of Lake Michigan and its tributaries by
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1 H. W. POSTON
2 Mr. R. J. Schneider, Deputy Regional Director
3 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
4 tion's Great Lakes Region. This will be followed
5 by a report on eutrophication by Dr. A. P. Bartsch,
6 Eutrophication Research, Pacific Northwest Water
7 Laboratory. Dr. D. J. Baumgartner, Coastal Pol-
8 lution Research, also of the Pacific Northwest
9 Laboratory, will present a report on the .results
10 of a study of lake currents and, finally, Dr.
11 Leon W. Weinberger, Assistant Commissioner for
12 Research and Development, will report on new
13 developments in advanced waste treatment. This
14 will be followed again by Mr. Schneider, who
15 will summarize our recommendations.
16 I ask that any questions be held until
17 all presentations have been made.
18 I would like to start off at this time,
19 then, with Mr. Schneider.
20 This afternoon I hope to start off
21 with General Tarbox, Division Engineer of the
22 Corps of Engineers, to be followed by Mr. Bathurst,
23 Department of Agriculture, then with Mr. Carbine,
24 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Mr. LaPointe,
25 the Bureau of Sport Fisheries, Mr. Koenings, of
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1 H. W. POSTON
2 the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Mr. Bishop,
3 the Mineral Resource Office of the Bureau of
4 Mines, and Mr. Marshall of the Department of
5 Health, Education, and Welfare, followed by
Captain Anderson of the Navy, Captain Shepard
of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
8 and Mr. James, Regional Forester, U. S. Depart-
9 ment of Agriculture.
10 Mr. Schneider.
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2
3 STATEMENT 3Y R. J. SCHNEIDER
4 DEPUTY REGIONAL DIRECTOR, GREAT LAKES REGION
5 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
6
7 MR. SCHNEIDER: Thank you very much,
8 Mr. Poston.
9 Commissioner Moore, Chairman Stein,
10 distinguished conferees, ladies and gentlemen.
11 It is a privilege to present to this
12 conference the report prepared by the Federal
13 Water Pollution Control Administration for use
14 by the conferees in their consideration of
15 actions needed to improve and preserve the
16 quality of waters in the Lake Michigan Basin.
17 This report with its supporting documents, is
18 based on studies and investigations by FWPCA,
19 on reports by other Bureaus of the Department
20 of the Interior, on information obtained from
21 other Federal agencies, from the States, and
22 from other available sources. Most of the
23 supporting documents are referenced in the
24 report. This report, entitled "Water Pollution
25 Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries,"
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 has been made available for general dlstri-
3 butlon and can be obtained in the lobby at
4 the entrance to this conference room.
5 Mr. Chairman, at this time I would
6 like to have this report in its entirety
7 introduced into the record.
8 MR. STEIN: Without objection, it
9 will be done, it will be entered into the
10 record as if read.
11
(Which said report, entitled
12
"Water Pollution Problems of Lake Michigan
13
and Tributaries*" follows this statement,
14
commencing on page 523-)
15
16 MR. SCHNEIDER: In my presentation I
17 will follow the general outline of the report,
18 which contains background information and a
1° description of the basin; a description of the
20 major water uses and water pollution problems;
21 and then before presenting the conclusions and
22 recommendations, there will be the separate
23 presentations by experts from our Department
24 on eutrophication, lake currents and advanced
25
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j R. J. SCHNEIDER~
2 waste treatment.
0 I would first like to Invite your
3
4 attention to the map on the wall. The area
_ covered by this conference, as defined in the
5
Secretary's letter calling the conference, is
6
outlined by the dotted line on the map which
a is the boundary of the Lake Michigan drainage
o
basin. This area is also shown in Figure 1
of the Report. The total drainage area of
n this basin is 67,900 square miles, of which,
12 22,400 square miles are occupied by the lake.
13 proper, and an additional 1,000 square miles
14 of the watershed area is occupied by some
15 8,100 smaller lakes. As you can see from the
16 map, nearly two-thirds of the land area is
17 within the State of Michigan, less than a
18 third is in Wisconsin; five percent is in
19 Indiana; and only a fraction of one percent
20 is in the State of Illinois. The Illinois
21 portion does not include the area which was once
22 a part of the Lake Michigan watershed, but
23 whose drainage has been diverted to the Illinois
24 River watershed for pollution control purposes.
25 The Lake Michigan watershed is
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l [R. J. SCHNEIDER
characterized by large concentrations of people
, and industry, as well as agricultural activity.
o
In 1960, 3.5 million people lived within its
_ boundaries, 2.2 million each in Michigan and
o
_ Wisconsin, slightly less than 1 million in
6
Indiana and about 1^0,000 in Illinois. Millions
7
live in nearby areas, including nearly ? aillion
O
people in the Chicago Metropolitan Area who
«f
are directly concerned with this water resource.
-j The population of the watershed has nearly
.„ doubled in the last 50 years and predictions
13 are that it will probably double again during
14 the next 50 years.
15 The first slide, which ia Figure 2
16 in the Report, shows the distribution of the
17 major population centers in the basin. The
13 largest of these areas are: the Milwaukee areaj
19 the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago area and the
20 Grand Rapids-Lansing, Michigan area. You will
21 note that the Chicago Metropolitan Area is not
22 shown on this map as part of the basin, but
23 "the people in this area are more dependent on
24- Lake Michigan than many others who live within
25 the watershed.
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 The next slide, which is Figure 3 in
3 the Report, shows the distribution of industrial
4 activity in the basin. As would be expected,
5 the distribution of industry closely coincides
6 with the population pattern. The principal
7 industries, as indicated on the map, are: Food
8 and Kindred Products; Paper and Allied Products;
9 Chemicals and Allied Products; Petroleum and
10 Coal Products; and the Primary Metal Industries.
11 The primary metal industries are concentrated
12 in the Milwaukee area and in the Gary-Hammond-
13 East Chicago area. The other industries are
14 generally distributed throughout the other
15 industrial centers.
16 In 1963 the value added by manufac-
17 turing activity in the Lake Michigan Basin
18 totaled almost $10 billion; and manufacturing
19 employed 83^,000 people. Most of these
20 industries are those requiring large quantities
2l of water and discharging substantial quantities
22 of wastes. Growth of.these Industries is expected
23 to be substantial and to approximate the
24 national industrial growth rate, which is
25 expected to increase sixfold in the next 50 years.
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R. J. SCHNEIDER
Agricultural activity is extensive in
0 the basin. The value of farm products accounted
o
. for by counties of the watershed amounted to
. $900 million in 1964. In that year, there were
approximately 2.4 million cattle on watershed
o
farms. Production of crops, including fruits,
g is also suDstantial.
_ Commercial shipping is an important
10 activity in the Lake Michigan Basin. During
jj the 10-year period between 1955-1964, annual
12 commerce on the Great Lakes averaged 190
13 million tons. Eighty-five percent of this
14 traffic was comprised of four major commodities,
15 iron ore, coal, stone and grain. This commerce
16 was processed at 27 Federal harbors and 15
17 private harbors. Commerce on the Great Lakes
18 can be expected to increase in the years to
19 come roughly in proportion to the expected
20 growth in industrial activity,
21 Lake Michigan itself comprises one
22 of the greatest fresh water reservoirs in the
23 world. In addition to its vast surface area,
24 a better appreciation of the magnitude of this
25 resource can be gained from a realization that
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 in some places the depth of this lake reaches
3 over 900 feet, with an average depth of 2?6
4 feet. The volume of this water is 1,170 cubic
5 miles. The outflow of the lake through the
6 Straits of Mackinac is 48,000 cubic feet per
7 second, with an additional outflow of 3,200
g cubic feet per second by diversion at Chicago.
9 Despite the large volume of this outflow it
10 represents only one percent of the volume of
H water in the lake.
12 Some idea of the relationship of the
13 tributary streams to the lake itself can be
14 had from the next slide, identified as Table 1
15 in the Report. This Table shows 20 major
16 streams in the basin. These streams, draining
17 80 percent of the watershed area, vary in mean
18 discharge from 130 cfs in Burns Ditch to oxrer
19 4,000 cfs in the Pox River in Wisconsin. These
20 figures are presented here to show the magnitude
21 of the tributaries' flow compared to the size
22 of the lake and its total outflow.
23 Although this conference is primarily
24 concerned with the surface waters of the basin,
25 there is considerable utilization of groundwater
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! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 for municipal and industrial water use. While
8 most of the larger municipalities which lie on
4 or near the lake shore use Lake Michigan for
- municipal water supply, the majority of the
c smaller communities further from the lake use
Q
_ groundwater as a source of supply. In the
g future, however, it is anticipated that greater
9 reliance will be placed upon surface water
10 sources.
11 One of the most important character-
12 istics of Lake Michigan from the standpoint of
13 pollution, is the movement of water within the
14 lake due to currents generated by external and
15 internal influences. The importance of a
ig knowledge of currents in Lake Michigan has
17 long been recognized and a detailed investigation
18 was conducted by the Great Lakes Region several
19 years ago. It revealed that there is a general
20 mixing of the waters throughout the lake. A
21 report of the findings of the study has been
22 published recently, and because of the importance
23 of this work, Dr. D. J. Baumgartner, in charge
24 of coastal pollution research at our Pacific
25 Northwest Water Laboratory, will present later
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 in this conference a review of the lake currents
3 information.
4 The foregoing has been a brief descrip-
5 tion of the salient characteristics of the Lake
6 Michigan Basin. I will now describe some of
7 the more important water uses in the Basin.
8 Lake Michigan is an important source
9 for municipal water supply. Fifty municipal-
10 ities treat an average of 1.^7 billion gallons
11 of Lake Michigan water daily; of this, over 1
12 billion gallons per day are utilized by the
13 City of Chicago and its suburbs.
14 The demand for municipal water supply
15 from Lake Michigan is anticipated to increase
16 threefold in the next 50 years. The value of
17 Lake Michigan waters for municipal water supply
18 is one of the principal reasons why the quality
19 of this lake must be preserved. The next slide
20 shows one of the major water treatment plants
21 on Lake Michigan. This is a view of the central
22 district filtration plant of the City of Chicago,
23 which processes a major portion of the 1 billion
24 gallons per day mentioned previously.
25 Industries are major users of water
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 from Lake Michigan. Present usage is estimated
3 at 4.25 billion gallons per day. Nearly 80
4 percent of this usage is by Indiana industries.
5 It is anticipated that the demand for industrial
6 water will increase about threefold by the
7 year 2020, although the gross industrial output
8 will increase much more. This lower proportionate
9 usage of water will result from increased
10 efficiency and reuse in manufacturing processes.
11 This next slide is a view of con-
12 struction at Bethlehem Steel Company's new
13 plant at Burns Ditch, Indiana. This slide,
14 from page 12 of the Report, is an example of
15 an additional water use from Lake Michigan, and
16 is indicative of the trend toward drawing an
17 increasing amount of water from the lake rather
18 than the tributary streams. The use of water
19 by industry on the tributaries even now is
20 small when compared to what is drawn from the
21 lake. On the tributaries the largest indus-
22 trial use is from the Fox River and Lake
00
Winnebago, by the pulp and paper industries.
24 Another major use of water in this
25 basin is for electric power generation, in
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 hydroelectric and thermal plants. The use of
3 water for cooling is on a once-through basis
4 in both the fossil-fuel and nucleartype thermal
5 electric plants. There are 110 hydroelectric
6 generating plants in the basin with an installed
7 capacity of 318,000 kilowatts. Virtually all
g of the economically practicable hydroelectric
9 sites have already been utilized. Hydroelectric
10 power generation is minor when compared to the
11 total of 8,500,000 kilowatts of installed thermal
12 electric generation capacity in the basin.
13 Fossil-fuels, principally coal and gas, provide
14 the energy for all of this electric power
15 capacity except for 50,000 kilowacts provided
16 by the Big Rock nuclear power station at
17 Charlevoix, Michigan.
18 Lake Michigan has been an attractive
19 location for large power plants. Two reasons
20 are the ready availability of a large quantity
21 of cooling water, and the proximity to a large
22 market of cities and industries.
23 The next slide, which is Figure 6 of
24 the Report, shows the location of the existing
25 and planned thermal electric generating plants.
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R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 The greatest concentration of power plants is
3 around the southern basin, from Milwaukee
4 southward. Within this area are located six
5 major power plants having a total installed
capacity of *J-.5 million kilowatts. In addition
7 there are some 20 smaller plants, either public
8 utility or private industrial, which bring the
total capacity of plants in the southern basin
10 to about 6 million kilowatts. These are fossil
fueled, burning either coal or gas.
The Nuclear Power Age has come to
13 the Great Lakes area with dramatic suddenness
14 within the last few years. One of the earliest
15 full-scale, commercially-operated, nuclear
power plants is the existing plant at Big Rock
17 Point, Michigan, near the northern end of the
18 lake. Five additional nuclear plants are pro-
19 posed or under construction, three of which
20 will have twin reactor units, and all of which
21 are scheduled for completion between 1970 and
22 1973. The three largest of these plants will
23 be located in the southern basin and have a
24 total installed capacity of five million kilo-
25 watts. Thus, by 1973 the southern basin of
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 the lake will be ringed with power plants having
3 an electric output of 11 million kilowatts. Six
4 of the plants will be fossil-fueled and three
5 nuclear-fueled. Two of the latter will be dual
6 unit plants. Power plants will become one of
7 the major users of Lake Michigan water in the
8 future, and I will discuss this more fully later
9 under the subject of waste heat.
10 Commercial fishing has always been a
11 significant part of the economy of the Great
12 Lakes. The U. S. Pish and Wildlife Service
13 in a report entitled, "Pish and Wildlife Re-
14 sources of Lake Michigan," has indicated a
15 steady decline in both quantity and quality
16 of this fishery. This decline has been related
17 more closely to biological and economic factors
18 than to water quality. Pollution, however,
19 does have an effect on the fishery of the lake.
20 Many of the species rely on tributary streams
21 and shore areas for spawning grounds.
22 Water oriented recreation is a major
23 water use in the Lake Michigan Basin. This
24 Basin is one of the most abundantly endowed
25 areas of any in the country for this use. The
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! R. J. SCHHEIDER
2 preservation and improvement of the water quality
3 within the Basin is imperative to maintain this
4 status. The U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
5 in this report, entitled "Water Oriented Outdoor
6 Recreation in the Lake Michigan Basin", identifies
7 most of the facilities that are available, the
8 problems that are developing and the actions
9 that must be taken to preserve this natural
10 heritage. Copies of this report are available
U upon request to our office. This recreation
12 report lists 625 recreational areas scattered
13 throughout the Basin of which 536 are water
14 oriented, and these include ?4 recreational
15 harbors on Lake Michigan itself.
16 The next slide, Figure 5 of the
17 Report, shows the distribution of the 7^
18 recreation haroors about the lake. These are
19 shown by the black circles around the shores.
20 Closing of some of the water-oriented
21 recreational facilities in the southern portion
22 of the Basin because of pollution has resulted
23 in crowding of other facilities in the area.
24 This slide, Figure 4 of the Report,
25 shows the location of some of the Lake Michigan
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t R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 beaches that have been closed. And these are
3 indicated by the black and partially black
4 circles. Swimming is the largest form of
6 water-oriented recreation. The total length
6 of the Lake Michigan shoreline as indicated
7 on the slide is over 1,600 miles. Seventy-five
8 percent of this length is suitable for general
9 recreation, although only ten percent is classi-
10 fied as beaches by the Bureau of Outdoor Recre-
n ation. Only 80 miles of this shoreline are
12 public recreation areas.
13 In 1960 there was a total of 176
14 million activity days of water related or
15 water oriented recreation activities. The
16 demand for these activities will increase
11 both in proportion to the increase in popu-
13 lation and to the attractiveness of the water
19 environment that we are able to maintain in
20 this Basin.
21 Sports fishing is the second largest
22 form of water oriented recreation. The Fish
23 and Wildlife Service estimates 19 million
24 angler days per year are spent in the Lake
25 Michigan Basin, and this is expected to triple
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 by the year 2010. To satisfy this demand,
3 particularly in the localities of dense popu-
4 lation, much greater pollution control efforts
5 will be required to maintain and restore water
6 quality, both in Lake Michigan and its tribu*
7 taries which are the major spawning grounds
g of sport fish.
9 The value of the Lake Michigan Basin
10 for recreation and esthetic enjoyment, which is
11 part of most recreational uses, is difficult
12 to measure; Just how difficult is illustrated
13 by the next two slides.
14 How can a monetary value be attached
15 to the enjoyment of these young fishermen or,
16 on the next slide, to such bathing scenes?
17 Surely activities such as these must continue
18 to be a part of our way of life in this area.
19 I would now like to discuss some of
20 the general water pollution problems of Lake
21 Michigan and its tributaries. Since Lake
22 Michigan and the thousands of smaller lakes
23 within the basin were formed, the quality of
24 their waters has undergone continuous and pro-
25 gressive change as a result of fertilizing
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 effects of waste inputs from both natural
3 phenomena and the activities of man. Nutrient
materials in municipal and industrial wastes,
5 and in rural runoff are the principal causes
6 of the fertilizing effect. Some of the effects
7 of the deterioration in water quality caused
8 by these waste inputs are readily apparent,
9 while others are revealed only in subtle warning
10 signs of trouble to come unless action is taken
now.
12 Overproduction of algae is occurring
in many parts of the lake, which indicates an
acceleration of the natural aging or eutrophi-
cation process. This overproduction of algae
is occurring both in the microscopic floating
17 types and the attached filamentous types. As
18 in the case of lake currents, eutrophication
19 is considered one of the most crucial issues
20 of this conference, and because of this, Dr
21 A. F. Bartsch, Chief of Eutrophication Research,
22 of this Department will present a report of his
On
studies of this phenomena in Lake Michigan. The
24 present rate of eutrophication is a threat now
25
to the usefulness of Lake Michigan and to other
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 lakes within the Basin.
3 The next slides from pages 21 and 23
4 of the Report are illustrations of some of the
5 signs of the threat that overfertilization is
6 causing. This is not a monster from the deep
7 but Cladophora algae clinging to a rock in the
g water near Saugatuck, Michigan, a southern
9 Michigan resort area. The second shows algae
10 growing in the water of a harbor area on the
ll Wisconsin shores. Scenes such as this are
12 becoming increasingly common around the lake.
13 The third slide shows windrows of algae typical
14 of what washed up on many Lake Michigan beaches
15 last summer (1967). The scene is Calumet Park
16 beach in Chicago. Other water uses such as
17 for municipal supply are also adversely affected
18 by algae. These conditions are sure to worsen
19 and spread throughout the lake, unless measures
20 are taken now to stem the input of fertilizing
21 materials.
22 Improvement in the design and operation
23 of conventional treatment plants which provide
24 the so-called secondary, or biological, form
25 of treatment is a necessary first step toward
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R. J. SCHNEIDER
removing nutrient or fertilizing material from
wastewaters. There is a growing conviction,
however, that more will be required in the
Lake Michigan Basin, at least at the larger
plants where advanced waste treatment can be
added at reasonable unit cost. The standard
treatment plant of the future in the Great Lakes
O
Basin will probably be some form of three-stage
y
10 treatment: physical, biological, and chemical.
It is important to note that this will not render
12 obsolete the two-stage, secondary, treatment
13 plants now existing or planned. Rather, the
14 third stage of chemical precipitation and
15 further solids removal would be applied to
16 the effluent from the first two.
17 The next slide, from page 29 of the
18 Report, shows the discharge from the Jackson,
19 Michigan, sewage plant, a well operated secondary
20 plant that is an example of the need for advanced
21 1 waste treatment. This necessary step in the
22 improvement of municipal and industrial waste
23 treatment practices must be accompanied by a
24 similar improvement in agricultural practices,
25 to reduce inputs from such sources as feedlots,
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l R. J. GCHNEIDER
2 dairying operations and application of fertili-
3 zers.
4 Summing up what has just been said:
5 eutrophication is a threat now to the usefulness
6 of Lake Michigan and other lakes within the
7 basin; feasible methods exist for bringing
8 this problem under control. In this connection,
9 Dr. Leon Weinberger, Assistant Commissioner of
10 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
H for Research and Development, will present a
12 special discussion of the feasibility of advanced
13 waste treatment.
14 Another problem is bacterial pollution.
15 The presence of coliform bacteria is an indication
16 of deteriorated water quality. Coliform organisms
17 are significant because they occur in the fecal
18 matter of all warm-blooded animals, including
19 man. Consequently, the presence of these
20 bacteria in a body of water is usually evidence
21 of fecal contamination. Since such contami-
22 nation is one avenue of transmission of water-
23 j borne diseases, the presence of coliforms is
I
24 an indication of health hazard from accompanying
25 pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Generally, the severe problems of
3 bacterial contamination in the Lake Michigan
4 Basin are located around the population centers.
5 But, of course, this is precisely where the
6 great demands for water usage occur. Studies
7 have shown that the bacterial quality of Lake
g Michigan is generally good in open water but
9 is degraded along the shoreline and in harbor
10 areas. Referring to the wall map, evidence of
H severe bacterial pollution of tributaries
12 has been found: in the Pox River between Lake
13 Winnebago and Green Bay: in the Milwaukee River
14 within Milwaukee County; and in and downstream
15 from the cities along the Grand River in
16 Michigan in the St. Joseph River of Indiana
17 and Michigan; and in the streams of the Calumet
18 Area in Illinois and Indiana.
19 This next slide, which is shown on
20 page 25 of the Report, illustrates the effect
21 of this problem where bacterial contamination
22 has forced the closing of beaches, such as the
23 one shown here at Hammond, Indiana.
24 A number of other Lake Michigan
25 beaches are closed, either intermittently or
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 permanently, because of health hazard. Also
3 permanently closed is the Bay View Beach at
4 the southern end of Green Bay. This beach was
5 closed many years ago because of bacterial
6 pollution. The Bay View Beach is also an
7 example of the effects of accelerated eutrophi-
g cation. The beach is now clogged with aquatic
9 weeds and its once sandy bottom is covered with
10 the dead and decaying remains of weed crops
11 of previous years. The next slide, by courtesy
12 of the Chicago Tribune, is a recent view of the
13 former beach area.
14 Bacteria are easily destroyed by
15 disinfection, wherever the waters can be put
16 through a treatment plant. Unfortunately,
17 most of the cities on the watershed are served
18 by combined sewer systems, so that large quantitie
19 of a mixture of stormwater and raw sewage are
20 discharged without treatment during and after
21 every heavy rain. This pollutional overflow
22 is the principle reason that Milwaukee beaches
23 j on Lake Michigan have to be closed part of the
24 ! time. Elimination of combined sewer overflows
25 is one of the most essential and yet most vexing
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1 R, J. SCHNEIDER
2 problems faced in the abatement, not only of
3 bacterial pollution, but of all of the other
4 pollution contained in this raw waste discharge.
5 Chemical pollution of Lake Michigan
6 and its tributaries is also a problem. This
7 pollution by dissolved chemicals covers a broad
g range of substances, sources, and effects. The
9 principal source of this pollution is industrial
10 wastewater effluents. Two general types of
ll effects are produced: 1} local and immediate
12 effects in the vicinity of the discharge point,
13 and 2) a progressive buildup in the concentra-
14 tions of certain persistent chemicals in the
15 lake as a whole. Regarding the latter, Lake
16 Michigan has experienced an overall increase
17 in average concentration of such dissolved
18 constituents as chlorides, sulfates and the
19 hardness-producing salts.
20 Areas of local chemical pollution
21 exist around centers of industrial activity
22 and commercial shipping. The Calumet Area,
23 Milwaukee harbor and its tributary streams,
24 and the southern end of Green Bay are examples
25 of such areas. Contamination takes the form
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 of oil, phenolic compounds or other persistent
3 organic chemicals contributing to taste and
4 odor problems, ammonia and other nitrogenous
5 materials, phosphorus, suspended matter, and
6 highly acidic or alkaline materials. Conditions
7 in the Calumet Area have been extensively docu-
g mented in connection with the ongoing enforcement
9 action. Details concerning the Milwaukee area
10 and the Green Bay area are given in reports
11 published by FWPCA last year.
12 The next slides show examples of
13 chemical pollution. The first is the discharge
14 from a glue factory near Milwaukee; the second
15 shows a plume of pollution in the Fox River
16 from pulp and paper industries; and the third
17 slide shows the discharge from a steel manu-
18 facturing plant in the Calumet Area.
19 Oxygen depletion also constitutes
20 a pollution problem in many areas of the basin.
21 The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved
22 in water, approximately 1/1,000 of one percent
23 by weight, is perhaps the most important single
24 ingredient necessary for a healthy, balanced,
25 aquatic life environment. Dissolved oxygen
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1 R, J. SCHNEIDER
2 is consumed by living organisms through.
3 respiration and is replenished, if a well-
4 balanced environment exists, by absorption
5 from the atmosphere and through the life
5 processes of aquatic plants. When organic
7 pollution enters this environment, the balance
8 is altered. The bacteria present in the water
9 or introduced with pollution utilize the
10 organic matter as food and multiply rapidly.
11 The resulting oxygen deficiency may be great
12 enough to inhibit or destroy the fish and other
13 desirable organisms and to convert the stream
14 or lake into an odor producing nuisance.
15 Generally, when these conditions prevail
16 the esthetic value of the water resource will
17 be Impaired or maybe completely destroyed.
18 Thermal pollution from thewste heat
19 contained in the cooling water from industrial
20 plants is becoming a matter of increasing concern
21 in the Lake Michigan Basin, particularly in
22 reference to the discharges from thermal electric
23 power plants which I have described previously.
24 Of particular concern is the trend toward
25 larger plants which will result in the
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l IR. J. SCHNEIDER
„ concentrated discharge of cooling water in
2
3 volumes generally much greater than have been
4 used in the past. Some realization of the
- voracious demand for cooling water that these
o
larger nuclear Installations will have can be
? had In comparison with the flows of the Lake
Q Michigan tributaries which were shown on the
B
9 previous table. The volume of cooling water
10 needed for a single of the larger plants is
j. in the same order of magnitude as the mean
12 discharge from the largest of the tributary
13 streams to Lake Michigan.
14 Because of the large volume of water
15 in the lake there does not appear to be any
16 danger of an overall warming of the lake itself,
17 but the addition of such large volumes of
lg heated water could promote growth of algae
19 and cause changes in the aquatic environment
20 in the general vicinity of these plants. There
21 is a general lack of information in regard to
22 these effects, and additional research and
23 investigation is necessary to more fully under-
24 stand them in order to make Judgments concerning
25 the design and location of these large power
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l R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 plants,
3 The next slide, from page 30 of the
4 Report, shows the largest existing thermo-electric
g generating plant in the basin, the Oak Creek
plant at Milwaukee, which will soon be exceeded
in capacity by several of the proposed nuclear
plants.
O
9 The pollutional effects of hydro-
w electric generation are minimal. However, in
n streams that have become highly nutrified, the
12 reservoirs behind the power dams may have algal
13 problems and the water released from the power
14 plants may be low in dissolved oxygen. Also,
15 the operation of the hydroelectric plants for
16 peaking power may result in minimal discharges
17 during the off peak hours which can result in
18 fish kills and inadequate dilution of waste
19 discharges.
20 Another pollution problem upon which
21 attention has been focused because of the proposed
22 nuclear power plants in this area is the potential
23 for buildup of radioactive contamination in the
24 lake. Although what are termed high level wastes
25 a-re usually adequately controlled, there are many
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l R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 operations In a nuclear power plant which pro-
3 duce contaminated liquids having a low level
4 of radioactivity. These are usually discharged
5 to the immediate environment in dilute form.
6 The AEC Regulations and State Regulations
7 governing radioactive discharges have generally
g been established on the basis of discharge to
9 a moving stream. The particular concern for
lO Lake Michigan arises from the fact that it has
11 a very small discharge rate, and any radioactive
12 material entering into the lake will diminish
13 only by natural decay. This may result in
14 significantly increased levels of the longer-
15 lived radioisotopes. The AEC Advisory Committee
16 on Reactor Safeguards, on October 12, 1966,
17 indicated the desirability of a special eval-
18 uatlon of the impact on siting many reactors
19 on the shores of the Great Lakes in relation
20 to retention and flushing characteristics and to
21 accumulation of radionuclides in aquatic organ-
22 isms. Such an evaluation is considered impera-
23 tive before final commitments are made for
24 locating reactors on the lake.
25 Wastes from vessels of all types,
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 commercial, recreational, and Federal, plying
3 the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributaries
4 are contributors of both untreated and inade-
5 quately treated wastes in local harbors and in
6 the open lake, and tend to intensify local
7 problems of bacterial pollution.
g A report entitled, "Pollution of Navl-
9 gable Waters of the United States by Wastes from
10 Watercraft," was submitted to the Congress on
11 June 30, 1967 by Secretary Udall. This report
12 has been published as Senate Document No. 82
13 of the 90th Congress. The report recognizes
14 and analyzes the serious pollution problems that
15 are caused by all types of watercraft, including
16 pollution from sewage, garbage, and oil wastes.
17 Implementation by Congress of the recommendations
18 made in this report can provide an effective
19 means for combating the vessel waste problem
20 on Lake Michigan. The Department has also pro-
21 posed legislation to Congress based on this
22 report.
23 Some significant progress has been made
24 in the vessel pollution abatement program on Lake
25 Michigan. The City of Chicago recently enacted
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I R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 an ordinance prohibiting the discharge of all
3 wastes from vessels and shore Installations into
4 the harbors of the lake within the City's
5 Jurisdiction. Where vessels are equipped with
6 treatment facilities, discharge is prohibited
7 unless the effluent will not degrade the waters
8 below the established water quality standards.
9 There is a need for uniform regula-
10 tions throughout this lake for controlling the
11 discharge of wastes from watereraft, and the
12 actions taken by the City of Chicago could well
13 serve as a basis for such uniform lakewide
14 controls.
15 Oil pollution has become a major water
16 pollution problem in the Lake Michigan Basin.
17 Discharges from industrial plants and commercial
18 ships and careless practices in loading and un-
10 loading cargos cause contamination of water in
20 many areas. Oil discharges and spills produce
21 unsightly conditions which affect beaches and
22 recreational areas, contribute to taste and odor
23 problems and cause treatment problems at water
24 treatment plants. In some cases these dis-
25 charges are toxic to desirable fish and aquatic
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 life.
3 Oil contamination has been observed
4 in many areas of the basin. The next slide,
5 from page 35 of the Report, shows the principal
6 location in which it occurs. This is a view
7 of Indiana Harbor. Of the number of oil dis-
g charges and spills reported by the Coast Guard
9 in 196?3 20 occurred in the Calumet Area.
10 However, as the next slide shows, Figure 7 of
11 the Report, no area of the lake has been immune
12 from spills. Spills were reported even in the
13 northern portion of the lake.
14 One of the major needs discussed in
15 a study of oil spills by a Presidentially appointed
16 task group was the development of a contingency
17 plan to deal with the emergencies created by
18 spilling of oil and other hazardous substances.
19 Such a plan would involve the Federal, state and
20 local agencies with due regard to each agency's
21 statutory responsibilities and capabilities. The
22 development of such a plan throughout the Great
23 Lakes Region is already in the preliminary stages
24 The disposal of dredged material has
25 become of increasing concern on Lake Michigan
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l R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 because of the long-term cumulative effect of
3 incremental additions of pollutants to the lake.
4 This is particularly important in Lake Michigan
5 because of the minimal flushing action obtained
6 in this cul-de-sac lake. Among the visible
7 results of open water disposal of polluted
8 dredged materials, which can be seen on the next
9 slide, are the discoloration, increased turbidity,
10 and oil slicks. This photograph shows a barge
H disposing of dredgings from the Indiana Harbor
12 Canal in an authorized dumping area six miles
13 out in Lake Michigan. This practice was halted
14 shortly after this photo was taken, with the
15 remainder of dredgings from the canal disposed
16 of in diked lake fill areas.
17 This photograph also appears on page
18 4-1 of the Report. The pollutants contained in
19 the dredged material may also contribute to
20 increased concentrations of dissolved solids
21 and chemicals which contribute to deterioration
22 of water quality.
23 Responsibility for improvement and
24 maintenance of the waterways of the United States
25 in the interest of navigation has been delegated
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 by Acts of Congress to the Corps of Engineers.
3 In carrying out this responsibility, the Corps
4 dredges approximately 10 million cubic yards
5 annually from Great Lakes harbors. In fiscal
6 year 1966, 1-1/2 million cubic yards were dredged
7 from harbors on Lake Michigan.
8 The next slide, Figure 8 of the Beport,
9 shows the location of the harbors where dredging
10 takes place. They are identified by the black
11 circles on the shores of the lake.
12 The Corps of Engineers has followed
13 the practice of disposing of this material in
14 authorized dumping grounds in the open waters
15 of the lake. However, during the past season
16 alternate disposal sites were obtained for
17 disposition of materials from three of the most
18 polluted Lake Michigan harbors, that is, Indiana
19 Harbor, the Calumet Harbor and Green Bay. It
20 is expected that alternate disposal will be pro-
21 vided for additional Lake Michigan harbors during
22 the 1968 dredging season. In this connection,
23 the Corps and the Federal Water Pollution Control
24 Administration are cooperating in a study which
25 has the objective of finding alternate means of
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! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 disposal of this polluted material.
3 A dramatic example of an upset in the
4 balance of nature is the invasion of the Great
5 Lakes by the alewife. These fish are descendants
6 of a species which has migrated into the lakes
7 from the ocean and not fully adapted itself to
8 the fresh water environment. They have become
9 pests mindful of the great locust plagues recorded
10 in history in some land areas of the world. The
n alewife is a virtually useless fish. They .are
12 not good to eat, and there is no sport to
13 catching them. Efforts to find a commercial
14 market for them, as animal food, have been only
15 partially successful. By competing for food,
16 they crowd out more desirable species. Worst
17 of all, they move in enormous schools from the
18 deeper recesses of the lakes, especially Lake
19 Michigan, into inshore waters and die there by
20 the millions, clogging water intakes and piling
21 up in stinking masses on shores. The next slide,
22 from page 43 of the Report, shows an affected
23 area. Here dead alewives litter a Chicago harbor
24 during the alewife die»e*f of 1967.
25 The massive influx and die-off of
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 alewives has become an annual event each spring
3 in Lake Michigan. It reached record proportions
4 during last spring and early summer, when deaths
5 estimated in the billions occurred.
6 As a result of a recommendation by a
7 special task force appointed by Secretary Udall,
8 the Department Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
9 is spearheading the search for further answers
10 to the alewife problem, including ways to bring
U the alewife population into balance with aquatic
12 life. Although there has been no evidence that
13 pollution was a direct cause of the deaths, the
14 possibility cannot be ruled out of an indirect
15 influence through pollution-caused changes in the
16 ecological balance of the lake.
17 Pollution of Lake Michigan from pesti-
18 cides is evident from water quality studies and
19 biological investigations.
20 The use of pesticides in the United
21 States has expanded rapidly in recent years.
22 x
The total market value was over $1 billion for
23 the first time in 1964. Usage in the United
24 States increased from 3^ million pounds in 1953
25 to 119 million pounds in 1965. More than 58
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 percent of this usage was by agriculture.
3 Thousands of pounds of pesticides annually
4 run off the land into rivers and lakes.
5 Agencies such as the Federal and State
5 Departments of Agriculture have very little
7 Information on amounts of pesticide actually
g applied to the land. In addition, amounts
9 used for domestic purposes can only be estimated.
10 The places in the Lake Michigan
11 drainage basin where pesticides are used most
12 heavily are the areas of extensive fruit growing.
13 Referring to the wall map, these areas are:
14 the Wisconsin portion of the Green Bay water-
15 shed; the southeast quadrant of the Lake Michigan
16 drainage basin; and the area along the northeast
17 shore from Manistee to Traverse City, Michigan.
18 A study by the FWPCA in the Green Bay
19 area was designed to investigate the effects
20 of chlorinated pesticides on the aqueous environ-
21 ment of Green Bay. Agricultural soil, river
22 water, bay water, bottom sediments, and algae
23 were examined. Chlorinated pesticides were
24 detected in all types of samples. Some of the
25 soils tested had concentrations as high as 7,800
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I R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Miicrogranis per kilogram. Maximum concen-
3 tration found in bottom sediments was close
4 to 3,000 micrograms per kilogram, which
5 was many times that of the overlying water
6 at the time of the study. The algae contained
7 still greater amounts than did the bottom
8 sediments. Our analyses of several drinking
9 water intakes located at various places along
10 the Lake Michigan shore revealed the presence
H of pesticides in the surface water. Studies
12 by other agencies indicate substantial levels
13 of pesticides in Lake Michigan fish.
14 The significance of the synthetic
15 organic pesticides is their high toxicity
16 and their persistence in the environment
17 after the initial application. Kills of
18 fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife often
19 result.
20 In addition, pesticides are absorbed by
21 microscopic aquatic life and subsequently enter
22 into the food chain leading through fish to man
23 and other animals. Purification of water for
24 huaan consumption, as commonly practiced, is
25
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1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 largely Ineffectual .in removing pesticides in
3 the treatment process,
4 The synthetic organic pesticides
5 accumulate in fatty tissue, whether fish, fowl,
6 or human. Pood and water may both serve as
7 sources of these substances. Lethal levels
8 may be carried in fatty tissue without immediate
9 apparent effect on the organism. When such
10 fatty deposits are utilized, physical and
11 metabolic complications ensue. In addition,
12 combinations of accumulated pesticides may
13 exert synergistic effects, where the total toxic
14 effect is greatly increased. In nature, soils
15 may remain contaminated for years after the
16 initial application.
17 Because of the limited information
18 available on pesticide application, use and
19 effects, a much more Intensified effort needs
20 to be made at all levels of government In terms
21 of regulation, control, and research to eliminate
22 pesticides from the waters.
23 Altnough perhaps overshadowed in recent
24 years by water pollution problems caused by
25 municipalities and industries, one of the oldest
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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R, J. SCHNEIDER
known problems of water pollution is that re-
sulting from siltation. Sediment suspended in
water impairs it for nearly all legitimate uses.
Deposition of the material in streams, reservoirs
and lakes affects fish spawning beds, decreases
reservoir capacity and obstructs navigation.
The major source of sedimentation is from poor
agricultural practices, although construction
activities and urban runoff are also contribu-
tors. Much has been done by agricultural agencies
to improve soil conservation practices, but a
much more intensified effort is indicated to be
compatible with the higher degree of treatment
that is indicated for municipalities and indus-
tries. Studies on a number of selected water-
sheds in Wisconsin indicate that the suspended
sediment yield per square mile is of such mag-
nitude that if the same rate is incident over the
entire watershed, over 3 million tons of sedi-
ment are contributed to the waters of the basin
annually. Vivid visual evidence of this suspended
sediment can be seen during periods of high runoff
and especially from aerial observation at the
mouths of the tributary streams. Agricultural
-------
521
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 agencies, Federal, State and local, need to take
3 renewed action to reduce siltation to the maxi-
4 mum practical extent.
5 Because this is a report by a Federal
6 agency, pollution problems from Federal installa-
7 tions merit specific attention. Federal installa-
g tions in the Lake Michigan Basin are also sources
9 of wastes. These installations are listed in
10 the Appendix to this report and vary in size
H from those using pit-type toilets in recrea-
12 tional areas of the national forests to the
13 large treatment facilities at the Navy Great
14 Lakes Training Center and the Army Fort
15 Sheridan. These latter two installations account
16 for three-fourths of all wastes generated by
17 independently discharging Federal sources in
18 this basin. A coordinated effort to get the
19 Federal house in order is being made under the
20 impetus of Presidential Executive Order 11288,
21 which directed heads of Federal activities to
22 provide leadership in the nationwide water
23 pollution control program. This Executive Order
24 I also applies to Federal watercraft, to Federal
25 water resource projects and to facilities
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522
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
R. J. SCHNEIDER
supported by Federal loans, grants or contracts.
The water pollution problems Just
enumerated are being dealt with through the on-
going cooperative pollution control programs at
the Federal, State and local levels of govern-
ment. This enforcement action is one part of
this cooperative effort.
These on-going pollution control
programs also Include provisions for financial
assistance, for research, for establishment
of water quality standards, for planning and for
other related activities. While these efforts
have been significant, a greatly expanded effort
is considered necessary in order to preserve the
quality of the waters of the Lake Michigan Basin,
Before presenting the conclusions and
recommendations for the preservation of these
waters, it would be appropriate to hear the
presentations on eutrophication, lake currents
and advanced waste treatment. So at this time,
Mr. Chairman, I would like to postpone the con-
clusions and recommendations until after these
thr«« presentations have been made.
(The report referred to is as follows:)
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523
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
OF
LAKE MICHIGAN AND TRIBUTARIES
JANUARY 1968
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
-------
524
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
of
LAKE MICHIGAN AND TRIBUTARIES
ACTIONS FOR CLEAN WATER
JANUARY 1968
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Great Lakes Region Chicago, Illinois
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525
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION I
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIN 3
Population 3
Industry 4
Commercial Shipping 7
Water Resources 7
Lake Currents 9
Water Uses 12
III. WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS 21
Eutrophication 22
Bacterial Pollution 25
Chemical Pollution 27
Oxygen Depletion 28
Electric Power Plants 29
Wastes from Watercraft 34
OiI Pollution 34
Disposal of Dredged Material 36
Alewives 43
Pesticides 44
IV. FWPCA ACTIVITIES 47
Interstate Enforcement Actions 47
Water Quality Standards 47
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project 48
The Lake Michigan Diversion Case 49
Construction Grants 50
Program Grants 51
Research and Demonstration 53
Federal Installations 58
Technical Assistance 61
Public Information 62
V. CONCLUSIONS 63
VI. RECOMMENDED ACTIONS 65
REFERENCES 73
APPENDIX
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526
(-INTRODUCTION
On the basis of a request from Governor Otto Kerner of IIlinois,
dated November 22, 1967, and on the basis of reports, surveys or studies,
and in accordance with Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (33 USC 466 et seq.), Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Uda I I
called a conference in the matter of pollution of the waters of Lake
Michigan and its tributary basin (I I Iinois-lndiana-Michigan-Wisconsin).
The area covered by the conference is shown on Figure I.
The conference is to convene at Chicago, Illinois on January 31,
1968; conferees will be representatives of- the Federal Government and
the four States involved.
This report and its supporting documents were prepared for the
information of the conferees and other interested parties, and for use
by the conferees in their consideration of actions needed to improve and
preserve the quality of waters in the conference area. The report is
based on studies and investigations by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, paralleling investigations made through cooperative agree-
ments by other agencies of the Department of the Interior, and information
obtained from other Federal agencies, agencies of the four Lake Michigan
States, municipalities, universities, and others.
The contributions of all who provided assistance and information
are gratefully acknowledged.
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527
MICHIGAN
INDIANA
SOUTH BEND ,
LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN
FIGURE I
-------
528
II-DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIN
POPULATION
Large concentrations of industry and people, as well as consider-
able agricultural activity, characterize the Lake Michigan watershed. In
I960, approximately 5.5 million people lived within its boundaries. (I)*
Millions more live in nearby areas, including almost seven million in the
Chicago Metropolitan Area. (2) The population of the watershed has dou-
bled within the past fifty years and is likely to double again during the
next fifty. (3)
Nearly all the population within the watershed Is accounted for by
the States of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana, which had watershed popu-
lations of 2.2 million, 2.2 million and 970,000, respectively, in I960.
Although a large part of the seven million people in the Chicago Metro-
politan Area use Lake Michigan for water supply and other purposes, the
population within the watershed in Illinois was only 140,000.
The population around Lake Michigan has doubled
in the past fifty years. Here, bathers enjoy the
surf at a public beach at Grand Haven, Michigan.
^Numbers in parentheses refer to references listed at end of report,
-------
529
The major metropolitan areas lying entirely or substantially with-
in the watershed are: Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Gary-Hammond-East Chicago,
Indiana; and Lansing, Michigan, which had populations of approximately
1.2 million, 0.6 million, and 0.3 million, respectively, in I960. (See
Figure 2) Whereas the population of the watershed increased 22 percent
between 1950 and I960, the population of'the ten metropolitan areas in-
creased 27 percent during the same period. The Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
area had the most rapid rate of growth, increasing by 40 percent. Present
signs indicate that the metropolitan areas will continue to demonstrate
large increases in population, although some smaller areas have had and
are likely to continue to have rapid growth( rates.
INDUSTRY
Industrial activity in the watershed is both substantial and di-
versified. Figure 3 shows the principal centers of industrial activity.
In 1963, value added by manufacturing activity totaled almost 10 billion
dollars; manufacturing employed 834,000 people. (4) The.Nation's indus-
trial activity is expected to increase almost sixfold by the year 2020.
For the most part, the Lake Michigan watershed will share in this increase
although different areas and industries will have varying growth rates.
The industrial distribution pattern varies, with Wisconsin having its
largest concentration in the Milwaukee area, in addition to substantial
activity in the Racine and Kenosha areas. Michigan's industrial activity
is located primarily in the five metropolitan areas of Grand Rapids,
Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Jackson and Lansing. The Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
area accounts for the major part of Indiana's industrial activity in the
watershed. There are major steel and chemical industries in the Calumet
area in I I Iinois.
The industrial mix also differs considerably from area to area.
Many of the industries are those requiring large quantities of water and
producing substantial wastes, such as food and beverages, chemicals, paper
products and primary metals. Growth of these industries is expected to be
substantial and to approximate national growth rates. Food and Kindred
Products and Primary Metal Industries are important in the Milwaukee area;
Primary Metal Industries, Chemical Products, Petroleum Refining, and
Fabricated Metal Products predominate in the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
area, with the Primary Metals Industry accounting for about two-thirds of
the area's value added by manufactures. This industry has expanded greatly
in the area in recent years. New facilities provide modern production tech-
niques. In 1963, the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago area accounted for 11.5
percent of the Nation's total of steel rolling and finishing.
Pulp, paper and paperboard mi I Is are numerous in the watershed,
primarily in Wisconsin. In 1963, Wisconsin counties wholly or partially
within the basin had 21 such plants employing over 100 persons in each.
Principal Wisconsin concentrations are along the Fox River and other tribu-
taries to Green Bay. In Michigan, the principal concentration is in
Kalamazoo County.
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530
KENOSHA
WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS ~~]
I
\
LEGEND (Population in Thousands) Z|<
3 50-99
0 100-199
V/\ Over 700
POPULATION CENTERS
FIGURE 2
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531
RACINE
KENOSHA
WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS
MICHIGAN r
"INDIANA" i
LEGEND
Food and Kindred Products
Paper and Allied Products
Chemicals and Allied Products dl5
Petroleum and Coal Products
Primary Metal Industries
INDUSTRIAL CENTERS
FIGURE 3
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532
The value of farm products accounted for by counties of the Lake
Michigan watershed totaled over 900 million dollars in 1964. In that
year, there were approximately 2.4 million cattle and calves on water-
shed farms of which 1.4 million were in Wisconsin counties. The pro-
duction of crops, including fruits, is also substantial. In 1964, over
a half million tons of fertilizers were used in their production. (5)
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING
The Great Lakes, with their connecting channels and the Wei land
Canal, form a deep-draft navigation chain with a controlling depth of
27 feet, extending from the west end of Lake Superior to the south end
of Lake Michigan and to the east end of Lake Ontario at the head of the
St. Lawrence River. There is a 9-foot barge canal connection between
the deep draft Calumet Harbor and River project at the southerly end of
Lake Michigan and the 9-foot Illinois Waterway, which connects with the
Mississippi River inland waterway system.
During the 10-year period 1955-1964 annual commerce on the Great
Lakes averaged 190 million tons. During this period, traffic in four
major commodities, iron ore, coal, stone and grain, comprised about
85 percent of total United States commerce on the Great Lakes. Commerce
at 27 Federal Harbors on Lake Michigan, excluding internal, intraport and
local traffic, totaled 70 million tons in 1964; Calumet Harbor (Illinois)
accounted for approximately 24 million tons, and Indiana Harbor, 18 million
tons. Commerce at 15 private Lake Michigan Harbors totaled 29 mi I lion tons,
including 9 million tons at Gary.
A large percentage of total shipments of petroleum products on the
Great Lakes is from Indiana Harbor, Indiana - there are also substantial
shipments from Muskegon, Michigan. (6)
WATER RESOURCES
The total drainage area for the Lake Michigan basin is 67,900 square
miles. Of this, 22,400 square miles are the lake proper. Sixty-four per-
cent of the remaining land area is in the State of Michigan, 31 percent is
in Wisconsin, 5 percent is in Indiana, and 0.2 percent is in the State of
Illinois. (7) The Illinois portion does not include the area formerly in
the Lake Michigan watershed, whose drainage has been diverted to the
Illinois watershed for pollution control.
The topography and soils of the Lake Michigan basin have been formed
by several glaciations. The southern portion of the basin is generally
rolling with glacial moraines being the only prominent hill areas. The
northern portion exhibits more rugged terrain with frequent rock outcrops
which cause higher gradients on the streams, and more inland lakes, typical
of ground moraine areas. There are over 8,100 lakes in the basin, with
combined surface area of 680,000 acres. (7)
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533
Lake Michigan itself occupies a great valley in Paleozoic sedi-
mentary rocks at the edge of the preCambrian Canadian shield. This valley
originated in preglacial times in rock subject to erosic • The lake
exerted a strong influence on glacial ice movements which were responsible
for the final shaping of the land area. The maximum depth of the lake,
923 feet, occurs in the northern portion; the average depth is 276 feet.
The volume is 1,170 cubic miles, or 3.9 billion acrp feet. The average
outflow of the lake through the Straits of Mackirac is estimated to be
48,000 cubic feet per second. The straits are of sufficient size that
there is no measurable loss in elevation, so Lake Michigan and Lake Huron
are at the same elevation, which has varied from 583.7 feet to 577.1 feet.
(8) An additional 3,100 cubic feet per second are diverted from the lake
at Chicago for municipal water supply and pollution control. This total
outflow of 37,000,000 acre feet per year is about one percent of the
volume of water in the lake.
Boat marinas dot the shores of Lake Michigan.
These ships are anchored at Michigan City, Indiana,
-------
Most of the major streams (See Table I), start with relatively
steeper gradients at the headwaters and decrease as they approach Lake
Michigan. Harbors have been developed at the mouths of most of these
rivers. The 20 major streams drain 36,400 square miles or 80 percent
of the total lanJ area. Of this, 31,940 square miles or 70 percent of
the area is gaged. The discharge from this gaged area is 25,500 cfs.
These records are totaled without adjustment for nonconcurrent periods
and are summed onl'y to show relative magnitude to the estimated outflow
of 51,000 cubic feet per second.
The average precipitation over the basin ranges from 26 to 34
inches, and 60 percent occurs during the growing season, May through
September. This supports the agricultural economy, and irrigation is
of minor significance.
The total shoreline of Lake Michigan is 1,660 miles; about 1,300
miles of this is suitable for recreation. Only 80 miles have been de-
veloped as public recreation areas. (7) Unfortunately, the areas that
are closest to the large concentrations of population are also subject
to the highest pollution level.
The groundwater resources of Lake Michigan basin have not been
studied as intensively as the surface waters. This is due in part to
the general adequacy of the groundwater for domestic, municipal and
industrial water use. The northern portion of the basin, with rela-
tively little sedimentary rock, must rely on groundwater from the
glacial material. The southern portion of the basin can obtain sub-
stantial quantities of water from the sedimentary rocks. The quality
of this water is generally adequate for all purposes. However, in the
past few years, increased industrialization and urbanization has re-
sulted in scattered shortage areas. The city of Green Bay, Wisconsin,
is one example where the groundwater was not adequate, as evidenced by
rapidly declining watertables (local surface waters were unsatisfactory
in quality) so Lake Michigan was relied on for the municipal water
supply. The cities in the Grand River Basin are initiating studies to
determine feasibility of obtaining surface waters from Lake Michigan
to augment existing groundwater supply. Most of the large municipali-
ties which lie on the lake shore use Lake Michigan for municipal water
supply; the groundwater sources have not been thoroughly exploited.
LAKE CURRENTS
Knowledge of lake currents is fundamental to an understanding of
the fate of pollutants put into the lake and the effects, both local and
widespread, of these pollutants on water quality and associated water uses.
To fill the need for this information the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration conducted a study of speed and direction of currents, and
water temperatures, throughout Lake Michigan. Field instrumentation and
observation were made during 1962-64; after analysis of the great mass of
data obtained from the study, a report of the findings was published re-
cently. (9)
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535
TABLE 1
MAJOR TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE MICHIGAN*
NAME OF RIVER
MiIwaukee
Sheboygan
Man itowoc
Fox
Oconto
Peshtfgo
Menom i nee
Ford
Escanaba
Whitefish
Manistique
Boardman
Manistee
Pere Marquette
White
Muskegon
Grand
Ka Iamazoo
St. Joseph
Burns Ditch
Total
TOTAL
DRAINAGE
AREA
sq.mi.
845
440
442
6,443
933
1,155
4,150
468
920
315
1,450
347
2,010
772
480
GAGED
DRAINAGE MEAN
AREA DISCHARGE
36,422
sq.ml.
686
432
0
6,150
678
1,124
3,790
450
870
0
1,402**
223
1,980***
709
380
2,350
4,900
1,600
4,056****
160
31,940
cfs
381
232
4,140
569
832
3,098
324
895
PERIOD OF RECORD
1914-65
1916-24, 50-65
1896-1965
1906-08, 13-65
1953-65
1907-08, 13-65
1954-65
1903-12, 50-65
1938-65
1952-65
1951-65
1939-65
1957-65
1909-14,
1901-05,
1929-36,
1930-65,
1943-50,
16-19, 30-65
06-18, 30-65
37-65
51-65
55-65
25,501
* Clockwise from Milwaukee
** Total of Indian and Manistique Rivers abeve confluence
*** Total of Manistee and Little Manistee Rivers above confluence
**** Total of St. Joseph and Paw Paw Rivers above confluence
Data Source:
1965 Surface Water Records of
Wisconsin, U.S.G.S.
Indiana, Michigan and
-------
536
Although the outflow rate from Lake Michigan is comparable to the
flow in the Mississippi River at Rock Island, Illinois, the lake itself
is so large in comparison that this outpouring of water produces an
almost imperceptible movement of water within the lake. But the lake
water is not standing still; it is kept in constant motion principally
by the wind, which not only generates the visible surface waves but stirs
and mixes the water throughout the lake. In fact, a combination of wind
force and seasonal density changes brings about vertical exchange of waters
even, at times, extending to the bottom of the lake's deepest hole — some
920 feet.
Both water movements and rate of mixing are materially influenced
by the formation of thermoclines, or zones of temperature transition be-
tween two layers of water which differ in temperature and density. Once
stabilized at depths which prevent storm turbulence interruption, the
thermocline effectively prevents mixing of waters in the epilimnion (upper
stratum) with those in the hypolimnion (lower stratum). This stratifica-
tion is especially characteristic of Lake Michigan in the summer. A weak
stratification, involving very small density differences, sometimes occurs
in winter. The summer thermocline begins to form in late spring at a depth
of a few feet, and progressively recedes to greater depths, probably reach-
ing a depth of about 200 feet by early fall. With the onset of winter,
the thermocline disappears, stratification breaks up, and water mixing
occurs throughout the full depth of the lake.
Thermal bars, phenomena resulting from a difference in temperature
between adjacent waters along a vertical plane, occur both in the spring
and in the fall in shallow waters, parallel to the shoreline. Like the
thermocline, a thermal bar inhibits mixing between the shallow waters
along the shore and the deeper lake waters.
Because currents in the lake are motivated principally by the wind,
and winds are variable, horizontal movement of the lake water exhibits an
infinite variety and frequent changes in both direction and speed. Never-
theless, certain recurring patterns have been identified, resulting from
the fact that winds from one general direction predominate in certain
seasons of the year. For example, a typical summer pattern is created by
south-southwest winds which occur nearly 40 percent of the year. In this
pattern, the main body of water in the southern basin slowly revolves in
a counterclockwise direction, while the currents closer to shore on both
sides of the lake flow northward. In the northern basin, the dominant
flow is southward in the center of the lake; this flow splits north of
Milwaukee, one part moving east and north, the othermoving west and north,
along the two shores. At other times of the year and under other wind re-
gimes this whole pattern can be reversed. In addition, the generalized
circulation patterns are obscured and greatly modified by internal waves,
and frequently the water in the upper layer will be moving in one direction
while deeper water is flowing in the opposite direction.
If the complex patterns of motion in Lake Michigan water were to be
described in the shortest possible expression, it would be "restless waters."
There are, paradoxically, two extreme cases relevant to water pollution
-------
537
which can and do exist. At the one extreme, pollution-laden waters put
into the lake at a point can remain in the immediate vicinity in concen-
trated form for days on end, moving slowly and virtually en masse. On
the other hand, any persistent dissolved constituents put into the lake
are certain to become mixed with and to affect the quality of water
through the whole lake, in a time span of months or years.
WATER USES
The data on water use can be subdivided into several categories,
the first being municipal water use which includes all water processed
by municipalities even if utilized in industrial processes. Fifty muni-
cipalities treat an average of 1.47 billion gallons of Lake Michigan water
daily; of this, over one billion gallons per day are utilized by the City
of Chicago and suburbs. The cities in the State of Wisconsin use approxi-
mately 240 million gallons daily (mgd),Indiana and Michigan each use
80 mgd. (10) Utilization of water from surface sources other than Lake
Michigan is minimal, except for 18 mgd from Lake Winnebago used by four
cities in that vicinity. (II) The remaining cities in the basin rely
on ground water for their municipal supplies.
Industries use an estimated 4.25 billion gallons of
Lake Michigan water daily. The scene above shows
Bethlehem Steel Company expanding its new plant
facilities at Burns Harbor, Ind., into the lake.
12
-------
538
The demand for municipal waters from Lake Michigan is anticipated
to increase threefold by the year 2020, although the growth of population
will be less. This is due to increased per capita usage and to use by
municipalities that have difficulty obtaining additional groundwater sup-
plies. The value of Lake Michigan waters for municipal supply is one of
the main reasons why the quality of this lake must be protected.
The industrial water use from Lake Michigan is estimated to be
4.25 billion gallons daily. Of this, 3.2 billion is used in the Indiana
portion of Lake Michigan. Michigan industries utilize 586 mgd; the
Illinois industries utilize 420 mgd. (10) It is anticipated that the
demand for industrial water will also increase about threefold by the
year 2020, although the gross industrial output may increase as much as
sixfold. This will result from increased efficiency and reuse of water
in the manufacturing process. The use of industrial water on The tribu-
taries of Lake Michigan is rather minor, when compared to the use from
the lake proper. The largest use area is along the Fox River and Lake
Winnebago, where pulp and paper industries are the major users.
The use of water for electric power generation is of three types:
hydroelectric generation, thermal cooling, and consumptive use in steam
generation. In the Lake Michigan basin, there are 110 hydroelectric
generating plants with an installed capacity of 318,000 kilowatts, which
generate 1,300,000 megawatt hours of energy annually. (12) The Federal
Power Commission lists an additional potential for generation of 745,000
megawatt hours; however, these stations are generally considered uneco-
nomical. The pollution effect of hydroelectric generation is minimal.
In streams that have become highly nutrified, the ponds behind the power
dams may have algal problems, and the waters released from the power
plants may be low in dissolved oxygen. Also, the operation of the hydro-
plants for peaking power may result in minimal discharges during the
off-peak hours which can result in fish kills and inadequate dilution
of waste discharges.
The hydroelectric generation is minor when compared to a total of
8,500 megawatts of total installed steam generation capacity in Lake
Michigan Basin, of which 7,420 megawatts are along the lake shore; and
5,750 megawatts are in the southern basin. (13) Approximately 600 rr.gd
are used for cooling water. Current plans call for the installation of
an additional 1,400 megawatts of fossil-fuel steam generating capacity
in the Lake Michigan basin by 1972. (14)
There is currently one nuclear generating plant in operation on
Lake Michigan, the Big Rock Point nuclear power station near Charlevoix,
Michigan; its capacity is 50 megawatts. There are two plants under con-
struction: One of 700 megawatts, near South Haven, Michigan, and one of
497 megawatts near Manitowoc, Wisconsin. There are plans for the addi-
tional construction of five plants by 1973, with the total generating
capacity of 6,182 megawatts. (15)
13
-------
539
There are 1,087 megawatts of steam generation at sites which
utilize surface waters other than the lake for cooling. It is antici-
pated that few additional large plants will be built that utilize
stream water; rather, the new plants will be located along the shores
of Lake Michigan. There are smaller internal-combustion powered plants
in the basin utilized for peaking power; however, these have no impact
on water qua Iity.
The total generating capacity by the year 1973 could be 17,624
megawatts, which will mean that the reliance on Lake Michigan for cool-
ing purposes will more than double. New technology in electrical trans-
mission systems could cause this figure to be adjusted upward to utilize
the available waters of Lake Michigan. The long range demands for
cooling water may increase sixfold to parallel expansion in industrial
production, but better efficiencies in nuclear plants may reduce this
somewhat.
Consumptive use of water in the steam generation process is
minor; however, evaporative cooling may be used where waste heat cannot
be placed in surface waters. This requires nearly 7,000 gallons per day
for one megawatt of capacity and could become a significant consumptive
use of water.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a report
on the Fish and Wildlife resources of Lake Michigan. (16) The commercial
fishing industry has always been a significant part of the economy of the
Lake Michigan Basin. Since 1879, the total annual commercial catch has
averaged 26.5 million pounds. However, the composition of the catch has
changed drastically through the years. Originally, lake trout and herring
were the principal catch. The amount of these decreased but a subsequent
increase in the number of yellow perch and chubs maintained the same
average catch. Recently, carp, smelt and now the alewife have become the
major components. However, the value of the catch was 15.6 million dollars
in the 1950 period and has declined to only 9.3 million dollars in 1963.
These past fluctuations of commercial fish poundage taken from Lake
Michigan have been related more closely to biological and economical fac-
tors than to water quality. The sea lamprey which caused a significant
decline in the lake trout and whitefish, and now the alewife which has
multiplied to an enormous quantity are introduced species. It is hoped
that introduction of the coho salmon will aid in restoring the Lake to a
proper ecological balance.
However, pollution does have an effect on the fishery of Lake
Michigan. Many of the species rely on the tributary streams and shore
areas for spawning grounds. The quality of these areas must be maintained
to facilitate the natural reproduction of the fish.
14
-------
Ice fishing is a popular winter sport
in the Lake Michigan Basin.
The Lake Michigan Basin is abundantly endowed with natural terrain
making it one of the major water oriented recreation areas in the nation.
The preservation and improvement of the water quality within the Basin is
imperative to maintain this status. The United States Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation report "Water Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin",
(7), presents most of the facilities that are available, the problems that
are developing, and the action that must be taken to preserve this natural
heritage. There are a total of 625 public recreation areas in the Basin.
Of these, 536 are water oriented. There are 74 recreational harbors on
Lake Michigan. Recreational areas are scattered throughout the Basin,
although the major concentration of population is in the southern portion.
This, combined with the closing of some facilities due to pollution, has
resulted in crowding of the facilities in the southern portion of the
Basin. Figure 4 shows Lake Michigan beaches, and Figure 5 shows recrea-
tion harbors.
15
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SHORELINE
Total Length 1,661 Miles
Recreational 1,293 Miles
Beach 176 Miles
Public Recreation Areas 80 Miles
3 Beaches Intermittently Closed
Because of Pollution.
Beaches Closed Because of
Pollution.
MICHIGAN^
"INDIANA
SHORELINE RECREATION
16
FIGURE 4
-------
MANISTIQUE
GREEN BAY
MILWAUKEE
WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS "
CHICAGO
SHEBOYSAN
SAUGATUCK
BENTON HARBOR
MICHIGAN
IMICHIGAN INDIANA
CITY
CO <
O Z
Zl<
_l Z
OARY
SCALE IN MILES
RECREATION HARBORS
17
FIGURE t
-------
A pleasure boat heads toward the harbor
mouth and the open waters of Lake Michigan.
There are 74 recreational harbors on the Lake.
In I960, there was a total of 82 million activity days of water
oriented recreation and 94 million activity days of water related rec-
reational activities. It is estimated that the demand for water oriented
activities could increase to 247 million activity days by the year 2010,
if adequate facilities are provided.
A listing of the areas where recreation is impaired by water quality
would be a long one; however, major areas are the Menominee River, Lake
Winnebago, the Fox River and the southern portion of Green Bay in Wisconsin,
the Calumet harbor area near Chicago, and at the shore lines near the larger
cities and harbors. The problems are caused by excessive col iform counts
from inadequately treated sewage, combined sewer overflows, vessel wastes
and agricultural activities. The over-fertilization of the lake results in
algal growth which makes the waters objectionable for body contact. Occa-
sional ly, fish kills, due to polluting agents, are also responsible for
unsatisfactory condition.
Sport fishing is the second largest form of water oriented recrea-
tion, and unlike swimming, which is the largest, cannot be duplicated in
a man-made facility such as a swimming pool. The Fish and Wildlife Service
in its report (16) estimates 19 million angler days per year are spent in
the Lake Michigan Basin. This is expected to triple by the year 2010. To
satisfy this demand, particularly in the locality of the densely concentrated
18
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544
population, a strong effort is required to retain and restore pure water,
both in Lake Michigan and its tributaries which are the major spawning
grounds of the sport fish.
Fishing in Lake Michigan and its tributaries
is the second largest form of water recreation
around the lake, topped only by swimming.
19
-------
545
The value of the Lake Michigan Basin for recreation and plain
esthetic enjoyment, which is part of most recreational uses, is diffi-
cult to measure. It is, however, recognized as a significant portion
of the economy of the basin. One only has to look at the premium
prices paid for purchases and rental of apartments or cottages with a
lake view or observe the number of people' who wilI go out of their way
to take a lake shore drive, as opposed to a more direct route, to get
an indication of the esthetic value of Lake Michigan. A more indirect
way of measuring its value is by the amount that is spent annually for
recreation in the basin — for lodging, food and recreational equipment
such as boats and fishing tackle. There is no detailed tabulation on
this available, but one need only visit several of the prime recreation
areas in the Basin to see the investment in recreational facilities.
20
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III-WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
When Lake Michigan and the thousands of smaller lakes that dot
its watershed were formed, the depressions left by the receding icecap
were initially filled with water characterized by a high degree of
purity. It is appropriate to note, however, that purity and ideal
quality for man's purposes are not synonymous. Biologically speaking,
the lakes at formation were a sort of water desert, lacking the neces-
sary ingredients to support either desirable or undesirable life forms.
Ever since the lakes were formed, their quality has undergone continu-
ous and progressive change, as a result of waste inputs from both
natural phenomena and the activities of man. Some of the effects of
this deterioration in quality are readily apparent, while others are
revealed only in subtle warning signs of trouble to come unless action
is taken. Some of the problems of Lake Michigan and its tributaries
are described in the following.
Cladophora algae cling to a rock in the water near
Saugatuck, Michigan, a southern Michigan resort area,
21
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EUTROPHICATION
A biologically healthy lake contains a myriad of living organ-
isms, ranging from elemental one-cell life forms upward through suc-
cessively more complex forms to. fish. A balanced aquatic life system
can be visualized as a pyramid, in which each successive level forms
a link in the food chain that sustains the higher levels. At the base
of this pyramid are one-celled plants called aigae, which are micro-
scopic in individual size but visible when clustered in colonies.
Algae form the base of the food chain; they are capable, through photo-
synthesis, of utilizing inorganic (non-living) elements in support of
growth. (17) Many inorganic elements are required for algal cell
growth, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and iron —
as well as certain organic substances, required in minute quantities.
Parts of Lake Michigan and many other lakes in the Basin are richly
endowed with the right elements and conditions to support the growth of
algae; and therein lies the problem. (18)
An over-production of algae is occurring, which upsets the
normal life balance in the lakes, impairs many water uses, and accel-
erates the normally slow aging process, called eutroohication, by
which a lake evolves into a marsh, and ultimately becomes completely
filled with detritus and disappears. One group of filamentous green
algae that has been especially troublesome is called Cladophora. In
suitable environments these plants attach to any firm object in the
water and grow, by cell division, into strings which will vary in
length, from a fraction of an inch where nutrients are scarce, to sev-
eral feet in nutrient-rich waters. Growths of Cladophora have been
observed in the southern end of Lake Michigan for many years; but,
where small tufts occurred ten years ago, there are now mats with fila-
ments several feet long. These growths are periodically broken loose
by wave action and wash ashore to litter the beaches in slimy windrows.
They clog water intake screens and interfere with swimming. When they
decay they produce a putrid odor and provide a breeding place for flies
and other insects.
While the ultimate fate of Lake Michigan, as other lakes, is in-
evitable, its useful life span can be prolonged thousands of years by
timely and continuing action. The present overgrowth of algae can be
controlled, and the accelerated aging of Lake Michigan and other lakes
can be arrested, by reducing the supply of one or more of the elements
needed for growth of algae. The element most amenable to such control
is phosphorus. Many experiments, on both laboratory and field scale,
have demonstrated the feasibility of regulating algal growth by varying
the quantities of phosphorus (in the form of soluble phosphates)
aval lable.
The extensive volume of data collected in the study of Lake
Michigan and its tributaries permits making an estimate of the relative
amounts of phosphate contributed annually from its principal source
categories. About two-thirds of the present annual supply of phosphate
going into Lake Michigan (estimated to be about I 5 million pounds) comes
22
-------
Algae are shown growing in abundance
in one of the lake's tributaries.
Windrows of algae washed up on many Lake Michigan
beaches last summer (1967). The above scene is
Calumet Park beach in Chicago, Illinois.
23
-------
from municipal and industrial wastewaters. The other third is a com-
posite of all non-point sources, carried in solution and transported
into the lake by its tributary streams. An unknown fraction of this
latter third is natural in origin; it gets into the water by leaching
from soils and rocks on the watershed. At the same time, a sizable
portion of this third undoubtedly stems from man's activities — from
livestock manure, wastes from dairying operations and slaughtering,
and the residue from applications of phosphate-rich fertilizers to
farm lands. Therefore, some part of this third of all phosphate in-
puts is amenable to reduction.
Wherever phosphate-bearing waters can be captured and put through
a treatment plant, techniques are now available for removing a high per-
centage of the phosphate content, at reasonable cost. The main reason
this has not been done extensively in the past appears to be that re-
moval of phosphates has only recently come to be recognized as an
important function of sewage treatment plants. In fact, most municipal
sewage treatment plants have not even analyzed their waters to obtain
records of phosphate content before and after treatment. In some places
where this has been done, and plant modification effected, a large
reduction of phosphate has been achieved. Notable among these are San
Antonio, Texas and Milwaukee, Wisconsin — the latter being the largest
single point source of phosphates on the Lake Michigan watershed.
The Milwaukee Sewerage Commission has in progress a demonstra-
tion project, partly financed by a grant from the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, to demonstrate the feasibility of and further
improve the effectiveness of phosphate removal in an activated sludge
treatment plant.
Improvement in the design and operation of conventional treat-
ment plants which provide the so-called secondary, or biological, form
of treatment is a necessary first step toward removing nutritive
material from wastewaters. There is growing conviction, however, that
more will be required in the Lake Michigan Basin, at least at the
larger plants where advanced waste treatment can be added at reasonable
unit cost. The standard treatment plant of the future in the Great
Lakes Basin may be some form of 3-stage treatment: physical, biological,
and chemical. It is important to note that this will not render obso-
lete the 2-stage, i.e., secondary, treatment plants now existing or
planned. Rather, the third stage, of chemical precipitation and further
solids removal, would be applied to the effluent from the first two —
and each stage supplements the others.
Summing up what has just been said: eutrophication is a threat
now, to the usefulness of Lake Michigan and other lakes within the
Basin; feasible methods exist for bringing this problem under control.
They need to be applied.
24
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550
BACTERIAL POLLUTION
Another indication of deteriorated water quality is the presence
of coliform bacteria. Coliform organisms are significant because they
occur in the fecal matter of all warm-blooded animals, including man.
Consequently, the presence of these bacteria in a body of water is
usually evidence of fecal contamination. Since such contamination is
one avenue of transmission of certain waterborne diseases, the presence
of coIiforms is an indication of health hazard from accompanying patho-
genic bacteria and viruses.
Generally, the severe problems of bacterial contamination in the
Lake Michigan Basin are located around the population centers. But, of
course, this is precisely where the great demands for water usage occur.
Studies have shown that the bacterial quality of Lake Michigan is gen-
erally good in deep water but is degraded along the shoreline and in
harbor areas. Evidence of severe bacterial pollution of tributaries
has been found in the Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay,
'Wisconsin; the Milwaukee River within Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; in
and downstream from the cities along the Grand River in Michigan and the
St. Joseph River in Indiana and Michigan; and the streams of the Calumet
Area, Illinois and Indiana. (19) In the last-named area, the recom-
mendations, to provide disinfection, of an interstate enforcement con-
ference described elsewhere have not yet been fully implemented.
liii®*^^^^ jrf «
Bacterial contamination has forced the
closing of some Lake Michigan beaches, such
as the one shown here at Hammond, Indiana.
25
-------
551
\
The Bay View Beach in Green Bay, Wisconsin, was a
popular swimming area -at the time this picture was
taken in 1910. (Photo courtesy State Historical
Society of Wisconsin.)
This is the same area as it appears today. Swimming
has been prohibited for many years because of water
pollution. (Photo by Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.)
26
-------
552
A number of Lake Michigan beaches are closed, either intermit-
tently or permanently, because of health hazard. Permanently closed are
some beaches in the Calumet Area and a beach at the southern end of
Green Bay. The latter area exhibits also an example of the eutrophica-
tion discussed earlier. The Bay View Beach (City of Green Bay) was
closed many years ago because of bacterial pollution; over the ensuing
years, the beach's custodians understandably got tired of spending
time and money each year to clear aquatic growth from waters that were
not usable anyway. The beach is now clogged with aquatic weeds and its
once-sandy bottom now covered with the dead and decaying remains of
weed crops of previous years — a product of overferti Iization. (7)
Bacteria are easily destroyed by disinfection, wherever the
waters can be put through a treatment plant. Unfortunately, most of
the cities on the watershed are served by combined sewer systems, so
that large quantities of a mixture of storm water and sewage are dis-
charged without treatment during and after every heavy rain. This pol-
lutional overflow is the reason that Milwaukee beaches on Lake Michigan
have to be closed part of the time.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION
Pollution of Lake Michigan and its tributaries by dissolved
chemicals covers a broad range of substances, effects, and sources, the
principal source being industrial wastewater effIuents. Two general
types of effects are produced: I) local and immediate effects in the
vicinity of the discharge point, and 2) a progressive buildup in the
concentrations of certain persistent chemicals in the lake as a whole.
Regarding the latter, Lake Michigan has experienced an overall increase
in average concentration of such dissolved constituents as chlorides,
sulfates and the hardness-producing salts. (20)
Areas of local pollution exist around centers of industrial
activity and commercial shipping, especially the Calumet Area at the
south end of the lake, Milwaukee harbor and its tributary streams, and
the southern end of Green Bay. Contamination takes the form of oil,
phenolic compounds or other persistent organic chemicals contributing
to taste and odor problems, ammonia and other nitrogenous materials,
phosphorus, suspended matter, and highly acidic or alkaline mater'als.
Conditions in the Calumet Area have been extensively documenteH in con-
nection with the ongoing enforcement action relative to its interstate
waters. (21) Details concerning the Milwaukee area and the Green Bay
area are given in reports published by FWPCA last year. (22 & 23)
27
-------
553
The heavily industrialized south end of Lake
Michigan suffers severe water pollution problems.
This is a waste outfall located on the Indiana
Harbor Ship Canal in East Chicago, Indiana.
OXYGEN DEPLETION
The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in water is per-
haps the most important single ingredient necessary for a healthy,
balanced, aquatic life environment. Dissolved oxygen is consumed by
living organisms through respiration and is replenished, if a well-
balanced environment exists, by absorption from the atmosphere and
through the life processes of aquatic plants. When organic pollution
enters this environment, the balance is altered. The bacteria present
in tiie water or introduced with pollution utilize the organic matter as
food and multiply rapidly. The resulting oxygen deficiency may be
great enough to inhibit or destroy the fish and other desirable organ-
isms and to convert the stream or lake into an odor-producing nuisance.
At present, the main body of Lake Michigan has not shown signs
of oxygen deficiency — even in its bottom waters, where an oxygen
deficit is frequently observed in eutrophic lakes and in manmade
reservoirs. Oxygen depletion is a common occurrence, however, in
many of the Lake Michigan tributaries. Especially bad in this respect
are the Fox River in Wisconsin, between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay;
and the tributary streams of the Calumet Area, including the Little
Calumet River, Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal, and Indiana
Harbor. Other zones of periodic oxygen deficiency are: the Grand
River in Michigan downstream from Jackson and Lansing; the Menominee
River in certain stretches along the boundary between Wisconsin and
28
-------
Michigan, the Milwaukee River and Milwaukee Harbor; the Kalamazoo River,
Michigan; and the St. Joseph River, Michigan and Indiana, and the
southern end of Green Bay. In general the discharge of treated and un-
treated municipal and industrial wastes in these areas produces these
polluted conditions. The high concentrations of biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) in the waste discharges combine, in some cases, with
severe drought flows of receiving waters to intensify the problems of
this nature.
This load of detergents has been discharged by the
Jackson, Michigan, sewage treatment plant into the
Grand River, a Lake Michigan tributary.
ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Lake Michigan has been an attractive location for large electric
power plants. Two principal reasons are the ready availability of a
large quantity of cooling water, and the proximity to the large market
of its cities and industries. The greatest concentration of power
plants is around the southern basin, from Milwaukee southward. Within
this area are located six major power plants having a total installed
capacity in excess of 4.5 million kilowatts, and some 20 smaller plants,
either public utility or private industrial, which bring the total capa-
city of plants in the southern basin to about 6 million kilowatts.
These are fossil-fueled plants, burning either coal or gas. (13)
The Nuclear Power Age has come to the Great Lakes area with dra-
matic suddenness within the last few years. One of the earliest full-
scale, commercially-operated, nuclear power plants is the existing
plant at Big Rock Point, Michigan, near the northern end of Lake
Michigan. Five additional plants are proposed or under construction,
3 of which will have twin reactor units, and all of which are scheduled
for completion between 1970 and 1973. The three largest of these plants
29
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555
will be located in the southern basin and have a total installed capacity
of 5 million kilowatts. Thus, by 1973 the southern basin of the Lake
wi I I be ringed with power plants having an electrical output of II mi I-
I ion kilowatts — 6 fossiI-fueled and 5 nuclear-fueled (see Figure 6).
Wisconsin Electric Power Company at Oak Creek,
Wisconsin, south of Milwaukee, is one of the many
power plants located in the southern basin of
Lake Michigan.
Power plants are of concern to water quality because both types
add heat to the Lake Michigan water, and nuclear plants also discharge
some waste radioactivity to the water.
Waste Heat
The typical thermal power plant converts heat energy to electric
energy, wasting large quantities of heat in the process. In the pre-
sent status of the art, a fossiI-fueled plant wastes about 1.5 units of
heat for each equivalent unit of useful energy output; a nuclear-
powered plant wastes, for comparable output, about 2.25 units of heat
energy. (In technical terms, fossil-fuel and nuclear plants reject
respectively 4,900 and 7,800 BTU per kwh.) This waste heat, in either
type, is conducted from the plant in the cooling water and subsequently
30
-------
556
NUCLEAR PLANTS
Capacity
e Million KW
Point
ch Unit 1
ch Unit 2
1
2
Unit 1
Unit 2
0.07
0.53
0.45
0.45
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
0.70
Completion
Date
1963
1972
1971
1972
1972
1973
1972
1972
1970
Zion Unit
Zion Unit
Bridgman
Bridgman Unit
Palisades
SAUOATUCK FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS
WfS.CON_SJN
ILLINOIS
CHICAGO
INDIANA
No.
o
o
©
o
0
o
Nomo »•-..• .,*.*»
Million KW
Lakeside
Oak Creek
Waukegan
State Line
Mitchell
Campbell
0.31
1.35
1.09
0.88
O.4I
0.65
MAJOR POWER PLANTS
31
FIGURE 6
-------
557
dissipated into the environment — the ambient air, or receiving
waters, or some combination of both. Power plants on Lake Michigan
are not usually equipped with cooling towers for transfer of heat
to the air, so that the bulk of this waste heat goes first into the
water of the Lake.
Heat added to Lake Michigan produces two effects: I) it creates
a local zone of water warmer than the natural background temperature,
and 2) it warms, albeit imperceptibly, the whole body of lake water
and the air above it. Regarding the second effect, the critical body
of water would be that contained in the epilimnion (upper layer) of
the southern basin of the lake, and the critical period would be the
summer months, when water and air temperatures are warmest and strati-
fication inhibits the dispersal of the input heat to a greater volume
of lake water. An estimate has been made of the overall warming
effect of power plants on the lake zone just delineated. Assuming the
power plants to operate with an average output equal to 80 percent of
plant capacity, and assuming no escape of the input heat from the
water (a conservative assumption), the combined effect of existing
plants plus the proposed nuclear plants would not raise the overall
average water temperature by as much as one-tenth of a degree
Fahrenheit. Even this minute increase in water temperature would be
nullified during the following winter, so that no progressive warming
tendency for Lake Michigan, attributable to power plants, is expected
to occur.
This focuses attention on the first effect cited — the local
zone of warm water created in the immediate vicinity of a power plant
discharge. Again citing a typical Lake Michigan power plant, it wiI I
have a pipe or tunnel conduit bringing water from an intake located
perhaps a few thousand feet offshore; as the cooling water flows
through the plant its temperature will be increased by 10 to 20 de-
grees F.; the used water wi I I be returned to the lake at or near the
shoreline. Since the water at the point of intake will be somewhat
colder than the shallow water at the point of discharge, it can be
expected that the discharging water may be on the order of 10 to 15
degrees warmer than the lake at that point. The local warm water zone
wiI I thus have a peak temperature some 10 to 15 degrees warmer than
the background temperature. Some of this heat will be transmitted to
the ambient air; the rest will transfer into lake water by a combina-
tion of dilution and convection, until the local water temperature
merges with and becomes indistinguishable from that of neighboring
water. The areal extent of this warm water zone will depend upon the
incremental temperature rise, and the rate at which heated water is
being put in — and the latter w'U I depend on the size and design of
the power plant.
If the local warmwater zone occurs where the lake bottom has
suitable attachment surfaces, it could promote a luxuriant crop of
filamentous algae (Cjadophora). The detrimental effects of an over-
growth of algae have been described elsewhere. It is sufficient here
to point out that conditions are favorable for promoting over-
32
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558
production of algae in many parts of Lake Michigan; and that anything
which may further promote their growth is to be viewed with concern.
Radioacti vi ty
'Most of the six commercial nuclear power stations (9 units)
built or planned in the Lake Michigan Basin are of the light-water
type, operating on the pressurized water principle. "The water of
the primary coolant system passes through a heat exchanger in which
the heat is passed to the water of a secondary cycle in which steam
is produced for use by a turboelectric plant. The primary cycle
coolant, after passing through the heat exchanger, is returned through
pumps to the reactor for reheating. The two-loop system is used to
prevent fission products from entering the turbines and thereby com-
plicating maintenance operations and adding to the complexity of
radiation protection. In the event of a fuel-element failure in a
two-loop reactor, the fission products remain in the primary system and
do not contaminate either the secondary system or the turbines." (24)
Primary and secondary coolants are passed through ion-exchange
resins to remove activation products and fission products resulting
from fuel-pin failures. "In the operation of a nuclear power plant,
there are many operations which produce contaminated liquids. Leaks
of primary water from valves, flanges, and pumps will ultimately
result in the contamination of sump water. Components which are re-
moved for repair must first be decontaminated, and this will result
in contaminated water, as will the operation of washing casks, sluic-
ing resin beds, laundering contaminated clothes, and washing contami-
nated laboratory ware. In addition, it may be expected that the
cooling pools for spent fuel may in time become contaminated as a
result of failures in the fuel element cladding." (24) Provisions
are made for containment, treatment, and ultimate disposal of these
waste liquids. High-level wastes are shipped to burial sites but low-
level wastes are diluted and discharged to the environment.
All liquid and gaseous radioactive waste discharges from
nuclear power plants are limited by Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Rules and Regulations (IOCFR20) or State regulation where they apply.
However, the AEC limits are set above "natural background." Since
"natural background" is not defined, the Rules can be interpreted in
three ways: I) discharges are limited to concentrations in excess of
pre-World War II levels; 2) discharges are limited to concentrations
in excess of pre-ope rational levels; or 3) discharges are limited to
concentrations in excess of cooling water intake levels. None of these
interpretations are desirable. In the case of I), pre-World War II
levels are not known, since the technology was not developed to measure
minute quantities of radioactive materials. Interpretation 2) would be
adequate except that each additional reactor would have a higher base-
Iine on which acceptable waste discharge levels would be determined,
since preoperational levels for a new reactor would be post-operational
for a previously built reactor in the same watercourse. Case 3) is
wholely unacceptable because there would be essentially no limit to
quantities discharged.
33
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559
Since the original standards were promulgated on the basis of
a moving stream receiving the radioactive effluent, and since Lake
Michigan has a very small discharge rate, any radioactive waste
material entering into it will diminish only by natural decay. This
may result in significantly increased levels of the longer-lived
radio isotopes. The AEC Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards,
October 12, 1966 (AEC News Release No. IN-725 dated October 25,
1966), made the following statements and recommendations:
"The dilution, dispersion, and transport of liquid radioactive
wastes in surface waters (rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays and open
ocean) are important factors in the siting of nuclear reactors. In
addition to these phenomena, attention frequently needs to be directed
toward biological concentration of radionuciides in aquatic life. It
may be desirable to review previous work on this subject, including
related research on discharge of municipal and industrial liquid
wastes. Preparation of a state of the art review of current knowledge,
and delineation of areas where further research is needed, would be
useful. A special evaluation of the impact of siting many reactors on
the shores of the Great Lakes, in relation to retention and flushing
characteristics and to accumulation of radionuciides in aquatic organ-
isms, may also be desirable."
WASTES FROM WATERCRAFT
Vessels of all types, commercial, recreational and Federal
(Corps of Engineers floating plant, Coast Guard cutters and Naval
Reserve Training Ships) plying the waters of Lake Michigan and its
tributaries are contributors of both untreated and inadequately
treated wastes in local harbors and in the open lake, and intensify
local problems of bacterial pollution.
A report entitled "Pollution of Navigable Waters of the United
States by Wastes from Watercraft" (25), was submitted to the Congress
on June 30, 1967 by the FWPCA. This report recognizes and analyzes
the serious problems that are caused by all types of watercraft, in-
cluding pollution from sanitary, garbage and oil wastes. Implementa-
tion of the recommendations made in this report by the Congress will
provide an effective means for combating the vessel waste problem on
Lake Michigan. FWPCA has proposed legislation to Congress, based on
this report.
Some significant progress has been made in the abatement pro-
gram on Lake Michigan. The City of Chicago recently enacted an ordi-
nance prohibiting the discharge of all wastes from vessels and shore
installations into .the portion of the lake within the city's
jurisdiction.
OIL POLLUTION
One of the problems in the Lake Michigan drainage basin is oil
pollution. Discharges from industrial plants and commercial ships,
34
-------
560
and careless practices in loading arid unloading cargos, cause con-
tamination of water in many areas. Oil discharges and spills produce
unsightly conditions which affect beaches and recreational areas,
contribute to taste and odor problems and treatment problems at water
treatment plants, coat the hulls of pleasure craft, and in some cases
are toxic to desirable fish and aquatic life.
The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 prohibits the discharge of oil by
vessels in the waters within the United States. The FWPCA was made
responsible for enforcement of this Act by the Clean Waters Restoration
Act of 1966. Oil pollution in navigable waters from any source which
is a hazard to navigation is the responsibility of the Corps of Engi-
neers as authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. The Coast
Guard provides support to both the Corps and FWPCA.
Oil pollution is a serious problem at the Indiana Harbor
Ship Canal, East Chicago, Indiana. Inland Steel Company's
turning basin on the canal is often coated with oil.
35
-------
56i
Although oil contamination has been observed in many areas of
the Basin as shown on Figure 7, the principal location in which it
occurs is the Calumet Area in Illinois and Indiana. Table 2 shows
the number of oil discharges and spills reported by the Coast Guard
in 1967. The number of discharges and spills indicates the need for
greater care in transportation of oil by commercial ships, and the
need for separation of oil from industrial waste to reduce the effects
of oil contamination on the public waters.
The Torrey Canyon ship disaster, which involved a major spill
of oil off the coast of England in 1966, focused attention on the
detrimental effects of oil contamination on recreational facilities
and on fish and aquatic life. It also pointed up the need for addi-
tional study of existing resources and techniques to deal with spills
of this magnitude should they occur again. On May 26, 1967 the
President of the United States asked the Secretaries of Interior and
Transportation to undertake a joint study to determine how best to
mobilize the resources of the Federal Government and the Nation to
cope with the problems of major oil spills and other pollutants and
hazardous substances and their adverse affects.
One of the major needs disclosed by the study was the develop-
ment of a contingency plan to deal with an emergency involving
Federal, State and local agencies with due regard for each agency's
statutory responsibility and capability. Preliminary coordination
has been effected by FWPCA with the Corps of Engineers and the Coast
Guard throughout the Region to develop such a plan.
DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL
Responsibility for improvement and maintenance of the water-
ways of the United States in the interest of navigation has been
delegated by Acts of Congress to the Corps of Engineers. In carry-
ing out this responsibility, the Corps dredges approximately 10
million cubic yards annually from Great Lakes harbors, and in fiscal
year 1966 dredged 1-1/2 million cubic yards from harbors on Lake
Michigan (see Figure 8). The Corps has followed the practice of
disposing of most of this material in authorized dumping grounds in
the open waters of the Lakes. The nature of the dredged material
ranges from grossly polluted sludge to clean lake sand. Private
dredging in the vicinity of docks, loading facilities, etc., is ac-
complished under permit from the Corps.
The interest of FWPCA in the disposal of polluted dredged
material dates back to 1948, when a special study was undertaken, in
cooperation with the field staff of the International Joint Commis-
sion, of the pollutional effects of dredging operations in the Rouge
River, at a request of the District Engineer, Detroit District, Corps
of Engineers. As a result of this study, the Report of the Inter-
national Joint Commission, United States and Canada, on the Pollution
of Boundary Waters (1951), contained a conclusion that "Dredged
material should be disposed of in such a manner and at such locations
36
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562
LANSING SHOALS LIGHT-
0 2* (0
SCALE IN MILES
ST. I8NACE
MACKINAW
CITY
MILWAUKEE
.WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS "
CHICAGO
Number of oil discharge incidents
from outfalls and ships in
indicated vicinity-as reported by
the U.S. Coast Guard for 1967.
HAVEN
MICHIGAN
'INDIANA
OIL DISCHARGES
1967
37
FIGURE 7
-------
TABLE 2
OIL DISCHARGES FROM OUTFALLS AND COMMERCIAL SHIPS
REPORTED BY THE U. S. COAST GUARD IN THE
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN IN 1967
563
NO.
DATE
LOCATION
TYPE
I Apr 4 Round Lake, Charlevoix, Mich.
2 May 6 Grand River at Grand Haven, Mich.
3 May 14 Sturgeon Bay, Wise.
4 Jul 28 South Channel, Straits of Mackinac
5 Aug 8 Indiana Harbor Canal
6 Aug 9 Chicago & Calumet River and
Lake Michigan Area
1 Aug 10 Straits of Mackinac
8 Sep 19 Milwaukee Harbor
9 Sep 17-26 Southern end of Lake Michigan
10 Sep 28 Lake Calumet
II Oct 3 Indiana Harbor Canal
12 Oct 9 Lake George Branch, Indiana
Harbor Canal
13 Oct 9 Indiana Harbor Canal
14 Oct 10 Indiana Harbor
15 Oct 10 East Branch Grand Calumet River
16 Oct II Indiana Harbor Canal
SpiI I whi le unload!ng
SpiI I whi le refuel ing
SpiI I while unloading
Discharge of ships
ballast
Spi I I whi le unloading
Leaking ship
Ship discharge
Leak from tank farm
OiI on water and
beaches from unknown
source
Discharge of ships
ballast
OutfalI discharge
OutfaII discharge
OutfaI I discharge
OutfalI discharge
OutfalI di scharge
OutfaII di scharge
38
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
OIL DISCHARGES FROM OUTFALLS AND COMMERCIAL SHIPS
REPORTED BY THE U. S. COAST GUARD IN THE
LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN IN 1967
564
NO.
DATE
LOCATION
TYPE
17 Oct II East Branch Grand Calumet
18 Oct II Lake George Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
19 Oct 12 Indiana Harbor
20 Oct 12 Lake George Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
21 Oct 12 Calumet River Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
22 Oct 13 Indiana Harbor Canal
23 Oct 13 Lake George Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
24 Oct 14 Lake George Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
25 Oct 14 Indiana Harbor Canal
26 Oct 14 Straits of Mackinac
27 Oct 15 Lake George Branch of Indiana
Harbor Canal
28 Nov 9 Lansing Shoals light, vicinity
of Grand Island in Lake Michigan
OutfalI discharge
OutfalI discharge
OutfalI discharge
OutfaII discharge
Seepage of oiI from
dock bulkhead
OutfalI discharge
Discharge from land
OutfalI discharge
OutfaII di scharge
SpiI I while loading
OutfalI discharge
Ship discharge
39
-------
MANISTIQUE
9REEN BAY
MILWAUKEE
.WISCONSIN
ILLINOIS
CHICAGO
SHEBOY9AN
SAJ6ATUCK
BENTON HARBOR
MICHIGAN
^MICHIGAN INDIANA
CITY
_l Q
_l Z
SCALE IN MILES
565
FEDERAL HARBOR PROJECTS
40
FIGURE 8
-------
566
This aerial photograph shows a barge disposing of dredgings from
the Indiana Harbor Canal in an authorized dumping area six miles
out in Lake Michigan. This practice was halted shortly after
this photo was taken, with the remainder of dredgings from the
canal disposed of in diked-in lake fill areas.
as will not result in harmful transfer of polluting substances in the
waters under reference (the connecting channels)." As a further
result of the stu'dy, the Corps of Engineers established a diked dis-
posal area on Grassy Island in the Detroit River, for Rouge River
dredged material.
More recently, attention has been directed to the problem as
a result of water quality studies of the Lakes conducted by the Great
Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project during the period 1962-1966. As
a result of these studies, FWPCA is concerned about the long-term
cumulative effect of incremental additions of pollutants to the Great
Lakes. This is particularly important in Lake Michigan because of
the minimal flushing action obtainable in this cul-de-sac lake. Among
the visible results of open water disposal of dredged material are
discoloration, increased turbidity, and oil slicks. The pollutants
contained in the dredged material may also contribute to increased
concentrations of dissolved solids, nutrients, and toxic materials,
which are responsible for deterioration of water quality.
41
-------
567
Through a joint statement announced March I, 1967, the Department
of the Army and the Department of the Interior agreed on a program and
plan for attacking the problem of the disposition of polluted material
dredged from harbors in the Great Lakes. It was agreed that, in order
to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers would proceed with dredg-
ing in calendar year 1967 on 64 channel and harbor projects in the Great
Lakes. The Corps also initiated a two-year pilot program early in 1967
to develop alternative disposal methods which would lead to a permanent
plan of action. FWPCA is participating in this program, which has the
ultimate objective of providing leadership in the nationwide effort to
improve water quality through prevention, control and abatement of water
pollution by Federal water resources projects.
During the past season the Corps of Engineers provided alternate
disposal of dredged materials from three of the most polluted harbors on
Lake Michigan: Indiana Harbor, Indiana; Calumet River, Illinois; and
Green Bay Harbor, Wisconsin. It is expected that alternate disposal will
be provided for additional Lake Michigan harbors during the 1968 season.
A dredge hauls muck from the bottom
of Calumet Harbor in Chicago, Illinois,
42
-------
568
ALEWIVES
A dramatic example of an upset in the balance of nature is the in-
vasion of the Great Lakes by the alewife. These little fish, decendants
of a species which has migrated into the Lakes from the ocean and adapted
itself to the fresh-water environment, have become pests mindful of the
great locust plagues recorded in history in some land areas of the world.
The alewife is a virtually useless fish. They are not good to eat, and
there js no sport to catching them. Efforts to find a commercial market
for them, as animal food, have been only partially successful. By competing
for food supply, they crowd out more desirable species. Worst of all they
move in enormous schools from the deeper recesses of the lakes, especially
Lake Michigan, into inshore waters and die there by the millions - clogging
water intakes and piling up in stinking masses on shores.
Dead alewives litter a Chicago harbor
during the alewife die-off of 1967.
43
-------
569
The massive influx and die-off of alewives has become an annual
event each spring in Lake Michigan and, to a lesser extent, the down-
stream Great Lakes. It reached record proportions in Lake Michigan
last spring and early summer, when deaths estimated in the billions
occurred. On that occasion our agency conducted a special water sam-
pling survey to determine the quality of the water and whether water
pollution could have played a part in the die-off. All evidence col-
lected indicates that water pollution did not contribute to the deaths.
As a result of a recommendation by a special task force appointed
by Secretary Udall, the Interior Department's Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries is spearheading the search for further answers to the alewife
problem, including ways to bring the alewife population into balance
with other aquatic life.
PESTICIDES
The use of pesticides in the United States has expanded rapidly
in recent years. The total market value was over one billion dollars,
for the first time, in 1964. Usage in the United States increased from
34 million pounds in 1953 to 119 million pounds in 1965. More than 58
percent of this usage was by agriculture. Thousands of pounds of pesti-
cides annually run off the land into rivers and lakes.
Agencies such as the Federal and State Departments of Agricul-
ture have very little information on amounts of pesticide actually
applied to the land. In addition, amounts used for domestic purposes
can only be estimated, since the purchase and sale of pesticides is in
no way control led.
The use of pesticides has been so loosely controlled that man's
environment throughout the world is now permeated with these substances.
Scientific facts are not yet known pertaining to the tolerance limits
for human beings, birds, fish, and most other forms of life. Limited
studies have taken place, investigating the levels of the various pesti-
cides found in the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributary streams.
The places in the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin where pesticides
are used most heavily are the areas of extensive fruit growing. These
areas are: the Wisconsin portion of the Green Bay watershed; the south-
east quadrant of the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin; and the area along
the northeast shore from Manistee to Traverse City, Michigan.
An FWPCA study in the Green Bay area was designed to investigate
the effects of chlorinated pesticides on the aqueous environment of
Green Bay. Agricultural soil, river water, bay water, bottom sediments,
and algae were examined. Chlorinated pesticides were detected in all
types of samples. Some of the soils tested had as high as 7,800 micro-
grams per kilogram. Maximum concentration found in bottom sediments was
close to 3,000 micrograms per kilogram, which was more than two million
times that of the overlying water at the time of the study. The algae
contained still greater amounts than did the bottom sediments. The
44
-------
570
FWPCA analyses of several drinking water intakes located at various
places along the Lake Michigan shore revealed the presence of pesti-
cides in the surface water. Studies by other agencies indicate sub-
stantial levels of pesticides in Lake Michigan fish.
Pesticide pollution of Lake Michigan and its tributary streams
results from the application of these materials by spraying and dust-
ing. As a result of these methods of application, some of the material
falls directly into the waters of the area being sprayed. Pesticides
on the soil and crops are washed into the waters by rain and soil
erosion.
Water uses affected by the application of pesticides are
recreation, fish and wildlife, and water supplies. Up to this time,
the extent to which these materials are affecting the water supplies
and recreational uses of Lake Michigan has not been precisely deter-
mined. However, with the ever-increasing use of these materials,
all waters are threatened.
Recent studies have shown that the eggs of coho salmon,
recently introduced into Lake Michigan, contain pesticides. It re-
mains to be determined whether these pesticide levels are high enough
to have a significant effect on successful reproduction of the coho
sa I mon.
The significance of the synthetic organic pesticides in their
high toxicity and their persistence in the environment after the
initial application. Kills of fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife
often result. In addition, pesticides are absorbed by microscopic
aquatic life and subsequently enter into the food chain leading
through fish to man and other animals. Purification of water for human
consumption, as commonly practiced, is largely ineffectual in removing
pesticides in the treatment process.
The synthetic organic pesticides accumulate in fatty tissue,
whether fish, fowl, or human. Food and water may both serve as
sources of these substances. Lethal levels may be carried in fatty
tissue without immediate apparent effect on the organism. When such
fatty deposits are utilized, physical and metabolic complications en-
sue. In addition, combinations of accumulated pesticides may exert
synergistic effects, where the total toxic effect is greatly increased.
In nature, soils may remain contaminated for years after the initial
appIication.
Each State and the Federal government should reduce pollution
resulting from pesticides through the following activities: placing
responsibility for control of pesticides in one agency; establishing
water quality standards for pesticide levels; obtaining more precise in-
formation on total amounts of all types of pesticides used, where such
statistics are now unavailable; establishing routine monitoring of drink-
ing water sources for pesticide content; effecting better agricultural
practices to prevent or minimize soil erosion and runoff; encouraging
45
-------
571
strict adherence to instructions for handling and application; limiting
usage of pesticides in relation to solubility, persistence, and toxi-
city; sponsoring research to ascertain toxic or lethal concentrations,
synergistic and accumulative effects for all life forms of the aquatic
system, and for wildlife and man; conducting research into environmental
factors controlling dispersion of pesticides; encouraging research into
the development of natural insect predators; research into the develop-
ment of degradable pesticides less toxic to higher life forms; and
requiring the manufacturer to supply information pertaining to persist-
ence, toxic or lethal concentrations, and proper handling procedures
before permitting sale of the pesticide.
46
-------
572
IV-FWPCA ACTIVITIES
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, through the
Great Lakes Regional Office, is pursuing a vigorous water pollution con-
trol program in the Great Lakes area in cooperation with the State and
local agencies. The responsibilities of FWPCA were set forth by the
Congress in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, passed in 1956 and
subsequently amended in 1961, 1965, and 1966. The following is a des-
cription of the activities being taken in carrying out the agency's
responsibilities, with particular reference to those activities relevant
to Lake Michigan and its drainage basin.
Interstate Enforcement Actions
Under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
two previous enforcement conferences have been held in the Lake Michigan
Basin: the Menominee River conference, involving Michigan and Wisconsin,
held on November 7, 1963; and the Calumet Area conference, involving
Illinois and Indiana, held on March 2, 1965, with a technical session
January 4, 1966, and sessions to report progress held on March 15, 1967,
and September 6, 1967.
In the Menominee River conference, the findings were that inter-
state pollution did exist. The major problems in this area were paper
mill wastes and municipal sewage. Recommendations were made to require
more thorough waste treatment at three mills cited in the conference.
Further waste treatment facilities were recommended for several communi-
ties on the river. Investigation was undertaken to determine whether
remedial action would be required to alleviate the effects of gross iron
pollution on the Brule River. The investigators found that no remedial
action was needed.
In the Calumet conference, findings were that interstate pollution
did exist, originating in both Illinois and Indiana, and that remedial
action was needed. The conference recommended water quality criteria for
the waters involved, secondary treatment and chlorination of all municipal
waste discharged in the area, action by the States to ensure that indus-
tries minimize their wastes and a timetable for cleanup, provisions for
sampling and surveillance, and closing the Thomas J. O'Brien locks on the
Calumet River to prevent flow into the lake. The technical session held
January 4-5, 1966, set the water quality criteria and the timetable for
control of industrial waste discharges. On March 15, 1967, the conferees
met and decided sufficient progress in pollution abatement was being made,
and that the original timetable and recommendations remained satisfactory.
Essentially, the same conclusions were reached at the progress meeting
held September 6, 1967.
Water Quality Standards
Under provisions of the Water Quality Act of 1965, Indiana, Illi-
nois, Wisconsin and Michigan adopted water quality standards for all of
their interstate streams.
47
-------
573
Standards are composed of two basin parts: the criteria that
established quality levels that must be achieved to make water suitable
for a designated use or uses; and the plans that specify what must be
done, by whom and by what date to achieve the established water quality
goaIs.
The Indiana standards have been approved by the Secretary of the
Interior. Standards for the other three States are currently under
review by the Secretary. Once the standards are accepted by the Secre-
tary of the Interior, they become Federal standards as well as State
standards.
As part of the adoption procedure, public hearings were held to
elicit citizens' views on the proposed standards and to ascertain popular
wishes as to the use of specific areas of lakes and streams. This action
preceded formal State adoption of the standards.
Prior to submission to the Secretary, the standards for each State
were reviewed by the Regional Office of FWPCA to determine whether they
met the "Guidelines for Establishment of Water Quality Standards for
Interstate Waters" of May 1966, as well as the intent of the Federal leg-
islation. The review included a comparison of State standards and an
attempt to resolve conflicts in water use and/or criteria between con-
tiguous States.
Comments and suggestions relative to specific items in the stand-
ards were received from various agencies of the Interior Department as
welI as other Federal agencies.
Each submission included an overriding expression of intent to
provide for the maintenance of the present high quality of interstate
waters.
A copy of the complete set of each State standard is available to
the public upon request to the appropriate State agency.
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
The Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins (GLIRB) Project was estab-
lished in I960 as a special task force in what is now the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration. With headquarters at Chicago, the
Project was charged with developing comprehensive programs for eliminating
or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof, in
the Great Lakes, the Illinois River, and their tributaries. In its early
years the Project actually had two tasks, I) the comprehensive program
development and 2) to act in a fact-finding and consulting capacity to the
U. S. Department of Justice in the Supreme Court litigation over diversion
of Lake Michigan water at Chicago. The latter assignment had top prior-
ity and from 1961 to 1963, represented a large share of Project effort,
culminating in the presentation of testimony and voluminous documentary
exhibits, to the Special Master in Chancery appointed by the Court to
48
-------
gather evidence and make his recommendations to the Court. It is
believed that this work significantly influenced the subsequent settle-
ment agreements reached in the case. (Principal points of the settlement
agreement, as they affect water quality, are given in the next section.)
The major objectives of the comprehensive program developed by
CURB Project in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with State
water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and with the
municipalities and industries involved were:
Identification of the causes of water pollution and
the effects of such pollution on the quality of water
resources and on beneficial uses.
- The development of agreements on the desired beneficial
uses and the water quality required to accommodate
those uses.
- The development of water quality control measures to
achieve the desired objectives, including the estab-
lishment of a timetable for their accomplishment.
- Provision of the mechanisms for carrying out program
objectives, including continuing survei I lance for
the purpose of updating the programs to accommodate
changing technology and changing water quality needs.
The Lake Michigan Diversion Case
A significant step toward preservation of Lake Michigan and the
entire Great Lakes was realized when the Lake States agreed to the recom-
mendations of the Special Master of the Supreme Court in the Chicago
Diversion Case. The Special Master's recommendations are summarized as
foI Iows:
I. That the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago not be required to return its treated
effluent to Lake Michigan.
2. That total diversion including pumpage be limited
to the present 3,200 cubic feet per second and
that diversion be averaged on a biennial rather
than on an annual basis.
3. That the State of Illinois be given the responsi-
bility for allocating the diversion.
4. That the most wise and effective use of the water
be demonstrated before consideration is given in
the future to requests for diversion. This will
require improvements in the water supply distri-
bution and waste collection and treatment practices.
49
-------
575
The Special Master's report recognized the need to protect the
waters of both Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. The first of the
above recommendations was the most significant for the protection of the
water quality of Lake Michigan.
Construction Grants
With the enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in
1956, the Federal government provided for a Federal sewage treatment
works construction grants program to help finance the building of local
sewage treatment plants. The Federal government recognized that wastes
discharged from municipal sewers are one of the major causes of water
pollution. The rapid growth of population and its continuous trend toward
urban centers has resulted in a tremendous increase in the volume of such
wastes.
Since 1956, 181 Federal grants have been awarded in
the Lake Michigan Basin to help communities build
sewage treatment facilities. Picture above is of
the Grand Rapids, Michigan, sewage treatment plant.
50
-------
576
Since the 1956 Act, a total of 181 Federal grants have been made
in the Lake Michigan Basin to help communities build needed sewage treat-
ment facilities. (See Figure 9) Grant funds involved in these projects
have totaled over $22 mil lion in support of total project expenditures
in excess of $86 million. Over two-thirds of the 181 grant projects have
already been completed and placed in operation. The remaining projects
are either under construction or preparing to go under construction in
the very near future.
The Construction Grants Section of the Federal Act has been amended
three times since its initial 1956 passage. The trend of financial assist-
ance has been upward each time the Act has been amended. Today's legisla-
tion allows municipalities to qualify for a basic Federal grant of 30 per-
cent of the eligible cost of a project. A grant of 40 percent can be made
in those States which agree to match the basic 30 percent Federal grant.
The Federal grant may be increased to 50 percent if the State agrees to
pay at least 25 percent of the project cost and enforceable water quality
standards have been established for the waters into which the project dis-
charges. A grant may be increased by 10 percent, to 33, 44, or 55 percent,
as appropriate, if the project is certified by an appropriate metropolitan
or regional planning agency as conforming with a comprehensive metropolitan
area plan.
The States of Wisconsin and Indiana have enacted legislation to
qualify their municipalities for consideration for the higher Federal
grant percentages. The State of Illinois will place a bond issue to a
referendum in November of 1968. A favorable vote on the referendum would
entitle Illinois municipalities to consideration for higher Federal grants.
The State of Michigan has considered State matching legislation to qualify
its municipalities for higher Federal grants, but no legislation has yet
been passed. Michigan currently has a State grant program that provides
for local construction grants after the annual Federal construction grant
allocation is exhausted, but the current Michigan grant program does not
qualify its municipalities for the higher Federal grant levels.
Program Grants
Section 7 of the Water Pollution Control Act authorizes an appro-
priation of $10 million annually for Fiscal Years 1968-1971 for grants to
State and interstate agencies to assist them in meeting the costs of
establishing and maintaining adequate pollution control programs. Each
State is allotted $12,000, and the remainder of the funds are distributed
on the basis of population, financial need, and the extent of the water
pollution problems facing the State. Since the program grants were insti-
tuted, a total of $5,673,440 in Federal funds has been allocated to the
Lake Michigan States for their pollution control programs. By June 1968,
Illinois will have received $2,1 19,976; Indiana, $1,188,919; Michigan,
$1,284,673 and Wisconsin, $1,079,872.
-------
577
_WISCONSJN _
ILLINOIS"
LEGEND
• Pre-construction
A Under Construction
• Completed
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS
52
FIGURE 9
-------
578
Research and Demonstration
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act calls for establishing
field laboratory and research facilities for the conduct of research,
investigations, experiments, field demonstrations and studies, and
training relating to the prevention and control of water pollution. The
law also provides for granting fellowships and training grants to educa-
tional institutions, and grants or contracts to public and private
agencies or individuals to demonstrate new or improved methods for dealing
with water pollution problems.
The Lake Michigan Basin has seven approved demonstration grants
and two approved demonstration contracts in an active status. Applica-
tions for other possible grants are under review. Table 3 shows the
present grants and contracts awarded, and Figure 10 shows locations.
TABLE 3
LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN R & D GRANTS & CONTRACTS
Location
Grant or
Contract No.
App 1 icant
Federa 1
Grant
Estimated
Total Cost
E.Chicago,Ind.
E.Chicago,Ind.
Jackson,Mich
Mi lwaukee,Wi sc.
Mi Iwaukee,Wisc.
Appleton,Wisc.
Green Bay,Wise.
*Milwaukee,Wi sc.
*Mi lwaukee,Wisc.
II-IND-I E.Chicago San. Dist. $1,044,120 $3,116,533
WPRD 70-01-67 E.Chicago San. Dist. 450,000 600,000
WPD-157 City of Jackson 11,919 11,919
WPD 188-0 I-b7 City of Milwaukee, 95,578 95,578
Wise.
IO-WIS-1 City of MiIwaukee, 1,468,589 2,118,118
Wise.
WPRD 12-01-68 Pulp Mfrs. Research 483,371 690,530
League
VPRD 60-01-67 Green Bay Metro. 251,250 335,000
Sewerage Dist.
14-12-40 Rex Chainbelt 197,989 197,989
14-12-24 Allis-Chalmers 388,526 388,526
^Contracts
TOTAL
$4,391,342 $7,554,193
53
-------
579
RESEARCH
AND
DEMONSTRATION GRANTS
54
FIGURE 10
-------
580
Nature of Projects
II-IND-I - Project will evaluate the effectiveness of treating
combined sewer overflows in a very deep detention basin having aerobic
and anaerobic levels of treatment.
WPRD 70-01-67 - The objective of this project is to develop and
verify, on a small pilot scale, the preliminary design and operating con-
ditions for chemical coagulation, sedimentation, dual media filtration,
and granular activated carbon adsorption for treatment of combined muni-
cipal-industrial wastes mixed with storm run-off.
WPD 188-01-67 - A project to study phosphate removal by an acti-
vated sludge plant.
WPD-157 - Aeration of secondary effluent to further reduce BOD.
IO-WIS-1 - Reduction of degree of pollution in the Milwaukee River
is anticipated by increasing the efficiency of intercepting devices and
by using a detention tank to capture and treat the storm overflow of com-
bined sewage for an urban area comprising 570 acres which constitutes
approximately 3 percent of the total combined sewers of the city. This
includes the measurement of flows and quality at critical points within
the collector system affecting the control of facilities to be constructed.
WPRD 12-01-68 - This project will demonstrate field scale, inplant
treatment of dilute pulping wastes with a portable reverse osmosis unit.
Development of in-plant techniques to reduce'loadings on biological
secondary treatment processing wiI I be carried out. Project wilI acceler-
ate development and evaluation of reverse osmosis as a method of concen-
trating dissolved solids in dilute wastes with recovery of clear water for
reuse by the mill.
WPRD 60-01-67 - The project is a study, evaluation, and determina-
tion of the effectiveness, design, and operating parameters of four alter-
native biological treatment processes and modifications for treating
combined municipal and industrial (primarily paper mill) wastewaters.
14-12-40 - This project will develop and demonstrate the applica-
ability of screening and chemical oxidation of storm and combined sewage.
14-12-24 - The primary purpose of the contract is to demonstrate
the applicability of a new concept of biological treatment to be applied
within a sewerage system.
55
-------
581
Research is being conducted to reduce pollution
of the Milwaukee River, shown here entering the
Lake at its harbor mouth.
56
-------
582
Wastes pour into Calumet Harbor on Lake Michigan
from U. S. Steel's Chicago South Works.
57
-------
583
Present Status of Projects
Most projects are either in the construction phase or preconstruc-
tion phase of the grant or contract. WPD 188-01-67 will complete one year
of study about the 1st of February 1968, on the phosphate removal from an
activated sludge plant. One year of study is complete on WPD 157; report
now awaited; study may be extended.
FWPCA research facilities in the Great Lakes Region provide a
National Water Quality Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota and a proposed
laboratory at Ann Arbor, Michigan.
The National Water Quality Research Laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota
is charged with the responsibility of developing water quality requirements
for all fresh water uses in the United States.
The proposed research laboratory for Ann Arbor, Michigan will be
involved in studies that will cover most all problems relating to water
pollution and especially those problems in the Great Lakes area.
Federal Installations
The Federal Government has not overlooked the pollution hazards
created by its own activities. By Executive Order 11288, President
Johnson has directed the heads of the departments, agencies, and estab-
lishments of the Executive Branch of the Government to provide leadership
in the nation-wide effort to improve water quality.
The Order directed all agencies to present annually a phased and
orderly plan for needed corrective and preventive measures and facilities
to the Bureau of the Budget to facilitate budgeting procedures. FnPCA
has reviewed the plans submitted in an effort to achieve maximum pollution
abatement. Project priorities have been established on the basis of the
severity of the pollution problem with due regard for legitimate water uses,
enforcement actions, and applicable water quality standards. Secondary
treatment is the minimum acceptable under the Order for all projects. The
establishment of water quality standards may necessitate higher degrees of
treatment, including nutrient control, at some installations.
Federal installations in the Lake Michigan Basin have initiated pol-
lution abatement programs in accordance with the Order. There are approxi-
mately 345 installations in the Basin, distributed as follows: Illinois,
12; Indiana, 34; Michigan, 171; and Wisconsin, 128. About 50 percent of
these are connected to municipal sewer systems. The remaining 50 percent
discharge wastes, after varying degrees of treatment, to ground or surface
waters of the Basin. Some of the smaller installations provide no treat-
ment at present. Tabulated in the Appendix of this report is an inventory
of these installations showing the waste treatment provided and the status
of pollution abatement.
Two installations account for three-fourths of all wastes generated
by independently-discharging Federal sources in the Lake Michigan Basin,
58
-------
584
Great Lakes Naval Training Center (pictured
above) and Fort Sheridan account for more
than half of all wastes contributed by
independently-discharging Federal installations
in the Lake Michigan Basin.
59
-------
585
These are the Navy's Great Lakes Naval Training Center and the Army's Fort
Sheridan. The sewer system at the Naval facility includes the training
center, the command center for Ninth Naval District headquarters, and a
Veterans Administration Hospital. Fort Sheridan is headquarters for the
Fifth U.S. Army, recently relocated from the south side of Chicago. Waste
treatment capability at both places is the conventional secondary type.
The more significant Federal vessels which frequent the waters and
harbors of Lake Michigan are listed in the Appendix. The U.S. Coast Guard,
Navy, and Army Corps of Engineers are all acutely aware of the problems
associated with vessel pollution. They are actively pursuing abatement
and research and development programs in an effort to obtain waste treat-
ment devices suitable for ship board use.
The U.S. Coast Guard is installing a waste holding tank on the
Cutter "Sundew" berthed at Charlevoix, Michigan. Wastes will be evacuated
to the municipal sewer system. Other Coast Guard vessels have macerator/
chlorinator units which are not considered adequate, and which will be
corrected as rapidly as funds permit.
All Corps of Engineers' vessels and floating plantsCtugs, dredges,
derricks, etc.) operating in Lake Michigan, have been fitted with macera-
tor/chlorinator units. Efforts are being made to insure that these devices
will be replaced with acceptable treatment units or holding tanks at the
earliest possible date. One dredge operating in Lake Erie is now being
fitted with an extended aeration package plant of a type that is suitable
for installation on all such floating plants.
The American Shipbuilding Company, Lorain, Ohio, has designed and
is now installing secondary treatment plants on commercial cargo vessels
under construction. Units of this type could be made adaptable for instal-
lation on Federal vessels.
Federal water resources projects and facilities and operations sup-
ported by Federal loans, grants, or contracts are also included in Execu-
tive Order 11288. Water resource projects must be designed, constructed,
and operated in a manner which will reduce pollution from such activities
to the lowest practicable level.
The head of each Federal department, agency, and establishment has
been directed to conduct a review of the loan, grant, ind contract prac-
tices of his own organization to determine to what extent water pollution
control requirements set forth in the Order should be adhered to by bor-
rowers, grantees, or contractors. This review has resulted in practices
designed to reduce water pollution in various programs. Urban renewal
projects now require the construction of separate storm and sanitary sewer
systems rather than combined sewers. The nationwide highway construction
program, financed with Federal funds and administered by the Bureau of
Public Roads, is now being conducted in accordance with practices aimed at
60
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preventing water pollution, either during construction or in operation
and maintenance. The various agencies have consulted with the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration in an effort to insure maximum
consideration of water quality in their activities.
This Order represents a major step forward in the battle to pre-
serve and enhance the quality of our Nation's waters. It has sparked a
keen awareness on the part of government officials of the need for cor-
rective action and vigorous abatement programs. The effort being shown
by these various Federal agencies provides leadership in the nationwide
quality improvement program.
Technical Assistance
The Regional Technical Program provides technical assistance to
States, local authorities, and industry upon request through the State
water pollution control agencies, and to other Federal agencies. Current
technical assistance projects in the Lake Michigan Basin include:
I. Participation in the Corps of Engineers' pilot program to
develop practicable alternate methods for disposal of dredged material.
This has involved collection and/or analyses of samples collected from
24 harbors on Lake Michigan.
2. Participation in the International Joint Commission study of
the feasibility of further regulation of the levels of the Great Lakes,
including Lake Michigan. The object of further lake regulation would be
to reduce damages resulting from excessively high or low lake levels.
3. Investigation of character and source of oil pollution. In a
recent incident which involved a large oil slick along the Chicago watei—
front, an extensive investigation was made involving analyses of samples
from 18 beaches and 10 lake stations. The type of oil was identified,
and although this information eliminated several possible sources, the
actual source was not determined.
The Technical Program also has responsibility for maintaining water
quality surveillance through stations in the National Water Pollution Sur-
veillance System. Lake Michigan stations located at Milwaukee, Wisconsin
and Gary, Indiana, provide long-term records of water quality character-
istics which provide highly important indications of water quality trends.
The Program is also providing surveillance of water quality conditions in
the Calumet enforcement area, to determine status of compliance with con-
ference recommendations. This operation has included weekly collection
and analyses of samples from Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan, oper-
ation of two automatic water quality monitors, and bi-weekly sampling of
beaches during the swimming season.
61
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58?
Part of the residue of a 75-mile long oil slick that
stretched along the Chicago water front last summer
is shown on the beach. (Photo courtesy of the Chicago
Tribune.)
Public Information
The Public Information Program of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration is designed to present facts about water pollution
control to the news media, interested groups and organizations, and the
public, generally. The Program serves the public's right to know what
FWPCA is doing and trying to accomplish. It also serves those who need
particular information in order to participate effectively in water
pollution control programs.
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588
V- CONCLUSIONS
I. Lake Michigan is a priceless natural heritage which the present
generation holds in trust for posterity, with an obligation to pass it on
in the best possible condition.
2. Water uses of Lake Michigan and its tributaries for municipal
water supply, recreation, including swimming, boating, and other body
contact sports, commercial fishery, propagation of fish and aquatic life,
and esthetic enjoyment, are presently impaired by pollution in many parts
of a I I four of the States that border upon and have common boundaries
within the Lake. The sources of this pollution include wastes from muni-
cipalities, industries, Federal activities, combined sewer overflows,
agricultural practices, watercraft, natural runoff, and related activities
throughout the drainage basin.
3. Eutrophication is a threat now to the usefulness of Lake
Michigan and other lakes within the Basin. Unless checked, the aging of
Lake Michigan will be accelerated by continuing pollution to the extent
that it will duplicate the Lake Erie eutrophication condition. Feasible
methods exist for bringing this problem under control. They need to be
appl ied.
4. Evidence of severe bacterial pollution of tributaries has been
found in the Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, Wisconsin;
the Milwaukee Reiver within Milwaukee County, Wisconsin; in and downstream
from the cities along the Grand River in Michigan and the St. Joseph River
in Indiana and Michigan; and the streams of the Calumet Area, Illinois and
Indiana. Although the bacterial quality of Lake Michigan is generally
good in deep water, the water is degraded along the shoreline and in harbor
areas.
5. Pollution has contributed to the growth of excessive inshore
algal populations which have occurred in the vicinity of Manitowoc to
Port Washington, Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois; the entire eastern shore
of Lake Michigan, and near Manistique, Michigan. Short filter runs in
water treatment plants have occurred at Green Bay, Sheboygan, and Milwaukee,
Wisconsin; Waukegan, Evanston, and Chicago, Illinois; Gary, Michigan City
and Benton Harbor, Indiana; and Holland, Grand Rapids, and Muskegon,
Michigan. Phosphate fertilizer concentrations now exceed critical algal
growth values in many areas. Excessive sludgeworm populations indicating
pollution of lake bed sediments occur near Manitowoc; Sheboygan; Port
Washington, Wisconsin to Waukegan, Illinois; and Chicago, Illinois to
Muskegon, Michigan.
6. The small quantity of oxygen normally dissolved in water Is
perhaps the most important single ingredient necessary for a healthy,
balanced, aquatic life environment. The discharge of treated and un-
treated municipal and industrial wastes with their high concentrations of
biochemical oxygen demand have caused oxygen depletion in many of the
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589
Lake Michigan tributaries and in some harbors. At present the main body
of Lake Michigan has not evidenced signs of oxygen deficiency.
7. In addition to one existing nuclear power plant, five nuclear
power plants, three of which will have twin reactors, are proposed or
under construction at Lake Michigan cities for completion between 1970 and
1973. A special evaluation of the combined impact of siting many reactors
on the shores of the Lake, in relation to retention and flushing character-
istics and to accumulation of radionucl ides in aquatic organisms, is de-
si rab I e.
8. Vessels of all types, commercial, recreational, and Federal,
plying the waters of Lake Michigan and its tributaries are contributors
of both untreated and inadequately treated wastes in local harbors and
in the open lake, and intensify local problems of bacterial pollution.
9. Oil discharges from industrial plants and commercial ships,
and careless loading and unloading of cargos, despoil beaches and other
recreational areas, contribute to taste and odor problems and treatment
problems at water treatment plants, coat the hulls of pleasure boats,
any may be toxic to fish and other aquatic life.
10. Disposal of polluted dredged material in Lake Michigan open
water causes discoloration, increased turbidity, and oil slicks. Addi-
tionally, the pollutants contained in dredged material also contribute
to increased concentrations of dissolved solids, nutrients, and toxic
material, which are responsible for deterioration of water quality.
II. Pesticide pollution of Lake Michigan and its tributary streams
results from the application of these materials by spraying and dusting.
Pesticides are used most heavily in the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin in
areas of extensive fruit, grain, and vegetable growing, dairying, and
general farming. These areas are: The Wisconsin portion of the Green Bay
watershed; the Milwaukee area; the southeast quadrant of the Basin, in-
cluding the St. Joseph and Grand River Basins; and the Traverse Bay area.
The ever-increasing use of these materials threatens water uses for rec-
reation, fish and wildlife, and water supplies.
12. A contaminant entering directly into Lake Michigan, or dissolved
in the water that feeds the Lake, mixes with and eventually becomes an in-
tegral part of the Lake water as a whole — regardless of the point of
origin around the periphery or on the contributing watershed.
13. Discharges of untreated and inadequately treated wastes origi-
nating in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan cause pollution of
Lake Michigan which endangers the health or welfare of persons in States
other than those in which such discharges originate. This pollution is
subject to abatement under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.)
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590
VI-RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that:
I. Advanced waste treatment, beyond secondary, be provided in
the places hereinafter named and elsewhere to the extent necessary to
maintain water quality standards.
2. Where a higher degree is not required, all other municipal
wastes be given at least secondary (biological) treatment; facilities
to be efficiently and continuously operated to achieve an overall re-
moval of at least 90 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand and at
least 80 percent of phosphates.
3. Continuous effective disinfection be provided throughout the
year for all municipal waste treatment plant effluents.
4. Organic wastes and sanitary sewage discharged by industries
receive the same treatment as recommended for municipal wastes in the
above four recommendations.
5. Action be taken toward the exclusion or maximum treatment
of all industrial wastes contributing to pollution; and that industrial
wastes be discharged to municipal sewer systems where at all possible.
6. Wastes from Federal activities be treated to degrees at least
as good as that recommended for other sources.
7. Combined sewers be prohibited in all newly developed urban
areas and separated in coordination with all urban reconstruction
projects.
8. Overflow regulating devices of combined sewer systems be
designed and operated in such manner as to convey the maximum practi-
cable amount of combined flow to treatment facilities.
9. Agricultural practices be improved to ensure the maximum
protection of the waters of the Lake Michigan Basin from the application
of fertilizers and pesticides.
10. State water pollution control agencies obtain and maintain
accurate records of quantities of pesticides utilized on a county basis.
II. State water pollution control agencies maintain surveillance
of pesticides, including determination of pesticide content in the
aquatic environment and initiation of corrective action where needed.
65
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591
12. Waste heat discharges be reduced where other water uses are
adversely affected; and that the quality requirements of the receiving
waters be a prime factor in selecting location and method of heat dis-
sipation used for any new installations requiring large amounts of
coo! ing water.
13. The radioactive discharges from nuclear power plants be so
controlled as to protect the environment; all interested agencies must
coordinate their efforts in a careful study of the effects of siting
many reactors on the shores of Lake Michigan, and acceptability of
radioactive waste discharges must be based on the combined impact of
all sources on the Lake.
14. A special investigation be made of the effects which the
installation of large power plants, both fossiI-fueled and nuclear,
have on Lake Michigan; this investigation to include studies of benthic
fauna, radioactivity, water temperature, heat diffusion and lake
currents.
15. As a matter of policy, planning provide for the maximum use
of areawide sewerage facilities, discourage the proliferation of small
inefficient treatment plants in contiguous urbanized areas, and foster
the elimination of septic tanks.
16, Uniform lakewide State laws or local legislation be enacted
to provide the same degree of control over the discharge of wastes from
watercraft as is now provided by the Chicago city code.
17. All marinas or other facilities servicing watercraft be re-
quired to make provisions for the receipt, treatment, and onshore
disposal of the wastes from vessel holding tanks.
18. The discharge of oil from any source into any waters of the
Lake Michigan Basin be stopped entirely.
19. State water pollution control agencies compile an inventory
of all sites where potential exists for major spills of oil and other
hazardous material; and require that measures be taken where necessary
to prevent the escape of this material to the waters.
20. The appropriate State and Federal agencies jointly develop
an early warning system to deal with accidental spills of oil and other
hazardous material.
•21. Disposal into Lake Michigan Basin waters of polluted dredgings
be prohibited.
22. Monthly reports covering the operation of all municipal and
industrial waste treatment plants, including the quality and quantity
of effluent, be submitted to the appropriate agencies for review,
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evaluation, and appropriate action; and that water pollution control
agencies conduct inspections of all waste treatment plants at least
quarterly.
23. The water quality monitoring programs of the State agencies
of the Lake Michigan Basin be strengthened, and programs geared to
indicate change or trends in water quality and the need for additional
quality improvement measures.
24. The operation of all facilities affecting streamflow, such
as hydroelectric plants, be regulated to ensure the availability of
optimum streamflow for all legitimate uses.
25. Research on pressing problems of the Lake Michigan Basin be
vigorously pursued. Principal areas in which research is needed in-
cluded: control of over-production of algae; more effective and less
costly methods for removing dissolved chemicals, especially nutrients,
from wastewaters; techniques for restoring eutrophic lakes; methods
for ultimate disposal of residues removed from wastewaters; improved
treatment and other measures for handling industrial wastes particu-
larly of the paper and steel industries; permanent solutions for
combined sewer problems; effective treatment plants for ships; im-
proved standardization of water quality tests; and improved techniques
for water quality monitoring.
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
The following, specific recommendations are made for the munici-
palities and industries listed below.
CODE: I. Provide adequate secondary biological treatment
or its equivalent and advanced waste treatment
for phosphate removal and substantial reduction
of nutrients which result in undesirable aquatic
growths by July 1972.
2. Provide advanced waste treatment for phosphate
removal and substantial reduction of nutrients
which result in undesirable aquatic growths by
July 1972.
3. Substantially eliminate pollution from combined
sewers by July 1977.
ILLINOIS
Municipality Code
Highland Park 2
Lake Bluff 2
Lake Forest 2
North Chicago I,3
Waukegan I,3
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593
Waste treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.
Industry Location
Abbott Laboratories North Chicago
Outboard Marine Corp. Waukegan
U. S. Steel Corp.,
American Steel and Wire Waukegan
Buik Terminals* Chicago
Inter lake Steel Corp.* Chicago
Wisconsin Steel Corp.* Chicago
Republic Steel Co.* Chicago
U. S. Steel Corp.,
South Works* Chicago
*To comply with recommendations and schedule
of the Lake Michigan-Calumet Area Conference.
INDIANA
Municipality Code
Angola 1,3
Elkhart 1,3
Goshen 3
Kendallville 1,3
Mishawaka 1,3
South Bend I,3
Hammond 1,3
East Chicago 2,3
Gary 2,3
Michigan City I,3
Waste treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.
Industry Location
Weatherhead Co. Angola
Bristol Band Instrument Co. Bristol
Continental Can Co. Elkhart
•Elkhart Packing Co. Elkhart
McCray Refrigerator Co. Kendallville
Price Duck Farms Mi I ford
Slabaugh Duck Farms Mi I ford
Bendix Corp. South Bend
NOTE: AlI industries in the Lake Michigan-
Calumet enforcement area are to comply
with the recommendations of that
conference summary.
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594
MICHIGAN
Municipality Code
Menominee 1,3
Iron Mountain 1,3
Escanaba 2
Gladstone 1,3
Man istique 1,3
Petoskey I
Traverse City 1,3
Manistee 1,3
Ludington 1,3
Muskegon Heights 2
Muskegon 1,3
Big Rapids 1,3
Cadillac 2
Grand Haven I,3
Delhi Township I
East Lansing 2,3
Grand Ledge 1,3
Grand Rapids 2,3
Jackson 2,3
St. Johns 2,3
Jackson Prison 2
Lansing 2,3
Wyoming 2
Portage 2
Battle Creek 2
Charlotte 2
Allegan 1,3
Otsego 2
PlainwelI 2
Kalamazoo 2
Benton Harbor 2
Buchanan I
Niles 1,3
Dowagiac I ,3
Three Rivers I,3
Sturgis 2
Coldwater 2
Hillsdale 2
Waste treatment needs for the following industries to be deter-
mined within six months of the issuance of the conference summary and
construction of necessary facilities to be completed within 36 months.
Industry Location
Inland Steel Co. Iron River
American Can Co. Menominee
Menominee Mill Menominee
69
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595
Industry
Location
Alberta Canning Co.
Manistique PuIp & Paper Co.
Lead Corp.
Escanaba Div.
Petoskey Plating Co.
Consumers Power Co.
East Jordan Canning Co.
Howes Leather Co., Inc.
Cherry Growers, Inc.
Traverse City Canning Co.
Morgan-McCool, Inc.
Elk Rapids Packing
Northport Cherry Factory
Frigid Foods, Inc.
Crystal Canning Co.
Meltzer Packing Co.
Alberta Canning Co.
Packaging Corp. of America
Great Lakes Chemical Corp.
Michigan Chemical Corp.
Morton Salt Co.
Manistee Salt Co.
Stoke Iy Van Camp, Inc.
Dow Chemical Co.
Hart Cherry Packers
Stoke Iy Van Camp, Inc.
New Era Canning Co.
WhitehalI Leather Co.
E. I. Du pont Co.
Hooker Chemical Co.
Gerber Products
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc.
Continental Motors Corp.
Naph-Sol Refining Co.
S. D. Warren Co.
Keeler Brass Co.
Attwood Corp.
Crystal Refinery
Jervis Corp.
Eagle Ottawa Leather Co.
Packaging Corp. of America
Wolverine World-wide
Mead-Johnson Co.
Parke-Davis Co.
Michigan Fruit Canners, Inc.
Kalamazoo Paper Co.
Brown Paper Co. KVP #1
Parchment and Wax Paper
Brown Paper Co. Sutherland Div.
#1 Paperboard
A Iberta
Man ist ique
Escanaba
Escanaba
Petoskey
Big Rock Point
East Jordan
Boyne City
Grawn
Traverse City
Traverse City
Leelanau
Northport
Suttons Bay
Frankfort
Benzonia
AIberta
FiIter City
Filter City
East Lake
Manistee
Man istee
Scottv iI Ie
Lud ington
Hart
Hart
New Era
WhitehalI
Montague
Montague
Fremont
Muskegon
Muskegon
North Muskegon
Muskegon
Middlevilie
Lowe I I
Carson County
Grand Haven
Grand Haven
Grand Rapids
Rockford
Zee I and
Hoi land
South Haven
Kalamazoo
Parchment
Kalamazoo
70
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596
I ndustry
Brown Paper Co. KVP jH & 7
Paperboard Prod.
Brown Paper Co. DVP #2
National Gypsum Co.
Hawthorne Paper Co.
AM led Paper Co., King Div.
Allied Paper Co., Monarch Div.
AlI ied Paper Co., Bryant Div.
Upjohn Company
MacSim Bar Paper Co.
Murray Packing Co.
Otsego Falls Paper Mills, Inc.
Watervl iet Paper Co.
Welch Grape Juice Co.
Simpson Lee Paper Co.
Weyerhauser Paper Co.
Clark Equipment Co.
WISCONSIN
Mun icipaIity
Shawano
New London
Cl intonviIle
Green Bay
De Pere
Little Chute
Kimberly
Kaukauna
Appleton
Neenah-Menasha
Portage
BerI in
Oshkosh
Ripon
Fon du Lac
Port Washington
Menominee Fa I Is
Mi Iwaukee
Jones Island
South Shore
South Mi Iwaukee
CarrolIviIle
Kenosha
Rac i ne
Oconto
Sturgeon Bay
Marinette
Greendale
Hales Corners
Two Rivers
Location
KaIamazoo
Parchment
Ka i amazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Ka Iamazoo
Kalamazoo
Otsego
PlainwelI
Otsego
Watervliet
Lawton
V icksburg
White Pigeon
Buchanan
Code
1,3
1,3
I
1,3
1,3
2,3
2
1,3
2,3
1,3
2
2,3
1,3
2
2
1,3
I
2,3
,3
,3
I
,3
,3
,3
2,3
1,3
I
2
1,3
71
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597
Municipality
Sheboygan
Sheboygan Fa I Is
Plymouth
Manitowoc
West Bend
Code
1,3
2
I
1,3
Waste treatment needs for the fol
mined within six months of the issuance
construction of necessary facilities to
Industry
Green Bay Packaging
Charm in Paper Co.
Marathon Paper Co.
Fort Howard Paper Co.
U. S. Paper Mi I Is Corp
Nicolet Paper Co.
Charmin-Little Rapids
Thilmany Paper Co.
Combined Locks Paper C
Kimberly Clark Co.
Consolidated Paper Co.
Riverside Paper Co.
Fox River Paper Co.
Whiting Paper Co.
Marathon Paper Co.
John Strange Paper Co.
GiIbert Paper Co.
Kimberly Clark Co.
Bergstrom Paper Co.
Kimberly Clark Co. (Ba ger-
Kimberly Clark Co. (Nefenah
Scott Paper Co.
Badger Paper Mills
Scott Paper Co.
Kimberly Clark
Peter Cooper Corp.
American Motors
Anaconcia American Brass
Shepard Plating Co.
C & D Duck Co.
York' Duck Co.
J . I . Case
owing industries
>f the conference
>e completed within
to be deter-
summary and
36 months.
Location
Green Bay
Green Bay
Green Bay
Green Bay
De Pere
De Pere
Little Ra'pids
Kaukauna
Combined Locks
Kimberly
Appleton
Appleton
Appleton
Menasha
'Menasha
Menasha
Menasha
Neenah
Neenah
Globe) Neenah
Div.) Neenah
Oconto Fa I Is
Peshtigo
Mari nette
Niagara
South MiIwaukee
Kenosha
Kenosha
Racine
FranksviI Ie
FranksviI Ie
Racine
FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
FaciI i ty Code
Great Lakes Naval Training Sta. 2
Fort Sheridan 2
K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base 2
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598
REFERENCES
I. United States Census of Population, I960, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
2. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as
defined on May I, 1967, with population in 1950 and I960, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
3. Lake Michigan Basin, Population and Economy, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois.
4. County and City Data Book, 1967, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census.
5. United States Census of Agriculture, 1964, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census.
6. Great Lakes Harbors Study, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Central
Corps of Engineers, Chicago, Illinois (November, 1966).
7. Water Oriented Outdoor Recreation - Lake Michigan Basin, U. S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Ann Arbor, Michigan
(March, 1966).
8. Water Levels of the Great Lakes; Report on Lake Regulation, U. S. Corps
of Engineers, North Central Division, Chicago, Illinois (December, 1965).
9. Water Quality Investigations, Lake Michigan Basin - Lake Currents,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago, Illinois (November, 1967).
10. International Joint Commission Great Lakes Levels Study (Preliminary
Report), U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
ControI Admin istrat ion, Chicago, I I Iinois.
II. Municipal Water Facilities - 1963 Inventory - Region V, U. S. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service (1964).
12. Planning Status Report - Water Resource Appraisals for Hydroelectric
Licensing (6 parts), Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Power
(1964-1966).
13. Principal Electric Facilities, Great Lakes Region (map), Federal Power
Commission, Bureau of Power (1965).
14. Tabulation of Scheduled or Planned Changes in Installed Generating
Capacity (memorandum), Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Power
(July 7, 1967).
73
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599
15. Nuclear Installations in the Great Lakes and Illinois River Watersheds,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration (unpublished).
16. Fish and Wildlife as Rel'ated to Water Quality of the Lake Michigan
Basin, U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
(March, 1966).
17. Biological Investigations, Special Report Number LM4, Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins Project; April 1963. Presented as an Exhibit
in the Supreme Court Hearings on Diversion at Chicago.
18. Water Quality Investigations, Lake Michigan Basin - Biology; Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago,
I I Iinois (January, 1968).
19. Water Pollution Problems of the Great Lakes Area, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region, Chicago,
Illinois (September, 1966).
20. Ownbey, C. R., and Willeke, G. E., Long-Term Solids Buildup in Lake
Michigan Water. Proceedings, Eighth Conference on Great Lakes Research,
Great Lakes Research Division, the University of Michigan (1965).
21. Report on Pollution of the Waters of the Grand Calumet River, Little
Calumet River, Calumet River, Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake and their
tributaries, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (February,
1965).
22. A Comprehensive Water Pollution Control Program, Lake Michigan Basin,
Milwaukee Area. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(June, 1966).
23. A Comprehensive Water Pollution Control Program, Lake Michigan Basin,
Green Bay Area, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (June,
1966).
24. Eisenbud, M., Environmental Radioactivity, McGraw-Hill, New York,
p. 195 (1963).
25. Pollution of Navigable Waters of the U. S. by Wastes from Watercraft,
submitted to the Congress on June 30, 1967, FWPCA
74
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600
APPENDIX
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-------
621
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 MR. STEIN: We had better have the
3 questions. I throw this open for questions.
4 MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, I would like
5 to withhold the questions until we get through
6 with Dr. Baumgartner and Dr. Weinberger.
7 MR. STEIN: I am not sure. I think they
8 are quite different reports. I think if they want
9 to ask questions I am going to ask that they ask
10 them now on one segment at a time, because when
11 you have a tremendous mass of technical information
12 going in I think you lose sight of some of thjse
13 after this material is presented.
14 So we will ask for comments or questions.
15 Mr. Klassen.
16 MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman, I wondered
17 whether questions on the recommendations are in
18 order inasmuch as they haven't been recited here.
19 My questions are about the recommendations.
20 If now is the time, I would like to
21 make some comments on the recommendations and
22 ask some specific questions. Do I do this now
23 or after they are presented?
24 MR. STEIN: I think it might be more
25 orderly for the recommendations to be presented
-------
622
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 first. However, If you feel that raising this
3 question now would help in the orderly presen-
4 tation, you should ask it. We are going to have
5 statements on eutrophication,' we are going to
Q have a presentation on currents, and we are going
7 to have a presentation on nutrient removal. Now,
8 the sooner we can come to grips with the issues,
9 the better off we are going to be in an orderly
10 presentation.
ll If you think that by raising the quest!op
12 now and that when we get that presentation these
13 points might be covered, it might be well to
14 raise it. This Is up to you.
15 MR. HOLMER: Mr. Chairman, I would
16 like to speak in support of Mr. Poston's sug-
17 gested procedure. I think that having the
18 eutrophication, nutrient removal and currents
19 presentation by the experts before the recom-
20 mendations would give us a more orderly view
21 of this FWPCA report and lay a better foundation
22 for our questions about the recommendations.
23 MR. KLASSEN: I will defer to that.
24 You asked me whether it was going to help. It
25 will help me, but I don't think it is going to
-------
623
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 help you.
3 (Laughter.and applause.)
4 MR. STEIN: Clarence, I have never
5 found anything that didn't help you that helps
6 me. What is good for Klassen is pood for Stein
7 and maybe even General Motors.
g (Laughter.)
9 MR. POOLE: Mr. Stein.
10 MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole.
11 MR. POOLE: I concur in deferring
12 questions and discussion on the conclusions
13 and recommendations until they are presented.
14 There are two or three observations in the
15 report that Mr. Schneider has just covered that
16 I would like to clear up.
17 One is on page 28 and 29 where he is
18 talking of oxygen deficiencies. He says that
19 there are severe oxygen deficiencies in the
20 St. Joe River in Indiana and Michigan.
21 J checked our records for the last
22 four years,day before yesterday at a sampling
23 station clot.e to the Michigan line, and the
24 ! lowest dissolved oxygen that we got in 1966
25 was 6.2 parts per million/ the next lowest
-------
^____ 624
I I R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 was 8.4; in the year of 1965 the lowest was
3 9.5J in 1966 the lowest was 8.8, and in 1967
4 the lowest was 8.5. I don't know what Mr.
8 Schneider considers a serious oxygen deficiency,
6 but I have not been accustomed to assuming
7 oxygen levels such as that represented a serious
8 oxygen deficiency.
9 Secondly, on the map showing the power
10 stations--and as far as I know in all this
n history of Lake Michigan activity this is the
12 only thing you have ever left out for the State
13 of Indiana--there is another powerpiant to
14 the east of Gary that is owned by uhe Indiana-
15 Michigan Electric, or Northern Indiana, that
16 we call the Baileytown Generating Station.
17 In other words, there are three powerplants
18 in Indiana on the south end of Lake Michigan.
19 Finally, in the section on construction
20 grants, which Mr. Schneider didn't dwell on,
21 I think he has fouled this rather seriously
22 or the report writers have in that they say
23 there have only been five Indiana construction
24 grants in the basin and they give a dollar
25 figure; I have forgotten what it was. But
-------
625
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 there have been 10 instead of 5 within the basin
3 that received a total of a million and three-
4 quarters dollars, and there have been another
5 8 on the Grand Calumet River and the Little
6 Calumet River, the portions that flow west
7 into Illinois, that received an additional
8 million nine hundred thousand dollars.
9 I guess I am making this statement
10 largely in defense of the Indiana group because
11 I don't want the Hoosiers to say or I don't
12 want you people here to think that none of
13 Indiana's construction grant money is going
14 into the Lake Michigan Basin.
15 This is all I have except for when
16 we come to the recommendations.
17 MR. SCHNEIDER: Well, I am glad to hear
18 that there has been more Federal money in the
19 Lake Michigan Basin, and if our report is wrong,
20 We will check this out and make corrections in
21 it.
22 MR. STEIN: Let us try a compromise
23 ruling on this. I think, as you see, these
24 people have some questions dealing with clari-
25 fication questions. Now, if those are
-------
626
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 clarifications, I suspect they will be in this
3 portion of the report, or comments, we will
4 take the clarification items because that
5 can't be put aside and we will defer the other
6 questions until after the recommendations are
7 in.
g Are there any other comments of that
9 nature, of clarification?
10 MR. OEMING: I do.
11 MR. STEIN: Mr. Oeming of Michigan.
12 MR. OEMING: Mr. Chairman and Mr.
13 Schneider, some of the questions I have go to
14 the body of the report itself and not the
15 conclusions section. But if you feel that
16 some of these questions should be deferred
17 and answered by someone else, I hope you won't
18 hesitate to say so.
19 First of all, I would like to ask a
20 question about back under "Bacterial Pollution'
21 on page 25. I think this applies not only to
22 what I am talking about in Michigan, but also
23 with respect to the other tributaries.
24 My first question, then, refers to
25 bacterial pollution in the Grand River in
n
-------
627
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Michigan, and I would like to know what the
3 effect of that is upon Lake Michigan. Let's
4 assume, for instance, and I suspect you might
5 be talking about the lower Lansing, but it is
6 some distance from Lake Michigan, Now, what
7 is the residual effect of that bacterial pol-
8 lution on Lake Michigan? Does this have an
9 impact?
10 MR. SCHNEIDER: I wouldn't think it
11 would that far from the lake.
12 MR. OEMING: Now, with respect to
13 page 29-
14 Here you specified certain periodic
15 oxygen deficiencies in the Grand River down-
16 stream from Jackson and Lansing. This is not
17 an issue; certainly there is.
18 Again my question is. what is the
15 significance of oxygen depletion some 80 miles3
20 perhaps, from Lake Michigan on Lake Michigan
21 itself?
22 MR. SCHNEIDER: There perhaps would be
23 none that distance from the lake.
24 MR. OEMING: I see.
25 Now, on page 29 you mentioned
-------
628
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 deficiencies in the Kalamazoo River, and I
3 think you are referring there to below Kalamazoo.
4 Could you tell us what your most recent informa-
, tion is about this? Could you specify as to
about the period you are talking about up to
date on this?
g MR. SCHNEIDER: I believe the informa-
9 tion that we had was taken from a report from
10 your own agency, and I think it was about three
jj or four years ago.
12 MR. OEMING: That is the point I am
13 making.
14 MR. SCHNEIDER: And we realize now
15 that there has been an improvement in the
16 Kalamazoo River below.
17 MR. OEMING: This situation may not
lg apply today or this coming summer.
19 MR. SCHNEIDER: That is right.
20 MR. OEMING: All right.
21 Now on page 30 you mention two
22 problems from power plants and particularly
23 cite added heat and the discharge of waste
24 radioactivity. Are you concerned about the
25 solids that is from the ash from fossil-fueled
-------
629
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 plants--using coal I am speaking of—are you
3 concerned at all about the ash waste problem,
4 the solids?
5 MR. SCHNEIDER: We haven't been taking
6 it up in the report, but that could be a problem
7 depending on--
g MR. OEMING: I am asfcing this question
9 because if it is concerned, then I think that
10 the Conferees will need to take it into account,
11 but if you don't feel it is a problem then I
12 don't--
13 MR. SCHNEIDER: You mean as a water
14 pollution problem?
15 MR. OEMING: Yes.
16 MR. SCHNEIDER: We would hope that
17 it won't be discharged to the lake.
18 MR. OEMING: My point is that you
19 didn't mention it, so I want to know if you
20 felt it was a problem or you felt it wasn't a
21 problem. If you felt it was, why it wasn't
22 mentioned.
23 MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, I don't
24 think that we have any power plants that dis-
25 charge ashes or flue dust to the lake, to ray
-------
630
1 B. J. SCHNEIDER
2 knowledge. I certainly am aware that this
3 has been talked about and attempted by others
4 on the lake, and I know that your position
5 in Michigan is that you do not want to have
6 anything like Lake Erie we have talked about
7 concerning discharge or dumping of 300,000
8 tons a year of ashes to Lake Erie. Certainly
9 we feel the same about Lake Michigan, that
10 we should not use the lake as a discharge or
11 a dump for cinders from fossil-fueled plants.
12 MR. OEMING: I Just want to make
13 sure that Michigan is asking something that
14 you can subscribe to as to solids.
15 Now with respect to oil pollution,
16 you covered the practices pretty well of dis-
17 charges from vessels in transit or unloading
18 docks and such matters, but I would like to
19 bring up the question here as to whether you
20 feel any concern about sunken vessels in the
21 lake which may contain polluting materials
22 that can subsequently be released through wind
2^ and wave action or breakup of the vessel. I
24 have in mind a specific case, the Vessel Morazon
25 at South Manitou Island in the middle of Lake
-------
631
K. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Michigan. The Morazon was sunk several years
3 ago
Investigations by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission Jointly with the Corps of
Engineers has established the fact that there
7 are 6,500 gallons of bunker sea fuel oil on
g that vessel. Now, the concern here is with
the potential when this oil is released by the
10 forces of nature, and all of the activities
1:l that Michigan has pursued and with the assistance
12 of the F¥PCA in Chicago, the Regional Office,
13 have resulted in a warning to the owner of this
vessel that should the oil escape he would be
15 subject to penalty.
Now, I am not so much concerned about
17 penalty as I am about the fact that once that
oil gets in the lake, then we have a lot of
trouble, and penalties don't help clear up
20 that beach, those beaches on Lake Michigan.
21 MR. PQSTON: Mr. Chairman, Mr. Cook
22 of our Regional Office, Mr. Grover Cook, has
23 worked on this particular problem and I think
24 he may have a solution to this problem.
25 Mr. Cook, would you care to talk to
-------
632
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 this point^
3 MR. STEIN: Would you go up to the
4 lectern, Mr. Cook?
5 MR. COOK: This was brought to our
5 attention, the Morazon, about September, I
7 believe, of last year—Mr. Oeming probably
g has the date in front of him; I am not sure
9 when it was--by the Michigan Water Resources
10 Commission. We understood at that tisae that
11 the owner was not known, that some Lansing
12 corporation owned the ship.
13 It is a very interesting story,
14 incidentally, I found out later after trying
15 to dig into the details of it. It sailed
16 out of Chicago on a bright sunny day with
17 a calm sea and went off course about 30 mile-
18 onto a shoal. The skipper's wife was pregnant,
19 there was a lot of canned chicken aboard, and
20 the shipper in San Francisco wired the skipper
21 and said, "Give your wife all the canned chicken
22 she wants."
23 (Laughter.)
24 Of course it was under water.
25 Well, the ship became a problem of
-------
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 concern to the people of South Manitou Island
3 and the shore of Lake Michigan in that area., and
4 we tried to find out what we could. First of
5 all, we had to find the owner.
6 It took me about a month to find the
7 owner, and I happened to find him because I
8 heard that he was a Junk dealer in Lemont,
9 Illinois, and one afternoon I had to give a
10 talk out by Lemont so I went down looking
11 around for junk dealers and I spotted him.
12 His name was Ralph Hicks and he had two partners
13 whose names I don't recall.
14 I called him on the telephone, I
15 couldn't find him in person, so I called him
16 on the telephone and informed him that if that
17 oil leaked out he would be in violation of a
18 Federal law and subject to a rather severe
19 penalty. He expressed his concern. In fact
20 he said, "l have been watching this oil pollution
21 thing on the television; I have been waiting
22 for you to call."
23 (Laughter.)
24 I So he was concerned and he told me
25 that he was negotiating with a barge line to
-------
63*
1 R. J, SCHNEIDER
2 have the oil off-loaded the next time a barge
3 that was partly empty or empty went by that way.
4 I think it was—I am not sure, I don't recall
5 the barge line.
6 But I followed that up with a letter^
7 a copy went to Mr. Oeming--! think you have it
g with you, probably--warning him the same
9 warning that I gave over the telephone. I
10 also got in touch with the Corps of Engineers
11 Office in Detroit. They inspected the ship
12 and reported to me that the deck was about 10
13 feet above waterline. There was one bunker
14 that was empty; apparently somebody had off-
15 loaded that or it had left Chicago with a very
16 light cargo of oil. In fact, the agent for
17 this ship, former agent, told me this probably
18 is the case.
19 The Coast Guard was asked to look
20 into it to make an inspection to determine
21 whether or not there was a possibility of this
22 ship capsizing or slipping off the shoal and
23 spilling the oil. They did this and reported
24 I to me that there wasn't a chance of this thing
25 slipping off that shoal or capsizing', it was
-------
_
£>
633
R. J. SCHNEIDER
high and dry. The Corps of Engineers in Detroit
also investigated, inspected the ship. They have
been doing this routinely since that time.
The owner, Mr. Hicks, was unable to
. get the thing off-loaded before the winter
Q
. weather hit, and I have been in touch with him
0 as recently as a month ago. He can't do a
8
9 thing until the ice breaks up, but he is going
to attempt as soon as the ice goes out and the
spring storms abate to get in there and get
the stuff out.
13 In addition, there is absolutely no
danger of this oil causing any problem, I
15 understand from the American Petroleum Institute.
16 In fact, Russell Mallatt, American Oil Company,
17 told me the same thing. This stuff congeals
lg in this cold water so that you have to use a
19 steam lance to loosen it up to pump it out.
20 It is like jelly. So there wouldn't be much
21 of a chance of any oil pollution at this time
22 and probably not until the water warms up to
23 its usual 60 or 65 degrees in that area.
24 We certainly intend to get this thing
25 taken care of as soon as possible.
-------
636
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2
MR. STEIN: Thank you very much.
3
Are there any further comments or
questions at this time?
5
MR. HOLMER: I have several questions,
6
if I may.
7
MR. STEIN: I believe Mr. Oeming
8
still has the floor.
9
MR. HOLMER: Oh, sorry.
10
MR. OEMING: Mr. Schneider,
11
could you tell me when that picture of
12
the foam in the Grand River below Jackson
13
was taken?
14
MR. SCHNEIDER: Last summer some-
15
time.
16
MR. OEMING: Last summer. 0. K.
17
I think that concludes the questions
18
I have.
19
MR. STEIN: Mr. Holmer.
20
MR. HOLMER: Yes, sir.
21
My first couple of questions are
22
purely informational.
23
24
25
-------
637
! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 With respect to the drainage basin,
3 the extent of it in the State of Illinois,
4 you indicate less than one percent. Is all
5 of the store? water of Chicago captured and
6 sent on down to St. Louis?
7 MR. SCHNEIDER: I believe there is
g a small portion that does get into the lake.
9 MR. HOLMER: But was that computed
10 in this less than one percent land area that
11 is referred to in the report?
12 MR. SCHNEIDER: Probably not.
13 MR. HOLMER: I am not sure how
14 significant this is. One of the slides you
15 showed was a picture of the water intake for
16 the City of Chicago, and this takes in a
17 rather substantial amount of water daily and
18 treats it for distribution. What is done with
19 the backwash from this treatment plant?
20 MR. SCHNEIDER: Well, I understand that
21 it is discharged directly to the lake.
22 MR. HOLMER: Well, we will wait for
23 Illinois to comment on what plans they may have
24 with respect to that.
25 You indicate thai; the present usage
-------
638
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 of water in Lake Michigan is at 4.25 billion
3 gallons per day, 80 percent of this usage
4 by industries. Does that include the with-
5 drawal of the waters from Lake Michigan by
6 Chicago?
7 MR. SCHNEIDER: No, I think that
8 figure is strictly for the Indiana industries.
9 MR. HOLMER: Well, the total was
10 listed as 4.25 billion gallons and 80 percent
11 was charged to Indiana for industrial use?
12 MR. SCHNEIDER: Yes.
13 MR. HOLMER: What percentage of
14 that use is consumptive as opposed to collection
15 use and then discharged back to the lake?
16 Do we have any figures on that?
17 MR. SCHNEIDER: I don't think we do.
18 MR. HOLMER: Would it be your guess that
19 most of that is returned to the lake in one
20 condition or another?
21 MR. SCHNEIDER: I would think—
22 MR. BOSTON: I would say that all of
23 the City of Chicago water supply, which I think
24 in the diversion case is some up-to 1,500
25 second feet, goes down the Chicago River with
-------
639
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Chicago 'wastes.
3 MR. HOI*MER: I am curious as to
4 whether this Is in addition to this 4.25
5 billion gallons that were cited in the report.
6 MR. POSTON: I think I will have to
7 get that figure for you.
g MR. SCHNEIDER: We can get that.
9 MR. HOLMER: ¥ell, I think it is a
10 fairly significant figure in connection with
11 some proposals which are sometimes made with
12 respect to lack of treatment of waste water
13 in other sections of the basin and also the
14 matter of consumptive use by industry so that
15 we get some idea of what the loss to the basin
16 is.
17 MR. STEIN: I think that is a good
18 point.
19 Can we have that question clarified
20 after lunch?
21 MR. SCHNEIDER: Yes.
22 MR. STEIN: And as soon as we come back,
23 Mr. Holmer, I think we will try to get you a
24 complete answer to that question. That is a
25 very good point.
-------
640
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 MR. HOLMER: My next question has to
3 do with waste discharge, and I did not hear when
4 Mr. Boston was listing the Federal spokesmen
5 that any representative of the Atomic Energy
6 Commission was planning to be present. Is there
7 a plan to have such a representative here?
g MR. POSTON: Mr. Holmer, our people
9 tell me that Chicago public water supply, which
10 is, as I indicated, about 1,500 second feet,
11 is not included in this 4.25.
12 MR. HOLMER: It is not included. And
13 then the diversion water is in addition to
14 that?
15 MR. POSTON: Yes, it would be.
16 MR. STEIN: Is that a fair statement?
17 You had better take your time on this one and
18 let's get this definitively after lunch.
19 But there is another question of Mr.
20 Poston, the question that Mr. Holmer raises,
21 is a representative of the Atomic Energy Cora-
22 mission going to make a statement at this
23 conference, to your best knowledge and belief?
24 j MR. POSTON: Not to my knowledge.
25 MR, STEIN: Were they invited?
-------
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 MR. POSTON: Yes, sir.
3 MR. HOLMER; My next question has to
4 do with the Chicago City ordinance to which
5 reference is made with respect to handling of
6 pollution from vessels. Will copies of that
7 ordinance be available to the conferees? Is
8 this a possibility?
9 MR. POSTON: We can get you a copy
10 of that ordinance.
H MR. HOLMER: Still another question
12 has to do with the three million tons of
13 sediment which are annually contributed to
14 the waters of the basin. Do we have any
15 estimate of how much of this is natural sedi-
16 mentation rather than sedimentation from man-
17 made sources?
18 MR. SCHNEIDER: I think this was
19 computed on the basis of the runoff from some
20 selected watershed areas, so it would represent
21 this is an estimate—it would represent the
22 agricultural runoff.
23 MR. HOLMER: In other words, this
24 sedimentation is almost entirely—well, this
25 is a watershed area—excuse me, I had better
-------
^___ 642
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 rephrase the question.
3 We know from studies which have been
4 made that sedimentation from forest lands is
g rather substantial, but not as substantial
6 as sedimentation from agricultural lands, and
7 we know that land under construction produces
8 still a much larger per square acre contribution
9 to the sedimentation problem. And I am curious
10 for this whole basin whether three million tons
n of sediment represents 2.7 million, for example,
12 that is uncontrollable, or 1.2 million tons
13 that is uncontrollable. Is this, in other
!4 words, a matter within the provinces of this
15 conference really to come to grips with, in an
1$ effective way?
17 MR. SCHNEIDER: Well, I think this
13 was one of the problems that we pointed out,
19 and I think that the principal responsibility
20 for controlling that would have to rest with
21 the agricultural agencies.
22 MR. HOLMER: I won't ask whether the
23 coordinated effort to get the Federal house in
24 order is fully budgeted and scheduled, but I
25 would like that information at an appropriate
-------
643
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
R. J. SCHNEIDER
time.
And I have one further question that
you may wish to defer to Mr. Bathurst on, and
that is whether the PWPCA has sought to initiate
action by the Department of Agriculture or in
any other way to propose that the use of
chlorinated hydrocarbons be discontinued entirely
MR. SCHNEIDER: I don't think there
has at this time.
MR. HOLMER: Thank you.
That is all I have, Mr. Chairman.
MR. STEIN: I think Mr. Oeming has
another question.
MR. OEMING: Mr. Schneider, would
you please refer to page 28 under "Oxygen
Depletion," the last paragraph on the page?
In your summary of your findings
I believe you omitted the significant statement
that is of interest to the conferees and the
people here as well as to the oxygen conditions
in Lake Michigan. Was there any reason you
omitted that?
MR. SCHNEIDER: I didn't catch that.
MR. OEMING: I think you omitted the
-------
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 first sentence in the last paragraph with
3 respect to the oxygen conditions in Lake Michi-
4 gan when you were reviewing the report. It
5 seems to me that is an important consideration
6 for the conferees as well as the interested
7 people here in this audience.
8 MR. SCHNEIDER: Well, that would have
9 been covered in the conclusions.
10 MR. OEMING: Would you please read
11 the statement?
12 MR. STEIN: Do you want him to read
13 the sentence?
14 Do you want to read it?
15 MR. SCHNEIDER: "At present, the main
16 body of Lake Michigan has not shown signs of
17 oxygen deficiency--"
18 MR. OEMING: That is not all the
19 sentence, is it?
20 MR. SCHNEIDER: --"even in its bottom
21 waters, where an oxygen deficit is frequently
22 observed in eutrophic lakes and in manraade res-
23 ervoirs. "
24 MR. OEMING: Thank you very much, Mr.
25 Schneider.
-------
645
! R. J . SCHNEIDER
2 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
3 comments or questions?
4 Gentlemen, I believe it has been
6 indicated here that a questioning of this
g type at this time has the advantage of giving
7 us a leadtime in getting some answers when we are
g preparing a comprehensive report. For example,
g the question that Mr. Holraer has and the ques-
10 tion on that ship, we had to get our specialists
11 to dig up the answers. I think this has some
12 advantages over waiting to the end, because
13 we lose our leadtime and we can't locate the
14 specialists that can provide the information we
15 need.
16 Are there any other comments or ques-
17 tions?
18 MR. OEMING: Well, along the same lines,
10 and the point that I wanted to nail down on this
20 ship business was, do you feel, Mr. Schneider,
21 or does the FWPCA feel that the mechanisms are
22 available to handle situations like this without
23 any further consideration by the conferees? I
24 think that is the basic question.
25 MR. SCHNEIDER: Again I didn't hear
-------
646
1 R.J. SCHNEIDER
2 the first part of your question.
3 MR. STEIN: The question is whether
4 we have sufficient mechanisms to handle sunken
5 ship situations without further consideration
by the conferees.
7 MR. SCHNEIDER: I would say that at
g the present time there could be additional
9 measures taken In cases such as you mentioned.
10 MR. OEMING: I see. Thank you.
11 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
12 comments or questions?
13 If not, let us recess for 10 minutes,
14 and let's get back promptly because we are
15 going to run until 12:30.
16 (Recess.)
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
647
1 FEDERAL PRSSESTATIOIT (COKTIffUED)
2 MR. STEIN: May we reconvene, please.
g We would like to reconvene. Those in
4 the back either take seats or continue their
6 conversations in the corridor and not the ante-
6 room.
7 We understand that there are several
8 people in the audience who would like to make
9 statements. I will be glad to repeat the
10 announcement that was made yesterday. You
n should get in touch with your State agency for
12 &n appropriate place on the schedule. Each
13 State will manage its own time, and after the
14 next recess you should see your respective
15 State representatives.
1$ Mr. Poston, would you continue with
17 the presentation.
18 I do understand there have been also
19 some complaints that people in the back cannot
20 hear the conferees. We would recommend that
21 the conferees speak into the microphone and
22 stay rather close to it. If there is any
23 further problem in hearing in the rear of the
I
24 room, if you people would Just raise your hands,
25 maybe we will be able to correct it.
-------
FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
MR. POSTOM: Our next presentation
will be by Dr. Alfred Bartsch, our Senior
Eutrophication Scientist. I think he may
bring out some facts having to do with effects
5
of inland contributors of pollution which may
6
be quite some distance from our Lake Michigan,
conditions which do affect the lake from a
o
considerable distance. I think Mr. Oeming
established the fact that wastes from Lansing
did not contribute bacterial pollution to Lake
Michigan and that oxygen depletion didn't
extend from Lansing down as far as Lake Michigan.
13
t4 There could be other effects from
14
pollutional materials from Lansing that do
lg affect Lake Michigan, such as our nutrients,
17 ammonia or methane or products that might
lg exert an effect on the lake.
19 I will ask Dr. Bartsch to proceed.
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2
3 STATEMENT BY DR. A. P. BARTSCH
4 CHIEF, NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
5 PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY
6 FWPCA, CORVALLIS, OREGON
7
g DR. BARTSCH: Chairman Stein,
9 conferees, ladies and gentlemen.
10 I was impressed yesterday by Dr. Yoder's
11 comments in which he compared the aging processes
12 in lakes with the aging processes In the human
13 body. I thought this was a fairly unique ap-
14 proach.
15 In my statement this morning on
16 conditions of the eutrophlcatlon of Lake Michigan,
17 I want to explore with you some of the symptoms
18 of aging in Lake Michigan that are now occurring.
19 Through vigorous efforts of the press,
20 thousands of people living in the Lake Michigan
21 watershed are acquiring an awareness of the term
22 "eutrophication." They are learning, also, that
23 it relates in some manner to water pollution
24 and water quality problems in the lake.
25 On the technical side, many scientific
-------
650
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 studies of Lake Michigan have been carried out
3 over the years by a number of agencies repre-
4 senting States and communities fronting on the
5 lake. The resulting observations cover a his-
6 torical period dating back before the turn of
1 the century, but the data Improve in complete-
3 ness only in recent times. Among recent Lake
9 Michigan studies, one needs to cite the intense
10 efforts of the Great Lakes Research Division of
ll the University of Michigan --you may recall
12 that Exhibit Ho. 1, if I am correct on the
13 number, was a voluminous report covering some
14 of this work --the Center for Great Lakes
15 Studies of the University of Wisconsin, and
16 the studies of the Great Lakes Region of the
17 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
18 Out of these studies has come one report, which,
10 Mr. Chairman, I would like to introduce as an
20 exhibit for the record of this conference, in
21 part because this is part of the basis for some
22 of the comments which I will make. This report
23 is titled, "Water Quality Investigations, Lake
24 Michigan Basin, Biology." It is dated January
25 1968, was prepared by Great Lakes Region of the
-------
631
DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
3 MR. STEIN: Without objection, that
4 will appear in the record as if read.
5 (Which said report follows:)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS
LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN
BIOLOGY
A TECHNICAL REPORT CONTAINING BACKGROUND DATA
FOR A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
JANUARY 1968
-------
653
WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS
LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN
BIOLOGY
A technical report containing background data
for a water pollution control program.
January 1968
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Great Lakes Region Chicago, Illinois
-------
TABLE OP CONTENTS
SUBJECT PAGE
FOREWORD ii
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON WATER USES 3
MID-IAKE AREA RESULTS 7
INSHORE AREA RESULTS 13
SPECIFIC AREAS - BOTTOM ANIMALS l4
SPECIFIC AREAS - ALGAE 21
APPENDIX 30
METHODS 31
TABLES 33
-------
655
FOREWORD
The study of the biology of the Lake Michigan Basin was
conducted under the administrative guidance of H. W. Poston,
Regional Director, Great I«kes Region, FWPCA. Sample collections
and analyses and data compilation and organization were made by
regional personnel. Final draft of the report was prepared by
biologists of the Technical Advisory and Investigations Branch,
FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
ii
-------
656
SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSIONS
1. The biota of the mid-water area of Lake Michigan reflects an
unpolluted environment. Free floating algal populations
were less than 500 per milliliter. Pollution-Sensitive scuds
predominated in the bottom associated organism population.
Sludgeworm populations were less than 1,000 per square meter
and midges were principally of the clean water variety.
2. Extensive inshore areas of pollution totaling 3,^75 square
miles were found along the entire southern perimeter of Lake
Michigan specifically Milwaukee, Racine and Chicago-Calumet
and in Green Bay. The loss of the Green Bay fly, a fish
food organism, and other detrimental pollution associated
conditions have impaired commercial fishing in Green Bay.
Swimming beaches have been closed in Milwaukee, Chicago
and other areas when large mats of foul smelling algae have
been deposited on the beaches. Aesthetic values associated
with water have been impaired by algae on many occasions.
Short filter runs and taste and odors resulting from high
-------
657
phytoplankton populations have increased the cost of
water treatment at Green Bay, Milwaukee, Kenosha, Chicago,
and other cities.
3. Other more localized inshore areas of pollution totaling
350 square miles resulted in increased sludgeworms and
free floating algal populations offshore from: Manitowoc,
Sheboygan, Port Washington, Benton Harbor, South Haven,
Saugatuck, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, and
Manistique.
k. Pollution of inshore areas: supported pollution-tolerant
sludgeworm populations exceeding 1,000 per square meter;
suppressed gamefish food organisms; supported nuisance
algal populations exceeding 500 per milliliter and as high
as 20,000 per ml. in Green Bay; produced dense growths
of attached algae in shallow water areas that break loose
and become deposited on swimming beaches. Soluble phos-
phate (POr) concentrations averaged O.OU mg/1 with values
as high as 5.0 in these areas. These concentrations
exceed the adopted standard of an annual average total
phosphate (PO. ) of 0.03 mg/1 and a single daily average
or value of 0.0k mg/1.
-------
657-A
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON WATER USES
The biological examination of waters and bottom materials
incorporates both a qualitative determination of the kinds of
organisms present and a quantitative estimate of their numbers
or bulk. This information aids in the interpretation of physical
and chemical analyses, indicates pollution by wastewaters, de-
termines the progress of self-purification within the waterways,
assists in the limnological study of the environment, measures
damages inflicted on aquatic life and water use potentials, and
indicates impact of nuisance organisms on water uses.
Suspended microscopic plants (algae) are the primary con-
vertors of light energy to organic matter; they are the original
source of most of the food that nourish fish and other aquatic
animals. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of
the water affect both algal quantities and species composition.
When the quantity of fertilizing nutrients increases, the
number of algae will increase and the species composition will
change. Dense green algal populations reduce the aesthetic
-------
658
values of a water and interfere with water uses such as boat-
ing and swimming. Windrows of dead and odoriferous decaying
algae are nuisances and obstruct uses at beaches and surround-
ing lands. Changes in both the concentration and relative
composition of the fertilizing material produce detectable
changes in the species composition of the algal populations.
High concentrations of phosphorus favor the blue-green algae
which are capable of using nitrogen from the atmosphere as
a source of nitrogenous nutrition; these algae are particularly
obnoxious because they are more buoyant than other forms thus
tending to form windrows more readily and produce especially
obnoxious "pigpen" odors because of chemical compounds peculiar
to them.
Bathing beaches have been closed for extensive periods
near Milwaukee, Chicago and other localities because of rotting
foul-smelling algae and dead fish, and threats to public health
from water contaminated by sewage. A seemingly inexhaustible
supply of algae that has washed ashore in recent years has
defied maintenance attempts to keep some beaches usable during
the recreational period. Bathers and sun-bathers must travel
farther to enjoy their sport. The aesthetic beauty of Lake
Michigan has been severely impaired.
-------
Excessive quantities of algae in Lake Michigan have
caused short filter runs in vater treatment plants. When the
runs are shorter than 20 hours, the result is a loss in
revenue because of loss of plant capacity and the use of
larger amounts of wash water. Kenosha, Wisconsin obtains its
water supply from an intake pipe extending 1^,200 feet into Lake
Michigan to a depth of 30 feet and has experienced three-hour
filter runs in recent years along with taste and odor problems.
Because algae and other microorganisms are implicated in both
of these water supply problems, Kenosha in 1961 installed four
microstrainers at a cost of $330,000 to reduce the number of
microorganisms. At this time Kenosha was receiving as much as
U50 pounds per day of wet algae through the water intake pipe.
Following microstrainer installation, that resulted in 90 per-
cent algal removal, taste and odor problems disappeared and
filter runs increased to an average of U8 hours. Problem
algae were: Stephanodlscue, Tabellaria, Asterionella, Synedra,
and others.
At Green Bay, Sheboygan, Milwaukee, Waukegan, Evanston,
Chicago, Gary-Hobart, Michigan City, Benton Harbor, Holland,
Grand Rapids, and Musekgon, 37 percent of filter runs were
less than 20 hours in 1961.
-------
660
Bottom animals serve as a vital link in the aquatic food
web by converting plant food into animal food for predatory
fishes. Changes in numbers of bottom animals and in composi-
tion of the bottom-animal community produce changes in the fish
population. For example, a community consisting predominantly
of burrowing worms favors a community of fishes such as carp
and suckers that root for their food. An increase in worms is
a product of an increased food supply from sedimentation of
organic waste materials or dead algae. Changes in the kinds and
numbers of bottom animals are effects that are frequently a
product of pollutants; these changes result in damages to de-
sirable aquatic organisms, and may produce increased numbers of
undesirable aquatic organisms that interfere with and reduce
the uses that can be made of the waters.
Environmental changes resulting from pollution eliminated
the burrowing mayfly (Green Bay fly) from major sectors of
Green Bay in recent years. Concurrently commercial fishing
was severely impaired, thus affecting another water use by
disrupting the aquatic food web.
-------
661
MID-LAKE AREA RESULTS
The deep-water areas of Lake Michigan are presently un-
affected by the pollution observed in many areas closer to
shore. Soluble phosphate (PO. ) averaged 0.02 milligrams per
liter (mg/l) in deep water areas with some values as high as
O.lU mg/l. Inshore areas averaged O.OU mg/l PO. with values as
high as 5.00 mg/l. Adopted water quality standards for Lake
Michigan open water and shore water limit annual average total
phosphate (POv) to 0.03 mg/1 and a single daily average or
value to O.Qk mg/l. Obviously these standards are now exceeded
in some areas and high nutrient concentrations are reflected
in increased biological growths. Inorganic nitrogen averaged
0.19 milligrams per liter in deep-water (ranging as high as
1.15& compared to 0.27 milligrams per liter inshore (ranging
as high as 2.2 near Milwaukee). The distribution of populations
of benthic animals and phytoplankton generally reflects the
pattern of distribution of soluble nutrients.
With one exception, the population of bottom organisms
decreased with increasing depth (Table 1). In the deepest
-------
662
8
area (260-269 meters) there was an increase in the population
2
of all organisms to 5»000 per m ; this is characteristic of
organism population distribution in many deep lakes. Scuds
of the genus Pontoporeia, are pollution-sensitive organisms;
they were the predominant bottom-associated organisms in areas
not greatly influenced by organic sediments.
The population of scuds in much of the deep central basin
numbered less" than 1,500 per square meter (Figure l). There
is a combination of depth dependent factors such as sediment
types and nutrient content that limits scud populations in
depths greater than 50 meters. In the deep central areas of
the lake sludgeworm populations numbered less than 1,000 per
square meter. This relatively low population of sludgeworms
as shown in Figure 2 indicates an unpolluted environment. The
midge larval population in the central section of Lake Michigan
averaged 37 per square meter and was composed of 8k percent
clean-water species and no pollution-tolerant species with the
remaining being of variable tolerance. This further indicates
the unpolluted condition of the sediments of the central basin.
The deep-water arejas of Lake Michigan supported planktonic
algal communities of low population density that generally
ranged from 100 to 300 organisms per milliliter (Figure 3) •
Conversely, nutrient-enriched inshore areas supported larger
-------
populations of phytoplankton, generally numbering more than
500 organisms per milliliter.
For many years, the planktonic algae of Lake Michigan
have been dominated by the genera Tabellaria, Asterionella,
and Synedra. These forms are found in nonfertlle lakes. How-
ever, pollution of Lake Michigan has caused Cyclotella and
Stephanodiscus to become the predominant forms in most samples;
even in samples in which Asterionella, Tabellaria and Synedra
predominated, Cyclotella and Stephanodi scus usually were
abundant,. Table 2 lists the genera of phytoplankton most
commonly encountered in Lake Michigan waters.
-------
664
NORTH
POLLUTED , IOOO- 20OO/m.2
VERY POLLUTED, over ZOOOAn.2
FIGURE I
6REAT LAKES — ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
SLUDGEWORM POPULATION
NUMBER PER SQUARE
METER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMM,
Gc«at Lain* R*9toi OOcnQO .Illtnott
-------
665
NORTH
OVER 1500/m
10 5 0 10 20
»—t
MILES
FIGURE 2
GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
SCUD POPULATIONS
NUMBERING GREATER THAN
1500 PER SQUARE METER
U. S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago , Illinois
-------
ICH.
iiiiiiiii Traverse
lliili c'ty
S;i!llliPr
MILWAUKEE
i!iii!i;ii;!;i Racine
CHICAGO
666
NORTH
f~| 0-300/ml.
300-500/ml.
over 500/ml.
Grand
Eii!iHqye.n
iWISi;
liilLLi;
Benton
0
b
FIGURE 3
MILE
25
cd
: Garyjj
fiiiMICH.
IND"~
Michigan
City
GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
PHYTOPLANKTON
POPULATIONS
NUMBER PER MILLILITER
SPRING 1962
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FED. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago ,111.
-------
667
INSHORE AREA RESULTS
Massive areas along the perimeter of the southern half
of Lake Michigan are polluted to such an extent that large popu-
lations of pollution-tolerant sludgeworms occur. The 2,100 square
mile area classified as polluted in Figure 2, extending from
Chicago northeastvard around the southern tip of Lake Michigan,
results from organic nutrients discharged by the large metropolitan
areas bordering the lake. Lake sediments supporting populations of
sludgevorms greater than 100 per square foot (approximately 1,000
per square meter) are considered polluted. Other areas that have
polluted lake bed sediments occur in Green Bay, adjacent to the shore-
lines of Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fort Washington to Waukegan, and
between Ludington and Manlstee. Despite generally higher sludge-
worm densities in inshore areas, the average number of organisms was
depressed in a narrow band along the Chicago and Indiana shoreline.
This was probably a result of wave action in the Inshore areas which
did not allow the settling of fine organic particles.
-------
668
SPECIFIC AREAS - BOTTOM ANIMALS
Inshore areas receiving municipal wastes supported increased
populations of pollution-tolerant bottom animals such as sludgeworms.
The principal bottom material found at the southern tip of Green Bay
was organic sediment, a favorable habitat for sludgeworms and blood-
worms which were the predominant organisms. Total populations of
bottom-dwelling organisms in 1962 and 1963 averaged 1,900 organisms
per square meter near the mouth of the Fox River and gradually
decreased to 500 or less ten miles out into the bay (Table 3)• Bur-
rowing mayflies were not found. Some pollution-sensitive snails
occurred about five miles from the mouth of Fox River.
Twenty-eight square miles of lower Green Bay are classed as
polluted; large number of sludgeworms inhabit this area. The number
of sludgeworms was greater than the number of scuds in this area;
this indicates a pollution by organic wastes. The population of
bottom organisms inhabiting the area influenced by the Fox River is
affected adversely, altered in composition, and does not supply the
fish food potential necessary for maximum water use.
The area of Green Bay affected by the Oconto River discharge
was degraded, as indicated by the types of benthic animals; only a
few pollution-sensitive organisms were found within two miles of the
river mouth. Benthic populations in 1962 and 1963 were highest
near the mouth of the Oconto River with populations of 1,020 organisms
-------
669
15
per square meter. Five miles from the mouth, populations had de-
creased to about 500 benthic animals per square meter; bloodworms pre-
dominated. A few pollution-sensitive scuds existed less than two
miles from the mouth. The discharge of rich organic wastes from the
Oconto area contributes to the enrichment and degradation of Green
Bay.
Polluted conditions were also indicated in the vicinity of
the Menominee and Peshtigo Rivers. In 1962 and 1963 there were
fever benthic organisms in the vicinity of the Menominee and the
Peshtigo River outlets than there vere in southern Green Bay. A
benthic population of 800 per square meter, which consisted mainly
of pollution-tolerant bloodworms and sludgeworms, was found at the
mouth of the Peshtigo. Twenty-five hundred organisms per square
meter, mostly sludgeworms and bloodworms were found near the mouth
of the Menominee. Rapid improvement in conditions, in a predominantly
sandy bottom, was shown by 1,300 scuds per square meter occurring
about three miles from the mouth of this river.
The sand and clay bottom deposits in the near vicinity of Mani-
towoc and Twin Rivers supported a population of bottom organisms
predominated by scuds because organic materials do not settle in this
wave-swept area. Populations of 5,000 to 10,000 benthic animals per
square meter, mostly sludgeworms, were collected four miles east of
the Manitowoc River, indicating severe pollution caused by the deposition
-------
6?0
16
of organic matter. A 228 square mile area off shore from the town
of Manitowoc is classified as polluted because the sediments sup-
ported more than 1,000 sludgeworms per square meter indicating
an organic enrichment of the lake bed.
The Sheboygan River outlet area was found to be degraded
one mile from shore. Samples showed more than fifty percent sludge-
worms out of a total of 7,000 organisms per square meter. In an 88
square mile area, sludgeworms numbered more than 1,000 per square
meter thus indicating polluted conditions. Improved conditions
were indicated by a predominance of pollution-sensitive scuds five
miles from shore.
Degraded biological conditions in the Milwaukee River out-
let area in 1962 and 1963 were indicated by the population of
bottom organisms. The harbor was almost devoid of pollution-
sensitive organisms. Populations of sludgeworms as high as 150,000
per square meter were found within Milwaukee harbor and further
pollution was indicated seven miles from the river outlet by a pre-
dominance of pollution-tolerant organisms.
Fifty-six percent of the midges collected in the area from
Port Washington to Kenosha were of the pollution-tolerant group.
The entire 1,350 square mile shore area from Port Washington to
Waukegan is classified as polluted with 1,100 square miles of it being
extremely polluted. The pollution-sensitive scud population is depres-
-------
571
17
sed in the area off Milwaukee. The existing bottom-animal popu-
lation indicates organic pollution and a decreased fish food supply.
The deposition of organic materials in shore areas from Port
Washington past Chicago to Benton Harbor is influenced by currents
that flov parallel to the shore and reverse with the wind direction.
These currents deposit organic materials in a band around the
southern end of Lake Michigan.
The Root River (Racine) area of Lake Michigan was biologi-
cally degraded. Pollution-tolerant forms were very abundant near
the mouth of the river and predominated five miles out into the
lake. A benthic population averaging 18,5°0 per square meter (up
to 97*000 per square meter) was found near the mouth of Racine
Harbor. Ninety-six percent of these organisms were pollution-
tolerant sludgeworms.
An examination of bottom samples in the harbor areas along
the southern shore indicated that waste discharges were and are such
that they contribute to a bottom deposit inhibitory to the establish-
ment of large populations of bottom animals. Some of these deposits
appeared to contain significant quantities of oil, grease and allied
petroleum waste. The degradation of bottom organisms in the southern
end of Lake Michigan extended out as far as twenty miles. The total
area degraded by organic wastes discharged from the Chicago-Calumet
area is 2,100 square miles as indicated by the increased population
-------
6?2
18
of sludgeworms. Offshore from the Calumet area streams, pollution-
tolerant organisms averaged 2,700 to 4,300 per square meter and there
were only a few pollution-sensitive organisms. The depression of
the population of clean water associated scuds results from toxic
wastes being discharged from the Calumet area (Figure l). To the
north, along the Chicago shoreline, pollution-tolerant organisms
averaged about 10,000 per square meter and pollution-sensitive forms
averaged 500 per square meter indicating severe pollution.
The inshore areas of Lake Michigan from Calumet Harbor to
Burns Ditch were and are extensively degraded biologically in degrees
ranging from severe near Indiana and Calumet Harbors to less severe
near Burns Ditch. Evidence that wastes from the Calumet area are
deposited in the lake was found in the bottom materials and the odors
of dredgings from this area of Lake Michigan. Petroleum odors were
often detected in bottom muds. Pollution-tolerant organisms, mostly
sludgeworms and sphaeriid clams, predominated in the areas along the
southern shore.
Continuing along the south shore of Lake Michigan in a counter-
clockwise direction, the southern tip of Lake Michigan reflected the
effects of pollution in the vicinity of Trail Creek and the Galien
River (Michigan City-New Buffalo area). Many of the bottom samples
collected in the vicinity of the Galien River and Trail Creek were
predominantly sludgeworms with populations of 5,000 to 10,000 benthic
-------
673
19
animals existing a few miles from shore. One sample collected
two miles northeast of Trail Creek consisted of fine black sand and
supported a population of over 26,000 organisms per square meter«
90 percent of which were sludgeworms. Many of the samples collected
about four miles from shore were devoid of pollution-sensitive organ-
isms. These conditions represent sustained degradation of the waters
in this area through the discharge of wastes via Trail Creek and the
Galien River.
Sludgeworms predominated within the South Haven Harbor. The
bottom habitat emitted a sewage odor. The discharge of organic
materials from the communities of South Haven, Saugatuck, Grand Haven
and Muskegon results in a band of organically enriched sediments
five miles off shore. This organically degraded lake bed supports a
sludgeworm population exceeding 1,000 per square meter and a midge
population that numbered 6l per square meter and was made up of 7^
percent pollution-tolerant forms.
Organic enrichment in the area immediately adjacent to the out-
let of White Lake at Whitehall was evident during 1962 to 1963.
Almost 1,000 midges per square meter, mostly pollution-tolerant
Tendlpes plumosus and riparius, were found at that station.
Water quality conditions appeared good near the Pentwater
and Little Sable Point areas. The bottom community in the sandy area
off the Pentwater River, consists of mostly midges, scuds and sphaeriid
clams, from 1,000 to 7,000 per square meter.
-------
674
20
Water quality also appeared good near Little Sable Point.
The benthic community consisted of about 5,000 organisms per square
meter with substantial numbers of clean water scud.
The benthic population around the mouth of the Pere Marquette
River was composed of less than 500 pollution-tolerant sludgeworms
and midges per square meter. Amphipods, from 3,000 to 6,000 per
square meter, predominated in samples collected within a two mile
radius. The Ludington Spoil Bank supported a small community that
was mostly scuds, less than 500 per square meter. The degradation
of the lake bottom was less severe out from the communities of
Ludington and Mianistee in that midge populations increased to 124
o
per m and pollution-tolerant forms comprised 46 percent of the
total number (Table 4). However, a 36 square mile area between the
towns supported a population of pollution-tolerant sludgeworms
2
exceeding 1,000 per m .
The bottom fauna of Manistee Lake consisted mostly of
pollution-tolerant midges and sludgeworms in populations of 500 to
1,000 per square meter. Near the outlet of the lake, no organisms
were found. Lake Manistee deposits emitted sewage and petroleum
odors. In adjacent Lake Michigan, bottom animal populations were
less than 100 per square meter, although midges still predominated.
The bottom fauna (approximately 1,000 organisms per square meter) con-
sisted of over 50 percent amphipods about two miles out from the mouth
of Manistee Lake.
-------
675
21
No appreciable effects were noted from the Betsie River or
the City of Frankfort on the benthic fauna of adjacent areas of
Lake Michigan. Populations consisting mostly of 100 to 3/000 amphi-
pods per square meter inhabited the sandy bottom.
At the northern tip of Lake Michigan, degraded localized
conditions appeared near Manlstique. Samples collected near the
Manistique River mouth indicated that benthic populations were less
than 1,000 per square meter. Only 67 midges per square meter were
dredged up near the harbor. The bottom was found to consist mainly
of organic matter and had a foul odor as the result of paper mill
wastes. One mile south of this area, 100 to 250 pollution-sensitive
scuds per square meter were found.
SPECIFIC AREAS - ALGAE
For several years the Chicago Park District has reported that
beaches became fouled with algae washed in from the lake. In 19^1,
the offending organism at Oak Street and Montrose beaches was found
to be Dichotomosiphon, a green filamentous alga similar in appearance to
Cladophora. In 19^2 Cladophora was the principal alga but Oedogonium
was also present. All of these organisms require a hard substratum,
or attachment surface. The windrows of algae that completely lined
the beaches became four-smelling after a few days exposure to the
summer heat. Flies and other insects covered the decaying masses.
-------
676
22
In July, 1963 large floating masses of Cladophora and
Mougeotia were found in southern Green Bay near the western shore.
The pollution-tolerant blue-green alga, Lyngbya, was found attached
to rocks on the bottom of Calumet Harbor in May 1963.
Phytoplankton concentrations of more than 500 organisms per
milliliter are considered excessive; they may give the water an
objectionable appearance, induce tastes and odors in domestic water
supplies, and increase the cost of water treatment. The City of
Kenosha has found it necessary to install a very expensive micro -
straining system for adequate water treatment because of excessive
algae in the raw water. Other cities that have experienced taste
and odor problems in their water supplies include Michigan City,
Gary-Hobart and Chicago.
Green Bay is an example of accelerated eutrophlcation in-
duced by man-made wastes. Severe oxygen depletion often occurs.
Soluble phosphate levels averaged 0.07 mg/1 as POj, and ranged as
high as 0.60 mg/1; the critical level for algal blooms is considered
to be 0.03 ng/1 as P0],' A™10111-* nitrogen averaged 0.17 mg/1 while
NO--N averaged only 0.08. The highest phytoplankton populations
occurred near the mouth of the Fox River. In July 19^3* total popu-
lations of 20,000 per milliliter were found. These numbers decreased
to 5,000 to 10,000 about ten miles out into the bay. The kinds of
phytoplankton in this area were mostly green flagellates, centric
diatoms and green coccoids. Blue-green forms were also found in
-------
677
23
large numbers, from 700 to 1,500 per mllliliter. Light penetration
in Green Bay was greatly reduced (Secchl disc readings were only
0.2 meters compared to 16 meters in the northern basin). Near the
mouth of the Fox River, average inorganic nitrogen values were close
to 0.5 milligrams per liter and average total soluble phosphates
were 0.20 milligrams per liter, or nearly seven times greater than
the critical level necessary for algal blooms.
The algal population near the Oconto River mouth in July
1963 averaged over 80,000 phytoplankters per milliliter and consisted
mostly of green flagellates and green coccoids. These same types
predominated in the adjacent lake area in nuisance numbers, from 1,000
to 20,000 per milliliter. The proportion of diatoms was higher in
Green Bay than in the Oconto River. Numbers of algae were consider-
ably less on the eastern shore of Green Bay, from 500 to 5,000 per
milliliter.
In spring, 1962, phytoplankton populations in excess of 1,200
organisms per milliliter were collected from the Manitowoc-Sheboygan
area (Figure 3)* This condition resulted from high soluble phosphate
levels, ranging from 0.0^ to 0.07 mg/1.
Milwaukee Harbor was found to be severely polluted by organic
enrichment. It is estimated that 9,300 pounds per day of total
phosphate was discharged into Lake Michigan at the mouth of the
Milwaukee River. Soluble phosphate concentrations averaged Q.kk mg/1
(nearly 15 times the level of phosphates considered critical for the
-------
678
stInflation of algal blooms) and ranged as high as lA mg/1.
Adjacent water offshore averaged 0.07 mg/1. Total inorganic nitrogen
in Milwaukee Harbor averaged 1.25 mg/1 and ranged as high as 2.$k
mg/1. Adjacent areas offshore averaged 0.32 mg inorganic N/l and
ranged as high as 2.2 mg/1 total inorganic nitrogen. A Secchi disc
was visible to less than one meter in the harbor.
High phytoplankton counts in the Milwaukee area indicated
enrichment. In the fall of 1962 over 1,500 organisms per milliliter
were collected from the harbor. Generally, populations decreased
with distance from shore, from over 1,000 per milliliter to less than
100 per milliliter at mid-lake (Figure 4). Predominant genera were
Cyclotella, Stephanodiscus, Tabellaria, and Asterionella.
In June of 19^3, populations of almost the same size and kind
existed both in the river mouth and harbor area, from 1,000 to 20,000
per milliliter. Centric diatoms were the predominant kinds of algae.
In spring, 19^3, phytoplankton numbered nearly 6,000 per milliliter
at the mouth of the Milwaukee River.
These biological findings reflect the deteriorated water
quality in the Milwaukee vicinity of Lake Michigan and represent the
gross pollution resulting from the domestic and industrial wastes dis-
charged in this area.
The Root River (Racine) area of Lake Michigan was severely
polluted with organic enrichment. In 1962 and 196 3 soluble phosphate
(PO, ) averaged 0.07 mg/1 and ranged as high as 0.10 mg/1. Phytoplankton
-------
I 1 0-300/ml.
5OO-500/ml
ovtr 500/ml.
::::::::::! _l| 2::::::::::::i
::::::!:::
679
6REAT LAKES-ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
PHYTOPLANKTON
POPULATIONS
NUMBER PER MILL I LITER
FALL 1962
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FED. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMNI.
Gr«at Lak«« R«aion Chicago. Ml
-------
680
samples In the fall of 1962 contained 2,229 organisms per milliliter
(Figure 4); this was one of the most dense phytoplankton populations
encountered during the fall survey and may be compared with concentra-
tions of less than 200 phytoplankton organisms per milliliter in the
mid-lake deepwater areas. tyclotella, St ephanodisous, Tabellaria and
Asterionella were the predominant algal forms. Melosira became the
predominant form in the summer.
The waters of Chicago Harbor, Calumet Harbor and Indiana Harbor
each contained excessive amounts of algal-stimulating nutrients. In
Chicago Harbor, soluble phosphates averaged 0.0^ mg/1 and ranged as
high as 0.15 «ng/l. In Calumet Harbor, soluble phosphates averaged
0.05 mg/1 and ranged as high as 0.1^ mg/1; total inorganic nitrogen
averaged 0.35 rag N per liter and ranged as high as 1.02 mg/1.
Indiana Harbor water contained an average of 0.05 mg/1 soluble phos-
phorus and ranged as high as 0.12 mg/1. Total inorganic nitrogen
averaged 1.56 mg/1 and ranged as high as 3.14 mg/1. A concentration
of 0.30 mg/1 inorganic nitrogen is considered critical for stimulation
of algal growth in the presence of adequate phosphorus.
Phytoplankton populations in the Chicago-Calumet area remained
very dense during the period of study. In 19^2, up to 1,298 organisms
per milliliter of sample were found (Figure 3). In 1963, phytoplankton
populations increased to 2,1^3 phytoplankton organisms per milliliter.
Light penetration in the Indiana Harbor Canal was severely restricted;
a Secchi disc was not visible at one meter.
-------
681
27
The distribution of phytoplankton in Lake Michigan was gener-
ally influenced by wind-produced currents. In spring, 19&2, over 500
phytoplankton per milliliter were collected from inshore waters,
beginning at the Chicago-Calumet area and continuing north up the
entire eastern lake shore (Figure 3). By the summer of 1962, the
current pattern had changed; phytoplankton distribution became more
random, except for high numbers of organisms (over 300 per ml) near
Chicago and South Haven (Figure 5). Fall, 1962, phytoplankton counts
again revealed high concentrations of over 500 organisms per milli-
liter along both the southeastern and southwestern shores (Figure U).
The effects of heavy pollutions! loads were evident in the
vicinity of the St. Joseph River and Benton Harbor. Soluble phos-
phate concentrations in the St. Joseph River averaged 0.24 mg/1 and
ranged as high as 0.9^ mg/1. Total inorganic nitrogen concentrations
averaged 1.12 mg/1 and ranged as high as 3.04 mg/1. In spring, 1962,
phytoplankton populations of 3,100 organisms per milliliter were con-
centrated in the waters just offshore from Benton Harbor (Figure 3)-
Mid-lake waters contained less than 200 phytoplankton organisms per
milliliter in spring, 1962.
Lake Michigan waters in the vicinity of Grand Haven, Mighican
consistently exhibited the effects of pollutional nutrient loadings.
The Grand River, which enters the lake at this point, carries total
soluble phosphate concentrations averaging 0.52 mg/1 and ranging as
high as 1.1 mg/1. Total inorganic nitrogen in Grand River water
-------
iiiiliiiHiilii-in-i-iliiiiiliiii. \
682
MICK
IND.
' Michigan
={Clty
GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
PHYTOPLANKTON
POPULATIONS
NUMBER PER MILLILITER
SUMMER 1962
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FED. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago, III
GPO B06—408-4
-------
68?
29
averaged I.k mg (N)/l and ranged as high as 3.9 mg/1. Phytoplankton
populations in adjacent Lake Michigan waters were correspondingly
high. Fhytoplankton counts averaged 2,230 organisms per milliliter
in summer, 19o2 (Figure 3). A high concentration of 630 phytoplank-
ton organisms was again found in. the Grand Haven area in fall, 19^2
(Figure U).
The Manistique River at the northern tip of Lake Michigan,
carried heavy concentrations of algal-stimuJa ting nutrients. Soluble
phosphate concentrations in this river averaged 0.0k mg/1 and ranged
as high as 0.09 n>g/l« Total inorganic nitrogen concentrations averaged
0.^7 mg/1 and ranged as high as 2.46 mg/1. Fhytoplankton populations
in Lake Michigan offshore from Manistique consisted of 528 organisms
per milliliter in spring, 1962. Mid-lake waters in northern Lake
Michigan contained less than 300 organisms per milliliter (Figure 3).
-------
684
APPENDIX
30
-------
6S5
METHODS
BOTTOM ANIMALS
Sampling of bottom organisms was accomplished with three
Petersen dredge hauls at each lake station. These were washed
through U. S. Standard No. 30 mesh bronze seine cloth and the
remaining organisms and debris preserved with formalin for
further analysis in the laboratory.
PHYTOPLANKTON
Samples for phytoplankton identification were collected
with polyvinylchloride (PVC) sampling bottles attached to a
cable at intervals of zero, 5, 15, 30, 50, 75 and 100 meters
from the surface, and at surface, mid-depth and near bottom
where depths were less than ten meters. Sufficient formalin
was added to each phytoplankton sample to effect a 3 percent
solution. One milliliter of the water sample was placed in a
Sedgwick-Rafter counting cell and examined microscopically at
200 X.
31
-------
686
LIGHT PENETRATION
Light penetration was determined with a standard, 20
centimeter diameter Secchi disc. The limit of visibility
was defined as the mid-point between the depths of disappearance
upon lowering and reappearance with the disc was again raised.
Measurements were reported in meters.
-------
687
TABIE 1
DISTRIBUTION OP BOTTOM OBGANISMS BY DEPTHS
LAKE MICHIGAN, 1962-64
Depth in Meters
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
1*9-^9
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
130-139
1^0-1^9
150-159
160-169
170-179
220-229
230-239
260-269
Number per Square Meter
7^
3357
U69^
5752
3020
2713
21U6
1505
889
61f2
6U7
721
26k
425
506
186
201
70
lUo
88
5019
33
-------
688
TABLE 2
LAKE MICHIGAN FHYTOFLANKTON
MOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED GENERA
Anabaena
Anacystis
Ankistrode sinus
Asterionella
Chlorella
Chodatella
Closteriopsis
Cocconeis
Cyclotella
Dinobryon
Euglena
Fragilaria
Golenkenia
Gomphosphaeria
Gonium
Melosira
Navicula
Nitzschia
Oocystis
Phormidium
Rhizosolenia
Scenedesmus
Schroederia
Selenastrum
Stephanodiscus
Synedra
Tabellaria
Unidentified Green Coccoids
Unidentified Green
Flagellates
NOTE: Only those genera whose average total per milliliter
exceeds 10 percent of the average grand total are
considered predominant.
-------
6*9
Page 1 of 5 peges
TABLE
BIOLOGICAL DATA - lAKE MICHIGAN, 1962-1964
Quad.
1
BOTTOM ORGANISMS
numbers per square meter
Scuds
Sludge- 1 Midges
worms 1
Total*
Spring
1962
PHYTOFLANKTON
Numbers per milliliter
Summer
1962
Fall
1962
Spring i summer
1963 1 1963
F-19
E-49
D-19
C-19
G-18
P-18
B-18
D-18
C-18
H-17
0-17
P-17
E-17
D-17
C-17
B-17
H-l6
G-16
F-16
1,450
470
50
80
1,190
720
2,710
610
180
3,180
1,940
310
1,120
3,840
1,610
1,240
4,020
1,170
220
780
1,310
1,950
4,630
1,670
4,750
1,730
240
490
1,660
4,620
100
470
2,180
1,850
400
1,040
1,760
170
100
20
20
20
100
130
140
20
70
140
120
0
X
30
50
260
30
10
0
2,650
2,000
2,210
6,000
3,160
6,200
5,160
920
1,670
5,540
7,030
410
1,600
6,090
3,910
1,910
5,490
3,400
410
176
171
301
1,036
248
748
1,298 258
233
3,108 224
322
66
420 66
225
357
900 98
246 1,155
398 1,3H
1,588
694
175 1,870
172
350 2,143
588 1,347
1,022
261
66
119
239
546 357
853
148
154
1,106
1,035
1,036
"Includes miscellaneous organisms not mentioned in Table
1. See Figure 6 for locations of quadrangles.
35
-------
690
Page 2 of 5 pages
Quad.
BOTTOM ORGANISMS
Numbers per square meter
Scuds
Sludge- 1 Midges 1 Total*
worms 1 1
FHYTOPLANKTON
Numbers per milliliter
Spring 1
1962 1
Summer 1 Fall 1 Spring
1962 | 1962 | 1963 I
1 Summer
1963
E-16
D-16
c-16
B-l6
1-15
H-15
G-15
E-15
D-15
C-15
B-15
1-14
H-l4
G-14
C-14
B-14
H-13
G-13
E-13
D-13
C-13
B-13
H-12
130
190
2,260
3,220
1,700
4,360
340
80
150
1,160
1,200
3,060
2,280
390
5,820
10
3,970
810
1,200
1,560
500
4,550
190
4o
1,590
5,420
380
1,130
180
60
70
2,1+00
15,910
300
1,21*0
10
1,370
13,980
1,140
530
520
1,620
15,770
860
X
X
80
180
30
40
10
0
X
120
210
40
0
10
50
820
20
20
20
100
90
290
330
240 253
4,810
10,270
2,300
5,860 1,503
540 638
140 182
220 364
3,730
18,560
3,66o
3,580
4io
7,340
16,360
5,530 2,230
1,400 474
1,800 378
3,330 210
16,980
5,86o
165
28
402
384
294
70
198
694
896
270
423
134
121
385
242
484
132
143
1,035
371
154
203
110
2,229
1,867
443
108
145
1,530
295
196
121
1,770
270
572
638
416
2,552
836
660
6,310
*Includes miscellaneous organisms not mentioned In Table*
36
OPO 809-.109-3
-------
691
Page 3 of 5 pages
Quad.
BOTTOM ORGANISMS
Numbers per square meter
Scuds
Sludge- 1 Midges I Total*
worms | 1
Spring
1962
FHYTOELANKTOH
Numbers per mllllliter
Summer
1962
Fall
1962
Spring 1 Summer
1963 1 1963
B-12
H-ll
o-n
F-ll
E-ll
D-ll
c-n
B-II
H-10
G-10
F-10
C-10
H-9
G-9
E-9
D-9
C-9
H-8
0-8
E-8
1,810
4,180
3,770
300
1,070
170
5,010
5,150
1,150
1,440
60
3,770
310
1,760
l4o
1,740
3,020
80
30
30
610
80
980
90
760
60
1,470
320
140
70
10
690
120
1,130
90
750
2,890
20
90
10
30
140
80
10
0
X
50
40
170
60
0
20
60
110
10
40
80
80
10
0
2,660
4,880
5,180 1,664 354
400 252
1,850 121
230 264 154
7,140 896 322
6,590
1,630
1,720
90
4,580
520
3,090 616
240 168 308
2,590 319
6,140 3,696 220
230 373
130 189
40 770
1,107
924
1,452
1,474
1,267
1,232
1,689
512
1,035
5,940
1,078
"Includes miscellaneous organisms not mentioned in Table.
37
-------
692
Page k of 5 pages
Quad.
BOTTOM ORGANISMS
Numbers per square meter
Scuds 1 Sludge- 1 Midges total
1 worms 1 1
PffifTOPLANKTON
Numbers per mlllillter
Spring
1962
Simmer
1962
Fan
1962
Spring j
1963 1
1 Summer
1963
D-8
C-8
1-7
H-7
G-7
D-7
C-7
B-7
A-7
L-6
K-6
1-6
E-6
D-6
c-6
B-6
L-5
K-5
G-5
P-5
D-5
C-5
2,990
X
1*00
630
1,120
20
0
10
0
60
110
950
2UO
950
0
10
y*o
1*70
20
2,060
20
200
650
0
100
120
51*0
11*0
80
1,620
300
10
20
1,21*0
110
920
90
190
60
no
30
10
130
720
10
0
390
30
160
30
210
280
0
0
1*0
20
X
80
no
780
10
20
0
10
10
170
3,&to
X
920
790
1,900
210
290
1,980
300
70
190
2,250
370
1,960
2l*0
1,020
520
620
60
2,280
200
1,220
1*63
165
1,25^
209
858
308
1*68
1,067
1*81*
1*40
1,067
•Includes miscellaneous organisms not mentioned In Table.
38
462
352
2,728
16,209
60,088
2,882
2,100
5,375
6,160 2,018
-------
6,93
Page 5 of 5 pages
Quad.
BOTTOM ORGANISMS
Numbers per square meter
Scuds 1 Sludge -
1 worms
Midges
Total
Spring
1962
PHYTOPLANKTON
Numbers per milliliter
Summer I Fall
1962 | 1962
Spring 1 Summer
1963 1 1963
N-4
M-4
L-4
K-4
J-4
F-4
L-3
1-3
H-3
E-3
N-2
M-2
K-2
1-2
10
140
T60
1,420
500
440
1,060
690
10
370
20
20
30
600
10
60
1*70
180
320
100
730
480
50
380
70
310
100
210
0
30
210
20
30
10
10
30
10
50
180
40
60
70
20
260
1,510
1,660
860
610
1,810
l,24o
80
1,150
290
4iO
420
890
407
660
319
693
253
231
792
968
308
330
528
1,056
396
896
3A24
968
1,008
*Includes miscellaneous organisms not mentioned in Table.
39
-------
694
TABLE fr
MIDGE LARVAE EATA WITHIN TEN MILE LIMIT FROM SHORE
Area
Lower Green Bay
Kenaunee - Sheboygan
Fort Washington-Kenosha
Waukegan-Evanaton
Chicago -Gary
Michigan City to Buffalo
Benton Harbor -South Haven
Saugatuck -Muskegon
Ludington-Manistee
Arcadia-Mackinaw City
Kewaunee-St. Ignace
Total Jlo.
Per W
201
53
118
113
39
92
121
61
124
61
12
Percent of
Pollution
Tolerant
80
0
56
2k
6
37
51
74
k6
21
0
Total
1 Cosmo-
politan
16
29
19
57
79
59
3*
7
16
56
23
Clean
Water
0
22
3
0
0
0
0
7
10
13
37
1 Other
k
k9
22
19
14
k
5
12
28
10
UO
-------
696
l DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 DR. BARTSCH: The report is based on
3 field investigations carried out by this agency.
The facts revealed by all of these
studies collectively make up the story of what
has been happening to Lake Michigan in recent
times. Many aspects of the story are far from
clear, but from study of these reports one can
derive an insight as to what seems to be happen-
10 ing to the lake. One gets the impression that the
results of all of these investigations are sub-
12 stantially in agreement, that all pertinent
13 interpretations of the findings support essen-
14 tially similar conclusions as to the present
15 status of Lake Michigan so far as eutrophication
15 is concerned.
17 AS we note from statements that were
18 made here yesterday, the problem of eutrophi-
19 cation is one of the chief concerns about Lake
20 Michigan. In simplest terms, eutrophication
21 means the aging process of the lake in which
22 its waters become more fertile and acquire a
23 greater capability to grow algae and other forms
24 of unwanted living matter. Frequently, the algae
25 become so numerous that they make the water green
-------
697
! DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 and interfere in aany ways with the continued
3 usefulness of the water. This is one of the
4 most common, objectionable symptoms of eutrophi-
5 cation. In addition, there are other more subtle
6 symptoms of change that sometimes would pass
7 without being noted except by the scientist
8 investigator. Nevertheless, such subtle changes
9 are clues that slow-acting, long-range changes
lO are taking place.
H Changes to look for include: decrease
12 in transparency of the water; increase in total
13 dissolved solids, including especially nitrogen
14 and phosphorus needed for growth of substantial
15 quantities of algae; loss of dissolved oxygen
16 in the deeper layers; and changes in bottom-
17 dwelling animals and microscopic plants. When
18 eutrophicatlon has not proceeded to an obvious
19 and objectionable stage, it becomes necessary
20 to examine the combination of these more subtle
21 clues in order to sense the existing state of
22 affairs. In many cases, such scrutiny may
23 reveal a forecast of things to come. Some
24 changes such as these are now appearing in Lake
25 I Michigan.
-------
698
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 Many scientists have been studying
3 various aspects of the "personality" of Lake
4 Michigan and have produced tremendous quantities
5 of valuable information. I call attention
6 especially to the efforts of Dr. Alfred M.
7 Beeton of the University of Wisconsin in
8 Milwaukee. He was the first, I believe, to
9 perceive, assess, and describe clearly the
10 responses of the Great Lakes, including Lake
H Michigan, to the eutrophying influences of
12 human affairs in the watershed area. I would
13 like to propose that the three of his papers
14 that call attention to this matter be accepted
15 as exhibits for the record of this conference:
16 Beeton, A.M. 1965. "Eutrophica-
17 tion of the St. Lawrence Great
18 Lakes." Limnol. & Oceang.
19 10:240-254
20 Beeton, A.M. 1966. "indices of
21 Great Lakes Eutrophication."
22 Publ. No. 15, Great Lakes Research
23 Div., The University of Michigan,
24 p. 1-8.
25 Beeton, A.M. 1967. "Changes in the
-------
622.
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
Environment and Biota of the Great
Lakes." Presented at the Inter-
national Symposium on Eutrophication,
g June 11-16, 1967, Madison, Wisconsin.
6 It is in press at the moment.
7 MR. STEIN: Without objection, they
will be considered as exhibits. I think these
papers are published and generally available.
10 (Copies of Exhibit 2, the document
n entitled "Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence
12 Great Lakes," by Dr. A.M. Beeton, are on file
13 at the Federal Water Pollution Control Admini-
14 stration Office in Washington, D. C., and at
15 the Regional Office in Chicago, Illinois.)
16 (Copies of Exhibit 3, the document
17 entitled "indices of Great Lakes Eutrophication,"
18 by Dr. A. M. Beeton, are on file at the Federal
19 Water Pollution Control Administration Office
20 in Washington, D. C., and at the Regional Office
21 in Chicago, Illinois.)
22 (Copies of Exhibit ^, the document
23 entitled "Changes in the Environment and Biota
24 of the Great Lakes," by Dr. A. M. Beeton, are on
25 file at the Federal Water Pollution Control
-------
700
1 DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 Administration Office in Washington, D. C., and
3 at the Regional Office in Chicago, Illinois.)
4 DR,BARTSCH: One of the principal
5 factors that affect the rate of eutrophication
6 is the extent to which nutrients needed by
7 algae enter the body of water. Under natural
8 conditions, unaffected by the affairs of man,
9 the input of nutrients in runoff from the
10 watershed land and in precipitation generally
11 is low. Then the aging process usually pro-
12 ceeds at a slow rate. Cultural developments
13 on the watershed, such as the establishment of
14 cities and cultivation or other disturbance
15 of the land, accelerate nutrient input. The
16 result of this input is shown clearly in a
17 chart prepared some years ago by Dr. A. D.
18 Hasler of the University of Wisconsin. (FiS' 3-0
W (Which said chart is as follows:)
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
701
UJ
toe
OUJ
S3
e><
3t
oz
m13
or
ui
o.
EXTINCTION
EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS |
ARTIFICIAL OR |
DOMESTIC I
EXTINCTION
NATURAL EUTROPHICATION
AGE OF THE LAKE
o
X
horn HASUR 1947
FIGURE NO. 1
-------
702
DR. A. F. BARTSCH
The influences of cultural develop-
ment--you will find them noted here as the
addition of fertilizer—are superimposed on
the natural aging process and accelerate it
6 so that the terminal point is reached much
7 more quickly. It makes no difference where
along the time scale the human influence is
brought to bear. The end result is always
10 the same. The lake is brought more rapidly
to a higher level of fertility and greater
12 crops of algae and other plants are produced
13 than under natural influences alone.
The outcome of increasing nutrient
15 input is not merely a theory. It is a histori-
16 cal fact repeated over and over again in every
17 continent. This can be verified readily by
lg reference to the well known histories of the
19 lakes at Madison, Wisconsin; Lake Washington,
20 at Seattle; and in Europe—at Lake Geneva,
21 Lake Zurich, and the Bodensee, to mention
22 only a few.
23 Until recently, most studies of
24 eutrophieation have been with fairly small
25 lakes. Because of its size, one can expect
-------
703
I DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 that Lake Michigan will differ in the details
3 of its response to the forces of eutrophication.
4 But there is no doubt that even here these
5 forces will be felt and produce undesirable
6 change. The unfortunate end result is inevitable
7 if preventive measures are not taken in time.
g Algal nutrients of special concern
9 are nitrogen and phosphorus. Studies by the
10 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
11 have shown that soils of the Lake Michigan
12 Basin yield phosphate to the runoff water at
13 a rate of from 31 to 250 pounds per square
14 mile per year. It is estimated that the
15 annual input of phosphate to the lake from
16 these sources is about 5 million pounds. This
17 is about one-third of the total input; the
18 remaining two-thirds comes from municipal and
19 industrial wastes.
20 Comparable figures for nitrogen are
21 not available, but it is known that rivers
22 tributary to the lake bring in 69 million pounds
23 annually. This is about *J-2 percent of the total
24 input. The remainder comes from direct dis-
25 charges and precipitation.
-------
704
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
Nitrogen and phosphorus are normal
components of sewage. They are present in
3
amounts of about 8 to 12 pounds of nitrogen and
1.5 to 4 pounds or more of phosphorus per person
a
per year. Even after conventional secondary
6
treatment substantial amounts of these nutrients
7
still remain to be discharged into surface
8
waters. Sewage contains other components, also,
both organic and inorganic* which have stimu-
latory influences on the growth of algae. How-
ever. most concern has focused on inputs of
12
phosphorus for the following reasons.
13
First, algae can obtain phosphorus
14
from the water when it is present in exceedingly
15
minute amounts. In many lakes exhaustion of the
phosphorus supply by algal growth seems to
g
serve as a deterrent to further growth. Second,
19 although nitrogen also is a vital nutrient for
2Q algal production, there are various largely
21 uncontrollable opportunities for nitrogen input--
22 for example, fixation of nitrogen gas from the
23 atmosphere by some species of algae and fall
24 if you will, from the atmosphere. And third,
25 phosphorus input is more amenable to control.
-------
ZSS
1 DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 In any event, the quantity of algae
3 a lake can grow is largely determined by the
4 amount of nutrients available. The more nutrients
5 there are, the more algae there will be, the
6 greater the nuisance will become. There is
7 evidence that continued input of nutrients can
8 finally bring a lake beyond the point of no
9 return—to the stage where continuous recycling
10 of nutrients already present can result in
11 production of nuisance growths of algae.
12 The tremendous mass of data gathered
13 on the physical, chemical, and biological status
14 of Lake Michigan indicates that the lake, as a
15 whole, is beginning to show some early symptoms
16 of accelerated eutrophication. In this respect
17 the offshore areas differ from the inshore areas
18 in the nature and extent of their responses to
19 the input of nutrient-bearing pollutants. Con-
20 sequently, it is necessary to examine them
21 separately.
22
.Offshore Areas
23
24 The offshore, deep water areas of Lake
25 Michigan do not now show substantial effects of
-------
7O6
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 pollution or the onset of eutrophication forces.
3 They do, however, exhibit & combination of minor
4 and subtle changes that suggest that the real
5 beginnings of eutrophication are just around the
6 corner. This view is supported by a number of
7 factors that I wish to point out.
g The standing crop of algae, as shown
9 by periodic sampling during 1962 and 19&3, has
10 a low population density, between 100 and 300
11 organisms per milliliter. It is partly because
12 of this low algal population that the water has
13 a high transparency--in 1966 averaging 6 meters,
14 as shown by a common measuring device called a
15 secchi disc. This is less transparent than
16 Lakes Superior and Huron but more transparent
17 than Lakes Erie and Ontario. Unfortunately,
18 there is no historical record of transparency
19 to show if and to what extent water clarity is
20 changing. One study of primary productivity—
21 roughly the rate of algal growth—showed a rate
22 in 1964 only slightly higher than in Lake
23 Superior. We might consider this to be a
24 favorable observation.
25 Two changes in species composition in
-------
^__ 707,
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 the zooplankton have been noted. A water flea,
3 Bosmia longirostris, has replaced another,
4 Bosmia coregonl, and while it may seem frivolous
5 to some of you for me to stand here and talk
6 about water fleas, I assure you that this is
7 significant because a similar change occurred
g in Lake Zurich in Switzerland concurrent with
9 and as evidence of eutrophication changes which
10 were occurring there. There, also, pollution
11 is the prime source of nutrient input. Another
12 small organism , called Piapt omu s oregonensis,
13 has appeared and become prominent since 1927.
14 What this means beyond the fact that change is
15 occurring is not now clear.
16 The three principal kinds of bottom-
17 dwelling animals that occur in offshore areas
18 are the same now as observed in 1931 and 1932.
19 These sane organisms commonly are found in other
20 lakes that are not eutrophic. But recent
21 studies by the Great Lakes Research Division
22 of the University of Michigan have shown that
23 these animal populations have now increased
24 markedly in density. This is a response, most
25 likely, to enrichment of the bottom sediments,
-------
708
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
another sign of movement toward eutrophication.
Except in the south end of the lake,
where chemical quality of the water is declining,
offshore water presently is of high quality.
Nevertheless, indications of gradual chemical
buildup are apparent. Total inorganic nitrogen
concentration averages 0.19 milligrams per liter,
9 and total phosphate is in the neighborhood of
10 0.02 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of
... these two nutrients in the offshore waters have
.„ not yet reached levels that frequently cause
.» nuisance growths of algae. In his studies, Dr.
14 Beeton has noted that total dissolved solids
15 have Increased 30 parts per million in 90 years,
sulfate 13 parts per million, and chloride about
6 parts per million. These increases are not
18 great. But, if no preventive action is taken,
chemical buildup will increase so that nutrients
20 and other dissolved solids will move to levels
2i characteristic of eutrophication.
22 Some data on dissolved oxygen concen-
23 trations in deep waters of the lake are available
24 for 195^, 1955, I960, 1961 and 1966. It has been
25 pointed out that in the decade since the mid-'50s
-------
709
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 the oxygen content has decreased slightly. In
3 195^-55 the oxygen values equaled or exceeded
4 90 percent of saturation in 35 percent of the
5 casesj in 1966, 90 percent of saturation was
6 exceeded in only 10 percent of the cases. If
7 such decreasing oxygen is more than a momentary
g variation, and it appears to be, it should be
9 viewed with concern as a symptom of movement
10 toward eutrophication.
11
InJ* h
-------
710
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 litter the beaches In slimy windrows. Resulting
3 nuisances have occurred repeatedly at such points
4 as Chicago, Green Bay, Milwaukee, Manitowoc,
5 Sheboygan, Racine, Calumet Harbor, Indiana Harbor,
6 j Benton Harbor, Grand Haven, and other localities.
7 I have a slide now which shows that
8 in the summer of 196? algal growths of this kind
9 were more onerous than previously.
10 (Which said map follows:)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
711
AREAS WHERE CLAEOPHORA FOULED BEACHES
1967
LEGEND
El SEVERE
& ,MODERATE
BEND
\INDIANA;-~' |
FIGURE MO. 2
-------
712
1 DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 They also appeared in new places and
3 more luxuriantly than had been the case before.
4 The dark red, as the legend of this map should
5 indicate, are the areas where these growths were
6 especially onerous during 1967. I am not sure
7 that you can see it, but along the east shore
8 there is a pink margin which indicates that now
9 this entire east shore of the lake practically
10 is involved with it. The growth of such masses
11 of algae is a direct response to concentrated
12 high levels of nutrients brought into the lake
13 by way of municipal sewage, land runoff, urban
14 drainage, industrial wastes, and other sources.
15 in Lake Erie, luxuriant growths of Cladophora
16 seem to have been a forerunner of the more
17 widely dispersed free-floating or planktonic
18 growths of algae that now exist there.
19 Overabundant planktonic or free-
20 floating algae also have caused problems. Among
21 such problems are shortened filter runs and other
22 difficulties in water treatment plants at Green
23 Bay, Sheboygan, Milwaukee, Waukegan, Evanston,
24 Chicago, Gary, Michigan City, Benton Harbor,
25
Holland, Grand Rapids, and Muskegon. Taste and
-------
713
1 DR. A* F. BARTSCH
2 odors in water supplies caused by algae have
3 occurred at Kenosha, Chicago, Evanston, and
4 other North Shore cities.
5 In the southern end of the lake, there
6 is ample evidence of deterioration of chemical
7 water quality in areas adjacent to population
g centers. Total inorganic nitrogen and soluble
9 phosphate were found to be highest here. Along
10 with Green Bay, these also are the areas of
ll greatest algal growths, sometimes reaching the
12 point that water transparency diminished to
13 less than one meter.
14 At Green Bay, high nutrient input
15 brought soluble phosphate to an average concen-
16 tration of 0.07 milligrams per liter, sometimes
17 reaching as high as 0.6 milligrams per liter.
18 In Milwaukee Harbor, soluble phosphate averaged
19 0.44 milligrams per liter--15 times the concen-
20 tration considered critical for the production
21 of nuisance growths of algae--and sometimes
22 reached as high as 1.4 milligrams per liter.
23 Many other examples of high nutrient availability
24 could be cited, but these are indicative of
25 nutrient conditions existing in many of the
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 Inshore trouble spots.
3 According to long-term records avail-
4 able at Chicago, plankton algae increased at an
5 annual rate of 13 new organisms per milliliter
6 between 1926 and 1958. They also reached three
7 times the numbers found in offshore waters.
8 Such conditions of accelerated eutrophication
9 exist and usually extend lakeward in some form
10 or other at many points around the lake, such
11 as at Milwaukee, Racine, Chicago Harbor, Calumet
12 Harbor, Indiana Harbor, St. Joseph, Benton
13 Harbor, and Grand Haven.
14 In many of these areas, further evidence
15 of lake deterioration is seen in the nature and
16 density of bottom animal populations. In general,
17 over the years there has been a shift from a
18 normal assemblage of animals characteristic of
19 clean water to dense populations of one or two
20 kinds, such as sludgeworms and bloodworms,
21 commonly taken as evidence of organic pollution.
22 I have a slide here now that will show
23 you some of this distribution, so along with
24 the increased growth of algae many of these
25 inshore areas which you see here on this map that
-------
715
i
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
DR. A. F. BARTSCH
receive municipal and other wastes show this
kind of biological response.
(Which said map follows:)
-------
SL&DGEWORM POPULATION
NUMBER PEE< SQUARE METER
716
[~]VERY POLLUTED, OVER 2000/nf
£ POLLUTED, 1000-2000/m*
FIGURE NO. 3
-------
717
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 We see here especially the density
3 distribution of sludgeworms as they existed in
1962. Inshore areas of pollution in which the
population of bottom animals are thus impaired
total 3,^75 square miles along the southern
perimeter of the lake, almost uninterrupted
from Port Washington to Muskegon. Although
not shown in the figure, similar conditions
10 also occur over some 28 square miles of lower
Green Bay, as well as locally at Manitowoc,
12 Sheboygan, South Haven, Benton Harbor, Sauga-
13 tuck, Ludington, Manistee, and Manistique.
14 After these pronouncements, let's
15 consider then what this seems to mean.
16
Considerations^
17
18 While the deep water areas of Lake
19 Michigan give only a suggestion of creeping
20 eutrophication, the lake's response to increasing
21 nutrients in the inshore waters is obvious and
22 shows that the lake can respond when nutrients
23 for plant growth are abundant. Lake Michigan, as
24 a whole, is now at an early stage in the
25 eutrophication process that was passed through
-------
Hi.
DR. A. P. BARTSGH
by Lake Erie at some point in the past. With
increasing time, nutrient levels will increase
until finally the entire lake becomes involved.
With certain reservations, Lake Erie can be
6 viewed as a prototype and a preview of what
7 can happen in Lake Michigan if nutrient-bearing
waste input continues unabated.
9 Using available data, one can examine
10 existing nitrogen and phosphorus input-output
balances for Lake Michigan (Table I.)
12 (Which said Table follows:)
IS
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
Table I
Lake Michigan
Estimated Annual Input and Output
of Nitrogen and Phosphate
1963-64
Retained
Input Output in Lake _
Nitrogen 166.1 million Ibs. 32.2 million Ibs. 81%
Phosphates 14.6 million Ibs. 0.8 million Ibs. 95%
-------
720
! DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 In doing so—and I hope you can see
3 this better than I can at the moment—you will
4 find that there are two points that I wish to
5 make. The first, the estimated inputs of
6 nitrogen and phosphates are substantial. And
7 if there are some of you who cannct read the
8 numbers on this chart, you will note--I will
9 read them for you—the input of nitrogen is
10 166, roughly, million pounds per year and the
H input of phosphate roughly 15,000,000 pounds
12 per year. We will notice second that the output
13 or the loss by outflow through the Straits of
14 Mackinae are 32, roughly, million pounds of
15 nitrogen per year and eight-tenths of a million
16 pounds of phosphates per year. You will notice
17 also, and this, I think, is very significant,
18 we have occurring an estimated 8l percent
19 retention of nitrogen in the lake and a 95
20 percent retention of phosphates in the lake.
21 While percentage retention may vary
22 considerably among lakes and among different
23 nutrient elements of concern, substantial
24 retentions are not unusual. This, together
25 with changes that have been permitted to occur
-------
721
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 over the years In the inshore waters, the low
3 flushing rate of Lake Michigan, the awareness
4 of what has happened to Lake Erie and other
5 lakes, and the emerging evidence of subtle
6 chemical changes in water quality, emphasize
7 the need for action now.
3 We have seen forecasts that population
9 of the Lake Michigan Basin will soar from a 1960
10 level of 4.2.million to 12.1 million by the year
11 2020, that industrial wastes will increase by a
12 factor of 3, that chlorides in the lake will
is build up from a 1965 level of 7 milligrams per
14 liter to 12, and sulfates from 20 to 29 milli-
15 grams per liter. One can only expect that
16 nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
17 although complicated by their biological involve-
18 ment, will increase in somewhat the same pattern
10 also. If these changes are permitted to happen,
20 there seems little doubt that the problems of
21 the inshore waters will become more frequent
22 and more distasteful. They also will be extended
23 lakeward and gradually take over all of Lake
24 Michigan.
25 There is no doubt that the factors
-------
722
I DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 that stimulate eutrophication will function In
3 Lake Michigan as they do in any other lake.
4 There remains only the question—how long will
5 it take? Whether this requires 50, 10O, or
5 1,000 years, it can be prevented only by re-
7 storing the inshore areas to an acceptable state
8 and preserving the offshore waters in their
9 present state of purity. In the light of what
10 is now known about Lake Michigan, a policy
11 should be established without delay to keep
12 nutrient input from all sources at the lowest
13 possible level.
14
Summary
15
16 In summary then:
17 The offshore waters of Lake Michigan
18 are now of high quality. They are Just beginning
19 to show slight, subtle changes in the direction
20 of eutrophication. Localized inshore waters
21 are now eutrophic and have lost their usefulness
22 for many desirable purposes. If forecasts of
23 future chemical inputs materialize, eutrophi-
24 cation processes will be accelerated. Problems
25 in inshore waters will then become even more
-------
Z21.
1 DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 distasteful and costly, and they will gradually
3 involve the offshore waters. Accelerated
4 eutrophication can be prevented if action to
5 slow down nutrient input is taken soon enough.
6 The Lake Michigan campaign can be largely a
7 preventive one--therefore, more effective and
g economical than a totally restorative program.
9 To restore the inshore waters and prevent the
10 spread of inshore conditions lakeward, all
11 controllable nutrient input should be stopped.
12 Thank you.
13 (Applause.)
14 MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Bartsch,
15 for a truly excellent and incisive presentation.
16 I know some of the panelists probably
17 have known Fritz as long as I have, at least,
18 when ne jUJ3t came out of Wisconsin. You have
19 to realize that as an international expert
20 there are a lot of demands on his time.
21 I wonder if we could get some comments
22 or questions directed to him, because there are
23 a lot of pressures for us to release him from
24 Chicago as soon as we possibly can.
25 MR. OEMING: Mr. Chairman.
-------
1 DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 MR. STEIN: Mr. Oeming.
3 MR. OEMING: Dr. Bartsch, I first of
4 all wart to go on record to express my appre-
5 elation for a very enlightening report. This
6 is the finest dissertation that I have heard
7 in many a moon on this problem of eutrophi-
g cation.
9 I have Just two clarifying questions,
10 Dr. Bartsch.
U One, I wonder if you could define
12 for us a little bit better what you mean by
13 inshore and offshore. I don't mean that you
14 should be precise, but could you give us some
15 definition of this?
16 DR. BARTSCH: As I am using the
17 term "inshore" here I mean primarily the shore-
is line areas which are used for recreation, which
19 extend out as far as one goes for water supply.
20 If I were to have to name the depth, I would
21 say we are talking about somewhere in the
22 neighborhood of 10 meters or less.
23 MR. OEMING: That is about what,
24 39 feet?
25 DR. BARTSCH: Yes.
-------
725
j DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 MR. OEMING: Forty-foot depths?
3 MR. BARTSCH: In this general area,
4 MR. OEMING: I see. That Is fine.
5 Now,(on page 713)5 Dr. Bartsch, you
6 mentioned here that the phosphate input of
7 soluble phosphate or the concentrations that
8 you have found are .4^ milligrams per liter,
9 15 times the concentration considered critical.
10 Now, I wonder if you would just discuss that a
H little bit more.
12 First of all, could I assume from
13 this that .03 you would feel is a critical
14 concentration where you begin to develop these
15 nuisance growths?
16 DR. BARTSCH: I think, Mr. Oeming,
17 that one needs to "be very careful about the
18 terms and the words that are used when we are
19 talking about critical concentrations of
20 phosphorus, so I am going to be very careful
21 to my answer to you.
22 We have evidence from at least four
23 different directions that indicate first that
24 if you have any phosphorus present you are
25 going to grow some algae. The amount of algae
-------
726
l DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 that you grow, all other things being equal,
is directly related to the amount of phosphorus
you have present. We all know about Lively's
Law of the Minimum and this is what I am referring
. to. But we know from experience, we know from
7 scientific inquiry that if you go beyond the
level of about three-hundredths of a milligram
per liter of phosphate, which comes out roughly
10 to be one-hundredth of a milligram per liter
of phosphorus, then we are supplying the system
with enough phosphorus to grow nuisance growths
13 of algae. And so we are talking here not whether
you can grow algae at all, but the fact that
15 when you exceed this amount you are on the
threshold of growing enough algae so that they
17 become a nuisance.
Now, we know this from observations that'
19 deal with circumstantial type of evidence--maybe
20 Mr. Stein will quarrel with my use of that
21 adjective""but indicate that in lakes where
22 you do have phosphorus beyond this level of
23 one-hundredth of a milligram per liter you
24 have lakes which commonly are going to cause
25 difficulties so far as production of nuisance
-------
727
! DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 growths of algae are concerned.
3 I think there is another point related
4 to this, and that is that if we want to look for
5 the amount of phosphorus which is significant
6 in this sense we have to determine the amount
7 that is available at the "beginning of the
8 growing season and not at the time we have over-
9 growth of algae.
10 And then secondly, we also know
H that in cases where there has been intentional
12 input of phosphorus for the purpose of im-
13 proving production of algae, which it is
14 desirable to do this, that we begin to grow
15 substantial quantities of algae when you exceed
16 this level of somewhere in the neighborhood
17 of three-hundredths of a milligram per liter
18 of phosphate.
19 In addition, we know from laboratory
20 studies, and I am thinking especially of the
21 studies that were done by Chu, if anyone here
22 is familiar with him, or the studies that have
23 been done by Rohde, that even under these cultural
24 conditions and with some Judgment it can be demon-
25 strated that somewhere in that neighborhood you
-------
728
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 have reached the point where you can grow
3 substantial amounts of algae.
4 And then finally, fourth, we can also
5 rely upon the cold logic of scientific facts.
6 And I mentioned before Lively's Law of the
7 Minimum, which may be familiar to many people
8 here, which simply says that if you have a
9 whole smattering of different kinds of nutrients
10 in a body of water, a growth will take place
11 and ultimately growth will be stopped because
12 you exhaust one of these nutrients.
13 We know that most commonly phosphorus
14 is one of these, and on the basis of this logic
15 we can forecast that if you can cut phosphorus
16 down to this level you are going to cut down
17 the nuisance production of algae.
18 I am not sure that this answers your
19 question.
20 MR. OEMING: It has done a very good
21 Job, sir.
22 I take it from what you said that we
23 are talking about a ceiling of .03. You as a
24 biologist don't want to see it go above this
25 ceiling of .03, you would like to see it go
-------
729
! DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 below this?
3 DR. BARTSCH: My own feeling with re-
4 spect to Lake Michigan—and what I am giving back
5 to you here is the distillation of having read
6 all the reports that I could get my hands on and
7 some awareness of this lake by having lived in
8 its watershed and therefore having contributed
9 to the problem myself--is a feeling that we have
10 a wonderful lake here and if we increase the
11 input of nutrients or if we allow the nutrients
12 to go into this lake as they are now going into
13 it, we can have no other effect except to increase
14 the production of algae. And if you like clear
15 water as it now is in the offshore areas, then,
16 f°r heaven's sake, let's keep it that way and
17 keep the nutrients out.
18 Because any direction you go from here
19 toward increasing the nutrients is not going to
20 keep this lake in the condition it is now in.
21 MR. OEMING: Dr. Bartsch, I had only
22 two questions, but now you have led me into
23 one or two more.
24 One of them is, you talk about control-
25 lable inputs here, and I think we are talking
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 now of phosphates primarily, phosphorus, would
s you expect a noticeable improvement in the
4 situation if the phosphates were brought down,
5 if this were the only thing that we attacked
6 at this time? If we got the phosphates down
7 to this .02 level, let's say, would that of
g Itself produce a noticeable improvement in the
9 situation?
10 DR. BARTSCH: I think actually I
11 have already answered that in the former answer
12 I made and I can only say yes, in the affirmative,
13 again.
14 MR. OEMINGs 0. K.
15 DR. BARTSCH: I think this is the
16 only direction you can go.
17 MR. OEMIHG: Fine.
18 Now, one more question, and this
19 relates to your identification of areas on your
20 maps in here. Do you intend to convey the
21 impression that these are the only places
22 there are problems or are there other places
23 you haven't studied to identify that there
24 are problems in existence?
25 I am thinking now of enforcement
-------
731-
! DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 programs4 Dr. Bartsch, that while they are not
s mentioned in here, I think there are perhaps
4 other places that would substantiate the need
g for an enforcement program.
6 DR. BARTSCH: I made no claim that
7 the places that I cited were a complete expose.
8 They reflect really the materials that were
9 available to me in all of the reports I could
10 get my hands on and study in the length of
H time I had. Undoubtedly there may be other
12 places that I am not familiar with.
13 MR. OEMING: I would suggest that you
14 talk with our man at the Federal office some-
15 time. He can give you some more.
16 MR. STEINi Are there any other
17 questions?
18 Mr. Klassen.
19 MR. KLASSEN: I want to add my compli-
20 ments to this excellent paper.
21 I have three questions. Mr. Chairman.
22 One, could you outline some of the
23 eutrophic parameters that we could possibly
24 look to as a means of measuring whether the
25 lake is increasing in the aging process,
-------
732
j [ DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 decreasing, and also one of the latest,
3 this aerial surveillance method which recently
. has been reclassified*
. The second question, could you
.. outline what are some of the control measures?
o
You talk about control. ¥hat are currently
_ the practical control measures that we could
9 use?
10 And the third, it hasn't been mentioned,
u what is the role of sodium in this whole eutrophic
12 process? It is my understanding, and I have
13 a publication here, there are certain types,
14 particularly the bluegreen algae, that will
15 not grow unless sodium is present. What is
16 the role of sodium? Because sodium is found
17 in Lake Michigan.
18 DR. BARTSCH: In response to your
19 first question, Mr. Klassen, there are a
20 number of parameters that one could look for,
21 and certainly I would hope, regardless of
22 where we go from this day on with respect to
23 Lake Michigan, that we would have some way
24 of keeping a finger on the pulse of what happens
25 in this lake*
-------
733
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 To do this I would say first we ought
3 to have a surveillance program over the quan-
4 tity of production in this lake in terms of
6 algae. You recall I said this is one of the
6 principal symptoms of eutrophication. And I
7 think that this ought to be a continuing sur-
8 veillance so that we know whether we are getting
9 ahead or, even more Important, whether we are
10 falling "behind on this aspect.
H I would say that we should have some
12 continuing assessment of what is happening to
13 the levels of oxygen at the bottom waters,
14 because you recall that depletion of the deep
15 water oxygen is one of the symptoms of eutrophi-
16 cation. We can point to it in many other places
17 where this is one of the most evident types of
18 scientific data that can be looked at.
19 I think in conjunction with it we
20 would want to look at phosphorus levels in the
21 deep water, because often times we find that as
22 the oxygen depletion occurs we get a buildup in
23 phosphorus, and there are reasons for this that
24 we could go into.
25 I would think we would want to have
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 some awareness of the nature and the rate 01'
3 exchange of nutrients between the bottom sedi-
4 ments and the overlying water.
5 And in connection with your comment
6 on aerial surveillance, this is an area in
7 which we feel we should be doing some research,
g and in fact I have a colleague who took off and
9 went out to the O'Hare Field last night to have
10 dinner with two men who represent a company
11 who are doing research in this area. Maybe
12 we will get out into outer space and have some
13 surveillance from that vantage point or maybe
14 we will stay closer to home and just uae aerial
15 surveillance, the laser, and all the sophisti-
16 cated approaches that we can now think of.
17 MR. KLASSEN: The second was on the
18 control methods.
19 DR. BARTSCH: Yes. So far as control
20 is concerned, I prefer not to discuss this in
21 detail because Dr. Weinberger is going to follow
22 me once removed and I believe he is going to
23 cover this.
24 But I would want to say before leaving
25 the control that while we talked about roughly
-------
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 two-thirds of the phosphorus having its origin
3 in wastes, municipal and otherwise, I think we
should not ignore the other one-third, because
it seems to me foolish to consider the tremendous
6 expenditure involved unless we are going to
7 plug all of the leaks that we possibly can.
And to me this means that--I assume we do not
9 now have the technology to control phosphorus
10 runoff from cultivated land, and infiltration
n through agricultural practices. I think here
12 is an area in which there needs to be some work,
13 some research, some development in order to be
14 able to plug this source of input. I understand
15 that at the Secretarial level there nave been
16 discussions about things that might be done
17 in order to develop programs in this direction.
18 So if this is acceptable, I will
stop my comments on control at this point.
20 On the matter of sodium, sodium is
21 one of the necessary micronutrients for the
production of algae. It shares a distinction,
23 therefore, with molybdenum, copper and zinc
24 and boron and a number of metals, and to assume
25 that sodium has any extraordinary role beyond
-------
736
t DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 that I think Is not supported by any scientific
3 knowledge that I have. This is the same as
4 saying that sodium in its requirement, or the
5 requirement of the algae for sodium, lies at
. such minute concentrations in the medium that
o
7 I think we would find sodium everywhere in
8 every water in the United States.
9 MR. KLASSEN: Like Mr. Oeming, you
10 .lead me into one more question.
U You mentioned about the bottom
12 deposits. Is there In the bottom deposits
13 a necessary Ingredient to form a type of
14 vitamin, especially vitamin B12, that is
15 necessary or encourages the growth of vitamins?
16 My basis for this question was a lecture by
17 Dr. Liebman, who I am sure you know, in a
18 Munich biological institute. Is this a
19 problem that we might be facing in Lake Michigan?
20 DR. BARTSCH: I can't speak to that
21 point authoritatively, but I can point out
22 to you that all the algae, so far as I am aware,
23 require vitamin B12 in the metabolism, but I
24 also have the impression that vitamin B,2 is
25 available from other sources. We know it comes
-------
^___ 737
! DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 from sewage, for one thing. But it is also
3 produced in the environment by bacterial action
4 and there is even some question whether blue-
5 green algae may not be able to produce some
6 themselves.
7 MR. KLASSEN: Thank you.
8 MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole, did you have
9 one?
10 MR. POOLE: First I want to add my
H commendation to Dr. Bartsch. Fritz, this is
12 the most lucid explanation that I have heard
13 for the last several years.
14 My question is, am I correct in
15 assuming that in your Judgment eutrophication
16 is the major overall problem we are facing as
17 far as pollution of Lake Michigan is concerned?
18 DR. BARTSCH: Well, I may have to be
19 a little coy in answering that because eutrophi-
20 cation is my principal occupation, and therefore
21 I would say on that basis, yes, thtat as far as
22 I am concerned there is no question that this
23 is the real pressing problem of Lake Michigan.
24 Moreover, it is the kind of problem
25 that doesn't go away by itself. And to me the
-------
738"
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
prospect of losing a lake like Lake Michigan
because we fail to keep nutrients out and
because we fail to control eutrophieatlon,
6 which may be only one aspect of the overall
6 problem, means that in any event we are going
7 to lose the lake.
And so on that basis, I would say
9 very definitely, to me it is the most important
10 problem as far as Lake Michigan is concerned.
MR. POOLE: I have Just one more,
12 and I think I merely want you to reiterate
13 the answer you gave to Mr. Oeming.
14 Am I correct in assuming that in your
15 judgment the proper attack on this problem is
to beam the attack at the removal of phosphates?
17 DR. BARTSCH: Yes.
18 MR. POOLE: Thank you.
19 MR. STEIN: Are there any questions
20 down here?
21 Mr. Post on.
22 MR. POSTON: I have a question here
23 relative to clarification. Mr. Oeming asked
24 us the question or asked Mr. Schneider to read
25 the sentence about "At present, the main body
-------
739
l DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 of Lake Michigan has not shown siens of oxygen
3 deficiency—even in its bottom waters, where
4 an oxygen deficit is freauently observed in
5 eutrophic lakes and in manaade reservoirs.
n
6 And I note that our thrust in this statement
7 was intended to indicate that there is not
a major oxygen problem in Lake Michigan.
9 In your statement (on page 708)in
10 your presentation you talked about dissolved
11 oxygen concentrations and I wondered if there
12 is any difference in our presentation or our
13 statements here.
14 DR. BARTSCHJ I am not sure I get
15 the exact sense of your question, but let me
16 comment as I think the answer ought to go.
17 The data that I referred to on oxygen
18 depletion in the bottom waters I cited here
19 only as one of the subtle symptoms of the
20 beginnings of eutrophication, and when we
21 talked about the number of occasions of sampling
22 when we find that the oxygen level Is something slightly
23 less than 90 percent of saturation, which is
24 the context of what I said, then I wouldn't
25 consider this to be a serious deficiency from
-------
t DR. A. P. BARTSCH
the ordinary point of view.
z
It is serious only in the sense that
3
4 it says to us, look here, there is something
wrong in this lake, and it is not saying to
5
us, look here, we have depleted the oxygen
6
to the point where we are having serious
problems because of it.
Does that answer your question?
9
MR. POSTON: I think so. What you
are saying is that there is some below satu-
,_ ration, times when there 1s--
iz
DR. BARTSCH: Yes.
13
., MR. POSTOH: —less than saturation
14
15 with respect to oxygen?
16 DR. BARTSCH: Yes.
17 MR. STEIN: Any other questions?
18 Mr. Holmer.
19 MR. HOLMER: Dr. Bartsch, I enjoyed
20 this seminar and I think we can learn quite a
21 bit from it. I hope that this question will
22 be one that you won't have to refer to your
23 chauffeur to answer because it is too simple.
24 The definition of sources of phosphate
25 entry into Lake Michigan includes both those which
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 can be clearly identified, the municipal and
3 industrial sources, and the non-municipal,
4 non-industrial. Has there been an analysis
5 that vould give us some idea of the proportionate
6 shares of these in the total input?
7 DR. BARTSCH: Yes. I have some data
8 like that here, I think.
9 I have three figures. One is land
10 runoff, which was estimated to be 4.9 million
11 pounds per year, discharges directly to the
12 lake, those that have a sewer outfall directly
13 to the lake, 5 million pounds, and the tribu-
14 taries 9.7 million pounds.
15 flow, in the tributaries we have re-
16 fleeted here also those municipal discharges
17 that happen to occur in these tributaries.
18 MR. HOLMER: Thank you very much.
19 About half, then, roughly, comes from non -
20 point sources, we might infer from these figures?
21 DR. BARTSCHJ It would be somewhere
22 in that area, yes.
23 MR. HOLMER: The other question I
24 have, we have indicated that there is a critical
25 point in the amount of phosphorus measured in
-------
742
! DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 parts per million. Would there be any virtue
3 in thinking in terms of increased diversion
4 of water into Lake Michigan in order to increase
5 the water content or does it all run out the
6 other end so that this wouldn't kelp us in
7 reducing the parts per million?
8 DR. BARTSCH; I think I can only
9 answer that by saying that the idea of dls-
10 persing nutrients by input of a billion is
11 not a new idea, and we in our research program
12 At the moment are planning for such a project
13 which we will carry out in Moses Lake, Washing-
14 ton, this coming summer, in which we will use
15 water which is of low fertility diverted from
16 the Columbia River to introduce into one arm
17 of the lake for this kind of study.
18 To think about this in relation to
19 Lake Michigan is of a magnitude that I Just
20 can't grasp at the moment. I think there are
21 too many other factors that would have to be
22 examined 1n terms of the percentage or the ratio
23 of the amount of water you could get your hands
24 on to introduce for this purpose in relation
25 to this tremendous reservoir of water you have
-------
DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 here already.
3 To say it a little differently, in
4 Moses Lake we contemplate completely replacing
. the water in one arm of the lake. I can't
visualize that you could ever get your hands
on enough water to do this in Lake Michigan.
At the same time I think the principle is a
reasonable one to explore.
10 MR. STEIN: We have some other questions
11 here.
12 You know, it is a delightful suggestion
13 to some of us in the water field, particularly
14 to chose who have spent their whole careers and wi
15 probably retire on the Chicago diversion case,
16 (laughter) but something like that will keep us
17 busy and our children busy, I guess.
18 Do we have a question down there?
19 MR. POOLE: Well, first I coramended
Dr. Barooch on his report and now I want to
21 f.rgae with him a little.
22 If I understood his answer to Mr.
23 Holmer, he was saying that about half of the
24 phosphorus in the lake came from what I choose
25 to call non-point sources, and this is not
n
-------
___ __ ? Ml
DR. A. P. BARTSCH
what he has in his report (on page 703), where
he says a third and two-thirds from municipalities
3 •
and industries. Based on having gone through
this in the Lake Erie conference, I have been
5
carrying around in my head for a long time that
6
at least the two-thirds figures did come from
point sources.
_ DR. BARTSCH: Yes, I believe I mis-
9
. spoke in response to you, a misinterpretation
in going through this table.
.. MR. STEIN: I think that stands
iz
,„ corrected.
13
Are there any other comments?
1K MR. MITCHELL: I would like to ask a
id
16 question,
On page 712 you state that, "The growth
18 of such masses of algae is a direct response to
concentrated high levels of nutrients brought
20 into the lake by way of municipal sewage, land
runoff, urban drainage, industrial wastes."
22 Are those listed in the order of their
23 contribution?
24 DR. BARTSCH: No, not necessarily.
25 MR. MITCHELL: What would you suggest
-------
74$
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 that order might be?
3 DR. BARTSCH: I could only give you
4 a rough impression, and I would say here that
5 municipal sewage very likely might be the
6 major one, but I am not sure. It you wish,
7 I would be very happy to arrange to get some
8 correct figures on this and see that they
9 come to you.
10 MR. MITCHELL: I would appreciate it.
11 MR. STEIN: Mr. Holmer.
12 MR. HOLMER: 1 have one minor
13 question.
14 When you used Dr. Kasler's chart of
15 eutrophication, which shows the two rather
16 sharp curves, it was my impression from what
17 you were saying that we are really in the
18 leading edge of the very first upward curve
19 toward eutrophication. Is this a correct
20 interpretation of what you are saying?
21 DR. BARTSCH: Yes. I would say that
22 so far as Lake Michigan is concerned, we are
23 just at the point where the effect of this is
24 becoming visible.
25 MR. HOLMER: In terms of geological
-------
746
DR. A. F. BARTSCH
2 time, this is a fairly extensive period except
3 for what man does to accelerate the process,
4 though?
5 DR. BARTSCH: Will you restate that?
6 I didn't quite hear it.
7 MR* HOLMER: In terms of were man
8 not accelerating the process by which we move
9 up that curve, it would even at that stage
represent a significant series of millennia
11 in all probability?
DR. BARTSCHi I wouldn't want to
be one to forecast, and I very carefully did
not forecast in my statement—
15 MR. HOLMER; I know you didn't.
DR. BARTSCH i —when this lake is
17 going to reach X stage of eutrophication.
But I would say this, that if we compare Lake
19 Michigan with Lake Erie, I think we have to
20 recognize that there are two antagonistic
21 situations. For one thing, Lake Michigan
22 is exceedingly deep and, therefore, the
quantity of water in relation to the surface
area, which is one thing you look at in connection
25 with eutrophication, is exceedingly great. This
-------
747
IDR. A. F. BAHTSCH
would tend to deter or slow down the rate at
2
which eutrephication takes plaee except for
3
the second, and that is the fact that we have
in Lake Michigan, as it has been called, a
5
cul-de-sac type of lake, and although we have
6
seen some estimates that the flushing rate
might be a hundred years, I think Dr. Baum-
o
gartner, who is going to follow me on this
9
rostrum,is going to indicate an estimate of
a much longer period of time than that for
complete flushing of Lake Michigan.
So on this basis, it means that it
13
might be going at a faster rate, if you look
at this part only, than in Lake Erie.
,_ Now, to get directly to your question,
w
17 I think that if we stay right where we are now
lg that it might be a long, long, long time before
19 we really reach a stage in Lake Michigan that
2Q you could think of as a highly eutrophic rate
21 so far as the entire body of water is concerned.
22 MR. STEIN: Mr. Poston, do you have
23 one?
24 MR. POSTON: I would like to ask Dr.
25 Bartsch whether there are materials discharged
-------
1 DR. A. P. BARTSCH
2 from municipal and Industrial outfalls that
3 would affect the lake proper, that Is Lake
4 Michigan, even though these discharges may
5 be at remote parts of the Basin, such as 50,
6 100 miles' distance?
7 DR. BARTSCHr I think what you are
g asking me really is does the phosphorus dis-
9 charge from X city on X tributary find its
10 way into Lake Michigan, and I think obviously
11 the answer is yes and this can be demonstrated
12 through stream surveys, and we have an indication
13 here that there is already a tremendous input
14 of phosphates into Lake Michigan by way of the
is tributaries.
16 MR. STEIH: Are there any other
17 comments or questions?
18 I think we have another one here.
19 Go ahead.
20 MR. OEMIHG: Dr. Bartsch, have you
21 made any evaluation or estimate of the contri-
22 bution of phosphates from the massive die-off
23 of alewives in Lake Michigan?
24 DR. BARTSCHi Ho, I have not.
25 MR. OEMIHG: Would you think that that
-------
1 OR. A. F, BARTSCH
night be desirable, to have some information
, about this? Even though we might not be able
3
to do anything about it, I think it would put
_ this into some perspective here.
5
DR. BARTSCH: I think it would be
6
interesting to have some awareness of how
much nitrogen and phosphorus and iron and
o
_ other elements are bound up in the bodies
9
of the alewives, but from a practical point
of view it seems to me that all we are really
talking about here is an acceleration of the
13 natural recycling of the nutrients within
14 the lake system itself.
15 MR. OEMING: It comes after the
16 growing season, doesn't it, what you term
17 the growing season, this contribution, so
18 from your standpoint would it be significant?
19 DR. BARTSCH: In the lake we have a
20 recycling going on all the time.
21 MR. OEMING: I know you have*
22 DR. BARTSCH: So long as there is
23 growth in production of algae and the other
24 microscopic animal organisms that go along
25 with them, we have recycling of phosphorus
-------
750
" DR, A. P. BARTSCH
and other nutrients through the system.
2
MR. OEMIHGi I see.
MR. STEIN: Are there any other
comments or questions?
0
You know, Secretary Edwards this
6
morning read a letter froa a young man to
Secretary Udall indicating the interest in
o
the program. What this brings home to me here
9
is the size of the group that we are talking
to and the Interest here. I can remenber the
day when they had all the so-called specialists
in one dinky old corridor in the building and
,. we used to talk to each other. I think we have
14
15 come a long way since then.
,- Thank you very much, Dr, Bartseh,
it>
17 for an excellent presentation.
lg (Applause.)
19 HE. STEIN: We will stand recessed
2Q until 2 o'clock.
21 (Whereupon, a recess was taken until
22 2:00 p.m. of the same day.)
23
24
25
-------
75.1
1 AFTERNOON SESSION
2 (2:00 p.m.)
3 JCR. STUN: May we reconvene?
4 Before we get into the afternoon
5 session, we sometimes refer to the industries
6 here as clients. To give you an indication
7 of what is done, I think we will take a few
g minutes to call on Mr. Mallatt of American Oil.
9 M r. Mallatt, will you cons up
for a moment? I think he has a couple of
11 slides to indicate what American Oil is doing.
12 Why don't you take the rostrum.
13
14 INDUSTRY PRESENTATION
15
16 MR. STEIN: I don*t know if any of
17 you people have seen the American Oil Refinery,
18 but they have done a rather thorough ,|ob of
19 pollution control. They are Just not satls-
20 fied with ordinary pollution control; they
21 are researching and going on further.
22 Mr. MaUlatt.
23
24
25
-------
752
1 INDUSTRY PRESENTATION
2
3 STATEMENT BY R. C. MALLATT
4 COORDINATOR OF AIR AND WATER CONSERVATION
5 AMERICAN OIL COMPANY, CHICAGO
6
7 MR. MALLATT: Thank you very much,
8 Mr. Stein.
9 In view of the reference this morning
10 to a vessel stranded in Lake Michigan that eon-
ll tains some bunker sea fuel and thereby the
12 indirect reference to the general problem of
13 recovering oil that may be spilled by accident
14 in water, I thought that there might be some
15 interest in seeing a slide or two of an oil
16 recovery craft that we have developed in
17 recent weeks. An announcement of this device
18 will be released to the press this afternoon
19 and it probably will appear in some of the
20 papers tomorrow.
21 If we can have the first slide, please.
22 This is the vessel. It is an 8-foot
23 wide by 24-foot long catamaran boat that is
24 propelled with an outboard motor. Mounted
25 a midship in this craft is a new device for
-------
753
1 R. C. MALLATT
2 for removing oil from the surface of the water.
3 It consists, In essence, of a steel drum, to
4 which is affixed a blanket of polyurethane foam,
5 which has an affinity for oil. It is driven
6 by a conventional two-cylinder engine and
7 can be raised and lowered, depending upon the
8 depth of the layer of oil in the water. As
9 this revolves it picks -up the oil from the
10 surface of the water and passes the belt with
11 the contained oil through the first of two
12 rollers. By applying light pressure to the
13 first of two rollers, which cannot actually
14 be seen, we fi.rst squeeze out the contained
15 water, and then in the second roller, by apply-
16 ing more pressure, we squeeze out the oil.
17 By this means we are able to recover this
18 oil-water mixture in a form that concentrates
19 the oil. In other words, the stuff we recover
20 contains about 95 percent oil and maybe 5
21 percent water Instead of the reverse, which is
22 usually the situation.
23 Under actual operating conditions,
24 this particular size craft and roller should
25 have a capacity for picking up about 50 barrels
-------
I R. C. MALLATT
2 of oil per hour. Of course we anticipate
3 using this in connection with these floating
4 booms, which usually are used to surround the
5 oil and contain it, and then by going in with
6 this device we expect to pick it up. We have
7 Just the one craft now. We are making four
g more at the present time.
9 Thank you, Mr. Stein, for the
10 opportunity of calling this to your attention.
11 MR. STEIN: Thank you.
12 Ycm know, to show you the relation-
13 ship of the industries and the regulators, I
14 once got a gift from American Oil and you
15 know what that was? They sent me an extra
16 copy of the credit card. My older girl is
17 now a senior in college and I made the mistake
18 when I got that extra credit card of giving
19 it to her. That was the most expensive gift
20 I have ever had.
21 (Laughter.)
22 (The following material was submitted
23 by Mr. R. C. Mallatt:)
24
25
-------
_ _ _________ 755^
R. : 'ALLATT '
2 NEWS
« American Oil Company
910 South Michigan Avenue
g Chicago, Illinois 60680
c James M. Patterson, Director of Public Relations
o
7 Telephone: 431-5380
John Canning, Manager of Press Relations
9 Telephone: 431-5384
10
12
Long Distance Area Code 312
For Publication A.M. Editors, Friday,
February 2, 1968.
13
Development of a new device to help
15 clean up oil spills in harbors and on lakes was
announced today by American Oil Company, mar-
17 keting, manufacturing and product research
18 subsidiary of Standard Oil Company (Indiana) .
19 The new oil skimmer was described as
20 "The most effective device built to date for
21 the cleanup of oil spills," by Dr. Philip C.
22 White, American Oil's vice president in charge
23 of research and development.
24 The new oil skimmer, mounted on a
25 24-foot pontoon catamaran, consists of a
-------
756
R, C, MALLATT
"super-sponge" made from hydrophoblc polyurethane
foam mounted on a 4-foot-long, 12-inch-diameter
4 rotating drum. It soaks up spilled oil from
. the surface and repels water. Whatever little
. water It absorbs is squeezed out with low
o
_ pressure rollers. The oil then is removed
g by applying greater pressure.
"This device can clean up to 50
10 barrels of spilled oil per hour," Dr. White
said. "The recovered oil then is stored in a
large plastic 'sausage' towed by the catamaran,
and later taken ashore for treatment."
14 Pontoons and specially designed
15 baffles lessen the effects of water turbulence
and permit the catamaran to scoop up oil even
In mildly agitated waters.
18 The skimmer was developed by Engineers
Robert Yahnke and Robert Will at the Whiting,
20 Indiana research laboratories of American Oil.
21 W0ur tests indicate that the device
22 works well with either heavy, viscous fuels
23 or lighter oil products, making it useful for
24 any type of petroleum spill," Dr. White said.
25 Development of the skimmer results from the
-------
757
1 R. C. MALLATT
2 the company's continuing air and water conser-
3 vation research.
4 Several additional skimmers are tinder
5 construction at Whiting, and will be kept in
6 readiness at the company's major marine terminals
7 They will be made available to other oil com-
8 panies, the Coast Guard and other public agencies
9 to help deal with any oil spillage accidents,
10 Dr. White said.
U The new skimmer will be used in con-
12 junction with floating slick bar booms which
13 can effectively corral and contain spilled oil
14 in waters where the surface current is slow,
15 according to R. C. Mallatt, American Oil
1$ coordinator of air and water conservation.
17 These plastic barriers also can be used to
18 funnel spilled oil away from beaches and into
19 areas where it can be scooped up by the new
20 skimmer or other devices.
21
22 Lines for art
23 R. C. Mallatt, left, American Oil
24 Company coordinator of air and water conserva-
25 tion, demonstrates new oil skimmer, installed
-------
758_
B.C. MALLATT
2 in an outboard-motor-powered catamaran.
3 Polyurethane-covered drum (foreground) rotates
toward camera, absorbing floating oil which
5 is squeezed out of the foam material by metal
g roller located Just above drum. Small amount
7 of water picked up by foam is removed from
drum by a low-pressure roller (out of sight
behind drum), before it rotates under oil-
10 removal roller where greater pressure is exerted.
Oil squeezed out of the foam is stored in a
12 plastic container towed behind the catamaran,
13 and later taken ashore for treatment.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
759
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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13
14
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16
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19
20
21
22
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-------
-------
761
1 FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
2 MR. STEIN: Mr. Poston.
3 MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, we are
4 ready to hear from Dr. Donald Baumgartner> our
6 Senior Oceanographic Scientist, and he
6 will tell us about the currents in Lake Michigan.
7 Dr. Baumgartner.
8
9 STATEMENT OP DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
10 CHIEF OP OCEANOGRAPHY
U PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY
12 CORVALLIS, OREGON
13
14 DR. BAUMGARTNER: Thank you.
15 Mr. Chairman, Conferees, ray name is
16 Donald J. Baumgartner.
17 The purpose of my statement is to
18 provide information on the currents in Lake
19 Michigan and to explain how they relate to
20 the transportation of pollutional material
21 throughout the lake. With this explanation
22 you will see that it is necessary to consider
23 all of Lake Michigan within one water pollution
24 control scheme, since pollutional material dis-
25 charged at any point in the lake can contribute
-------
762
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 to degradation of water quality at any other
3 location. This conclusion is reached after a
4 general consideration of factors which influence
5 motion in large bodies of water, coupled with
6 specific scientific studies conducted on Lake
7 Michigan.
8
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
9
10 In presenting a brief review of these
11 considerations, six factors come to mind; wind,
12 atmospheric pressure, topography, solar radia-
13 tion, precipitation, and the rotation of the
14 earth.
15 All bodies of water presenting a free
16 surface are set in motion by the winds which
17 blow over them. Water near the surface is
18 dragged along with the wind, in turn dragging
19 with it water below the surface, until encounter-
20 ing some obstacle, such as the shore. Here the
21 surface currents may be diverted along the shore
22 in either direction or downward toward the bottom,
23 returning toward the region where they were
24 initially produced. When the wind patterns are
25 small with respect to the size of the lake, the
-------
163.
DR. DOHALD J. BAUMGARTHER
1
resulting current pattern would toe neither
2
simple nor uniform. Whatfs more, the wind patternjs
3
change from day to dayj hence, circulation pattern|s
4
established yesterday are not necessarily those
5
which would be established under today's wind.
6
The surface waters respond first with a change
7
of wind, and they in turn transmit the change to
8
the deeper waters, causing in the process some
9
turbulent mixing of the layers.
10
Another factor associated with the
ll
weather, which requires consideration, is
12
atmospheric pressure. Just as the liquid
13
level in a barometer rises or falls with
14
changing pressure, the water level at one end
15
of the lake tends to rise or fall with respect
16
to the other end under conditions of variable
17
pressure. With a relatively fixed volume of
18
water in the lake, this can only be accomplished
JLJ
20 with a flow of water from one end to the other,
21 causing, of course, a current.
22 A third factor of importance in
23 considering currents is the shape of the
24 bottom and sides of the lake basin. Upon
25 close examination of Lake Michigan's shore,
-------
___ 764
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTHER
2 we find harbors, breakwaters, coves, shallows,
3 and tributaries which have an influence on the
4 currents in each locality. More generally,
5 current patterns show the influence of two
6 ridges extending northeast across the bottom
7 of the lake, north and south of Milwaukee.
8 This prevents the deeper water from flowing
9 in an uninterrupted north-south path, and
10 causes a great deal of mixing as water flows
ll up and over the obstruction.
12 The fourth item to be considered is
13 the amount of solar radiation which falls upon
14 the body of water. As the sun's rays pass through
15 the water, more of the energy is absorbed near
16 the surface than at subsequently lower levels,
17 resulting in an uneven increase in temperature
18 with depth. When water is above 39° Parenheit,
19 further increases in temperature cause a de-
20 crease in density; hence, water near the surface
21 becomes lighter than the deeper water. Because
22 of this decreased density, the warmer water
23 tends to float, almost as if it were a different
24 liquid, and resists mixing with the colder, more
25 dense water beneath. Starting with the onset
-------
765
l DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 of summer, the situation begins to intensify
3 as the summer progresses. With more and more
4 heat added to the surface of the lake and
5 being mixed only to a relatively shallow
5 depth, the colder waters below remain relatively
7 unaffected. The zone of separation between
g the warm, less-dense surface water and the
9 cold, deep water is frequently referred to as
10 the thermocline, and while it is not as distinct
11 a separation as would be found with oil floating
12 on water, there can be a rather definite de~
13 marcation of the two bodies of water to the
14 extent that they act as though they were
15 separate layers. Even though both are water
16 with very nearly the same composition, there
17 is very little interchange of material from
18 one layer to the other, A significant aspect
19 of this type of two-layered system is that
20 waves can exist on the interface between the
21 two layers Just as waves exist on the surface
22 of the water.
23 The most readily apparent current is j
24 that caused by all the water introduced to the
25 watershed by precipitation, flowing toward the
-------
766
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMQARTHER
2 outlet, which In the case of Lake Michigan
3 averages about 25 hlili!*5L gallons per day. In
4 small lakes with large inflows, this may be
5 the principal cause of currents, but even
6 flows this great are not expected to predomi-
7 nate in large lakes over currents caused by
g other considerations.
9 The above characteristics are common
10 to all bodies of water and are firmly established
11 in the scientific literature and in textbooks
12 on limnology and oceanography. Currents con-
13 sistent with these concepts have been actually
14 observed and documented by investigators in
15 this country and abroad, both in lakes smaller
16 than Lake Michigan and in bodies of water larger
17 and of a different shape than Lake Michigan.
18 There is, therefore, no reason to expect that
19 the currents occurring here would not exhibit
20 the same general features.
21 The rotation of the earth contributes
22 to currents in large lakes such that parcels of
23 water moving under the Influence of forces
24 previously mentioned would be deflected to
25 the right (when viewed from above). Thus any
-------
^___ 767
1 1DR. DONALD J. BA0MGASTHBR
2 water otherwise motivated to travel in a rather
3 direct line from, say, Milwaukee to the Straits
4 of Mackinac, would actually follow a curving
5 path to the right toward the eastern shore.
6 Before mentioning the observations
7 which have been recorded on the type of currents
8 actually found in Lake Michigan, I should point
9 out one factor specific to this system which
10 contributes to the complexity to be expected
11 in the flow. The connection between Lake Michigan
12 and Lake Huron, while admittedly narrow, is a
13 free connection, thus flow patterns in one lake
14 can influence the flow in the other through this
15 channel.
16 When one considers tne almost unlimited
17 variety of pressures and wind systems, temperature
18 and precipitation phenomena which can exist over
19 this lake system and how it can vary from day to
20 day, one would not be surprised to observe a great
21 variation in the current regimes. With this
22 introduction, there are two questions which
23 remain to be answered—first, what has been
24 observed which would demonstrate such .a complex
25 current system; and second, what does this mean
-------
768
! DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 with respect to the fate of pollutants in the
3 lake.
4
SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS
5
A large number of scientific investi-
6
gations have been conducted in Lake Michigan
to ascertain the currents which result from
O
the interaction of these various factors and
to determine which, if any, exert the dominating
influence. One of the most extensive and most
.„ recent studies of this nature was made by the
12
.„ staff of the Great Lakes Region of the Federal
13
.. Water Pollution Control Administration and is
14
t. described in a report entitled, "Lake Currents"
Id
16 A major portion of the field investigations was
.- performed under the direction of Mr. James L.
lg Verber, who has extensive experience in studying
19 lake currents. In addition to the contributions
20 of other technical staff in the Federal Govern-
2i ment, contributions were made by well known
22 scientists from universities throughout the
23 country.
24 Because of the size of this report,
25 Mr. Chairman, I will not request that it be
-------
769
DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 made a part of the record. However, copies are
3 available in the Regional Office of the FWPCA
here in Chicago for review by interested parties.
6 (Copies of Exhibit 5, a report titled
. "Lake Currents," are on file at the Federal Water
D
7 Pollution Control Administration in Washington,
8 D. C., and at the Regional Office in Chicago,
Illinois.)
10 DR. BAUMGARTNER: One of the major
objectives of this study was to provide in-
formation on the variability of currents at
13 different times of the year throughout the
14 lake. To do this, current meters which recorded
15 the direction and speed of the water mass were
anchored at the locations indicated on figure
6-2 of the report, which is reproduced on the
lg first slide. At each of the stations indicated
19 on this figure, current meters were installed at
20 various depths, the number depending upon the
21 depth of the lake at that location. Many of
22 the same stations had temperature recorders at
23 various depths and wind meters floating on the
24 surface. In some cases data were recorded for
25 over 200 consecutive days. With this amount
-------
40 Kilometers
GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
LAKE MICHIGAN
CURRENT STATION LOCATIONS
U 3 0'. I'f.'i FM- .lj i './' i r;t. in i L
: TKOLKAL WATER POLLUTION CC'iT-'IOl
'" ' ' '*• '• < '
-------
771- i
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 of Information, it was possible to observe the
3 nature of currents at any one station over a
4 considerable range of weather conditions and
5 lake temperatures, and also to compare currents
g obtained at other locations to give a picture
7 of the general circulation pattern at any one
g time. This type of information was most com-
9 plete for the current meters near the surface,
10 which in this context is meant to be at a depth
11 of 10 meters. In conjunction with the wind
12 data it was possible to determine four general
13 types of circulation in the surface waters,
14 related to the wind and the presence or absence
15 of a thermocline in the lake.
16 In figure 6-4, shown in the next
17 slide, current patterns are depicted by a
18 series of arrows. As you will note from the
19 caption, this is the type of surface current
20 found in winter under the influence of winds
21 coming from the north to northwest quadrant.
22 This type of flow usually predominates from
23 November through March, although it is subject
24 to variations for short periods of time under
25 changing weather conditions. In total, it
-------
GREAT LAKES — ILLINOIS
RIVER BASICS PROJECT
WINTER CIRCULATION
N-NW WINDS
u s o^f-AP i vcf;T or THE: IN i tfj;.o
WATER POlLUMON CGNT»OL AC',
La^ei P'ion v'.r.iC'.-jr, li .P-W
-------
773
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 can be expected to occur about 25 percent of
3 the year. I would call your attention to
4 several features--at the upper end of the lake,
5 the double-headed arrow indicates that the flow
6 I is considerably variable at this point, in-
7 fluenced not so much by the winds over the
8 rest of the lake, but by surging of water back
9 and forth between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron.
10 This type of situation was reported by C. F.
11 Powers and J. C. Ayers of the University of
12 Michigan in 1960.
13 The southern end of the lake is domi-
14 nated by a clockwise rotational flow, being
15 separated from a rotational flow in the northern
16 section of the lake on a line running approxi-
17 mately northeast from the region south of Mil-
18 waukee. Immediately offshore from the Chicago
19 area, the flow appears to be southward near the
20 shore, but northward a short distance farther
21 offshore. The separation of the rotational
22 I/ "Water Transport Studies in Straits
23 of Mackinac Region of Lake Huron", by Charles P.
24 Powers and John C. Ayers. Limnology and Ocean-
25 ography, Vol. 5, pp. 81-83, January 1960.
-------
zzi
j DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 pattern in the southern end of the lake from
3 that in the northern end will be noticed in
4 the subsequent slide. The flow offshore from
. the Chicago region will also be compared to
. the situation observed here.
0
The next slide, figure 6-5, shows
g winter conditions where the wind is from the south
. to southwest quadrant. These winds are commonly
10 found from January to April and hence overlap the
j, same period of time under which the previous
12 current regime is demonstrated. This again
13 accounts for flow in approximately 25 percent
14 of the year. Directing your attention again
15 to the Chicago area, it is seen that the near-
16 shore currents and the offshore currents are
17 reversed from the circulation indicated under
18 conditions of winds from the north-northwest.
19 In the next slide, figure 6-6, the
20 current pattern is depicted for the rather
21 rare circumstance of winds from the north-
22 northeast, which occurs about 10 percent of
23 the year, mainly during the summer. The circu-
24 lation in the central part of the south end
25 of the lake is again a counter-clockwise rotation,
-------
GREAT LAKES — ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
WINTER CIRCULATION
S-SW WINDS
U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INT ERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AUVIf!
Greot Lakes Region _Chicu']Qllllinu -,
-------
GREAT LAKES ILLINOIS
RIVER BASING PROJECT
SUMMER CIRCULATION
N NE WINDS
U S DEPARTMENT Of THE K.lt'MOP
FEDERAL V/ATER POL'LUriON CCMT^OL -
Great Loke-, Riiion Oscc-j :
-------
777
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTHER
2 and offshore from Chicago the nearshore direction
3 is the same as the rotational flow.
4 The next slide, figure 6-1, shows the
5 dominant summer circulation, which occurs about
6 40 percent of the year under the influence of
7 winds from the south-southwest. The circulation
g patterns offshore from Chicago are southerly due
9 to the counter-clockwise rotation, but near
10 shore they are again northward, as they were with
11 the winter circulation under the same wind
12 conditions. Thus, about 65 percent of the time,
13 the flow pattern in this region of the lake is
14 similar near the surface to what is depicted
15 here.
16 Not quite as much detail can be
17 obtained from the current meters stationed at
18 lower depths, because there were a smaller
10 number of stations from which to obtain data.
20 The next slide, figure 6-9, shows the
21 circulation pattern obtained from current meters
22 at a depth of 90 meters. This not only demon-
23 strates the presence of the two ridges extending
24 northeast from the area around Milwaukee, dividing
25 the lake into two basins, but demonstrates also
-------
778"
124
GREAT LAKES ~ ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
SUMMER CIRCULATION
S-SW WINDS
U S DEPARTMENT Of THE INI ERlGR
FEDERAL V/ATER POLLUTION CONTROL >
Great Lakes Region Cniccgr,.!;
-------
90 Meter, Contour
Station Direction of Flow Average Speed
GREAT LAKES " ILLINOIS
RIVER BASit'JS PROJECT
SUBSURFACE NET FLOV/S
U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INT £r?;Cn
FEOCRAL V/ATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Great LoVes Region f f.iC'.^i.l;
-------
780.
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNEH
2 the presence of a great area of variable flow,
3 yet maintaining a generalized counter-clockwise
4 rotation. The variability observed in the
5 currents at depth is considerable and appears
6 to be due largely to the existence of the
7 thermoeline and internal wave patterns which
8 exist there, especially in the summertime.
9 One of the most significant contri-
10 butions to the scientific understanding of
11 currents in Lake Michigan was the collection
12 and analysis of the temperature data obtained
13 from the recording stations in the lake, and
14 from a large number of intensive sampling cruises
15 conducted to other parts of the lake. With these
16 data it was possible for the investigators to
17 establish the shape of the thermocline at
18 different times of the year and to observe
19 the variation in temperature caused by the
20 wave-like disturbances existing at any one
21 location. A short time before these data were
22 available, Dr. C. H. Mortimer at the University
23 of Wisconsin had analyzed temperature records
24 from the water works intakes around the lake
25 and had predicted that this type of pattern
-------
. 781
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 would exist. He also presented a theoretical
3 explanation for this situation.2
4 Upon examination of the current data
5 in conjunction with the theoretical models
6 postulated for the type of flow, it was possible
7 to confirm the existence of current patterns
8 which are specifically related to a two-layer
9 system dominated by wave forms. One of the
10 most remarkable features is that water below
n the thermocllne is moving in a direction almost
12 exactly opposite the direction of water in the
13 layer above the thermocline.
14 The extensive temperature data also
15 established the existence of density barriers
16 which are effective in separating nearshore
17 regions of the lake from the main body of water,
18 primarily at the end of winter. For lack of a
19 better term, perhaps, this boundary is called
20 a thermal bar. On the shore side of this thermal
21 2/"Frontiers in Physical Limnology
22 With Particular Reference to Long Waves in
23 Rotating Basins", by C. H. Mortimer, Publ. Ho.
24 10, Great Lakes Research Division, University
25 of Michigan, 19^3. PP. 9
-------
1 DR. DOHALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 bar, the currents are generally influenced by
3 the shore configuration and not as much by the
4 motions in the main body of the lake, especially
5 those du«, to the wave conditions on the thermo-
6 cline*
7 The wind data obtained from the buoys
g at the various locations in the lake and from
9 those on the shore were related to the surface
10 currents, and it was demonstrated that the
11 current responded within a short period of time,
12 say an hour or so, to changes in the wind speed
13 and direction, as would be expected from the
14 theoretical considerations.
15 As a final note in the specific ob-
16 servations which have been made regarding Lake
17 Michigan, one cannot overlook the results ob-
is tained by earlier Investigators who released
19 drift bottles into the lake to determine where
20 they were carried by the current. These studies
21 showed a great deal of variability, but at the
22 same time showed that effective transport from
23 one side of the lake to the other could result.
24 This, no doubt, could be substantiated by
25 thousands of people living around the lake who
-------
783
! DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 have observed the transport of ice and floating
3 pollutants, specifically oil or dead fish, over
4 wide expanses of the lake surface.
5 TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS
6
7 Our main concern with the study of
8 currents in Lake Michigan is the determination
9 of the fate of pollutants finding their way
10 into the lake. There are a number of ways wastes
11 can be classified., but for the discussion here,
12 it will be necessary only to divide the pollutants
13 into two classes—soluble and non-soluble.
14 Soluble pollutants are fluid-bound properties
15 and, as such, are moved from place to place
1$ just as the water is moved--thus our interest
17 in currents, which describe the direction and
18 speed of water movement. The fate of non-soluble
19 pollutants, however, is more difficult of anal-
20 ysis. In this category we would consider oils
21 or other liquids which do not intimately mix
22 with the water, as well as solids of all sizes,
23 either fine-grained clays, cabbages, or car
24 frames. Some of these may be small enough or
25 light enough to be moved around with the water
-------
784
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 almost indefinitely, but frequently they suffer
3 the actions of gravity and rise to the surface
4 or settle to the bottom. We must, therefore,
5 analyze what happens to both types of pollutants
6 when they're discharged to Lake Michigan waters.
7 Waste discharges are frequently made
g in the nearshore waters, either through outfall
9 devices especially designed to distribute the
10 material over wide areas, or simply through
11 pipes terminating near the shore. In the latter
12 case especially, the fate depends upon the
13 local conditions and cannot be predicted from
14 the general circulation patterns described in
15 the Lake Currents Report. If the pollutional
16 material is deposited within some manmade
17 obstruction, as a harbor, or behind a natural
18 barrier such as a thermal bar, it will eventually
19 be released and mixed with the main circulation
20 pattern. Solid material may accumulate on the
21 bottom, or the currents may be large enough
22 to distribute the material over long distances
23 downstream. If the localized buildup of pol-
24 lutional material is caused by a combination
25 of natural phenomena, such as the thermal bar
-------
783
! DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 or a period of very calm weather, it can be
3 expected to change rapidly and frequently,
4 whereas the localized buildup in a harbor or
5 behind a breakwater would be more permanent.
6 Some materials experience a decay in their
7 pollutional strength, so that when finally
8 mixed with the main flow in the body of water,
9 the concentration is less than if they were
10 initially discharged to the main flow. In
H the long run, the result with respect to a
12 body of water the size of Lake Michigan is
13 exactly the same. What is more important
14 is that many wastes contain a fraction which
15 is not degradable and has a tendency to build
16 up indefinitely in the system unless carried
17 out by the discharge waters. Phosphorus is
18 an example of a substance found in waste
10 material which exhibits this behavior.
20 Once introduced into the main flow,
21 pollutants will move around the lake more
22 readily, and for periods of time as short as
23 several days, may appear to be traveling in
24 a rather steady direction. This type of
25 motion may be inferred from the first slides
-------
78.6
! DR. DONALD J, BAUMGARTNER
2 showing the general circulation patterns.
3 However, this was meant to convey the idea of
4 a long-term average, at least several days,
5 and the actual motion observed at a particular
6 location was by no means as smooth as that
7 throughout the period. Because of oscillatory
8 wave patterns and other physical phenomena
9 affecting the surface motion, a parcel of
10 water would move around considerably within
11 the distance actually traversed. This was
12 demonstrated with the data obtained from the
13 surface current meters for all these stations,
14 an example of which is shown in the next slide,
15 Figure 7« According to this analysis, in a
16 period of several days a particle would have
17 traveled from the starting point to the end of
18 the last arrowhead, but in so doing would have
19 traveled a complex path along all the arrows
20 before reaching its final position. This
21 behavior might be expected from an object
22 which was floating on the surface, or possibly
23 even an oil slick. However, soluble pollutants
24 would be subjected to additional random motions
25 on a smaller scale superimposed on this type
-------
787
SEPT. 15 X
N
I
- SEPT. 16
SCALE
Oistonce 0 1.4 km.
Speed 0
20 cm/sec
SEPT. |3
/v*. 7
PROGRESSIVE VECTOR DIAGRAM
TWO HOUR VECTORS
STATION 20-DEPTH 60 METERS
-------
788
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 of motion. This is related to the turbulent
3 mixing among and within water masses as they
4 are moved along by variable currents. Evidence
5 of this was presented by the drogue studies
6 conducted by the technical staff. The location
7 chosen for these studies was approximately a
g mile and a half offshore near Indiana Harbor
9 as shown in Figure 8-4.
10 In addition to showing how pollutants
11 move along with the main current in the area,
12 they provide information on the rate at which
13 material is spread out or dispersed due to
14 turbulence. In two tests conducted on suc-
15 cessive days, dispersion was observed similar
16 to that found by other investigators in the
17 Great Lakes and other bodies of water. On
18 one day, drogues were simultaneously released
19 at a depth of 1-1/2 meters and also at 6 meters.
20 During that test, the wind was essentially
21 uniform from the southwest and the drogues
22 near the surface traveled eastward under this
23 influence. As shown in the next slide, Figure
fc* 8-16--I will again mention that the wind is
25 indicated in the bottom half of the slide and
-------
67040'
87°30'
-------
200
DROGUES
L
o -
Y
(m)
- 2 0 0
-400
-600
2.5 hr
I.Ohr
Q0.5hr
6.1 m
-400
Ohr
(
790
-200 200
X (m)
2.5
l.5hr_,o-*-
J'-*-° Z.Ohr
1.0 m
400
600
WIND
100 —
Km
100
200
Km
GREAT LAKES - ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
MOVEMENT OF DROGOES
8 WIND TRACK
RUN 2
US DEPARTMENT OF THE. INTERIOf?
FEDERAL \AATFF POLLUTION CONTROL AjV
Great Lakes Region • Chicago,Ulmo;:
256
-------
^___ 791
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 the wind pattern is to the northeast; the
3 surface drogues are shown In the right half
4 of the upper figure; they move eastward--the
5 drogues at six meters, however, moved in
6 almost exactly the opposite direction. This
7 rather unexpected behavior further demonstrates
g the complexity of the current system and the
9 highly variable nature of the transport of
10 pollutional material discharged into the lake.
11 Any soluble material would be expected to move
12 along as did the surface drogues, spreading
13 out as the group moved to the eastward, while
14 particulate matter in the waste plume, if it
15 settled out at all, would soon reach the level
16 where it would begin to be carried in the
17 opposite direction. Also, if the soluble
18 material were mixed to that depth, it too would
19 begin to move back toward the source and to the
20 west.
21 That is the end of the slides.
22 As the last step in this consideration,
23 you might imagine this type of flow superimposed
24 upon the flow described by the theoretical
25 particle moving along as I showed two slides
-------
792
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 ago. If a very strong thermocline exists, as
3 It usually does in the summer in Lake Michigan,
4 the soluble pollutants will continue to be
5 mixed and carried along in the upper layers,
6 whereas the particulate matter will be expected
7 to settle through the thermocline and be in-
8 fluenced by the flow in the lower levels of
9 the lake, eventually with the high likelihood
10 of settling to the bottom. On the bottom they
n may decompose or react in a way that contributes
12 to poor water quality in an area for a long
13 period of time. In many large bodies of water,
14 this takes place to the extent that water quality
15 is the least desirable in the lower levels of
16 the lake.
17 Because of the barrier presented by
18 the thermocline, this material is not mixed
19 with the surface waters and is frequently not
20 carried out of the lake during the summer. In
21 the fall, when the surface layers cool and the
22 density begins to increase, a point is reached
23 where the density is nearly uniform throughout,
24 and wind can cause the lake contents to mix
25 more fully, especially from top to bottom.
-------
793
DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 This overturning of the water then allows the
3 poor water quality which has been established
during the summer to become evident.
If, for example, materials at the
c bottom had been contributing to the buildup
D
- of phosphorus in the overlying waters, then
8 in the fall the phosphorus content would be
mixed with the surface waters, which may allow
10 for subsequent growth of algae. The same
physical characteristics can exist in the
12 springtime, although usually to a lesser
13 extent, but more Importantly, at a time when
14 the summer is beginning and algae are stimulated
15 to grow more than they would be in the winter.
lg This may allow for a long-term cycling of
17 algal growth in the summer due to an accumu-
1S lation of phosphorus-bearing compounds deposited
on the bottom of the lake over long periods of
20 time.
21 Scientists have always been Interested
22 in determining how long it would take for a body
23 of water as large as Lake Michigan to reach a
24 given level of pollution based on the level of
25 waste inputs. To do this, it is always necessary
-------
79^
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 to assume that the lake is a much simpler
3 hydrodynaraic system than It really Is. The
4 same sort of analysis, in reverse, applies
5 to estimate how long it would take for the
6 lake to free itself of pollutants.
7 R. H. Rainey at Oak Ridge National
8 Laboratory performed such a computation for
9 Lake Michigan a short time ago. He assumed
10 that the lake was uniformly and completely mixed
H at all times, and that all the freshwater flow
12 into the lake was effectively put in at the
13 southern end of the lake so that there would
14 be continuous and positive flushing action out
15 of the Straits of Mackinac. He also assumed
16 that when the problem was recognized and the
17 pollution control measures were put in, they
18 would be 100 percent effective, and with these
19 assumptions, he calculated that it would take
20 about 100 years to reduce the pollutional con-
21 centration in the lake by 90 percent.
22 This estimate is exceedingly low,
23 |7"Natural Displacement of Pollution
24 from the Great Lakes", Robert H. Rainey, Science
25 135, PP. 1242-1^3, March 10, 1967*
-------
793
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMOARTNER
2 because his assumptions do not fit the actual
3 situation which exists in the lake. First of
4 all, not all freshwater flow enters the southern
5 end of the lake—it is distributed around the
6 lake and fully one-fourth of the annual flow
7 originates in the Green Bay area.
8 Secondly, the concentration of pollutant
9 is not uniformly distributed at all times. During
10 the summer the lake is stratified to the extent
H that there is very little interchange of water
12 or pollutlonal material from the lower levels
13 to the surface levels. Independently of season,
14 pollutional material is not uniformly distributed
15 because of the barriers caused by manmade and
16 natural obstructions near the coastline.
17 Finally, it is unrealistic to expect
18 that pollution control measures would be 100
19 percent effective. There will always be some
20 residual inflow of pollutional material.
21 Thus, if one were to incorporate
22 these features into a flushing model of Lake
23 Michigan it would not be surprising to corae up
24 with a time more nearly on the order of 1,000
25 years.
-------
136.
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2
SUMMARY
3
4 I would like to recall four things
5 in summarizing my remarks.
6 First, theoretical considerations of
7 the motion of water in large basins suggest
8 that the flow patterns will be very complex,
9 but Interrelated, being influenced by many
10 physical factors of our environment, as well
n as man's attempts to modify the environment.
12 The variability of these factors in time
13 and space suggests further that the contents
14 of large bodies of water will be mixed, also
15 to a variable extent.
16 Second, specific studies conducted
17 on Lake Michigan and on portions of the other
18 Great Lakes demonstrate that the currents
19 observed have been in accord with the theo-
20 retical consideration. They vary in direction
21 and magnitude from surface to depth, from
22 length to width, and from side to side. The
23 variability in time is significant on a
24 seasonal basis, but important varabilities
25 are also observed in shorter periods of time,
-------
191
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTHER
2 such 6.8 days and even hours. Superimposed on the
3 hourly variation is a continuous process of
4 turbulent mixing of small parcels of water.
5 Third, the fate of pollutional materials
6 discharged to Lake Michigan is determined initially
7 by localized considerations: shallow water near
g the shore, shoreline configuration, the presence
9 or existence of manmade barriers, the variable
10 existence in time of phenoraenological barriers,
11 such as thermal bars, and the sear-shore wind.
12 Eventually the material is intermingled with
13 the more general circulation patterns of the
14 main body of water. Here again the fate is
15 influenced by the variability of the thermo-
16 cline and weather conditions. Pollutants which
17 tend to float or sink will be subjected to
18 different rates of mixing and retention than
19 will completely dissolved substances. The
20 variability in currents and the existence of
21 turbulence conducive to diffusion indicate
22 that pollutional material will not travel in
23 patterns which remain discrete for very long
24 periods of time, but will contaminate adjacent
25 regions of water, and eventually their presence
-------
798
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 will be manifested In all parts of the lake.
3 Because some fractions of the waste are per-
4 sistent, natural decay of pollutant material
5 in time cannot be relied upon to prevent the
6 degradation of water quality.
7 Fourth, it is frequently the case that
8 our scientific ability to monitor subtle and
9 long-term changes in water quality does not
lO allow us to determine when critical conditions
H are going to occur. If concentrations of
12 pollutants are allowed to increase, as they
13 are in Lake Michigan, to the point that a
14 serious water use problem occurs, it will take
15 a very long time under the best of conditions
16 to reduce their concentrations to acceptable
17 levels. Dr. Bartsch's testimony shows that
18 over 14 million pounds of phosphates are dis-
19 charged to Lake Michigan every year, but only
20 800,000 pounds are removed per year, indicating
21 that they are obviously building up in the
22 lake. Every year that this practice is con-
23 tinued is likely to add tens of years to the
24 time required for the lake to be restored.
25 MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Bauragartner.
-------
799
1 DR. DQHALD J. BAUMGARTHER
2 Are there any comments or questions?
3 Mr, Mitchell.
4 MR. MITCHELL: Doctor, in reading
5 your summary, and the question also was asked
6 of your predecessor on the platform, would
7 you feel that because of the tremendous time
8 that it is going to take to restore the lake,
9 if we let it become too high a concentration
10 of nutrients, that the nutrient problem is the
ll number one priority for the conferees to consider
12 here today?
13 DR. BAUMGARTNER: I don't claim
14 any special knowledge in that area, but rrom
15 what I have read of this problem compared to
16 other problems I think it is certainly one
17 of the most important.
18 MR. STEIN: Any further comments or
19 questions?
20 Mr. Poston.
21 MR. POSTON: I think, Dr. Baumgartner,
22 you have indicated or Dr. Bartsch has indicated
23 that we had nutrients coming in from remote
24 parts of the Lake Michigan Basin from com-
25 munities that were as much as 50 to 100 miles
-------
800
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 away, and they come in through the rivers and
3 then these materials reach the lake. Would
4 you say then that these become intermingled
5 with all of the water of the lake in the course
6 of time?
7 DR. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, that is a
g true statement as far as I am concerned.
9 MR. POSTON: Well, Mr. Chairman,
10 I think this was one of the points that we
H wished to make.
12 MR. STEIN: Let me see if I can
13 restate this.
14 Phosphates are a critical material.
15 As I understand your statement, the notion
16 is that if a relatively long-life pollutant
17 or long-life material like phosphate, which
18 is going through a cycle, gets into the lake
19 from any source, from your analysis of current
20 studies it is likely through a period of time
21 to be found in almost any portion of the lake?
22 DR. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, that is true.
23 MR. STEIN: And it is likely to remain
24 there a very, very long time?
25 DR. BAUMGARTNER: That is correct.
-------
801
I DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 My estimate of approximately 1,000 years to
3 remove 90 percent of any material like that
4 is still based on a rather simple situation.
6 MR. STEIB: This is, I feel, the
6 essence of the interstate aspect of the case,
7 and the point that Dr. Bartsch mentioned on
8 the effect of the phosphates and on these
9 current studiesr-that anyone bordering on
10 the lake is not an island unto himself.
11 You have to expect that you are all contributing
12 *° each other's pollution problem, and the
13 four States and I hope the Federal Government
14 with you will have to work together in working
15 out this problem.
16 The point is once they get into
17 the lake and into the cycle or the nutrients
18 get into the lake, we are going to have a
19 very difficult time and a really, really
20 long timfe in trying to get rid of them,
21 MR. HOLMERi Mr. Stein.
22 MR. STEIH: Yes.
23 MR. HOLMERj This is a very important
24 point, and I am curious whether there is suf~
25 ficient information on which to demonstrate
-------
802
! DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 what happens to one of these pollutants which
3 originates, in one of our cases, 125 miles
4 from Green Bay, which is, of course, an arm,
5 not the whole of Lake Michigan, although we
6 will certainly concede the fact that these
7 do mix. I wonder if we know enough about
8 what happens to phosphates? I realize that
9 Dr. Baumgartner is not the right man to ask
10 the question of.
n MR. STEIN: He may well be.
12 MR. HOLMER: Well. But do we know
13 enough about what happens to a phosphate between
14 its discharge into a stream and its arrival
15 at the outlet into the lake to warrant eonsidera-
16 tions of treatment?
17 MR. STEIN: Yes. Well, if Dr.
18 Bartsch is here,o*1 Dr. Baumgartner, perhaps,
19 can answer it. Let's see the way I understand
20 it; I thought I understood.
21 Will you come up, Dr. Bartsch?
22 I thought I understood this, but let
23 me see if I am correct.
24 Why don»t you stay up there, Dr.
25 Baumgartner, with him.
-------
803
1 I DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 The way I understood this is that you
3 have a cycle of nutrients in the lake. Once
4 the phosphates get in the lake, they are going
5 to remain in there; they may get into algae,
6 they may get into fish, they may die, but
7 they are always going to be there in self-
8 contained form, one form or the other. I
9 am trying to state this as I understand it.
10 The next point is that from the
11 current studies, once anything gets in there
12 from a particular point it is going to remain
13 in the cycle of the lake, likely to show up
14 at any point in the lake, and may remain
15 there as long as 1,000 years.
16 This is what I understand from these
17 two gentlemen is the theory of the case.
is Would you come up, either one of
19 you, and try to elucidate on that?
20 DR. BARTSCH: I think, Mr. Holmer,
21 the first thing I would say is that, yes,
22 certainly we do not know all of the things
23 we would like to know about phosphorus. At
24 the same time, there are many things we do
25 know about phosphorus and about the dynamics
-------
804
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 of movement of phosphorus.
3 And JL would say in reference to your
4 first question, or what I take to be your first
5 question, which I think has reference to the
6 Fox River--and incidentally, my home town is
7 Kaukauna, and so I know something about the
g Fox River and also about the lake.
9 I think in my mind there would be
10 no question, based upon what we know about
ll phosphorus, that phosphorus that comes out
12 of Lake Winnebago, whether it is in the form
13 of solution or whether it is in the form of
14 Mycrocystis or Gloeotrichia or the names of
15 any of the other algae which are a real
16 problem because they pass down the Fox River
17 and compete with other organic wastes for the
18 assimilation capacity there, eventually end
up in Green Bay except for those parts that
drop off to the bottom along the way.
21 I think that the fact that there
22 is planktonic bluegreen algal problem in
23 Green Bay is a reflection of the fact that
24 you are having phosphorus as well as other
25 nutrients coming off the watershed of the Fox
-------
805
I DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTBER
2 River reaching Green Bay. If this were not the
3 case, I think you would not have that kind of
4 problem there.
5 If we could theorize as to what happens
6 to a particle of phosphorus once it reaches
7 Green Bay, some of it is in solution, part of
g it is already incorporated into the bodies of
9 algal cells, some of it is incorporated into
10 other kinds of organisms, both plant and
H animal, and these organisms in the natural
12 processes of production and decay are picking
13 up phosphorus and releasing it back again into
14 the water. This process goes on free in the
15 water, and so this means that phosphorus which
1
16 is released in this fashion to the water is
17 passing along wherever the water goes.
18 At the same time, some of these
19 organisms, as they die and settle to the
20 bottom, become incorporated into the bottom
21 depths. Well, this simply complicates the
22 picture, because again we don't know everything
23 we would like to know about the interchange
24 of phosphorus between these bottom sediments
25 and the overlying waters, and this is one of
-------
806
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 the areas In which we are putting a considerable
a part of our research resource at the moment.
4 But we do know that with the kinds of conditions
5 you have in the bottom in Green Bay, namely
6 low dissolved oxygen for one thing, you have a
7 real climate there for the release of phosphorus
g into the overlying water so that it could be
9 carried along and go out through the strait at
10 Sturgeon Bay or out around the tip of the
11 peninsula and certainly in some concentration
12 or quantity, at least, find its way into the
13 general circulation of Lake Michigan.
14 MR. HOLMER: If I might.
15 MR. STEIN: Go ahead.
16 MR. HOLMER: I would like to Just
17 pursue this a little bit further.
18 The particular case in point that
19 attracts our attention is Portage, for example,
20 which is above Lake Winnebago; and if phos-
21 phorus gets into Lake Winnebago from the upper
22 upper Pox and is in Lake Winnebago, it pre-
23 sumably stays there for a rather substantial
24 period of time.
25 The question we would face somewhere
-------
807
! DR. DOHALD J. BAtJMGARTHER
2 along the way is whether treatment at Portage Is
3 critical enough to the welfare and health of
4 Lake Michigan to warrant attention to the
5 phosphorus problem that far away from the lake.
6 DR. BARTSCH: ¥ell, to be completely
7 honest, and I intend to be completely honest,
3 it seems to me that one would first pick up—
9 if your resources for remedial action are
10 limited—you would first pick up the most
xi pressing and the most critical problems. If
12 this is logical, then I would start at some
13 downstream points and work upstream*
14 You are complicated here in your
is challenge because of Lake Winnebago, in the
16 first place, and the fact that Lake Winnebago
17 is serving in part as a sump for the capture
18 for sone of these nutrients. If this were
19 the only aspect of it,I would say let's don't
20 worry about Portage, for example. But I think
21 we have to realize that what you have happening
22 at the mouth of the Fox River at Green Bay
23 is a reflection of all the things that are
24 happening in the watershed, and it seems to
25 me that if we are ever going to cut off the
-------
808
1 DR. DOHALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 input of nutrients into Lake Michigan effectively
3 and adequately, we have a real tough problem.
4 We not only have to cut it off at the source
5 in the form of wastes, but I think we have to
6 consider whether there is anything in our
7 technology now that indicates to us that we
g can do something about Lake Winnebago to
9 bring it back, if we are ever going to bring
10 Lake Winnebago back. But then I think this
11 doubly emphasizes the importance of Portage.
12 I am not sure that this is a
13 succinct answer, but I think it is at least
14 something to think about.
15 MR. STEIN: Do you have anything
16 further?
17 MR. HOLMER: I have another question
18 for Dr. Baumgartner.
19 MR. STEIN: Doctor, would you come
20 up, please?
21 MR. HOLMER: In connection with the
22 matter of lake currents and their influence on
23 pollution, is it conceivable that any with-
24 drawal that man might make from Lake Michigan
25 and diversion of that water to any other place
-------
809
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 might so affect the currents of Lake Michigan
3 as to cause any kind of pollution problem or
4 manmade involvements with respect to these
5 currents virtually negligible?
6 DR. BAUMGARTNER: I think they are
7 not negligible in the actual location where
g the withdrawal might be made. Again I think
9 the local conditions would determine what
10 kind of problems are associated with this.
11 And this would require some special studies.
12 However, if the diversion ever got
13 to the point where it exceeded the amount of
14 flow available for discharge from the lake,
15 the 40,000 or 50,000 cfs, this could only
16 mean that there would be no net outflow from
17 the lake except what occurs by mixing with
18 Lake Huron, and also the lake levels would
19 have to decrease. This would mean there
20 would be less water available and in the long
21 run you would be approaching a much smaller
22 lake divided into more and more two basins.
23 This would obviously have some long-term effect
24 on current patterns and the pollutional quality
25 of both sections of water.
-------
810
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
3 comments or questions?
4 You know, I would like to call
5 attention to one thing with Dr. Baumgartner
6 up there, something that occurred to me.
7 Some of you think that it might be wise to
g wait until Mr. Klassen, Mr, Poole, Mr. Oeming
9 or myself retire, we have a kind of an institution
10 operation going on. This is why I am
11 intrigued with Dr. Baumgartner. The predecessor
12 of Mr. Oeming was Milton P. Adams, and I think
13 I and most of the people here may have learned
14 the business from him. I see Alice Coughlin
15 there, who is the Secretary to the President
16 of the Water Pollution Advisory Board, who
17 knew me when I came out of law school. And of
18 course I grew up in the business with Dr.
19 Bartsch who testified here.
20 But Dr. Baumgartner is a new generation.
21 I knew him when he came right out of engineering
22 school. And as you see, he has been trained
23 in a phase of this problem that none of us
24 knew when he got out of school, that is ocean-
25 ography and currents, because we have to get
-------
« . 811
1 DR. DONALD J. BAUMGARTNER
2 more sophisticated all the time.
3 So I expect we will be going on and
4 on, and I think the hope of this program and
5 the future rests with the experts, such as
6 Don Baumgartner who has done such a wonderful
7 Job here.
g Thank you very much.
9 1 Mr. Poston,
10 MR. POSTONt Next we would like to
ll hear from Dr. Leon Weinberger, who is our
12 Assistant Commissioner in the Federal Water
13 I Pollution Control Administration out of Washing-
14 ton. He is head of our overall research program.
15 I Dr. Weinberger,
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
812
1 DR, LEON W. WEINBERGER
2
3 STATEMENT BY DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
4 ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
5 FWPCA, WASHINGTON, D. C.
6
7 DR. WEINBERGER: Mr. Chairman,
8 conferees.
9 I have a prepared statement. With
10 your permission, I would like to have that
11 introduced in the record and I will attempt
12 to abstract and perhaps add some supplemental
13 comments as we go along.
14 MR. STEIN: Without objection, that
15 will be entered into the record as if read.
16 (Which said statement, with attach-
17 ments and appendices, is as follows:)
18
STATEMENT OF DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
19
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
20
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
21
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
22
at the
23
LAKE MICHIGAN ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
24
February 1, 1968
25
-------
813
1 DR. LEON V. WEINBERGER
2
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVEL
3
4 Wastevater treatment facilities can
5 be designed, built and operated to remove at
6 least 80 percent of the phosphorus found in
7 municipal vastewaters. Using available tech-
g nology and through laboratory, pilot plant,
9 and full-scale plant data reported in the open
10 literature (see list of references), design
H and consulting engineers can design treatment
12 facilities with a high degree of reliability
13 in projected cost and performance. Equipment
14 is being designed and sold which will achieve
15 at least 80 percent removal. The 80 percent
16 figure is conservative--the evidence indicates
17 that 90 to 95 percent, and even more, phosphorus
18 can be removed effectively.
19 Any confusion as to the efficacy of
20 phosphorus removal probably stems from the fact
21 that many methods have been put forth and are
22 under study.
23 A. Chemical Processes:
24 1. Lime
25 2. Alum-lime
-------
814
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 3» Alum
3 4. Iron.
4 B. Biological Processes
5 1. Activated sludge
6 2. Algae
7 C. Biological-Chemical Processes
g 1. Activated sludge-chemical
9 2. Algae-chemical
10 D. Other Processes
11 1. Ion exchange
12 2. Electrodialysis
13 3- Effluent spraying on land
14 4. Reverse osmosis
15 5. Electrochemical
16 6. Distillation
17 A summary of efficiencies for various
18 treatment processes is presented in Table 1.
19 The treatment process which can be
20 designed, constructed, and operated with greatest
21 confidence today for phosphorus removal would
22 employ chemical treatment. A typical flow dia-
23 gram is shown in Figure 1. Certain types of
24 combined chemical-biological treatment systems
25 will also be ready for application soon. These
-------
8l5
TABLE 1. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS TREATMENT PROCESSES
(Maximum achievable efficiencies unless the range is indicated.)
Treatment Process
Biotoct-icat PMCU*?A
Activated sludge
Algae
Bi.otog-ic.at-Chimic.at. Pn.
Activated sludge —
chemical
Chemical (lime) —
algae
Ch.emic.at Pioce^e^
Lime
Alum- lime
Alum
To tal^
Phosphorus
Removal
47.HPO )2
4
—
—
80 (ortho PO )
10-30 (ortho PO )
25-38 (ortho P07)
37-77 (POA)
—
—
70
41.3
44.4-9S3
85(P04)4
1005
90
.oce44e4
6
95(approx.)
74-98
80-85 (Primary
stage only)
87-99
97 (approx.)
80-90
93.5(PO,)
99
77. 7-90. 78
92-100 (POA)
95
97
94
99 (Sol.PO,)
96-100 (POA)
Scale
of
Operation
Full
Lab
Lab
Lab
Full
Lab
Full
Full
Lab
Lab
Full
Lab
Lab
Pilot
Lab
Lab
Pilot
Lab
Pilot
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab-Pilot
Lab
Lab
Lab-Pilot
Lab
Lab-rilot
Reference
Wirtz (1966)
Culp and Slechta (1966)
Ludzack and Ettinger (1962)
Levin and Shapiro (1965)
Levin and Shapiro (1965)
Feng (1962)
Hurwitz et al. (1965)
Johnson (1968)
Johnson and Schroepfer (1964)
Gates and Borchardt (1964)
Rand and Nemerow (1964)
Rand and Nemerow (1965)
Fitzergerald & Rohlich (1964)
van Vuuren et al. (1965)
Began (1961)
Tenney and Stumm (1965)
Barth and Ettinger (1967)
Dorr-Oliver, Inc. (1967)
Eberhardt and Nesbitt (1967)
Sawyer and Buzzell (1962)
Buzzel and Sawyer (1967)
Rand and Nemerow (1965)
Lea et al. (1954)
Sawyer and Buzzell (1962)
Bishop et al. (1965)
Lea et al. (1954)
Rand and Nemerow (1965)
Lea et al. (1954)
Rohlich (1961)
Bishop et al. (1965)
Iron
99 (Sol.PO )9
4
Lab
Rohlich (1961)
-------
8l6
I/
Total
Phosphorus Scale
Removal of
Treatment Process (%) Operation
Othvi Puceuu
Ion exchange 98.5-99.6 Lab
95 Lab-Pilot
Lab
Electrodialysis 50 (PO.) Lab-Pilot
Effluent-spraying 29 Pilot Plant
Effluent spraying
on land12 76-93 Full
Except where indicated
2 Average of monthly averages, December 1965 and February
^ Cultivation time from 4 to 37 days
pH dependence reported
•? Flocculation and algae flotation
At optimum alum-polyelectrolyte dose
At optimum dosage and pll conditions
g On raw sewage
Ferrous or ferric sulfate
10 in conjunction with pre-treatment or synthetic feed
Based on treatment for 40 percent demineralization
12 Dependent on soil loading and climatological conditions
( continued)
Reference
Rand and Nemerow (1965)
Eliassen et al. (1965)
Gulp and Slechta (1966)
Stephan (1965)
Brunner (1967)
Foster and Ward (1965
1966
-------
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-------
8l8
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 processes are illustrated in Figure 2.
3 Chemical treatment (Figure 1) may be
4 applied as a tertiary treatment or independently
5 as a separate treatment for various wastewaters.
6 Chemical treatment may also be used to eliminate
7 or reduce the recycle of phosphorus from digester
8 supernatants or from thickener liquids.
9 The two common types of chemical
10 treatment for phosphorus removal are: -(1)
11 Alkaline removal with lime, and (2) Adsorption
12 or precipitation with metallic hydroxides.
13 Typical phosphorus removals for either
14 type or combination of chemical treatments
15 readily exceed 90 percent. The principal
16 advantage in chemical treatment lies in the
17 close control that can be maintained in actual
18 plant operation. Another advantage is that
19 laboratory data will predict dosage levels
20 for particular phosphate residuals as well
21 as settling rates for clarifier designs. It
22 should be noted that in addition to phosphorus
23 removal, chemical treatment will also result
24 j in significant, reduction in organic and inorganic
25 turbidity, reduction in BOD and COD, and reduction
-------
XI cure 2
Phosphorus Removal Processes
819
Chemical - Biological Treatment
(a) Chemical Addition in Primary Stage
Chemicals
Raw
Waste-
Water
Primary
Sedimentation
Digester
Supernatant
Biological
Process
Secondary
Sedimentation
Sludge
Effluent
>
Sludge
(b) Chemical Addition in the Biological Stage
Raw
Waste-
Water
Chemicals
Primary
Sedimentation
Digester
Supernatant
Biological
Process
Secondary
Sedimentation
Effluent
Sludge
Sludge
-------
820
1 DR. LEOH W. WEINBERGER
2 in bacterial numbers. Chemical treatment can
3 be effective even with fluctuations in the
4 preceding conventional processes and should
5 maintain a more uniform effluent quality than
6 other phosphorus removal processes. Appendix A
7 contains descriptions of plants which have
8 successfully utilized chemical phosphate removal.
9 Chemical-biological treatment may
10 be illustrated by Figure 2. Process 2(a)
11 involves the addition of a precipitant to
12 accomplish most of the phosphorus removal
13 in the primary tank with additional removal
14 of phosphorus in the biological phase. A
15 recent study (Buzzell and Sawyer) shows that
16 lime treatment of raw wastewater can remove
17 80- to 90 percent of influent total phosphorus.
18 Laboratory data by Albertson and Sherwood
19 indicate that even more economical benefits
20 are achieved when solids are recycled around
21 the primary treatment unit. Advantages in
22 this approach include improved clarification
23 and BOD removal in addition to improved phos-
24 phate removal. Lime recovery may be used to
25 reduce costs even further. Several new plants
dealined to utilize these processes have been
-------
821
1 DR. LEON If. WEINBERGER
2 designed, e. g. Rochester, New York.
3 Process 2(b) involve* the addition
4 of minerals directly into the aeration tank
5 resulting in the formation and precipitation of
6 slightly soluble phosphorus compounds. Addl-
7 tlves such as aluminium or iron salts cause
g no interference in the biological activity,
9 and the mixing and residence times provided
10 by the aerator allow sufficient time for
11 formation of precipitates. There has been
12 no Increase in the volume of the sludge produced
13 because of Improvement of the settling charac-
14 terlstlcs of the mixed liquors. This latter
15 process has been referred to Barth and Ettinger
16 as "mineral addition."
17 FWPCA has completed a field study
18 of the mineral addition process at the Xenia,
19 Ohio, wastewater treatment plant. The data
20 show that the plant normally removes about 20
21 percent of the influent phosphorus. With the
22 addition of sodium aluminate in the ratio of
23 Al/P of 1.8:1, removals of 85 to 92 percent were
24 obtained. The plant returned to the normal 20
25 percent removal at the completion of the run
-------
822
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 when the alurainate addition was stopped. The
3 chemical cost of phosphorus removal was five
4 cents per thousand gallons ($50 per million
5 gallons). Considering that this was a field
6 investigation, using makeshift equipment, the
7 results show promise when this approach is
8 applied in a more controlled situation.
9 The table given in Appendix B presents
10 a status summary of various operational projects
ll in the United States designed for phosphate
12 removal utilizing biological, chemical, or
13 chemical-biological means. The Federal Water
14 Pollution Control Administration has actively
15 participated in demonstrating phosphorus removal
16 treatment systems through research and develop-
17 ment grant funds. These projects are presented
18 in Appendix C.
19 Current operational experience indi-
20 cates that tertiary chemical treatment costs
21 will be affected by local factors such as sludge
22 handling and disposal requirements, acid require-
23 ments for neutralizing the effluent and filtra-
24 tion requirements to remove suspended solids
25 in the effluent. Chemical-biological processes
-------
823-
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 offer promising improvements in operational
3 efficiency through lower costs, increased
4 effectiveness, reduced solids disposal
5 problems, and a minimum of plant changes. In
6 both approaches, the role of lime or alum
7 recovery and reuse plays a significant role
8 in affecting costs. Of the two chemicals,
9 lime currently displays more potential for
10 economical recovery through recalcination
11 and C02 byproduct recovery for recarbonation.
12 An evaluation of phosphorus removal
13 cost data for either type of treatment in
14 the 90- to 95 percent removal range shows
15 that for a typical 10 MOD plant, $.05/1000 gal.,
16 or less, will accomplish the goal todaj. Factors
17 relating to the composition of the local water,
18 methods of sludge disposal, methods of chemical
19 recovery, etc., have been considered in the
20 figure quoted above. Considering the progress
21 already made and the large amount of laboratory
22 and pilot plant work in progress, there is little
23 reason to doubt that the economics of present
24 and future systems will improve.
25 The total cost breakdown for a typical
-------
824
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 tertiary chemical phosphate removal process
3 treating secondary effluent is given below.
4 It includes capital costs, operating and
5 maintenance cost for equipmentj chemical
6 cost, sludge disposal, and recalcinlng of
7 sludge.
8 It is significant to note that con-
9 siderable savings are available in recalcining
10 the sludge. Another point of interest is that
over 50 percent of the total cost is taken up
12 by chemical costs.
13 Smith portrays a similar cost break-
14 down (Figure 3) graphically for coagulation and
15 sedimentation after lime addition. Chemicals
16 required were taken as 300 milligrams per liter
of hydrated lime and 50 milligrams per liter of
18 ferrous sulfate.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
825
TOTAL COST OF PHOSPHATE REMOVAL
(Cents per
1000 gallons)
Size of
Capital Amortization
Land Amortization
Operating and Maintenance
Cost of Chemicals
Lime
Iron Salt
Cost of Sludge Disposal
by hauling to land
fill 25 mile one-way
trip
1.0 mgd 10
.97
.09
.41
1.75 1
.87
.67
.0 mgd
.79
.09
.14
.75
.87
.67
Plant
100.0 tnRd 1.0 b?,d
.65 .53
.09 .09
.08 .07
1.75 1.75
.87 .87
.67 .67
TOTAL A.76 4.31 4.11 3.98
Savings if sludge can
be recalcined - .96 - .96 - .96 - .96
TOTAL (With Recalcing) 3.80 3.35 3.15 3.02
-------
Figure 3-
SOLIDS RE-10VAL BY COAGULATION & SEDIMSKTATIOII
Capital Cost, Operating & Maintenance Cost, Debt Sarvice
vs.
Design Capacity
826
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T = Total Treatnent Cost, cents p^r 1COO gallons
-------
827
1 DR. LEON ¥. WEINBERGER
2
S£MMARY_AND_CONCLUSIONS^
3
4 New concepts, processes, and techniques
5 for the removal of phosphate at modest cost In
6 the municipal wastewater treatment plant are a
7 technical reality today and will be broadly
8 applied on a commercial scale in the very near
9 future. Operational experience in the United
10 States has demonstrated that chemical (tertiary)
11 treatment will reliably remove 90 to 95 percent
12 of the total phosphate present in municipal
13 wastewater. Side benefits are also achieved
14 because other pollutants are reduced substan-
15 tially in the process. Cost and performance
16 will undoubtedly improve as operational ex-
17 perience becomes more widespread.
18 Both the cold lime and alum chemical
19 treatments are straightforward, reliable, and
20 easily controlled to produce a predictable
21 effluent quality. The choice of either process
22 is dictated by local considerations such as
23 sludge disposal or utilization, neutralization
24 (pH) requirements, and solids removal require-
25 ments. Only a brief engineering study is
-------
. 828
1 DH. LEOH V. WEINBERGER
2 required to develop the beat method at a specific
3 location*
4 Chemical treatment may also be lute*
5 grated with conventional biological treatment
6 by chemical addition at either the primary
7 sedimentation stage or the activated sludge
3 stage. Chemical-biological treatment should
9 result In Improvements of current conventional
10 or tertiary processes so that significant cost
11 reductions will be achieved In the near future.
12 Potential net costs of less than $03/1000 gal.
13 ($30/MG) appear readily attainable and operating
14 data from full scale plants should be available
15 within one year. Integrated treatment can
16 generally be assumed to require minimum plant
17 modification to existing facilities with
18 resultant phosphate removals of the order of
19 90 percent.
20 In general, future phosphate removal
21 costs will decline and commercial firms have
22 even projected that net costs of less than
23 |oi- to $02/1000 gal. ($10-20/MG) may be realized,
24 Effective treatment for phosphate removal will
25 simultaneously yield other pollution control
-------
829
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 benefits through removal of other impurities.
3 In conclusion, currently available
4 technology allows us to design for phosphate
5 removal on a rational basis and to select the
e most economical system for a given locality
7 based upon a brief preliminary engineering
8 study. Phosphates can be removed today from
9 municipal sewage at a cost of less than
10 $05/1000 gal. ($50/MG).
11
Appendix A
12
13 Treatment Plants Utilizing
14 Chemical Processes to Remove Phosphorus
15
Lake Tahoe - California
16
17 The Lake Tahoe tertiary treatment
18 plant started operation in the summer of 1965
19 at 2.5 MGD capacity. Secondary effluent from
20 an activated sludge plant was renovated using
21 200 ppm of alum added just ahead of two mixed-
22 media filter beds operated in series and
23 followed by granular activated carbon contactors.
24 in addition to reducing ABS, BOD, andcOD to
25 potable water standards, phosphate reduction
-------
830
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 from 25 parts per million to less than 1 part
3 per million was consistently achieved. The
4 plant was recently expanded to 7 MOD capacity,
5 and has started operation at 4 MOD using the
6 same alum tertiary process, however, they will
7 soon convert to the use of the cold lime process
g using a lime dose of 400 parts per million total,
9 divided between the primary and tertiary systems.
10 The tertiary precipitation step will be followed
ll by recarbonation and filtration through two
12 mixed-media filter beds in series, and activated
13 carbon. Again the effluent phosphate content
14 is anticipated to be reduced to levels of 1 to
15 0.1 parts per million while the bulk of the
16 lime will be recovered and reused. The cost
17 for the cold lime process, including infiltration,
18 of the recarbonated effluent, is projected at
19 10.46^/1000 gallons at 7-5 MOD using a total
20 lime dose of 400 parts per million. It should
21 be noted that the cost of lime and other costs
22 at Lake Tahoe is appreciably greater than in
23 most communities. The original alum process
24 (with separation beds), experienced costs of
25 9.8^/1000 gallons at the 2.5 MOD scale.
-------
831
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2
Lansdale - Pennsylvania
3
4 Cooling water makeup (0.3 MOD) using
5 secondary sewage effluent is being utilized at
6 Lansdale, Pennslyvania. The process for con-
7 ditioning the water, prior to use as cooling
g water makeup, consists of alum addition followed
9 by separation beds. This is essentially the
10 same technique as demonstrated at Lake Tahoe.
11 In addition to improving the general quality
12 of the water, phosphate removal efficiencies
13 of 90 percent are being readily achieved.
14
Las Vegas - Nevada
15
16 In Las Vegas, Nevada, the Nevada
17 Power Company has two wastewater renovation
18 plants which treat nearly 4 MGD of secondary
19 effluent in a clarification operation. These
20 facilities have been in operation since 1961.
21 The cold lime treatment process is used to
22 reduce phosphate to acceptable levels for
23 cooling water use, with a lime dose of 180
24 parts per million. Well over 95 percent removal
25 of phosphates is achieved.
-------
832
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2
Amarlllo - Texas
3
4 In the southwestern and western parts
5 of the United States, several Industrial enter-
6 prises and public utilities are renovating
7 secondary effluents from municipal sewage plants,
8 as water conservation economics suggest. In
9 Amarlllo, Texas, the Southwest Public Service
10 Company is using the cold lime process as
11 tertiary treatment for removing scale forming
12 phosphate from the effluents prior to use as
13 cooling water. Acidification for pH reduction
14 after precipitation is accomplished by sulfuric
15 acid addition in lieu of recarbonatlng as con-
ic templated at Tahoe. More than 4 MOD of effluent
17 is processed daily to produce a 1 part per
18 million phosphate cooling water. This represents
19 an average phosphate removal efficiency of nearly
20 98 percent, and requires a lime dose of 300 parts
21 per million to assure consistent removal.
22
Piscataway - Maryland
23
24 A newly constructed 5 MOD activated
25 sludge plant In the Potomac River Basin Is to be
-------
_ 833
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGEF
2 expanded shortly to include tertiary treatment.
3 The tertiary process will consist of lime pre-
4 cipitation, recarbonation with clarification,
5 filtration, and activated carbon treatment. As
6 in Tahoe both spent lime and activated carbon
7 are to be regenerated. Costs and performance
8 are also anticipated to be similar. However,
9 there will be significant design differences
10 in the carbon contactors (downflow) and filtration
11 beds used (upflow, single parallel beds).
12 Routing of the regenerated phosphate
13 lime is also to be different. It is currently
14 anticipated to be beneficially waste a portion of
15 the regenerated phosphate lime to the sludge de-
16 watering system. Also means of artificially
17 adding hardness to the secondary effluent is
18 planned in order to demonstrate the optimum
19 conditions for phosphate removal. While 400
20 parts per million lime dosage is scheduled for
21 use at Tahoe, only 200 parts per million of lime
22 will be used initially at Piscataway. The cost
23 of the phosphate removal tertiary system, ex-
24 eluding the filtration operation, at Piscataway
25 is anticipated to result in a total cost of less
an 5o ganons.
-------
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1 DR. LEON V. WEINBERGER
2
References
3
4 ALBERTSON, 0. E,, and Sherwood, R. J.,
5 "Phosphate Extraction Process,1* Presented at the
6 Pacific Northwest Section meeting of the Water
7 Pollution Control Federation at Yaklma, Wash-
s ington (Oct. 1967).
9 EARTH, E. F., and Ettinger, M. D.,
10 "Mineral Controlled Phosphorus Removal in
ll Activated Sludge Process," JWPCF, 2£ 1362-1368
12 (Aug. 1967).
13 BISHOP, D. F., et al, "Studies in
14 Activated Carbon Treatment," JWPCF, 3£, 188 (1967)
15 BOGAH, R. H., "The Use of Algae in
16 Removing Nutrients from Domestic Sewage,"
17 In Algae and Metropolitan Wastes. Tech. Rep.
18 W 6l-3, U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
19 Ohio, 140-147.
20 BRINGMANN, G., "Biologlsche Sticks toff-
21 Eliminierung aus Klarwassern, Geshundheits-
22 Ingenieru," §£. Jehrg. 233-235 (1961).
23 BRUNNER, G. A., "Pilot Plant Experiences
24 in Demineralization of Secondary Effluent Using
25 Electrodialysis," JWPCF, £2. 2, R 1-R 15 (Oct.
-------
839
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 1967).
3 BURD, R. D., "A Study of Sludge
4 Handling and Disposal," Contract No. PH 86-66-92,
5 Dow Chemical Co. (June 1966).
6 BUZZEL, J. C., and Sawyer, C.N.,
7 "Removal of Algal Nutrients from Raw Waste-
8 water with Lime," JWPCF, 2£ 2 R 16-24 (Oct. 1967).
9 CLESCERI, N. L., "Physical and Chemical
10 Removal of Nutrients," Presented at International
H Conference, "Algae, Man and the Environment",
12 196, (1967).
13 GULP, G., and A. Slechta, "Nitrogen
14 Removal from Waste Effluents," Public Works 97
15 90-91 (1966).
16 EBERHARDT, W. A. and Nesbitt, J. B.,
17 "Chemical Precipitation of Phosphate Within a
18 High Rate Bio-Oxidation System, Proc. 22nd Ind.
19 Waste Conf., Purdue University (May 1967).
20 ELIASSEN, R., and Tchobanoglous, G.,
21 "Chemical Processing of Wastewater for Nutrient
22 Removal," 40th Ann. Conf. of the WPCP, New
23 York (Oct. 1967).
24 PENG, T. H. G., "Phosphorus and the
25 Activated Sludge Process" Water and Sewage Works,
-------
8*10
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 109 431 (1962).
3 FITZGERALD, G. P., and G. A. Rohllch,
4 "Biological Removal of Nutrients from Treated
5 Sewage; Laboratory Experiments," Verh. Internat.
6 Verein. Limnol., 15, 597-608 (1964).
7 GARLAND, G. D. and Shell, G. L.,
8 "Integrated Biological-Chemical Wastewater
9 Treatment," Final Report, FWPCA Contract No.
10 PH 86-63-220 (Nov. 1966).
11 GATES, E. W. and J. A. Borchardt,
12 "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Extraction from
13 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
14 by Controlled Algal Culture," JWPCF, £(5 443 (1964)
15 HURWITZ, E., E. Beaudoin, and W.
16 Walters, "Phosphates: Their Fate in the Sewage
17 Treatment Plant-Water-Way-System," Water and
18 Sewage Works, 112, 84 (1965).
19 JOHNSON, E. K., "Nutrients Removal by
20 Conventional Treatment Processes," 13th Purdue
21 Industrial Wastes Conf., Purdue University,
22 Lafayette, Ind., 151-162 (1958).
23 KEATING, R. J. and Calise, V. J., "The
24 Treatment Sewage Plant Effluents for Water Reuse
25 ln process and Boiler Feed," Fed, of Sewage Waste
-------
841
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 Assoc. (Oct. 1954).
3 KRAUSE, F., "Softening Plant Reclaims
4 Lime Sludge by Fluid Bed Roasting," Water Works
5 Engineering (April 1957).
§ LEA, W. L., G, A. Rohlich, and E. J.
7 Katz, "Removal of Phosphates from Treated Sewage,"
8 Sewage and Industrial Waste, 26, 261-275 (195*0 .
9 LUDWIG, H. F., E. Kazemierczak, and
10 R. C. Carter, "Waste Disposal and the Future
11 at Lake Tahoe," JSED, ASCE, Proc., Paper 3967>
12 22* 27-51 (1964).
13 NESBITT, J. D., "Removal of Phosphorus
14 from Municipal Sewage Plant Effluents," Eng. Res.
15 Bull B-93, Penn. State Univ. (1966).
16 OWEN, R. "Removal of Phosphorus from
17 Sewage .Plant Effluent with Lime," Sewage and
18 Industrial Waste, 25., 548-556 (1953).
19 PRIESING, C. P., J. L, Witherow, L. D.
20 Lively, M. R. Scalf, B. L. DePrater, and L. H.
21 Meyers, "Phosphate Removal by Activated Sludge
22 Pilot Research," '40th Ann Conf. WPCF, New York,
23 New York (Oct. 1967).
24 PRIESING, C. P., Witherow, J. L.,
25 Lively, L. D., Scalf, M. R., DePrater, B. L.,
-------
842
1 DR. LEON ¥. WEINBERGER
2 and Hayes, L. H., "Phosphate Removal by Activated
3 Sludge Plant Research," 40th Ann. Conf. WPCF,
4 New York, New York (Oct. 1967).
5 RAND, M. C., and Nemerow, N. L.,
6 "Removal of Algal Nutrients from Domestic
7 Wastewater, Part I, Literature Survey,"
8 New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, New
9 York, 41 (1964).
10 ROHLICH, G. A., "Chemical Methods for
11 the Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from
12 Sewage Plant Effluents,"130-135. In Algae and
13 Metropolitan Wastes, Tech. Rep. W 6l-3, U. S.
14 Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio (1961).
15 RUDOLFS, W., "Phosphates in Sewage
16 and Sludge Treatment," Sewage Works Journal,
17 i£, 43-47 (1947).
18 SAWYER, C. N., "Fertilization of Lakes
19 in Agricultural and Urban Drainage," J. New
20 England Water Works Assoc. 6l, 109-127 (19^7).
21 SAWYER, C. N., "The Need for Nutrient
22 Control," 40th Ann. WPCF Conf., New York, New
23 York (Oct. 1967).
24 SLECHTA, A. F., and Gulp, G. L., "Water
25 Reclamation Studies at the South Tahoe Public
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
843
DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
Utility District," JWPCF. (May 1967).
SMITH, R., "Capital and Operating Cost
Estimates for Phosphate Removal at Washington,
D. C,3 Blue Plains Sewage Treatment Plant,"
Internal Report of the Cincinnati Water Research
Laboratory, FWPCA, U. S. Dept. of the Interior
(Aug. 1966).
SMITH, R., "A Compilation of Cost
Information for Conventional and Advanced
Wastewater Treatment Plants and Processes,
FWPCA, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Advanced
Waste Treatment Branch, Division of Reserach,
Cincinnati, Ohio (Dec. 1967).
STEPHAN, D. G., "Renovation of
Municipal Wastewater for Reuse," 25-29* In
New Chemical Engineering Problems in the
Utilization of Water Am. Inst. of Chemical
Engineering, Joint Meeting, London (1965)*
STEPHAN,D. G., and Weinberger, L. W.,
21 "Wastewater Reuse—Has It Arrived?" presented
22
23
24
Ann. Conf. of the WPCF, New York, New York
(Oct. 1967).
SOUTH TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT,
25 II Recovery of Coagulant, Nitrogen Removal and
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 Carbon Regeneration in Wastewater Reclamation,"
3 Final Report FWPCA, Grant WPD-85.
4 TERRY, S. L., "Putting Wastewater to
5 Work," Ind. Water Engr. (Oct. 1965).
6 TENNEY, H. E., and W. Stumm, "Chemical
7 Flocculation of Microorganisms in Biological
8 Waste Treatment, JWPCF, 37 1370 (1965).
9 VACKER, D., Connell, C. H. and Wells,
10 W. N., "Phosphate Removal through Municipal
11 Wastewater Treatment at San Antonio, Texas,"
12 JWPCF, 750-771 (May 1967).
13 - - -
14 DR. WEINBERGER: This presentation
15 today is not a research paper of possible
16 answers, but what it represents is some
17 practical results resulting from research.
18 What I am to present is what can be done now
19 and in the immediate future. I will discuss
20 waste treatment for phosphorus removal.
21 Wastewater treatment facilities
22 can tie designed, built and operated to remove
23 at least 80 percent of the phosphorus found
24 in municipal wastewaters. Using available
25 technology and through laboratory, pilot
-------
845_
IT~" "
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 plant, and full-scale plant data reported in the
3 open literature--! have a list of references--
4 design and consulting engineers can design
5 treatment facilities with a high degree of
6 reliability in projected cost and performance.
7 Equipment is being designed and sold which will
g achieve at least 80 percent removal. The 80
9 percent figure is conservative, very conservative.
10 The evidence indicates that 9° to 95 percent, and
11 even more, phosphorus can be removed effectively.
12 Any confusion as to the efficacy of
13 j phosphorus removal probably stems from the
14 fact that many methods have been put forth
15 and are tinder study. Some of these are chemical
16 processes such as lime, alum, and so forth;
17 some of them are biological processes using
18 activated sludge plants or algal ponds; some
19 of these combined biological-chemical processes,
20 and a whole host of other processes, including
21 ion exchange, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis,
22 spraying on the land, electrochemical, and
23 i even distillation.
24 A summary for deficiencies is presented
25 in Table 1.
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 The treatment process which can be
3 designed, constructed, and operated with
4 greatest confidence today for phosphorus
5 removal would employ chemical treatment.
6 A typical flow diagram is shown in Figure
7 1. Certain types of combined chemical-
8 biological treatment systems will also be
9 ready tot application soon. These processes
10 are illustrated in Figure 2.
ll Figure 1 represents a conventional
12 treatment plant with primary treatment followed
13 by a biological process and then a chemical
14 treatment stage as a tertiary stage. The
15 biological-chemical that I referred to on
16 Figure 2 represents also a primary secondary
17 or biological treatment plant, but in this
18 case chemicals are introduced either in the
19 primary treatment plant or directly into the
20 activated sludge plant.
21 Chemical treatment, again referring
22 to Figure 1, may be applied as a tertiary
23 treatment or independently as a separate
24 treatment for various wastewaters. Chemical
25 treatment may also be used to eliminate or
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 reduce the recycle of phosphorus from digester
3 supernatants or from thickener liquids.
4 The two common types of chemical
5 treatment for phosphorus removal are: (1)
6 Alkaline removal with lime, and (2) Adsorption
7 or precipitation with metallic hydroxides.
8 Typical phosphorus removals for
9 either type or combination of chemical treat-
10 ments readily exceed 90 percent. The principal
11 advantage in chemical treatment lies in the
12 close control that can be maintained in actual
13 plant operation* Another advantage is that
14 laboratory data will predict dosage levels
15 for particular phosphate residuals as well as
16 settling rates for clarifier designs. It
17 should be noted that in addition to phosphorus
18 removal, chemical treatment will also result
19 In significant reduction in organic and Inorganic
20 turbidity, reduction in BOD and COD, that is
21 biological and chemical oxygen demands, and
22 reduction in bacterial numbers. Chemical treat-
23 ment can be effective even with fluctuations
24 in the preceding conventional processes and
25 should maintain a more uniform effluent quality
-------
848
! DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 than other phosphorus removal processes. In
3 Appendix A,I have descriptions of plants that
4 have successfully utilized chemical phosphate
6 removal.
6 The chemical-biological treatment
7 may be illustrated by Figure 2 and in Process
8 2 (a) it involves the addition of a precipitant
g to accomplish most of the phosphorus removal
10 in the primary tank with additional removal of
^ phosphorus in the biological phase. A recent
12 study by Buzzell and Sawyer shows that lime
13 treatment of raw wastewater can remove 80 to
14 90 percent of influent total phosphorus.
15 Laboratory data by Albertson and Sherwood
16 indicate that even more economical benefits
17 are achieved when solids are recycled around
13 the primary treatment unit. Advantages in
19 this approach include improved clarification
20 and BOD removal in addition to improved phos-
21 phate removal. Lime recovery may be used to
22 reduce costs even further. Several new plants
23 | destined to utilize these processes have been
24 designed, including one in Rochester, New York.
25 Process 2(b) involves the addition
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 of minerals directly into the aeration tank
3 which results in the formation and precipitation
4 of slightly soluble phosphorus compounds.
5 Additives such as aluminium or iron salts
6 cause no interference in the biological activity,
7 and the mixing and residence times provided by
g the aerator allow sufficient time for formation
9 of precipitates. There has been no increase
10 in the volume of the sludge produced because
11 of improvement of the settling characteristics
12 of the mixed liquors. This latter process has
13 been referred to by Barth and Ettinger as
14 "mineral addition."
15 The Federal Water Pollution Control
16 Administration has Just completed a field study
17 of the mineral addition process at the Xenia,
18 Ohio, wastewater treatment plant. The data
19 show that the plant normally removes about 20
20 percent of the influent phosphorus. With the
21 addition of sodium aluminate, removals of 85
22 to 92 percent were obtained. When we stopped
23 adding the chemicals, the plant returned to the
24 normal 20 percent removal. The chemical cost
25 of phosphorus removal was some five cents per
-------
850
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 thousand gallons, and considering that this was
3 a field investigation, using makeshift equipment,
4 the results show promise when this approach is
5 applied in a more controlled situation.
6 I mention this particular process be-
7 cause it presumably would not require the
8 addition of any new treatment facilities other
9 than chemical additives*
10 The table given in Appendix B presents
11 a status summary of various operational projects
12 in the United States designed for phosphate
is removal utilizing biological, chemical, or
14 chemical-biological means. This Administration
is is actively participating in demonstration
16 projects for phosphorus removal through re-
17 search and development grant funds. A list
is of these projects is presented in Appendix C.
w Current operational experience indi-
20 cates that tertiary chemical treatment costs
21 will be affected by local factors such as
22 sludge handling and disposal requirements, acid
23 requirements for neutralizing the effluent and
24 filtration requirements to remove suspended
25 solids in the effluent. Chemical-biological
-------
851
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 processes offer promising improvements in
3 operational efficiency through lower costs,
4 increased effectiveness, reduced solids
5 disposal problems, and a minimum of plant
6 changes. In both approaches, the role of
7 lime or alum recovery and reuse plays a
8 significant role in affecting costs. Of
9 the two chemicals, lime currently displays
10 more potential for economical recovery through
H recalcination and carbon dioxide byproduct
12 recovery for recarbonation.
13 An evaluation of phosphorus removal
14 cost data for either type of chemical treatment
15 in the 90 to 95 percent removal range shows
16 that for a typical 10 million gallon per day
17 plant, 5 cents per 1,000 gallons or less will
18 accomplish the goal today. Factors relating
19 to the composition of the local water, methods
20 of sludge disposal, methods of chemical re-
21 covery, etc., have been considered in the
22 figure quoted to you. Considering the progress
23 already made and the large amount of laboratory
24 and pilot plant work in progress, there is
25 little reason to doubt that the economics of
-------
852_
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 present and future systems will improve.
3 The total cost breakdown for a typical
4 tertiary chemical phosphate removal process
5 treating a secondary effluent is given below.
6 It includes capital costs, operating and
7 maintenance cost for equipment, chemical cost,
8 sludge disposal, and recalcining of sludge.
9 Gentlemen, the table indicates that
10 for a one million gallon a day plant the total
11 cost of the phosphate removal would be about
12 4.8 cents per 1,000 gallons, at a 100 million
13 gallon a day scale it would be about 4.1 cents,
14 and if we even went to a one billion gallon
15 a day plant it would be about 4 cents a thousand
16 gallons.
17 I would not normally have shown these
18 parts in two significant figures, but this was
19 done to indicate some of the differences in
20 operating and maintenance.
21 You will note that a significant
22 saving can reduce these costs today, and I am
23 talking about costs today, that with recalcining,
24 costs can be reduced to below 4 cents a thousand
25 gallons. You will note from this table that more
-------
§53
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 than 50 percent of the cost is attributable to
3 the chemical costs. This helps explain why
4 scale does not mean as much in this type of
5 treatment as it would in conventional primary
g or biological treatment.
7 It is significant to note that
g considerable savings are available in reealcining
9 the sludge. Much of this advantage results from
10 the fact that you don't have a sludge problem
11 or it is minimized.
12 Smith at our Cincinnati laboratory
13 portrays a similar cost breakdown, which is
14 shown in Figure 3, which graphically illustrates
15 the coagulation and sedimentation process after
16 lime addition. His costs were based on chemi-
17 cal additions of 300 milligrams per liter of
18 hydrated lime and 50 milligrams per liter of
19 ferrous sulfate.
20 I might mention that the method for
21 computing these costs is given, including the
22 debt services allowances,and point out to some
23 of you that the costs are adjusted to June
24 1967 and based on the =ost of lime of about
25 $18.50 per ton, which, of course, would have
-------
854
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 an effect on the costs.
3 Summarizing, new concepts, processes,
4 and techniques for the removal of phosphate at
5 modest cost in the municipal wastewater treat-
6 ment plant are a technical reality today and
7 will be broadly applied on a commercial scale
8 in the very near future. Operational experience
9 in the United States has demonstrated that
10 chemical treatment, chemical after biological,
11 will reliably remove 90 "to 95 percent of the
12 total phosphate present in municipal wastewater.
13 Side benefits are also achieved because
14 other pollutants are reduced substantially
15 in the process. Cost and performance will
16 undoubtedly improve as operational experience
17 becomes more widespread.
18 Both the cold lime and alum chemical
19 treatments are straightforward, reliable, and
20 easily controlled to produce a .predictable
21 effluent quality. The choice of either process
22 is dictated by local considerations such as
23 sludge disposal or utilization, neutralization
24 (pH) requirements, and solids removal require-
25 ments. Only a brief engineering study is
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 required to develop the best method at a specific
3 location.
4 Chemical treatment may also be inte-
5 grated with conventional biological treatment
6 by chemical addition at either the primary sedi-
7 mentation stage or the activated sludge stage.
g Chemical-biological treatment should result in
9 improvements of current conventional or tertiary
10 processes so that significant cost reductions
ll will be achieved in the near future. Potential
12 net costs of less than 3 cents per 1,000 gallons
13 appear readily attainable and operating data
14 from full scale plants should be available within
15 one year. Integrated treatment can generally
16 be assumed to require minimum plant modification
17 to existing facilities with resultant phosphate
18 removals on the order of 90 percent.
19 In general, future phosphate removal
20 costs will decline and commercial firms have
21 even projected that net costs of less than 1
22 to 2 cents per 1,000 gallons may be realized.
23 Effective treatment for phosphate removal will
24 simultaneously yield other pollution control
25 benefits through removal of other impurities.
-------
: 856
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 In conclusion, currently available
3 technology allows us to design for phosphate
4 removal on a rational basis and to select the
5 most economical system for a given locality
6 based upon a brief preliminary engineering study.
7 Phosphates can be removed today from municipal
8 sewage at a cost of less than 5 cents per 1,000
9 gallons, which represents some $50 per 1,000,000
10 gallons or less than 1 cent per capita per day.
11 Thank you.
12 MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Weinberger.
13 That was an excellent statement Indeed, and I
14 think we have some new material here, because
15 this is the first I have heard this. As stated
16 in this way I think we are faced with a signifl-
17 cant new concept and I hope a great one.
18 Are there any comments or questions?
19 Mr. Holmer.
2« MR. HOLMER: As I look at Table 1
21 on this report, Dr. Weinberger, I notice that
22 of this rather extensive number of alternative
23 methods of treatment—and I recognize that this
24 relates to the kinds of wastewater that are
25 coming In, and so on--that column 3 is headed
-------
651-
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 "Scale of Operation," and of these only a
3 very few are listed as In full-scale operation
4 and that for those that are in full-scale
5 operation the percentages of removal are on
6 the order of, well, Just to read a few of them,
7 4? percent, 10 to 30 percent, 30—well, you
g know them as well as I do.
9 DR. WEINBERGER: Yes.
10 MR. HOLMER: Are we far enough along
11 to be able—is there any hesitation in your
12 conclusions that we have been into full-scale
13 operation sufficiently to warrant the con-
14 elusion that we can achieve 90 percent
15 consistently in full-scale operation at these
16 prices for all wastes?
17 DR. WEINBERGER: Mr. Holmer, the
18 specific answer is there is no doubt in my
19 mind that we can accomplish that.
20 Referring to Table 1, it is signifi-
21 cant to note that those figures that you refer
22 to deal with the biological process. As I
23 indicated in my opening remarks, I came here
24 today not to project too far into the future
25 as to what might be accomplished through
-------
858
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 research, and accordingly confined my remarks
3 to a process which will work and which will
4 work today. In the future, and I have indi-
5 cated we have a very extensive research and
6 development program, we will undoubtedly
7 improve our technology in this area as well
g as all others.
9 But if one looks at the chemical
10 processes in Table 1, if one looks at the
11 removals of the phosphates by chemical means,
12 which is the one that I am so certain about,
13 one sees that the removals are consistently
14 above 90 percent, 93 percent, 99 percent,
15 97 percent, 94 percent, and so forth, with
16 one exception, and that was the exception
17 reported by Sawyer and Buzzell; but again
18 I would point out that their 77 or 78 percent
19 removal was only based upon chemical treatment
20 of primary sewage. It was not followed by
21 a second stage of biological treatment.
22 MR. HOLMER: Our concern is a very
23 real one. As you are aware, Wisconsin is quite
24 anxious to find the most feasible means of
25 dealing with these, I notice that a number
-------
859
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 of these lab experiments have been participated
3 in by Mr. Rohlich, who is a member of our Board
4 as well as one of the leaders in this whole
5 business. We have investigations at Milwaukee
6 and Green Bay on a major scale.
7 One of the studies in which Mr.
g Rohlich was involved we know when it moved
9 from the lab stage to the pilot stage, this
10 is the alum-lime experiments, dropped from the
11 95 percent reported here to 75 percent, and
12 if we were to move in the same proportion
13 in each of these, we have got some problems.
14 And I am wondering whether we are
15 ready to embrace fully and promptly at this
16 time full-fledged involvement in the chemical
17 process, I recognize you are pretty confident
18 of this, and I appreciate that.
19 DR. WEINBERGER: The four installations
20 that are referred to, one of the installations
21 is Lake Tahoe, where phosphate is being removed.
22 Three other full-scale installations for phos-
23 phorus removal are reported. In this case the
24 phosphorus removal was for purposes of preparing
25 sewage effluent for boiler feed water. The
-------
86o
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 fact that it was for a different purpose does
3 not negate the fact that these degrees of
4 removal are being achieved on a routine basis.
5 MR. POSTON: Mr. Holroer, I might
6 comment to the effect that a couple of weeks
7 ago I was in Niagara Falls and Dwight Metzler,
g your counterpart in the State of New York,
9 in giving testimony to the International
10 Joint Commission about phosphate removal
11 indicated that there were some 20 plants in
12 New York presently being designed for phosphate
13 removal.
14 I was particularly interested in
15 Dr. Weinberger's statement that indicated to
16 me that we could get better removal of phosphates
17 after secondary treatment. Did I understand
18 that right?
19 DR. WEINBERGER: No, Mr. Poston,
20 what I was suggesting here, that if one went
21 to phosphate treatment after the conventional
22 type of primary and biological treatment as a
23 result of removing phosphorus in the tertiary
24 stage, you would also remove some additional
25 suspended solids which normally would be
-------
86l
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 discharged. You would also be having some bac-
3 terial kills because of the additional lime
4 treatment.
5 In other words, what I am saying here
6 is that there are more benefits than just phos-
7 phate removal.
8 MR. STEIN: Mr. Oeming.
9 MR. OEMING: Dr. Weinberger, I would
10 like to clear up what seems to me to be a
ll discrepancy between Appendix C and your table
12 of amounts treated—just a moment until I get
13 it straightened out—Appendix C and Appendix B.
14 In Appendix B you mention Wayne,
is Michigan, as an operational phosphate removal
16 process of 45,000,000 gallons a day, chemical-
17 biological. And in Appendix C you indicate,
18 I think, a tenth of a million gallons per day.
19 Could you clear that up?
20 DR. WEINBERGER: Larry, I am sorry.
21 MR. OEMING: Let's start over.
22 DR. WEINBERGER: All right.
23 MR. OEMING: In Appendix B under
24 Wayne, Michigan, you indicate that Wayne is
25 an operational phosphate removal process of
-------
862
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 ^5>000,000 gallons a day treatment. Have you
3 found that?
4 DR. WEINBERGER: Yes, sir.
5 MR. OEMING: Now, in Appendix C
6 you mention Wayne again and you have it as
7 a tenth of a million gallons a day.
8 DR. WEINBERGER: Let me explain that,
9 I think I can do that readily.
10 Under Appendix C, Larry, we are
11 talking about some of the existing projects
12 that we have, and of course at the tenth of
13 an MGD scale. In Appendix B, if we follow
14 across, I think the indication is that some
15 of the removals are based on jar tests but
16 that there have been some very short periods.
17 i think it is indicated there that for very
18 short periods they have had full-scale operations.
19 MR. OEMING: This didn't mean, to
20 you at least, that Wayne is operating a full-
21 scale plant?
22 DR. WEINBERGER: No, sir. No, sir.
23 MR. OEMING: All right, this is the
24 point.
25 DR. WEINBERGER: No, sir.
-------
863
! T DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 MR. OEMING. Le6, as I look at the
« costis of phosphate removal, it strikes me that
4 iron salts get you down into a cheaper range
5 of cost here. Isn't that right?
6 DR. WEINBERGER: Larry, I think again
_ the point that I wanted to make here was that
8 I think in any one instance for chemical treat-
9 uient one might have a balance of chemical costs,
10 that one can achieve these removals through
u lime, through alum, through iron, and combinations
12 of those three, and the purpose here is to indi-
13 cate that these have been successful, but in any
14 one case one would have to look at the economics.
15 MR. OEMIKG: I see.
16 Well, Dr. Weinberger, I personally
17 want to thank you for a very elucidating state-
18 ment here, and I think one that has been a
19 long time overdue, not criticizing you, but
20 it has been a long time overdue. And I Just
21 want to say further, speaking for Michigan,
22 j that in addition to the instances you have
23 cited we can confirm the principles that you
24 have presented here.
25 DR. WEINBERGER: Thank you. I
-------
! DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 appreciate t;nat.
3 MR. STEIN: Are there any other
4 comments or questions?
5 I recognize, you know, that something
6 like this may have been long overdue, and I
7 have been waiting for it as much as anyone,
8 but I don't think you can get out sfce statement
9 until you are sure of the facts.
10 DO you have something, Mr. Pooled
11 MR. POOLE: I want to comment a
12 little.
13 MR. STEIN: Yes.
14 MR. POOLE: First, Dr. Weinberger,
15 I notice in the body of your report for
16 chemical treatment you come down to 5 cents
17 a 1,000 gallons, which includes chemicals,
18 sludge disposal and everything else.
19 In Appendix B, however, you show
20 Lake Tahoe with chemical at 9 cents a 1,000,
21 Nassau County Chemical at 7 cents a 1,000,
22 Lansdale, Pennsylvania, at 10 cents a 1,000,
23 Lake Tahoe's second plant, which is going to
24 start up next month or I guess this month
25 now, at 9 cents a 1,000, and I am a bit
-------
865
1 DR. LEON ¥. WEINBERGER
2 curious as to what, in view of those cost
3 figures, brought you to the conclusion that
4 this could be done for 5 cents a 1,000.
5 DR. WEINBERGER: Mr. Poole, speaking
6 specifically of Tahbe, because I think there
7 has been the most published information re-
g garding the Tahoe installation, if one reviews
9 the Tahoe costs, this is a real plant, a real
10 cost, the cost of lime in Lake Tahoe, as an
11 example, is roughly double what it would be
12 almost any plaee else in the United States.
13 The costs in Lake Tahoe across the board are
14 extremely high, and, therefore, what we have
15 done is, of course, indicated what those costs
16 would be.
17 In some of the o^cner cases in
18 Appendix B, some of these cost figures,
19 although they have been actual or projected
20 to a larger scale operation, some of these
21 are for experimental purposes and some of
22 these are rather small plants.
23 But the Lake Tahoe figures, and I
24 would be very happy to make those available,
25 in going through actual costs it is quite
-------
866
j I DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 easy to see where lime is some $15 ft ton, the
3 cost will be below 5 cents,
4 MR. STEIN: Mr. Poole has been out
5 to Lake Tahoe with us. I can say that at Lake
Tahoe my hotel room is double what I pay here.
? (Laughter.)
MR. POOLE: I have a second comment
O
9 or observation, I guess this is, instead of a
10 comment.
You are giving us now with considerable
12 reassurance on your part--and having known you
13 as long as I do this gives me considerable re-
14 assurance as to the information you presented
15 here today--but if I followed you correctly
16 you are saying that you could remove from 80
17 percent of the phosphates up,by chemical
18 processes, at 5 cents a 1,000. Then you
19 create a tremendous problem for State adminis-
20 trators when right over at the end of your
21 summary and your conclusions you say that
22 within a year or so a combination of chemical
23 treatment with conventional biological treatment |
I
24 | will go down to 3 cenTis a 1,000 and that in
25 all probability eventually to 1 or 2 cents
-------
867
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 a 1,000.
3 I hope you appreciate that this puts
4 a fellow like me, if I go to South Bend, Indiana,
5 Just as a case in point, at quite a disadvantage
6 in saying that I expect you to start on a ehemi-
7 cal process now that is going to cost you 5
8 cents a 1,000, when they have, we will say,
9 35,000,000 gallons of sewage, but maybe by next
10 year there will be another process by which you
11 could do it for 3 cents a 1,000.
12 DR. WEINBERGER: Mr. Poole, I
13 recognize the problem that I may have created,
14 and this was my only departure, I believe,
15 in terms of making any projections. But I
16 felt compelled to do this in the light of
17 some of the advances being reported by people
18 who are in the business of providing pollution
19 control equipment. As Mr. Stein has indicated,
20 a number of these plants are under design and
21 the projected costs for these are much lower
22 than the 5 cents a 1,000 gallons. I think
23 that if one were to proceed today to hire
24 engineers and have engineers proceed with the
25 design and for them indeed to make the
-------
^__ 868
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 appropriate selection among alternatives, the
3 costs even today would be below the 5 cents.
4 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
5 comments or questions?
6 MR. HOLMER: Yes, sir.
7 MR. STEIN: Yes.
8 MR. HOLMER: As has been clearly
9 indicated, a good share of the area in each
10 of our States is outside of the Lake Michigan
ll Basin. I think we have been somewhat per-
12 suaded that the phosphorus problem for the
13 Lake Michigan Basin is an extremely serious
14 one. I am not sure who ought to deal with the
15 question.
16 But is phosphate removal, phosphorus
17 removal, as important for every other receiving
18 water as it is for the receiving waters in
19 the Lake Michigan Basin?
20 MR. STEIN: Well, I don't know if
21 Dr. Weinberger wants to talk about that, but
22 I, as you know, have had considerable experience
23 with the hard nuts and bolts of every major
24 case throughout the country and I find that
25 is a significant problem everywhere. It is
-------
869
! DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 ubiquitous. I think the key problem and the
3 hard residual problem we are finding all over
4 the country today with no variant is the
5 nutrient problem. If any of you know an
6 organic waste or municipal waste problem
7 where that isn't the case, except perhaps
8 in ocean outflow, I would like, to know about
9 it.
10 Yes.
n MR. POSTON: I would like to comment
12 to the effect that I think it is a particularly
13 important problem in Lake Michigan because,
14 as was emphasized by Dr. Baumgartner this
15 morning, if we let Lake Michigan deteriorate
16 and become eutrophic, we can expect this
17 problem to persist for 1,000 years, even
18 though corrective measures are takenj whereas
19 in a stream the water flows away and we can
20 change the picture, the biota in the stream,in
21 a relatively short period of time.
22 MR. HOLMER: In a sense I preferred
23 Murray Stein's answer, because it simplifies
24 things for a State administrator—
25 MR. STEIN: Yes.
-------
8?0
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 MR. HOLMER: --not to have to dis-
3 tinguish.
4 (Laughter.)
5 MR. STEIN: That is right. Now, I
6 think in an inland State such as yours you
7 will have that problem. I imagine a coastal
8 State may have an easier problem on this
9 phosphate removal operation.
10 But for an inland State or an
11 inland river, it is right with you wherever
12 we go.
13 MR. HOLMER: On his lists in Appendices
14 B and C and A, I guess, only Nassau County
15 appears as a coastal potential, and so this was
16 what led rae to my question.
17 DR. WEINBERGER: I might mention that th
18 reason for Nassau County doing this is because
19 of a ground water injection.
20 MR. STEIN: Yes. They really can't
21 afford to put their wastes out into the ocean.
22 They are hard put to find any water sources
23 on Long Island and they have to depend upon
24 j their wastewater and hope to put it back in
25 and get it out again.
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 Are there any further comments?
3 MR. OSMING: Dr. Weinberger, you haven't
4 touched in your statement, perhaps you aren't
5 qualified to speak about it, but we are informed
6 that there has been a committee established
7 between the soap and detergent industry and
g the FWPCA. I am not sure that I understand
9 everything this committee proposes to do or
10 where it is heading and when. I wonder if
11 you are the proper person to discuss this here
12 or should we address our question to somebody
13 else?
14 DR. WEINBERGER: Larry, I am afraid
15 I am going to have to answer, since I am Vice-
16 Chairman of that committee.
17 (Laughter.)
18 MR. STEIN: That committee knows
10 who to put in charge of bubbles.
20 (Laughter.)
21 DR. WEINBERGER: Let me try and give
22 a little background to the formation of that
23 committee, which was established by Secretary
24 Udall in cooperation with .members of the
25 Soap and Detergent Producers and Manufacturers.
-------
872
|DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
Recognizing that the matter of
2
accelerated eutrophication and the problem
3
related to the sources of nutrients and their
4
I effects was a very complex problem--there are
5
many contributors to this problem--the Secre-
6
tary indicated that every effort should be made
7
to get the full cooperation and participation
8
of all of those who can make a contribution to
9
the solving of this problem. Accordingly, a
Joint task committee was established, a techni-
11
cal committee, for the purposes of trying to
accelerate research, coordinate the research,
13
on all aspects of the problems associated
with eutrophication. That is a technical task
15
committee made up of industrial representatives
16
as well as Federal representatives.
One of the things which this group
lo
has undertaken and announced Just a month ago
1«F
was the calling together of some of the most
0. competent people throughout the world to help
Zl
22 us develop an algal growth potential test so
23 that we would be able to evaluate the effects
24 of any chemical which might be discharged into
25 a lake. I think this group is looking at the
-------
87.3
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 total matter of eutrophication.
3 Does that, Larry, answer the question
4 or do you want something specific?
5 MR. OEMING: Well, I am sorry, Dr.
6 Weinberger, but I don't think it does.
7 DR. WEINBERGER: I am sorry, Larry.
g MR. OEMING: Let's start from the
9 basic premise here, there are phosphate builders
10 in detergents.
11 DR. WEINBERGER: All right.
12 MR. OEMING: Now, is a part of this
13 project to determine whether something can be
14 done to alter the structure of the detergents
15 so that you don't use phosphate builders or
16 something else that has an equal pollution
17 potential?
18 DR. WEINBERGER: Larry, the Soap
19 and Detergent Association announced within the
20 last 30 days that industry was intensifying
21 their efforts to find substitutes or partial
22 substitutes for phosphate builders. This
23 was announced within the last 30 days, I believe,
24 so that as a committee, as an agency, we, of
25 course, are quite concerned that all steps
-------
87^
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 should be taken to reduce phosphate, although
3 again my remarks here were addressed specifically
4 to the matter of treatment. It is obvious,
5 I hope, that we have got to intensify our
6 efforts to control phosphorus from land runoff
7 We have got to use whatever means that we can.
g One of the suggested solutions, one
9 of the possible solutions, is to also reduce
10 the amount of phosphorus that might be in our
11 detergents, and industry has indicated that
12 they are proceeding.
13 I might say that I attended a meeting
14 just last Thursday where two products—and I
15 would like to emphasize these were quite
16 experimental, in very early development
17 stage--two products were reported which might
18 be substitutes or partial substitutes for
19 the kinds of phosphates currently available.
20 This is a long-term process, however.
21 Does that answer it?
22 MR. OEMING: Thank you.
23 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
24 comments or questions?
25 Before we recess, I think we have
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 gotten possibly, as I see it, the key to the
3 theory behind the presentations of the Federal
4 Government point of view. That is, aside
6 from the usual pollution problems--and you have
6 heard of their interference with recreation,
7 et cetera, mentioned in the Federal report--
8 the major and significant problem we have to
9 deal with here is the accelerated eutrophi-
10 cation or premature aging of Lake Michigan.
11 This is due in large measure, as I understand
12 the Federal presentation, to discharges from
13 municipal and industrial sources. The key
14 element that the scientists believe can be
15 controlled to show this up is the control of
16 the discharge of phosphorus and the amount of
17 phosphorus in Lake Michigan.
18 There are indications that Lake
19 Michigan is definitely showing the signs of
20 accelerated eutrophication, according to Dr.
21 Bartsch's report, and according to Dr. Baum-
22 gartner the current pattern in the lake is
23 such that every one seems to be interconnected
24 with the next one, all the bordering States,
25 and we have to view the States as a whole.
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 As in all cases, the next Implication is you
3 have to deal with this source "by source,
4 municipal and industrial.
5 Dr. Weinberger has added a new
6 element--something that I have never heard
7 of before and which we have been waiting
8 a long time to hear—that wastewater treat-
9 ment facilities can be designed, built and
10 operated to remove at least 80 percent,
ll and in many cases 90 percent of the phos-
12 phorus found in municipal wastewaters at
13 a reasonable cost.
14 At this stage this is, as I see
15 it, the essence of the Government presen-
16 tation on the eutrophication. We will
17 be hearing other comments and other
18 statements, but if anyone disagrees with
19 this or has questions on it, I would
20 suggest in his presentation he raise
21 this point. I think this is a relatively
22 straightforward presentation. We have
23 the disease, we have the diagnosis, and
24 ye have a prescription for treatment at a
25
-------
1 DR. LEON W. WEINBERGER
2 reasonable cost, and I think with that kind
3 of blueprint we can move forward unless there
4 are some significant changes.
5 With the presentation of a case
6 of this kind, we are all faced with a chal-
7 lenge. I am just trying to state the case
8 without coming to any conclusions. I think
9 within the next week or so as we work this
10 over this is the problem we must meet head on,
11 and if this case cannot be disputed, I leave
12 the alternatives of where we go on it to you.
13 We will stand recessed for 10
14 minutes.
15
(Recess.)
16
17 MR. STEIN: May we reconvene?
18 Mr. Poston.
W MR. POSTONi Mr. Schneider will now
20 draw the conclusions and recommendations.
21 Mr. Schneider.
22 These are the Federal conclusions
23 and recommendations.
24 (Laughter.)
25 MR. HOLMER: Are these not the
-------
878
! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 conclusions of the Federal Water Pollution
3 Control Administration or are these the con-
4 elusions of the Federal Government?
5 MR. BOSTON: These are the conclusions
6 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Admini-
7 stration.
g MR. HOLMER: 0. K.
9
10 STATEMENT BY R. J. SCHNEIDER
n CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
12 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
13
14 MR. SCHNEIDER: Thank you, Mr. Poston.
15 Chairman Stein, conferees, ladies and gentlemen.
16 In presenting the conclusions, I
17 would like to invite your attention to the
lg wall map where locations mentioned in the
19 conclusions will be pointed out.
20 Based upon the foregoing information
21 that you have heard today, the Federal Water
22 Pollution Control Administration presents the
23 following conclusions.
24 Number one: Lake Michigan is a
25 priceless natural heritage which the present
-------
87Q
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 generation holds in trust for posterity, with
3 an obligation to pass it on in the best possible
4 condition.
5 2. Water uses of Lake Michigan and its
6 tributaries for municipal water supply,, recreation,
7 including swimming, boating, and other body contact
8 sports, commercial fishery, propagation of fish
9 and aquatic life, and esthetic enjoyment, are
10 presently impaired by pollution in many parts
11 of all four of the States that border upon and
12 have common boundaries within the lake. The
13 sources of this pollution include wastes from
14 municipalities, industries, Federal activities,
15 combined sewer overflows, agricultural practices,
16 watercraft, natural runoff, and related activities
17 throughout the drainage basin.
18 3. Eutrophication is a threat now
19 to the usefulness of Lake Michigan and other
20 lakes within the basin. Unless checked, the
21 aging of Lake Michigan will be accelerated by
22 continuing pollution to the extent that it will
23 duplicate the Lake Erie eutrophication condition.
24 Feasible methods exist for bringing this problem
25 under control. They need to be applied.
-------
880
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 4. Evidence of severe bacterial pollution of
3 tributaries has been found in the Fox River
4 between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, in the
5 Milwaukee River within Milwaukee County, in
6 and downstream from the cities along the Grand
7 River in Michigan, in the St. Joseph River in
8 Indiana and Michigan; and in the streams of the
9 Calumet Area of Illinois and Indiana. Although
10 the bacterial quality of Lake Michigan is
11 generally good in deep water, the water is
12 degraded along the shoreline and in harbor
13 areas.
14 5. Pollution has contributed to the
15 growth of excessive inshore algal populations
16 which have occurred in the vicinity of Manitowoc
17 to Port Washington in Wisconsin; at Chicago,
18 Illinois; along the entire eastern shore of
19 Lake Michigan, and near Manistique, Michigan.
20 Short filter runs in water treatment plants
21 have occurred at many locations including Green
22 Bay, Sheboygan, and Milwaukee, in Wisconsin;
23 Waukegan, Evanston, and Chicago, in Illinois;
24 Gary and Michigan City, in Indiana; and Holland,
25 Grand Rapids, Muskegon,Michigan,and Benton Harbor (in
-------
^__ 881-
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 Indiana. Phosphate fertilizer concentrations
3 now exceed critical algal growth values in
4 many areas. Excessive sludgeworm populations
5 indicating pollution of lake bed sediments
occur near Manitowoc and Sheboygan in Wisconsin;
from Port Washington, Wisconsin, to Waukegan,
g Illinois; and from Chicago, Illinois, to
9 Muskegon, Michigan.
10 6. The small quantity of oxygen
11 normally dissolved in water is perhaps the
12 most important single ingredient necessary
13 j for a healthy balanced, aquatic-life environ-
14 ment. The discharge of treated and untreated
15 municipal and industrial wastes with their
!|
16 I high concentrations of biochemical oxygen
17 demand have caused oxygen depletion in many
18 j of the Lake Michigan tributaries and in some
19 harbors. At present the main body of Lake
20 Michigan has not evidenced signs of appreciable
21 oxygen deficiency.
22 7. In addition to one existing
23 j nuclear power plant, five nuclear power plants,
24 j three of which will have double reactors, are
25 proposed or under construction at Lake Michigan
-------
882
! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 sites for completion between 1970 and 1973.
3 A special evaluation is desirable of the
4 combined impact of siting many reactors on
5 the shores of the lake, in relation to
6 retention and flushing characteristics and
7 to accumulation of radlonuclides in aquatic
g organisms.
9 8. Vessels of all types, commercial,
10 recreational, and Federal, plying the waters
U of Lake Michigan and its tributaries are con-
12 tributors of both untreated and inadequately
13 treated wastes in local harbors and in the
14 open lake, and intensify local problems of
15 bacterial pollution.
16 9. Oil discharges from industrial
17 plants and commercial ships, and careless
18 loading and unloading of cargos, despoil beaches
19 and other recreational areas, contribute to
20 taste and odor problems and treatment Droblems
21 at water treatment plants, coat the hulls of
22 pleasure boats and may be toxic to fish and
23 other aquatic life.
24 10. Disposal of polluted dredged
25 material into the open water of Lake Michigan
-------
883
I R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 causes discoloration, increased turbidity, and
3 oil slicks. Additionally, the pollutants con-
4 tained in dredged material also contribute to
5 increased concentrations of dissolved solids,
6 nutrients and toxic material which contribute
7 to deterioration of water quality.
8 11. Pesticide pollution or Lake
9 Michigan and its tributary streams results
10 from the application of these materials by
11 spraying and dusting. Pesticides are used
12 most heavily in the Lake Michigan Drainage
13 Basin in areas of extensive fruit, grain, and
14 vegetable growing, dairying, and general
15 farming. These areas are: the Wisconsin
16 portion of the Green Bay watershed; the
17 Milwaukee area; the southeast quadrant of
18 the Basin, including the St. Joseph and
19 Grand River Basins; and the Traverse Bay
20 area. The ever-increasing use of these
21 materials threatens water uses for recreation,
22 fish and wildlife, and water supplies.
23 12. A contaminant entering directly
24 into Lake Michigan, or dissolved in the water
25 that feeds the lake, mixes with and eventually
-------
884
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 becomes an integral part of the lake water
3 as a whole—regardless of the point of origin
4 around the periphery or on the contributing
5 watershed.
6 13. Discharges of untreated and
7 inadequately treated wastes originating in
g Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan
9 cause pollution of Lake Michigan which en-
10 dangers the health or welfare of persons in
11 States other than those in which such dis-
12 charges originate. This pollution is subject
13 to abatement under provisions of the Federal
14 Water Pollution Control Act.
15 That concludes the conclusions.
16 I now go on to the recommended actions,
17 which are divided into two parts, general
18 recommendations and specific recommendations.
19 Under general recommendations it is
20 recommended that:
21 1. Advanced waste treatment, beyond
22 secondary, be provided in the places herein-
23 after named, and elsewhere to the extent
24 necessary to maintain applicable water quality
25 standards.
-------
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 2. Where a higher degree of treatment
3 is not required, all other municipal wastes be
4 given at least secondary ("biological) treatment;
5 facilities to be efficiently and continuously
6 operated to achieve an overall removal of at
7 least 90 percent of the biochemical oxygen
g demand and at least SO percent of phosphates.
9 3- Continuous effective disinfection
10 be provided throughout the year for all municipal
11 waste treatment plant effluents.
12 4> Organic wastes and sanitary sewage
13 discharged by industries receive the same treat-
14 ment aa recommended for municipal wastes in the
15 above three recommendations.
16 5. Action be taken toward the exclusion
17 or maximum treatment of all industrial wastes
18 contributing to pollution; and that industrial
19 wastes be discharged to municipal sewer systems
20 where at all possible.
21 6. Wastes from Federal activities
22 be treated to degrees at least as good as that
23 recommended for other sources.
24 7. Combined sewers be prohibited
25 in all newly developed urban areas and separated
-------
886
j R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 In coordination with all urban reconstruction
3 projects.
4 8. Overflow regulating devices of
_ combined sewer systems be designed and operated
5
. in such manner as to convey the maximum practl-
o
cable amount of combined flow to treatment
7
facilities.
o
9. Agricultural practices be improved
y
10 to ensure the maximum protection of the waters
of the Lake Michigan Basin from the application
12 of fertilizers and pesticides and from the
f. effect of siltation.
Xo
14 10. State water pollution control
15 agencies obtain and maintain accurate records
16 of quantities of pesticides utilized on a
17 county basis.
18 11. State water pollution control
19 agencies maintain surveillance of pesticides,
20 including determination of pesticide content
21 in the aquatic environment and initiation of
22 corrective action where needed.
23 12. Waste heat discharges be reduced
24 where other water uses are adversely affectedj
25 and that the quality requirements of the
-------
! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 receiving waters be a prime factor in selecting
3 location and method of heat dissipation used
4 for any new installations requiring large
5 amounts of cooling water.
6 13. The radioactive discharges from
7 nuclear power plants be so controlled as to
g protect the environment; all -interested agencies
9 must coordinate their efforts in a careful
10 study of the effects of siting many reactors
11 on the shores of Lake Michigan, and the
12 acceptability of radioactive waste discharges
13 must be based on the combined impact of all
14 sources on the lake.
15 14. A special investigation be made
16 of the effects which the installation of large
17 power plants, both fossil-fueled and nuclear,
18 have on Lake Michigan; this investigation to
19 include studies of benthic fauna, radioactivity,
20 water temperature, heat diffusion and lake
21 currents.
22 15- As a matter of policy, provisions
23 be made in all planning for the maximum use of
24 areawide sewerage facilities, and for dis-
25 couraging the proliferation of small inefficient
-------
888
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 treatment plants in contiguous urbanized areas,
3 and for promoting the elimination of septic
4 tanks.
5 l6. Uniform lakewide State laws or
6 local legislation be enacted to provide the
7 same degree of control over the discharge of
g wastes from watercraft as is now provided by
9 the Chicago city code.
10 17. All marinas or other facilities
11 servicing watercraft be required to make pro-
12 visions for the receipt, treatment, and onshore
13 disposal of the wastes from vessel holding
14 tanks.
15 18. The discharge of oil from any
16 source into any waters of the Lake Michigan
17 Basin be stopped entirely.
18 19. State water pollution control
19 agencies compile an inventory of all sites
20 where potential exists for major spills of
21 oil and other hazardous material; and require
22 that measures be taken where necessary to
23 prevent the escape of this material to the
24 waters.
25 20. The appropriate State and Federal
-------
889
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 agencies Jointly develop an early warning system
3 to deal with accidental spills of oil and other
4 hazardous material.
5 21. Disposal into Lake Michigan
6 Basin waters of polluted dredgings be pro-
7 hibited.
8 22. Monthly reports covering the
9 operation of all municipal and industrial
10 waste treatment plants, including the quality
11 and quantity of effluent, be submitted to
12 the appropriate agencies for review, evaluation
13 and appropriate action; and that State water
14 pollution control agencies conduct inspections
15 of all waste treatment plants at least quarterly.
W 23. The water quality monitoring
17 programs of the .State agencies of the Lake
18 Michigan Basin be strengthened, and programs
19 geared to indicate change or trends in water
20 quality and the need for additional quality
21 improvement measures.
22 24. The operation of all facilities
23 affecting streamflow, such as hydroelectric
24 plants, be regulated to ensure the availability
25 of optimum streamflow for all legitimate uses.
-------
890
! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 25. Research on pressing problems
3 of the Lake Michigan Basin be vigorously
4 pursued. Principal areas in which research
- is needed include: control of overproduction
o
. of algae; more effective and less costly
6
methods for removing dissolved chemicals,
8 especially nutrients, from wastewaters;
9 techniques for restoring eutrophic lakes;
10 methods for ultimate disposal of residues
removed from wastewaters; improved treatment and
12 other measures for handling industrial wastes
.. particularly of the paper and steel industries;
14 permanent solutions for combined sewfcr problems;
15 effective treatment plants for ships; improved
16 standardization of water quality tests; and
17 improved techniques for water quality monitoring.
lg 26, The treatment required by the
19 above recommendations shall be provided and
20 facilities placed in operation by no later than
21 July 1972, unless the State water pollution
22 control agencies require a lesser amount of time.
23 27. The conferees reconvene at least
i
24 | annually to assess progress.
25 This concludes the general
-------
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 recommendations. I will now take up the specific
3 recommendations, which consist of lists of known
4 major sources of municipal ana industrial wastes.
5 These lists are included in the Report and were
6 compiled from waste inventories provided by the
7 State water pollution control agencies. I would
g at this time, Mr. Chairman, like to introduce
9 this inventory into the record since the general
10 recommendations do apply to all waste sources.
11 MR. STEIN: These lists will be
12 included in the record. If the States,
13 as they very well may have, have some changes
U bringing these up to date, this can be done.
15 After working this out with the States in a
16 constructive manner, we may have an up-to-date
17 list for the record, because if we start
18 amending the list in open conference we will
19 be here through the night.
20 MR. SCHNEIDER: I was going to suggest
21 that myself.
22 (Which said inventory is as follows:)
23
24
25
-------
892
INVENTORY INFORMATION
WASTE SOURCES IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN
JANUARY 1968
APPENDIX PAGE
B Illinois Waste Sources A-21
C Indiana Waste Sources A-27
D Michigan Waste Sources A-64
E Wisconsin Waste Sources A-142
NOTE: A complete inventory of Federal Installations
is provided as an Appendix to "Water Pollution
Problems of Lake Michigan and Tributaries —
Action for Clean Water", January 1968.
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A-183
-------
1056
I R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 MR. SCHNEIDER: Referring to page 6?
3 of the Report, there are three specific recom-
4 mendations for municipalities which are coded
5 to the needs of each, depending upon the
existing degree of treatment and the existence
7 of combined sewers. These recommendations pro-
8 vide for upgrading of existing primary and
secondary facilities to advanced waste treatment
10 by 1972 and for substantial elimination of
pollution from combined sewers by 1977. In
12 order to attack the major portion of the
13 municipal waste input, it was considered
that municipalities of roughly 5*000 population
15 and over should provide advanced waste treatment.
In the case of industries, information
was not sufficient to apply the same degree of
18 specificity as for municipalities. Rather, it
19 is recommended that the needs for the listed
20 industries be determined by the State water
21 pollution control agencies within six months
22 of the issuance of the conference summary and
23 construction of necessary facilities be completed
24 within 36 months.
25 Since these specific recommendations
-------
1057.
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 are part; of the Report which has been made
3 available for general distribution, I will
4 not repeat them here^but as Chairman Stein
5 Indicated, our attention has been called to
g some of the omissions from the list of the
7 Report and we will take care of those as he
g suggested.
9 To summarize the reports that have
10 been presented, the information has shown that
11 varying degrees of pollution now exist in the
12 inshore waters of the lake and on the major
13 tributary streams. The report on eutrophi-
14 cation has shown that there is an accelerating
15 buildup of fertilizing material in the lake
16 water which stimulates excessive aquatic growths
17 and which poses a threat to the lake now in
18 localized areas, and to the lake as a whole
19 in the future. The report on lake currents
20 has shown that what happens on one part of
21 the lake eventually affects all parts of the
22 lake. The conclusions and recommendations
23 reflect a sense of urgent concern for preserving
24 and enhancing the quality of Lake Michigan
25 and tributary streams. ¥e have recommended
-------
1058
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 upgrading of treatment facilities, to secondary
3 treatment and phosphate removal in all cases,
4 and to a higher degree of treatment than Is now
5 conventionally accepted as adequate in specific
6 instances. The report on advanced waste treat-
7 ment has shown that technically feasible methods
g exist for such treatment. It also shows that
9 the cost will be higher than we have been
10 accustomed to in the past. We have also tried
11 to show that the need for a clean lake is and
12 will be so great that we cannot afford not to
13 abate all known sources of pollution to the
14 maximum possible extent.
15 MR. STEIN: Does that conclude it?
16 MR. SCHNEIDER: Yes, sir.
17 MR. STEIN: I don't know whether
18 the conferees want to comment now
19 or take these under advisement and take
20 them up later.
21 MR. HOLMER: We face the problem,
22 Mr. Chairman, that this afternoon would not
23 be nearly long enough, I am sure, for us to
24 satisfy ourselves.
25 MR. STEIN: I think so. These things
-------
1059
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 are well written, clearly written and well
3 stated. My suggestion is we possibly
4 can have the conferees consider these and
5 take these up at a later time when they
6 have more time for the discussion on this,
7 because otherwise we are going to run over-
3 time and we probably can best utilize this
9 time between now and 5 o'clock by listening
10 to another presentation.
11 What do you think of that? I think
12 that would be best.
13 Thank you very much, Mr. Schneider,
14 for your report.
15 Mr. Poston.
16 MR. POSTON: I indicated to Mr.
17 Carbine, Regional Director for the Great
18 Lakes Region of the Bureau of Commercial
19 Fisheries, that he might make his statement
20 this evening in view of the fact that he
21 must leave and would not be able to do this
22 tomorrow. Since Mr. Carbine has important
23 information on the alewife problem, I
24 thought it best that he deliver this himself.
25 MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman, may I
-------
io6o
1 ! R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 just raise a point before we go on?
3 MR. STEIN: Yes.
4 MR. KLASSEN: You say we are going
5 to consider these recommendations later, which
6 is all right with me. I have some comments
7 I want to make on them. But I would like
g a copy of what was read in the recommendations
9 as he read them, because he made some changes
10 that are not in this text that you furnished
11 us. I would like by tomorrow to have a copy
12 of what he read, because, as I indicated, he
13 has made some changes that do not appear in
14 | this written or this printed report.
15 MR. STEIN: Before we go on, Mr.
16 Schneider, are you here?
17 \ Would you please come up to the
18 ! lectern. Did you mark your copy with the
19 changes?
20 j MR. SCHNEIDER: There was a paper
21 passed out, Mr. Klassen, that--
22 MR. POSTON: I don't think we got
23 I that.
24 MR. KLASSEN: With new recommendations?
25 j MR. SCHNEIDER: Yes, sir, the way I
-------
^ 1061
1 R. J. SCHNEIDER
2 gave them.
3 MR. STEIN: Well, the point is,
4 whether it was passed out or not, will you
5 see that we, the conferees, have copies
6 of the paper that you attached to the
7 recommendations and conclusions as you read
8 them?
9 MR. SCHNEIDER: Certainly.
lO MR. STEIN: By early tomorrow
n morning.
12 MR. KLASSEN: I want to raise this
13 point. Have any of the other conferees not
14 received this? I didn't get it,
15 MR. HOLMER: I got it.
16 MR. KLASSEN: I think this is an
17 important point.
18 MR. STEIN: Let me go off the record
19 for Just one moment. I think there is a little
20 confusion.
21 (Off the record.)
22 MR. STEIN: We are back on the record.
23 Mr. Carbine.
24
25
-------
1062
1 W. F. CARBINE
2
STATEMENT BY W. F. CARBINE
3
4
5 BUREAU OP COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
U. S.. PEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
o
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
IS
21
22
REGIONAL DIRECTOR, GREAT LAKES-CENTRAL REGION
MR. CARBINE: Thank you very much,
Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentlemen.
I have already given the stenographer
a copy of my statement, and I hope that you
have been given copies also.
I am representing the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Department of Interior.
Safeguarding and perpetuating the
fishery resources of the Great Lakes are major
responsibilities of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and its Bureaus of Commercial Fisheries
and Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Any practice
20 i or series of events which threatens the abun-
dance of fish or a useful and productive balance
of fish species is of primary concern to us.
23 | Scientists of the Bureau of Commercial
1
24 [j Fisheries have been working with the fisheries
i
25 !l of the Great Lakes and their environment over
-------
1063
W. F. CARBINE
a period of almost 50 years. The Bureau has
been in a particularly advantageous position
to observe the process of change that has been
g taking place in this--the largest complex of
,. freshwater resources in the world. We were
o
the first to direct public attention to the
g now well-publicized deterioration of Lake Erie.
9 And I might add at this time that
10 this caused a great deal of consternation and
a great deal of trouble to me personally.
Several States bordering Lake Erie refused
i3 to believe that Lake Erie was polluted, and
i
14 this was just six years ago, but they have
15 since come around. Much of this statement
I
i§ that I will read today has been based and
i
17 has been suitably updated, of course, on
18 a presentation that was given to the Federal
19 Water Pollution Control Administration sometime
20 | ago for their Lake Michigan report.
I
21 j At the invitation of the Federal
i
i
22 I Water Pollution Control Administration, the
i *
23 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has actively
i
24 participated in review of water quality standards j
25 proposed by the States as required by the Water
-------
1064.
j ¥. P. CARBINE
2 Quality Act of 1965. This included consideration
3 of the proposed standards for Lake Michigan and
4 its tributaries.
g Fish and aquatic life play a unique
- role with respect to water quality problems,
o
7 particularly in large and coaiplex ecosystems
g as represented by the Great Lakes. Long before
9 water quality changes are detectable in gross
10 forms and result in closed beaches and unaccept-
n able domestic water supplies, the interactions
12 among life of the lake can reveal the signifi-
13 cance and rate of these changes, thus giving
14 early warning of the need for remedial action.
15 A brief summary of the changes of
16 fish populations in Lake Michigan forms an
17 instructive background to understand what is
18 happening to the lake and may indicate what
19 should be done. Knowledge of these changes
20 depends on analysis of commercial catch
21 statistics which for most species go back
22 to 1879, Interpreted and expanded by direct
23 sampling of fish stocks by Bureau scientists
24 and other investigators.
25 The reason we cannot quote sport
-------
1063
I W. F, CARBINE
2 fishery statistics is because no data are
3 available.
4 Few of the approximately 100 species
5 in Lake Michigan have contributed heavily to
6 the commercial fishery since the first catch
7 statistics were recorded. Only 11 species
g have contributed 1,000,000 pounds or more
9 annually at one time or another. Eight of
10 the eleven (sturgeon, lake trout, suckers,
11 whitefish, lake herring, walleye, chubs,
12 and yellow perch) are native; three (carp,
13 smelt and alewife) are exotics.
14 The history of the fishery in Lake
15 Michigan has been typical of the other Great
16 Lakes. The highest annual production occurred
17 near or before the turn of the century when
18 the fishery had become well established. The
19 catch exceeded 40 million pounds in 4 of the
20 13 years for which statistics were available
21 between 1897 and 1909, and averaged 35 million
22 pounds. In subsequent periods the total catch
23 showed no major variations or trends (Figure 1}
24 and averaged about 25 million pounds until 1966
25 when the catch increased sharply to over 42
-------
1066
NOUISOdWOO S2i03dS SOMOOd JO SNOH1IVM
H01VO
-------
1067
1 ¥. P. CARBINE
2 million pounds due primarily to a greater catch
3 of alewives. Wine species have been major
4 contributors to the catch since 1930; they
5 have constituted 95^6 to 99.8 percent of the
6 catch in periods for which records of all
7 species are complete.
8 At the turn of the century seven
9 major species were represented in the catch
10 (Figure 1). The lake trout and lake herring
ll were the largest contributors, and the carp,
12 which was introduced into the lake in the
i3 late 1800's, constituted less than 1 percent
14 of the catch. Despite increased abundance
|!
of carp and the subsequent introduction and
16 j establishment of the smelt, the relative
contribution of the native species to the
18 catch showed no major changes or trends
i
19 until the 19^5-4-9 period when the lake trout catch
20 declined sharply. Subsequent species changes
21 took place in swift succession (Figure 1).
22 In 1966, the catch was dominated by the alewife
23 which invaded the lake in the late 19^0's. In
24 j fact, it was recorded first from Lake Michigan
25 in 19^9. Exotic species constituted nearly 77 percent
-------
1068
1 j W. P. CARBINE
2 of the catch; and the portion of the catch
3 composed of lake trout, lake herring, suckers,
4 | and whitefish was only 4.4 percent as compared
6 with more than 82 percent in the 1898-1909
6 ! period.
7 Several factors contributed to this
8 extreme change, and the interaction of these
9 factors and the exact mechanisms that brought
10 about the change are incompletely understood.
H There is no question, however, that predation
12 of the sea lamprey triggered the decline of
13 !j the lake trout in the upper three Great Lakes,
!J
14 jj and that the resultant pressures of a shifting
ij
15 I! fishery, and a population explosion of the
ij
16 !i alewife were major contributing factors.
i
17 The importance of interaction between
h
il
18 i the commercial fishery pressures and biological
19 i inf uences on the fish stocks is quite obvious.
I
i
20 What then may be said of the influence of
21 j environmental factors (specifically water quality
22 changes) which are the chief interest of this
i
23 | conference? Unfortunately, information is
i
24 lacking on water quality changes of Lake Michigan
25 over the years comparable to the commercial
-------
1069
1 ! W. P. CARBINE
j
2 i fishery statistics which serve as indicators
3 || of changes in the fish stocks. Significant
L
4 ij but subtle changes in water quality were
£ !j measured, however, and have had a strong
!
IB |; impact or resulted in less conspicuous "but
li |
7 || equally dramatic biological occurrences such
!!
8 !| as influences of the sea lamprey and alewife
J
9 !; invasions. There is sufficient information
i
10 i! to form a reasoned Judgment and to guide
I
ii i decisions for future management.
Although Lake Michigan is a single
ecosystem in an overall sense, a distinction
' ;
must be made between the inshore waters and i
-che open lake, both from the fisheries and
water quality standpoint. Carp, suckers,
yellow perch, walleye, whitefish and lake
herring are closely associated with the
inshore habitat, and this is where large
quantities of the dominant alewife population
congregate during late spring and early summer
to spawn. This is also the area where pollution
is readily observable to eye and nose. Recent
studies by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration have demonstrated increasing
21
22,
ij
23 !i
24
25
-------
1070
1 V, P. CARBIHE
2 enrichment in this inshore area.. Dense
3 quantities of the green algae Cladaphora blanket
4 areas that formerly were devoid of this algae
5 which requires high concentrations of nutrients.
6 There is no question that this enrichment has
7 influenced the inshore species complex,
g favoring species like the carp, suckers and
9 alewives which have been increasing sharply.
10 Such enrichment has contributed to the decline
u of the whitefish during the last century in
12 tributaries of Green Bay and during this
13 century in southern Green Bay, Traverse Bay,
14 and southern Lake Michigan. The same enrich-
15 ment has influenced the decline of the lake
16 herring in southern Green Bay and southern
17 Lake Michigan in this century. The alewife
18 explosion, by creating a population that ranges
id over the entire lake, has become a mechanism
20 j for cycling inshore enrichment throughout the
21 entire lake. The extreme abundance of the
22 alewife, which gets its early start in life
23 in the inshore area, can be attributed to this
24 enrichment.
25 I What of the water of the open lake
-------
1071
1 W. P. CARBINE
2 and its relation to fish and aquatic organisms?
3 This is the zone normally characterized by a
4 fishery complex consisting of smelt, chubs,
5 lake trout, and the alewife during fall, winter
€ and spring. Figure 2 shows trends in the average
7 concentrations of certain major ions in Lake
8 Michigan waters and the percentage change
9 since 1870. Only three curves are shown,
10 those for sulphate, chloride, and total dis-
H solved solids, since these are the only sub-
12 stances for which dependable, standardized
13 measurements are available over an extended
14 period. There are many other contaminants
15 which influence more strongly the fish and
16 aquatic life in much lower concentrations,
17 but for which similar curves cannot be dra?m
18 i due to technical limitations and laon of
19 earlier measurements. The trends exhibited
20 in Figure 2 are broadly representative of
21 what is happening to the concentrations of
22 many (though by no means all) other chemical
23 substances. These trends may be summarized
24 as steady increases similar to those before
25 sharp increases took place in Lake Erie in
-------
12
8
O
h-
o>
UJ
o
0
^ TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
I
i
l
i
1
I
l i
70 80 90 1900 10 "20 3040 50 '60
UJ
UJ
o:
o
300
200
100
SULFATE
'70 '80 '90 1900 '10 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60
UJ
o
cr
UJ
o_
CD
300
200
100
0
CHLORIDE
I
'70 '80 '90 1900 '10 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60
YEAR
1072
160
150
140
130
120
O
20
15
10
5
0
o:
UJ
Q_
o:
8
6
2
0
-------
p 1073
1 I W. P. CARBINE
I
2 || recent years. Concentrations of several major
I
3 ions and total dissolved solids in Lake Erie
4 !i showed a marked acceleration from about the
5 1930's until the present. The levels of
6 sulfate and total dissolved solids in Lake
7 Michigan are now the same as they were in Lake
8 Erie during the mid-1930's. A similar, sudden
9 acceleration in Lake Michigan will occur unless
10 immediate corrective measures are instituted.
11 For example, chlorides increased two parts per
12 million during 1905 to 1955 > a period of 50
13 ij years, but required only 12 additional years,
14 1955 to 1967, to increase two parts per million
15 again. The large volume of Lake Michigan water
16 | may have tended to slow the onset of an accel-
17 crated buildup as in Lake Erie; but because of
18 j the low flushing rate of Lake Michigan,
19 accelerated changes will be irreversible
20 unless drastic remedial action is instituted
21 now.
22 Although the trends depicted in
23 Figure 2 reflect what is happening for many
24 substances entering the open waters of Lake
25 Michigan, these trends are not necessarily
-------
I \ tf. P. CARBINE
2 applicable for all substances. This is
3 particularly true where massive infusions
4 from new pollution sources are a relatively
5 recent development. An example would be the
6 introduction of detergents with consequent
7 increase in release of phosphorus. Phosphorus
8 and nitrogen are key substances capable of
9 triggering many adverse biological effects
10 in the Lake Michigan ecosystem if permitted
n to accumulate to excess. Only partial long-
12 range data are available to indicate trends
13 in their concentration because of a lack of
14 comparability in analytical techniques between
15 earlier measurements and current procedures.
16 Because of the rapid increase of Cladaphora,
17 it appears however, that these two chemicals
18 are at the point of exponential increase.
19 Pesticides> herbicides and related
20 chemicals represent another area of water quality
21 change of major importance to fish and aquatic
22 life. At present^ Lake Michigan has the highest
23 concentration of pesticides of any of the Great
24 Lakes, which now are only slightly below levels
25 that are known to be injurious to man or aquatic
-------
_ 1075_
1 !' ¥. F. CARBINE
2 i; life. Studies have not been conducted long
M
I
3 i' enough to know if these levels are increasing
f
4 i! in the lake, but much higher concentrations
5 ! are found in many of the tributary streams
i
I
6 | and increases in the open lake are very likely.
I
7 | The higher concentrations in streams result
g in higher pesticide accumulation in the tissues
9 of those lake-dwelling fish such as coho
10 salmon which live in streams for a portion
11 | of their lives. The current levels of pesti-
12 cides and related chemicals must be viewed
13 ;j as extremely tenuous. A continuation at high
14 |j levels or an upsurge in pesticide application
'•
IS 'I anywhere in the Lake Michigan Basin could increase
16 ;j the pesticide concentration prevailing in the
II
IT || open lake from the present non-lethal level to a
IS : lethal value.
In both our 1966 Lake Michigan report
20 and our 1967 Lake Erie report, the role of the
21 bottom sediments in any consideration of water
22 quality was stressed. Additional work by cur
23 scientists since has strongly reinforced this
24 initial assessment and it should be restated
25 at this conference.
-------
1076
p' ' ' ~•
1 j W. F. CARBINE
2 Much has teen said about accelerated
3 eutrophication or aging of the Great Lakes.
4 In the public's mind, this tends to be viewed
5 as a direct relationship between overenrich-
6 ment through man's activity, translated into
7 overstimulation of plant and algal growth, with
g consequent adverse effects such as depletion
9 of oxygen during stratification. This
10 phenomenon is indeed a factor; but if it
11 were the only one, simple shutting off of
12 the nutrient sources would result in rapid
13 improvement. The actual situation is much
14 i more complex and more difficult to solve.
15 i The evidence indicates that, besides the well
16 known enriching agents of nitrogen and phos-
17 phorus, suspended as well as dissolved solids,
i
18 ji undecomposed organic material, and a long
19 list of chemical elements and compounds that
20 | have been incorporated in the bottom sediments
21 pose a real threat. Under stratified conditions,
22 this accumulative mass, working through an
23 incredibly complex series of chemical reactions,
24 j robs the oxygen over hundreds of square miles
25 I of Lake Erie bottom. Recent work by our
-------
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
i
19
22
23
24
25
1077
W. F. CARBINE
scientists studying Lake Erie indicates that
under these anaerobic conditions, higher
concentrations of many dissolved chemical
elements and compounds in the deeper waters
6 are drawn from accumulated residues in the
"bottom sediments. Continuing work will trace
what happens when stratification is broken
up and oxygen returns temporarily to the
deeper water of the lake. It seems very
likely that the substances in the super-
saturated dissolved condition then precipitate
to re-enter the sediments, thus becoming
14 jj available to begin the same vicious cycle
15 j| all over. Should this be true,man may be
ij
16 |i confronted with a self-perpetuating situation
|
17 partly immune to active flushing action of
i
18 'i Lake Erie--to say nothing of Lake Michigan
which lacks flushing capability.
20 ij These problems caused by the bottom
|i
21 j! sediments of Lake Erie have been thoroughly
documented by Bureau scientists and other
workers, and the ramifications to fish and
other aquatic life have been well demonstrated.
Work on the bottom sediments of Lake Michigan
-------
1078
1 I W. F. CARBINE
i
j
2 - has not been carried out to the same extent.
I
3 ' From the still flourishing conditions of the
I
4 I bottom fauna over most of Lake Michigan, it
5 I is obvious chat the process has not reached
i
i
6 ! the critical stage that now prevails in Lake
|!
7 !j Erie. Although the critical level has not
i
8 | as yet been attained in the open waters of
{
9 j'j Lake Michigan, subtle indicators show that
!|
10 it may be near.
il Accelerated research leading to a
12 i! better understanding of what is happening in
it
ii> i; the bottom sediments of all the Great Lakes
14 ; is an obvious necessity to determine measures
15 needed to correct the problem on Lake Erie
*S . and prevent a similar problem in Lake Michigan.
i? !| This must be accompanied by equivalent
I;
18 acceleration of research on the fish and
ii
ii
19 ! aquatic life. These resources, which are
z® ;| the first to feel the impact of water quality
2* ji changes, will also be the first to give an
i
22 !l indication of success of corrective measures.
il
23 I In summary, what do we have in
24 | Lake Michigan and its aquatic life with
25 |i respect to water quality, and where can we
i
j
-------
1079
1 W. F. CARBINE
2 go from here? First, we have large segments
3 of the inshore waters that have reached an
4 obvious point of degradation. Second., the
5 open waters of Lake Michigan are in serious
6 danger of degradation resulting from enrich-
7 ment of the inshore waters. Third, we have
g clear-cut evidence that concentrations of
9 certain dissolved solids have started to
10 increase sharply as they did in Lake Erie
11 only a few years ago> and evidence that
12 exponential increase may have already begun
13 for other more lethal substances. Fourth,
14 undesirable changes will be accumulative,
15 irreversible, and the rate of increase will
16 intensify rapidly because the lake is not
17 flushed effectively. Fifth, the fish popu-
18 lation is extremely unstable and dominated
19 by the alewife which has transferred inshore
20 enrichment throughout the entire ecosystem
21 with a rapidity never possible before. Last,
22 there are many changes in the plankton,
23 benthos, and fish of Lake Michigan which
24 are indicators of detrimental environmental
25 I alteration. The sum of these indicators can
-------
io8o
1 W. F. CARBINE
2 lead only to the conclusion that unless immediate
3 measures are implemented to reduce enrichment of
4 Lake Michigan, the deterioration will progress
5 with increased rapidity and conditions will
6 soon be comparable to Lake Erie.
7 Finally, we come to the really over-
8 riding question—what should be done? Scientists
9 of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries were perhaps
10 the first to draw attention to the plight of
11 Lake Erie to an apathetic public. It is certain
12 that the sum total of all the available evidence
13 indicates that Lake Michigan is undergoing un-
l* desirable changes and that these changes are in
15 the direction of rapid eutrophication, with all
16 that entails in view of Lake Erie's experience.
17 The biological, aesthetic, and
18 recreational value of Lake Michigan—the largest
19 freshwater resource that lies entirely within
20 the United States—is threatened with swift
21 and early disaster. The indicators that
22
trouble has started are clearly evident when
oo
! related to what we have learned from experience
24 ! on Lake Erie. Lake Michigan is different,
25 I however, as It is not flushed with one of the
i
-------
io8i
1 W. F,. CARBINE
2 largest rivers of- the world that originates
3 from Lake Huron, a vast source of water that
4 is still relatively clean. Lake Michigan,
6 in fact, is not flushed as it has no river
G flowing through it, but is fed only from
7 . tributaries distributed around its drainage
8 that have water richer than the lake itself.
9 With maximum treatment of industrial and
10 domestic wastes, effluent water will be far
11 richer than the lake, and even with complete
12 diversion of industrial and domestic wastes
13 the land drainage will be richer than the lake.
14 Thus the only hope to save Lake
15 Michigan as a valuable freshwater resource
I
16 i! for all uses is to institute Immediately a
17 I program to treat all wastes to the highest
18 !i degree possible as a stopgap measure. Ultimately
i
19 j all wastes must be diverted from the drainage,
ll
I
20 j then hopefully, the natural enrichment from
21 j land drainage will be low enough so that
22 biological processes in the lake can accomo-
23 | date it, and the eutrophication of the lake
i
24 ; will revert to a slow and natural rate that will
I!
25 j not endanger the resources in the generations
-------
1082
1 W. P. CARBINE
2 to come.
3 I thank you.
4 MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Carbine.
5 (Applause.)
6 MR. CARBINE: Mr. Chairman.
7 MR. STEIN: Yes.
g MR. CARBINE: Mr. Premetz is available
9 to give you a brief summary of the alevrife
10 situation, if you are interested, or if you
11 have time. It will take about 10 minutes.
12 MR. STEIN: Let's see what our time
13 situation is, Mr. Carbine,
14 Mr. Carbine, as you can appreciate
15 from his paper, has long been a fisheries
16 expert in the Great Lakes region. I have
17 admired his work a long time before we were
18 members of the Department of Interior and we
10 are happy to be in there now with him.
20 Are there any comments or questions?
21 Yes, sir.
22 MR. KLASSEN: I have two short ques-
23 tions only to better understand this report.
24 On page 728, the statement, "At
25 present, Lake Michigan has the highest
-------
1083
W. P. CARBINE
2 concentration of pesticides of any of the
3 Great Lakes." I would like to ask whether
every other one of the Great Lakes have been
studied to the same degree and for the same
length of time as Lake Michigan in order to
7 make this comparison?
8 MR. CARBINE: For the same length
of time, yes. We have a number of people
working on this. Perhaps we have more
samples from Lake Erie than we have from
12 Lake Michigan, but we have studied all of
13 the lakes and these data do indicate that
14 Lake Michigan has the highest pesticide con-
15 centration.
16 MR. KLASSEN: Thank you.
17 Just one other question then.
18 On page 1078 could you give me
19 one or two examples of a subtle indicator?
20 What is that?
21 MR. CARBINE: These changes in the
22 fish populations, for example, you might
23 think that Just because a fish is introduced
24 into the lake and it does real well that
25 this is a natural thing due to being in a
-------
. 1084
1 W. P. CARBINE
2 new habitat, but the increases in some of the
3 introduced fish, the disappearance of the old
4 fish, these are subtle indicators. We have
5 nothing to prove why they have disappeared.
6 MR. KLASSEH: Thank you.
7 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
g comments?
9 Mr. Poole.
10 MR- POOLE: Mr. Carbine, you referred
11 on two or three occasions to the alewife as
12 transferring inshore enrichment throughout
13 the lake. Now, as I recall, earlier in the
14 day someone asked Dr. Bartsch the question
15 did he consider the alewives a factor in
16 transferring phosphorus throughout the lake,
17 and I don't believe I got a clean-cut answer
18 from him. Are you implying by these statements
19 that it is instrumental in a transfer of the
20 phosphorus?
21 MR. CARBINE: Well, some, yes. But
22 other nutrients, all nutrients, in fact.
23 The alewife is the only species of
24 fish that we have in the Great Lakes that
25 occupies every niche from the shore to the
-------
1085
¥. P. CARBINE
2 deepest of the water, and it occupies these
3 areas at different times of i;he year. It
spawns in the shallow waters, even in the
streams, and the buildup of Its body, and
so forth, takes nutrients, and these in turn
are carried out into the deeper waters of the
lake, and they occupy the deep waters in the
winter and they come up gradually in the
shallow water in the spring. So they have this
tendency to spread nutrients all over the lake.
12 This is something we have never experienced
13 before.
14 MR. POOLE: Thank you.
15 MR. STEIN: Are there any other
16 comments or questions?
MR. HOLMER: I have one other question.
lg I am, of course, struck by the con-
19 eluding paragraph of this statement, the first
20 sentence of which says, "Thus the only hope
21 to save Lake Michigan as a valuable freshwater
22 resource for all uses is to institute immediately
23 a program to treat all wastes to the highest
24 j degree possible as a stop-gap measure. Ultimately
25 all wastes must be diverted from the drainage,"
-------
1086
W. F. CARBINE
2 The question which occurs to me is,
3 having read the forecasts of water consumption
in the United States and in these Lake Michigan
. States would suggest that the total consumption
„ of water for industry and for municipal use
would result in the diversion of a rather
substantial portion of Lake Michigan and
whether this would not contribute to further
and more rapid deterioration of the lake by
taking more and more water out of it.
12 MR. CARBINE: I am not concerned
about that as much as I am about the nutrients,
sir. All I am interested in is not building
15 up the nutrients in the lake. How this is
16 going to be done, I don't care. It can be
done maybe in a treatment facility or maybe
it should be pumped out on the land. I don't
19 know how it should be done.
20 All I have got to say is we can't
2i afford to build up the nutrients any longer
22 in the lake, and this is the only thing that
23 came to our mind. We are not experts in this.
24 Wally Poston or Murray Stein or others here
25 can answer those questions. All we are
-------
108?
W. P. CARBINE
2 interested in is keeping the nutrients out
3 of the lake
4 MR. HOLMER: I share your concern
. for the nutrients.
5
.. MR. CARBINE; So that little statement
6
there was Just a little pipe dream that we put
in, pump it out on the land.
(Laughter.)
10 MR. STEIN: Are there any other com-
... ments or questions?
12 MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman, I have
13 one more.
14
MR. STEIN: Yes, Mr. Klassen.
15 MR. KLASSEN: I think in the reoort of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
i
17 there was reference made,if ,I recall,to the pesticjide
lg content of the bottom sludges. Do you have
19 methods for determining the pesticide content of
20 the waters themselves and a so-called parameter
I
21 or a limit in the water itself, discounting
22 the sludges?
23 We were interested in this because
i
24 I we obviously not only on Lake Michigan but on
25 our other streams are interested in this point.
-------
1088
l I W. F. CARBINE
2 I would appreciate—
3 MR. CARBINE: We are very much inter-
4 ested in it also and we have taken thousands of
water samples and thousands of bottom samples
from all over the lakes. We haven't a good
6
technique yet for working them up. I don't
believe anyone has.
o
We had a seminar on this subject just
•f
10 a few weeks ago and we had experts in from
all over, and I don'-t believe anyone can
examine or analyze pesticides contained in
the mud, bottom mud.
14 MR. KLASSEN: Thank you.
15 Would you like a little bit on the
16 alewife or not?
17 MR. STEIN: I think we had better
lg do something on the alewives, although we do
19 have—I have got to make one comment, and
20 maybe off the record.
21 (Off the record.)
22 MR. CARBINE: The interesting thing
23 about the alewife is that it occupies every
24 niche.
25 MR. STEIN: Yes.
-------
1089
1 W. F. CARBINE
2 MR. CARBINE: And It Is transferring
3 the nutrients around the lake.
4 MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. CARBINE: But before I introduce
6 the next speaker, I would Just like to make one
7 remark.
Mr. Clevenger yesterday in his remarks
alluded to the task force set up by the Depart-
ment of Interior. He kind of passed it off in
11 a facetious way, indicating that the task force
12 missed the boat entirely because they didnrt
13 figure out a way of removing the dead alewives
14 from the beach.
15 Well, I would like you all to know
that the Department of Interior task force
17 was composed of administrators and scientists>
18 the best in the Department of Interior.
19 They considered the beach cleanup thoroughly,
20 but they figured that what was basically needed
21 here was not a treatment but a cure, and the
22 task force report goes into some detail on a
23 research program that will get at the basic
24 facts of this alewife death and maybe we can
25 prevent it by doing something.
-------
1090
j W. P. CARBINE
2 We happen, to know a little about
3 handling fish populations. We have been in
4 the sea lamprey control business for a good
g many years, and we know a little about con-
trolling fish populations.
o
So we urge everyone to get a copy
g of this task force report that was put out
9 by Interior and study it and you will see that
10 the basic premise laid down by the committee
n was sound.
12 MR. STEIN: Before we have Mr. Premetz,
13 I think Mr. Klassen has another question.
14 MR. KLASSEN: I have one more
15 question to clarify a little confusion in
16 my own mind here.
17 You have referred to Lake Michigan
18 as approaching the lethal level.
19 Number one, I would like--I highly
20 respect your opinion--what do you consider
21 is the lethal level?
22 And secondly, if analytical deter-
23 minations are so difficult, how do you know
24 analytically you are approaching that lethal
25 level?
-------
1091
I W. F. CARBINE
2 MR. CARBINE: Analytical work on
3 bottom muds and water is extremely difficult,
4 but we have our techniques worked out pretty
5 well for fish and the reference was made con-
6 cerning the fish themselves.
7 I do not know exactly what the lethal
8 level is. We should know in a short time,
9 probably, we and some of our colleagues.
j0 I would Just as soon let it go at
H that, I don't know what the lethal level is.
12 MR. KLASSEN: You made the statement
13 Lake Michigan is approaching the lethal level.
14 MR. CARBINE: Well, pretty much.
15 MR. KLASSEN: What did you have in
16 mind, if you don't know what the lethal level
17 is?
18 MR. CARBINE: We only have a few
19 studies upon which to base this lethal level
20 and this is all we are going on. At this
21 time we would be rather foolish to come out
22 and say that 8 parts per million or 14 or 16
23 is it.
24 MR. KLASSEN; But you did say Lake
25 Michigan is approaching the lethal level?
-------
1092
1 W. F. CARBINE
2 MR. CARBINE: Yes.
3 MR. KLASSEN: And inasmuch as—
4 MR. CARBINE: Maybe that was a little
6 too strong. It is getting very high.
6 MR. KLASSEN: All right. I was
7 interested in this because it is part of my
8 responsibility to sample Lake Michigan and
9 know when we are approaching some of these
10 levels, and this is my reason for asking,
11 so that we will know whether we are approaching
12 the lethal level, and to do this, of course,
13 we have to know what the lethal level is.
14 This is my question.
15 MR. CARBINE: Yes. All we can go
16 on is what is allowed in meat and other things,
17 and using a few of these for background, that
18 is why we came up with that statement.
19 MR. KLASSEN: Thank you.
20 MR. CARBINE: Mr. Ernest D. Premetz.
21 MR. STEIN: While he is coming up,
22 Mr. Klassen, I would like to make one remark,
23 and that is that we do have a problem with
24 these pesticides and trace elements in deter-
25 mining a lethal level and talking about a
-------
1093
1 W. P. CARBINE
2 lethal level in advance. The problem is, the
3 worst way we can find out what the lethal
4 level is is finding out we have got some
6 dead fish. Even in the cases where we have
6 had dead fish, I have not been able to get
7 the scientists to tell me precisely what the
8 lethal level is, although we did know one
9 thing it was doing, it was killing fish.
10 I remember in a case that we had
11 down in the Southwest, they were fooling
12 around with this lethal level until I finally
13 got the biologist to put the fish in the
14 tank and said, "Put some of the stuff in and
15 see if it kills them," so they did. And then
16 I said, "Why don't you start diluting it,"
17 and they diluted it 5, 10, 15 times and it
18 still killed the fish. And I said, "Well,
19 I guess that stuff is poisonous, we had better
20 ask the fellow upstream to stop putting it in
21 the stream."
22 But as far as I know,they published
23 a lot of papers and they never did know what
24 the lethal level is yet.
25 MR. KLASSEN: You are not going to
-------
1094
1 W. P. CAHBINE
2 get me into this because at the previous
3 conference I was accused of being a barber
4 shop biologist and I am the first one to
5 agree with that.
6 MR. STEIN: I think we can finish
7 And this is our discussion, as far as I can
8 see, on alewives for the day or for trie
9 conference.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------
1095_
1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2
3 STATEMENT BY ERNEST D. PREMETZ
4 DEPUTY REGIONAL DIRECTOR
6 GREAT LAKES-CENTRAL REGION
6 BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
7
g MR. PREMETZ: Mr. Chairman, honorable
9 conferees, and referees.
LO My name is Ernest Premetz. I am
11 Deputy Director for the Great Lakes-Central
12 Region, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
13 I don't think I have to tell you
14 about the alewife problem. You all lived
15 with it here in Chicago this past summer.
16 This was a massive mortality, actually the
17 largest ever seen in any freshwater body.
18 There have been estimates of
10 several hundred billion fish dying; some
20 have said there were several billion fish
21 died. Honestly we can't tell you. We did
22 sample beaches. We came up with figures of
23 several hundred million. But the fishermen
24 themselves out in the open lake reported
25 getting into areas where the bottom was
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1096
I ERNEST D. PREMETZ
i
2 ! loaded with goop, that is dead alewives,
||
3 in some cases as much as 5 feet off the
4 bottom. So your guess is as good as mine
5 as to how many died out there.
6 Now,, another unusual thing that
7 happened. This die-off started in midwinter,
8 and these fish started dying not only in
9 Lake Michigan at that time, but also in
10 Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and Lake Huron.
11 There have been many theories
12 advanced as to the reason for this massive
13 die-off in Lake Michigan, including such
14 things as disease, starvation, temperature
15 j| change, lack of oxygen, what-have-you.
[i
16 However, our scientists, on the basis of
17 j studies which are being concluded at the
18 present time, feel that temperatures provide
19 the logical explanation and that the Great
20 Lakes alewife was actually suffering from
21 what is known as thyroid exhaustion. The
22 thyroid in the fish is related to growth,
23 j osmotic regulation, temperature tolerance,
24 ; among other things.
25 I One of the problems the alewife
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! ERHEST D. PREMETZ
2 has in the Great Lakes Is it lacks iodine in
3 its environment. We have the same probiens.
4 In fact I suffer from a thyroid deficiency;
8 I take four grains of thyroid a day to keep
6 my thyroid action up.
7 Well, the alewife during the winter,
g because of the extremely cold waters on the
9 bottom, was forced to draw on its thyroid
10 reserve. Some of these fish exhausted their
n reserves and died. Others reduced these
12 levels. Then as they moved inshore for
13 spawning,they again were forced to draw
14 on their thyroid reserves for the spawning
15 process.
16 Then they ran into another little
17 thing, there was a sharp temperature gradient
18 from the offshore waters to the inshore waters,
19 which meant they had to draw on more of this
20 thyroid reserve. They didn't have this, so
21 they died.
22 Of course another unusual thing
23 this year too is normally you would expect
24 that the die-off would consist entirely of
25 three- and four-year olds, that is fish
-------
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 that had lived out their lifespan. About
3 25 percent of the fish that we sampled on
4 the beaches were one-year olds. We surmised
5 that the two-year olds may have been the
6 ones that are on the bottom because these
7 fish did not get into shore. As I mentioned
8 before, there were massive quantities on
9 the bottom, quantities of this goop that were
10 picked up by trawlers and other commercial
11 fishermen.
12 I am not going to go into a lot
13 of detail about the history of the alewife.
14 Suffice to say that it was first introduced
15 into Lake Ontario in the 1870's. Most of our
16 people feel it was probably an accidental
17 introduction at the time that man started
l8 monkeying with the environment and dumping
19 shad in Lake Ontario. They accidentally
20 dumped alewives there. It took a long time
21 for these fish to get from Lake Ontario
22 into Lake Erie, subsequently into Lake
23 Huron and then into Lake Michigan. Actually
24 the Welling Canal was an effective barrier
25 just as it was with the sea lamprey. It
-------
________ ..... __ 10QQ
ioT D,. PREMETZ
2 took the sea lamprey 100 years to get through
3 the Welling Canal before it got into Lake
4 Erie and out into the upper lakes.
5 Some people have said, "Well, maybe
6 we have got some problems with the St. Lawrence
7 Seaway of reintroduction. " We haven't this
8 problem because this is actually an effective
9 barrier. All of these locks and dams are an
10 effective barrier to the alewife.
11 This fish dominates the population
12 in Lake Michigan. We have estimates that in
13 excess of 90 percent of the fish flesh in
14 Lake Michigan consists of alewives . In
15 Lake Ontario we have a situation where we might
16 say it is like Ivory soap, 99 and k-k one-
17 hundredths percent pure alewife. We can
18 look for the same thing in Lake Michigan
19 in time .
20 What has this fish done in its
21 dominance of the lake? It is an extremely
22 effective feeder. It out .competes everything
23 else. In the process of competition it has
24 eliminated certain species of chub, other
25 species are on the way down. Lake herring
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 have declined drastically, the smelt populations
3 are feeling pressures, many, many other species,
4 such as the emerald shiner, the yellow perch
5 are also being subjected to increasing com-
6 petition or are actually disappearing. So
7 what we are getting to is a lake that is
8 far less productive than it might be.
9 For example, Lake Ontario is a case
10 in point. This is a lake that for all intents
11 and purposes, because of the nutrients available
12 and all of these things in the lake, should be
13 highly productive, and yet it is not, simply
14 because it is dominated by the alewife.
15 So what is the answer? How do we
16 get rid of the alewife? I can't tell you that
17 right now but I think we had better start
18 worrying about it. There have been some
19 indications that perhaps we should plant
20 more predators. Pine, they eat a lot of
21 alewives, your coho salmon, your lake trout,
22 eat a lot of these. They don't like them,
23 but they eat them because there is nothing
24 else available. They spit them out and then
25 they finally get hungry enough to eat them.
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 But the problem is here we are
3 expending millions and millions of dollars
4 to introduce choice sport species of fish
5 in the lake with no assurance that these
6 fish are going to be able to survive in the
7 lake if something happens to these alewife
g populations, whj.ch are subject to extreme
9 ups and downs. It is an extremely unstable
10 population.
ll Now, I know most of you want to
12 get away from here, you don't want to ruin
13 your day by talking about alewives for the
14 rest of the day. Mr. Carbine has mentioned
15 the task force report. This can be made a
16 part of the record. I think this very, very
17 clearly outlines the whole problem.
18 And the only point I want to make
19 is, for God sakes, let's not start quibbling
20 about numbers and pointing fingers at the guy
21 down the stream, things of this sort. Let's
22 all get our shoulders to the wheel and do
23 something about it because soon, fellows, it
24 is going to be too late with all of this.
25 Shis whole resource is in jeopardy.
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 We have seen it happen in Lake Erie. It is
3 going to happen in Lake Michigan if we don't
4 do something about it. We fortunately have a
5 little time yet.
6 And in doing these things, let's
7 not think entirely in terms of some sort of
8 stop-gap measures. Take the best knowledge
9 we have now to try to effect at least a
10 reasonable cure to our problems. This applies
ll to alewives too. Sure we should worry about
12 dead alewives on the beaches, but we should
13 also worry about the fact that this is a sign
14 of something that is happening in the lake and
15 something we should be concerned about and
16 something we should be doing something about.
17 We don't have all the answers yet.
18 We are working very hard on a very limited
19 budget to try to get these answers. I think
20 it is going to take not only our small organi-
21 zation but all the organizations that are
22 concerned in the Great Lakes Basin, putting
23 their shoulders to the wheel, doing research
24 j and coming up with some answers.
25 Let's not worry about the numbers,
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1103
1
1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 fellows. Let's worry about doing something
3 about the problems that face us now., use our
4 best judgment. And believe me, a lot of what
5 we say here is based on judgment, based on
6 past experience. And if you can't rely on
7 the judgment of scientists that have spent
8 their lifetimes researching in the Great Lakes
9 area, I don't know who you can depend on.
10 That is all I have to say,
11 (The paper submitted by Mr. Ernest
12 Premetz is as follows:)
13
The Great Lakes Alewife Problem
14
15 The recent massive mortality of
16 alewife in Lake Michigan has graphically
17 focused attention on the problems generated
18 by its invasion of the Great Lakes system.
19 The alewife is showing promise of outdoing
20 the notorious sea lamprey in respect to
21 upsetting the ecological balance of the Great
22 Lakes and is, in addition, creating extremely
23 serious and costly nuisance problems--the
24 littering of beaches and harbors, and the
25 clogging of water intakes.
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 This year's alewife die-off was
3 tremendous—estimated at several hundred
4 millions of pounds. It created a horrendous
5 cleanup problem on the beaches, particularly
6 in the southern Lake Michigan area. The
7 die-off of alewife in Lake Michigan actually
g started in midwinter. Similar winter die-offs
9 were reported in Lakes Erie and Huron. Many
10 theories have been advanced as to the reason
11 for this year's massive alewife mortality
12 in Lake Michigan, including disease,
13 starvation, temperature change, and lack of
14 oxygen. Scientists of the Department's Bureau
15 of Commercial Fisheries feel that temperature
16 may provide the most logical explanation, or
17 at least, it may play a key role as the factor
18 which triggered the mortality. It has been
19 well established that the Great Lakes alewife
20 exhibits thyroid exhaustion. Although all
21 the functions of the thyroid are not understood
22 for fish, it has been suggested that it may
23 be related to growth, osmotic regulation, and
24 temperature tolerance among other things. We
25 do know that alewives are subjected to sharp
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I ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 temperature gradients as they move shoreward
3 in the spring and early summer. Thyroid
4 exhaustion also provides a possible theory
5 for the midwinter mortality since it has
6 been suggested that thyroid hormone favors
7 resistance to low temperature.
8 In view of this year's massive
9 mortality, scientists in the Department's
lO Bureau of Commercial Fisheries believe that
11 a reduction in the number of alewives is
12 probable, but that substantial die-offs will
13 continue in coming years, as has been the
14 case in Lake Ontario where alewife die-offs
15 have been occurring since the l88o's.
16 The alewife has been known to
17 occur in Lake Ontario since the late l800's.
18 They may have entered Lake Ontario via the St.
19 Lawrence River from their native habitat along
20 the Atlantic Coast or could have been introduced
21 accidentally when shipments of shad were
22 released in the lake in the early 1870's. The
23 alewife was very abundant in Lake Ontario
24 | by 1890 and continues to be the most abundant
25 fish of the lake today.
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^__ 1106
j ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 Niagara Falls would have blocked
movement of the alewife into the upper Great
3
. Lakes but they were able to migrate through
the WeHand Canal which connects Lake Erie
5
and Lake Ontario. They were first recorded
6
in Lake Erie in 1931 and became abundant
there by 1942. From Lake Erie the alewife
O
had free passage into the upper Great Lakes.
It was first recorded in Lake Huron in 1933,
in Lake Michigan in 1949, and in Lake Superior
12 in 1954.
13 Although the alewife became very
14 abundant in Lake Erie, it did not dominate
15 the fish population and beesme the most abun-
.- dant species of the lake ad it did in Lake
17 Ontario. Conditions in Lakes Huron and
18 Michigan weftt well suited for the alewife,
10 however, and it increased rapidly until it
20 became the most abundant species of these
2i lakes. It reached its maximum abundance in
22 Lake Huron about 1961 and appeared to be
23 approaching its greatest abundance in Lake
24 Michigan during 1966-67. The alewife has
25 spread throughout Lake Superior and its numbers
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1107
1 ERHEST D. PREMETZ
2 have Increased steadily in recent years, but
3 it has not yet reached great abundance there.
4 The alewife does not grow as large
5 in the Great Lakes as it does in the ocean.
5 In Lakes Michigan and Huron most adult ale-
7 wives are 5 to 7 inches long and very few
g are longer than 8 inches. They become adults
9 when they are 2 years old, most of them die
10 during the summer when they are 3 years old, and
ll very few live beyond the 4th year after they
12 hatch.
13 The alewife occurs in dense schools
14 and is extremely abundant in various sections
15 of the lakes during different periods of the
16 year. Adults are concentrated in the deepest
17 waters in midwinter, they move toward shore
18 along the bottom through the intermediate
19 depths during late winter and early spring,
20 then again become concentrated in the shallow
21 areas near shore and in rivers in the summer
22 where they spawn. After spawning they move
23 into Intermediate depths in the fall. The
24 young hatch during the summer and spend most
25 of their first 2 years after hatching at
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1 ERHEST D. PREMETZ
2 middepths in the lake.
3 The extreme abundance of alewives
4 In lakes where they have become the dominant
5 species has been associated with the near
6 disappearance or sharp decline of all of the
7 species that were previously very abundant.
8 The chubs which occupied the deeper areas
9 of the lakes and the smelt that lived in the
10 intermediate and shallow areas are declining
ll sharply. In the shallower areas the lake
12 herring and emerald shiner that were extremely
13 abundant have all but disappeared, and the
14 yellow perch which lives near shore has de-
ls clined during periods of peak alewife abundance.
16 Thus, the alewife has taken the place of the
17 many previously abundant species in those
18 Great Lakes where it has become the dominant
19 species.
20 Since the alewife occupies only
21 part of a lake during any season and has
22 eliminated the many species that lived in
23 all segments of the lake throughout the
24 entire year, it appears that the alewife
25 has made the lakes less productive. The
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 striking example of this is found in Lake
3 Ontario which is the least productive of the
4 Great Lakes and where the alewife has been
5 the dominant species for many years, from
g the standpoint of water quality Lake Ontario
7 should be very productive and is, in terms
8 of invertebrate fish food organisms, but
9 very few fish occupy the vast open waters of
10 the lake.
11 The alewife is having an effect on
12 industries and municipalities as well as on
13 the endemic species of the Great Lakes system.
14 One steel plant, and there are several on
15 the southern shore of Lake Michigan, estimated
16 a loss of approximately half a million dollars
17 Per <*ay for about 10 days in April 1966 when
18 cleaning screens on the cooling water system
19 were unable to cope with alewife entering the
20 intakes. The screening system was inadequate
21 even though it removed 60 tons of fish per day.
22 Electric power generating plants in Illinois
23 were seriously affected &t^ about the same time
24 when it became necessary to alternately shut
25 down half the generators while cooling water
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 screens on the other half were cleaned.
3 Chicago's new central district water
4 filtration plant, the second largest of its
5 kind in the world, operated at reduced capacity
6 in April 1965 when alewife caused breakdowns
7 to 20 percent of the cleaning screens which were
g handling 10 tons of fish per hour. This water
9 supply to some 2.7 million people was success
10 fully protected in 1966 by an alewife diversion
ll system designed by gear specialists of the
12 Department's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
13 A solution to the problems caused
14 by the dominance of the alewife in the Great
15 Lakes has not been attempted. When the alewife
16 has become the most productive species,
17 fisheries have declined, and communities
18 around the lakes have learned to live with
19 and accept the annual spring die-off. Since
20 no attempts have been made to restore a lake
21 dominated by the alewife to its previous
22 productivity, there are no known solutions.
23 Tlie objective of a lasting solution
24 to the alewife problem would be to restore
25 the ecological balance in the lakes by
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 reestablishing a multiple species complex.
3 Short-term solutions of intensive fishing,
4 or intensive stocking of predator species.,
5 or both, will not restore the ecological
6 balance but may, in fact, cause greater in-
7 stability because of cyclic interactions
8 between the fishery or the predator and the
9 single target species.
10 The only lasting solution can be
11 obtained by understanding the ecological
12 characteristics of the previous multiple
13 species complex and learning how the alewife
14 was able to dominate the lake by eliminating
15 other abundant prey species. With such
16 knowledge, it should be possible to manipu-
17 late the fisheries, the introduction of
18 predators, and the introduction of previous
19 or new prey species in a way that will restore
20 ecological balance and full fishery produc-
21 tivity of the lakes.
22 Some of the States have advocated
23 that the Great Lakes be managed for sport
24 fisheries, with commercial fisheries relegated
25 to the secondary role of harvesting fishes
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 surplus to the projected demand of sportsmen,
3 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries scientists feel
4 this is a serious mistake. A single purpose
5 and highly selective fishery is bad from the
g biological standpoint, and it makes little
7 difference if the fishing is done by commercial
8 fishermen, sport fishermen, or the sea lamprey.
9 Balanced fish stocks with many interacting
10 species are the most stable and productive
11 fish stocks. The easiest way to maintain
12 balanced stocks is to have diverse fisheries.
13 Both sport and commercial fisheries tend to
14 be highly selective for only a few preferred
15 species and both can do themselves in if not
16 controlled. Both types of fishery can be
17 controlled to make certain that a stock is
18 not overfished, but where you have an intensive
19 sport fishery alone, it cannot be regulated
20 to keep the stocks in balance. Thus it is
21 essential to have a balanced and well-regulated
22 commercial fishery that can take species that
23 would move in and take over if preferred species
24 were either fished too heavily or not heavily
25 enough. In small lakes this type of population
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 control is often accomplished by poisoning
3 and restocking or by special contract fishing,
4 but the Great Lakes are so large that poisoning
5 is impossible and contract fishing requirements
6 would be so large that no one operator could
7 meet the need nor could they be called on Just
g when a special need developed—the capability
9 would have to be there and working all the time.
10 Although the alewife problem demands
i
11 our immediate attention, scientists of the i
12 Department's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
13 point out that Lake Michigan may be faced
14 with an even greater and more serious problem
15 from eutrophication in the near future. The
16 Bureau hopes that its early warning with re-
17 spect to Lake Michigan pollution is not ignored
18 as it was some 15 years ago when Bureau
19 scientists warned of impending disaster in
20 Lake Erie. Scientists tell us that the
21 flushing rate of Lake Michigan is much less
22 than Lake Erie which has already become badly
23 polluted. This means that once the enrichment
24 ! of Lake Michigan starts, it will progress at a
25 far more rapid rate than it did in Lake Erie,
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 and if Lake Michigan does, in fact, become over
3 enriched (polluted from the ecological stand-
4 point), many generations will be required for
5 it to recover. The seriousness of the problem
6 in Lake Michigan is accentuated by the fact
7 that Lake Erie is flushed by relatively clean
g Lake Huron water that runs in one end of the
9 lake and out the other, whereas Lake Michigan
10 is flushed less efficiently by rich (often
11 pollutad) water that enters from tributaries
12 which drain mostly urban, industrial, and
13 farm areas on the east shore and northern sec-
14 tion of the lake. Also, Lake Michigan appears
15 to have built up a firm crust-like layer at
16 least in the southern area which in effect
17 seals off the bottom and may keep nutrients
18 in constant circulation once they have entered
19 the lake. Bureau scientists have evidence to
20 show that Lake Michigan is already on the
21 borderline of being classed as an eutrophic
22 lake, and that enrichment has started. All of
23 this means that the enrichment that has started
24 in Lake Michigan may be near the brink of the
25 point of sharp increase (as occurred in Lake
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 Erie a short time ago), and that once the
3 increase has started, it may progress at such
4 a rapid rate that any corrective measures
5 may be too late and Ineffective. The time
6 for action is now—the fuse is already lit,
7 and if it is not put out, the explosive
g enrichment may take place in the next 10
9 to 15 years. The frightening thing is that
10 what could take place in this short period
11 would require 100 years or more to correct.
12 Recognizing the seriousness of the
13 resource and sociological problems occasioned
14 by the Great Lakes alewife invasion, Secretary
15 of the Interior Steward L. Udall recently
16 named a Federal task force, chaired by Dr.
17 Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary of the
18 Interior for Pish and Wildlife and Parks, to
10 consider corrective measures. Other task force
20 members are: Frank C. DiLuzio, Former Assistant
21 Secretary for Water Pollution Control; Former
22 Commissioner James M. Quigley, Water Pollution
23 Control Administration; Director H. E. Crowther^
24 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Director John S.
25 Gottschalk, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife:
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 and Dr. Milner B. Schaefer, Science Advisor to
3 Secretary Udall. The task force will carefully
4 evaluate all suggestions for aleviating the
5 alewife problem, including Federal-State co-
6 operation in cleanup campaigns, harvesting
7 of alewives for manufacture of fish meal, pet
g food and perhaps human food products, stocking
9 of Lake Michigan with alewife predators such
10 as lake trout and coho salmon, and improved
ll methods of collecting dead alewives before
12 they reach the beaches. Although the Depart-
13 ment of the Interior feels that the only
14 lasting solution to the alewife problem is
15 the restoration of ecological balance in the
16 Great Lakes, it recognizes that this long
17 term research effort must be complemented
18 with interim control measures to alleviate
19 problems occasioned by the large annual dle-
20 offs which are characteristic of this species,
21 The Department alewife task force will shortly
22 propose both immediate and long range measures
23 to bring the alewife invader under effective
24 control.
25 - - -
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 MR. KLASSEN: Mr. Chairman, could
3 I ask a question of the speaker?
4 MR. STEIN: Surely.
5 MR. KLASSEN: Since I raised this
6 number thing, I want to get down to something
7 a little more practical.
8 One, based on your studies with,
9 I understand, underwater television, nets,
10 and what other devices you have, do you
11 anticipate—I am going to ask you two questions--
12 do you anticipate that we will have a greater,
13 the same or a lesser problem with alewives
14 deaths in Lake Michigan this coming early
15 summer than we had last year?
16 And, two, is the Federal Government
17 devising a program for the collection and
18 disposal of dead fish?
19 MR. PREMETZ: 0. K., I will answer
20 both of them.
21 The first question, do we have a
22 fix on the magnitude of the die-off that
23 we might expect. Well, from our sampling
24 this fall, and we are continuing with the
25 sample, we found that the die-off last year
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1 EBNEST D. PREMETZ
2 reduced the adult populations substantially,
3 so these fish aren't there to die. That is
4 the 3-year-olds which might have lived on to
5 age 4-.
6 The 2-year-olds, we find that this
7 was an extremely poor year class. I mentioned
g this fluctuation. So these will be 3-year-
9 olds now. These, too, are not in tremendous
10 quantity. That is relatively speaking. There
11 are still a lot of fish out there.
12 But one thing that has disturbed us
13 is that the young of the year, that is the
14 very recent hatch, is about the highest on
15 record. In other words, because competition
16 has been reduced from adults, this has given
17 the young a chance to—in other words, more
18 eggs to survive and more young to be spawned
19 and there is every indication that more will
20 survive to the adult stage. So look out in
21 1970.
22 Now, the second one, what is being
23 done. Mr. Carbine mentioned the Interior task
24 force report,which went into the program
25 that would be needed, restricted itself
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1 ERNEST,D. PREMETZ
2 primarily to research functions that might be
3 undertaken by an agency such as Interior,
4 which is primarily a research agency. It
5 did come out and state that it was the feeling
6 of the task force that the cleanup of beaches
7 was not something the Federal Government could
g undertake because this would be a tremendous
9 drain on the U. S. Treasury, We have
10 these die-offs in every single one of the lakes;
11 we have it in every river; we have it along
12 the coastline. You have heard of the red tide
13 out in Florida where massive quantities of
14 fish die. I must say that in Lake Ontario
15 people have lived with die-offs since i860.
16 So certainly, I am not saying that
17 something must not be done. We have got to
18 mobilize forces to do something about this.
19 I don't know where the funding is coming
20 from to do the Job. I think Mr. Clevenger
21 mentioned that the Great Lakes Basin Commission
22 is at the present time trying to develop a
23 program, a cohesive program, to deal with
24 this particular problem. We are working
25 very closely with Mr. Clevenger and his people
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1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 as we 11 in trying to lend our expertise
3 to this problem.
4 It is not an easy one, though, and
5 I think the point that has to be made is that
5 if we think we are suddenly going to lick this
7 problem immediately overnight, we have got
g another think coining. These dead alewives
9 are going to be with us. Hopefully through
10 concerted action of all of -che municipalities,
IX the States, perhaps even the Federal Government,
12 the problem can be reduced somewhat.
13 But as Mr. Carbine pointed out to
14 you, let's start looking for a cure rather
15 than a continuing treatment. And this is the
16 thing that concerns me. If they have been
17 worried about alewives and cleaning up ale-
18 wives in Lake Ontario since i860, you could
19 be faced with the same thing here in the City
20 of Chicago for that period of time.
21 MR. CARBINE: Ernie, I think I can
22 answer his question more direct.
23 Mr. Clevenger's task force will start
24 working on its report next Monday. The Great
25 Lakes Basin Commission meets on February 15
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^___ 1121
1 ERNEST D. PREMETZ
2 and they will go over this report, decide
3 what to do, but they are definitely going
4 to call a conference for Chicago the last
5 of February.
6 Is that it, Mr. Mitchell?
7 So this coordinated effort of everybody
8 around the lake will get together in late Febru-
9 ary to decide how they are going to clean up
10 the beaches, and so forth.
MR. KLASSEN: Thank you.
12 MR. STEIN: Are there any further
13 questions or comments?
Before we adjourn, and this I want
to say to the conferees, I don't want to
H> preclude the scope of the conference in dealing
with pollution problems such as the cleanup of
beaches from alewives unless you think this
is a proper subject. Or do you want us to
20 make a recommendation? This is something that
21 the State conferees should consider.
22 With that we will stand recessed
23 until 9:30 tomorrow morning.
24 (Whereupon, at 6:35 p.m., an adjourn-
25 ment was taken.)
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1968 0—312-C67 (VOL 2)
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