PROCEEDINGS
    Volume 3
Chicago, Illinois           1
Jan. 31, Fef>.1-2, Feb. 5-7,196$
Executive Session
March 7,8 and 12,1968
CONFERENCE
                ILLINOIS
                                 INDIANA
Pollution off
Lake Michigan and its tributary basin
            U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

    FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

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                                                         1122
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reconvene.
          FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 2,  1968




              MORNING  SESSION



                               (9:30  a.m.)



          MR. STEIN:  The conference will








          Mr. Klassen.








            ILLINOIS PRESENTATION




          MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman,  ^ust  a




very brief description of the  Illinois pattern



for presentation.



          It will be led off with a  Sanitary



Water Board statement, and this statement then




will be followed by the statements of water




users, water supply, the bathing beaches and




th!.s type of user, then the major organizations




on the lake involved in waste  treatment, such



as the Metropolitan Sanitary District of



Chicago, North Shore Sanitary  District,  then



this will be followed by a number of short



presentations, some of which will be merely




read by title for the record, others  that will



be read by the person.




          I do want to say to  all of the




prospective participants for the Illinois

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   	112 3'

 1              ILLINOIS PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

 2         Presentation, in the interest of tine and an

 3         obligation and a commitment that we have with

 4         the  Chairman, please be brief,  to the point,

 5         and  I have an obligation to the rest of the

 6         conferees  and the audience to see that the

 7         presentations that are made are pertinent to

 8         the  cause  here.
                                                  \
 9                   Without any reflection on any past

10         experience--! mean this — there  has been a lot

11         of talk, some of which is  necessary,  some

12         maybe not  necessary. It might be a personal

13         opinion, but  I  think we are down to the point

14         where from now  on all the  presentations,  and

15         certainly  from  Illinois standpoint,  are  going

16         to be right to  the point and on the issue

17         that  we are here for,  why  we are here,  that

18         is, conditions on an action program so far as

19         Lake  Michigan is concerned.   And I hope that

20         some  of the participants,  if there are  any

21         in this category in Illinois, won't feel  hurt

22         if they are called or  not  called on because

23         their presentation is  not  pertinent to  what

24        we are here for.   This  is  going to be a policy

25         that  I am going  to  follow  in  the  interest of

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                     	1-124
 1               ILLINOIS PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2          time.  And we are getting down to the point
 3          where we have got to make sure that the Job Is
 4          going to be done.
 5                    With that brief Introduction, the
 g          Illinois Sanitary Water Board is the official
 7          water pollution control agency in Illinois.
 g          It is composed of directors of the Departments
 9          of Health, Conservation, Public Works, and
10          Agriculture, a fifth member to represent
11          the municipalities.  And I want to amplify
12          the Introduction just a little of Dr. Boruff
13          on my right which the Chairman gave yesterday.
14                    Dr.' Boruff is the industrial repre-
15          sentatlve, and has been for over 10)years, on
16          the Sanitary Water Board.  In addition to that
17          he was a member of the President's Advisory
18          Board on Water Pollution.
19                    The Sanitary Water Board presentation
20          is going to be given by Douglas Morton, Chief
21          of our Bureau of Stream Pollution Control.
22                    Mr. Morton.
23
24
25

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   	1185
 !                       DOUGLAS  MORTON
 2
 3         STATEMENT OF  ILLINOIS  SANITARY WATER BOARD
 4           BY  C.  W.  KLASSEN,  TECHNICAL SECRETARY
 6                          GIVEN BY
 6                    DOUGLAS  MORTON,  CHIEF
 7            BUREAU  OF STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL
 6
 9                  MR.  MORTON:   My name is Morton,  Chief
10        of  the  Bureau  of  Stream Pollution Control,  State
n        of  Illinois.
12                  Chicago and Northeastern Illinois owes
13        its prosperity and greatness  to the bounties of
14        Lake Michigan.  From  its  early days water  from
15        Lake Michigan  was an  essential commodity.   As
16        pollution  and  contamination  pushed farther  into
17        the lake,  water intakes were  extended.   Finally
18        a bold  new concept was  developed.
10                  In 1889 the State  Legislature author-
20        ized the formation of the  Chicago Sanitary
21        District which  completed  construction of the
22        Chicago Sanitary  and Ship  Canal  January 2,  1900.
23        Since that time relatively little  pollution
24        or contamination  has reached  Lake  Michigan  from
25        shore installations or  sewers  in the  Chicago area

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                   	1126
 1                          DOUGLAS MORTON
 2         tributary to Lake Michigan.  There are and will
 3         be for some time occasional intense rainfall
 4         resulting in short periods of reversed flow
 5         into the lake.   These flows may occur in the
 6         North Shore Channel at Wilmette, at the entrance
 7         to the Chicago  River and in the Calumet River.
 8                   Plans proposed and being developed
 9         in accordance with the Water Quality Standards
lO         required by the Federal Water Quality Act of
H         1965 and Illinois 196? legislation contained
12         in HB 1177 and  SB 1794 will improve conditions
13         in the Chicago  River and Calumet River systems.
14         When completed, even the infrequent reversals
15         of flow to Lake Michigan will not constitute
16         serious pollution.  One industry having direct
17         discharge to Lake Michigan is under directive
18         to provide adequate treatment of all cooling
19         water discharges by December 1968.
20                   Action has been taken by the City of
21         Chicago to require control of harbor pollution
22         from all surface vessels and shore marine
23         facilities by May 1968.  The Metropolitan Sani-
24 I        tary District has installed facilities for
25         disinfecting effluents at the north side plant

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                                                        1127
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2         and the 95th Street pumping station and has
 3         chlorination and additional facilities under
 4         construction at the Calumet and the southwest
 5         treatment works.  The placing of O'Brien Locks
 6         in operation on the Calumet River has virtually
 7         eliminated flow from the Calumet River into Lake
 g         Michigan.  However, all industry along the
 9         Calumet River system are under directive to
10         have adequate improved treatment facilities by
11         December 1968.
12                   While much improvement to water quality
13         of Chicago area waterways is needed, there is
14         very little contamination of Lake Michigan from
15         shore facilities within the Metropolitan Sani-
16         tary District of Greater Chicago.
17                   The North Shore Sanitary District
18         was organized in 1914 under authority of the
19         legislation passed by the Illinois Legislature.
20         The District now serves all the municipalities
21         in Lake County, Illinois, which are on the Lake
22         Michigan watershed.  This area extends from the
23         Wisconsin boundary line to the Cook-Lake County
24         line,  the north limits of Chicago Sanitary
25         District south of  Highland Park.

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   	1128
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2                   Between 1922 and 1928 sewage treatment
 3         facilities were constructed to serve the sewered
 4         areas  in Zion,  North Chicago, Lake Bluff, Lake
 5         Forest,  Highwood and portions of Waukegan and
 6         Highland Park.   The latest expansion and improve-
 7         ment program was completed in 1961.   Secondary
 8         treatment and chlorination of effluents is pro-
 9         vided  at Waukegan and North Chicago serving
10         approximately 90,000 population. Five small
11         primary  treatment plants  serve the smaller
12         communities.   These vary  in size from 2,500 to
13         10,000 persons, and serve a total population of
14         30,000 people.   Effluents from these treatment
15         works  are chlorinated.
1$                   The character of the waste load and
11         the  volume of treated effluent in relation to
18         dilution water available  and the natural
19         assimilative  capacity of  these waters indicated
20         that the quality and degree of treatment provided
21         was  adequate  and necessary approvals were
22         issued by the Illinois Sanitary Water Board.
23         The  development of water  quality standards for
24         Lake Michigan as a result of the Indiana-Illinois
25         Pollution Conference of March 19^5 and as

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   	1129
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2         required under the Federal Water Quality Act of
 3         19^5 now calls for more extensive waste treat-
 4         ment.
 5                   The Lake Michigan Water Quality
 6         Standards specify secondary treatment for all
 7         North Shore Sanitary District plants by July
 g         1972 and nutrient reduction as soon as practl-
 9         cable or by July 1977, or the removal of ef-
10         fluents from Lake Michigan.  The Consulting
11         Engineering study of 1963 and subsequent reports
12         included feasibility studies and recommendations
13         for the complete diversion to treatment plant
14         effluents from Lake Michigan.  Action decisions
15         in regard to diversion were delayed by the Lake
16         Michigan Diversion case before the U. S. Supreme
17         Court.   A decision by Judge Albert B. Maris,
18         Special Master, reviewing the case was reached
19         in October 1966 and subsequently accepted by
20         all States participating in the case.  This
21         decision authorized the continued diversion of
22         Lake Michigan water by the State of Illinois
23         at existing diversion levels.  The North Shore
24         Sanitary District is currently awaiting final
25         decision by the State authorities on  its request

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   	1130
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2        regarding actual allocation  of  diversion  from
 3        Lake Michigan.
 4                  The North Shore  Sanitary District has
 5        advanced plans for implementing this  diversion
 g        plan.  Added urgency  results  from Illinois
 7        legislation signed into law  October 30, 19^7,
 8        specifying abatement  of pollution to  Lake
 9        Michigan by December  1968.   The North Shore
10        Sanitary District has  been requested  to assign
xl        priority construction  to facilities needed  to
12        divert all flow from  the existing primary
13        treatment plants away  from Lake Michigan.  The
14        magnitude of the total North Shore Sanitary
15        District project and  the time needed  to complete
16        designs, contracts and construction lead  to the
17        schedule for completion date  of July  1972,
18        which is contained in  the  Water Quality Standards
19        for Lake Michigan.  A  bond issue referendum has
20        been scheduled for mid-March 1968.
2i                  Prior to the Sanitary Water Board Act
22        of 1929, most of the  sewer system—this is  in
23        the sanitary sewer district—constructed  was a
24        combined system carrying sewage and storm
25        drainage.  The Sanitary Water Board has

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                                    	1131
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2         prohibited further construction of combined
 3         sewers.  The North Shore Sanitary District
 4         plan provides for interception and treatment
 5         of all sewer flow.  Upon completion by July
 6         1972, there would be no untreated discharges
 7         into Lake Michigan.  Only natural surface
 g         land runoff will reach the lake, including
 9         some treated storm flow effluent.
10                   The industries within the North Shore
11         Sanitary District are tributary to the sewer
U         system and the District treatment plants.  Two
13         industries located on the lakefront have dis-
14         charge now to Lake Michigan.  Abbott Labora-
15         tories has secondary treatment and disinfection
16         of the effluent.  Improvements have been made
17         in the last year to offset increased production
18         and resultant increased waste load.  Abbott
19         Laboratories is under directive from the Illinois
20         Sanitary Water Board to provide treatment ade-
21         quate to meet the Lake Michigan Water Quality
22         Standards by December 1968.   The company has
23         filed a time schedule and plan of action necessary
24         to meet these requirements.   Long-range planning
25         includes participation with  the North Shore

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   	1132
 1                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2         Sanitary District in diverting all effluents
 3         away from Lake Michigan.   This is scheduled
 4         for completion by July 1972,
 5                   Johns Manville  Company at Waukegan
 6         operates settling ponds with direct discharge
 7         of effluent which complies with the water
 g         quality standards.  Outboard Marine Corporation
 9         operates oil recovery "basins with effluent dis-
10         charge to natural drainage tributary to Lake
11         Michigan.  These facilities will be expanded
12         before December 1968.  The Commonwealth Edison
13         Waukegan Generating Station—this Is a fossll-
14         fueled plant—has a heated discharge to the
15         lake which dissipates within 600 feet of the
16         outlet.
17                   The U. S* Steel Corporation plant at
18         Waukegan discharges contaminated cooling water
19         and acid water to Lake Michigan.  The corpora-
26         tion has filed a time schedule for improvements
21         and additions to the existing treatment faclll-
22         ties with final completion by November 1968.
23         Upon completion discharge to the lake will be
24         limited to cooling water  discharge meeting the
25         Lake Michigan Water Quality Standards.

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                                                         1133
                         DOUGLAS MORTON
 2                  Government agencies and corporations

 3        having direct responsibility for control or abate-
          ment of pollution have been invited to participate

          in this conference.   Organizations and individuals

          with responsible interest in the protection and

 7        preservation of the  waters of Lake Michigan have

 8        been invited to participate in this conference
          or be represented by observers.  We propose to

10        call on these groups at this time.
n                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Morton,

12                  MR. MORTON:   Before I conclude, I
          would like to state  that we have included a

          list of municipalities and industries in the

15        Jurisdiction of the  Sanitary Water Board
          There is attached a  map showing locations of

          public water supply  sources and public beaches.
lg        These we would like  to include as part of the
19        record and as a part of this document we have
20        presented.
2i                  MR. STEIN:  Without objection, the
22        charts will be included as if read and the map
23        will appear in the appropriate place in the
24        record with your remarks:

25                  (Which said  charts and map are as follows
0

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                                         -8-
                                                        X-
                           X~  Waukegan
                            -  North Chicago
                               - Lake Forest
          LA
/A   ICH
                                    - Highland Park
                                    - Glencoe
                                     • Winnetka
                                   •f- - Kenilworth
                                    r»  -  Wi Imette
                                          -  Evanston
A    N
                                                - Wilson  Ave (Chicago)
                                                •f.  -  Carter  H.  Harrison  (Chicago)
                                                       - Four  Mile  (Chicago)
                                                         - 68th  Street  (Chicago)
                                                         Hammond
V/;//  Co. \
                                                               Illinois Dopartment of Public Health
                                                             DIVISION OF SANITARY ENGINEERING
           Insp.
           Reinsp.
           Reinsp.
    Checked
    Checked
    Checked

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                 -9-
*X  Winthrop Harbor

t*  Zion (Hosah Avenue)
    Illinois Beach  State Park  (Central)

    Waukegan (Pershing Road)
    Waukegan (Inside  Breakwater)
                                   X* -
             /    /y  L-  CT~
    North Chicago  (Foss  Park)

    Lake Bluff

    Lake Forest

    H I ghwood

    Highland Park  (Park  Avern^ /  C H  /
    Highland Park  (Ravine Drive)
      Highland Park  (Rosewood Avenue)
         Glencoe
          Winnetka
           Wi Imette
               Evanston
               Evanston
               Chicago (Rogers Park
               Chicago (Loyola Avenue)
               Chicago (Bryn Mawr Avenue)
                 Chicago (Foster Avenue)

                 Chicago (Montrose Avenue)

                   Chicago (North Avenue)
                 '  Chicago (Oak Street)
Roosevelt Road

 Burnham* Park

  49th Street

     Jackson Park

       Ra-frtb ow- Ptrrir ^-' —,' •

        j Calumet Park
                                                  i s
                                       lllir.o:* Department of Public Health
                                    DIVISION  Of SANITARY ENGINEERING
                                   Insp.

                                   Rcinsp.

                                   Reins?.
                              Checked
                              Checked

                              Checked

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                                         -11-
                                            1139
                r*^3
                                                      GRAND rB1~3».'»
                                                      n i\/coc£ I  »?"
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                                           oosEgj^f  / ihjo-3  u*/
          LEGEND
~~* —— Lake Michigan Watershed Boundary
ifsKriors'a Subregion Boundary
	County Lines
«"*•"""" Also In Illinois River Bosin
  M-6   Subregion Numbers
                           -i*e£*Jl,
                          SCALE IN MILES
     GREAT  LAKES  —  ILLINOIS
       RIVER  BASINS  PROJECT
            SUBREGIONS
   LAKE  MICHIGAN WATERSHED
    U 3 DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTFRlOfl
fEDERAL WATER POLl-UTlON CONTROL AOMiN

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                            	lifts
 1                        DOUGLAS  MORTON
 2                   MR.  STEIN:  Are  there  any comments  or
 3        questions  of Mr.  Morton?
 4                   MR.  HOLMER:   I have  one,  Mr.  Chairman.
 5                   Mr.  Morton, (on page  11291)  in  your  state-
 6        ment,  the  sentence starting  the  second  paragraph
 7        indicates  your intention to  acquire nutrient
 g        reduction  as soon as  practicable or by  July
 9        1977  or  the removal of  effluents from Lake
10        Michigan.  The removal  of  effluents from Lake
H        Michigan would not under your  present program
12        require  the removal of  nutrients?
13                   MR.  MORTON:   In  at least  one  instance
14        it  will, yes,  sir.  The one  proposal for facili-
15        ties  to  take the  effluent  from the  lake will
16        require  a  third stage of treatment, I don't
17        want  to  use the word "advanced"  treatment at
18        this  stage, but it will require  a third stage
19        treatment  and  nutrient  removal and, of  course,
20        chlorination is involved.
21                   MR.  HOLMER:   But this  is  not  as yet a
22        Statewide  requirement in Illinois?
23                   MR.  MORTON:  Not Statewide, no, sir.
24        It  is a  part of all our interstate  requirements,
25        but it is  not  necessarily  a part of all of our

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   	1141
 !                       DOUGLAS MORTON
 2        intrastate waters.
 3                  MR. HOLMER:  Thank you.
 4                  MR. STEIN:  Are  there  any  other
 5        further comments  or questions?
 6                  If not, thank you very much,  Mr.  Morton.
 7                  Mr. Klassen:
 8                  MR. KLASSEN:  The formal recommendations
 9        of the Sanitary Water Board of Illinois will  be
10        given following all of the other presentations.
w                  The next participant as far  as Illinois
12        is concerned involves the largest water user,
13        public water supply user,  on the lake,  the  City
14        of Chicago.
15                  The City of Chicago has undoubtedly
16        the longest in terms of time and certainly
17        one of the most complete records of  lake water
18        quality.
19                  At this time I am going to call on
20        the City of Chicago to make the  presentation
2i        as the largest municipal water user.   It will
22        be done in three parts, first by Commissioner
23        Jardine, the second by one of its assistants,
24        arid the third, more of a technical nature,  by
25        another staff member.

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   	1142
 1                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE
 2                  But  at  this  time Commissioner James
 3        Jardine,  the City of Chicago,  Commissioner,
 4        Department of  Water  and Sewers.
 5
 6               STATEMENT BY JAMES W.  JARDINE
 7         COMMISSIONER, DEPARTMENT OP WATER AND SEWERS
 8                  CITY OP CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS
 9
10                  MR.  JARDINE:   Chairman  Stein,  Com-
u        missioner  Moore,  distinguished Conferees,  ladies
12        and gentlemen.
13                  I am very  appreciative  of the  oppor-
14        tunity to  be here today,  as a  representative
15        of the City of Chicago,  to  outline the activities
16        and responsibilities of  the City  relative  to
11        the protection and use  of Lake Michigan  waters.
18                  The  Chicago Water Works  System pro-
19        vides water service  to  approximately 4,700,000
20        persons in Chicago and  some 66 suburban  communi-
2i        ties, covering a  total  area of over 425  square
22        miles.  Our source of water is, of course, Lake
23        Michigan.  The lake  also  provides  a full range
24        of recreational activities  including boating,
25        fishing, swimming and nature appreciation  to

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 1                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE



 2        millions  of  residents  of  Illinois,  Indiana,



 3        Michigan  and Wisconsin, and countless  visitors



 4        each  year.



 5                 The need,  the urgency,  and the import-



 6        ance  of this conference,  which was  called by the



 7        Secretary of the  Interior,  Stewart  Udall, at



 8        the request  of Governor Otto Kerner, cannot  be



 9        overstated.   While I speak  only for Chicago,



10        I am  sure that there are  millions of people



11        throughout the midwest, and indeed  throughout



12        the Nation,  who share  the concern which  has



13        brought us here.



14                 Because of Chicago's  strategic location



15        on the shores of  Lake  Michigan,  the lake has



lg        served to influence  the City's  development as



17        the transportation center at the heart of the



18        midwest's agricultural and  industrial  complex.



19        Indeed the history of  Chicago  is a  saga  of the



20        efforts to control the most important  physical



21        and natural  asset associated with our  four States--



22        fresh water.   In  this apparently never ending



23        struggle  to  retain the full use of  Lake  Michigan



24        waters to support the domestic, commercial,



25        industrial,  and recreational needs  of  Chicagoland's

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 1                     JAMES W.  JARDINE



 2       residents,  the  City has  sought  and  received



 3       cooperation from both Federal and State  agencies



 4       throughout  the  years.   It  is with a plea for



 5       continued cooperation,  this time between the



 6       four States bordering the  lake, that we  are



 7       here today.  I  would like  to recount very



 8       briefly  some of the problems which  have  occurred



 9       since  Chicago was  incorporated  as a community



10       in  1833  and as  a city in 1837.



11                 At the time of Chicago's  birth,



12       drinking water  was obtained from shallow



13       wells  or directly  from  the lake.  At the



14       same time the Chicago River, which  flowed into



15       the lake, was used as a receiving water  for



16       removing drainage  and the  sanitary  wastes



17       produced by the community's 4,000 residents.



18       In  this  way, a  cycle of disease potential was



19       established.  Early efforts to  correct this



20       problem  encouraged the  infant city  to form



21       its own  water company and  thereby assume



22       municipal responsibility for protecting  the



23       public health from deadly  water-borne diseases.



24       The first attempts to obtain an uncontaminated



25       water  source were  directed toward extending

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 l                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE



 2        water  intakes  into  the  lake  in a search for



 3        clean  water.   The first such endeavor was in



 4        1854,  when a water  intake was located 600



 6        feet from the  shore.  In the same year, a



 6        cholera epidemic claimed the lives of 3,300



 7        persons or 5-1/2 percent of  the population



 g        of  the young city,  mute testimony to the



 9        magnitude of the problem.



10                  A further step in  combating this



U        problem was construction of  the first integrated



12        sewerage system in  the  United States.  With its



13        completion, the surface drainage was greatly



14        improved.  However,  this improvement did not



15        alleviate the  pollution of Lake Michigan since



16        the Chicago River's  natural  flow was into the



17        lake.



jg                  In a further  step  to break the chain



1$        linking the water supply system with sewage



20        disposal, water tunnels were constructed under



21        the lake bed connecting the  distribution system



22        with the water intakes  located two miles from



23        shore.  Completion  of  the first tunnel in 1867



24        attracted worldwide  interest.



25                  At the same  time,  steps to prevent

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                                                        1146
                       JAMES W. JARDINE
 2        the flow of pollution from reaching  the  lake
 3        were taken.  It was determined  that  if the
         Illinois and Michigan Canal, which was opened
         in 1848, was deepened the Chicago River  could
         be reversed and flow away from  the lake.  This
 7        project, which was completed in l8?l, worked
 8        well for a time.  However, an expanding  popu-
         lation increased the drainage requirements
10        of the Chicago River, resulting in its return
         to its natural direction of flow into the lake.
                   On August 2, 1885, a  torrential rain-
13        storm blanketed the Chicago area with more  than
14        six inches of rain.  The stormwaters scoured the
         sewer system, and the mass of pollution  spread
16        into the lake far beyond the water intakes.
17        The result was an epidemic of typhoid fever
18        which persisted for several years.   Primarily
         because of this storm, a plan was developed  to
20        permanently reverse the direction of flow of
2i        the Chicago River, a plan which was  carried out
22        by a new governmental agency created in  1890,
23        the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
24        Chicago.
25                  While this new agency was  implementing

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                         	1147
 1                      JAKES W. JARDINE
 2        a plan and program to accomplish Its mission,
 3        the Chicago Water Department concerned itself
 4        with providing an adequate supply of high
 5        quality,  safe water.   In support of this
 5        objective,  chlorination of the raw water at
 7        the intake cribs  was  begun in 1912 with all
 8        the city  water furnished receiving this
 9        treatment by 1915-   Shortly thereafter, liquid
10        chlorine  feed equipment was installed in all
11        water pumping stations.  These improvements
12        resulted  in a greatly reduced frequency of
13        waterborne   diseases  with the annual deaths
14        from  typhoid fever, per 100,000 population,
15        being reduced from  174  in 1891 to  only  2  in
16        1917.
17                 In 1923 and  1924,  an epidemic of
18        228 typhoid  fever cases  occurred on  the south
19        side  of Chicago, resulting  in  23 deaths  and
20        increasing  the need for  a more  rigid  system
21        of chlorination control.  New  equipment was
22        installed in  duplicate  sets at  all pumping
23        stations.   Permanent attendants were  employed
24        and trained  and a comprehensive program of
25       water sampling, testing, and pollution  study

-------
   	s	,	  me
 1                      JAMES ¥. JARDINE
 2        was initiated under technical supervision.  The
 3        effectiveness of these actions is demonstrated
 4        by the fact that since 1924 there has not been
 5        a recorded case of typhoid fever in Chicago
 6        attributable to the public water supply.
 7                  In 1924 to 1926 evidence began to
 8        accumulate that water quality was declining
 9        and pollution increasing in the southern
10        portion of Lake Michigan.  Numerous surveys
11        were conducted and reports prepared by the
12        United States Public Health Service and the
13        city confirming the fact of declining water
14        quality.  Heeding the warning, the Chicago
15        Water Department began construction, in 1926,
16        of an experimental water filtration plant for
17        research for the design of a full-scale plant.
18        A Pollution Abatement Program was also launched
19        by industrial concerns in cooperation with the
20        City of Chicago, the Indiana Board of Health
21        and the Metropolitan Sanitary District.
22                  By 1931 the abatement program had
23        significantly reduced the amount of phenol
24        pollution in the lake.  However, the relief
25        was temporary and the further deterioration

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                        JAMES  W.  JARDINE



 2        of  raw water  quality prompted the  Department



 3        to  install  an ammonia-chlorine treatment plant



 4        at  the Dunne  Crib  in 1936.   The water filtration



 5        program  was also accelerating rapidly and



          construction  of the  600 million gallon per



          day South Water Filtration  Plant was  started



          in  1938.



                   Throughout the years, the  Chicago



10        Water Department has thus been able  to maintain



11        a safe water  supply  by  introducing modern



          water treatment techniques  and construction.



13        of  two water  filtration plants. The  South



14        Water Filtration Plant, which has  been in full



15        operation since 19^7* was expanded by 50 percent



          in  1967.  The Central Water Filtration Plant



17        was  placed  in operation in



18                 We  are here today because we are



19        again faced with a serious  pollution  problem.



20        The  intensity of pollution  of Lake Michigan



21        has  had various trends  over the years,  both



22        upward and  downward; however,  during  the last



23        15  years, there has  been a  marked  and alarming



24        increase in the pollution of the lake.   In an



25        effort to provide  safe  water,  the  Chicago

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                      	1150
 t                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE
 2        Water  System includes  facilities  for collection,
 3        treatment  and distribution.   Since 1955,  Chicago
 4        has  greatly benefited  from the dynamic leader-
 g        ship of  Mayor Richard  J.  Daley and during this
 fi        period approximately $270,000,000 has  been in-
 7        vested for  capital improvements in the Chicago
 g        Water  System.   As a  result,  Chicago today is
 9        the  only city with a population of 1,000,000
10        or over  which  enjoys a  "Class  One" rating by
..        the  American Insurance  Association.
12                 The  system today consists  of the
13        world's  two  largest  water filtration plants,
14        with a combined  treatment capacity of
15        2,600,000,000  gallons a day.   The system
16        includes over  seventy miles  of water tunnels
17        and  a  network  of over 4,000  miles of water
18        mains  fed by 11 pumping stations,  with an
19        installed capacity of 3 billion gallons a
20        day.   The complete water  system has  a  replace-
2i        ment value of  over one  billion dollars.   The
22        average  daily  pumpage in  196?  was  in excess
23        of one billion gallons  per day.
24                 It is apparent  from  the preceding
25        figures  that Chicago has  spared no  expense

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   	115,1
 1                      JAMES V* JARDINE
 2        to provide a better supply of safe water for
 3        its citizens.  However, the problem extends
 4        beyond Chicago.  The pollution picture is
 6        more alarming because of the strong indications
 6        of eutrophication of Lake Michigan, as well
 7        as the increase in the number and intensity
 8        of periods when the quality of lake water has
 9        been seriously affected by pollutants.  This
10        is not a Chicago problem alone$ it is a problem
11        which we all share.  Information has been
12        collected and published by the FVPCA indicating
13        the existence of complex current patterns which
14        means that pollution can affect the uses of
15        Lake Michigan water many miles from the source
1^        of the pollutant.  There are also alarming
17        indications that the capacity of the lake to
18        assimilate through natural means the variety
19        of complex forms of pollution has been over-
20        taxed and that we now face a very real threat
21        to the continuation of the multi-use benefits
22        afforded by the lake,
23                  Greater emphasis will be given by
24        Mr.  James C.  Vaughn, Engineer of Water
25        Purification,  who will detail in more quantative

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 1                      JAMES W. JARDINE



 2        terms, the continued decline of water quality



 3        as indicated by increased costs of water



 4        treatment and the various parameters which



 5        serve as pollution indices.  We would like



 6        to report on various steps which have been



 7        taken by Chicago in response to the critical



 g        problem faced today, both for your information



 9        and your consideration.



10                  As you know,the Army Corps of



11        Engineers is responsible for maintaining



12        navigation within the various waterways.  In



13        order to maintain prescribed depths in harbors



14        and navigable channels, the Corps of Engineers



15        is forced to dredge periodically.  In the past



16        these dredgings were  transported and dumped



17        into  selected areas of Lake Michigan.



18                  On August 25, 19^6, a resolution



19        was introduced by the Honorable Richard J.



20        Daley,  Mayor of the City  of Chicago, requesting



21        the Corps of Engineers to  study alternate means



22        of disposing of dredgings, with this resolution



23        being approved by  the City Council.  We are



24        pleased to  note that  as  of the present  time,



25        various means of  disposal are  being  studied

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   	1153
 1                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE

 2        and pilot  projects utilizing shore disposal
 3        already in operation.   We should like to report
 4        that on September 28,  19^7,  the Chicago City
 5        Council passed an amendment  to the Municipal
 5        Code to prohibit the discharge of untreated
 7        or  inadequately treated wastes from vessels
 g        into Lake  Michigan.   This subject will be
 9        discussed  later, in  greater  detail, by Mr.
10        Richard A. Pavia, Assistant  Commissioner of
11        Water and  Sewers.
12                  We  have considered at some length
13        the problems  of the  past and the present and
14        should now like to briefly comment on what
15        the future may hold.  While  we are not
16        gifted to  predict the  future,  I might add
17        that through  the medium of this conference
18        we  can greatly influence what  the future
19        will be for Lake Michigan and  the type of
20        legacy we'll  leave for  posterity.
21                  It  seems obvious that unless swift
22        and decisive  actions are taken, the use of
23        Lake Michigan as a source of drinking water
24        will become increasingly costly, and our
25        ability to achieve the  present high quality

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 !                      JAMES W. JARDINE
         drinking water may be difficult or impossible.
 2
         Already in many areas outside of Chicago
 3
         bathing beaches on Lake Michigan are frequently
 4
         subject to restricted use.  Recreation in the
 6
         form of swimming and boating have been curtailed
 6
         by physical or esthetic considerations and
 7
         commercial fishing has diminished in importance.
 8
         What were beautiful stretches of lakeshore
 9
         have in some areas become degraded to the
10
         point where nature appreciation has been
11
         curtailed.
12
                   On the other hand, I think we can
13
         shape the future of our lake through immediate
14
         and decisive action.  The levels of technology
15
         available today provide tools which we did
16
         not have in the past.  We also have an informed
17
         public deeply concerned about the status of
18
         our natural resources and sympathetic toward
19
         whatever measures are Judged necessary to

         preserve Lake Michigan for the full range of
21
         public use. both for ourselves and for future
22
         generations.
23
                   The need for action at this Four
24
         State Conference is most urgent.  For this
25

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   	1135

 1                      JAMES W. JARDINE


 2        reason,  I offer for your consideration the fol-


 3        lowing recommendations:


 4             1.   Immediate adoption of uniform


 5             water quality standards and time


 6             schedule for implementation and


 7             enforcement covering all of Lake


 g             Michigan.


 9             2.   Immediate adoption of a uniform


10             set of regulations  for controlling


11             wastes from watercraftj again a


12             uniform implementation program and


13             time schedule should  apply.


14             3«   Encourage industry to study


15             methods of reducing pollution loads


16             through the use  of  recirculation


17             techniques  designed to reduce water


18             consumption and  concentrate waste


19             products for  easier treatment.


20             4.   Encourage  industry to study


21             methods  of  reclaiming  useful


22             materials from waste products  and
                                                             i

23             thereby reduce the  cost of  treat-


24             ment.


25             5.   Consider  a cooperative  effort

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   	1156
 1                      JAMES W.  JARDINE
 2              directed at  developing  a practi-
 3              cal water  quality  surveillance
 4              program, and study the  feasibility
 5              of using aerial  reconnaissance
 6              techniques,  as a means  for  mea-
 7              suring  changes in  water quality
 g              over  the entire  lake.
 9              6.  Support  research  directed  toward
10              restoration  and  maintenance of the
H              natural ecology  in the  lake to in-
12              sure  the preservation of high water
13              quality and  desirable forms of aquatic
14              life.
15              7-  Provide  adequate  financiax
16              assistance for the Bureau of
17              Fisheries  to research corrective
18              measures relative  to  the alewife
19              problem.
20                   We concur with the conclusions  and
21         generally  support the recommended actions con-
22         tained in  the report  on "Water Pollution  Problems
23         of Lake Michigan  and  Tributaries" issued  by  the
24         Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration.
25         The battle to save Lake Michigan has- already

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   	115J
 !                     JAMES W. JARDINE

 2       begun.  Our campaign must not be one of only

 3       words.  All available resources must be
 4       mobilized for a total war with the objective

 5       of an unconditional and lasting victory over

 6       the pollution of our lake.

 ?                 MR. STEIN:  Thank you.
 g                 MR. JARDINE:  Mr. Chairman, yesterday

 9       one of the Conferees asked the question about

10       how Chicago disposes of its filter wash water
jj       and sediment from  the water filtration plants.

12       Chicago does the same thing that most of  the

J3       other filter plants on the lake in the other

14       States do.  Both the south and central filtra-

15       tion plants of the City of Chicago currently

16       return both their  filter wash water and sedi-
17       ment to Lake Michigan.  This is the general
18       practice  throughout most of the country.   The
19       justification for  this is generally that  this
20       material  is not considered a pollutant since

2i       the organic materials it contains  exists  in

22       the natural waters of Lake Michigan.  The
23       materials added through the filtration process

24       include chlorine,  alum and activated  carbon.

25       All three of these materials are inorganic.

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   	1138
 1                      JAMES  W.  JARDINE
 2       At  best,  the  activated  carbon contained in
 3       the filter wash water would  provide  temporary
 4       discoloration and  this  could be  considered
 5       esthetic  pollution.  However, I  should  like
 6       to  point  out  that  the capital improvement
 7       program for the City of Chicago  covering the
 8       period of 1968 to  1972  provides  $1,200,000
 9       to  study, design and construct alternate
10       measures  for  both  filter wash water  and
11       sediment  disposal.
12                 I repeat,  while we do  not  consider
13       this material as contributing to the pollution
14       of  Lake Michigan,  it is our  intension to
15       correct this  matter  in  an effort to  preserve
16       and protect the Chicago lakefront from  the
17       visible nuisance which  these discharges
18       produce.
19                 MR.  STEIN: Thank you,  Mr.  Jardine.
20                 Are there  any comments or  questions?
21                 I would  likg  to compliment you on
22       the statement and  on the cooperation that  we
23       have received from the  Chicago Water Department
24       through the years.
25                 I think, as many of you know, the

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                      	1159-



 1                      JAMES W. JARDINE



 2        records,  the painstaking records and analyses



 3        made by the Chicago Water Department served as



 4        the  "basis for a lot of our recommendations and



 5        a lot of  our work.   Without the activity of the



 6        Chicago Water Department I am certain we could



 7        not  be as far ahead in the Lake Michigan abate-



 8        ment program as we  are today.   Some of you may



 9        recall that Mr. Gerstein's work--I can see that



10        he has come in--Art Gerstein's work,  who was



11        with the  Water Department, in  a large measure



12        served as the  basis for the abatement program



13        we have had for the southern  end of  the lake.



14                  Also I would like to point  out another



15        fact of significance  to me,  that here we have



16        a municipality,  the Federal Government and the



!7        State,  as  far  as I  am concerned,  working very,



18        very closely on a concerted program to improve



19        water  quality,  both water  supply and  pollution



20        control.   I don't think there  are  any institu-



21        tional differences  here.   In other  words,  we



22        show it can work.   This  is  an  instance in vhich



23        it can work, and as far  as we  are concerned



24       we practically work with the Chicago  Water



25       Department as  one staff, with  personnel,

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   	11 fit).
 1                      JAMES W. JARDINE
 2        exchange of information, and so forth.  I
 3        think if the relationships that we have had
 4        with intergovernmental agencies were the
 5        same that we have been able to work out with
 6        the Chicago Water Department we would be
 7        much farther ahead in meeting our water re-
 g        source problems.
 9                  Thank you very much.
10                  MR. JARDINE:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
11        I assure you we will continue to cooperate with
12        you and the other Conferees in the Federal
13        Water Pollution Control Administration.
14                  (Applause.)
15                  MR. KLASSEN:  Problems always have
16        solutions and difficult problems always involve
17        a lot of discussion and controversy.
18                  MR. STEIN:  Pardon me, are the other
19        two men who accompanied Mr. Jardine coming up?
20                  MR. KLASSEN:  Yes.  This is the
21        introduction to the next talk.
22                  MR. STEIN:  Pardon me.  0. K.  I
23        didn't want you to call another witness other
24        than them.
25                  MR. KLASSEN:  I am trying to be

-------
 1                        C.  W. KLASSEN



 2        subtle,  Mr.  Chairman.  Maybe you didn't recognize



 3        it.



 4                  MR.  STEIN:   I recognized your subtlety,



 5        but  I  couldn't figure out just how subtle you



 6        were trying  to be.



 7                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Mr.  Chairman,  if I have



 8        confused you,  then  this is a real achievement.



 9                  (Laughter.)



10                  Only repaying you, I might say.



11                  (Laughter.)



12                  Seriously,  the problem of pollution



13        by watercraft  is admittedly  a vexing one, one



14        for  which there is  not  a ready solution, and



15        the  City of  Chicago has taken a major  step



16        in the direction of solving  this problem,



17        at least a step in  the  direction.  There has



18        been a lot of  controversy, a lot of comment



19        on this.



20                  Later I know, from having a  preview



21        of other papers,  that some of the voting



22        interests  are  going to  make  some comments



23        on it, but Chicago  has  and is leading  the way



24        toward a solution,  and  the next presentation



25        will be  given  by Richard Pavia,  a Deputy

-------
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2        Commissioner of Water and Sewer Department,

 3        City of Chicago, and will deal primarily

 4        with this question and what Chicago  is  doing

 5        and plans to do.

 6                  For many of you this is an opportunity

 7        to get firsthand and clarified some  of  the

 8        questions that have arisen and the problems

 9        that have arisen.

10                  Mr. Pavia.


11

12                STATEMENT BY RICHARD A. PAVIA

13          ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF WATER AND SEWERS

14                      CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

15

16                  MR. PAVIA:  Thank you, Mr. Klassen.

17                  Mr. Stein, Mr. Moore, distinguished
                                                     %
18        Conferees, ladies and gentlemen,

19                  With your permission, and  in  the

20        interest of time and your patience,  I plan

21        to delete portions of this statement which

22        are overly repetitive from what you  have  been

23        hearing for the last two days.

24                  The water pollution problems  we face

25        today are of our own making—certainly  not

-------
   	1163
 !                      RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2        intentional,  but perhaps a direct result of

 3        a lack of knowledge or apathy on the part of

 4        all of us.  Anyone who has enjoyed boating on

 g        the waters of Lake Michigan couldn't help but

 g        be awestricken by the immense size of this

 7        inland sea.   This factor in part probably

 8        accounts  for  our misuse.  Because of the size

 9        of the lake,  many would feel that its waters

10        are not pollutable and therefore need no pro-

n        tection.   The testimony of Mr.  James C.  Vaughn

12        and others certainly refutes this belief.   They

13        have stated that the quality of Lake Michigan

14        waters  is  deteriorating at an accelerated rate.

15        Thus if we are to achieve  the objective  of

16        saving Lake Michigan and preserving  its  waters

17        for multiple  uses,  we must collectively  agree

lg        upon an action program for abating all forms

19        of water pollution.

20                  The  above  observations  relate  to all

2i        forms  of pollution  including wastes  from water-

22        craft.  It has  been  argued that the  magnitude

23        of  this source  of water pollution is negligible

24        &nd  that,  at  the most,  minimum  levels of treat-

25        ment should be  required.   Unfortunately  this

-------
   	1164
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        theory, which has largely been advocated by
 3        persons with special interests, isn't supported
 4        by facts or accepted by the public.  The area
 5        of Lake Michigan is approximately 22,400 square
 6        miles and by comparison the number of boats
 7        is small.  However, vessel usage is concentrated
 8        in the locations of dense population where
 9        domestic water supply and recreational uses
10        are at a maximum.  As a result, marinas are
11        frequently located in close proximity to bathing
12        beaches and domestic water intakes.  Along
13        Chicago's 29 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline
14        are some 30 bathing beaches covering 14 miles.
15        These beaches are visited frequently by many
16        of the seven million residents of Metropolitan
17        Chicago.   Noting that there are also eight
18        boating marinas and anchorages located along
19        the Chicago lakefront, it is obvious that
20        beaches and marinas use the same waters.
21                  To further describe the problems faced
22        by the City of Chicago, it should be known that
23        more than 750 overseas vessels and approximately
24        3,000 domestic and Canadian ships annually
25        call at the Port of Chicago, making it the

-------
   ^_____	1165
 1                      RICHARD A.  PAVIA
 2        largest seaport on the Great Lakes.   This is
 3        in  addition to the approximately 4,000 pleasure
 4        craft  which cruise the waters off Chicago;
 5        many  of these  craft are equipped with sanitary
 6        facilities.
 7                  Boating and bathing in the  same
 8        shore  waters presents a real threat  of
 9        infection to swimmers.  Tests were made
10        last  summer at various marinas to determine
11        the extent of  the pollution problem.   During
12        the 1967 boating season testing revealed that
13        the average ammonia nitrogen content  of
14        harbor waters  at seven marinas varied from
15        O.o6l  parts  per million at  the Diversey
16        Harbor to 0.123 parts per million at  the
17        Jackson Park Harbor.   When  eompared  to the
18        water  quality  criteria for  shore waters
19        established by the State  of Illinois^ these
20        test  samples disclose a variation of  from
21        120 to 2^5 percent of the permissible annual
22        average.   The  level of ammonia nitrogen is
23        one of the primary water  pollution indicators.
24        Tests  in the same marinas also revealed
25        significant  bacterial counts  as  the boating

-------
                                                        1166
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        season progressed.
 3                  I might add that test samples also
 4        disclosed some traces of lead and oil.
                   While these marinas are not the
         control points used to survey water quality,
 7        the tests do indicate that pollution loads
 g        can be generated which at the whim of wind
         and current can pose a threat to nearby
10        beaches.  Sanitary wastes from watercraft are
         heavily concentrated  in boat harbors, and
12        quantitative analyses are not necessary to
13        recognize the increase of algae and weed
14        growth appearing at many Chicago harbors
15        and marinas with increased frequency and
         density each year.
                   Because of the seriousness of the
18        problems of water pollution, Mayor Richard J.
         Daley, in October 1966, appointed a committee
20        consisting of representatives of the Chicago
2i        Board of Health, the Port of Chicago, and the
22        Department of Water and Sewers, to review
23        the problem of harbor pollution and determine
24        if remedial action was needed.  This committee
25        studied the problem in depth for 10 months

-------
                                                         116?
 1                      RICHARD A.  PAVIA

 2        and  on August 16,  19&7,  recommended that wastes
 3        from vessels  should be retained for shoreside
 4        disposal.   Many considerations entered into

 5        this recommendation.
 6                  In  reaching this conclusion, the

 7        committee  evaluated three alternatives:

 g                  !• •   Do nothing—and await resolution

 9        of  this problem by the Federal Government.

10        Inasmuch as these are interstate waters, it
u        would seem that the Federal Government would

12        have a major  say-so in whatever was done.
13        Various agencies, including the Public Health

14        Service, have  been discussing control of

15        vessel pollution for many years with no
16        conclusion.  Therefore,  we felt that this
17        alternative was not acceptable and further
18        delay would only increase the problem.  Also,
19        lack of direction has caused some agencies
20        and individuals to equip their craft with
2i        unacceptable  devices, thus further complicating

22        our problem.
23                  I might add at this point that

24         the  Corps  of  Engineers,in an effort to co-
25         operate,has equipped most of their dredges

-------
                                                        1168
                       RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2        and vessels with equipment which is Judged

 3        unsatisfactory in these waters.  Similarly,

         the Coast Guard has, in an effort to cooperate,

         equipped or in process of equipping vessels

         with equipment which may not be satisfactory

 7        for all of the Great Lakes.

 8                  The second alternative considered:

 9                  2•  Require that all vessels and

10        pleasure craft capable of discharging sanitary

11        waste products be equipped with approved waste

         treatment devices.  We discarded this alternative

13        because the water quality criteria for Lake

14        Michigan, developed as a result of the 1965

         Interstate Pollution Conference, was at such

         a level that investigation failed to reveal

17        any waste treatment device capable of satisfying

18        this standard.  This water quality criteria for

         Lake Michigan was developed with the partici-

20        pation of the States of Illinois and Indiana,

         and under the auspices of the Federal Water

22        Pollution Control Administration.  The criteria

23        was submitted by the State of Indiana and

24        approved by the Secretary of the Interior,

25        and thereby its status in Indiana has been

-------
 1                     RICHARD A.  PAVIA



 2        changed from  State Water  Quality Criteria  to



 3        Federal Water Quality Standards.   The  State



 4        of  Illinois   submission of  water quality



 5        criteria  for  Lake Michigan  is identical  to



 6        that  of Indiana.  Therefore, we  can  only



 7        conclude  that Illinois  submission-will



 g        be  approved and  thereby constitute Federal



 9        Standards.  In anticipation of  imminent



10        Federal approval, we determined  that it



H        would be  improper to sanction the use  of



12        waste treatment  devices which could  not



13        satisfy the water quality criteria of  the1



14        receiving waters.



15                 3«  Encourage the use  of retention



16        tanks or  treatment devices  which require no



17        discharge to  lake waters.  This  alternative,



18        while presenting many difficulties for boat



19        owners and operators, as  well as governmental



20        agencies  charged with responsibilities of



21         providing shoreside disposal facilities,



22         was judged the only reasonable  choice.  We



23         believe that  the retention  tank  concept  with



24         or  without recirculation  features offers



25         the best  solution to the  problem of  handling

-------
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA



 2        waste from watercraft In spite of the in-



 3        convenience it fosters.  Boats frequently



 4        cruise on waters with widely different water



 5        quality standards.  The one device which will



 6        satisfy all water quality standards, whether



 7        they be very very high or very low, is the



 8        waste retention tank.  We further believe



 9        that the total cost of this solution, including



10        necessary shoreside disposal facilities, will



11        be the least expensive.



12



13                  In evaluating this subject, major



14        consideration was given to the fact that unlike



15        a flowing stream where a quantity of water



16        passes a given cross section only once, the



17        effect of dilution in a still body of water



18        such as a lake is less beneficial.  Pollutants



19        are, therefore, assimilated in the natural cycle



20        and gradually increase, lowering the quality



21        of the receiving waters to that of the dis-



22        charges.  In Lake Michigan, the problem is



23        particularly acute since approximately 100



24        years is required for a complete water inter-



25        change.

-------
 1                     RICHARD  A.  PAVIA

 2                  Mayer Daley  having  concurred with

 3        the  committee's recommendations,  transmitted

 4        them to  the  Chicago  City  Council  where after

 5        a Public Hearing  they  were approved on Septem-

 6        ber  28,  1967.  Attached to the statement which

 7        you  have is  a copy of  important excerpts from

 g        Chapter  38 of the Chicago City Code,  which

 9        deals with the Chicago Harbor.

10                  (Which  said  document is as  follows:)

11                  Excerpts From Chapter 38

12              Municipal  Code, City of Chicago

13                Pertaining To  Water Pollution

14
           City of  Chicago, Richard J.  Daley,  Mayor
15
              Department of the Port of Chicago
16
                Executive  Offices  - Navy Pier
17
                    Chicago, Illinois   6o6ll
18
                       January  1,  1968
19

20                  The City of  Chicago  is  most proud of

21        its  long record of accomplishments  with  regard

22        to preventing pollution of Lake Michigan,  and

23        thereby  preserving in  large measure the  future

2*        of this valuable resource for  water supply,  a

25       prime source of recreation in  the  Midwest,  and

-------
                                                        1172
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        Chicago's most important physical asset.  Be-
 3        cause of its location on the shores of Lake
 4        Michigan, at the Junction of the St. Lawrence
 5        Seaway and Illinois-Mississippi inland waterway,
 6        the City of Chicago has been and will continue
 7        to be vitally concerned with and influenced by
 g        water management activities.
 9                  In support of these objectives, it shall
10        be the policy of the City of Chicago that pollution
11        of Lake Michigan will not be tolerated.  Regula-
12        tions designed to support this policy have been
13        prepared, and the administration and enforcement
14        of these controls will be of prime concern to
15        appropriate City agencies.
16                  The Federal Government, the States bor-
17        dering on the Great Lakes and the City of Chicago
18        have taken positive action in establishing programs
10        for the prevention, regulation and abatement of
20        water pollution, bacterial, chemical and physical,
21        and including solid waste emanating from munici-
22        palities and industries bordering the shore of
23        Lake Michigan.  The provisions of the Municipal
24        Code of Chicago, State an  Federal regulations
25        and statutes, all prohibit the fouling of the

-------
             	1173

 1 |                    RICHARD  A.  PAVIA

 2       waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  enforcement of

 3       provisions designed  to prevent  the pollution of

 4       the waters and  harbors of Chicago by vessels,

 5       both foreign  and  domestic,  private and commercial,

 6       as well  as pleasure  craft,  and  land extensions

 7       which contribute  to  the pollution of Lake Michigan,

 8       are Judged to be  essential  in order to preserve

 9       the health, welfare  and safety  of citizens of

10       Chicago  and all residents of  the  Great Lakes

11       Region.

12                  The following regulations are estab-

13       lished  in  accordance with the provisions of

14       Chapter  38, Sections 8, 9 and 10  of the Municipal

15       Code, the  enforcement  of  which  rests with the

16       Director,  Department of the Port  of Chicago.

17
                    A.  Definitions as  Stipulated in Para-
18
         graph #38-1 of  Chicago's  Municipal Code.
19
              Chicago  Harbor.
20

21                  The harbor shall  consist of

22            the Chicago  River and  its  branches

23            to  their respective  sources  and

24            all slips  adjacent to  and  connecting

25            therewith, the  Ogden Canal,  the

-------
   	117ft

 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2            Calumet River and its branches

 3            and all slips connecting there-

 4            with, the waters of Lake Calumet

 5            and all slips and basins con-

 6            nected therewith and all piers,

 7            breakwaters, and permanent  struc-

 g            tures therein,  the Drainage Canal

 9            and all piers and basins, and  the

10            waters of Lake  Michigan, including

11            all breakwaters, piers, and perma-

12            nent structures therein, for a dis-

13            tance of three  miles from the  shore

14            between the north and south lines  of

15            the city extended, to the extent

16            that the above-named waterways are

17            within the  territorial  limits  of

18            the city.

19
              Lake Michigan waters at Chicago
20

21                 This shall include the waters

22            of Lake Michigan for a  distance of

23            three miles from the shore  between

24            the north and  south  lines  of the

25            city extended,  the Calumet  River

-------
                                                         1175
                        RICHARD A.  PAVIA

 2             and  its  branches and all  slips
 3             connecting therewith,  and the
               waters of Lake  Calumet and all
               slips and basins connected there-
               with, to the  extent  that  the above
               named waterways  are  within the
               territorial limits of  the city.

 9
               River Waters
10
                   This shall  include the Chicago
               River and its branches to their
               respective sources and all slips
               adjacent to and  connecting there-
15             with,, the Ogden  Canal,  and the
               Drainage Canal,  to the extent that
17 |            the  above-named  waterways are within
               the  territorial  limits of the city.

19
               Navigable  Streams Regulated
20
2i                 Any public  stream which is or
22             can  be made usable for water com-
23             merce.   These streams  come  under  the
24             Jurisdiction of  the United  States
25             Corps of  Engineers

-------
   	1176

 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA


 2
                   B.  Commercial vessels
 3

 4                  Any vessel, boat or ship


 5             operated for hire or in the com-


 g             mercial carriage of passengers


 7             and/or cargo or other commercial


 g             purposes.


 9
                   C.  Pleasure craft

10

11                  Any vessel, boat or ship


12             privately owned and operated for


13             ordinary cruising, racing, water


14             skiing or other recreational pur-


15             poses.


16
                   D.  Vessels of Local, State and  Federal
17
         Agencies.
18

19                  Any vessel, boat or ship


20             publicly owned and operated by  a


21             local municipality, the State of


22             Illinois or the U. S. Government.


23
                   E.  Pollution
24


25                  Pollution shall mean  the

-------
   ^____	1177

 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA


 2             discharge or deposit in or upon

 3             such waters of sewage, industrial


 4             wastes,  or other wastes containing


 5             soluble  or insoluble solids of


 6             organic  or inorganic nature which

 7             may deplete the dissolved oxygen


 8             content  of such waters, contribute


 9             settleable solids that may form

10             sludge deposits, contain oil, grease,

H             or floating solids which may cause

12             unsightly appearance on the surface

13             of such  waters or contains soluble


14             materials detrimental to aquatic life.


15
                       ORDINANCE
16

17                  BE  IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OP

18        THE CITY OP CHICAGO:

19             SECTION  1.  The Municipal Code of Chicago is


20        amended by striking the existing Section 38-9

21        inserting in  lieu thereof a new Section 38-9 to

22        read as follows:


23             "38-9.   No person shall throw,


24             dump,  place,  deposit or cause or

25             permit to be thrown,  dumped,  placed

-------
 x                      RICHARD A. PAVIA


 2             or deposited any pollutant as

 3             defined in Section 31-2.1 (k)

 4             of this Code, or any garbage,

 5             refuse, filth, putrid or unwhole-

 Q             some substance, or the contents

 7             of any toilet or head, catch

 g             basin, or grease trap upon the

 9             margin or banks or within the

10             limits or into the waters of the

11             harbor.  Discharge of any of the

12             aforementioned pollutants within

13             the radius of four miles of any

14             domestic raw water intake is further

15             expressly prohibited."

16
              SECTION 2.  The Municipal Code of  Chicago  is
17
         amended by adding the following new Section  38-9•
18
         to read as follows:
19

20             "38-9.1.  In addition to the pol-

21             lutants enumerated in Section 38-9

22             aforesaid, no operator of any vessel,

23             craft, floats or motor boat shall

24             discharge, dump or deposit into the

25             harbor any fuel, solid or liquid,

-------
                                                         1179
 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2            or the contents of any ballast

 3            tank, bilge tank or other recep-

 4            tacle capable of causing pollution

 5            of waters."

 6
              SECTION 3.  The Municipal Code of Chicago is
 1
         amended by adding the following new Section 38-9.2
 8
         to read as follows:
 9

10            "38-9.2.  All vessels, crafts,

11            floats, and motor boats equipped

12            with toilets, heads, urinals, or

13            capable of discharging galley wastes

14            which have not been discharged through

15            a grease trap or grease interceptor,

16            or solid or liquid waste from shipboard

17            hospital facilities, shall be equipped

18            with a waste retention tank of approved

19            type and capacity to store such waste

20            material for subsequent disposal at

21            a shoreside facility."

22
              SECTION 4.  The Municipal Code of Chicago is
23
         amended by adding the following new Section 38-9-3
24
         to read as follows:
25

-------
 I                      RICHARD A. PAVIA



 2             "38-9.3.  A treatment system



 3             utilizing a method of waste treat-



 4             ment approved by the Port Director



 5             and complying with the Rules and



 6             Regulations Establishing Water



 7             Quality Criteria for Lake Michigan



 g             as set by the Illinois Sanitary



 9             Water Board may be permissible on



10             vessels, craft, floats or motor



11             boats operating in harbor waters



12             in lieu of a retention tank.  The



13             effluent of any waste treatment



14             system not meeting the approved



15             standards of the Illinois Sanitary



1C             Water Board shall be discharged



17             and collected in a retention tank



18             while such vessel, craft, floats



19             or motor boat is located or operating



20             within the harbor of Chicago.  All



21             such waste retention tanks must be



22             properly equipped with pumps and



23             piping so that wastes can be dis-



24             charged from a connection located



25             above the water line to approved

-------
   	1181

 1                      RICHARD A.  PAVIA


 2             shore-based or floating installa-


 3             tions."


 4
               SECTION 5.   The Municipal Code of Chicago is

 5
          amended by  striking Section 38-10 in its entirety

 6
          and  inserting in lieu thereof the following new

 7
          Section 38-10:

 8

 9             "38-10.  The Port Director shall


10             have the authority to promulgate


11             rules  and regulations necessary


12             to the  effective control of harbor


13             pollution.


14             "Any person who violates any of the


15             provisions  of Sections 38-8, 38-9,


16             38-9.1, 38-9.2 and 38-9-3 shall be


17             fined not less than  $50 nor more


18             than $200 for each offense and each


19             day's continuance of such violation


20             shall constitute a separate offense."


21
               SECTION 6.   This ordinance shall be in force
22
          and effect from  and after its passage and due pub-
23
          lication.
24


25                 MR.  PAVIA:   The key sections of the

-------
   	1182



 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA



         revised  Chicago Harbor  Pollution  Code  read  as



 3        follows:



 4              "38-9.2.  All vessels,  craft,  floats



 6              and motor boats equipped with  toil-



 6              ets, heads, urinals,  or capable of



 7              discharging galley wastes which have



 8              not been discharged through  a  grease



 9              trap or grease interceptor,  or solid



10              or  liquid waste from  shipboard



11              hospital facilities,  shall be



12              equipped with a waste retention



13              tank of approved type and capacity



14              to  store such waste material for



15              subsequent disposal at  a shoreside



16              facility."



17              "38-9.3.  A treatment system util-



18              izing  a method of  waste treatment



19              approved by the Port  Director  and


20
   I            complying with the Rules and Regu-



21              lations Establishing  Water Quality


22
               Criteria for Lake  Michigan as  set


99
               by  the Illinois Sanitary Water Board



24              may be permissible on vessels, craft,


25
               floats or motor boats operating in

-------
   	1183.
 1                     RICHARD A.  PAVIA
 2            harbor waters  in lieu  of a reten-
 3            -cion  tank.   The effluent of any
 4            waste treatment system not meeting
 5            the approved standards of  the  Illinois
 6            Sanitary Water Board shall be  dis-
 7            charged and  collected  in a retention
 8            tank while such vessel, craft,  floats
 9            or motor boat  is located or operating
10            within the harbor  of Chicago.   All
11            such waste retention tanks must
12            be properly  equipped with  pumps
13            and piping so  that wastes  can  be
14            discharged from a  connection lo-
15            cated above  the water  line to
16            approved shore-based or floating
17            installations."
18                 Basically the Revised Harbor  Pollution
19       Code may be interpreted as  containing the follow-
20       ing provisions:
21            1.  Prohibits  discharges of fuel
22            or the contents of ballast or
23            bilge tanks  or other receptacle
24            capable of causing water pollution.
25            2.  Prohibits  discharge of marine

-------
                            	1184
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2               toilets into the lake and requires
 3               retention tanks  to store such
 4               wastes for shore disposal.
 5               3.  Requires that galley wastes be
 8               passed through a grease interceptor
 7               before discharge to lake waters, or
 8               collected in a retention tank for
 9               shoreside disposal.
10               **••  Requires that wastes from ship-
11               board hospital facilities be col-
12               lected and held  in a retention tank
13               for shoreside disposal.
14               5-  Permits waste treatment systems
15               on vessels or boats only if the
16               treated effluent meets the Water
17               Quality Criteria established by the
18               Illinois Sanitary Water Board.
19               6.  Establishes  penalties for vio-
20               lations at not less than $50 nor
21               more than $200 with each day con-
22               stitutlng a separate violation.
23                    While the Chicago Harbor Pollution Code
24          specifies that the Port Director is responsible
25          for ordinance administration and enforcement, the

-------
   	1183
 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2         City Departments of Health,  and Water and Sewers
 3         together with the Chicago Park District and
 4         Illinois State Sanitary Water Board regularly
 5         provide technical assistance for his considera-
 6         tion.  To date, the Technical Advisory Committee
 7         (TAC) has recommended the acceptability of the
 8         recirculating toilet, the electric incinerator
 9         type toilet, the gas-fired incinerator toilet
10         (subject to local safety regulations) and pro-
11         vided a set of guidelines relating to retention
12         tank size.  The Advisory Committee has also
13         recommended prohibition of the use of the
14         portable toilet which utlizes a disposal bag
15         and macerator-chlorinator devices.  The Cora-
16         mittee also recommended that wastes from garbage
17         disposal units be retained for shoreside disposal.
18                   Having elected to develop a program
10         for controlling wastes from watercraft and to
20         encourage the use of waste retention tanks, we
21         immediately enlisted the support and cooperation
22         of the Chicago Park District, a separate and
23         autonomous City government,  and the Illinois
24         state Sanitary Water Board.   Since the Chicago
25         Park District is responsible for the operation

-------
       -	1186
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        of seven pleasure craft marinas located on the
 3        Chicago lakefront, it is obvious that their
 4        full support will be needed to insure the
 5        success of Chicago's program of protecting
 6        our waters for a full range of public use.
 7                  In passing this ordinance, the City
 g        of Chicago was well aware that criticism and
 9        problems would be abundant.  However, we believe
10        our analysis of the problem of water pollution
11        from vessels is correct, and our evaluation of
12        the alternatives is complete.  If this be true,
13        then the conclusion we have reached represents
14        the best course of action open to us.  ¥e hope
15        you will agree with this analysis and urge your
16        consideration and support in the enactment of
17        uniform water quality standards for all of
18        Lake Michigan along with uniform rules and
19        regulations to control pollution resulting from
20        watercraft.  In each case, we strongly urge
21        that a common implementation and enforcement
22        time schedule be adopted by all four States.
23        Favorable consideration by the Conferees could
24        well lead to enactment of similar regulations
25        by the Department of the Interior, covering all

-------
 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA



 2       of the Great Lakes.  If this were the case,



 3       Federal regulations would benefit both  the



 4       manufacturers of vessels and pleasure craft



 5       and the using public by permitting new  vessels



 6       to be equipped with sanitation devices  meeting



 7       national specifications.



 g                 The commercial vessel operators and



 9       pleasure craft owners are entitled to an end



10       to this confusion which now surrounds the



11       subject.



12                 Thank you.



13                 MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Pavia.



14                 Are there any comments or questions?



15                 MR. POSTON:  I would just like to



16       comment very briefly that I think the City of



17       Chicago is to be commended for the leadership



18       they have shown in this matter of boat  pollution



19       and the way they have tackled the problem in



20       a manner which I feel will result in abatement



21       of this problem of boat pollution.



22                 MR. STEIN:  Are there any other com-



23       ments or questions?



24                 MR. HOLMER:  Mr. Stein.



25                 MR. STEIN:  Yes.

-------
   	118.8
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2                  MR. HOLMER:  I want to  commend
 3        Chicago for what it has done In this  area
 4        and the Importance of achieving a degree
 5        of uniformity in the establishment of these
 6        regulations is reflected in your  report and
 7        is heartily endorsed by Wisconsin.
 8                  My question, at  least the first  one,
 9        has to do with the commercial vessels, those
10        engaged in interstate and  foreign commerce.
11                  Is it expected that these will .cause
12        for Chicago enforcement any particular problems?
13        I know your ordinance affects only operations
14        within harbor waters.  Is  this a  significant
15        problem now as far as the  commercial  vessels
16        are concerned?
17                  MR. PAVIA:  Well, there are really
18        two major groups, the overseas shippers and,
19        of course, the domestic or Great  Lakes lines.
20        I would be less than honest if I  said that we
21        didn't foresee any problems there,  but I  do
22        think that thus far, on the basis of  the
23        information we have received, the overseas
24        carriers seem to indicate  their willingness
25        to cooperate.  But they keep pointing out  that

-------
 1                      RICHARD A.  PAVIA



 2        what  they would like to see happen here is



 3        that  rather  than have to  serve a variety of



 4        sets  of  regulations, they would like to see



 5        one set  of regulations for all of the Great



 6        Lakes.   And,  of course, I think we all endorse



 7        this  concept.



 8                  But  in the interest of the Chicago



 9        ordinance, they do  intend to make arrangements



10        this  year; in  fact,  many  of them are talking



11        about putting  on temporary units at Montreal



12        when  they enter the  St. Lawrence River and



13        having them  serviced during the entire stay



14        in the Great Lakes.



15                  MR.  HOLMER:   You dealt with the



16        Federal  involvement  in this process rather



17        lightly  in your paper.  I  know you considered



18        it at some length, and I  am sure that most



19        of the people  in  the  room  are  aware of the



20        Federal  legislation  which  deals  rather



21        directly  with  this subject but has  not,



22        apparently, been very  effective,  and,  of



23        course,  is addressed  to the  major  vessels



24        rather than to  the pleasure  craft.



25                  Is there a possibility still  in

-------
   	1190
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2          your mind that the problem of regulations of
 3          this matter ought to  be the subject of a Federal
 4          standard rather than  a regional standard?
 5                    MR.  PAVIA:   Mr.  Holmer,  very
 6          definitely.  I might  add that at this point there
 7          is  a report before the U.  S.  Congress which has
 8          been prepared  by the  Federal  Water Pollution
 9          Control Administration and there is also a Senate
10          Bill 2525 which would give the Secretary of In-
11          terior the regulatory powers  on vessels.
12                    However, I  think that inasmuch as
13          this bill may  have some difficulty, it would
14          certainly be of great assistance to the Secre-
15          tary of Interior if four States could agree
16          on  something,  and I am sure that this would
17          go a long way towards  initiating passage.
18                    MR.  HOLMER: Thank you.
19                    MR.  STEIN:   Are  there any other com-
20          ments or questions?
21                    If not, thank you very much for a very
22          complete presentation.  You know,  Mr. Pavia,
23          for a long time at these conferences and water
24          pollution control meetings we were getting a
25          lot of talk on boat pollution but very little

-------
                                                         1191:
                       RICHARD A.  PAVIA

 2       direction.  I think  the analysis  here  indicates
 3       that we may have a solution  in  sight.   You  are

 4       to be commended for  your  presentation.

 6                 MR. PAVIA:  Thank  you.
                   (The complete statement of Mr.  Pavia
 7       is as follows:)

 8
 9               STATEMENT BY RICHARD A. PAVIA

10         ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER  OP  WATER AND  SEWERS
        BEFORE THE FOUR STATE WATER POLLUTION CONFERENCE
12                      FEBRUARY 2, 1968

13
14                 Mr. Chairman, Conferees, distinguished
15       officials, ladies and gentlemen.

16                 For the past two days you have  heard
17       discussions concerning the vital  problems of
18       Lake Michigan pollution.  Those of us  from  the
19       four States bordering Lake Michigan, as well as
2o       many other people throughout the  Midwest, consider

21       the waters of Lake Michigan  as our single most
22       valuable natural resource and perhaps  the most
23       impressive physical  feature within our region.

24       Lake Michigan is used for a multitude of purposes
25       including water supply,  navigation, swimming,

-------
   	1192
 !                      RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2        boating, fishing, and esthetic appreciation.

 3                  Over the last year it has been in-

 4        creasingly rare to read a newspaper or magazine

 5        which has not mentioned the problems we face

 6        because of the threat of air and water pollution.

 7        There is no question but that the general public

 g        has become aroused and intensely concerned with

 9        the importance of environmental factors.  Con-

10        tamination of one's environment is a very per-

il        sonal matter, because we all are dependent

12        upon the atmosphere we breathe and the water

13        we drink.  Yesterday's presentation by the

14        Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

15        makes clear that water pollution knows no boun-

16        daries and what one State or city does may have

17        a very serious effect on a neighboring community.

18                  The water pollution problems we face

19        today are of our own making—certainly not

20        intentional, but perhaps a direct result of a

21        lack of knowledge or apathy on the part of all

22        of us.  Anyone who has enjoyed boating on the

23        waters of Lake Michigan couldn't help but be

24        awestricken by the immense size of this inland

25        sea.  This factor in part probably accounts for

-------
   p——	1193.
 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2       our misuse.  Because of the size  of  the  lake,

 3       many would feel that its waters are  not  pol-

 4       lutable and therefore need no protection.  The

 5       testimony of Mr. James C. Vaughn  and others

 6       certainly refutes this belief.  They have  stated

 7       that the quality of Lake Michigan waters is

 g       deteriorating at an accelerated rate.  Thus if

 9       we are to achieve the objective of saving  Lake

10       Michigan and preserving its waters for multiple

11       uses, we must collectively agree  upon an action

12       program for abating all forms of  water pollution.

13                 The above observations  relate  to all

14       forms of pollution including wastes  from water-

15       craft.  It has been argued that the  magnitude

16       of this source of water pollution is  negligible

17       and that, at the most, minimum levels of treat-

18       ment should be required.  Unfortunately  this

19       theory,which has largely been advocated by persons

20       with special interests, isn't supported by facts

21       or accepted by the public.  The area  of Lake

22       Michigan is approximately 22,^00  square miles and

23       by comparison, the number of boats is small.

24       However, vessel usage is not uniformally dis-

25       tributed over the entire lake area but instead

-------
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA



 2        is concentrated in the locations of dense



 3        population where domestic water supply and



 4        recreational uses are a maximum.  As a result,



 5        marinas are frequently located in close proximity



 6        to bathing beaches and domestic water intakes.



 7        Along Chicago's 29 miles of Lake Michigan shore-



 g        line are some 30 bathing beaches covering 1^



 9        miles.  These beaches are visited frequently



10        by many of the seven million residents of



H        metropolitan Chicago.  Noting that there are



12        also eight boating marinas and anchorages located



13        along the Chicago lakefront, it is obvious that



14        beaches and marinas use the same waters.



15                  To further describe the problems faced



l
-------
   	1195
 1                     RICHARD  A.  PAVIA
 2       Tests were  made  last summer  at  various  marinas
 3       to  determine  the  extent  of  the  pollution problem.
 4       During  the  196?  "boating  season  testing  revealed
 5       that the average  ammonia  nitrogen  content of
 6       harbor  waters at  seven marinas  varied from  O.o6l
 7       ppm at  one  marina (Diversey)  to 0.123 Ppm at
 8       another (Jackson  Park).   When compared  to the
 9       water quality criteria for shore waters  estab-
ift       lished  by the State of Illinois, these  test
11       samples disclose  a variation  of freSt 120 to 245
12       percertt of  the permissible annual  average.  The
13       level 5f ammonia  nitrogen is  one of the  primary
14       water pollution indicators.   Tests in the same
15       marinas also revealed  significant  bacterial counts
16       as  the  boating Season  progressed.  While these
17       marinas are not the Control points used  to  survey
18       water quality, the tests  do indicate that pollution
19       loads can be generated which  at  the whim of wind
20       and current can pose a threat to nearby  beaches*
21       Sanitary wastes from watercraft  are heavily con*
22       centrated in boat harbors, and quantitative
23       analyses are not necessary to recognize  the in-
24       crease  of algae and weed growth  appearing at many
25       Chicago beaches and marinas with increased

-------
   	1196
 1                       RICHARD A.  PAVIA
 2         frequency and  density each year.
 3                   Because  of  the  seriousness  of  the
 4         problems  of  water  pollution,  Mayor  Richard J.
 5         Daley  in  October 1966 appointed  a committee
 6         consisting of  representatives  of  the  Chicago
 7         Board  of  Health, the  Port of  Chicago,  and the
 8         Department of  Water and Sewers,  to  review the
 9         problem of harbor  pollution and  determine if
lO         remedial  action was needed.   This committee
11         studied the  problem in depth  for  ten  months
12         and  on August  16,  19&7, recommended that wastes
13         from vessels should be retained  for shoreside
14         disposal.  Many considerations entered into
15         this recommendation.
16                   In reaching this conclusion, the commit-
17         tee  evaluated  three alternatives:
18             1•   Do  nothing--and  await resolution of this
19         problem by the Federal Government.  Various agen-
20         cies including the Public Health Service have  been
21         discussing control of vessel  pollution for many
22         years with no  conclusion,  therefore,  we  felt that
23         this alternative was  not  acceptable and  further
24         delay would  only increase the  problem.   Also,  lack
25         of direction has caused some  agencies and individuals

-------
    	                1197
 1                     RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2       to equip their craft with unacceptable devices,
 3       thus further complicating our problem.
 4                 2.  Require that all vessels and pleasure
 5       craft capable of discharging sanitary waste prod-
 6       ucts be equipped with approved waste treatment de-
 7       vices. We discarded this alternative because the
 g       water quality criteria for Lake Michigan developed
 9       as a result of the 19&5 Interstate Pollution Con-
10       ference, was at such a level that investigation
11       failed to reveal any waste treatment device capable
12       of satisfying this standard.  This water quality
13       criteria for Lake Michigan was developed with the
14       participation of the States of Illinois and
15       Indiana, and under the auspices of the Federal
16       Water Pollution Control Administration.  The
17       criteria was submitted by the State of Indiana
18       and approved by the Secretary of the Interior,
19       and thereby its status in Indiana has been changed
20       from State Water Quality Criteria to Federal Water
21       Quality Standards.   The State of Illinois  sub-
22       mission of water quality criteria for Lake Michigan
23       is identical to that of Indiana.  Therefore, we can
24       only conclude  that  Illinois  submission will be
25       approved and thereby constitute Federal Standards.

-------
   	119.8
 1                     RICHARD A.  PAVIA

 2       In ancitipation of imminent Federal approval,  we

 3       determined that it would  be improper to sanction

 4       the use  of waste treatment devices  which could not

 5       satisfy  the water quality criteria  of the receiv-
 6       ing waters.

 7                 3.  Encourage the use of  retention tanks

 g       or treatment devices  which require  no discharge to

 9       lake waters.  This alternative, while presenting

10       many difficulties for boat owners and operators
11       as well  as governmental agencies charged with

12       responsibilities of providing shoreside disposal

13       facilities, was judged the only reasonable choice.

14       We believe that the retention tank  concept with

15       or without recirculation  features offers the best
16       solution to the problem of handling waste from
17       watercraft in spite of the inconvenience it fosters
18       Boats frequently cruise on waters with widely
19       different water quality standards.   The one device
20       which will satisfy all water quality standards,

21       whether  they be very  very high or very low, is the

22       waste retention tank.  We further believe that the
23       total cost of this solution including necessary

24       shoreside disposal facilities will  be the least

25       expensive.

-------
   	1199
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA

 2
 3                  Major consideration was given to the
 4        fact that unlike a flowing stream where a quantity
 5        of  water passes a given cross section only once,
 6        the effect of dilution in a still body of water
 7        such as  a lake is less beneficial.  Pollutants
 8        are assimilated in the natural cycle and gradually
 9        increase,  lowering the quality of the receiving
10        waters to that of the discharges.  In Lake Michi-
11        gan the  problem is particularly acute.since
12        approximately 100 years is  required for a complete
13        water interchange.
14                  Mayor Daley having concurred  with the
15        committee   recommendations,  transmitted them
16        to  the Chicago City Council  where after a public
17        hearing  they  were  approved  on September 28th.
18        The  key  sections  of the revised Chicago Harbor
19        Pollution  Code  read as  follows:
20             "38-9.2.   All  vessels,  craft,  floats
21             and motor  boats  equipped with toilets,
22            heads urinals,  or  capable  of dis-
23             charging  galley wastes which have
24            not been discharged through  a grease
25             trap or grease  interceptor,  or  solid

-------
   	120 0
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2             or liquid waste from shipboard
 3             hospital facilities, shall be
 4             equipped with a waste retention
 5             tank of approved type and capacity
 6             to store such waste material for
 7             subsequent disposal at a shoreside
 8             facility."
 9             "38-9'3-  A treatment system
10             utilizing a method of waste treat-
11             ment approved by the Port Director
12             and complying with the Rules and
13             Regulations Establishing Water
14             Quality Criteria for Lake Michigan
15             as set by the Illinois Sanitary
16             Water Board may be permissible on
17             vessels, craft, floats or motor
18             boats operating in harbor waters in
19             lieu of a retention tank.  The ef-
20             fluent of any waste treatment system
21             not meeting the approved standards
22             of the Illinois Sanitary Water
23             Board shall be discharged and col-
24             lected in a retention tank while
25             such vessel, craft, floats or motor

-------
   	1201



 1                      RICHARD A.  PAVIA



 2             boat is  located or operating



 3             within the  harbor of Chicago.



 4             All  such waste  retention tanks



 5             must oe  properly equipped with



 6             pumps  and piping so  that wastes



 7             can  be discharged from  a connec-



 8             tion located  above the  water



 9             line -co  approved shore-based or



10             floating installations."



11                 Basically  the Revised Harbor Pollution



12       Code  may  be interpreted as containing the following


13       provisions:



14                 1.   Prohibits discharges  of fuel or the



15       contents  of ballast  or  bilge  tanks  or other recep-



16       tacle capable  of causing water pollution.



17                 2.   Prohibits discharge of marine toilets


18
         into  the  lake and requires retention tanks to store


19       such wastes for shore disposal.


20
                   3.  Requires  that galley wastes be



         passed through a  grease interceptor before discharge


22
         to lake waters or collected in a retention tank for

03
         shoreside  disposal.



                   4.  Requires that wastes from shipboard



         hospital facilitiesdK collected and  held  in  a

-------
     	1202
 1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        retention tank for shoreside disposal.
 3                  5.  Permits waste treatment systems on
 4        vessels or boats if the treated effluent meets the
 6       .Water Quality Criteria established by the Illinois
 6        Sanitary Water Board.
 7                  6.  Establishes penalties for violations
 8        at not less than $50 nor more than $200 with each
 9        day constituting a separate violation.
10
11                  While the Chicago Harbor Pollution Code
12        specifies that the Port Director is responsible
13        for ordinance administration and enforcement, the
14        City Departments -of Health, and Water and Sewers
15        together with the Chicago Park District and Illinoi^
16        State Sanitary Water Board regularly provide tech-
17        nical assistance for his consideration.  To date,
18        the Technical Advisory Committee (TAG) has recom-
19        mended the acceptability of the recirculating
20        toilet, the electric incinerator type toilet, the
21        gas-fired incinerator toilet (subject to local
22        safety regulations) and provided a set of guideline^
23        relating to retention, tank size.  The TAC also has
24        recommended prohibition of the use of the portable
25        toilet which utilizes a disposal bag and macerator-

-------
                                                        1203
1                      RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2
 3
 4
 5
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
        chlorinator devices .  The committee also recom-
        mended that wastes  from garbage  disposal units
        be retained for shoreside disposal.
                  Having elected to develop a program
        for controlling wastes from watercraft and  to
        encourage the use of waste retention tanks, we
        immediately enlisted the support and cooperation
        of the Chicago Park District, a  separate and
        autonomous city government, and  the Illinois
        State Sanitary Water Board.  Since the Chicago
        Park District .is responsible for the operation
        of seven pleasure craft marinas  located on  the
        Chicago lakefront,  it is obvious that their full
        support will be needed to insure the success of
        Chicago's program of protecting  our waters  for a
        full -range of public use.
                  In passing this ordinance the City of
        Chicago was well aware that criticism and problems
        would be abundant.  However, we  believe our analy-
        sis of the problem  of water pollution from  vessels
        is correct, and our evaluation of the alternatives
        is complete.  If this be true, then the conclusion
        we have reached represents the best course  of
        action open to us.  We hope you  will agree  with

-------
         	1204
 1 i                     RICHARD A. PAVIA
 2        this analysis and urge your consideration and
 3        support in the enactment of uniform water quality
 4        standards for all of Lake Michigan along with
 5        uniform rules and regulations to control pollution
 6        resulting from watercraft.  In each case we
 1        strongly urge that a common implementation
 8        and enforcement time schedule "be adopted by all
 9        four States.  Favorable consideration by the
10        Conferees could well lead to enactment of similar
H        regulations by the Department of the Interior,
12        covering all of the Great Lakes.  Federal regu-
13        lations would benefit both the manufacturers of
14        vessels and pleasure craft and the using public
15        by permitting new vessels to be equipped with
16        sanitation devices meeting national specifications
17                           - - -
18                  MR. STEIN:  Mr. Poston.
19
20
21
22                    JJB.JUL PRESENTATION
23
24
25

-------
   	120§
 1                  GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2                   MR. POSTON:  Our next presentation
 3         is to be General Robert Tarbox, the Division
 4         Engineer for the Corps of Engineers.  He
 5         has a presentation on the Corps of Engineers
 g         activities.
 7
 8                         STATEMENT BY
 9              BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
10           DIVISION ENGINEER, NORTH CENTRAL DIVISION
U                      CORPS OP ENGINEERS
12
              GREAT LAKES DREDGINGS DISPOSAL PROBLEM
13
14                   GEN. TARBOX:  Mr. Chairman, gentlemen.
15                   I am Brigadier General Robert M.
16         Tarbox,  Division Engineer,  North Central Engi-
17         neer Division.  My headquarters is in Chicago.
18         North Central Division is responsible for Corps
19         of Engineers Civil Works functions in the Great
20         Lakes Basin.
21                   The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
22         appreciates the opportunity to present at
23 I        this conference information on our program to
24         identify the pollution problems associated
25         with the disposal of polluted dredgings, and

-------
   .	12M

 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX

 2         to develop procedures for insuring that State water

 3         standards  are  met.  We believe it will be helpful

 4         in your consideration of actions needed to improve

 6         and preserve the quality of  the Lake Michigan

 6         waters.  The information is  in two parts:

 7              a. A  brief narrative of the Corps ap-

 8              proach to identify the  problem and to

 9              determine solutions that are in the best

10              public interest; and

11              b. Our proposal for actions during the

12              transition period prior to determination

13              of long-term solutions.

14                   Lt.  General Cassidy, the Chief of Engi-

15         neers,  regrets that he is not able to discuss this

16         with you himself, and he has asked me to present

17         this report to you.

18         (Slides marked Conference Exhibit No. 6 are on file
          at the  FWPCA office in Washington, B.C., with copies
19  I       at the  Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois.)

20              Shipping  and Development:

2i                   To the American economy, transportation

22         of commodities on the Great  Lakes is a most im-

23         portant use of this great natural resource.

24                   And  I have a slide there that shows

25         the flow of iron ore through the Great Lakes.

-------
                                                        1207
l                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
2                   There have been tremendous population


          growth and intensive industrial developments


          along the shores of Lake Michigan, in part be-


5         cause of low-cost water transportation.


„                   This slide shows the U. S. Great
D

_         Lakes commercial harbors that have been developed.


          These expensive industrial developments along


          the shores of Lake Michigan have been in part


          because of low cost water transportation.


                    Both have contributed to a serious


          pollution problem which, in some localities,


13         impairs the aesthetics and recreational aspects


14         of the water resource, threatens its utility


15         as a source of water supply, and pollutes the


          materials which we must dredge in our harbor


          maintenance.


18
               Maintenance Dredging;

19

20                   The need to dredge arises because of


21         the location of harbors on the Great Lakes, pre-


22         dominantly at the mouths of rivers flowing into


23         the lakes.  In many instances, the rivers, in


24  |       their flood flows and freshets, carry heavy


25         sediment loads into the harbor channels.  This

-------
   	1208
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2         accounts by far for  the major  portion  of  the
 3         material to be dredged.  In  other instances,
 4         it consists largely  of bars  at the  harbor
 5         entrance, resulting  from the drift  of  lake
 6         sand along the shore.
 7                   In general, although not  entirely,
 8         for more than 40 years we have placed  the
 9         dredged material in  authorized disposal
lO         areas in deep-water  areas of the lakes.
H                   I have a slide that  shows  these
12         authorized disposal  areas on Lake Michigan.
13         They are the little  red dots that you  see all
14         along the shore of the lake.   The one  at  the
15         southern end of the  lake is  the one  that  is
16         authorized for the ports in  the vicinity  of
17         Chicago.  But you can see these dots that go
18         all along both sides of the  shore.   They  are
19         the authorized disposal areas  plotted  to
20         scale on this map.
21                   The areas  were selected so as to
22         be remote from water intakes and swimming
23         beaches.  During this time there is  no history
24         of contamination of  beaches  or water supply
25         intakes attributed to lake disposal dredgings.

-------
                            	1209

 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX


 2         Now, I should make it clear that not all of


 3         the harbors on the Great Lakes are polluted.


 4         Of the Lake Michigan ports tested by FWPCA,


 5         it appears that at more than half of them


 6         the material to be dredged is suitable for


 7         disposal in the lake.


 8
                The Problem;
 9

10                   In early 1966 we investigated the


11         feasibility of alternate disposal areas for


12         a number of the Great Lakes harbors.  Realizing


13         that we had to insure that we would not degrade


14         the quality of the water in the Great Lakes,


15         we looked at the possibility of using diked


16         disposal areas.  However, one does not have


17         to look at more than a city map of any of the


18         ports which have grown and thrived with the


19         commerce resulting from our navigation projects


20         to realize that unused land on which dredge


21         spoil can be placed Just is not available, in


22         most cases, within a reasonable distance of


23         the harbor and channel which must be maintained


24         each year.  And in most ports where there is


25         intensive land use, additional filled areas of

-------
                	1210

 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX


 2          the type that dredged material would provide


 3          are not  desired by local interests.


 4                    Now,  this aerial photograph I have


 5          projected here  is of the central portion of


 6          the City of Cleveland.  You can see the Cuyahoga


 7          River winding up through the central portion


 8          of  the area and the intensive'development there,


 9          not only in the City but also along the harbor.


10          The Cuyahoga River winding through this area.


11          As  you can see, there Just isn't land available


12          there that could be used for alternate disposal


13          areas.


14                    In considering the use of more distant


15          land disposal areas,  the costs of rehandling the


16          dredged  materials and transporting them rapidly

17          drive the costs of maintenance sky high.  So


18          we  took  a look  at how we could dispose of large


19          quantities of dredge spoil along shore, along-

                 V
20          side of  the breakwater in or near the harbor,


21          or  in shallow water areas of a bay.   And let


22          me  explain,  gentlemen,  that  when I refer to


23          "large quantities of dredge  spoil,"  I am talking


24          about quantities like 150,000 cubic yards which


25          have to  be taken from Calumet Harbor and Channel,

-------
   	1211
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         at Chicago, each year.  To give you an Idea
 3         of the size of the problem, that amount wo ild
 4         fill this Bal Tabarin ROOM 30 times over each
 5         year, or, if spread over one Chicago City
 6         block, would be about 20 feet deep.  Or, take
 7         a look at this one:  We dredge over one million
 g         cubic yards of spoil from the outer harbor and
 9         the Cuyahoga River at Cleveland, which is
10         shown here, during our maintenance each year.
11         That amount would cover a City block of Cleve-
12         land about 150 feet deep.
13                   The use of the diked disposal areas
14         that I mentioned would provide some worthwhile
15         benefits.
16                   This industrial  area has  resulted from
17         dike disposal  area. Being adjacent  to or in  the
18         port area,  they could provide  valuable  land
19         for  commercial use.   In some areas,  the new
20         land would meet needs  for  recreation areas
21         adjacent  to the water.  However,  in  most cases,
22         the  users  would have  to wait several years  for
23         the  area  to  be  filled  and, after filling, for
24         the material to  consolidate and dry out before
25         the  land could  be developed.

-------
   	i2ia
 I                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2                    Our  investigation  indicated that,  at
 3          most  ports where  the  bottom  material  is  polluted,
 4          there are  possibilities  for  the  use of diked
 5          disposal areas.   However,  it was estimated that
 6          the cost of constructing the dikes to hold the
 7          quantities involved,  plus  the increased  costs
 8          of handling the material,  would  substantially
 9          increase the cost of  harbor  maintenance.   The
10          increase in cost  varied  considerably  from
11          harbor to  harbor,  but in general the  net  cost
12          per cubic  yard of maintenance dredging would
13          be increased from two to five times.
14                    I must  point out that  placing  the
15          dredged material  in a diked  enclosure is   not
16          necessarily a  panacea in the solution of  pol-
17          lution problems,  with only higher costs  in-
18          volved.  Placing  dredged material on  shore
10          may increase the  possibility of  pollution to
20          the surrounding area.  The dredged material
21          is taken from  the water;  in  some cases it is
22          even  conveyed  hydraulicallyj  and it is,  at best,
23          wet.
24                    I have  a couple  of slides here  which
25          will  illustrate that.  Here is the dipper  bucket

-------
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX



 2         from a dipper dredge picking up the material



 3         from the bottom,  and you can see that wet



 4         is  a good adjective there.



 5                   This is a hydraulic dredge that is



 g         used in some type of maintenance dredging with



 7         the head on the bottom at the left hand end



 g         picking up the material off of the harbor



 9         floor, of the channel bottom, it goes up



10         through these pipes through the dredge and



11         out the bottom along this pipeline.  It is



12         conveyed with the water and about 85> roughly,



13         percent of the material that comes out is



14         water.



15                   There you see the other end of the



16         pipeline discharging the dredge spoil in a



17         diked disposal area, on land.



18                   While a diked area will retain most



19         of  the solids, there will be an effluent that



20         will run out.   The dissolved contaminants



21         and suspended solids in the effluent could



22         have an adverse effect on water quality, bathing



23         beaches or fish and wildlife habitat, and we



24         could have the problem of treating the effluent.



25                   I  must  point out also that in seeking



           alterna teare a. s for disposal Of the di*

-------
 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX



 2          materials,  a new question is raised concerning



 3          the  responsibilities  of  local interests  to



 4          provide  the diked disposal areas  at local



 5          cost.  Many of  these  lake harbors  were  authorized



 6          for  construction with the provision that materials



 7          dredged  in the  annual maintenance  of these har-



 g          bors be  placed  in lake disposal areas.



 9                    Again here  is  the  map showing  our



10          lake disposal areas.



11                    Use of lake disposal areas was



12          specified  in almost all  of the authorizing



13          documents  for the Great  Lakes harbors before



14          the  days of the Water Pollution Control  Act



15          and  related legislation.   There was and  is



16          a  distinct economic advantage to  lake disposal.



17          In fact  if the  economics  of  the justification



18          for  some of the projects  had  been  based  on



19          use  of other more expensive  methods, these



20          would not  have  been economically  Justified,



21          and  thus would  not have  been recommended for



22          authorization and for construction.  It  is



23          the  current U.  S. policy, however, where land



24          disposal is required  for local interests to



25          provide  the diked disposal areas  without

-------
                     GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX


           cost to the Federal Government as an item of
 2

           local cooperation.
 3

                     Returning to my report, based on


           our investigations we developed a four-year
 5

           program for construction of diked disposal
 6

           areas at the 15 most critically polluted
 7

           harbors of the Great Lakes, and in the early
 8

           fall of 1966 we presented the program to the
 9

           Bureau of the Budget.  Our estimate indicated


           that it would cost $95*566,000 to construct


           the 15 diked disposal areas,  and that the
12

           additional annual cost of dredging and use
13

           of  these areas would amount to $3pOO,000.
14



15              The Pilot Program;

16

                     The Bureau of  the Budget expressed


           the view that before the taxpayers were re-
10

lg         quested to carry the burden of additional


20         harbor maintenance cost, there should be


21         further study of alternatives and further


22         consideration of the public benefits  of using


23         alternative methods  of dredgings disposal.


24         The Bureau requested that we  and the  FWPCA


25         Jointly conduct a pilot  study of the  program.

-------
   	1216
 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2          We were asked to study alternate means of
 3          disposing of dredged material,  the pollution
 4          effects of the alternates,  and  the costs.
 5          The FWTCA was asked to assist us in deter-
 6          mining the effects and to identify the
 7          benefits that would be gained from the various
 g          alternatives. In August 1966 we received
 9          $1 million to begin the study,  and we were
10          granted an addition $5 million  in fiscal
11          year 1968 to continue it.  We expect to receive
12          sufficient funds to complete the study in
13          fiscal year 1969.
14                    Early in 1967 we  initiated our
15          Pilot Program for Disposal  of Dredgings
16          from Great Lakes Harbors.  In March the
17          Department of the Army and  the  Department
18          of the Interior issued a Joint  public state-
19          ment announcing agreement of the two Depart-
20          ments that Joint effort is  required for
21          the development of acceptable alternative
22          disposal means, with the ultimate objective
23          of providing leadership in  the  Nationwide
24          effort to improve water quality through
25          prevention, control and abatement of water

-------
   	1217
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         pollution by Federal water resources projects.
 3         This joint effort is the Pilot Program of
 4         the Corps and the PWPCA.  Its objective is
 5         to develop the most economical methods for
 6         management of whatever pollution problems
 7         may result from dredging operations on the
 g         Great Lakes.
 9                   The Federal Water Pollution Control
10         Administration is participating in the program
11         by sampling, testing and analyzing the materials
12         to be dredged and the waters surrounding them,
13         as well as by participating in discussions of
14         various methods under study.  The Fish and
15         Wildlife Service of the Department of the
16         Interior and the Public Health Service of
17         the Department of Health,Education and Welfare
18         are also advising us-
19                   The Corps has engaged the services
20         of a Board of Consultants  to assist us in
21         the Pilot Program.   The Board consists of
22         five members,  each eminent in his field:
23         Dr. Gordon M.  Fair of  Harvard University and
24         Dr. Gerard A.  Rohlich  of the University of
25         Wisconsin,  are both sanitary engineers;  Dr.

-------
   	12l8_
 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX

 2         Alfred M.  Beeton,  Assistant  Director,  Center

 3         for  Great  Lakes  Study,  University of Wisconsin,

 4         is our consultant on  biology;  Dr.  Fred Gurnham,

 5         Illinois Institute of Technology,  is our con-

 6         sultant on chemical engineering;  and Mr.

 7         Sanford S.  Farness, Michigan State University,

 8         is our consultant on  urban planning.

 9                    Eight  localities on the  Great Lakes

10         have been  selected for  the Pilot  Program.

H         These are  shown  on the  map that is projected

12         on the screen.   We have Great Sodus Bay on

13         Lake Ontario,  then Buffalo,  Cleveland, and

14         Toledo Harbor  on Lake Erie and the Rouge River

15         at Detroit,  and  then  on Lake Michigan  Indiana

15         Harbor, Calumet  Harbor  and Green  Bay   Harbor.
17         They were  selected for  two basic  reasons:
18         (1)  to test the  effectiveness and  compare
19         costs of different types of  disposal areas,

20         structures,  methods of  handling the dredged

21         material,  and  methods of treating any  effluent

22         from the disposal areas; and (2)  to obtain
23         this data  at various  representative harbors,

24         with the degree  of pollution varying from

25         heavy to negligible.

-------
            	1219
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2                   Great Sodus Bay is a harbor with
 3         no discernible pollution problem.  It is
 4         shown on the slide.   The others are considered
 5         to be polluted to various degrees.
 6                   To mention a few examples of methods
 7         under investigation:
 g                   This slide shows the enclosed area
 9         we have built at Buffalo; there we  are looking
10         at the suitability of slag as a material for
11         constructing dikes for a disposal area where
12         the dredged spoil would be placed within the
13         enclosure mechanically rather than  hydraulically.
14         This is the enclosure that we are using.  The
15         dredge spoil is brought down the Buffalo River
16         in skows out into the outer harbor,  tied up
17         alongside the enclosure there.   This crane
18         on this barge here (indicating)  has  lifted
19         it off and put it in the enclosure.   We got
20         a great deal of valuable data in 196? at
21         this project.   In 1968 we are going  to vary
22         the method a little  bit using the hydraulic
23         methods  of bringing  the material and putting
2*         it into  the enclosed area.
25                   This  is  a  slide of our experimental

-------
   	122Q
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT  M.  TARBOX
 2         area at Cleveland, and here  you  see  a self-
 3         unloading ship  constructing  a  diked  area.   The
 4         dikes here are  made of crushed rock  with  a
 5         filter blanket.  Here we  have  another finger
 6         which forms a slit, the barges containing the
 7         material that has been dredged from  the
 8         Cuyahoga River  and the Cleveland Harbor are
 9         brought into that slit, the  material is
10         deposited in the slit and then pumped
ll         hydraulically into the enclosed  area,  and
12         there we want to experiment  with how to treat
13         or handle the effluent that  results.
14                   This  is a view  of  the  area at Indiana
15         Harbor*  Here we have a water  area completely
16         enclosed except for a gap to allow the entrance
17         of dump skows, and we have experimented with
18         closing that gap by means of an  air  curtain.
19         This is enclosed with sheet  steel piling
20         except at the gap,and there  it only  comes  to
21         within 12 feet  of the floor  of the harbor
22         entrance there.  We brought  our  skows down the
23         channel and into here (indicating) and spread
24         the material uniformly over  the  bottom.
25                   At Calumet we are  able to  test  certain

-------
   	1221
   .
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         aspects of disposal areas that are completely
 3         onshore.   This shows the area there.  The
 4         Calumet Channel,  the skows are brought into
 5         this  slit, they are dumped on the bottom
 6         there,  and then the material is conveyed
 7         hydraulically through pipelines and is
 g         spread  out over this area (indicating) in
 9         a  manner  similar  to that slide I showed you
10         with  the  discharge from the pipeline.
11                   At  Green Bay we have two areas;
12         this  one  shows the dikes the City built around
13         a  disposal area on low ground,  where the City
14         wants to  develop  some land.   These are the
15         dikes surrounding the area.   The material is
16         brought in by skow and then pumped into that
17         area.  This slide shows  the diked areas that
18         we formed  in  the  shallow waters  of the Bay
19         utilizing  the  material that  we  dredged to
20         form the dike.
21                   Here  we  have a picture  of  the diked
22         disposal area  in  Maumee  Bay  at  Toledo.   This
23 I        is a facility  for  tying  up  our hopper  dredge
24         and pumping material  all  through  a pipeline
25         enclosed through  the--spread  itself  out  over

-------
                  	1222
 I                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2          the  area  there.
 3                    This  area shows our area in the
 4          Rouge  River  at  Detroit  with  the dredge tied
 5          up and pumping  out.   This is the pipeline
 6          leading out  to  the area and  then the  material
 7          spreads out  within the  diked area.
 8                    At a  number of locations  we will
 9          test various methods  of treating the  effluent
!0          from the  disposal operation.  The feasibility
H          of disposal  in  pits,  mines and other  areas
12          away from the lake is also being investigated.
13                    An important  part  of the  Pilot
14          Program consists  of sampling water  and bottom
15          sediments at the  dredging areas and in the
16          vicinity  of  the alternate disposal  areas and
17          conducting various tests on  the samples.
18                    This  slide  shows the Corps  of
19          Engineers lakes  survey boat,Shenahon, which
20          is a floating test boat and  laboratory.  Some
21          of the tests on material are being  accomplished
22  j        right  in  this laboratory.
23  j                  The samples are being taken before,
24          during and after  the  dredging operations.
25                    We are  working to  complete  our

-------
          	1223

                     GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX


           investigations  and to  render a report by


           December  1968.   However,  we  are hoping that


           we  can have  some preliminary information by


           next  fall in time for  the budget hearings on


           the fiscal year 1970 program.  In our  report


           we  will present our recommendations on


 8          alternate methods of disposing of and treating


 9          polluted  dredged materials,  including the


10          economic  implications  of  any significant


           changes in maintenance costs.   We contemplate


12          presenting recommendations for each individual


13          harbor.   We  will include  recommendations on


           any cost  sharing required of local interests.


15          We  will include our recommendations for  any


           legislation  required to  carry  out the alternate


17          methods of disposing and  of  cost sharing.


18
                Local Cooperation;

19

20                    I  emphasize  local  interest  participation


21          because in some quarters  the disposal of dredgings


22          from  navigation channels  is  considered to be


23          solely a  Corps  of  Engineers  problem which the


24          Corps can  solve simply by putting the dredgings


25          on  land rather  than in the authorized lake

-------
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX



 2         disposal  areas.   However, while the Congress



 3         has  assigned to  the  Corps the work of providing



 4         and  maintaining  navigation depths  at authorized



 5         river  and harbor projects, the current Con-



 6         gressional policy in connection with such



 7         projects  has been that  where they  are needed



 g         disposal  areas and retaining dikes or bulkheads



 9         will be provided by  local interests at local



10         expense as a part of the local cooperation



11         required  for the projects.



12                   Of additional concern to local



13         industry  and commerce using  Great  Lakes harbors,



14         is the necessity to  dispose  of materials



15         dredged from private and public slips and



16         alongside of docks,  outside  of the Federal



17         channel.   It is  the  responsibility of the



18         owner  to  get this done  and to pay  for it.



19                   This slide illustrates what I am



20         talking about.   In white you have  the Federally



21         authorized and maintained projects.   ¥e,



22         the  Corps of Engineers,  do the dredging



23         of the area shown in white.   Here  is the



24         area between the Federal projects  and the



25         public wharf, which  the local authorities

-------
                                                         1225
 l                  GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2        have to dredge.   Here Is the area between the
 3        Federal project  and a private wharf,  which
          the  owner of that Installation has to maintain.
          And  again the industry or commercial  enterprise
          that has this private slip (indicating)  has
 -        to maintain the  depths in that area so that
 8        the  ships which  he has come in there  can use It.
 9                  I repeat,  it is the responsibility
          of the  owner to  get this done and to  pay for It.

11        Actions by the Corps:
12                  At this point It is appropriate
13        that I  set forth the various actions  the Corps
          of Engineers is  taking in disposal of dredged
          material:
                    1.  Under  the Pilot Program,  alternate
17        methods and areas for disposal of dredged material
18        containing pollutants were used during the calen-
19        dar  year 196? dredging program at six localities:
20        Buffalo,  Toledo,  River Rouge at Detroit,  Indiana
21        Harbor,  Calumet  Harbor and Green Bay.   The last
22        three localities  are on Lake Michigan.   During
23        1968 we plan to  add  Cleveland to this  list on a
24        pilot scale.
25                  2.   In  addition to the Pilot  Program

-------
   	1226.
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         localities, arrangements are being made  for
 3         the use of alternate disposal areas  at Monroe
 4         Harbor on Lake Erie, and at New Buffalo,
 5         Manitowoc and Menominee Harbors on Lake  Michigan.
 6         At Monroe, a land disposal site has  been pro-
 7         vided by the Port Authority and hopefully the
 g         diking will be completed to permit use of the
 9         area in 1968.  At New Buffalo a land disposal
10         site will receive dredgings when maintenance
11         is next required.  At Manitowoc and  Menominee
12         alternate disposal areas will be used to re-
13         ceive dredgings during 1968.
14                   3«  During the next few months,  each
15         district engineer is visiting local  authorities
16         at every port where the FWPCA has reported that
17         the material to be removed by dredging contains
18         pollutants.  They will be informed of the extent
19         of the problem and of the requirement for the
20         use of suitable alternate areas and  methods of
21         disposal of polluted dredged materials.   Their
22         assistance in obtaining such areas for the use
23         of the Corps and also by private contractors on
24         permit dredging will be requested.
25

-------
                                                        1227

 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX


 2
                Proposal for 1968;

 3

 4                   There are 31 harbors on Lake Michigan


 5         where maintenance dredging is required during


 6         calendar year 1968, if authorized navigation


 7         depths are to be maintained.  More than half


 8         of the harbors are considered to be clean.


 9                   While at this time we are still


10         developing long-term solutions for disposal


11         of dredgings from polluted harbor areas,


12         interim solutions have been and will be


13         necessary.  Our proposals for the calendar


14         year 1968 dredging program are as follows:


15                   1.  The Corps plans on placing no


16         polluted dredged material in Lake Michigan


17         from Calumet and Indiana Harbors during


18         calendar year 1968.


19                   2.  At other polluted harbors,


20         alternate disposal areas will be used during


21         1968 where arrangements can be made for


22         suitable areas.


23                   3.  Ports where the F¥PCA has deter-


24         mined that the channel and harbor contain pol-


25         luted materials and where local authorities are

-------
   	1228
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2         unable  to provide a suitable alternate disposal
 3         area in 1968 will be individually considered.
 4         Where postponement of maintenance would result
 5         in an economic  hardship for  the port and region,
 6         the maintenance dredging will be accomplished
 7         as authorized by the Congress in the 1968
 g         maintenance  program, with the dredged materials
 9         placed  in the authorized disposal area in the
10         lake.
11                   4. At ports where the F¥PCA has
12         determined that there are no pollutants in
13         the material to be dredged,  the clean dredged
14         materials will  be placed in  the authorized
15         disposal areas  in the lakes.
16                   5. The Pilot Program for determining
17         alternate systems for disposal of polluted
18         dredged materials will be completed by the
19         end of  1968. The feasibility and efficacy of
20         each method  of  handling, moving, treating and
21         containing various types of  polluted dredged
22         materials and the applicability to each local
23         port will be known.
24                   6. The Pilot Program report will
25         recommend use of alternate disposal areas

-------
    	1229

 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX


 2         for the disposal of polluted dredged material


 3         at some harbors where the material is now


 4         being placed in lake disposal areas.  The


 5         report will consider and make recommendations


 5         for legislation, where appropriate,  to include


 7         consideration of the share that local interests


 g         should bear of the costs of alternate disposal


 9         methods in accordance with the current policy


10         for new projects.  The report will also address


11         itself to the question of economics  of alternate


12         maintenance methods.


13
                Conelusion;

14

15                   In summary, the Corps of Engineers


16         agrees wholeheartedly that everything possible


17         should be done to ensure water of acceptable


18         quality in the Great Lakes.  The Corps is


19         enthusiastically working with FWPCA  and


20         others to determine means of disposal and


21         management of dredged materials so that they


22         will not degrade the water quality of the lakes.


23         We hope that we will have information from our


24         Joint study this fall in time for the budget


25         hearings on the fiscal year 1970 program, and

-------
   	1230
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         we expect to complete the  study  in  December  of
 3         this year.
 4                   Meanwhile, it is essential  that
 5         everyone understands that  this problem  of
 6         dredgings disposal implies local and  State
 7         responsibilities also.  Local interests may
 g         have to locate and provide suitable disposal
 9         areas when the degree of pollution  of the
10         dredged material prevents  its disposal  in
11         the lake, and may have to  share with  the
12         Federal Government the added costs  incurred.
13                   We need your understanding  of the
14         problem an4 your assistance in reaching a
15         solution in the best public interest.   Immediate
16         absolute interdiction of disposal of  any dredged
17         materials in the Great Lakes is  as.  impracticable
18         as telling the cities discharging heavy pollu-
19         tants into the Illinois Waterway to discontinue
20         the practice today.  We can introduce new harbor
21         maintenance procedures in  trie same  time frame
22         that communities are being given for  adoption
23         of improved treatment plants, and our problems
24         will be greatly reduced as communities  and
25         industries effect a better treatment  of their

-------
   	1231
 I                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         wastes.
 3                   A transition period is needed.  We
 4         are in that period, and I can assure you that
 5         whatever pollution problems there are associated
 6         with the maintenance of ports can be corrected
 7         in accordance with the time schedule developed
 8         for other aspects of the clean waters program.
 9                   Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
10                   MR. STEIN:  Thank you.
11                   Are there any comments or questions?
12                   Mr. Oeming.
13                   MR. OEMING:  General, could you tell
14         us what the depths are in these authorized
15         areas in Lake Michigan now where the disposal
16         is taking place, approximately?
17                   GEN. TARBOX:  They vary, Mr. Oeming,
18         but in the majority of the cases they are
19         greater than 50 feet.
20                   MR. OEMING:  One more question,
21         General.
22                   Are there any dredgings from the
23         Chicago River or the canal taken into the lake?
24                   GEN. TARBOX:  You mean right now,
25         this year?

-------
   	1232
 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2                    MR.  OEMING:   Last  year.
 3                    GEN.  TARBOX:   We did not maintain the
 4          Chicago  River  and the  canal  last year.
 5                    MR.  OEMING:   The last time you main-
 6          tained it,  then?
 7                    GEN.  TARBOX:   Yes,  the last time we
 8          maintained  it  they were put  there.
 9                    MR.  OEMING:   Would  that  be put in
10          the  program if  you had  to maintain it in the
11          future,  the dredgings  from the Chicago  River
12          and  the  canal?
13                    GEN.  TARBOX:   I have stated,  Mr.
14          Oeming,  that we will not place any polluted
15          dredged  materials from  the ports of Chicago
16          in Lake  Michigan.
17                    MR.  OEMING:   I see.
18                    GEN.  TARBOX:   And  we are working on
19          alternate  methods of disposal  of the polluted
20          materials  from  those ports.
21                    MR.  OEMING:   Thank  you.
22                    MR.  STEIN:   Let me  clarify
23          this by  a   question, General,  beforetwe have
24          these other ones, as long as  you are on  that
25          point.

-------
   	1233
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT  M.  TARBOX
 2                   When you  talk about  polluted  dredged

 3        material from Calumet  and Indiana Harbor,  what

 4        other kind of material is in that harbor  except

 5        polluted material?
 6                   GEN. TARBOX:  They are polluted.

 7                   MR. STEIN:   Yes.   In other  words,  there

 g        will be no dredged  material, as I read  this—and

 9        this is just for clarification, the first point—

lO        no  dredged material from  Calumet and  Indiana

11        Harbor will be placed  in  the lake during

12        calendar year  '68.   Is that  a  fair reading?

13                   GEN. TARBOX:  I did  want to bring

14        this out,  Mr. Chairman—now  that you  have

15        raised the question—that in Calumet  Outer

16        Harbor there are some  rock pinnacles  where

17        the navigation depths  are not  quite down  to
18        the authorized depth.  They  have no fine  grain
19        .sediments  on top of them; they are Just pure
20        clean rock.  We would  expect that good  clean

21        rock, there would be no objection to  placing

22        that in the authorized disposal area  in Lake

23        Michigan.
24                   MR. STEIN:   I want to make  that point

25        clear, but you have raised that and I am  not

-------
   	123%
 1                    GENERAL  ROBERT  M.  TARBOX
 2         prejudging your point.  However,  in discussion
 3         with our Fish  and  Wildlife friends in  the
 4         Department of  the  Interior,  I  don't know that
 5         we have a  complete unanimity of view yet on
 6         the effect of  good clean  rock  on  the bottom.
 7         They say,  you  know, "y°u say  this  is chemically
 g         pure and stuff.  This  is  like  saying possibly
 9         you don't  object if  someone  wants to give you
10         a blood transfusion  with  distilled water since
11         it is purer  than your  blood, and  they  are not
12         sure they  can  stand  all that purity.
13                    (Laughter.)
14                    But  I think  this is  a question we
15         have to resolve and  I  think  the facts  are
16         clear on what  your program is  in  the harbor.
17                    GEN. TARBOX:  Yes, sir, I think that
18         that will  be one of  the--I hope this will be
19         one of the problems  that  the conferees will
20         seriously  consider—
21                    MR.  STEIN:   Yes. .
22                    GEN. TARBOX: --because  it is a matter
23         of economics.
24                    MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
25                    GEN. TARBOX:  What are  the benefits

-------
   	1235
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         that are going to be obtained from not placing
 3         some of the clean material in the lake.
 4                   MR. STEIN:  Yes.  All right.
 5                   Yes, sir.
 6                   MR. POOLE:  General Tarbox, you
 7         indicated that the Pilot Program would be
 g         completed by the end of 1968, calendar '68.
 9         Our papers last week carried items on the
10         Federal budget and there was a $7,000,000
11         item in there for fiscal '68 and '69 that
12         led me to believe it was for a continuance
13         of the Pilot Program.  Did I misconstrue it
14         or is that correct?
15                   GEN. TARBOX:   That is correct,  Mr.
16         Poolfi.  The last half of calendar year '68
17         will have to be paid for with fiscal year 1969
18         funds, and then after we put some of these
19         methods that we come up with as a result of the
20         Pilot Program into operation, we will want to
21         keep track of them, to make sure that they
22         are coming along as we expect they would.
23         so there will be funds  involved in checking
24         up on the methods t.hat we put in operation
25         as a result of the Pilot Program,

-------
   	1236
 !                   GENERAL ROBERT  M.  TARBOX
 2                   But  definitely  we  need  fiscal  year
 3         1969 funds to  complete  the Pilot  Program by
 4         the end of calendar year  1968.
 5                   MR.  POOLE:  I am aware  of  that,
 6         I was just a little intrigued by  the figure
 7         because it was a million  dollars  last year
 g         and. five million dollars  this year, and then
 9         going up to seven caused  me  to  Jump  to the
10         conclusion that there might  be  more  Pilot
tl         Programs introduced in  fiscal  '68-69.
12                   GEN. TARBOX:  We have no new areas
13         in mind now, Mr. Poole.
14                   MR.  POOLE:  Thank  you.
15                   MR.  STEIN:  Are there any  other
16         comments or questions?
17                   Mr.  Poston.
18                   MR.  POSTON:   I  would  like  to comment
!9         that the Federal Water  Pollution  Control Ad-
20         ministration has been cooperating with the
21         Corps of Engineers in these  problems of
22         dumping of dredged materials, and I  feel
23         that we have made definite progress.  We do
24         have much to do yet.
25                   I am hopeful  that  the cleanup  of

-------
   	1237


 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX


 2         waste  materials  dumped to our water courses,


 3         polluted materials,  which are really the


 4         cause  for the  problem of transporting dredged


 5         materials around,  I  hope that this conference


 6         is  successful  in eliminating these so that


 7         at  some  future date  we will  not be concerned


 8         with this problem.


 9                   I  note that the Corps of Engineers


10         does receive payment for dredging or has


11         dredging done  for  them by certain industries


12         in  some  of the areas where the industry


13         either pays  or has the dredging done of material


14         which  they admit that they have deposited


I5         in  the water courses.   I think that this


16         expense  of their dredging can be eliminated


17         when they clean  up their works.


18                   I  was  glad to hear  General Tarbox


19         indicate  that  dumping of dredged materials


20         will be  such that they will  be able to  meet


21         the standards.   I did  note that there will

00
           be no dumping  of dredged materials  in the

oq
   |        Chicago  area,  but that  it will be  necessary
   i

24         in certain cases of  economic  need  where  dredging


25        will be necessary until  completion  of the

-------
   	1238
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2         Pilot studies and some other ways of  disposal
 3         are defined.
 4                   Is this correct, then?
 5                   GEN. TARBOX:  Yes, Mr. Poston.  As
 g         I mentioned, the  istrict  ngineers are visiting
 7         each port authority where your agency has deter-
 g         mined that there are polluted materials in  an
 9         area that we have to dredge advising  the port
10         authorities of that fact, recommending that
11         even prior to completion of the Pilot Program
12         they try to obtain an alternate disposal area
13         for the 1968 program of maintenance dredging,
14         and if it is located so that it is economically
15         feasible to use it, we will use it during 1968.
16                   Where that cannot be arranged, if
17         a hardship would result if we did not perform
18         that maintenance dredging, we will go ahead and
19         perform it and place the dredged materials  in
20         the lake disposal area.
21                   MR. STEIN: Are there any further
22         comments or questions?
23                   Mr. Holmer.
24                   MR. HOLMER:  Do we have a list of the
25         communities involved in this list of  PWPCA  of

-------
  	1239

 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX


 2          polluted dredging?

 3                    GEN.  TARBOX:   Yes, sir.


 4                    In the State  of Wisconsin--

 5                    MR. HOLMER:   You don't need to start

 Q          with  us.


 7                    (Laughter.)

 8                    GEN.  TARBOX:—Mr. Holmer, if I may

 9          start with you, the harbors of which the PWPCA

10          has determined  that the material to be dredged


ll          under the 1968  maintenance program include

12          Menominee,  Green Bay, which is already under

13          the Pilot Program,  Manitowoc,  Sheboygan, and


14          Milwaukee.

15                    Now,  harbors  where there is no

16          polluted material^-

17                    MR. HOLMER:   Incidentally, Menominee

18          is in Michigan.  Maybe  you meant Marinette?

19                    GEN.  TARBOX:   p. K., it is Marinette,

20          part  of  it.

21                    (Laughter.)


22                    MR. HOLMER:   All right.

23                    GEN.  TARBOX:   The project goes under
   i
24          the name of  Menominee,  but it  is —


25                    MR. HOLMER;   Because of the river?

-------
  	1240


 1                    GENERAL ROBERT  M.  TARBOX


 2                    GEN.  TARBOX:  Yes.


 3                    Do you care  to  have  the list  of


 4         unpolluted also?


 5                    MR. HOLMER:   I  would like  all of


 6         them,  General.


 7                    GEN.  TARBOX:  Clean  harbors--


 8                    MR. HOLMER:   No.   We know  that there


 9         are a  great many clean  harbors in Wisconsin.


10         I would  like to know what the  others  are.


11                    GEN.  TARBOX:  State  of Illinois,


12         Calumet  Harbor  and River--


13                    MR. STEIN:  Pardon me, I didn't get


14         that question,  Mr. Holmer.   You want  to know


15         what the clean  harbors  are in  the other States?


16                    MR. HOLMER:   No, the ones  that have


17         been identified for polluted dredging.


18                    MR. STEIN:  Oh, I  see.


10                    GEN.  TARBOX:  These  are in  the 1968


20         maintenance program: Calumet River and  Harbor.


21         Then in  the State of Indiana:  Indiana Harbor.


22         State  of Michigan: Muskegan  and Manistique.

   i
23  i                  I am  not saying these are  the only


24         harbors  where there is  polluted material.


 25         Say these  are the ones  in the  1968 maintenance

-------
   	1241


 l                  GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX




 2        program.



 3                  MR. STEIN:  Any other  comments  or



 4        questions?



 .                  MR. POSTON:   I would like  to  ask
 o


 c        General Tarbox one other question, and  this
 o


 _        pertains  to a schedule.  I  feel  that for  this



 g        conference to be a success  we will need to



 9        come up with a schedule for abatement of  all



10        pollution, and I think  we will be pushing



u        hard for  schedules on municipalities and



12        industries and I feel that  the rest  of  the



13        conferees will be asking me and  I will  want




14        to know myself:



15                  Would you have any date in mind



16        that we could stop all  dumping of dredged



11        materials in Lake Michigan?



18                  GEN. TARBOX:  As  I mentioned  in my



!9        presentation, Mr. Poston, I feel that we  can



20        meet the  date that the  FWPCA has recommended for



2i        municipalities and we hope  to beat that.



22                  Now, aside from the Pilot  Program,



23        we have no funds for the increased Federal costs



24        until we  can get our needs  known in  the fiscal



25        year 1970 budget.  That is  why I say we are

-------
 1                    GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX



 2          going  to  try to -come  to some tentative



 3          conclusions  this  fall,  even  before the



 4          completion of the Pilot Program,  so that



 5          we  can eliminate  as much of  this  problem



 6          as  possible  starting  in 1969,  the latter



 7          half of calendar  year 1969,  and fiscal



 8          1970.



 9                    So that with  the cooperation of



j0          localities,  even  before then,  as  you well



11          know,  we  are starting in 1968,  and I think



12          they will add more alternate areas every



13          year and  I am confident that we can meet



14          mid-1972. Of course,I  have  to qualify,  that



15          is  subject to the availability of funds.



1$                    MR. STEIN:  Are there any other



17          comments?



18                    MR. MITCHELL:  Mr. Chairman, could



19          we  get a  clarification?  Mr. Poston said



20          all dredged  materials and I  got an indication



21          that the  answer was on  polluted dredged materials.



22                    MR. POSTON:  Polluted dredged materials.



23                    MR. MITCHELL:  0.  K., thank you.



24                    GEN. TARBOX:   That is the way I took



25          your question, Mr. Poston.

-------
 !                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX



 2                   MR.  POSTON:   Yes,  polluted dredged



 3         materials.



 4                   GEN. TARBOX:   I am hoping that the



 5         conferees  will agree,  the States will agree,



 6         that there is  no need  to go  to alternate dis-



 7         posal areas for dredged materials that are



 g         not polluted.



 9                   MR.  STEIN:   This is the question



10         and we appreciate your  point of view here,



H         but again  let  me clarify the question.  I



12         don't know that the  conferees have ever



13         indicated  that they  want to  make a distinction



14         between so-called polluted dredged materials



15         and any dredged materials.  Some people say



16         there is no point in cleaning up Lake Michigan



17         if  you are  going to  use it as a dump.  And



18         the next question that  you have is where do



19         you draw a  distinction.



20                  As I pointed  out,  we have a view



21         from the Fish  and Wildlife people that if



22         you take any material,  no matter how pure



23         it  might be or what  you would ordinarily



24         call clean  rock,  and strew it on the bottom,



25         you may be  changing  the ecology of the area,

-------
 1                  GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX



 2        and I  am not sure that these people are in



 3        favor  of doing this.



 4                  The questions to be resolved are,



 5        one, whether we are going to permit the Great



 6        Lakes  to be used for the disposal of any



 7        dredged material, and two, whether we are going



 8        to  confine that to so-called "polluted" dredged



 9        material.   I think we are all in agreement on



10        that.   As  I understood the agreement between



11        the Department of Interior and the Corps of



12        Engineers  there is a prohibition now against



13        disposal of that kind of material in all the



14        Great  Lakes,  not Just around the Chicago area.



15                  So I think most of these issues are



16        resolved except that first one that Mr. Mitchell



17        raised,  which is still an open question, of how



18        far the prohibition on disposal of dredged



19        spoils  should obtain.



20                  Again I am trying to state the facts



21        of  the  case and the determinations as I see it.



22        i know of  no official body that has made a con-



23        elusion we are Just dealing with, quote, polluted



24        dredged material.  Obviously, General, when any



25        determinations are made,  you will follow them out,

-------
   	1245,
 1                  GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX
 2        follow the policy.  But I think they are
 3        still working on that one.
 4                  Are there any other comments or
 5        questions?
 6                  There is one point that was possibly
 7        skirted over in Mr. Boston's remarks.  The
 8        General mentioned this  (page 1211)  in his
 9        statement.  I think this is a critical one
10        that we, the Corps, the other public agencies,
11        the States, and the industries have to face.
12                  Page 1211 he points out, "To give
13        you an idea of the size of the problem, the
14        amount taken from the Calumet Harbor and
15        channel would fill the Bal Tabarin Room 30
16        times over each year."  Also "We dredged over
17        one million cubic yards of spoil from the
18        outer harbor and the Cuyahoga River at Cleve-
19        land"--and if any of you have been on the
20        Cuyahoga River,  you know that is not a
21        pristine pure mountain stream—"the amount
22        would cover a city block of Cleveland about
23
          150  feet  deep."
24                   The  question is,  why do we have to
25

-------
 1                   GENERAL ROBERT M.  TARBOX
 2         get  rid  of the  dredged  material?   And I  think
 3         the  Corps  is  under  a  statutory obligation t<->
 4         maintain these  channels.   Obviously if we
 5         didn't have these channels and we  couldn't
 6         maintain shipping we  would have a  tremendous
 7         detriment  to  our interstate  commerce.
 8                   But how do  these channels get  what?
 9         Where is the  material coming from?   The  material
10         is coming  from  precisely those industries that
11         have the Federal Water  Pollution Control Administra-
12         tion, the  States, and the Corps of Engineers striving
13         with the difficult  problem of maintaining the chan-
14         nel  so they can get the boats or ships up to their
15         dock to  bring in their  raw materials and put out
16         their finished  product.  And I think the General
17         mentioned  that  the  problem will be greatly re-
18         duced as communities  and industries effect a better
19         treatment  of  their  wastes.
20                   It  seems  to me we  have enough  problems
21         in pollution  control, and this is  the question
22         that everyone asks--that the best  way to pre-
23         vent pollution  is to  prevent this  at the source.
24         And  a lot  of  people are saying this whole con-
25         troversy doesn't make sense  because what we are

-------
 !                   GENERAL ROBERT M. TARBOX



 2         doing is we should stop that pollutant from



 3         getting in there in the first place and then the



 4         problem will be minimized.  And I think this



 5         is what we have to keep our eye on.



 6                   (Applause.)



 7                   Are there any further comments or



 8         questions?



 9                   Thank you very much.



10                   GEN. TARBOX:  Thank you, Mr. Chairman.



j^                   (Applause.)



12                   MR. STEIN:  At the behest of the



13         conferees making the statements, we will



14         forego any recess this morning and we will



15         try to go through right to 12:30.



16                   Again let me point this out, I have



17         asked that those curtains be opened in the rear



lg         of the room.  Once you get behind that curtain,



19         whether they are open or not, they are not



20         soundproof*  If you are going to caucus, go



21         out into the hall.  I know there is a psychologi-



22         cal notion that once you step beyond those



23         curtains you are in another room.  You are



24         making the hearing very, very difficult for



25         the people in the conference room if you keep

-------
                                                         1248
 1              ILLINOIS PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2        that hubbub there.   I ask you to bear with us
 3        on  this.
 4                  Mr.  Klassen.
 5
 6              ILLINOIS PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 7
 8                  MR.  KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman, to continue
          with the  Illinois Presentations, I know we all
10        recognize that one of the vital parts of cleaning
11        up  Lake Michigan is the legal aspect and the co-
12        operation that each of the States will receive
13        from their Attorney General.  Illinois has this
14        cooperation, and the man responsible for this is
15        our next speaker, William G. Clark, the Attorney
16        General of the State of Illinois.
17                  (Applause.)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

-------
   	1249
 !                       WILLIAM G.  CLARK

 2
 3             STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE WILLIAMS, CLARK
 4                       ATTORNEY  GENERAL
 5                       STATE OF  ILLINOIS

 6
 7                   MR. CLARK:  Thank  you,  Mr.  Chairman.
 8         Ladies and gentlemen.
 9                   Not too many  years  ago,  IPlinois
lO         coal miners put canaries  in  cages  and carried
H         them below ground to detect  dangerous and
12         sometimes lethal fumes.
13                   Today we have gone  below the  surface
14         of our waterways and have detected poisons
15         Just as dangerous and just as lethal  as  those
16         deadly vapors of the mine pits.   This is
17         pollution, the insidious  cancer that  threatens
18         the lifespan of our lake  and  the  health  of our
19         people.
20                   In convening  this  conference,  Secre-
21         tary Udall and Governor Kerner have set  in
22         motion a meaningful effort to mobilize the
23         power of four States and  the Federal  Government
24         into a single pollution-fighting  force.
25                   Like advanced cancer, pollution has

-------
   	       1250
 1                        WILLIAM G.  CLARK
 2          progressed so far that the only solution is
 3          some radical surgery.
 4                    I call on every Federal agency con-
 6          cerned with public health, conservation and
 6          economic  development  and  on every State agency,
 7          municipal and county  authority concerned with
 8          protecting public health  to make Illinois a
 9          no-quarter battleground against pollution,
10          from the  Mississippi  River to the Wabash,
11          from Cairo to Galena.
12                    I ask for a radical surgery policy
13          on the part of every  agency.
14                    As the officer  charged with enforcing
15          the anti-pollution lavs of Illinois in the
16          courts, I will take determined action.  We
17          will sue  anybody who  is certified to us by
18          the Sanitary Water Board  as a violator.   We
19          will sue  everybody so certified where a suit
20          will serve the public interest and expedite
21          corrective actions.  There will be no exceptions.
22                    Where penalties or damages are asked
23          and where there is evidence of disregard for the
24          public interest, we will  seek maximum monetary
25          judgments in the courts.

-------
   	1251
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2                   I recommend that the Legislature,
 3         without delay, give Mr. Clarence Klassen and
 4         the Sanitary Water Board any amount of money
 5         and additional number of investigators and
 6         engineers that he needs to do the job of
 7         policing Illinois waters now--right now--not
 8         two or five or six years from now!
 9                   I think it is outrageous to expect
10         the Board and Mr. Klassen, with a staff of
H         only 5^ and annual appropriations of some
12         $518,000, to police adequately many hundreds
13         of miles of waterways, some 1,000 lakes and
14         reservoirs, 10,000 industrial plants, and the
15         sewage operations of hundreds more municipalities
16         and public agencies.
17                   The Legislature must act to give
18         Mr. Klassen the muscle he needs to do the Job.
19                   The dialogue here in the last three
20         days has told us much, and it is encouraging
21         to us.

22                   Watercraft in Chicago harbors can no
23         longer flush unseen wastes. We are promised
24         determined enforcement.
25                   The dumping of dredged materials

-------
   	1252

 1  IWILLIAM G.  CLARK



 „          into the lake has been sharply restricted.
 £



 3                    Timetables have been set for pollution



 .          abatement by offending industries and municipal



 _          agencies.  We are holding a stopwatch on them.
 o


                     Water quality standards have been



           raised to safe levels.
 7


                     The Attorneys General of the four
 8


           lake States are exchanging lists of known pol-
 •7


           luters within their own States.  They are com-



           mitted to obtain compliance.



                     The question that concerns us most
12


           today is not so much what can be done, but
13


 .          how soon we can accomplish it.



,_                    There is, therefore, no time for
Id


lg          guesswork, only hard work and fast work.  The



17          public, the press and Federal and State Govern-



lg          ments share the belief that the greatest danger



19          at this hour is the danger of delay, of paralysis



20          by analysis.



2i                    I have a great  fear though, a great



22          fear that in concentrating our massed firepower



23          on Lake Michigan we may give  a distorted im-



24  |        pression that pollution stops at the shoreline,



25          and thus there is no real cause for concern

-------
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK



 2         anywhere else in the State of Illinois.



 3                   I am aware that many downstate



 4         Illinoisans regard water pollution as the



 5         private and exclusive  problem  of their



 6         neighbors along the distant lakeshore.  This



 7         kind of myopia could lose the war on pollution



 g         in Illinois.



 9                   Let me invite your attention to



10         this map which we have here behind me.  Each



11         of these dots represents a pollution .problem



12         so severe in the State of Illinois that sus-



13         tained legal action by my office was required



14         and was taken in cooperation with the State



15         Sanitary Water Board to prevent the further



16         infection of a waterway.



17                   Let me now read to you one of the



18         most frightening assessments of the downstate



19         pollution problem on record.  Qn page l6l of



20         this official State of Illinois document,



21         which I am holding in my hand, which is the



22         latest and most knowledgeable analysis of



23         our water problems, called "Water for Illinois,



24         A Plan for Action," there is the chilling



25         statement that because of bacterial pollution,

-------
   	125 4
 1                        WILLIAM G. CLARK

 2          "swimming or water skiing in any of the streams

 3          and rivers of Illinois is not recommended."

 4                    Please think about that for a moment.

 5          Because of bacterial content, it is recommended

 6          in an official State document that we do not

 7          swim in any Illinois river or stream.

 8                    Just one year ago, the Federal Water

 9          Control Administration completed its assessment

10          of pollution damage to our waterways during the

n          preceding year.   It was found that in Illinois,

12          more than 800,000 fish died from the direct

13          effects of pollution.  Our State was, in fact,

14          the fifth largest killer of fish in the Nation

15          that year.

16                    The fish cannot survive in Illinois

17          rivers and if we cannot swim in them, how far

lg          away is disaster?

19                    My point is simply this:  If we are

20          going to end pollution, we must end it from

2i          border to border and from shoreline to county

22          line, otherwise we leave the cancer unchecked

23          in many parts of our corporate body.

24                    I hope that every Illinoisan will

25          have a chance to see this map that I have

-------
                                                  	1255
 I \                      WILLIAM G. CLARK
 * i
 2         here with me today to see for himself  that

 3         the cancer of pollution is spread  throughout
   I
 4         the entire body of the State of Illinois.

 5                   Mr. Klassen and his too-limited

 6         staff have fought a constant, and  consistent

 7         fight and often a lonely fight against

 8         pollution and always against odds.  We know,
 9         'because we have been his legal ally these

10         past seven years.  Illinois would  be in chaos

11         today if police and law enforcement had to

12         face such impossible odds.

13                   I aia convinced that pollution in
   i
14         downstate Illinois is now intolerably wide-

15         spread.  To put it plainly, Mr. Klassen has
   'j
16         been ordered to wage a war without troops.

17                   Of equal priority in this antl-
18 J        pollution campaign is the need for a Pollution
19         Litigation Division in the office of the
20         Attorney General of the State of Illinois.
21         I have twice asked and twice failed to receive
22         from the Legislature funds for this purpose.

23 j                  I will,  therefore,  go a third time

24         to  the  Legislature on March 4 to attempt to
25         fill this most apparent need.

-------
                             	1256

 1                        WILLIAM G. CLARK


 2                    In the meantime, two Assistant


 3          Attorneys General, Mr. Morrow in Springfield


 4          and Mr.  Barth in Chicago, are, on a part-


 5          time basis,  attending hearings and filing


 6          lawsuits in  both air and water pollution


 7          cases.   Because of staff limitations,  they


 8          cannot presently be assigned to full-time


 9          pollution enforcement.  I wish they could!


10                    The law itself contains penalty


H          provisions adequate to deal with pollution


12          in Illinois  at either the civil or criminal


13          level.


14                    Under the pollution statutes,  the


15          courts may fine individuals or industries,


16          cities or sanitary districts $500 for  the


17          first day of a violation and $100 per  day for


18          each day of  violation thereafter.
   i

19                    Under the Illinois criminal  code,


20          fines up to  $1,000 or a year in jail or


21          both can be  assessed for reckless conduct


22          involving public safety.  Finally, there is


23          also the restraint of court injunction.


24                    At the same time that we proceed


25          against  polluters, we will apply the Rule

-------
      	1257
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2         of Reason to those with honest difficulties.
 3         In many cases, lawsuits do not provide solutions.
 4                   In Williamson County, Illinois, for
 5         example, a pollution suit proved to be an
 6         exercise in futility.  The offending community
 7         of Carterville, Illinois, was bankrupt.  There
 g         was no money to correct the pollution problem
 9         in the first place.  Of what value, then, is
10         a penalty judgment, I ask you?
H                   In Cass County in Central Illinois we
12         were asked to. sue a village which had failed to
13         comply with orders of the Sanitary Water Board.
14         The voters twice rejected bond issues to correct
15         a faulty sewage system.  Ultimately, with the
16         promise of a $2.50,000 Federal assistance grant,
17         the voters consented to remedy the situation.
18         We were requested, and happily agreed, to defer
19         legal action in the face of one particularly
20         overwhelming fact:  3y the time the sewage
21         facilities were completed, the village would
22         have been liable for $365,000 in penalties,
23         or $115,000 more than the total Federal grant.
24         Case closed.
25                   We  do not find within the Rule of

-------
   	                                  1258
   i	•	


 1  |                      WILLIAM G. CLARK

   i


 2          Reason, however, the occasional threat of an




 3          industry to pack up its jobs and equipment




 4          and leave Illinois if anti-pollution laws




 5          are enforced against the company.  We don't




 6          want to lose any industry.  But presented




 7          with such ultimatums, we are going to stand




 8          with the statutes of the State of Illinois.




 9  !                  And I would like to remind such

   ji

10          industries that there is no longer any haven




11  !        from pollution prosecution.  Federal anti-




12  i        pollution enforcement reaches to every sector




13  I        of the Nation and that enforcement is constantly




14  I        increasing.



15  i                  The Rule of Reason is serving, and




16  i        serving well, the four States involved in this


   i

17  I        conference.  After 50 years of quarrelsome
   I


18  !|        litigation over the amount of water Illinois




19          diverts from Lake Michigan, the dispute ended




20          last year with the amount of diversion unchanged.
   i



21          Illinois  neighboring States were our adversaries




22  *        during much of that half-century of litigation.

   i|


23  |                  But on November 3> 196*7, we became




24          allies.  On that date Attorneys General Frank




25          Kelley of Michigan, Bronson LaFollette of Wisconsin,

-------
                                                         1259
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2         and John Dillon of Indiana met with me in
 3         my offices in Chicago to prepare a cooperative
 4         regional campaign against pollution violators
 5         irrespective of State lines or the special
 6         interests of any single State.
 7                   As our first point of agreement,
 8         we resolved not to repeat the mistakes of
 9         the past, filing suits and countersuits
10         against each other, State against State.
11                   Instead, we have exchanged lists
12         of all known polluters of Lake Michigan from
13         within each State as prepared and presented
14         to us by our State experts.  We are now
15         prepared to file lawsuits individually or
16         to mass the combined powers of the four States
17         through the offices of the Attorneys General
18         with all four Attorneys  General acting as
19         Joint plaintiffs.
20                   Thus,  through  the Rule  of Reason,
21         the attack upon  pollution is now  both regional
22         and cooperative,  a  far  step ahead of the
23         divisive quarrels  of the past.
24                   I feel  that we are making significant
25         strides at both  the State and regional levels.

-------
   	1260
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2         Certainly the added impact of the Federal
 3         Government gives far greater force to our efforts
 4                   I am personally convinced we will
 5         ultimately win the war against pollution.
 6         Next November Illinois voters will be asked
 7         to approve a one billion dollar bond issue
 8         to finance a massive attack on both air and
 9         water pollution.
IQ                   This can be the main offensive in
H         the Illinois pollution war.  I endorse this
12         proposal with the greatest enthusiasm and
13         conviction.  This program will give us all we
14         need, all the weaponry required for the war
15         we wage.
16                   Every dollar of this money will be
17         used to benefit every Illinoisan by erasing
18         the peril that hangs in our air and swirls
19         through our waterways.
20                   The question is not, "Can we afford
21         to do it."  The question is, "Can we afford not
22         to do it? "
23                   The victory we seek over pollution
24         will not come overnight, but I am certain that
25         it will come because of the involvement and

-------
   	126'L
 1                       WILLIAM  G.  CLARK
 2         total commitment of men like  Secretary  Udall,
 3         Governor Kerner, Mayor Daley,  Clarence  Klassen,
 4         Peter Kuh and Ted Rogowski  of  the  Department
 5         of Interior, Murray Stein and  H. W.  Poston
 6         of the Federal Water Pollution Control  Adminis-
 7         tration, and all of the other  people  that we
 g         have been meeting with. They  are men  of dedi-
 9         cation and they are determined to  win a victory
10         against pollution.  It must be a victory that
11         is total in every part of Illinois.and  certainly
12         in every part of the four States bordering Lake
13         Michigan.
14                   Thank you.
15                   MR. STEIN:   Thank you very  much, sir.
16                   (Applause.)
17                   MR. STEIN:   Are there any comments
18         or questions?
19                   (No response.)
20                   MR. STEIN:   Illinois has been one
21         of the best States in  the pollution fight,
22         I think this isn't, at least from  our experience,
23         Just talk,  because whenever we have gone to
24         Bill Clark on a Joint  case  or  on a problem,
25         his hand has always been outj  the  full

-------
                                                                            1262
  1




  2




  3




  4





  5




  6




  7




  8




  9




 10




 11




 12




 13




 14




 15




 16




 17




 18




 19




 20




 21




22




23




24




25

-------
                                                         1263
 1                       WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2         facilities of his office have been available,
 3         and we have moved ahead.
 4                   I have one question and one slight
 5         comment.
 6                   Under the Federal law, as you know,
 7         we give the States the first crack, to proceed
 8         against the polluters under their own laws of
 9         procedures.  Now, when the Attorneys General
10         of the four States met and your program was
11         set up, did you have the same kind of procedure,
12         that e^ch one of you was going to get the
13         first crack at your own polluters, or were
14         you going around suing polluters in other
15         States?
16                   ATTORNEY GENERAL CLARK:  ¥e agreed
17         that we each would ask the experts in our
18         State for the list of polluters and then we
19         would exchange lists so that we would each
20         have a check on the other.  Once having done
21         that, we were going to have a further meeting
22         to decide if each of us should individually
23         sue those within our State or whether the four
24         should join in every suit.  In any event,
25         each advocate would have a complete list of

-------
   	1264
 1                        WILLIAM G.  CLARK
 2          the polluters in all four States of Lake
 3          Michigan and each would be a check on the
 4          other.
 5                    And I think that arrangement, Mr.
 6          Stein,  makes a great deal of sense, because
 7          we had  just gone through the lake diversion
 8          cases--Mr. Kuh was working on that long before
 9          I was Attorney General, I know—and for some
10          50 years the lake States  fought this battle.
U          And after millions of dollars and 50 years
12          later,  it was finally resolved.  That could
J3          have been resolved 50 years ago.
14                    And so I called the Attorneys General
15          of the  States and said that rather than each of
IQ          us suing each other and 50 years from now the
11          Supreme Court of the United States would find
lg          that each of us had within our State pollution
19          problems, let's all agree right now that we
20          have it$ let's assume the Supreme Court has
21          just entered the decree,  and let's start out
22          from there.
23                    So as a result, we have complete
24          cooperation of the Attorneys General of those
25          States.  I met with two of them in Washington

-------
                                                         1265
 1                      WILLIAM G. CLARK
 2        yesterday.   They are all either going to "be
 3        here  or present papers to you.  And we would
 4        like  the opportunity,  of course, to be able
 6        to do this  on a Statewide basis with your
 5        continuing  help and expertise.
 7                 MR. STEIN:  Right.   And I think we
 8        are in full agreement  on that.
 9                 There is  one more point,  and this is
10        one I want  to put out  in passing,  particularly
H        for Mr.  Klassen.
12                 I think all  the States here have
13        good  programs,  but  when foreign visitors
14        come  and they want  to  look at  a good program,
15        we  say,  "Why don't  you go out  to Illinois?"
16        And then we get this other figure  that you
17        mentioned that  you  have the fifth  largest
18        fish  kill statistics in the country.
19                 This  is the  paradox  in pollution
20        control.  In a  Federal enforcement  operation
21        like  this you will  often find  with  the most
22        progressive  States,  such as Illinois,  with
23        the fifth largest fish kill—and I  am sure
24        this  is  a very  serious  problem—that  the
25        question  you  have to ask is how much  can

-------
 1                      WILLIAM  0.  CLARK
 2         this be attributed  to  the full  reporting
 3         system and  candor of Illinois in  sending
 4         in  the statistics.
 5                  Very  often you  will find  that
 6         the States  who  are  doing  a good Job in
 7         outlining what  the  pollution problems are,
 8         spotlighting  cities and industries   so that
 9         everyone thinks  there  is  a tremendous pol-
10         lution problem   are really the  States that
11         are being alert, finding  pollution  problems
12         where they  are,  and identifying them so
13         they can meet them.
14                  Thank  you very  much.
15                  ATTORNEY  GENERAL CLARK:   Thank you,
16         Mr. Stein.
17                  MR. STEIN:   Mr.  Klassen.
18                  MR. KLASSEN:  The Department of
19         Public Works  of  the State of Illinois has
20         in  office concurrently a  man of many parts.
21         He  is a member  of the  Illinois  Sanitary  Water
22         Board and we  want to hear from  him  now,
23         particularly  because he is the  person that
24         signs and authorizes any  permits  for dumping
25         into Lake Michigan.

-------
                                                         126?

 1                       FRANCIS S. LORENZ


 2                   At this time we want to present


 3         Francis 3. Lorenz, Director of Public Works


 4         of the State of Illinois.


 5


 6                STATEMENT 3Y FRANCIS S. LORENZ


 7                   DIRECTOR,  DEPARTMENT OF


 8                  PUBLIC WORKS AND BUILDINGS


 9                      STATE OF ILLINOIS


10


11                   MR. LORENZ:  Thank you very much,


12         Clarence.


13                   Mr. Chairman,  State and Federal con-


14         ferees, distinguished guests and ladies and


15         gentlemen  of the conference.                      j

                                                             j
16                   The Department of Public Works and      I
                                                             i

17         Buildings  is one of several Illinois agencies     !

                                                             j
18         which exercises  Jurisdiction over aspects of


19 j        the  use and  study of Lake Michigan.   Responsi-    I


20         bilities which rest with this  Department of


21         State Government concerning Lake  Michigan
                                                             I

22         include acting  as  trustee for  the  people of


23 j        Illinois who own the  bed of the  lake,  cooperating

                                                             i
24 ;        with  Federal and State agencies and  making sur-


25         veys  and reports in  relation to the  levels  of

-------
   	1268
 !                        FRANCIS S. LORENZ
 2          Lake Michigan, execution of permit powers for
 3          construction of works in the waters of che lake,
 4          and more recently,  the allocation of water
 _          supplies from Lake  Michigan to both government
 .          and private entities.
 D  I
                     Other Departments of State government
           have proper and appropriate jurisdiction over
 O
           water pollution, water recreation, and fishing
 «/
           and wildlife aspects of the lake.  The City of
           Chicago, the Metropolitan Sanitary District,
12          the North Shore Sanitary District and numerous
i,          local units of government have responsibilities
13
14          for their geographical boundaries and functional
15          purposes.
i-  I                  The wide  variety of jurisdictions
lo
17          in Illinois is duplicated in Wisconsin, Indiana
lg          and Michigan to the end that hundreds of govern-
19          mental jurisdictions have responsibilities for
2Q          aspects of the Lake Michigan resource.  Often
2i          times, particularly when State lines are
22          crossed, conflicts  develop between the aims
23          and capabilities of .the several agencies.
24          The conflicts involve criteria of judgment
25          such as water quality standards, and requirements

-------
                                                        1269
                         FRANCIS S. LORENZ

 2         of economic enhancement, such as the maintenance

 3         of deep-draft harbors and waterways.

 4                   There have been many reasons set

           forth relative to the causes of pollution

 g         in Lake Michigan and other problems which

 7         may be hastening the degradation of the deep

 g         waters of the lake.  One of the activities

           which has received considerable public

           attention is the possible discharge of pol-

           luted material in the disposal grounds on the

12         bed of the lake.  In the State of Illinois

13         utilization of the official disposal grounds

14         may be accomplished only upon issuance of a

15         permit by the Department of Public Works and

           Buildings of the State of Illinois.

17                   The Department of Public Works and

18         Buildings completely endorses strict control

19         over the discharge of any material to Lake

20         Michigan waters and believes the discharge

2i         of any material which would pollute the waters

22         of our great resource should be totally and

23         finally prohibited.  Several actions have been

24 j        undertaken to enforce this position of the

25         Department.

-------
                        	1270
  |FRANCIS  S.  LORENZ

                     At  the  present  time  a  strict embargo
 2
           on  the  basis  of an  Executive Order issued by
 3
           Governor  Otto Kerner prevents  the  deposit of
 4
           any material  in Lake Michigan  for  either off-
 5
           shore disposal purposes or  for the construction
 6
           of  additions  to beaches,  groins, or breakwater

           protections.   The purpose of this  embargo is
 8
           to  place  the  State  of  Illinois in  an absolutely
 «?
           certain position  relative to the adoption of
10
           strict  and appropriate quality criteria for

           permissive placement of inorganic  materials  in

           Lake Michigan.
13
                     In  addition  to  the Executive Order
14
           which defines the present posture  of the

           Department, through the strong leadership
16
           of  Governor Kerner  and the  admirable bipartisan
17
           action  of the General  Assembly of  Illinois,
lo
           new measures  have been enacted into law to
1*1
           aid in  the preservation of  the water quality

           of  Lake Michigan. The  legislation  requires that
21
           the Department of Public  Works and Buildings

           issue permits for the  disposal of  material in

           Lake Michigan only  after  certification has been

           made by the Sanitary Water  Board of the State

-------
                     	1271
 I                       FRANCIS  S.  LORENZ
 2         of Illinois  as  to  the  acceptability  of  the
 3         material  in  the  lake waters  from the standpoint
 4         of water  quality.   In  addition,  the  bill
 5         specifically requires  that  the Sanitary
 6         Water Board  undertake  studies and work  in
 7         close cooperation  with units of  local govern-
 g         ment to ensure  adequate waters for swimming
 9         on public beaches  in the  Chicago area,  to
10         provide absolute control  of  waste discharge
U         from vessels moving on the  lake  in Illinois,
!2         and to satisfy  the requirements  set  forth by
13         the State conferees which were convened for
14         the purpose  of  controlling  the pollution of
15         shore waters of  Lake Michigan.   This strong
18         bipartisan measure was presented to  Governor
17         Kerner at a  special session  of the General
18         Assembly. This  law became  effective on
19         October 30,  1967.
20                    The measures will  cost the State  of
21         Illinois  virtually no  monies, but will  effective-
22         ly close  the door  to contamination of the
23         waters of Lake  Michigan by  the use of the
24         offshore  disposal  grounds because of the
25         dumping of dredgings originating in  Illinois

-------
            	1272
 I                        FRANCIS S.  LORENZ
 2          rivers and harbors.
 3                    I call your attention to the fact
 4          that if this action by Illinois is a unilateral
 5          one the lake will not be benefited.  The
 6          dumping of pollutants knows no boundary, just
 7          as the water of the lake knows no boundary.
 8          We agree that the pollution caused by the use
 9          of the disposal grounds,  even if polluted
10          material is discharged, is small.  But the
11          important fact is that this is a degree of
12          pollution that can be completely eliminated.
13          Illinois has taken the unilateral action to
14          set the example!  Elimination of this clearly
15          visible, repugnant use of the waters of Lake
16          Michigan is a necessity to our eventual control
17          of the pollution problem.  It is our belief
18          that you conferees should urge the other States
19          to this conference to become equally as tough
20          as Illinois now is.
21                    The two main problems of pollution
22          in Lake Michigan will require more time and
23          much more money for an effective solution.
24          it is our opinion  that there is no way  to
25          acquire the desirable degree of protection

-------
                           		1273
                         FRANCIS S. LORENZ
 2         without the expenditure of great sums of money
 3         ana this fact should be thoroughly recognized
           by all concerned.  It is the considered opinion
           of the Department that it is erroneous and
           wasteful to attempt the control of Lake Michigan
           water quality by concentrating upon isolated
           aspects of the total pollution problem.  The
           membership of this conference must be aware
           of the tremendous problems which face the States
           bordering upon the Great Lakes.  Prom the stand-
           point of both economic impact and water quality
           control, it is our opinion that the two most
           serious problems relative to pollution of Lake
15         Michigan may be arranged in the following order:
                a.  The inflow of nutrients in
17              the form of phosphates and nitrates
                from agricultural land and from
19              sewage treatment facilities.  The
20              extremely critical nature of this
2i              problem is apparent from two con-
22              siderations.  First, we do not
23              know how to control the inflow
24              of nutrients to Lake Michigan, and
25              secondly, we have no means of

-------
 I                        FRANCIS S. LORENZ



 2               controlling the impact of the



 3               nutrients on the ecology of the



 4               lake.



 g               b.  The second area of concern



                has to do with discharge of domes-



                tic and industrial wastes into



                the peripheral waters of Lake



                Michigan. We view this problem



                with less concern than the first



                only because we have the means,



12               both technically and financially,



                to control this source of pollution.



14               We have the water quality standards



15               and in Illinois we have the law to



                support the standards.  Satisfaction



                of the requirements will not be easy,



18               and it will be expensive, but it



                must be done to protect the health



20               and wealth of all those served by



                Lake Michigan.  The work will be done



22               in the field by industry, by officials



23               of government and by all our citizens.



24               It will be the result of long, hard,



25               painstaking, professional work.

-------
   	1275
 1                       FRANCIS S. LORENZ
 2                   Let me state here that we deeply
 3         appreciate the sincere help of the press and
 4         other news media in this regard.  Their efforts
 5         in making the public aware of the problem have
 6         been outstanding.  In addition the responsibili-
 7         ties already cited the Department of Public
 8         Works and Buildings is responsible for the
 9         regular surveillance of the shores of Lake
lO         Michigan to ensure that the interests of the
H         people of Illinois are protected.  In conjunc-
12         tion with this work we have completed numerous
13         studies of the currents and waves of Lake
14         Michigan as well as of the problems of shore
15         erosion and accretion.  Several reports have
16         been published as the result of these studies
17         and are generally available to the public.
18                   In closing, Mr. Chairman, let me
19         assure you, and all others in attendance at
20         this conference, of the complete cooperation
21         of the Department of Public Works and Buildings
22         as we move forward with this great task.
23         Directions to me from the Honorable Otto
24         Kerner, Governor of the State of Illinois,
25         emphasize his great and specific interests

-------
 1                        FRANCIS S. LORENZ
 2          in the utilization of the waters of Lake
 3          Michigan.  Directions by me to the professional
 4          units of my Department will assure that every
 5          possible degree of cooperation Is afforded by
 6          the Department of Public Works and Buildings
 7          to each and every agency Interested in working
 g          toward the final development of the Lake Michl-
 9          gan resource.
10                    And let me say finally in closing,
H          I hope that the efforts of the State of Illinois
12          in this regard will not go unnoticed by the
13          other States to this conference, that we have
14          got to work together and not be in competition
15          with each other, and that if there Is going
16          to be any banning of the dumping of dredged
17          materials in the lake we should all follow
18          the strongest possible course in this regard.
19                    Thank you very much.
20                    MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Lorenz.
21                    (Applause.)
22                    MR. STEIN:  Are there any comments
23          or questions?
24                    Again I would like to compliment
25          Mr. Lorenz on his statement and Indicate that

-------
                                                         1277
 1                      FRANCIS S. LORENZ
 2        the problem in dealing with the disposal of
 3        dredged material has not been a simple one.
 4        As you can tell, it is still not completely
 5        resolved.
 6                  Again} in working with Mr. Lorenz,
 7        we have had the fullest cooperation through-
 g        out a very sticky Pederal-State-local prob-
 9        lem.   If we had more people like him everywhere,
10        with his attitude, flexibility and complete
11        knowledge  of the field, we could move way
12        ahead.  That is the kind of cooperation,
13        give and take and full candor we have had
14        from Mr. Lorenz and the Illinois group.
15        I  am sure  if we get this from all parties
16        who are concerned with the disposal of
17        dredged materials, we wi?l have a satisfactory
18        solution.
19                  Thank you.
20                  MR. LCRENZ:  Thank you very much.
21                  MR. STEIN:  Mr.  Klassen.
22                  MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman,  to
23        continue,  the Director of  the Department of
24 !       Conservation of the State  of Illinois  likewise
25

-------
   	1278
 !                       WILLIAM T. LODGE
 2         has many hats.  He is a member of the Illinois
 3         Sanitary Water Board and, of course, is the
 4         person that is deeply involved in fish and
 .         recreation involving Lake Michigan.
 6                   At this time I would like to present
 7         the Director of the Department of Conservation,
 Q         William T. Lodge.
 8
 9
10                 STATEMENT BY WILLIAM T. LODGE
n              DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
12                       STATE OF ILLINOIS
13
14                   MR. LODGE:  Mr. Chairman, conferees,
15         ladies and gentlemen.
16                   The boundaries and jurisdiction of
17         the State of Illinois are defined in Article I
18         of the State Constitution. This gives the
19         Illinois Department of Conservation the re-
20         sponsibility of carrying out statutory regu-
2i         lations for fish, game and boating for over
22         976,000 acres of water in Lake Michigan.  At
23         the present time, even with this large acreage
24 |        of water, there is only a small area of
25         recreational activity primarily located close

-------
   ^___	127 9
 1                       WILLIAM T.  LODGE

 2         to the 63 miles of Lake Michigan  shoreline  in
 3         Illinois.  With the quest for quality  in  Lake
 4         Michigan water, there will be a change  to
 5         using increasingly greater amount of the  lake
 6         offshore rather than Just near the shoreline.
 7         It indeed is important to have for the  future
 g         a well-managed lake with  clean water to provide
 9         a large potential area of interest to  people
10         ready and available for recreational fishing,
11         boating and other allied  outdoor  activities.
12                   Our Department  exercises  concurrent
13         jurisdiction with the Federal Government  and
14         various political subdivisions of  the  State
15         with regard to enforcing  the provisions of
16         the Illinois Boat Registration and  Safety Act
17         and providing boating facilities  on that  area
18         of Lake Michigan alluded  to previously.   The
19         State of Illinois has direct jurisdiction
20         over only about three miles of its  lakeshore
21         on Lake Michigan.  The entire remainder of the
22         lakeshore in Illinois is  either in  private
23         ownership or is under the direct  control  and
24 i        supervision of various park districts and
25         municipalities within which the snoreline lies.

-------
   	1280
 1                       WILLIAM T. LODGE
 2         The purpose of the boat law is to provide
 3         persons with a safe and enjoyable boating
 4         environment and to provide boating facilities
 5         throughout the State.  It is anticipated by
 6         the year 2000 there will be five times the
 7         number of boaters using the waters of our
 g         State as are presently doing so.
 9                   One of the main deterrents to providing
10         quality water recreational activities in the
11         State is the rising pollution levels along
12         lower Lake Michigan.  It is Incumbent upon
13         us to keep abreast of these problems in
14         facing the necessities of the future in
15         recreational boating.  We must attack the
16         problems of water pollution on all fronts.
17         Pollution from pleasure boating is not con-
18         sidered to be extremely serious at this time
19         as compared with other sources of water pol-
20         lution.  However, this is a definite type of
21         pollution which can and must be eliminated.
22                   The City of Chicago has recently
23         taken the lead in establishing regulations
24         for pleasure boats which will eliminate this
25         problem.  The State of Illinois will

-------
   	1281
 1                       WILLIAM T. LODGE
 2         undoubtedly follow this lead in the near future,
 3         and it is hoped that other States bordering on
 4         Lake Michigan will cooperate in this type of
 5         regulation for the elimination of this pollution.
 6                   Due to the availability of marine fuel
 7         tax funds, it is anticipated that our Depart-
 g         ment will, in the future, be in a better posi-
 9         tion to create more and better harbor facilities
10         on Lake Michigan.  Our Department should increase
U         facilities for water-related recreation through
12         State and Federal assistance to local governments
13         in developing additional public harbors, mooring
14         facilities and harbors of refuge.
15                   Sport fishing in Lake Michigan in
l
-------
   	1282
 1                       WILLIAM  T.  LODGE
 2          the  lake,  the fishing  for this  species  has
 3          fallen off drastically.   Smelt  fishing  has
 4          severely declined  and  the catch of  herring
 5          is virtually absent.   There has been  a
 6          corresponding decline  in  the number of
 7          fishermen using Lake Michigan in Illinois
 8          waters as depicted in  the fishing license
 9          sales.  The combined total number of  fishing
10          licenses sold in Cook  and Lake  Counties has
11          dropped from 300,000 in 1957 to about 170,000
12          in 1965.
13                   During the past 12 years  the  alewife
14          population in Lake Michigan has expanded at  a
15          rapid rate with a  peak population being es-
16          pecially evident in Illinois waters in  1966
17          and  1967.  This great  abundance of  alewlves
18          has  followed with  massive die-offs  of this
19          species especially during the summer  of 19^7.
20          The  concentrations of  the greatest  number of
21          dead fish were generally  along  the  entire
22          shoreline of Lake  Michigan, but especially
23          heavy accumulations occurred in lower Lake
24          Michigan.  Serious problems connected with
25          disposal of these  fish were presented to all

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                                                         1283
 1                       WILLIAM  T.  LODGE
 2         beach and shoreline  areas.  Also  there  are
 3         serious problems  to  water intakes  being
 4         clogged with  this overabundant  fish.  A co-
 5         ordinated plan  to meet the problem of alewife
 6         die-offs is now underway  and a  long range plan
 7         to prevent such occurrences is  a major  project
 g         of the Great  Lakes Basin  Commission. Private,
 9         City, county, State  and Federal agencies will
10         "be a part of  this needed  work which is  underway
11         at the present  time.
12                   In  Illinois  no  commercial fishing
13         is done for the alewife and it  is  not a fish
14         that can be taken on hook and line.  The un-
15         fortunate feature of the  alewife explosion
16         from a fisheries standpoint is  that it  has
17         crowded out some of  the more important  fishes
18         of southern Lake Michigan such as  herring,
19         yellow perch and chubs.  The number of  commercial
20         fishermen operating out of Illinois ports on
21         Lake Michigan has become greatly reduced over
22         the past 20 years.  Part of this has been be-
23         cause of low income gains compared to investment,
24          and part of it is due  to a reduction in avail-
25          ability of  marketable fishes.  The  commercial

-------
   	1284
 1                        WILLIAM T. LODGE
 2          fishing industry in Illinois waters of Lake
 3          Michigan from 19^5 to 1955 changed from a perch-
 4          lake trout to a perch-chub fishery.  From 1956
 5          to the present time the change has been from a
 6          perch-herring-chub fishery to one dependent
 7          almost exclusively on the chubs.  At the present
 g          time there are only three full-time boats
 9          fishing commercially out of Illinois ports
10          plus six part-time boats (all gill net opera-
11          tors).  No fishermen in Illinois have yet made
12          the expensive conversion of equipment to trawl
IS          for alewives. At the present time commercial
14          fishing is closed for lake trout, coho and
15          Chinook salmon in Illinois waters.
16                    While the above conditions of fish-
17          eries in Lake Michigan possibly cannot be
18          directly related to lake pollution, they do
19          point up a problem which has arisen in the
20          lake of an imbalance of marine life which
21          must be corrected.  The correction of this
22          problem will undoubtedly be greatly fecilitated
23          by the attaining of water quality good enough
24          so as to not pose an additional problem to
25          the development of the habitat.

-------
                                      	1285
 1                       WILLIAM T. LODGE
 2                   The Great Lakes Fishery Commission
 3         working with the U. S. Department of the
 4         Interior has been and will continue to be
 5         particularly interested in work to improve
 6         the structure of the fish population.  This
 7         active program is in cooperation with States
 g         bordering the lake.  The lake trout program
 9         of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and
10         the recent salmon introduction of the State
11         of Michigan may well be the lead into an
12         important specialized offshore sport, troll
13         fishing in all areas of Lake Michigan and
14         especially in Illinois waters.
15                   MR. STEIN:  Thank you, sir.
16                   Are there any comments or questions
17         of Mr. Lodge?
18                   Thank you very much for your state-
19         ment.
20                   Mr. Klassen.
21                   MR. KLASSEN:  Normally, Mr. Chairman,
22         we would get back and finish up the Chicago
23         Water Department presentation.  The technical
24 j        part of this is quite lengthy and involved,
25         and we are going to defer this until the time

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   	1286
 1                       CARL L. KLEIN
 2       right after  lunch and hope now  for  the  12:30
 3       time for lunch I understand  the Chairman has
 4       imposed, which is good.  We  want to pick up
 5       a few short  ones.
 6                 Responsible for much  of the water
 7       pollution activities in our  State Legislature
 8       is the Commission on Water Pollution and Water
 9       Resources.
10                 I  am going to call on the Chairman
11       of that Commission at this time--with a certain
12       risk, being  a State employee, having to tell
13       the Chairman of an important committee  like
14       this that he has only three  minutes--Carl Klein,
15       Representative of the Chicago area.
16
17         STATEMENT  BY REPRESENTATIVE CARL  L. KLEIN
18               CHAIRMAN, WATER POLLUTION AND
19                 WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
20                     STATE OP ILLINOIS
21
22                 MR. KLEIN:  Thank  you, Mr. Klassen.
23       My staff is  passing out my statement and a
24       report on Lake Michigan from the Water  Pollution
25       and Water Resources Commission  of the State of

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                                                         128?
                            CARL  L.  KLEIN
 2         Illinois.
 3                   Mr.  Chairman,  honored guests and
           ladies and gentlemen.
                     My statement today is my own,
           although I am  sure  it coincides with many
 7         aspects with that of my  colleagues on the
 g         Commission.
                     I state to you  that  the  Commission
10         report on Lake Michigan  is now being distributed
           among you, and I call to  your  particular
12         attention, to  the summary, conclusions and
13         recommendations of  the Commission  in regard
14         to the problems.
                     (Which said report is as  follows:)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

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                                              1288'
  Report  on  Lake  Michigan
 Water Pollution and Water Resources
          Commission of Illinois
Chairman - Rep. Carl L. Klein

V. Chairman - Prof. Norman G. P. Krausz

Secretary - Sen. Robert W. Mitchler

Executive Secy. - Mr. Gordan E. Kerr
MEMBERS:

Sen. Paul Broyles
Sen. Z. A. Sokolnicki
Rep. Ben Blades
Rep. Joseph Tumpach
Mr. Elmer Smith
Prof. Harold Gotaas

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                                                     1289
THE  MOVING FINGER WRITES;  AND,  HAVING WRIT,

MOVES ON:   NOR  ALL YOUR  PIETY  NOR  WIT

SHALL LURE IT  BACK  TO  CANCEL  HALF A LINE,

NOR  ALL YOUR TEARS  WASH OUT A WORD  OF IT.
AND THE MOVING FINGER HAS WRIT:   ON LAKE MICHIGAN

Pulp sugars. . . .
Canning sugars....
Kerosene. . .
Salt Water. . .
Garbage dump. . .
Coal dust. . .
Oil and paints. . .
Dieldrin. . .
Septic overflow. . .
Drug remnants. . .
Sulphuric acid. . .
Oil and grease...
Flue dust. . .
Shipping discharges...
Bathing pollution. . .
Sport boating discharges...
Dumping of dredgings...
Landfill operations...
Plankton. . .
Raw sewage. . .
Partially treated sewage...
Phosphates - Nitrates...
Alluvial s. . .
Farm fertilizers....
Cattle and hog lot  flushings...
Thermal pollutions. . .

ALGAE, ALGAE EVERYWHERE AND NOT  A PLACE TO SWIM —

HOW LONG WILL THE LAKE STAY FIT  TO DRINK?

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                       WATER POLLUTION
 CHAIRMAN:
  CAM. I. KLEIN
  6428 South Francisco Avenue
  Chicago, Illinois 60629

 VICE  CHAIRMAN:
  NORMAN G. P. KRAUSZ
  University of Illinois
  431  Mumtbrd Hall
  Urbana, Illinois 61803

 SECRETARY:

  SENATOR DONALD D. CARPENTIER
  2208 37th Str.et
  Mollne, Illinois 61265

 MEMBERS:
  SENATOR PAUL BROYLES
  1800 Franklin
  Mount Vernon, Illinois 62864

  SENATOR THAD KUSIBAB
  2043 Augusta Boulevard
  Chicago, Illinois 60622

  REPRESENTATIVE JOSEPH TUMPACH
  4644 Highland
  Downers Grove, Illinois 60515

  REPRESENTATIVE BEN BLADES
  503 Northeast 4th Street
  Falrfield, Illinois, 62839

  PROF. HAROLD GOTAAS
  618 Coltax
  Evamton, Illinois 60603

  MR. ELMER SMITH
  Caterpillar Tractor Co.
  Peorla, Illinois 61611

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY:
  GORDON E. KERR
  Brookport, Illinois 62910
                                                                                                       12QO
                                          RCES COMMISSION
                                                from Iht Offlco of H>» Chairman:
                                                STATE REPRESENTATIVE CARL  L.KLEIN
                                                6428 South Francisco Avonue
                                                Chicago, Illinois 60629


                                                 January  2$, 1968
His Excellency Otto Kerner
Governor, State of Illinois
  and
Members  of the ?5th General Assembly:

The Water Pollution and  Water Resources  Commission, created

by House Bill No.  1059 during the  1965 General Assembly.

herewith submits  its supplemental  report concerning Lake Michigan

based  on its hearings in the  area.


We trust the results of  our additional  studies will be helpful

as a guide to the State  of Illinois and  its  communities in

determining  their forward progress in the  field  of water use

and water resources, especially insofar  as Lake  Michigan problems

are concerned.

                                               Respectfully  submitted,

                                               WATER PQK^CON AND  WATER
                                               RESO'
                                                                         tt, V.  KLETO, CHAIRMAN

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                                                            1291
BACKGROUND

Basically, the southern portion of Lake Michigan is without
regular currents.

Y/hen the Lake is calm and windless, probably the only
discernable movement is a littoral one southward along
both the East and Vest shores bringing nutrient and
industrial pollution from Michigan and Indiana into the
Calumet River, and from Wisconsin and Lake County, Illinois
into the Chicago River; both littoral flwws being induced
by the water diversion from Lake Michigan into the Illinois
waterway.

When the Lake is beset by wind and wave, currents may run
clockwise or counterclockwise depending on the direction
of the wind; then sands shift in the current and the
pollution in the water is distributed from one location
to another spot, which may also be a source of pollution.

The inactive quality of Lake Michigan waters is the greatest
threat to its continued well-being.  While running water
cleanses itself of pollution by bacterial action and
renewed oxygenation, pollution introduced into Lake Michigan
just lays there dormant and becomes greater day by day,
week by week, month by month, and year by year.

Pollution in the Lake is more probably similarized to
cancer — the danger is probably in a geometrical pro-
gression rather than arithmetical.  As with cancer, the
need is to recognize the early symptoms of pollution and
to take heroic steps to cure it even to the point of
amputation, because the welfare of Illinois, Indiana and
Wisconsin are largely based on Lake Michigan as source
of pure domestic water and plentiful industrial water.
 MICHIGAN:
The sweep around the Lake should start with the sovereign
State of Michigan.

The State of Michigan presents the least industrialized
face toward Lake Michigan —  but even here, the hand
of man changing the forest into farm and orchard, using
fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, setting up
canneries, processing salt, using kerosene, and building
cities, villages and towns with inadequate sewage treat-
ment and inadequate horse-and-buggy septic tanks has
brought pollution into the streams and into Lake Michigan.

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                                                           1292
WISCONSIN:

Our sister State of Wisconsin is more industrialized —
in the Fox River Valley and Green Bay, at Manitowoc,
Sheboygan and the Milwaukee—Racine—Kenosha complex,
Extreme industrial pollution in the Fox River Valley
empties into Green Bay; pulp processing and dumping of
polluted dredgings and inadequate sewage treatment makes
the picture of Green Bay gloomier every day.

Wisconsin rivers emptying into Lake Michigan bring
herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, feed lot pollution,
untreated or inadequately treated sewage into Lake Michigan,

The Milwaukee complex problem bring unregulated industrial
pollution into the Lake —  but even more important, the
large populations dependent on the industries cause more
important problems —  untreated raw sewage, inadequately
treated sewage, and nutrient pollution by phosphates and
nitrates from efficiently treated sewage.
INDIANA:

The sovereign State of Indiana is highly industrialized
on_ its most important frontage on Lake Michigan.

Steel mills bring flue dust, and also cause thermal
pollution from heated waters; oil processing causes
thermal pollution and careless handling in tankers or
processing brings oil slicks and tainted dredgings;
other industries contribute many other forms of pol-
lution to the overburdened waters of the Lake.

The lakeside cities of Gary, Hammond, Whiting, and
East Chicago, fortunately have sewage relief through
the Illinois Waterway or the situation would be
unbearable.

However, Indiana farmlands and feedlots contribute their
share of fertilizer, herbicide, pesticide and feeder
lot pollution via streams such as the St. Josephs River
flowing into Lake Michigan.

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                                                           1293
LAKE COUNTY;

The problem here is twofold;

1.  Hi£tory_: The North Shore Sanitary District has been
    overwhelmed with new cities, new industries and an
    incredible growth of population.  Inadequate treat-
    ment plants have become more and more inadequate as
    the North Shore Sanitary District "marked Time" waiting
    for final decision in the famed water-diversion case.
    Now the case has been settled;  a bond issue is
    proposed for renovation and renewal, rebuilding and
    building of new plants, with use of part of the
    water diversion, 60 to 150 c.p.f.s. formerly allo-
    cated only to Cook County and the Metropolitan
    Sanitary District, as a diluant factor with that
    treated effluent to be discharged into either the
    Skokie-Chicago River system or the Des Plaines
    River system.

2.  Advantages:  1.  No more discharge of treated sewage
    effluent into Lake Michigan with its cargo of phos-
    phorus fertilizers to cause rapid growth of algae.


2.  More efficient sewage treatment (up to 90$) by
    building secondary treatment plants at all locations.
    However, the nutrient pollution problem (phosphorus)
    has only been transferred from the Lake to the rivers.

3.  Problems:  The following questions are pertinent to
    the pollution posed by the North Shore Sanitary
    District:

    What problems of floods and flood control will arise
    along the Skokie and Chicago Rivers because of the
    additional water placed therein —  How much will the
    river levels rise in ordinary flow?

    What problems of floods and flood control will arise
    along the Des Plaines River because of the additional
    water placed therein  —  especially in the western
    suburbs crowding along the Des Plaines and in the
    "green belt" of the forest preserves?

    The Des Plaines River, according to hearings testimony,
    has very little pollution down to the north edge of
    the City of Des Plaines and has good fish life above
    there —  What will the sewage effluent do to the
    quality of the water north of Des Plaines?  What will
    the sewage effluent do to the quality of water running
    through the western suburbs?

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                                                             1294
In light of the fact that the sewage effluent discharges
are flowing directly and shortly into the heavily pop-
ulated areas of Chicago and its western suburbs, would
it not be more practical and certainly highly desirable
to demand that tertiary treatment be required with 95/£~
98$ efficiency on all levels and that further treat-
ment be required to remove nutrient pollution before
discharge into the Skokie, Chicago and Des Plaines
Rivers?

What disposal is planned for storm water discharges?
Any appreciable amount of additional runoff water could
cause havoc in the crowded plains of Chicago, Des Plaines,
Stone Park, River Grove, Maywood, River Forest and
other suburbs.

Also: 'What happens when a lesser amount of water is
available to Cook County and the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Chicago?

Recommendations:   The present plans of the North Shore
Sanitary District are salutory insofar as Lake County and
Lake Michigan pollution problems — BUT there appears
to be inadequate planning for flood control and for suf-
ficient treatment when the factor of the heavily populated,
built up areas of discharge are taken into account.  Proper
planning is necessary for proper water resources management
and the planning herein has only been partial and not
complete.  All aspects must be considered before engineering
is begun, and monies are expended.

COOK COUNTY. ILLINOIS

No farm problems exist here, no feed lot problems, and the
industrial discharges and sewage discharges have been minimized
by the reversal of the Chicago River away from Lake Michigan
into the Illinois Waterway; but the extreme urbanization has
brought shipping and boat pollution, dumping of polluted
dredgings; bathing pollutions, combined sewer flushings as
well as intermittent sewage and industrial and thermal
pollutions.  Nor can we minimize the sewage and industrial
pollution factors:  Reversal of the Chicago River flow has
saved Lake Michigan but has turned the problem inward down
the Illinois Waterway, to other Illinois cities, such as
Peoria, who secure part of their drinking water from the
Illinois River.

The pollution problems caused by sewage and industry are
universal:  The solutions applied to saving Lake Michigan
must be reapplied to other lakes and to all rivers and
streams receiving discharges.  Therefore Cook County's
industrial and sewage problems must be considered as part
of the Lake Michigan picture.

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                                                            1295
I.  INDUSTRY;  Hearing In Chicago with follow-up letters
    have shown that industry generally is taking necessary
    steps on all pollution except thermal:  steel is
    eliminating flue dust disposal, Wisconsin Steel is moving
    toward recirculation with minimal disposal of wastes;
    more and rcore industries are disposing of treated wastes
    into Sanitary District interceptors.   The Metropolitan
    Sanitary District of Chicago has strenghtened its
    industrial waste division and enforcement.

II. SET./AGE:

    A.  The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago
        has entered Into scientific research of radiation
        disposal of wastes and more importantly is building
        a pilot plant project of tertiary treatment of
        sewage by filtration at its Hanover Plant.

    B.  There still remain many septic tanks and drain
        tiles which are a remnant of the  horse-and-buggy
        age.  Difficulty of supervision of the necessary
        repetitive cleanings are the big  problems here.
        And then the homeowner with a septic tank winds  up
        with a second problem of finances when the septic
        system is replaced by a sanitary  sewer and sewage
        treatment works at considerable personal expense
        to him.

    C.  The public utility companies for  water, sewer and
        sewage treatment in Cook County (and Lake County
        as well)  are generally inefficient, understaffed
        and overpriced and are slowly being taken over by
        municipal or county corporations  at tremendous costs.

    D.  The septic systems and public utility water and
        sewage companies are not a direct part of the Lake
        Michigan problem, but their problems add to the
        local problems.

III. SHIPPING;  The ocean-going and lake-traveling freighters
     and tankers dump sewage and used waters into the Lake
     and into the rivers and Lake at their docking points.
     These ships should have dockside  sewer connections
     for all discharges when docked and recirculating
     systems when traveling.

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                                                            1296
IV.  BOATING-:  The incredible increase of pleasure "boats
     has magnified and multiplied their problems of raw
     sewage discharge.  An ordinance of the City of Chicago
     is now dealing with the larger part of this problem,  and
     harsh though the ordinance may be, it is still necessary.

V.   DUMPING OF DREDGINGS; The bottoms of the Chicago and
     Calumet River become fouled with pollutant and polluting
     materials which have in the past been dredged and uncere-
     moniously dumped into Lake Michigan without treatment;
     the Corps of Engineers, responding to public pressure
     ceased this practice in 196? with "dry"  dumping at
     double the expense.

VI.  FLOOD CONTROL:  EXCESSIVE RAINS WITH IMMEDIATE RUN-OFF
     HAVE CAUSED RAW SEWAGE TO BE PLACED IN LAKE MICHIGAN
     FROM COOK COUNTY (and from Lake County,  Illinois, Lake
     County, Indiana, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin as well).
     The best method of flood control or a combination of
     methods, deep-tunnel, underflow or deepening of channels,
     combined with water installations is absolutely necessary
     to prevent further "sewage-into-1he-Lake".

VII. LAKE AIRPORT INSTALLATION:  ALL FACTS OF POLLUTION
     AND FOULING OF THE LAKE FROM INSTALLATION AND OPERATION
     OF AN ISLAND AIRPORT, and its approaches (preferably
     tunnelled must be fully detailed and engineered before
     the facility can be built.

     Complete public hearings on all advantages and disad-
     vantages must be had before finalization of a decision.
SUMMARY;

The problems on Lake Michigan:

     1.  Farm and agriculture pollution of herbicides,
      pesticides, fertilizers and feed lot animal sewage
     combined with siltation.

     2.  Industrial wastes from pulp, canning, salt,
     kerosene, suphuric acid, drug remnants, oil wastes,
     flue dust, coal dust, greases and paints.

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3.  Thermal pollution from utilities, oil"and steel
companies.

JK  Raw sewage from some communities; inefficiently
treated sewage from others.

5.  Nutrient pollution from efficiently treated sewage.
6.  Polluted dredgings dumped into the lake under the
Federal government's program to keep waterways open,
and from industry seeking a "cheap" way to rid itself
of dredgings.

7.  Raw sewage and wastes from pleasure boaters who
have increased in myriad numbers in the last few years,
and from commercial freighters and tankers, whose
numbers have grown fantastically since the opening of
the Great Lakes to ocean-going ships.

8.  The fantastic problem of the alewives dying and
fouling our water and beaches caused by the imbalance
of fish population in turn brought about by the opening
of the Welland Canal for shipping.

CONCLUSIONS:
I.    CHICAGOLAND AREA;

      Due to the intensive news coverage and campaigns by
      newspapers, especially the Chicago Tribune,  and the
      Chicago American, all the radio stations such as ¥GN
      and WIND, all of the television stations,  many of whom
      have run special programs, progress has been made and
      will probably continue apace,  although most  of it will
      be in spurts and jerks as public attention is focused
      and refocused from time to time on the matter.

      A.  Industry— has taken long, giant steps to meet the
          present objections and will, in the main,  probably
          meet all necessary standards by December 31,  1968
          or shortly thereafter.

          However, the present standards of performance are
          really short-range and not the long-range standards
          necessary for the full preservation of Lake Michigan
          and they will therefore have to be revised time and
          again with considerable additional costs to industry,

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                                                            1298
      B.  Government—The Metropolitan Sanitary District
          of Chicago has steadfastly maintained its position
          of "no-dumping" into Lake Michigan; the State of
          Illinois has not yet realized that no further
          dumping should "be allowed; the City of Chicago has
          realized that "boat pollution, which causes only a
          small portion of the problem, must be halted; the
          County of Cook has no direct approach herein, since
          it has no jurisdiction.

          The County of Lake, Illinois is in somewhat the
          same position as the County of Cook because of
          lack of jurisdiction; the North Shore Sanitary
          District has begun planning but these plans are
          inadequate and need re-evaluation on the basis of
          a complete water resources management and flood
          control program.

          Nor can the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
          Chicago rest easy:  the threats of pollution
          downstream into the Illinois Waterway, and into
          Lake Michigan in times of flood (raw sewage has
          been in the past and may again in the future be
          released into Lake Michigan) must be corrected
          once and for all.

II.    INDIANA;

       As a result of  being closely associated with,  and
       drawn into a partnership in the Chicagoland Metro-
       politan Area,  the problems and conclusions  are much
       the same as the Chicagoland Area.

III.   WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN:

       The problems are specific to specific areas of each
       state and require planning and execution — but  the
       planning and execution must be immediate to stop the
       present trends  of pollution,  and to  reverse these
       trends in order to prevent the incredibly high cost of
       repurifying Lake Michigan.

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                                                            1299
IV.   INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION;

      The problems entailed herein will probably be solved
      first.  Industry has been given a strict timetable
      in Southernmost Lake Michigan and is taking steps to
      meet their problems, particularly and especially
      because of the light of publicity.

V.    SEUAGE:

      This is the danger zone of the future.  The bigger
      problems of raw sewage, inefficiently treated sewage
      and nutrient pollution by efficiently treated sewage
      will remain and will increase as the greater, the
      larger problem growing day by day.  The algae problems
      from these sources will undoubtedly get worse before
      they get better.


      There is no reason to place a completion date of
      December 31, 1968 on industrial compliance on
      industrial wastes and to set a date of December 31,
      1972 for governmental agencies such as the North
      Shore Sanitary District to stop dumping sewage into
      our drinking waters of Lake Michigan.  These time-
      tables should be comparable.


RECOMMENDATIONS;

This problem —  cancer by pollution of our waters, especially
Lake Michigan must be met by long range water management- and
resources policies, all of them to meet the challenge of the
handwriting on the wall:

                "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN"

            (A fateful, a direful event is about to occur)


I.  INDUSTRY—will finally be faced with the proper solution:

         COMPLETE RECIRCULATION OF WATER WITH USE OF
         COOLING TOWERS AND NO DISCHARGE OF ANY
         INDUSTRIAL HASTES INTO ANY LAKES, RIVERS OR
         STREAMS.

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                                                              1300
II.   SANITARY DISTRICTS AND MUNICIPALITIES— whether they
      discharge directly into Lake Michigan, into tributary
      streams, or into streams flowing away from the Lake
      must install and operate at 98% or 99$ efficiency and
      must remove nutrient pollution.  At the present status
      of recognized treatment —

            THIS MEANS TERTIARY TREATMENT BY FILTRATION
            ¥ITH REMOVAL OF NUTRIENT POLLUTANTS.

Ill,  STATES. MUNICIPALITIES AND SANITARY DISTRICTS— must
      solve the problems of the combined sewers — by flood
      control of reservoirs, deep tunnels, underflow tunnels,
      deepening of channels, or a combination of them,  further
      combined with the best sewage treatment and water
      management and water resources practices to prevent
      pollution, to secure proper dilution, and to provide
      "reusable" water for industry, and for other municipalities,

IV.   FEED LOT OPERATORS — cannot and must not be allowed to
      flush animal wastes into our drinking waters, directly
      or indirectly.

V.    PLEASURE BOATERS AND SPORTSMEN — should in their own
      best interests comply with all statutes and go beyond
      same voluntarily to prevent all pollution on their part...

              "PEOPLE mO LIVE IN GLASS HOUSES ____ "
VI.   COMMERCIAL SHIPPING — should immediately cease discharge
      of all pollutant materials while traveling; and when
      docked should be furnished a connection at dockside
      to the nearest sewage facility.

VII.  THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — which has
      preempted the farm problems, including siltation,
      herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, must needs
      devote more time, more money and more men to these
      problems immediately.

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                                                              1301
VIII.  THE FOUR SOVEREIGN STATES—bordering on Lake Michigan
       must adopt the necessary legislative acts and regulations
       consistent with the proven goal —

                   THE CONTINUED SAFETY AND PURITY
                   OF THE WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN

       as their prime goal.  This includes complete removal
       of the right to issue dumping permits.

IX.    THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT--must bend all its efforts to
       the same goal —

                    THE CONTINUED SAFETY AND PURITY
                    OF THE WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN

       instead of divisive efforts between and among; the
       various agencies.  The Corps of Engineers must be
       provided with sufficient funds to end all Lake dumpings,
       •whether it be Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron,
       Lake Erie or Lake Ontario.  Keeping the waterways open
       for commercial traffic is important, but keeping drinking
       water safe is still more important.

x-     THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—must provide distinctive
       leadership and the major share of funds and tax
       incentive devices to lead the way:

       Not as the overseer with the whip, not as the indulgent
       father with goodies for obeying children, not with pro-
       nunciamentos and press releases with no results, but
       with down-to-earth conferences to seek out problems, to
       devise the best solution in line with the best water
       management resources policies and with tax-incentive
       policies to aid all industries, and with the providing
       of sufficient funds through small interest loans and
       grants so that the problems can be met by the states,
       counties, municipalities and sanitary districts and
       the solutions applied properly.

XI.    THE CITIZENRY OF THE AREA—must be kept aware of the
       problems as they arise — and old and new problems
       will undoubtedly continue to arise; having been advised
       of the problems and potential solutions, it is the
       belief of this Commission that an aroused citizenry
       will make and will enforce its demands for the
       necessary solutions.

-------
                                                     1 302
           THE  MOVING FINGER WILL URITE—
BUT WE HAVE THE  POWER TO CHANGE THE STORY IT IS WRITING.

                MENE, MENE, TEKEL—

 BUT WE HAVE THE KNOW-HOW TO PREVENT THE OCCURENGE OF
                THE DIREFUL EVENT....


             ALGAE, ALGAE, EVERYWHERE	

BUT WE CAN PROVIDE SAFE, CLEAN BEACHES FOR SWIMMING	
    ALL CONCERNED MUST PLAN, ENGINEER AND EXECUTE
                        TO

             SAVE  OUR  LAKE....

-------
                                                         1303
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN
 2                   MR. KLEIH:  I have been appalled
 3         during our investigations and during con-
 4         versations and more recently by statements
 5         in the press and other news media of the
 6         following attitudes:
 7              "We are only causing minor pollution."
 g              "I'm not polluting as much as the
 9              other fellow."
10              "I am working on the problem but my
11              neighbor isn't."
12              "I'll do something about it tomorrow
13              or the next day, but I have to con-
14              tinue polluting now."
15              "My sister State isn't doing anything.
16              Why should I? "
17              "Let the Federal Government do it,"
18              followed by, "Get them out of here,
19              but have them leave their money."
20                   Gentlemen, it is time to stop this
21         senseless bickering.  Stop looking for the mote
22         in thy brother's eye and look into thine own
23         eye for thine own mote.
24                   All of us know the problems are here,
25         no great effort is needed to enumerate the most

-------
 1                          CARL L. KLEIN



 2          important.



 3                    1.  By far, the most important is:



 4          Nutrient pollutants from sewage and industrial



 5          waste.  We have planted the seeds of algae



 6          pollution, which will continue to haunt us



 7          for generations to come.



 8                    2.  Dumping of raw or inadequately



 9          treated human sewage.



10                    3-  Industrial wastes from pulp,



11          canning, steel, oil and a thousand other



12          industries.



13                    4.  Siltation, herbicides, pesticides



14          and fertilizers from agriculture.



15                    5.  Pollution from cattle and hog



16          feed lots.



17                    6.  Dumping of polluted dredgings.



18                    7.  Thermal pollution from coolant



19          use of water.



20                    8.  Boat pollution both from commercial



21          freighters and sporting boats.



22                    An all-out attack is indicated as



23          being necessary.  Complete solutions must be



24          begun.  Patchwork solutions which only eompli-



25          cate the simple issue of saving the lake must

-------
   	.	1305,
 I                         CARL L. KLEIN

 2         be put aside to arrive at these  final  and

 3         these definitive conclusions:

 4                    1.  INDUSTRY--Must install complete

 5         recirculation of water, including use  of

 6         cooling towers wherever necessary.  No dis-

 7         charge of  industrial waste and no thermal

 8         pollution  is the final answer.

 9                    2.  SANITARY DISTRICTS--Tertiary

10         treatment  by filtration with removal of

H         nutrient pollutants is required.  All  con-

12         cerned recognize that there must be a  dis-

13         charge of  treated sewage effluents and,

14         therefore, 98 percent to 99 percent removal

15         is necessary, as well as removal of nutrient

16         pollutants.  FAILURE TO DO SO WILL ONLY

17         MULTIPLY THE ALGAE PROBLEMS.

18                    3.  The dates for completion of

19         all anti-pollution measures must be comparable

20         whether industrial or municipal.  We cannot

21         set a short date for industry and boaters

22         and then say to a sanitary district, "You

23         can keep on throwing partially treated or

24          raw sewage into Lake Michigan for another

25          four years . "

-------
   	1306
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN

 2                   &.  There can be no dumping of

 3         polluted dredgings at any time by anybody,

 4         Federal, State or private, into any of  our

 5         Great Lakes.  We must stop issuance of  all

 g         State permits for this purpose, and our

 7         Congressmen, Senators and Federal Government

 8         must vote sufficient funds to the Corps of

 9         Engineers to have complete "dry dumping"

10         without any pollution after effects.

H                   5.  My other recommendations  are set

12         forth in the report of the Commission.

13                   And if you say to me these are  too

14         tough, you are unrealistic, I say to you,

15         "You are not doing long range planning  of

16         water resources management."

17                   "You have not taken into account the

18         future inevitable, fantastic growths of popu-

19         lation and industries on this marvelous supply

20         of life-giving water."

21                   And, "You are being selfish and you

22         are being untrue to your posterity, who need

23         your protection."

24                   And the above solutions are being

25         already recognized as being necessary.

-------
   	1307
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN
 2                   Industry has already seen the hand-
 3         writing on the wall and is now proceeding to
 4         complete recirculation in their plants, such
 5         as Arnold Engineering in Morengo and Wisconsin
 6         Steel on the Calumet River.
 7                   Our own Metropolitan Sanitary District
 g         of Chicago is installing tertiary treatment by
 9         filtration at Hanover.
10                   The City of Chicago is requiring
11         recirculation on pleasure boats.
12                   The Corps of Engineers is bending
18         every effort in the Chicagoland area to prevent
14         further dumping of dredgings into Lake Michigan.
15                   And why are these tough remedies
16         necessary?  We have had a succession of speakers
17         saying:  "The lake is sick, it is dying, it is
18         going the way of Lake Erie," but the things
19         they have not said plainly are:
20                   1.  Pollution is cancer of the water.
21         Like cancer, heroic remedies are needed to stop
22         it and to cure it.
23                   2.  The spread of pollution, and
24         especially algae pollution, is not ai*
25         arithmetical progression,  but more probably

-------
   	:	1308
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN
 2         a geometric progression.  Today it is spreading
 3         at a fantastic rate all over the lake.  Even
 4         the billions of gallons of pure water in the
 5         center of the lake have shown signs of pollution
 6         and need protection from this curse.
 7                   3«  Words are not sufficient; only
 g         positive, thorough and complete action will do
 9         the Job.  This is now a matter for the engineers
10         to plan, engineer and construct on the guide-
11         lines and deadlines set by the four States in
12         conjunction with the Federal Government.
13                   Gentlemen, let us leave off the
14         pronunciamentos and press releases.  They cure
15         nothing and only confound the issues.
16                   Let us have Federal leadership and
17         emergency appropriations for this emergency
18         on Lake Michigan to set an example to our
19         solution on water problems in other areas as
20         well of our States and of our United States.
21                   Let us bend our actions to four-
22         State cooperation of doings to complete the
23         legislation and the further appropriations
24         necessary to do the Job.
25                   These are the recommendations.  And

-------
   	.	.	1309,
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN

 2         now I will go off on another tracK.

 3                   It is obvious that one  • ->/  the prime

 4         requirements is uniform anti-pollution standards

 5         and laws and uniform water resources management

 6         laws in these four States to accomplish our

 7         goals:

 g                   To that end, being concerned on the

 9         future conservation of Lake Michigan3 legis-

10         lators from the four States of Illinois,

11         Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin have been in

12         contact with each other since the  early part

13         of 1967 with no fanfare, but with  honest

14         correspondence, conversations and  conferences,

15         with sometimes two, sometimes three and

16         sometimes all four of the legislators partici-

17         pating.

18                   We have recognized the problems,

19         we are  working on the solutions.  We expect

20         to present to the General Assemblies of the

21         four States in 19^9 a series of uniform bills

22         designed to meet the problems and  solve them

23         properly.

24                   This action on our part is in con-

25         formity with the thoughts, words and deeds

-------
             	1310
 1                          CARL L. KLEIN
 2          of this Pour State Conference.
 3                    May I Introduce the other three
 4          legislators who have been working with me
 5          on this project?
 5                    Senator William Christy of Hammond,
 7          Indiana, Chairman of the Conservation Committee.
 8          Senator Christy.
 9                    (Applause.)
10                    Representative James C. Devitt of
H          Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Member of the Committee
12          on Conservation.
13                    (Applause.)
14                    We have a fourth member who got
15          called to the phone Just at this time,
16          Representative Raymond L. Baker of Farmington,
17          Michigan, Chairman of the Joint Legislative
18          Committee on Water Resources Planning.
19                    (Applause.)
20                    Gentlemen, four-State cooperation is
21          a fact.  We have put it into being and we will
22          follow it through to the necessary ends.
23                    Thank you.
24                    (Applause.)
25                    MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Representative

-------
      	;	13H
 1                          CARL  L. KLEIN
 2         Klein.
 3                   Are there any comments  or  questions?
 4                   MR. HOLMER:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have
 5         a question, and  I hesitate   to  do this  with--
 6                   MR. STEIN:  No, you go  right  ahead.
 7                   MR. HOLMER:  —lunch  just  a short
 g         way off.
 9                   But I  find  accompanying your  remarks,
10         Representative Klein, is a  document  entitled
11         "Report on Lake  Michigan Pollution"  by  the
12         Water Pollution  and Water Resources  Commission
13         of Illinois of which  you are Chairman,  and
14         inside it makes  a swing around  the lake,  so
15         called, in which it makes some  remarks  about
16         the state of water pollution in Michigan  and
17         Wisconsin and Indiana as well as  a very
18         extensive treatment of the  Illinois  part  of
19         the lake.
20                   There  are several statements  made
21         in the paragraphs that relate to  Wisconsin
22         which lead to what would seem to  me  to  be
23         a rather unfortunate impression.  One,  for
24          example, at the end of the  first  paragraph
25  I        is that the picture of Green Bay  is gloomier

-------
   	1312
 1                         CARL L. KLEIN
 2         every day.  I would certainly not want to
 3         pretend that the picture of Green Bay is
 4         not one that does not require our best and

 5         most vigorous efforts, but these efforts are
 6         in process.  We have Just completed within
 7         the last two weeks a major hearing on the
 g         results of our pollutional investigation
 9         of the lower Pox River that empties into
10         Green Bay and are in the process of developing
11         necessary orders to achieve further cleanup.
12                   But we do not in Wisconsin view
13         our picture as gloomier every day.  Rather
14         we take some pride in the fact that we have
15         a strong and vigorous law and one that looks
16         to the improvement of Fox and of Green Bay.
17         And so we would not certainly want that
18         statement to pass unchallenged.
19                   I could say more about the other
20         paragraphs in the report, but I think that
21         is perhaps enough at this time.
22                   MR. KLEIN:  If I may, I would say
23         to you that so far as I am concerned the
24         picture gets gloomier every day on all four
25         States as far as Lake Michigan is concerned.

-------
   	1313
 I                          CARL  L. KLEIN
 2         I cannot  see but where  the  lake  will  be  worse
 3         this year than  it was last  year  and where  it
 4         will be worse the year  after that, but I
 5         hope that by the end  of 1970 we  will  halt
 6         the trend and start the other way.  I Just
 7         don'b think we have the  tools that are able
 g         to stop it immediately, and, therefore,  I
 9         do think  it is  gloomier and it is not Just
10         that one  portion thereof.
ll                    I think you will  find  that  I have
12         carried that all the way through there.  I
13         Just think we all got started too late because
14         we Just didn't  know the problem  was there  until
15         recently.  We are all getting started and  I
16         don't see  how we can stop this trend  this
17         year or next year.  Maybe by the end  of  1970
18         we will have stopped the trend and be able
19         to reverse it.
20                    MR. STEIN;  Do we have any  further
21         comments  or questions?
22 |                   If not, we will stand  recessed for
23 I        lunch and reconvene at 2 o'clock.

24                    (Whereupon,  at 12:30 p.m.,  a recess
25         was taken until 2:00 p.m.,  of the same day.)

-------
 1
                         AFTERNOON SESSION
 2                                       (2:00 p.m.)
 3                   MR.  STEIN:   The conference will
 4         reconvene.
 5                   Mr.  Klassen.
 6
 7              ILLINOIS  PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 8
 9                   MR.  KLASSEN:   Mr.  Chairman, Just a
10         quick rundown  on what Illinois plans are for
11         this  afternoon.
12                   Again  because the  technical presen-
13         tations of the Chicago Water Department will
14         take  about 45  minutes,  we are deferring this
15         until the first  thing Monday morning.
16                   Also President John Egan of the
17         Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago is
18         in the hospital, expected to be released this
19         morning in time  to make a presentation.  His
20         doctors advised  him not to.   Their presentation
21         will  also be made by President Egan on Monday.
22                   The  time alloted,  I understand, about
23         an hour plus or  minus,  for Illinois this after-
24         noon  will be taken up with a number of short
25         presentations  that had been originally scheduled

-------
   	1315
 1              ILLINOIS PRESENTATION  (CONTINUED)
 2         nearer the end of Illinois   time.   But  in
 3         adjusting the time schedule  to  this afternoon
 4         and some of the other presentations that I
 5         understand the Federal agencies want  to make,
 6         the Illinois time will be taken up  with a
 7         number of short statements by interested
 8         people, organizations, and political  entities
 9         like the North Shore Sanitary District, for
10         example.
H                   We have made some  commitments here.
12         The first person I want to call on  this after-
13         noon is Representative Harold Katz, who will
14         make a statement, I believe, on his own
15         behalf and then merely read  into the  record a
16         statement from another organization.
17                   Representative Katz.

18
19
20                 ILLINOIS STATE REPRESENTATIVE
21                       GLENCOE, ILLINOIS
22

23                   MR. KATZ:  Mr. Chairman and ladies
24         and gentlemen, since I have  a prepared  statement,
25         I will not take the time of  everyone here to

-------
   	1316

 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ

 2          read that statement. I will simply put it in

 3          the record.

 4                    MR. STETN:  Without objection, the

 5          statement will appear in the record as if read.

 6                    (Which said statement is as follows:)

 7               STATEMENT OF ILLINOIS STATE REPRESENTATIVE

 8               HAROLD A. KATZ (D. Glencoe) AT FEDERAL

 9               POLLUTION HEARING, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

10
                       (SUMMARY OF REMARKS)
11

12                    State responsibilities must go along

13          hand-ln-hand with "state's rights."  Federal

14          Government has wisely entered field since States

15          have been derelict in meeting their responsi-

16          bilities in the water pollution field.  In

17          addition, nature of the problem requires a

18          paramount authority that only Federal Govern-

19          ment can exercise.

20                    Lake Michigan States discharge daily

21          into the lake the pollution equivalent of the

22          raw sewage from a population of almost ten

23          million citizens, as follows:

24

25

-------
1317
1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25



State

Indiana

Wisconsin

Michigan

Illinois

TOTAL

(See



HAROLD A. KATZ
Population Equivalent
Percentage Discharge to Lake

55.5% 5,370,000

38. 2# 3,709,^00

6.0# 599,500

0.3$ 27,000

100.0$ 9,705,900

Table at end for fuller breakdown)

Industrial polluters that discharge

substances that settle in streams and require


dredging to keep the streams navigable should


be forced to bear the cost of such work, Just


as citizen who damages public property (such as

police

cost of


car or fire plug) is made to pay for the

restoring the object to its original

condition.


rising
fore so
* * *
The problem of our time is that our
social consciousness has brought to the
many genuinely substantial problems
affecting human well-being that we are in danger
of not
genuine
portion
patient

being able to respond adequately when a
crisis of monumental and historic pro-
is presented. As we procrastinate, the
is being killed by the toxic materials
	 1

-------
   	1318
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ
 2          that daily are Introduced Into the circulatory
 3          system.  The Calumet River and Burns Ditch pour
 4          cancerous cells into the Midwest's vital artery;
 5          the once lovely Fox River has become the aquatic
 6          equivalent of Typhoid Mary.  We are well along
 7          the way toward destruction of our most precious
 g          natural resource, and I would like to suggest
 9          briefly here what seems to me to be the major
10          things which we shall have to do to prevent such
H          a result.
12                    !•  Waste disposal system;  We shall
13          have to decide whether we will any longer toler-
14          ate the use of Lake Michigan and other tributary
15          streams as a repository for human and industrial
16          wastes.  It is an extraordinary thing that men
17          who would never countenance the dumping of
18          garbage and industrial wastes in the streets
10          would both permit, and indeed participate in the
20          dumping of such material into our waterways and
21          into the lake.  We shall have to firmly resolve
22          that this waterway system will not be permitted
23          to be used any further for the purpose of waste
24          disposal, and this shall have to be made the very
25          top priority so that no exceptions will be

-------
   	1319
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ
 2          permitted.
 3                    I have been hearing a great deal
 4          recently about "state's rights," with hostility
 5          expressed by some State water officials toward
 6          the Federal Government for having "moved in."
 7          Well, let us have an equivalent attention to
 g          the question of State responsibilities.  The
 9          story is told of the man laboring in the hot
10          sun one summer day in his beautiful garden.
11          A congenial minister happened to be strolling
12          down the street.  Impressed by the beauty of
13          the flowers and the grass, the pastor remarked
14          to the man, "You and the Lord have done a mag-
15          nificent Job working this lawn together."  To
16          which the man responded:  "You should have seen
17          it when the Lord took care of it alone."  What,
18          Mr. Secretary, did the Lake Michigan States do
19          when each was taking care of its part of the
20          lake alone?
21                    The Lake Micuxgan States discharge
22          daily into the lake the pollution equivalent of
23          the raw sewage discharge from a population of
24          almost ten million citizens.  Any wonder that
25          Lake Michigan is staggering under the Impact of

-------
   	1320
 I                        HAROLD A. KATZ

 2         that load?  Here In a nutshell is where the pol-

 3         lutants that peril the lake originate:
 4                                    Population Equivalent
      State         Percentage        Discharge to Lake	
 5
      Indiana          55.5$             5,370,000

      Wisconsin        38.2$             3,709,^00
 7                      ,-  _,
      Michigan          6.0$               599,500
 g
      Illinois          0.3#                27,000
      TOTAL           100.0$             9,705,900
10
               (See Table at end for fuller breakdown)
11
12                   Now, Mr. Secretary, I want to make

13         perfectly clear that while I am pleased that my

14         own State, Illinois, ranks so low in this Table,

15         I do not Justify even the three-tenths of one

16         percent that we contribute toward this problem.
11         The day has now passed when any further pollution
!g         of Lake Michigan can be tolerated, or where re-
19         crimination is an acceptable substitute in the

20         solution of the problem of contamination.  On

21         the other hand, I do not accept the notion that

22         State boundaries insulate responsible officials

23         of one State from accountability to citizens  of

24         another lake State, any more than to their own.

25         It is our lake they are polluting, as well as

-------
                                                         1321
                          HAROLD A. KATZ

 «          their own.  That is why it was inevitable that

 3          the Federal Government act, and Governor Kerner

 4          is to be commended for having made the request

 5          that initiated this conference.

 „                    2.  Enforcement;  A successful enforce-
 O
 _          ment program must do two things:  first, it must

 8          lodge authority in a responsible and accountable

           source; and second, that source must promulgate

           not pious pronouncements but a specific series of

           dates by which in a relatively short period of

12          time, step by step, the lake will have been pro-

13          tected from all sources of pollution.

14                    The source of responsibility must

15          clearly be the Federal Government.  So long as

           responsibility can be shifted, buck-passing

           will continue to be the order of the day.  If

lg          the public and the press know wherein the

19          responsibility is vested, woe unto the public

20          official who fails to discharge this mandate.

21                    All of us who are State officials are,

22          I am sure, most zealous in our desire to see that

23          the power of the States be maintained.  This

24          problem, however, is one that inherently re-

25          quires some top authority.  Through our

-------
   	1322
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ
 2          Constitution, this must necessarily be the
 3          Federal Government.  Lodging the authority in
 4          the Federal Government, as Congress has done,
 5          will in fact make it possible for each State
 6          better to discharge its own responsibilities
 7          in this regard.
 8                    Cleaning up pollution is obviously
 9          not only a difficult, but expensive, endeavor.
10          Yet the nature of the problem is such that the
11          expenditure in a particular State will be in
12          vain if one of the other States fails to dis-
13          charge its responsibilities.  All of us will
14          be able to exact the greatest effort and contri-
15          bution from the citizens in our own State if we
16          are assured and they are assured that the ex-
17          penditure will not be a needless and useless
18          expenditure, which would be the case if another
19          State were permitted to drag its feet while the
20          inexorable pollution process continues.
21                    Finally, the polluters themselves have
22          made it essential that the Federal Government
23          act vigorously.  In recent litigation undertaken
24          by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
25          Chicago against certain pffending firms, some

-------
   	1323
 1                        HAROLD A. KATZ
 2         of the defendants argued that  the enactment of
 3         the Federal Water Pollution Act had preempted
 4         the State from any authority to act in this
 5         field.  Having undertaken to act, the Federal
 5         Government must act decisively.  Otherwise, it
 7         may have created a no-man's land in which its
 g         activities would insulate harmful activities
 9         from public control.  In fairness also to those
10         who must now take corrective action, it is vital
11         that there be uniform standards.  Otherwise,
U         action taken at the behest of  one State may be
13         held to be insufficient by another.  Only the
14         Federal Government can prevent such a result.
15                   3«  Dilution:  It would be a healthy
16         thing for the lake if substantial dilution water
17         could be obtained from Canada.  Immediate steps
18         should be undertaken by the Federal Government,
19         acting in concert with Lake Michigan States,  to
20         work out an agreement with Canada to bring about
21         this result.  But the urgency of the crisis de-
22         mands an urgent response.

23                   ^»  Sewer separation;  With full knowl-
24         edge of the immensity of the task,  it is still a
25         fact that sewer separation is essential for the

-------
   	1324
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ
 2          protection of the lake.  Standards shall have to
 3          be imposed which must be complied with as a con-
 4          dition of continued use of the lake and of the
 5          tributaries for sanitation purposes.  Fortunately
 6          our basic knowledge and technology have expanded
 7          to the point where we can now continue to make
 8          use of the lake for human and industrial purposes
 9          without adversely affecting the quality of the
10          water.  The processes are there for us to use,
11          but compulsion shall have to be applied to see
12          that they are utilized.
13                    5»  Cost of pollution;  ¥e hear a lot
14          about the cost industry will incur if it has to
15          purchase the equipment necessary to purify its
16          waters, but not enough about the cost that is
17          necessitated by its not doing so.  A general
18          example is the increasing cost of municipal
19          purification of marginal water.  A specific
20          example is in the field of dredging.  Industry
21          discharges substances that collect on the bottom
22          of the tributaries of the lake.  It then becomes
23          necessary for the stream to be dredged to enable
24          it to be used for navigational purposes.  As it
25          has operated, the public has had to bear the cost

-------
 1                        HAROLD A. KATZ




 2         of this dredging work.  But why  should not  an




 3         industry that is polluting the stream be  required



 4         to bear the full cost of its deleterious  activi-




 5         ties?  If I get in an automobile accident and




 6         damage public property, the cost for correcting




 7         the damage is placed upon me.  Why  should a com-




 8         pany be treated any differently?  With lake




 9         dumping no longer tolerable, the cost of  dredging




           will substantially increase.  Why should  not the




           cost be imposed on the responsible  party?




12                   There has been talk recently of




13         "creative federalism" in which the  Federal




14         Government and the States work together within




15         the Constitutional framework to  advance mutual




16         vital objectives.  I would suggest  that no  field




17         exists in which the partnership  can be more



18         productive and useful, and the results more



19         meaningful, than in the preservation of the




20         Nation's natural resources.



21



22



23




24




25

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-------
                  	1327
 I                        HABOLD A. KATZ
 2                   MR, KATZt  How, I would like, however,
 3         to make a few very brief remarks that are
 4         touched on and it will take no more than a
 5         very few moments.
 6                   I believe that in our present
 7         situation we have ^sen prone to talk a good
 8         deal about State's rights, and I would like to
 9         urge that we direct attention to another facet
10         of that problem, which is State responsibilities.
11         And I suggest that we take a look at where the
12         pollution is coming from and that there is a
13         responsibility incumbent upon those States to
14         do something about it,
is                   And I have suggested in a table here,
16         which is  being put into the record,  that the
17         study of  the principal BOD discharges to Lake
18         Michigan  and tributaries would indicate that
19         there is  being discharged into Lake  Michigan
20         at the present time the equivalent in terms of
21         its BOD pounds per day discharge of  what would
22         be discharged from a population of 9,705,900,
23         raw sewage in that amount,  the equivalent of
24         that is being discharged into our lake;   that
25         of this more than  the  equivalent of  5,000,000

-------
                	1328
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ
 2          people comes from the State of Indiana, 55.5
 3          percent of the total BOD pollution comes from
 4          Indiana, 38-2 percent from Wisconsin, 6 percent,
 5          or perhaps greater, because the data is somewhat
 6          lacking, comes from Michigan, and from Illinois
 7          3/10 of 1 percent.
 g                    Now, I don't want to be up here to
 9          express any sense that Illinois is perfect.  I
10          think that we should try to get rid of that
11          three-tenths of one percent that we do have.
12                    But I do not either accept the notion
13          that State boundaries insulate responsible
14          officials of one State from accountability
15          to citizens of another lake State any more than
16          an official of Indiana is responsible,  for
17          example, to the people in Indiana, because It
18          is our lake they are polluting as well as their
19          own lake, and that is the reason why the Federal
20          Government, in my opinion, had to come in and
21          had to act in this situation.
22                    I do believe that enforcement,
23          immediate enforcement, and very active steps
24          by the Federal Government is quite essential,
25          it was impossible ever early to believe that

-------
   	1329,
 1                       HAROLD A. KATZ
 2        the four States in concert could solve the
 3        problem alone.  Very practically, I, as a
 4        legislator in Illinois who is going to have
 5        to vote on some very large amounts of money
 6        that is going to be required, will be assisted
 7        in my task if I Know that the other States are
 8        going to have to be doing the same thing;
 9        because it would be totally or almost a
10        totally useless expenditure for one State to
11        make if, in fact, the other States did not
12        live up to their obligation, because, of course,
13        any one of the States can succeed in polluting
14        the entire lake.
15                  For that reason, it seems to me that
16        the entrance of the Federal Government in the
17        field really makes the States much better able
I8        to discharge the responsibility that each State
19        has.
20                  I do think that more could be done
21        and must be done by way of dilution water
22        from Canada.  I think there are real reasons
23        why it could be beneficial, to Canada and
24        certainly to us.  I think sewer separation is
25        going to have to come,  even though it is a

-------
   	s	1330
 1                         HAROLD A. KATZ

 2          costly process, but it is absolutely essential.

 3                    Now, we hear a lot about the cost

 4          industry will incur if it has to purchase the

 5          equipment necessary to purify its waters, but

 6          not enough about the cost that is necessitated

 7          by its not doing so.  A general example is the

 g          increasing cost of municipal purification of

 9          marginal water.  A more specific example is

10          in the field of dredging.  Industry discharges

ll          substances that collect on the bottom of the

12          tributaries of the lake.  It then becomes

13          necessary for the stream to be dredged to

14          enable it to be used for navigational purposes.

15          As it has operated in the past, the public has

16          had to bear the cost of this dredging worK,
17          but should not an industry that is polluting

18          the stream be required to bear the full cost

19          of its deleterious activities?  If I get in an

20          automobile accident and damage public property,

21          for example if I damage a police car in an

22          accident or I damage a fire plug, the cost for

23          correcting the damage is placed upon me, I must

24          pay for it.  Why should not the cost of cleaning

25          up and dredging streams, if the condition

-------
                       	1331
 1                        HAROLD A. KATZ
 2         resulted from the discharges of an industry
 3         into that stream, be assessed upon that company?
 4         There is no reason why that should be a public
 5         cost, as it now is.
 6                   And I indicate here that with lake
 7         dumping no longer tolerable the cost of dredging
 8         will substantially increase.  I gathered this
 9         morning that the Army Corps of Engineers may
10         still entertain some doubts about this question
11         of lake dumping, and that seems to me an extra-
12         ordinary situation, that with the patient in its
13         throes and with the possibility of death facing
14         the lake that the Army Corps of Engineers would
15         be still sitting and debating about dumping into
16         the lake.  It seems to me that we have passed the
17         point where we can put anything into the lake
18         which poses any problems.  And I would suggest
           that the Federal Government through its arms,
20         namely the Army Corps of Engineers, should get
21         in step with what seems to me the essential
22         movement of the people of this area, their
23         representatives,  and I believe the general eon-
24         sensus, and that is that dumping into Lake
           Michigan in any form is no longer tolerable

-------
   	1332
 1                        HAROLD A. KATZ

 2         and that we must do something about this problem

 3         immediately.

 4                   Now, Mr. Chairman, there was another

 5         statement that was to be presented this morning

 6         by Mr. Robert Johnston, the Regional Director of

 7         the United Auto Workers.  Mr. Johnston did  re-

 8         main around all morning, but he had to go to

 9         negotiations involving International Harvester

10         Company, since there may be a strike there, and

11         I have his statement and ask that it be in-

12         corporated in the record as if he had presented

13         it this morning.

14                   MR. STEIN:  Yes,  that statement will

15         be presented as if read, without objection.

15                   Do you have copies of that statement?

17                   MR. KATZ:  Yes.   I don't have enough

18         to go around.  I have one for your reporter and

19         it can be in the record.

20                    MR. STEIN:  All right.

21                    Mr. Cook,do you want to see if you  can

22          get that reproduced?

23                    MR. COOK:  Yes, I will.

24  t                  (Which said statement is as follows:)

25

-------
   	1333
 1                        ROBERT JOHNSTON
 2
 3              STATEMENT BY ROBERT JOHNSTON, DIRECTOR,
 4              UAW., REGION 4,  (Chicago, Illinois)  ON
 5              BEHALF OF THE UNITED AUTO, AEROSPACE,
 6              AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS UNION,
 7              TO THE FOUR STATE CONFERENCE ON LAKE
 g              MICHIGAN, SHERMAN HOTEL, FEBRUARY  1, 1968.
 9
10                   The UAW wishes to associate itself
11         at this conference with those who believe that
12         we are in danger of  being too late with  too
13         little if we are to  save Lake Michigan.  Fifty
14         years of indifference and inaction about Lake
15         Michigan and the Great Lakes has created a prob-
16         lem that can't be solved by old techniques that
17         are comparable to trying to bail out pollution
18         with a bucket.  Reliance on such techniques will
19         only result in creating another Dead Sea along
20         the industrial and urban waterfronts of Lake
21         Michigan.
22                   The formula for saving Lake Michigan
23         and the Great Lakes  is simple enough.  All that
24         is needed is higher  anti-pollution standards and
25         the realization of these standards by faster

-------
   	.	133*1
 !                        ROBERT JOHNSTON

 2         action and rigid enforcement.  We believe that

 3         the present Federal and State laws are inadequate

 4         to secure the enforcement of the anti-pollution

 6         measures that are needed.  We believe that the

 g         present Federal funds, reduced in the proposed

 7         new budget, are inadequate to assist cities and

 g         States in pure water projects.  We also believe,

 g         despite the good intentions of President Lyndon

10         Johnson and Secretary Udall, that there are too

11         many members of this Congress who aren't any

12         more interested in saving lakes than they are

13         cities.

14                   If these are the current political

15         facts of life, then one of the most important

16         things that can be done immediately is to arouse

17         public opinion to demand that those most respon-

18         sible for polluting Lake Michigan, the corpora-

19         tions and the shipping companies, move immediately

20         to stop polluting the lake.

21                   The corporations responsible for turn-

22         ing the lakefront into an industrial cesspool

23         reads like a Blue Book of big profit companies

24         in America.  United States Steel, Ford Motor

25         Company, Standard Oil, International Harvester,

-------
   	1335
 1                        ROBERT JOHNSTON
 2         Inland Steel, Republic Steel, Sinclair Refining
 3         Company.  The Who's Who of Big Business have
 4         helped themselves to billions in profits by
 6         using the lake water and dumping back pollutants,
 6         These same corporations are protesting adequate
 7         anti-pollution standards, and dragging their
 g         feet under the inadequate enforcement provisions.
 9         An excellent example of this public-be-damned
10         attitude is the refusal of steel companies to
11         permit Indiana Harbor muck to be dumped on their
12         land, and the high price being asked by Standard
13         Oil to permit dumping on its undeveloped property
14         near Wolf Lake.
15                   The labor movement deserves to be
16         criticized for leaving the corporation polluters
17         alone too long.  It isn't enough for a union to
18         get sufficient drinking fountains and hot show-
19         ers in an auto plant or a steel mill and ignore
20         the fact that the companies are helping kill a
21         great natural resource like Lake Michigan.  The
22 *         lake belongs to union dues payers and the rest
23         of the public, and not to corporations.  The
24 '         labor movement therefore has an obligation to
25         also fight to save the lake.

-------
   	1336
 1                        ROBERT JOHNSTON
 2                   The UAW Is proud of the fact that it is
 3         the only union that has held a national conferenc^
 4         to arouse our membership to the necessity to
 5         participate in all City, State and Federal
 6         activities on water and air pollution.  We urge
 7         the rest of the labor movement to take similar
 g         action.  The results of this four-State confer-
 9         ence will be discussed at the UAW's regional
10         council next month in Chicago, and our local
11         union leaders will be asked to help implement
12         its result.  We have assigned International
13         Representatives to work specifically on the
14         problem of Lake Michigan because we consider
15         it to be one of the biggest grievances we have
16         against the corporations. And we intend to win
17         it.
18                   The corporations certainly can plead
19         poverty about our grievance over Lake Michigan.
20         Corporations in the industrial complex along
21         the lake make several billion in profits an-
22         nually.  They have invested hundreds of millions
23         in the most modern automated equipment and new
24         plants while delaying the installation of
25         effective anti-pollutant systems.

-------
   	1337
 !                        ROBERT JOHNSTON

 2                   The UAW has welcomed recently  the

 3         signs of an awakening social conscience  on

 4         the part of some corporations on  such national

 -         problems as hard-core unemployment, open

 .         housing, and low-cost housing developments.

           The corporations should also expand their

 g         moral obligation to cleaning up Lake Michigan.

 g         All these problems have a relationship.  Behind

10         the big profit plants on the polluted lake

n         are the poor neighborhoods and the slums

12         enveloped in polluted air and all the Increasing

13         social problems of the urban centers.  We are

14         either going to clean up Lake Michigan and the

15         slums behind them or the Indifference of corpor-

16         ate neglect and public apathy will fan some

17         social firestorms that all the polluted  water

lg         in the Great Lakes canft put out.

19                   The final solution to pure water, the

20         new sewerage and sanitation systems needed by

21         the cities and the cleaning up of the rivers

22         that dump into Lake Michigan and the Great Lakes,

23         depends upon putting a proper high national  and

24         State priority on this crucial problem and al-

25         locating adequate funds to solve the problem.

-------
   	1138
 1                         ROBERT JOHNSTOM
 2                    We  in the UAW believe that our Nation
 3          must  remain strong, not only in military hard-
 4          ware,  but in  social progress.   As  President
 5          Walter Reuther pointed out at our  National
 6          Pure  Water Conference, "We must find a way to
 7          spend as  much on such basic necessities of
 g          life  as water and fresh air and social welfare
 9          as  we do  on defense and armaments."
10                    The saving of Lake Michigan could be
11          greatly aided immediately by the practical step
12          of  Congressional or Executive action to require
13          corporations  who are profiting  from  Government
14          orders to take effective action to stop polluting
15          any national  lake or waterway.   There isn't any
16          good  reason why corporations should  be paid tax-
17          payers money for Government work  if they continue
18          to  pollute Lake Michigan or any other waterway.
19                    The UAW also believes that all candi-
20          dates  for City,  State and Federal  office should
21          have  their position on corrective  water and air
22          pollution actions taken into account before they
23          receive any endorsement by labor unions in forth-
24          coming elections.  In Illinois  this  evaluation
25          must  include  a candidate's position  on the

-------
   	1339
 1                        ROBERT JOHNSTON
 2         proposed one billion dollar bond  issue  for  pure
 3         water that will be submitted  to the voters  in
 4         the November election.  The passage of  this  tnond
 5         issue is a necessary first step at the  State
 g         level because of the long years of unrestricted
 7         pollution of Illinois waterways.
 g                   MR. STEIN:  Mr. Klassen.
 9                   MR. KLASSEN:  Next  is Mr. Abner
10         Mikva, a citizen on the lake.
11
12                   STATEMENT BY ABNER  J. MIKVA
13                     CITIZEN, CITY OP  CHICAGO

14
15                   MR, MIKVA:  Mr. Chairman, members.
16                   I appreciate the opportunity  to
17         appear here as a private citizen  who sees and
18         uses both sides of the lake.  And as a  former
19         State Representative^I have had to wrestle with
20         some of the budgetary problems that Representa-
21         tive Katz referred to.
22                   I live on Chicago's South Side,
23         approximately one-half mile from  the lake.   I
24         own a house in the Michigan Dunes in an un-
25         incorporated area Just outside of New Buffalo,

-------
   	1340
 1                        ABNER J. MIKVA
 2         Michigan.   As  a consistent user of both sides
 3         of  the  lake,  I can tell you that in addition
 4         to  the  dire predictions that you have been
 5         hearing for the last couple of days about the
 6         things  that are going to happen to the lake,
 7         I want  to  tell you that as of last summer Lake
 g         Michigan was  and continues to be a disaster
 9         area.   The changes that have occurred in the
10         last ten years have incredibly diminished--
11         incredibly diminished—both its usability for
12         recreational purposes and its esthetic values.
13                   I am aware that you have heard}and
14         will continue to hear,many days of expert testi-
15         mony about the causes of lake pollution and
16         their cures.  I don't pretend to be an expert,
17         but I am dismayed when I hear the solutions being
18         talked about in 1970 and 1971 and 1972, because
19         I say that unless some of these esthetic and
20         recreational values of the lake are preserved,
21         you will lose the much needed support of the
22         public for the kind of expenditures that you
23         are talking about to solve the  long-range
24         problems of lake pollution.
25                   tfor example, I was very dismayed  to

-------
                         	1341
                          ABNER J. MIKVA
 2         find the Department of Interior   report, a
 3         very commendable job technically, which was
 4         presented to this conference, devoted the
 5         total of one-half page--one-half page — to
 6         the alewife problem, and not a single word
 7         in there recommends about what to do about it.
 8         Gentlemen, last year, for over half of the
 9         summer recreational season Lake Michigan was
           virtually unusable--unusable--because of the
11         alewives.  It was not only sickening to the
           smell and touch, it brought on practical
           health problems as well.  For example, kids
14         could not use the beach because their feet
15         would end up a bloody mess from the Jagged
           edges of dried alewives.  The maggots and
17         flies that followed the alewife inundation
lg         made it impossible to use the beach for weeks
           after the alewives finally stopped coming
20         in.  I don't know how much it cost the cities
21         and villages along the lake to clear the ale-
22         wives on almost a daily basis; I do know that
23         in many unincorporated areas such as mine it
24         meant constant raking and digging, to absolutely
25         no avail.  For the entire months of June and

-------
   	13M
 I                        AB3SER J. MIKVA

 2         July, gentlemen, the lake was unusable for

 3         swimming purposes, for walking purposes, or

 4         for being anywhere within a couple of blocks

 5         of it if you had a nose on your face.

 g                   I am aware that there is some hopeful

 7         long-range plan for restoring the fish life

 8         balance of Lake Michigan, and they are great

 9         plans.  I hope they are pursued.  But you know

10         and I know that restocking the lake with salmon

U         isn't going to do one thing about the alewife

12         problem next year.  The question I think that

13         citizens have the right to ask you now is what

14         will you do for next summer and the summer after.

15         There must be, and, gentlemen, you know there

lg         are, some short-range steps, not cures, but

17         short-range steps that can be taken to alleviate

18         the alewife problem.  The bands of alewlves,

19         for example, stretch for miles out in the lake

20         before they hit the shore.  Is it too much to

21         ask the Federal and/or State Governments to co-

22         operate in cutting off the dead alewife supply

23         before they hit the beach?  Surely there is a

24         way of seining them out.  It has been done

25         elsewhere.  I am aware there is some money

-------
   	,	13113,
 1                        ABNER J. MIKVA

 2         involved, but In comparison with the millions

 3         we are talking about about the long-range

 4         solution, isn't it worth a few hundred thousand

 5         dollars to seine the lake of these alewives,

 6         at least along the recreational portions that

 7         are being used?

 g                   I realize that the causes of algae

 9         are complex.  The growth of it on the eastern

10         shore,  for example, in the last eight years

11         has been incredible.  When I first started

12         going up to Michigan that lake water was

13         absolutely pure and pristine, at least to the

14         eye, and now you can't tell it from the very

15         southern tip of the lake.  But I think that in

16         terms of short-run effects, it is unreasonable

17         to ask our governments, Federal and State, to

18         do something about cleaning and protecting the

19         beaches and other recreational areas from some

20         of the algae until the long-run solutions are

21         achieved.  Would it not be a worthwhile project

22         for Federal and State conservation crews to

23         net some of the beaches to at least hold out

24         some of the algae?

25                   Gentlemen, there are approximately 80

-------
   	1344
 1                        ABNER J. MIKVA
 2         miles of beaches on Lake Michigan, a shoreline
 3         consisting of thousands of miles.  Surely it
 4         is worth that to keep the public on our side
 5         in using the lake.
 6                   In the same vein, I again think some-
 7         thing can be done now about what is a compara-
 g         tlvely small problem.  I refer to the outboard
 9         motor boats.  I should hasten to add that I own
10         one and certainly am not hostile to boats joer
11         ae. My objection goes to their litter.  I have
12         seen Coast Guard cutters and sheriffs' patrol
13         boats blithely pass some of the outboard motors,
14         wave to them while  the outboard motors are
15         dumping their beer  cans and wastes right into
16         the lake, without any action being taken whatso-
17         ever.  I think the  rules against littering the
18         lake ought to be strict and they ought to be
19         strictly enforced and, indeed,in this instance
20         I  think they ought  to be Federal rules.  I do
21         not think it would  be unreasonable to take away
22         a  boat owner's privilege to use a lake if he
23         insists on fouling  it while he is using it.
24         I  think that the ordinance Chicago passed re-
25         quiring boats to have suitable waste facilities

-------
 !                        ABNER J. MIKVA



 2         should be emulated as a matter of Federal rule.



 3                   While I am on the matter of boats,



 4         I think it is not too soon to start doing



 5         something about the oil spewing problems of



 6         outboard motors.  I understand there are new



 7         engines on the market which do not use the oil



 g         and gas mixture common to present boat motors.



 9         Again, I do not know how serious a pollution



10         problem this causes.  I do know what an un-



H         sightly mess follows in the wake of any motor



H         boat with the standard type motor.  It seems



13         to me it would not be too soon for the Federal



14         and/or State governments to insist that all



15         boat motors manufactured in the future should



16         be of a design which would cut down the amount



17         of oil and gas spilling into the lake that goes



18         out in the present use of outboard motors.



19                   Gentlemen, I hope these deliberations



20         will save our lake for the future generations.



21         However, I earnestly believe that unless some



22         immediate steps and visible steps are taken



23         that the public can see and feel and smell,



24         Just as they can see and feel and smell the



25         alewives and the algae, unless they are taken

-------
   	134$
 1                       ABNER J. MIKVA
 2        for this summer, I think that the people will
 3        abandon the lake, and once they do that, the
 4        task of developing popular support for the
 5        long-run solutions, the task of developing
 6        popular support for million dollar bond issues,
 7        is going to be an almost impossible one.
 8                  Gentlemen, this is February and
 9        summer is Just around the corner.  As a citizen,
10        I think I speak for a lot of lake users who
11        ask, what are you going to do for us right
12        now?
13                  Thank you very much.
14                  (Applause.)
15                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Representative
16        Mikva.
17                  You know, the ways of any large organi-
18        zation such as the Federal bureaucracy are passing
19        strange.  Maybe the people who work close with it
20        have a little different view, and I can understand
21        the situation.
22                  The question of the Federal report
23        on  the alewives, if you read this report that
24        Was put in and read the small print, this- is a
25        report from the Federal Water Pollution Control

-------
   	1347
 I                        ABNER J. MIKVA
 2         Administration.  The alewife situation here
 3         was deliberately handled very lightly with
 4         a paragraph or two, as I understand it, to
 5         flag i-c because the Fish and Wildlife group
 5         made the extensive statement on the alewives,
 7         and to avoid duplication, the work was divided
 g         up in that way.
 9                   Of course the alewife problem is
10         a vital one, the question of what to do about
11         alewives in the short run, if anything.
12         We can propose a program. It is certainly
13         open for discussion by the conferees.  Several
14         of the other participants—Mr. Clevenger, for
15         example—have also spotlighted the problem of
16         dealing with the alewives next summer.
17                   Now, we have also had several re-
18         quests, and I understand in a big conference
19         like this  sometimes you can't tell the players
20         without a  scorecard.  People have asked for
21         a list of  the conferees and their titles.
22         Sometime this afternoon you can pick that up in
23         the back,  together with a fact sheet on the
24         conference,which may make this possibly more
25         meaningful if you are interested in that.

-------
 1                       ABNER  J.  MIKVA
 2                   I hope  we won't  let  the  accouterments
 3         or  indicia of  the vast bureaucracy we represent
 4         here  from  the  States, the  Federal  Government,
 5         and the  interstate agencies  get  in the way of
 6         the essential  problem that we  are  dealing with--
 7         Representative Mikva  outlined  that--to identify
 8         the sources and kinds of pollution in Lake
 9         Michigan and try  to devise methods of coping
10         with  them.
11                   Mr.  Klassen.
12                   MR.  KLASSSN:   Mr.  Chairman, privately
13         I have requested,  and I  again  want publicly to
1*         ask,  all of the participants to  please be as
15         brief as possible. Time is  extremely important.
16                   One  of  the  largest- users from a
17         recreational standpoint  on Lake  Michigan is
I8         the Chicago Park  District, which has  a real
19         interest in the recreational quality  of the
20         water.
21                   Mr.  John Trinka  is going to give
22         the Chicago Park  District  Presentation.
23
24
25

-------
 I                        JOHN M. TRINKA


 2

 3                  STATEMENT BY JOHN M. TRINKA

 4                  DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL SERVICES

 6                     CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT


 6

 7                   MR. TRINKA:  Mr. Chairman, conferees

 8         and ladies and gentlemen.

 9                   The Chicago Park District has about

10         22 miles of lakefront on Lake Michigan that

U         has served millions of persons annually with
                                            \
12         the recreational facilities we have in this

13         area.  We have 30 beaches, bathing beaches,

14         7 harbors, 7 launching ramps, many fishing

15         piers, and miles of sea wall that are made

15         into fishing areas.

17                   We have 2,400 boats assigned to

lg         moorings in our harbors.  These range from

19         20 feet to about 103 feet, and about 2,500 outboard

20         motor boats up to 20 feet use our launching

2i         ramps.  We moor  approximately 700 out-of-state

22         visiting boats.

23                   I would estimate that about 1,600

24         of these boats have one or more heads aboard.

25         Most of them flush raw sewage into the lake.

-------
   	 	1350

 1                        JOHN M. TRINKA


 2         The City of Chicago passed a recent ordinance


 3         that will prohibit this.  The Chicago Park


 4         District Commissioners are contemplating a


 5         similar ordinance.  Subsequent to this new


 6         boating law, we worked with our engineering


 7         section to come up with the best solution of


 g         pumping out retention tanks that are connected


 9         to toilets on boats.


10                   This spring plans are to have pumping


11         stations located in each of our seven harbors.


12         They will adequately service any boat that has"


13         a retention tank.  Toilets that dump raw sewage3


14         and do not conform with the new law must be


15         eliminated or sealed.


16                   Gentlemen, recently our lakefront


17         waters have deteriorated at a fast rate.  Just


18         a few years ago our waters were much clearer


19         and during the early spring harbor work., we


20 j        could see thousands of minnows, bait minnows,


21  j        f:sh swimming in our waters.  Last season,


22  !        I noticed the density of our water.  Sea scum,
   i

23          a seaman's term for algae, was attached to our


24  i        sea walls, made our launching ramps slippery


25          and the bottoms of the boats that were moored

-------
   	1351
 1                        JOHN M. TRINKA
 2         they  were thick with algae.  This caused  the
 3         boat yards quite a problem in cleaning  the boats
 4         for their winter lay-up.
 5                   This algae problem was much greater
 6         this year than it has been in prior years.
 7         Talking to some of the old-time fishermen
 g         along our lake, I was informed that last year
 9 !        was the poorest fishing that they ever  had.
10         In fact, they told me that not one herring
11         was caught in the past three years, and that
12         the smelt and perch runs are very small.
13                   My office as the Director of  Special
14         Services, signs permits for seining our harbors
15         for bait minnows,  but   there are no longer
16         any bait minnows in our harbors.  This  is be-
17         cause of pollution and alewives fish.
18                   The alewives fish have caused the
19         Chicago Park District a great problem,  particu-
20         larly last year which was at least fivefold
21         over any prior years.  Millions of them were
22         washed up onto our bathing beaches.  Our Land-
23         scape Division worked around the clock  hauling
24         hundreds of truckloads away, to be disposed of
25         in trying to  keep our beaches open.
                                                           	i

-------
   	1352
 1                        JOHN M. TRINKA

 2                   Strangely enough, I talked to our Mr.

 3         Baker, our Director who is here personally,and
 4         he said that they have taken over a million

 5         pounds of alewives off of our beaches.
 6                   Our harbors were filled with them.

 7         In fact, gentlemen, I left a photograph showing

 8         you a picture of our Belmont Harbor.  You can

 9         see the boat there practically swimming on

10         top of the fish.  Of course you can see a beer
11         can also, which is a very bad thing for some of

12         these boaters who are littering our harbors.
13                   Many people did not use our beaches

14         or our fishing areas or our harbors because

15         of the stench.
16                   Fortunately for us, these scavenger
17         fish leave our shores sometime in August and
18         they do not come back until the next spring.
19         Unfortunately, from there on out we do have

20         some smell because of these fish being buried

21         in the sand, which makes swimming putrid and
22         awful.  Of course I heard Mr. Mikva make the
23         statement here, and I absolutely was told

24         that a young girl was on a floating raft and

25         she made a scream and getting off they asked

-------
   	1353
 1                        JOHN M. TRINKA
 2         her what was wrong, and the raft was just
 3         loaded with maggots.  So this is what is
 4         happening with our algae, what our algae
 5         are causing to our recreational divisions.
 g                   We have another problem, gentlemen.
 7         The freighters, sea freighters, many of our
 g         yachters have complained to me that they
 9         have seen these freighters dump garbage and debris
10         overboard when they are several miles out.  Some
11         of this debris has floated into our harbors
12         and beaches.  Last year we had a tremendous
13         amount of bunker oil that caused our park
14         district a lot of trouble,  particularly our
15         beaches and our harbors.   I conferred with the
16         City Port Director.   Since then much of the
17         problem has been eliminated.   Some of our
18         pleasure boats are also violators  of the
19         litter law.  We constantly are on  the lookout
20         for them.   We want to eliminate this violation.
21                   These alewife fish  have  a good
22         nutrient value and should  not  be dismissed
23         as  a great pollutant.   I urge  this  committee
24 j        to  give this  alewives  problem  a hard look
25         and study  for some means to eliminate  this

-------
 1                         JOHN M.  TRINKA




 2          scavenger fish from our waters.  I know




 3          personally we  use  fertilizer that has fish




 4          element  in it, so  we do know there are




 5          nutrients in fish,  and  particularly the ale-




 6          wives.



 7                    On behalf of  the Chicago Park




 g          District, may  I thank this committee, the




 9          press  and other media and the various com-



10          mittees  for their  efforts in saving our




11          Lake Michigan  so that the future generations




12          can take advantage of our lakefront facilities



13          just as  millions of us  did annually.




14                    I thank  you.




15                    (Applause.)




16                    (The photograph of Belmont Harbor



17          referred to by Mr. Trinka follows:)




18



19



20



21



22



23




24




25

-------

-------
                      	133o
 I                        JOHN M. TRINKA

 2                   MR. STEIN:  Will you wait Just a

 3         moment?  I think we have a question.

 4                   MR. OEMING:  Mr. Trinka.

 5                   MR. TRINKA: Yes, sir.

 6                   MR. OEMING:  Will you clear up

 7         some little confusion in my mind?  Why is it

 8         necessary for the park commissioners to

 9         enact an ordinance on this matter of waste

           disposal from boats when the City of Chicago has

           one here?  Is there some question of Jurisdiction**

                     MR. TRINKA:  The Chicago Park

           District is a separate corporation from the

14         City of Chicago. We naturally can help enforce

15         the City ordinance, which we will do» But

           usually due to the fact that most of the

           lakefront is under the Jurisdiction of the

           Chicago Park District, we then deem it somewhat

           necessary  to have rules. Presently we do

20         have a rule, it is Rule 19, that states

21         regarding boats littering our waters are

22         no heads, toilets are^ to be used while they

23         are docked in our harbors. So, therefore,

24         this does not protect the City waters.  That

25         is Just while they are in our harbors.  We

-------
   	1357
 1                        JOHN  M.  TRINKA
 2         want to change that  over  where  it says
 3         no raw sewage that will be  dumped overboard
 4         into the Lake Michigan  waters in our  areas,
 6         the City areas.
 6                   MR. OEMING:   Do I understand,  Mr.
 7         Trlnka, then, that the  ordinance that has
 8         been adopted by  the  City  of Chicago does
 9         not apply to the waters that you have ;Juris-
10         diction over here?
11                   MR. TRINKA:   That is  quite  right
12         to a point, but  that is,  we are a separate
13         political subdivision and we will then do
14         everything possible  to  enforce  this in our
15         way.  Also, I believe,  our  commissioners
l«         will have an ordinance  of theirs.
17                   MR. STEIN:  What  waters do  these
18         apply to?
19                   MR. TRINKAs   What is  that?
20                   MR. STEIN:  What  waters  does the
21         City ordinance apply to?
22                   MR. TRINKA:   Well,  it  applies  to
23         the waters in the City  of Chicago.  There
24         is a technicality there that  I will have
25         to get to--

-------
   	1358
 1                         JOHN M. THINKA
 2                    MR. STEIN:  You have the map behind
 3          you.   Can you indicate the scope of the waters
 4          under your Jurisdiction and the City   Juris-
 5          diction?
 6                    MR. TRINKA:  There is a difference
 7          there because I do know, for instance, now,
 g          Meigs Field, which T understand some years
 9          ago that  they petitioned the Park District to
10          get permission to make up this Field, and
11          then the  park then turned this over to the
12          City of Chicago.  There is a technicality
13          there and possibly our Law Department could
14          Explain this better than I can, but that part
15          I do know, that there is a  separation in
16          corporations.
17                    MR. OEMING:  Mr. Trinka, the City
18          §f Chicago has a boundary line at the south
10          and at the north here, I suppose.  Now, does
20          your boundary of the Park District run con-
21          currently with the City of Chicago   boundary
22          lines?
23                    MR. TRINKA:  Yes, we do.  About
24          most of the lakefront is under the Park
25          District  jurisdiction.  We have our parks

-------
   	1359
 1                        JOHN M. TRINKA
 2         in along the lakefront, such as  Lincoln  Park,
 3         Grant Park, Jackson Park, and  they  do  run
 4         into the City of Chicago areas.   But these
 5         parks again, as I say, are under the juris-
 6         diction of our park commissioners.  These
 7         commissioners are appointed by law, the
 g         Mayor of the City of Chicago appoints  the
 9         park commissioners for certain terms,  I  believe
10         a term of five years each.
11                   MR. OEMING:  Well, I think I am
12         probably a little more confused  than I
13         was when I started to ask the  question.
14                   (Laughter.)
15                   I am trying to find  out here who
16         has Jurisdiction to regulate boat pollution
17         in the Chicago Park District.
18                   MR, TRINKA:  The Chicago  Park
19         District has .
20                   MR. OEMING:  Does the  regulation
21         that the City of Chicago has adopted apply
22         to the Park District?
23                   MR. TRINKA:  I believe  it would.
24 I                  MR. OEMINGi  I wouM  like to have
25         that answer.  As a conferee, I think that

-------
   	1360
 1                         JOHN M. TRINKA
 2          we need to know this.
 3                    MR. TRINKA:  Yes, I will get the
 4          answer for you after I talk to our Law Depart-
 5          ment, I will give you the answer on that.
 6                    MR. STEIN:  I would hope that  the
 7          ordinance would apply to all the waters  under
 8          your jurisdiction, because again, and I  speak
 9          personally as a lawyer and having lost cases
10          on Jurisdietional matters, I know the best
11          laws in the world can't do a thing for you.
12          If you will Just take one second, I will
13          give an actual case I was involved in.   I
14          would like to do this off the record.
15                    (Off the record.)
16                    MR. STEIN:  Let's go back on the
17          record.
18                    MR. TRINKA:  Is that all?
19                    Thank you.
20                    MR. STEIN:  Mr. Klassen.
21                    MR. KLASSEN:  I think, as most  of
22          you who are familiar with Chicago know,  that
23          a large section of the Illinois Lake Michigan
24          shoreline is under the Jurisdiction of the
25          Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago,

-------
   	1361
 1                      RAYMOND  E. ANDERSON
 2         which has already  removed  wastes  from Lake
 3         Michigan.
 4                   The other sector on  the shoreline is
 5         from the Cook County  line  north to the Wis-
 6         consin  line.  This is  all  under the Jurisdiction
 7         of another  sanitary district,  the North Shore
 g         Sanitary District.  We hear a  lot of talk about
 9         what should be  done,  what  the  long-range plans
10         are.
11                   I want to call on the Manager of the
12         North Shore Sanitary  District.  I  am sure he is
13         going to outline not  some  vague ideas or long-
14         range plans, but something that definitely
15         is being proposed, even to the  point of money,
16         by the  North Shore Sanitary District.
17                   Mr. Anderson.
18
19               STATEMENT BY RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
20                       GENERAL MANAGER
21                 NORTH SHORE SANITARY DISTRICT
22                      CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS
23
24                   MR. ANDERSON:  Mr. Chairman,  dis-
25          tinguished  conferees,  ladies and  gentlemen.

-------
                               	1362
 1                       RAYMOHD E. ANDERSON
 2                    In the interest of time and to
 3          prevent repetition, I will omit the first
 4          two paragraphs of my presentation and begin
 5          reading in the middle of page one.
 6                    (Which first two paragraphs are
 7          as follows:
 8                   (Americans everywhere are demanding
 9          a halt to water pollution.  The be-fouling
10          of our water, perhaps our greatest natural
H          resource, must cease.  No longer do we have
12          unlimited supplies, such as Lake Michigan,
13          to do with as we please.  Our great lake
14          must not go the way of Lake Erie, which is
15          sometimes referred to as being "dead".  The
16          demand for fresh, pure water is mounting,
17          as more and more is used by our homes, our
18          commercial establishments and our industries.
19                   (Obviously, the used water must be
20          disposed of in such a manner as to prevent
21          pollution or degradation of the receiving
22          waters.  Former methods, that were entirely
23          acceptable, are fast becoming obsolete in
24          the light of new standards set forth by
25          Federal and State water pollution control

-------
   	1363
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2         agencies.  Practices that were once routine
 3         or standard can no longer be tolerated.  The
 4         demands of the public and of our water
 5         pollution control agencies are such as to
 6         rule out disposal methods once considered
 7         entirely adequate.)
 8                   MR. ANDERSON:  For many years the
 9         Trustees of the North Shore Sanitary District
10         have focused their attention upon the problem
11         of providing adequate sewage disposal facili-
12         ties, with the expectation that most, if not
13         all, effluent must eventually be removed
14         from the lake.  Following a successful bond
15         issue in 1953> a comprehensive program of
16         improvements and additions to existing facili-
17         ties was undertaken.  New construction was
18         barely completed when it became apparent
19         that additional planning should be undertaken.
20                   Accordingly, in June I960, the Board
21         authorized our consulting engineers to begin
22         a study of our future needs.  Their report,
23         presented in May 1963 included the following
24         consideration of population growth, sewage
25         quantities,  facilities required,  future

-------
 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2          boundaries, and the effect of annexations.
 3          The first serious consideration of the aban-
 4          donment of the small lakefront plants at Lake
 5          Bluff,  Lake Forest, and Highland Park, with
 6          diversion of the flow from Lake Michigan
 7          to the  East Branch of the North Fork of the
 g          Chicago River, was set forth.
 9                    This report was discussed in detail
10          with Clarence W. Klassen, Technical Secretary,
11          Illinois  Sanitary Water Board, in October 1963.
12          Mr. Klassen agreed with the recommended plan
13          of aoandonment of the small lakefront plants,
14          but expressed concern over the possible effect
15          adoption of such a plan at that time would
16          have on the so-called "Diversion Suit,"
17          With this in mind, Mr. Klassen advised the
18          District to defer adoption of the project
19          until the "Diversion Suit" was settled.  At
20          the same time, he complimented the Board on
21          being foresighted and expressed the opinion
22          that the long-range plan proposed by the Horth
23          Shore Sanitary District would eventually be
24          carried out.
25                    In December 1965 the Trustees of the

-------
   	1363
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2         District instructed their  engineers  to  review
 3         and update the May 1963 report  and to broaden
 4         its scope.
 5                   Concurrently, the Board was becoming
 6         more concerned with the effects of storrawater
 7         discharges into the municipal sanitary  sewers
 g         tributary to the District  interceptors  and
 9         treatment works.  The Board set forth its
10         position with regard to stormwater   in  an
11         open letter to the editor  of the Waukegan
12         News-Sun in September 1965.
13                   This was followed,in October  of the
14         same year, by an invitational meeting attended
15         by municipal and governmental officials from
16         throughout the District.   At this meeting the
17         District pointed out the undesirable results
18         of stormwater  infiltration into the sewerage
19         systems and the effect upon the sewage  treatment
20         works.  The municipalities were challenged to
21          undertake a program of sewer rehabilitation
22          and ordinance enforcement, to prevent hydraulic
23          overloading of the treatment works and  subse-
24          quent pollution of Lake Michigan.
25                    A similar meeting, held in June of

-------
   	.	1366
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2         1966, has been followed by concrete action on
 3         the part of most of the municipalities within
 4         the District.  This action has included a bond
 5         issue, a sewer tax, smoke testing, and a special
 6         assessment program.
 7                   The Board's awareness of the need
 g         for extended and enlarged facilities and
 9         its desire to divert the small plant effluents
10         from Lake Michigan was shared with the public
11         through widespread news releases in April 1966.
12                   The first official Mention by the
13         Sanitary Water Board that the small lakefront
14         plants would either have to be upgraded to a
15         higher degree of treatment or abandoned was
16         contained in a June 1966 letter on beach
17         sampling.  In response to a request from the
18         District for clarificai-ion of the Sanitary
19         Water Board position, C. W. Klassen then stated
20         in November that it "will be necessary that all
21         sewage receive  at least secondary treatment,
22         in addition to adequate effluent disinfection.
23         This must be accomplished by additional or
24         replacement facilities in operation within
25         five years (i.e. by July 1, 1972)."

-------
   	1367
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2                   Subsequently, the Sanitary Water
 3         Board stated that it "is therefore strongly
 4         recommended that immediate plans be made to
 5         divert all sewage or all effluent."
 6                   It should be pointed out that the
 7         District has always met or exceeded the State
 8         requirements for treatment facilities.  A
 9         letter from C. W. Klassen in January of 196?
10         stated that "the North Shore Sanitary District
11         currently has the degree of treatment that
12         has been required by the Sanitary Water Board...
13         the need for providing additional treatment
14         is a fact that 'has been recognized by the
15         District, as evidenced by its studies."
16                   In the meantime, the "Diversion Suit"
17         was drawing to a close.  In December 1966 Judge
18         Albert B. Maris, Special Master for the U. S.
W         Supreme Court, presented his comprehensive
20         report to the Court.  This contained findings
21         of fact, conclusions, and a recommended decree,
22         which was adopted by the Supreme Court in June
23         19^7.  This decree provides that northeastern
24         Illinois may divert no more than 3,200 cubic
25         feet per second of water away from Lake Michigan

-------
   	1368
 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2          for purposes of sewage treatment, stormwater
 3          runoff and navigation.  The Court further
 4          stated that "there are feasible means reasonably
 5          available to improve water quality and to con-
 6          serve and manage the water resources of the
 7          region."
 8                    In May of 1967, the Division of
 9          Waterways of the Illinois Department of Public
10          Works and Buildings was designated by Governor
H          Otto Kerner as the agency to receive and act
12          on requests for allocation of water under the
13          Supreme Court decree.  Immediately following
14          this designation, the District made application
15          for enough water to permit diverting the lake-
16          front plants away from Lake Michigan.
17                    The District's desire to abandon the
18          small lakefront plants was expressed In testi-
19          mony before the Corps of Engineers in February
20          of 1967, before the Illinois Technical Advisory
21          Committee on Water Resources in May 19^7, before
22          the Illinois Water Pollution and Water Resources
23          Commission in August 1967, and, most recently,
24          before the Northern Illinois Water Resources and
25          Conservation Commission November 8,

-------
                             	1359
                        RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2                   Two recent developments are signifi-

 3         cant to the District.  First, the Illinois

           House of Representatives, meeting in special

           session in October of 1967 passed a resolution

           "that we strongly urge the North Shore Sanitary

 7         District to inaugurate programs which will

 8         enable them to cease depositing domestic

           sewage from primary treatment plants in Lake

10         Michigan by December 31, 1968."
                     Second:  The District received its

12         engineer's report in completed form in November

13         1967.  A preliminary report, made public in

14         May 1967, has been updated to take into account

15         the following developments:

16              1.  The effect of stormwater   problems

17              on existing facilities of the District.

18              2.  The feasibility of providing

19              service to lands adjacent to the

20              District.

21              3.  The effect of the possible an-

22              nexation of these lands to the District.

23              4.  The Federal Water Quality Act

24              of 1965.
25              5.  Illinois Water Quality Standards

-------
   	137 0
 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2               and Minimum Treatment Requirements
 3               and Stormwater  Treatment.
 4               6.  The Botanic Garden at County
 5               Line Road*
 6               7.  The Report of Special Master
 7               Judge Albert B. Maris pertaining
 g               to the so-called "Diversion Suit."
 9               8.  The development of subdivision
10               and municipal sewer systems.
ll               9*  Sludge disposal.
12               10.  Complete diversion.
13                    Based on this Report the District has
14          adopted an immediate and long-range plan, with
15          four major goals as follows:
16               1.  Diversion from Lake Michigan
17               by means of pumping stations and
18               force mains of the effluent from
19               the small treatment plants on
20               Lake Michigan, at Lake Bluff,
21               Lake Forest, and Highland Park.
22               This will also include all storm-
23               water overflow.
24               2.  Diversion from the Chicago
25               River system by means of a pumping

-------
   	1371
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2              station and force main of  the
 3              Clavey Road plant effluent to
 4              the Des Plaines River.
 5              3.  Diversion from Lake Michigan
 §              by means of a pumping station
 7              and force main of the Waukegan
 8              plant effluent to a new tertiary
 9              treatment plant in Qurnee, with
10              effluent discharge to the Des
11              Plaines River.
12              ^.  Diversion from Lake Michigan
13              by means of a pumping station and
14              force main of the North Chicago
15              plant effluent to the Gurnee
16              tertiary treatment plant, with
17              effluent discharge to the Des
18              Plaines River.
19                   In a letter to the District dated
20         December 21, 1967, C. W. Klassen stated that
21         accomplishment of these diversion goals "will
22         completely meet the Lake Michigan Water Quality
23         Standards recently adopted by the Sanitary Water
24         Board."  He further stated that, "This solution
25         will meet the need to protect the public beaches

-------
                                                         1372
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2         to the fullest extent and minimize nutrient dis
 3         charge to Lake Michigan," and that, "This solu-
 4         tion will meet the intent and requirements of
 5         the State of Illinois regarding allocation of
 6         Lake Michigan diversion."  He also stated that,
 7         "The combined project will coordinate with the
 8         State plan for water resource development in
 9         this area."
10                   The plan adopted by the District in
           eludes the following auxiliary works:
12              1.  A new secondary treatment plant
13              in Gurnee to treat sewage from North
                Chicago, the upper Skokie Valley,
                and Gurnee before discharge into
                the teritary plant on the Des
                Plalnes River.
18              2.  A reservoir at Clavey Road to
                receive and store excess stormwater
20              overflows diverted from the five
21              lakefront plants.  When the storm
22              flow subsides the contents of the
23              reservoir will be discharged to the
24 |             Clavey Road plant for secondary

25              treatment.

-------
                                                         137 3
                        RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2              3.  A polishing lagoon and
 3              chlorination facilities for
                effluent disinfection at the
                Clavey Road Plant.
                4.  A reservoir at North Chicago
                to receive, settle out, and treat

                with chlorine stormwater  over-
 9              flows before discharge to Lake
10              Michigan.
                5.  A similar reservoir at Waukegan.
12              6.  Storrawater  sedimentation tanks
13              and chlorination facilities at
14              Highwood, Winthrop Harbor, and
15              Zion.
                7.  An extension of the Winthrop
                Harbor interceptor from Ninth
                Street northward to Third Street.
                8.  A parallel sewer to reinforce
20              the Zion to Waukegan interceptor.
2i              9«  A parallel sewer to reinforce
22              the Waukegan to Highland Park
23              Skokie interceptor.
24              10.  Additional treatment facili-
25              ties at the existing secondary

-------
   	1374
 1                       RAYMOND E.  ANDERSON
 2               plants  at Waukegan, North
 3               Chicago,  and Clavey Road.
 4               11.   Sludge  dewatering facili-
 5               ties  at the  Clavey  Road and
 6               Waukegan plants,  with possible
 7               sludge  incineration for both
 g               plants  at Waukegan.
 9                    The entire project is  estimated to cost
IQ          approximately $58,000,000, of which about
H          $35,000,000  can be financed by the issue of
12          general obligation bonds, with the balance
13          to come from State and Federal grants.
14                    The District welcomes  the spotlight
15          on its  plans,  for this fosters public awareness
16          of the  problem and the extent to which the
17          District  is  attempting to solve  it.  It further
18          points  up  the public  responsibility to pay
19          for the improvements it  demands.  We are prepared
20          to go as  far as necessary to prevent pollution
21          of Lake Michigan, so long as we  have the finan-
22          cial backing of the voters.
23                    We are  planning a referendum on May 4
24          to secure  voter approval of a $35,000,000 bond
25          issue.   We anticipate a  favorable vote, in light

-------
   	1375
 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2         of today's stringent requirements and the demands
 3         of an enlightened public.
 4                   MR. STEIN:  Thank you.
 5                   Are there any comments or questions?
 6                   Mr. Holmer.
 7                   MR. HOLMER: Mr. Chairman, Mr.
 8         Anderson's report was a very interesting and
 9         exciting,  forward-looking one.
10                   However, I am still nervous, and I
11         wonder if  the conferees could have a water
12         budget for this 3,200 cubic feet per second,
13         that looka to the year at least 1980 if not
14         2000 or some years in that period, which takes
15         into account the increased anticipation of per
16         capita consumption of water.  This appears to
17         be a feasible and desirable course of action
18         to be taken by  the North Shore Sanitary District
19         at this time.
20                   I Just want to be sure that the water
21         is accounted for and will meet the needs through
22         the next generation,
23 I                  MR. STEIN: Yes.   I think your concern
24 I        is well taken,  but I raise the question, and the
25         conferees  might think about this,  whether this is

-------
   	1376.

 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2          the forum co get at that.

 3                    I think we are dealing with water

 4          quality and as you know  in the long history

 5          of the States around Lake Michigan, when you

 Q          deal with allocations of water or taking the

 7          water out and putting something in the lake, this

 g          has been the subject of much court action.

 9                    MR. HOLMER:  I would certainly agree

10          with you that I don't want to re-raise the

11          whole legal question of the diversion.

12                    On the other hand, what has been

13          presented here is one of the alternative ways

14          of reducing the pollution of Lake Michigan,

15          and I want to be sure that nothing that comes

16  i        out of this conference stores up trouble for

17          the next generation.

18  |!                  MR. XLASSEN:  I might speak to Mr.

19          Holmer's point there.

20                    The Supreme Court has said, and I
   j
21          think we are the only State that it has said,

22          you can take so much water out of the lake,

23          the State of Illinois. It didn't say any

24  i        particular subdivision, and i,t is up to the

25          State of Illinois to allocate how much each

-------
                           	1377

 1                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON


 2         particular entity will take out of the lake


 3         Just so the total amount does not exceed


 4         3,200 second feet.  The problem that confronts


 5         the North Shore Sanitary District, if, for


 6         example,  they remove 100 second feet from the


 7         lake and  do not put it back,  this 100 second


 8         feet has  got to be deducted from the amount


 9         that the  City of Chicago is now using or the


10         Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago by


11         some State agency that has not yet actually


12         been named.


13                   But I Just want to  reassure you,


14 j        Mr.  Holmer, that by these solutions of re-


15 i        moving water from the lake and not putting it


16 i        back,  so  far as the State of  Illinois is con-


17         cerned, we are limited to a total from here


18 I        on  of  3,200 second feet,  and  no matter how


19 I        many of these  plans are proposed we must live

                                                             j
20 j        within that 3,200  second feet budget.             i
                                                             i

21 j                  MR.  HOLMER:   I rather repeat my request
                                                             i
                                                             j

22         for  some  idea  of the  anticipation of how you


23 i        are  planning to use that  diversion in the next
                                                             i


24         generation simply  because there are  limits to


25         it and there are limits to this technique for

-------
   	1378
 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2          dealing with the pollution problem.  ¥e face
 3          somewhat similar problems, as you may be aware,
 4          and the consideration of such an opportunity
 5          for,  say,  the City of Milwaukee, and the problem
 6          that  confronts us there is one of, for one
 1          thing,  how much could be diverted, how much
 8          litigation that would take, and then what
 9          would happen when population doubles and
10          doubles again and whether there may not be
H          a real problem that lies in the future.
12                    MR. KLASSEJJ:   He has raised a good
13          point there, Mr. Chairman.  I want to just
14          comment on this a minute.
15                    It has been advocated that wastes
16          be removed from Lake Michigan.  We in Illinois
17          are very much concerned about the point that
18          Mr. Holmer has raised,  because if Milwaukee,
19          for example, decides to do the same thing that
20          the Chicago Sanitary District is doing and the
21          North Shore Sanitary District proposes to do,
22  I        the State of Illinois would be the recipient
23  |        of the effluent from their sewage treatment
24          plant,  because they would go into streams that
25  I        flow  into the State of Illinois.

-------
 1                     RAYMOND E. ANDERSON




 2        He has raised an interesting point and one,



 3        frankly--this isn't an official statement;



 4        it may be a personal reaction--! hope that




 5        in the interest of the State of Illinois that



 6        Milwaukee doesn't press this too soon, because



 7        we really don't care to be the recipient of




 8        Milwaukee's effluent.  And the same situation



 9        applied to Indiana.  It has been proposed,




10        not by the State of Indiana, I would say, that



11        all of the wastes in Northern Indiana be taken



12        south away from the lake.  Again these would



13        come into Illinois through the Kankakee River.



14                  And I am glad that Mr. Holmer raised




15        these points, because this would be the subject




i6        of much, much litigation.  But it is something




17        that these conferees, I think, are going to



18        have to face up to, because these proposals



19        have been made.



20                  MR. STEIN:  Well, you know, we are



21        off and running on this point.  We are not



22        going to cut off discussion, but you know,




23        history repeats itself.  With Illinois being



24        the recipient I think reading historic




25        public record will show you that as the

-------
   	1380

 1                     RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2
          aftermath of the great reverse of the flow
 3
          of the Chicago River and the establishment
 4
          of the canal, was the famous case of Mis-
 5
          souri against Illinois litigated in the
 6
          U. S. Supreme Court.  You heard Mr. Jardine
 7
          speak of these typhoid epidemics which were
 8
          rampant then; the people in St. Louis had a
 9
          little disease at the time; and once the
10
          waters began to flow down, they were the

11                                   I
          recipients of the water coming down from
12
          Illinois.  They weren't very happy too and
13
          they took it to the Supreme Court.
14

15                  I think once we talk in terms of

16        getting water out of the lake and once we

17        talk in terms of transbasln diversion, we

18        are going to be faced with two things, either

19        we are going to do it in the old way and

20        litigate this in the Supreme Court or maybe

21        you want to develop some plans with Mr.

22        Clevenger and the Great Lakes Commission.

23        That may be an alternate way.

24

25

-------
   	1381
 !                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2                   But I think what we do is have some

 3         enticing vistas opened here, and while we are

 4         open for discussion I am not sure how defini-

 5         tive a conference of this kind with the limited

 6         powers that we have can be in resolving these

 7         issues.  In the past these have been issues

 8         which have only been able to be resolved by

 9         decisions of the Supreme Court, and as you

10         know, not all of them are unanimous.  Some

11         of them are pretty close.

12                   MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman, we have

13         a very, very brief statement here.

14                   MR. STEIN: Wait.

15                   MR. KLASSEN:  Oh, I am sorry.

ie                   MR. STEIN: Mr. Oeraing has a comment.

17                   MR. OEMING:   I am not sure who should

18         clear up this question, whether Mr. Johnson

19         should or Mr. Klassen, but on page —

20                   MR. KLASSEN:  Which Mr. Johnson,
21         Lyndon?

22                   (Laughter.)

23                   MR. OEMING:   What is this man's  name
24         who was Just on?

25 |                  MR. STEIN:  Anderson.

-------
   	1382
 1                       RAYMOND E. ANDERSON
 2                    MR. OEMING: Anderson, I am sorry.
 3          Mr.  Anderson.
 4                    MR. KLASSEN:  They are all Swedes.
 5                    (Laughter.)
 6                    MR. OEMING:  On page 1368 in Mr.
 7          Anderson's statement, he says that the  Division
 g          of Waterways of the Illinois Department of Public
 9          Works and Building has been designated by
10          Governor Kerner as the agency to receive and
11          act on requests for allocation of water under
12          the Supreme Court decree.
13                    As I understand Mr. Klassen, I
14          think you said that nobody had been desig--
15          you weren't sure yet who was designated.
16          Would you clear this matter up, somebody?
17                    MR. KLASSEN:  Well, the Department
18          of Public Works has been designated, I under-
10          stand, by Governor Kerner as the agency that
20          currently has Jurisdiction over this question,
21          and I think that is where the matter stands.
22          So far as I know, this is the agency in Illinois
23          that will act upon this particular application
24          and future applications.
25                    I don't want to say this is still open

-------
                                          	1383
 I                      RAYMOND E. ANDERSON

 2         to some question, but I don't know, frankly,

 3         whether this has been completely resolved,

 4         I personally feel that that is the agency

 5         that has the authority and that will act on

 6         this.

 7                   I might say that in view of this,

 8         the North Shore Sanitary District has officially

 9         submitted an application to that agency, and

10         I presume that when the Department of Public

H         Works acts on this, if there is any legal

12         question at that time, then the courts would

13         decide.

14                   But I would say to answer your

15         question, Mr. Oeming, at the present time,

16         the Department of Public Works is that agency

17         until some other one is designated.

18                   MR. STEIN:  Mr. Klassen, did you have

19         one more?

20                   MR. KLASSEN:  We had a very short

21         one,  We had a group here that we had hoped

22         to get on, the North Shore, some of the water

23         problems, but a very short statement here that

24         I think is apropos at this time.

25                   Illinois has a legislative pattern

-------
                                                         1384


                        RAYMOND E. ANDERSON



 2          of creating legislative commissions, and they

  ll
 3          have done an outstanding job in this regard,



 4          all of these commissions.



 5                    We have a legislative commission



           for Northern Illinois Water Resources and



 7          Conservation Commission problems.  The Chairman



 8          of that Commission is here and he has promised



 9          to read only what he has submitted here, and if



10          so, it is only going to take about two minutes.



11                    Chairman Representative John Kle'nt';.



12                    Being a legislator, and being a State



13          employee, I must say that I have always found



14          Representative Kleine, as well as every one of



15          the other legislators, to be a person of his



16          word.


17                    (Laughter.)



lg                    We have a group of promising legis-



19          lators; they promise us anything.



20                    (Laughter.)



21



22



23



24



25

-------
   	1385
 1                       JOHN HENRY KLEINS
 2
 3                 STATEMENT BY JOHN HENRY KLEINE
 4            STATE REPRESENTATIVE AND CHAIRMAN OP THE
 5                NORTHERN ILLINOIS WATER RESOURCES
 6                   AND CONSERVATION COMMISSION
 7
 8                   MR. KLEINE:  Mr. Chairman and distin-
 9         guished conferees.
10                   As Chairman of the Northern Illinois Water
11         Resources and Conservation Commission I wish
12         to congratulate "both Secretary Udall and our
13,         Illinois State agencies for calling this very
14         timely conference.  I should like to interject
15         a moment of congratulations to the North Shore
16         Sanitary District for their very progressive
17         effort and their vision and their courage with
18         this  very ambitious plan.
19 j                  Our Commission,  which deals with water
20         and conservation problems  in the entire northern
21         part  of the State of Illinois from Lake Michigan
22         to the Mississippi, is  vitally interested in
23 |        saving Lake Michigan
24 !                  Through the efforts of  our Commission,
25         the State agencies, and the Illinois State

-------
   	1386

 I                        JOHN HENRY KLEINE

 2          Legislature,  the State of Illinois has assumed

 3          leadership in the field of the war on pollution

 4          of Lake Michigan among its sister States.

 5                    Even now, the North Shore Sanitary

 6          District is ready to implement a $57,000,000

 7          water treatment program which will remove all

 8          discharge into Lake Michigan.  This will then

 9          compliment the fine Job and the excellent

10          performance of the Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary

11          District, under Vinton Bacon, and the Chicago

12          Department of Sewers and Water, under Comrals-

13          sioner James  Jardine,  in their efforts to clean

14          up Lake Michigan.

15                    If  all the participants in this con-

16          ference believe in the philosophy that Lake

17          Michigan shall be cur great fresh water reser-

18          voir, and everything shall be done to achieve

19          this  goal, then Illinois has been the leader.

20          It is now up  to our neighboring States to confirm

21          this  position.  The time of decision is here and

22          there can be  no compromise.

23                    The States must act in uniformity on
   I
24          boating laws, dumping of materials, establish

25          uniform water criteria for the entire lake;

-------
                                       	1387
   p—-—-—-—-—-—•	-*	

 1 j                      JOHN HENRY KLEINE



 2         eliminate the discharge of all polluted effluent



 3         into the lake; and most important, gentlemen--



 4         I think this is the first time I have heard



 5         this--establish State scholarships in their



 6         respective universities toward developing



 7         more trained sanitary research engineers;



 g         establish cooperative programs to restock



 9         the lake with fish for which it was once famous.



10                   May I say that I would like to



11         compliment my sister State of Wisconsin,



12         Freeman Homer and Ted Wisniewski, for the



13 I        very fine rapport that our Commission has



14 I        had at all times  with the Wisconsin Commission.



15                   Thank you.



16                   MR. STEIN:   Thank you,  Representative



17         Kleine.



18                   Any comments or questions^



19 j                  Mr. Klassen.



20 |                  MR. KLASSEN:  I know,  Mr.  Chairman,



21         our allotted time  for  this  afternoon  for



22 i        Illinois  is  up  so  that we may  hear  from som6



23 i        Federal  agencies.   I made a promise  to Senator



24 :        Paul Simon,  who promised me  he would  only take



25 i        five minutes.  He  can't  be  here next  week.

-------
   	1388
 1                           PAUL SIMON
 2          And I would like to take another five minutes
 3          if I can for the Navy.
 4                    As a matter of fact, I think he is
 5          an old Navy man anyway.
 6                    MR. STEIN:  All right. Will you come
 7          up?
 g                    As you know, we have ready speakers
 9          in Washington too that are expert at speaking
10          within their five-minute limit.  But one time
H          one of these Congressmen went to the Mayflower
12          Hotel, got there the wrong night and found a
13          woman's group waiting in the room, never heard
14          of them, but they were without a speaker.  Pretty
15          soon they arranged a happy marriage.  They asked
16          him if he would speak and he spoke to the group.
17                    The press heard about this, were
18          intrigued with the story, got the Congressman
19          and one of those women's page reporters, I guess,
20          said to him, "But Congressman, what did you
21          speak about?"  He said, "Oh, about a half hour."
22                    (Laughter.)
23                    MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman, you have
24  i        already used up three minutes of his time.
25                    (Laughter and applause.)

-------
     	1389
 1                         PAUL SIMON
 2                  MR.  STEIN:   This  morning I discovered
 3       what  a   Southern  Illinois three minutes is.,
 4                  (Laughter.)
 5                   STATEMENT  BY PAUL SIMON
 6                STATE SENATOR,  53RD DISTRICT
 7                      STATE OF ILLINOIS
 8                  MR.  SIMO?!:   Mr. Chairman,  Mr.  Klassen,
 9       distinguished  members  of  the conference   and
10       friends.
11                  The  first portion of my statement
12       simply thanks  Governor Kerner and the officials
13       here for calling  the  conference,  urges steps  that
14       can be taken to make enforcement  of  our  pollution
15       laws, make possible a  little faster  action on
16       the enforcement of  our pollution  laws, and then
17       in addition to talking about ways  of  cleaning
18       up our water I believe we must broaden our con-
19       cerns--first to discuss new  and creative  ways of
20       getting maximum recreation  benefit from  our
21       water resources> and second,  to consider  the
22       whole water problem of the  area as it relates
23 I      to Lake Michigan.  Here in  Illinois  the  great
24 j      majority of those people living in the Chicago
25       Metropolitan area are  in the peculiar position

-------
   	1390
 1                           PAUL SIMON
 2          of drawing their water from the lake and re-
 3          turning it,  as  waste,  to the Illinois River.
 4          It is  accomplished by 52 miles of canals
 5          that took over  30 years to complete.  Some
 6          communities  along the North Shore are today
 7          actually building new sewers to direct more
 8          sewage into  the Illinois River, all in the
 9          name of cleaning up Lake Michigan.   I urge
10          this conferenc-e to put a stop to attempts
ll          to solve one problem by merely transferring
12          it to  another area.
13                    As to looking for better ways to
14          receive the  maximum benefit from our lake,
15          I  like that  creative,  imaginative spirit
16          which  caused us to fill in the lake east
17  !        of Michigan  Avenue to form Grant Park, and
18  j        the spirit that reversed the flow of the
19          Chicago Hiver.
20                    What  is needed today for Lake
21          Michigan is  not Just a defensive complex
22          but an offensive dream.
23  |                  Just  as one possibility,  let me
24  ;        suggest a practical plan--and I have the maps
25          here that have  been worked on by people from

-------
   	1391
 1                          PAUL SIMON

 2         the University of Illinois and the University

 3         of Chicago—practical plan which would consider

 4         the recreational need of the seven million who

 5         presently reside in the Greater Chicago area

 5         and the greatly increased population which we

 7         will have fifty years from now, which some

 g         experts "believe may be double the? present figure.

 9                   This plan would call for the building

10         of a chain of islands which would oxtend into

11         the lake starting at 79th Street and stretch

12         in a graceful arc about 25 miles east to Burns

13         Ditch.

14                   The lake side of the islands would

15         constitute recreation zone for bathing, hiking,

16         sight-seeing and boating.

17                   The inner side would be equally

18         appropriate for sight-seeing and would also

19         form, with the current lakeshore, a zone for

20         pleasure boating,  industrial and transportation
21         use.

22                   This latter zone incidentally would,

23         for the first time,  allow year-round barge

24         navigation where,  because  of high winds and

25         wave action,  only about 100 days  per year is

-------
   	1392
 1                           PAUL SIMON

 2          possible now.   Also since the Metropolitan

 3          Sanitary District needs a place for surface

 4          reservoirs  for their Deep Tunnel project,

 5          they could  use this zone for that purpose.

 6                   A scenic causeway, showing Lake

 7          Michigan on one side and our giant industrial

 g          plants  on the  other, would run the full length

 9          of the  island  chain.  At each end gates would

10          allow the passage of boats.  These gates,

11          coupled with the O'Brien Lock and Dam,  would

12          keep this zone slightly lower than the  lake

13          itself.

14                   Prom where would the materials come

15          from?   They are right under our feet today.

16          Indeed, they are a great problem where  they are
17          and must be removed at great cost.  I refer to

18          the 60  million cubic yards of rock that will be

19          removed in  the Metropolitan Sanitary District

20          Deep Tunnel project and the almost equal amount

21          of impermeable clay that must be removed before

22          our new subway plan can be implemented.  These

23          materials,  rock and clay, would form the base

24          and outer edge of the islands.  The hollow

25          center  could be filled in with the slag that

-------
   	1393
 1                          PAUL SIMON
 2         threatens to strangle our major steel producers.
 3                   The cost of building the islands is
 4         approximately one billion dollars.  That's about
 5         $1.50 per square foot.  Today, much less valuable
 6         beach front is selling for considerably more.
 7         And these islands would produce revenue.  Six
 8         thousand to twelve thousand pleasure boats could
 9         easily moor there to produce more than $750,000
10         per year, Just as one example.  Revenue also
11         could come from steel companies for depositing
12         slag there.  Other examples could be given.
13                   We would have the option of paying
14         for the islands from present governmental
15         revenues or by issuing revenue bonds, or a
16         combination of both.
17                   The contribution such a chain of islands
18         would make to recreational, cultural and industriajl
19         progress in this  area is  beyond calculation.   Its
20         cost- would be but a fraction of the added value
21         it would bring to the area,  a small part of the
22         annual industrial addition to the  region,  and it
23         would give much of the lake back to the people,
24         to whom it belongs.
25                   Such a  plan obviously would need the

-------
 I                           PAUL SIMON



 2          approval of the City of Chicago, the two States



 3          involved, the Federal Government and other



 4          governmental units.




 5                    One of our Nation's philosophers



 6          suggested in a new book that what our Nation



 7          lacks today more than anything else is



 g          imagination and the  pioneering spirit which



 9          symbolizes our country to much of the world.



10                    My hope is that his criticism will



n          not be applicable to those of us who look



12          "to the future of Lake Michigan.   Yes, we want



13          to solve the problem of alewives.  Yes, we



14          want to stop pollution of the lake. But let



15          us add one more affirmative.  Yes,  we want



16          to make no little plans for making the lake



17          an even greater asset to the people of our



lg          Nation.



19                    In 1909 Daniel Burnham said,  "Make



20          no little plans;  they have no magic to stir



2i          men's blood and probably themselves will not



22          be realized.   Make Big Plans. Aim high in



23          hope and work,  remembering that  a noble logical



24  I        design once recorded will never  die,  but long



25          after we are gone will be a living thing,

-------
   	1395
 1                         PAUL SIMON

 2       asserting itself  with growing  intensity.

 3                 I will  be happy  to try and answer any

 4       questions, Mr.  Chairman.

 5                 MR. STEIN:   Are  there  any comments

 g       or questions?

 7                 If not,  thank you very much.

 8                 MR. SIMON:   Thank you.

 9                 (Applause.)

10                 (The  entire statement  of  Senator Simon

11       is as follows :)

12

13            GENERAL   ASSEMBLY

14                   STATE OF  ILLINOIS

15                       PAUL SIMON

16              State Senator  53rd  District

17                    Troy, Illinois

18                          62294

ID       Member of Committees  on:            Secretary
                                        Illinois Legislative
20         Education                          Council
            (Minority Chairman)
21                                      Advisory Committee
           Agriculture                     on Tourism
22
           Conservation                   School Problems
23                                         Commission
           Public Welfare
24
           Rules
25

-------
   	1396
 I                         PAUL SIMON

 2
                               For further information,
 3                              contact:
                               Mrs. Jeanne Sullivan
 4                              Telephone:  312-935-7800

 5
            STATEMENT BY SENATOR PAUL SIMON TO THE

            FOUR STATE CONFERENCE ON LAKE MICHIGAN
 7
               Sherman House, February 2, 1968
 8                          * * * *

 9        I greatly appreciate the opportunity to address

10        you.  I also want to commend Governor Kerner for

11        calling this conference and for the courage and

12        energy that he has given to what promises to be

13        a long and tiring fight against pollution.

14
         I can see that we all agree that our water quality
15
         is inadequate and getting worse.  We can also agree
16
         that no improvement can come without using improved
17
         waste treatment methods.
18

19        I regard this conference as a test of whether the

20        present legislative scheme for controlling pollu-

21        tion really can work.  If this conference cannot

22        take concrete and immediate steps to eliminate the

23        obvious problem areas, then we, ought to consider

24  |      legislation to hasten procedures for cutting off

25        pollution.  The present enforcement procedure

-------
   	1397

 1                         PAUL SIMON


 2        under the  Federal acts is  cumbersome,  it requires

 3        a long period of time, and it contains many built-


 4        in possibilities for  delay,  confusion  and inaction

 5        while serious pollution continues  unabated.  If

 6        the present  procedure cannot work,  Congress must


 7        consider:  one,  changing the hearing board from


 g        an ad joe  board  to a  permanent administrative

 9        board;  two,  cutting down the time  allowed to pol-


io        luters  for compliance with the recommendations  of

11        conference like  this  one;  three, cutting down the

12        time  between  a conference  and ohe  convening of  a

13        hearing board.   These are, however,  only a set  of


14        suggestions for  changes  that would help  the Federal


15        Water Pollution  Control  Administration  to effect

16        what we all recognize  as essential work.

17
          However, in addition  to  talking about ways  of
18
          cleaning up our water, I believe we must  broaden
19
          our concerns:
20
              First, to discuss new and creative
21
              ways  of getting maximum  recreational
22
              benefit from our water  resources;  and
23 |
              Second,  to consider the whole water
24
              problem of the area as it relates  to
25
              Lake Michigan.

-------
                           	1398

 1                          PAUL SIMON


 2        Here in  Illinois  the great majority  of  those


 3        people living in  the Chicago Metropolitan  area


 4        are in the peculiar position of  drawing their


 5        water from the  lake and returning  it, as waste,  to


 6        the Illinois River.  It is accomplished by 52


 7        miles of canals that took over 30  years to complete


 g        Some communities  along the north shore  are today


 9        actually building new sewers to  direct  more sewage


10        into the Illinois River, all in  the  name of clean-


H        ing up Lake Michigan.  I urge this conference  to


12        put a stop to attempts to solve  one  problem by


13        merely transferring it to another  area.


14
         As to looking for better ways to receive the

15
         maximum benefit from our lake, I like that creative

16
         imaginative spirit which caused  us to fill in  the

17
         lake east of Michigan Avenue to  form Grant Park,

18
         and the spirit  that reversed the flow of the

19
         Chicago River.

20


21        What is needed  today for Lake Michigan  is  not  Just


22        a defensive complex but an offensive dream.


23
         Just as one possibility, let me  suggest a  practi-
24
         cal plan which would consider the  recreational

25
         need of  the seven million who presently reside

-------
 1                         PAUL  SIMON

 2        in  the  Greater  Chicago area  and  the  greatly

 3        increased  population which we  will have  50  years

 4        from now,  which some experts believe may be

 5        double  the present figure.

 6
          This plan  would call for  the building of a  chain
 7
          of  islands which would extend  into the lake
 8
          starting at 79th Street and  stretch  in a graceful
 9
          arc about  25 miles east to Burns Ditch.
10

11        The lake side of the islands would constitute

12        recreation zone  for bathing, hiking,  sight-seeing,

13        and boating.

14
          The inner  side  would be equally appropriate for
15
          sight-seeing and would also form, with the  current
16
          lake shore, a zone for pleasure boating,  industrial
17
          and transportation use.
18


19        This latter zone  incidentally would,  for  the first

20        time, allow year-round  barge navigation where,

21       because of high  winds  and wave action, only about

22        100 days per year are  possible now.   Also,  since

23        the Metropolitan  Sanitary District needs  a  place

24       for surface reservoirs  for their Deep  Tunnel

25       project, they could use this zone for  that  purpose.

-------
                                                         i4oo
 l                         PAUL SIMON
 2       A scenic causeway, showing Lake Michigan on one



 «       side and our giant industrial plants on the other,
 u


 4       would run the full length of the island chain.



         At each end gates would allow the passage of



         boats.  These gates, coupled with the O'Brien
 6


         Lock and Dam, would keep this zone slightly



         lower than the lake itself.
 O




 9       From where would the materials come from?  They



1        are right under our feet today.  Indeed, they



11       are a great problem where they are and must be



         removed at great cost.  I refer to the 60 million



13       cubic yards of rock that will be removed in the



14       Metropolitan Sanitary District Deep Tunnel project



         and the almost equal amount  of impermeable clay



         that must be removed before  our new subway plan


17
         can be  implemented.  These materials, rock and


18
         clay, would form  the base and  outer edge of the



         islands.  The hollow center  could be  filled in


20
         with  the slag that  threatens to  strangle our  major


21
         steel producers.


22


23       The  cost of building the  islands  is approximately



24        one  billion  dollars.   That's about  $1.50 per  square



25       foot.   Today, much  less valuable  beach  front  is

-------
                                                         1401

 1                         PAUL SIMON

 2        selling for considerably more.   And these islands

 3        would produce revenue.  Six thousand to twelve

 4        thousand pleasure boats could easily moor there

 5        to  produce  more  than $750,000 per year, Just as

 6        one example.   Revenue also could come from the

 7        steel companies  for depositing slag there. . Other

 g        examples could be given.

 9
          We  would have the option of paying for the islands
10
          from present  governmental revenues or by issuing
11
          revenue  bonds, or a combination of both.
12

13        The contribution such a chain of islands  would

14        make to  recreational,  cultural  and industrial

15        progress in this area is  beyond calculation.   Its

16        cost would  be but a fraction of the added value

17        it  would bring to the  area,  a small part  of the

18        annual  industrial addition to the  region,  and it

19        would give  much  of  the  lake  back to the people,

20        to  whom  it  belongs.

21
          Such a plan obviously would  need the  approval  of
22
          the  City of Chicago,  the  two States  involved,  the
23
          Federal  Government  and  other governmental  units.
24
25
One of our Nation's philosophers suggested in a

-------
   	1402

 1                          PAUL SIMON'

 2         new  book  that  what  our Nation  lacks  today more

 3         than anything  else  is imagination and the pio-

 4         neering spirit which  symbolizes  our  country

 5         to much of  the world.

 6
          My hope is  that his criticism  will not be appli-
 7
          cable  to  those of us  who  look  to the future of
 8
          Lake Michigan.  Yes,  we want to  solve the problem
 9
          of alewives.   Yes,  we want  to  stop pollution of
10
          the  lake.   But let  us add one  more affirmative.
11
          Yesj  we want to make  no little plans for  making
12
          the  lake  an ever  greater  asset to the people of
13
          our  Nation.
14

15         In 1909 Daniel Burnham said, "Make no little plans;

16         they have no magic  to stir  men's blood and probably

17         themselves  will not be realized.  Make big plans.

18         Aim  high  in hope  and  work,  remembering that a

19         noble  logical  design  once recorded will never die,

20         but  long  after we are gone  will  be a living thing,

21         asserting itself  with growing  intensity.   Remember

22         that our  sons  and grandsons are  going to  do things

23         that would  stagger  us.  Let your watchword be order

24         and  your  beacon beauty."

25                              _  _

-------
                                                         U03
 1             FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2
 3                  MR. STEIN:  Mr. Klassen.
 4
 5                  MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman, I want
 6        to say that Illinois has used up about eight
 7        minutes more than the time that you allotted,
 8        and I just want to suggest to all of the
 9        Illinois participants that I said would be
10        on this afternoon, if you would congregate
11        at a place of your choice for dinner, I
12        will not be there, but you can call the
13        Illinois Conferee anything you care to and
14        you may report on your findings Monday morning
15        when I am here.
16
17                  I apologize again, but those of you
18        who have run meetings know what some of the
19        problems are, and I have already now taken
          10 minutes.
21
22                  I want to turn this back as promised
23
24
25

-------
 1               FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2          to the Federal people and the Chairman for
 3          their presentation the rest of the afternoon.
 4                    I want to say that the other part
 5          of the I115.nois presentation, the first thing
 6          Monday morning when we reconvene,will be the
 7          City of Chicago Water Department, next the
 8          Chicago Sanitary District presentation, and
 9          then all of those that were not able to be
10          on today.
n                    MR. STEIN:   Thank you, Mr. Klassen,
12          I  will say, I enjoyed those 10 minutes.  It
13          was like a Beethoven  symphony.  Every time
14          I  thought it was going to end you came up with
15          another fanfare.
16                    (Laughter.)
11                    Mr. Pos ton.
18
19               FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
20
21                    MR. POSTON:  I would like to at this
22          time to call on Captain George R.  Shepard,  Midwest
23          Division of the Naval Facilities Engineering
24          Command,  located at Great Lakes.
25                    While he is coming up, is Captain

-------
                       	      1403

                       CAPTAIN G. R. SHEPARD


 2          Riblett here?


 3                    CA?T. SHEPARD:  He went bac*.  I


           will introduce his paper


 5                    MR. POSTON:  All right.


 6

            COMMANDANT, NINTH NAVAL DISTRICT STATEMENT


              FOLK-STATE WATER POLLUTION CONFERENCE


                         31 JANUARY 1968


10                         PRESENTED  BY
   i

n  I               CAPTAIN G. R. SHEPARD, CEC, USN


12                     DISTRICT CIVIL ENGINEER


13

14                    CAPT. SHEPARD:  Mr. Chairman, distin-


15          guished conferees, ladies and gentlemen.

   J!
15  i                  I appreciate the opportunity to
   i

17  I        present on behalf of the Commandant of the
   i

lg          Ninth Naval District, Rear Admiral H. A.
   i

19          HeriKen,  information which will indicate


20          the  extent of the Navy's participation in


2i  [        this  all-important campaign to reduce water
   i
   t
22  '<        pollution.

   !i
23                    we. maintain close contact and co-
   i

24          ordinate  our efforts with the various Federal,


25          State  and local organizations.   While we are
i

-------
 1                      CAPTAIN  G, R.  SHEPARD
 2         not  a major  contributor  to the  overall  problem,
 3         we have  taken  certain steps  in  the  form of
 4          (1)  accomplished  minor projects, and,  (2)
 5         planned  future  projects  which will  control
 6         pollution  in the  manner  specified by appli-
 7         cable criteria.   My  presentation does not
 g         cover steps  which are being  taken by the
 9         Naval Ships  Systems  Command  to  control
10         pollution  by ships while operating  on the
11         lake proper.   This subject will be  covered
12         by Captain Riblett.
13                    Both  of the sewage treatment  plants
14         at Great Lakes  provide secondary treatment to
15         the  effluent.   Under normal  operating conditions
16         the  effluent from these  plants  meets current
17         criteria.  At  our Lake Michigan plant we do
18         have a future  problem involving peak loading
19         and  the  disposal  of  water  and boiler plant
20         wastes.  A military  construction project de-
21         signed to  remedy  these deficiencies was sub-
22         mitted several  years ago.  It is presently
23         programmed for  fiscal year 1970.  When  funded
24         and  completed  it  will enable the Navy to meet
25         expected water  quality criteria for Lake Michigan

-------
   	1407
 1                     CAPTAIN G< R. SHEPARD
 2         up to 1977.
 3                   A Navy program for the installation
 4         of tertiary treatment will depend on the out-
 5         come of the program under development by the
 6         North Shore Sanitary District providing for
 7         inland pumping to other watersheds. The state
 g         of the art 10 years from now may very well
 9         dictate that the desired results may be ob-
10         tained by means more economical than the
11         pumping of 5 to 6 million gallons per day
12         "to another system.  A second military con-
13         struction project for either pumping or
14         tertiary treatment will be required to comply
15         with the 1977 criteria.
16                   This last summer we completed a
17         sewage collection system at the Naval
18         Training Center which accommodates the small
19         ship homeported there and discharges the waste
20         into our sanitary system.  A plan solving a
21         long standing problem at the Chicago Naval
22         Armory and its training ship has been developed
23         recently in conjunction with Federal^State
24         and local agencies.  Funds will be granted
25         in the near future which will provide the

-------
               	1408


 1                      CAPTAIN G.  R.  SHEPARD



 2          Navy's  share of the combined project to collect



 3          the  sewage  discharge from  the USS Parle.



 4          Additionally,  this  project will accommodate



 5          various privately-owned small craft, utilizing



 6          the  Monroe  Street Harbor and the Naval Armory



 7          itself.  Sewage will be delivered to the city



 g          sanitary sewer system.



 9                   In conclusion, it is our aim by close



10          coordination and liaison with all agencies con-



H          cerned, to  develop  and  maintain Navy facilities



12          which will  comply with  applicable water quality



13  ;        standards of the States and surrounding communi-



14          ties.



15


16           STATEMENT  OF THE NAVAL SHIP SYSTEMS COMMAND



17                          PRESENTED  BY



18                     CAPTAIN  GEORGE  R. SHEPARD

   |

19  |



20                   CAPT. SHEPHARD:   The second paper
   i


21          is one  prepared by  the  Naval Ship Systems

   I

22  j        Command.  Essentially it briefs a formal docu-



23          raent known  as  Senate Document No. 48 that is



24          available through the Government printing es-
   i


25  i        Lablishiaent.  I will skip  the part which is

-------
 1                     CAPTAIN G. R. SHEPARD



 2         paraphrased and take up the last three para-



 3         graphs, which essentially deal with the efforts



 4         of Ship Systems Command to install treatment



 5         facilities on the various Naval ships.



 6                   (Reading)  A three-phase development



 7         contract was awarded in May 1966.  The first



 g         phase established system feasibility by means



 9         of a laboratory model, and the second phase



10         produced a full-scale prototype which is now



11         undergoing evaluation at a Navy laboratory.



12         A second full-scale unit is being installed



13         in an Atlantic Fleet destroyer for shipboard



14         evaluation of operating and maintenance con-



15         cepts.



16                   While preliminary tests of this



17         developmental plant indicate that it will



18         meet or exceed the effluent standards  specified



19         in the  contract,  it was not designed to meet



20         the very stringent water purity standards



21         which have been established by the Illinois



22         Sanitary Water Board.   There is no known equip-



23         ment either  available  or under development  which



24         will meet these standards  and  still meet the



25         critical weight and space  requirements  of a

-------
   _ ___ ___ 1 4 1 0



 1                      CAPTAIN G.  R.  SHEPARD



 2          Naval  ship Installation.



 3                    The only apparent method by which



 4          Naval  Reserve Training  ships berthed in the



 6          Chicago area can meet the  Illinois purity



 6          standards  is by re -plumbing the sewage drains



 7          into holding tanks from which the wastes may



 8          be  pumped  ashore into a sewer main.   Naval



 9          authorities are now evaluating the cost of



10          such installations, as  well as the effects



11          on  the operations of the ships involved.



12                    Mr. Chairman, I  would like to have



13          this paper introduced for  the record.



14                    MR. STEIN: Without objection, this



15          will be introduced in its  entirety as if read.



16                    (Which said paper is as follows : )



17                    Program for Treatment of



18             Shipboard Wastes from U. S. Navy Ships



19                    The Federal Water Pollution Control



20          Administration   Report to the Congress dated



21          August 7,  1967 entitled "Wastes from Watercraf t, "


22
           which  has  been reprinted as Senate Document No.


oo
             ,  contains  a brief description of the Navy's



24          program for shipboard waste disposal.   This



25          paper will summarize the salient points of that

-------
 1                     CAPTAIN G. R.SHEPARD



 2         program, which has as its aim the treatment of



 3         shipboard sewage to produce an effluent which



 4         will meet the criteria listed in the Public



 5         Health Service   Handbook of Sanitation for



 6         Vessel Construction.  It will also cover



 7         briefly the particular requirements imposed



 8         upon Naval ships when moored' or operating



 9         in the waters of the Chicago Metropolitan



10         Sanitary Water District.



11                   As noted in the above cited FWPCA



12         report, Naval ships pose special design prob-



13         lems because damage control features of all



14         systems are important design considerations,



15         and penetration of watertight decks and main



16         watertight bulkheads must be minimized.  For



17         that reason as well as economy of ship con-



is         struction and maintenance, normally all waste



19         drainage systems are gravity systems discharging



za         directly overboard with minimum internal piping.



21                   In developing a program to provide



22         a satisfactory solution to the Naval shipboard



23         sewage disposal problem, existing shipboard



24         sewage treatment systems were evaluated.   The



25         system that has found the most widespread

-------
   	1412

 1  j                    CAPTAIN G. R. SHEPARD


 2          acceptance in commercial shipbuilding circles


 3          is the extended aeration, activated sludge


 4          process.   The fundamental feature of the


 5          unit is a system of continuous aeration of


 6          the organic material in an aeration chamber


 7          with no other sludge digestion required.  The


 8          increase  in space and weight requirements


 9          of this system make it unattractive for Naval


10          shipboard use.


11                    To illustrate this,  the following


12          compares  the space-weight relationships for


13          two ship  types:


14                                    Guided missile  Aircraft
                                     frigate	  carrier
15  j
           Treatment units  required        4            22

16  i
           Deck area (square feet)       550         4,500

17
           Weight (tons)                   30           250
18

19                    In addition to the adverse penalties


20          imposed on the  ship,  operating experience h*s


21          indicated that  treatment efficiency has been


22  '        marginal  and sludge-holding facilities  are not


23          being recommended.


24                    In the absence of factual data on ship


25          sewage characteristics and treatment hardware

-------
 1                     CAPTAIN G. R. SHEPARD



 2         adaptable to Naval ship use, Naval Ship Systems



 3         Command (NAVSHIPS) undertook a comprehensive



 4         research and development program.  The first



 5         phase of this program was a waste survey In



 g         representative areas in each of four different



 7         type ships.



 g                   The U. S. Navy Marine Engineering



 9         Laboratory,  Annapolis, Maryland, conducted



10         this survey and findings are reported in "U.S.



11         Navy Marine Engineering Laboratory Research



12         and Development Report 346/64, January 1965."



13                   Using the results of the waste survey



14         as a characteristic influent and the proposed



15         effluent standards of the interagency committee



16         as the treatment goal, NAVSHIPS contacted



17         industry to  develop the required system hardware.



18                   A  three-phase development contract



19         was awarded  in May 1966.  The first phase



20         established  system feasibility by means of



21          a laboratory model, and the second phase pro-



22          duced a full-scale prototype which is now



23          undergoing evaluation at a Navy laboratory.



24  !        A second full-scale unit is being Installed



25          in an Atlantic Fleet destroyer for shipboard

-------
 1                     CAPTAIN  G. R.  SHEPARD




 2         evaluation  of  operating  and maintenance  concepts.



 3                  While preliminary tests  of  this




 4         developmental  plant  indicate  that  it  will



 5         meet  or  exceed the effluent standards speci-




 6         fied  in  the  contract,  it was  not designed




 7         to meet  the  very  stringent water purity




 8         standards which have been  established by




 9         the Illinois Sanitary  Water Board.  There




10         is no known  equipment  either  available or



11         under development which  will  meet  these




12         standards and  still  meet the  critical weight




13         and space requirements'of  a Naval  ship installa-




14         tion.




15                  The  only apparent method  by which



16         Naval Reserve  Training ships  berthed  in  the



17         Chicago  area can  meet  the  Illinois  purity



18         standards is by re-plumbing the sewage drains



19         into  holding tanks from  which the wastes may



20         be pumped ashore  into  a  sewer main.   Naval




21         authorities  are now  evaluating the  cost  of




22         such  installations,  as well as the  effects



23         on the operations of the ships involved.



24




25

-------
            	1415
 1           LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES
 2                   MR. STEIN:  Mr. Poston.
 3                   MR. POSTON:  At this time I would like
 4         to call on Mrs. Donald Clusen, League of Women
 5         Voters.  She represents the National headquarters.
 6                   Mrs. Clusen has been very patient.
 7         Mrs.  Clusen had asked for quite some time; I
 8         think she inquired of the State of Wisconsin,
 9         also, since she is a resident of Green Bay.
10                   Mrs. Clusen.
11
12           LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF THE UNITED STATES
13                 .MRS. DONALD E. CLUSEN, DIRECTOR
14                   AND WATER RESOURCES CHAIRMAN
15
16                   MRS. CLUSEN:  Mr. Chairman and distin-
17         guished Conferees, I might say seldom has a woman
18         had so much trouble getting a word in edgewise.
19                   (Laughter.)
20                   However, I am most grateful for
21         the time and I will summarize the statement
22         which is now in the hands of the Conferees
23         and the reporter.
24                   In order to clarify my status here,
25         let me say that although I live in Green Bay,

-------
   	1416

 1            LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES

 2         Wisconsin, I am National Water Chairman for

 3         the League of Women Voters.   I am here today,

 4         however,  as spokesman for the ladies in the

 5         four states who are a party to this conference,

 6         so the views which I am presenting here are

 7         those of  the Lake Michigan interleague group.

 g                   In addition to that, I would like

 9         to request permission of the conference for

10         the detailed statements from these State

11         leagues to "be entered into the record of this

12         conference following our testimony.

13                   MR. STEIN:   Are they ready now?

14                   MRS.  CLUSEN:   Yes, they are in the

15         material  which  you have Just received.

16 I                  MR. STEIN:   Without objection, they

17         will be introduced into the  record as if read.

18                   (Which said statements are as follows:}

19
                LEAGUE OP  WOMEN VOTERS  OF THE UNITED
20
                STATES,  1200 Seventeen  Street, N.W.,
21
                Washington,  D.  C.   20036
22

23              STATEMENT  TO THE FEDERAL-STATE ENFORCE-

24              MENT CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION IN LAKE

25              MICHIGAN AND ITS TRIBUTARY BASIN,  BY

-------
                                                         1417
 1            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES
 2              MRS. DONALD E. CLUSEN, DIRECTOR
 3              CHAIRMAN, WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE
 4              LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OP THE
 g              UNITED STATES, February 1, 1968
 6                   I am Mrs. Donald E. Clusen, of Green
 7         Bay, Wisconsin, Water Resources Chairman of the
 8         League of Women Voters of the United States. I
 9         am here today as a resident of the Lake Michigan
10         Tributary Basin to express the views of local
n         and State Leagues of Women Voters in this four
12         State area,  Leagues in these States have joined
13         together to study and seek solutions to water
14         problems which plague the Lake Michigan Region,
15         and the views which I will present to you are
16         those of the Lake Michigan Inter-League Water
17         Group.   In addition to this overall presentation,
18         the State Leagues of Indiana,  Illinois, Michigan
19         and Wisconsin have prepared individual statements
20         in greater detail regarding the situation as they
21         find it in their part of the Lake Michigan shore-
22         line.   At this time,  we would like to request
23 ]        permission of the conferees for these four state-
24 !        raents  to be  entered into the record of this con-
25         ference,  following my testimony for the Inter-Leagtae

-------
                        	1418
 I            LEAGUE OP  WOMEN VOTERS  OP UNITED STATES
 2          Group  of the Lake Michigan region.
 3                    We think it is  significant that
 4          the  Leagues  of  Women Voters in these four
 5          States  have  chosen to work Jointly in their
 6          efforts to gather information and reach
 7          decisions on present and  future pollution
 g          abatement efforts concerning Lake Michigan.
 9          We believe it is  even more important that
10          these  four States approach the growing prob-
11          lems of Lake Michigan in  the same spirit of
12          Joint  endeavor.
13                    We wish to use  this opportunity
14          to urge both the  Federal  Government and the
15          States  to look  at Lake Michigan as a whole--
16          to see  beyond the most urgent crisis of water
11          quality to consideration  of such other problems
18          as navigation,  water supply, water use and re-
19          use, eutrophication, land fill and procedures
20          for  dumping  and dredging.  We wish to commend
21          the  calling  of  this  conference, which we pre-
22          viously urged through letters to Governors of
23          the  States,  as  an important step in achieving
24          greater unity of  purpose  among these States
25          and  between  them  and the  Federal Government.

-------
   	1419
 1            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES
 2         We note also another encouraging factor in the
 3         stated intent of the four Attorneys General
 4         to compile and exchange lists of known polluters
 5         in these States.
 §                   Few citizens can doubt the wisdom
 7         of wholesale, Joint attack upon our problems.
 3         A piecemeal approach on a single problem basis
 9         can only lead to inconsistency, inadequacy,
10         and confusion.  Each State is obvioulsy
11         affected by the discharges of its neighbors,
12         intrastate standards set for water quality,
13         handling of the increasing alewife problem,
14         and local and State regulations which govern
15         dumping of polluted materials in our common
16         waterway.
17                   From observation,  research,  and
18         discussion,  including pooling of information
10         and points of view of League members in the
20         four States,  the Lake Michigan Inter-League
21         Group wishes  to express  the  following recom-
22         mendations to the conference:
23              1.   That a uniform  plan for enforce-
24              ment of  interstate  water quality
25              standards  be established,  which

-------
                                                         1420
              LEA3UE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES
 2               necessarily involves:
 3                    a)  coordination of stan-
                     dards among the four States
                     involved, particularly as
                     they pertain to streams draining
 7                    into Lake Michigan,
 g                    b)  uniform enforcement
 9                    procedures,

                     c) Federal surveillance and
11                    testing of water with regular
12                    reports to the Federal Water
13                    Pollution Control Agency and

14                    the States,
15               2.   That the Federal Government and
                the States look at Lake Michigan as
                an  entity, whether the focus be on
18               problems of pollution, supply, or
19               use.

20               3«   That a timetable be established
21               which provides for consistent, planned
22               advances in pollution abatement.
23               4.   That enforcement of the time-
24  |             table and standards be strict, and
25               action upon the recalcitrant polluter

-------
                            	1421
 1            LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES
 2              speedy.
 3              5.  That coordinated research
 4              programs among States be encour-
 5              aged to facilitate feasible,,
 6              economical solutions and prevent
 7              duplication of effort and ex-
 g              pense.
 9                   These recommendations are based upon
10         results of a study currently underway by State
11         and local Leagues in the four States.  While the
12         conference will, we hope, want to read the de-
13         tailed statements submitted by each of these
14         four State Leagues, I would like to quote briefly
15         from them so that you gentlemen will understand
16         the depth and scope of League concern for Lake
17         Michigan.
18                   The League of Women Voters of Indiana
19         in commenting on the Jones Subcommittee Hearing
20         held in Chicago in 1963 says, "in the four years
21         since we made our statement to the Jones Com-
22         mittee, conditions in Lake Michigan have not
23         improved, not even remained as they were then,
24         in fact have become much worse."  Later in the
25         Indiana statement, in commenting on efforts since

-------
   	1422

 1             LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES

 2          that time, they say, "Indiana's schedule for

 3          compliance on industrial criteria in the Lake

 4          Michigan area proved to be a year and a half

 5          later than the one agreed upon by the conferees

 6          of the 1965 two-state conference.  Also, Indiana

 7          reports that three of the industries of this

 8          area have not agreed to abide by Indiana's

 9          schedule."

10                    The League of Women Voters of Illinois

11          points up need for a look, at the total picture

12          by saying, "The elusive sources of this increased

13          pollution, in spite of a two-year effort to abate

14          it in the southern end of the lake, call for the

15          wider study of the entire lake." ... "We find

16          that lack of information on the true sources of

17          pollution entering our sector of Lake Michigan

18          sometimes leads to public unwillingness to tackle

19          local problems."                                  !

20                    The League of Women Voters of Michigan  !
                                                             |
2i          has completed its section of the study and copies '
                                                             i

22          of their findings are attached to their statement.

23          Ao one point they say, "The League of Women Voters
                                                             i
24          of Michigan is concerned about the lack of co-

25          ordination of agencies involved in the Lake

-------
 1            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES
   i
 2         Michigan Basin  . . . there are five U. S.

 3         Coast Guard stations in Michigan which are
   i
 4         discharging raw sewage into the Lake  . .  .

 5         two facilities of the Corps of Engineers  and.  .  .

 6         a National fish and wildlife station  discharging

 7         wastes into Lake Michigan."

 8                   The statement of the League of Women

 9         Voters of Wisconsin includes these sentences:

10         "We still have some municipalities without

11         sewage -treatment plants, some without secondary

12         treacment,  many with combined sanitary storm

13 ij        sewers,  and,  of course, thousands of septic

14 |        tanks  operating at less than top efficiency. . .  |
   i                                                          !
15 |        Wow we are  seeing the results of our carelessness !

16 !        in the destruction of the shoreline and pollution !
   i                                                          i
17 s        of the waters  of Lake Michigan."
   i|
18                   It  would seeia that these statement.;:.
   i
19         also point  up  the finding that no State is

20         blameless as  a contributor to pollution of Lake
   jl
21         Michigan.   No  State,  however,  is apathetic or

22 I        unconcerned,  either.   As  League members,  as

23         citizens  of the  Lake  Michigan Basin,  we believe

24 |        the  time  for pointing an  accusatory finger at

25         any  one State,  industry,  or  local  community is

-------
 1             LEAGUE  OP WOMEN VOTERS  OP  UNITED STATES



 2         past.  What is needed  is a sincere,  earnest,



 3         forthright attempt to  assess  where  we  are now



 4         in  controlling the quality of the lake,  what



 5         things we  can do  better in this  four-State



 g         area by working together on the  State  level,



 7         what kind  of Federal assistance  can be most



 8         effective  in helping us to achieve  cleaner



 9         water in Lake Michigan.



10                    In working to accomplish  this  objective,



jj         the League of Women Voters is prepared to accept



12         responsibility for helping citizens  to understand



13         their necessary role—be it via  State or  local



!4         legislation involving  bond issues,  Increased



15         taxation,  more strict  monitoring and enforcement



16         procedures.  The  League is also  uniquely equipped



17         to  influence public opinion and  public support



jg         for the climate of opinion and spirit  of unity



19         and cooperation which  must exist among govern-



20         ments and  citizens in  these four States.



21                    Because we are a National  organization--



22         which operates on State, local and  on  water



23         matters, a basin  level—it is possible for  us



24         to  try to  evaluate the problems  and proposed



25         solutions  for Lake Michigan without undue concern

-------
   	1425

 1            LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES


 2         for arbitrary governmental boundaries and


 3         administrative restrictions.  We are eager


 4         to be of whatever assistance we can to both


 5         Federal and State conferees in implementing


 g         decisions and/or recommendations of this


 7         conference.  In itself, this conference will


 g         not clean up Lake Michigan, but we hope it


 9         will point the way to preservation and wise


10         use of this vital asset.  Thank you for the


11         opportunity to present our views.


12
                League of Women Voters of Indiana

13
                506 Illinois Building
14
                17 West Market
15
                Indianapolis, Indiana  46204

16
                January 1968
17

18                STATEMENT TO THE FEDERAL-STATE


19              ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION


20            IN LAKE MICHIGAN AND ITS TRIBUTARY BASIN


21            BY THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF INDIANA


22              CHICAGO, ILLINOIS - JANUARY 31, 1968


23                   In the opinion of the League of Women


24 i        Voters of Indiana, the most Important thing to


25         realize, is that time has run out for Lake

-------
   	1426


 1                LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF INDIANA


 2          Michigan.  There is no future time left.


 3          Improvements nius_t^ begin now and continue at


 4          an accelerated pace.  The damage to Lake


 5          Michigan that has occurred to date will take


 6          a great many years to reverse.  We need not


 7          add to the description of poor conditions


 8          that is being presented to this conference.


 9          We do believe that, since the four States on


lO          Lake Michigan participating in this current


H          conference create the entire boundaries of


12          the lake which is entirely contained within


13          the United States, it is possible to develop


14          the kind of control of lake conditions that


15          would allow Lake Michigan to have the top


16          water quality in the Great Lakes.


17                    At a hearing held in Chicago, Illinois,


18          September 6, .1963* by the Subcommittee on Govern-


19          ment Operations of the House of Representatives,


20          chaired by Mr. Jones, the League of Women Voters


21          of Indiana filed a written statement relating to


22          conditions on Lake Michigan.  Since that date
   i

23          there has been an enforcement conference with


24  !        follow-up meetings for Indiana and Illinois.
   !
   j

25          Considerable public interest and discussion have

-------
                                                         1427
 1               LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF INDIANA
 2         taken place also.  We know that the Indiana-
 3         Illinois conference was productive of regu-
 4         lations and criteria for water.  It is to be
 5         expected that the 1965 Indiana-Illinois con-
 6         ference will produce some results by the end
 7         of 1968.  But will they be enough?
 g                   In the four years, plus, since we made
 9         our statement to the Jones committee, the con-
10         ditions in Lake Michigan have not improved, not
11         even remained as they were then, in fact have
12         become much worse.
13                   The Indiana League of Women Voters
14         hopes that this 1968 four-State conference can
15         produce an agreement that will greatly accelerate
16         the action so vitally needed.
17                   We were advised by a letter, written
18         on November 17, 1967, by Mr. Blucher Poole,
19         Technical Secretary of the Indiana Stream and
20         Pollution and Control Board, that the Secretary
21         of the Interior has approved Indiana   State
22         water quality criteria and plan of implementation.
23         Yet in these water quality standards,  as approved,
24         Indiana   schedule for compliance on industrial
25         criteria in the Lake Michigan area proved to be

-------
   	1428
 1               LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS  OP  INDIANA
 2         a year and one half  later  than the  one agreed
 3         upon by  the conferees of the  1965  two-State
 4         conference.
 5                   Indiana news  reports have said  that
 6         Indiana   standards  are more  strict than  the
 7         ones agreed upon at  the 1965  conference.   Some
 8         industries have stated  that they could meet
 9         the 1965  conference  standards but not Indiana
10         stricter  standards until 1970.   These reports
11         point up  the need for a uniform  set of standards
12         and time  schedule.   Also,  Indiana reports  that
13         three of  the industries of this  area have  not
14         agreed to abide by Indiana   schedule.
15                   Among the many things that this  con-
16         ference  could consider  are the problems of
17         eutrophication.  What can  be  done about en-
18         couraging the kind of municipal  treatment  facili-
19         ties that can remove phosphates  or  separate storm
20         sewers?   Some Indiana municipalities are  reported
21         as having inadequate or overloaded  treatment
22         plants.   The Army Corps of Engineers needs
23         permanent, not a temporary, arrangement for
24         dumping  canal dredgings, other than in Lake
25         Michigan. Is it not time  to  consider the  manner

-------
   	1429
 I               LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF INDIANA
 2         of caring for the water that will be used by the
 3         planned nuclear power.plants?  What can be done
 4         about landfills?  Is the Army Corps of Engineers,
 5         whose interest is centered on navigation, to
 g         remain the only body concerned in permitting
 7         landfill?  This present practice seems strange,
 3         if our modern day population'and industrial
 9         needs are considered in regard to the vast water
10         use of Lake Michigan.
H                   The peculiar  water currents in the lake
12         should be given utmost  consideration.  The new
13         report made by the Federal Water Pollution Con-
14         trol Board on lake currents could prove helpful.
15         How do seasonal change,wind direction, or other
16         phenomena affect the amounts of accumulated
17         polluted material?  Currents should be fully
18         understood in regard to these effects before
19         allowing shore or island fills.
20                   We wish to express our commendation
21         of Joint action and cooperation between the
22         four States and our hopes for beneficial re-
23         suits from this enforcement conference.
24
25

-------
 x                 LEAGUE  OF  WOMEN  VOTERS  OF ILLINOIS
                League  of Women  Voters  of Illinois
                67 East Madison  Street
 3
 .               Chicago  60603
 4
                January 31,  1968
 5

 6                 STATEMENT  TO THE FEDERAL-STATE
 7             ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE  ON POLLUTION IN
 8              LAKE MICHIGAN  AND ITS  TRIBUTARY BASIN
 9            BY THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF ILLINOIS
10
                     The  League  of Women  Voters of Illinois
           supports the concept  of regional planning for
12
           Lake Michigan  and its tributary basin.  We be-
13
           lieve that all Federal, State  and local agencies
14
           in the area  must  plan cooperatively for the
15
           orderly development and protection of this vast
16
           public water resource.   We applaud the convening
   I        of this four-State conference  and appreciate the
IB
           opportunity  to present  our views.
20                    There is graphic evidence of the deter-
21          ioration of  water quality  in Lake Michigan.  The
22          Calumet Area Post Action Surveillance Project,
23          Department of  the Interior,  submitted a report
24          to the Illinois-Indiana Conference in September
25          1967.  That  report indicated that water quality

-------
   	1431



 1               LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP ILLINOIS



 2         at the City of Chicago   public water intake



 3         cribs did not meet the criteria established



 4         by that conference in early 1966.  In many



 5         instances, contaminants exceeded those reported



 6         by the Chicago Department of Water and Sewers



 7         in March 1965.  This department reported on



 8         September 11, 1967, that there had been a steady



 9         decline in open water quality of Lake Michigan



10         since the report of March 1965.  This lowered



11         quality affected the water intake at both the



12         Central Filtration Plant and the South District



13         Filtration Plant, whereas the report of March



14         1965 had shown only occasional pollution at



15         the Central Filtration Plant.  The elusiveness    i
                                                             i


16         of the sources of this increased pollution, in    j



17         spite of a two-year effort to abate it in the



18         southern end of the lake, calls for a wider



19         study of the entire lake.



20                   The League of Women Voters believes



21         that an ongoing four-State conference is essential



22         to coordinate the implementation and enforcement



23 j        of water quality standards for Illinois, Indiana,



24 !        Wisconsin and Michigan, as soon as the standards



25         have been approved by the Secretary of the

-------
 1               LEAGUE  OF WOMEN VOTERS  OP  ILLINOIS



 2          Interior.  We urge  the  conference  to  establish



 3          a  surveillance team which will make regular



 4          reports  to the conferees on the  progress  of



 5          pollution abatement in  the lake  basin.  Such



 6          a  surveillance team can pinpoint sources  of



 7          pollution and bring more prompt  compliance



 g          with standards.  The publication of surveillance



 9          reports  when  published  will serve  to  win  public



10          support  for abatement measures.



11                   We  urge the conferees  to establish



12          routine  methods for uniformly upgarding each



13          State's  water quality standards  relating  to



14          Lake Michigan and its tributary  rivers as water



15          quality  Improves.   The  conferees will want to



16          assess the damage to lake waters from chemical



17          fertilizers and pesticides and adjust standards



18          to eliminate  the danger of pollution  from these



19          sources.  With the  anticipated construction  of



20          nuclear  power plants using Lake  Michigan  water

   i

21          at a number of locations on her  shores, we



22          suggest  the study of the effects of thermal



23  j        pollution and radio activity  with  subsequent
   i
   i

24          adoption of suitable criteria for  these facili-



25          ties.  As the many  research projects  now  underway

-------
 l                LEAGUE  OF  WOMEN VOTERS  OF ILLINOIS
 2          identify other sources of pollution and develop
 „          the  technology to  cope with them,  the conferees
 o
 .          will wish to  make  recommendations  for new
 _          measures to control  these sources  of danger.
 5
 .                    We  would further urge a  study of
 6
           uniform  laws  for both private and  commercial
 8          vessels  using Lake Michigan and its tributary
 _          waters.   Such laws should control  pollution
10          from all sanitary  and oil discharges from both
..          types  of vessels.
12                    We  urge  the conference to resolve the
13          apparent inconsistency in having June 1970
14          remain—in the Indiana standards approved by
15          the  Secretary of the Interior—as  the compliance
M"         date for specific  industries  now under a Decem-
17          ber  1968 compliance  order by  action of the 196?
18          Illinois-Indiana Enforcement  Conference.   We
IQ          would  expect  adherence to the original date.
20                    The League of Women Voters of Illinois
2i          recognizes that  some of the Lake Michigan pol-
22          lution originates  in our own  State and has
23          supported all Illinois legislation aimed at
24  j        reducing it.   In the Illinois Legislature, we
25          testified in  support of the passage of the

-------
 1               LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS  OF  ILLINOIS



 2         $1 billion Resource Development  Bond  Act  and



 3         will work for its passage  in  November 1968.



 4         Since funds from this Bond Act will not be



 5         available before 19^9> we  have also supported



 6         an immediate appropriation for State  funds  to



 7         match Federal grants for construction of



 g         sewage treatment plants under Public  Law  660.



 9         This latter legislation was vetoed.   We have



10         supported legislation to prohibit  the dumping



11         of dredgings in Lake Michigan, and are grati-



12         fied to know that such legislation will become



13         effective this year.  Inasmuch as  this anti-



14         dumping measure affects only  the Illinois portion



15         of Lake Michigan, we urge  the conferees to  con-



16         sider measures to protect  all other parts of the



17         lake as well from the dumping of polluted dredging^



18                   Local Leagues in Illinois are studying



19         the problems created by sewage disposal plants



20         and local industries which contribute to  the



21         pollution of Lake Michigan.   We  are aware that



22         the North Shore Sanitary District  in  Lake County,



23         Illinois faces major costly problems  in plant



24         improvement to reduce the  pollution now dis-



25         charged into the lake from its primary treatment

-------
   	3A35
 !               LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF ILLINOIS

 2         facilities.   We can no longer afford the luxury

 3         of indifference and will work realistically to

 4         eliminate this  pollution.  Our other major

 j         source of Lake  Michigan pollution from Illinois

 6         is the Calumet  River area where combined storm

 7         overflow and industrial wastes must be elimi-

 8         nated.  We shall support compliance with water

 9         quality standards for municipal and industrial

10         polluters as determined and enforced by the

11         Illinois State  Sanitary Water Board.

12                   We find that lack of information on the

13         true  sources of pollution entering our sector of

14         Lake  Michigan sometimes leads to public unwilling-

15         ness  to tackle  local problems.  We feel that this

16         four-State conference can eliminate misinformation

17         and increase popular support for all Federal,

18         State and local measures essential to the pro-

19         tection of Lake Michigan.

20                   In summary, we request the conference

21         to consider:

22              1.   Basinwide surveillance with

23              reporting.

24 |             2.   Four-State,  unified action to

25              upgrade standards as needed.

-------
   	,	3A3.6

 1                LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF ILLINOIS


 2               3-   Broadening of standards to


 3               include criteria not now included,


 4               as  research establishes these


 g               criteria.


 6               4.   Uniform shipping and boating


 7               regulations.


 8               5»   Uniform dumping measures.


 9               6.   Continued public hearings.


10               7.   Strict enforcement with prompt


U               reporting  of non-compliance.


12
           League of Women Voters of Michigan

13
           4612 Woodward Avenue, Room 317

14
           Detroit,  Michigan  48201 - TE 3-7133

15
           January 31>  1968

16


17                STATEMENT FILED WITH THE FEDERAL


18            CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION OF LAKE MICHIGAN


19          AND ITS  TRIBUTARY BASIN BY MRS. ROBERT ZILLY,


20                    WATER RESOURCES CHAIRMAN


21               LEAGUE  OF  WOMEN VOTERS OF MICHIGAN


22                       FEBRUARY 5, 1968


23                    The preservation of clean waters in


24          the Lake Michigan Basin is of prime importance


25          to the" State of Michigan because of its unique

-------
   	U37
 1              LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP MICHIGAN
 2         geographical location, its many miles of beaches,
 3         and its  myriad streams and inland lakes offering
 4         recreational outlets to an increasing population
 5         centered around the southern end of Lake Michigan.
 6         A sizeable resort and tourist industry exists in
 7         western  Michigan and is dependent upon the main-
 8         tenance  of waters suitable for swimming and
 9         streams  capable of supporting fish and wildlife.
10                   A population increasing in geometric
11         proportions in Michigan will be dependent upon
12         waters that are safe for drinking without the
13         addition of huge quantities of chlorination.
14         Expanding industrialization and the development
15         of  extensive power generation plants,  both
16         nuclear  and steam,  in the  basin are dependent
17         upon water quality and the State water resources.
18         For these reasons,  the League of Women Voters of
19         Michigan urges  the  strict  enforcement  of  the
20         highest  water quality standards possible  for
21         Lake Michigan.
22                   We  would  like  to take this opportunity
23         to  commend the  Michigan  Water Resources Commission
24         and the  Department  of  Conservation  for its  efforts
25         to  set adequate  water  quality standards,  develop

-------
                       	1438
                LEAGUE  OF WOMEN VOTERS  OP  MICHIGAN
 2          studies  of present  and  future water resources
 3          and uses, and use designations  for  the  tribu-
           taries of the Lake  Michigan  Basin which reflect
 g          full  consideration  of the  varied uses of Michigan
 6          waters.  The following  concerns voiced  "by the
           League of Women Voters  of  Michigan  are  made,
           not in criticism of any agency, but as  a recog-
           nit-ion of the rapidly deteriorating quality
           of  the waters of Lake Michigan  and  its  tribu-
           varies.
12                   Our first concern  is  the  proposed
13          Michigan water quality  standards per se.  The
           wording  in the summaries of  programs to control
           and abate pollution seeui to  present loopholes
           for enforcement and are subject to  varied
17          interpretations.  The use  of such terms as
           "when feasible," "the best practical treatment
19          or  control," "such  technology and processes which
20          are known" and the  interpretation of the word,
2i          "injurious," offer  escape  clauses in a  strict
22          enforcement  program.  The  League of Women Voters
23          of Michigan  is concerned,  also, about Federal
24          acceptance of the water quality standards for
25          Michigan.  We appreciate the time taken for

-------
                                                         1439
                LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP MICHIGAN

 2         careful evaluation before Federal approval,

 3         but we do hope that acceptance of Michigan

           standards will be expedited.  Finally, the

           strict enforcement of the highest possible

           water quality standards concerns the League

 7         of Women Voters of Michigan.  The pressures

 8         for lowering of some standards have been many

 9         and varied.  If the four-State conference can

10         establish uniformly high water quality require-

           ments in the basin, these pressures may be

12         alleviated.

13                   Secondly, the League of Women Voters

           of Michigan is-concerned about the lack of co-

15         ordination of agencies involved in the Lake

           Michigan Basin.   While the Federal Water Pol-

17         lution Control Administration actively woi*ks

           for pollution abatement, there are five U. S.

           Coast Guard stations in Michigan which are

20         discharging raw sewage of human origin directly

21         into Lake Michigan and two facilities  of the

22         Army Corps of Engineers which are contributing

23         waste waters to  Lake Michigan.

24                   Besides  the need for coordination

25         between agencies,  it seems necessary to

-------
                                                         1440
 l              LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OP MICHIGAN
 2         coordinate water quality standards between  the
 3         four States in the basin.  Pollution from one
 4         State   streams into Lake Michigan inevitably
 .         affects water intakes and uses in other States.
 5
 _                   If one State sets low standards or
 o
          does not enforce its standards, it is difficult
 g         to enforce high water quality standards in
 g         another State.  It would be logical for the
10         four States to coordinate their water quality
n         standards, plans for implementation and enforce-
,0         ment procedures in any realistic attempt to
J.Z
13         abate pollution in Lake Michigan.
14                   Pollution of Lake Michigan by Michigan
15         industries and municipalities does not compare
16         proportionately to pollution from other sections
17         of the basin where there is heavy industry.
lg         However, the League of Women Voters of Michigan
19         is concerned about the wastes discharged in the
20         lake from Michigan plants as established by the
2i         Michigan Water Resources Commission.  We hope a
22         strict enforcement program with specific time-
23         tables for each municipality and industry now
24         discharging wastes into the lake or its tribu-
25         taries will be realized by the Commission.

-------
 I              LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF MICHIGAN
 2         Filamentous algae In the St. Joseph River,
 3         algae blooms In the Traverse Bay area, and
 4         nuisance accumulations of algae at the mouth
 5         of the Grand River are evidence of the need
 6         for such a program.
 7                   Finally, the League of Women Voters
 8         of Michigan is particularly concerned about
 9         the effect of thermal pollution on Lake Michigan.
10         A nuclear power generating plant is in the
a         process of being built at South Haven which
12         will use an estimated 7^3 million gallons per
13         day for cooling water to be returned to the lake.
14         A proposed plant forty miles south of South
15         Hav^n at Bridgman will be an ever larger user
16         of Lake Michigan waters for cooling.   The
17         accumulated effect of these discharges into
18         a lake which has a very low rate of exchange
19         presents a disturbing problem.
20                   It seems to us  that here is an oppor-
21         tunity to apply preventive  measures as opposed
22         to  waiting for 20  years under existing standards
23         and then try to remedy a  problem.   The State of
24         Michigan has  established  a  new  use ordinance
25         which  requires  an  industry  to present a statement

-------
 1             LEAGUE  OP WOMEN VOTERS  OP  MICHIGAN
 2         to  the  Michigan Water  Resources Commission setting
 3         forth the  nature  of the  development which requires
 *         a new use  or increase  over the  present use,  the
 5         amount  of  water to be  used,  its source, its  point
 6         of  discharge, the estimated  amount, and the  ex-
 7         pected  characteristics of  the water.   However,  the
 8         language as  now written  seems  to apply to waste
 9         disposal or  sewage.
10                   Whether these  terms will be interpreted
11         in  a court case to include cooling waters is not
12         clear.  It is our understanding that proposals  for
13         nuclear energy plants  in the other three States
l4         would also use Lake Michigan waters for cooling.
15         Given the  nature  of currents in the southern half ofcf
16         Lake Michigan, a  giant whirlpool of very warm water
I7         at  the  southern tip of the lake is within the realm
18         of  possibility.   This  is in  the same area of the
19         densest population and the greatest number of Indus
20         tries now  discharging  wastes into the lake.   The
21         prospect offers an opportunity for creative planninjg
22         on  the  part  of the Federal and  State agencies in-
23         volved. The League of Women Voters of Michigan hopjes
24         this conference grasps this  opportunity rather than
25         waiting to find costly remedial measures necessary,

-------
League of Women Voters of Michigan
U612 Woodward Avenue, Room 317                                    Price:
Detroit, Michigan V8201 - TE 3-7133                               January, 1968
                  LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN STUDY;  MICHIGAN SECTION


                                 Table of Contents
                                                                    Page

            CHARACTERISTICS	  1

            EXISTING PROBLEMS	  6

            WATER USE AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THIS BASIN	  7

            POLLUTION ABATEMENT	  9

            FLOOD CONTROL	:	12

            IRRIGATION	,1*

            POWER	15

            COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION	l6

            WATERSHED MANAGEMENT	19

            RECREATION, FISH, AND WILDLIFE	26

            BIBLIOGRAPHY	  I

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                                                                               1444
                                       - 1 -
                                  CHARACTERISTICS

Lake Michigan is the sixth largest fresh water lake on earth, with an area of
22,1*00 square miles and a volume of I,ll6 cubic miles.  The lake surface elevation
averages about 580 feet above sea level, common with Lake Huron.  It is divided into
two deep-water basins by a submerged ridge running roughly from Grand Haven to
Milwaukee.  The average depth of the ridge is approximately 232 feet.  The maximum
depth of the lake, 923 feet, is in the northern basin.  The land drainage area is
1*5,1*60 square miles, 6h% of which is in Michigan.  The lake surface accounts for
over 31$ of the total drainage area.  Discharge of Lake Michigan occurs through the
broad, deep straits of Mackinac (no measurable gradient) into Lake Huron, and by
diversion through the Chicago Sanitary & Ship Canal and into the Mississippi River
system.  The latter discharge is approximately 3,100 to 3,200  cubic feet a second
(cfs) and combines direct diversion and domestic pumpage.  The normal outward flow
into Lake Huron has not been precisely determined.  It is estimated to be between
approximately 1*0,000 and 55,000 cfs.

Lake Michigan occupies a great valley in the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks which lap
onto the southern edge of the Pre-Cambrian Canadian Shield.  This valley originated
in pre-glacial times and in rock least resistant to erosion.  Jack L. Hough in his
Geology of the Great Lakes (1958) suggests that the existence and orientation of
this feature exerted a strong influence on subsequent glacial ice movement which was
responsible for the final shaping of the Lake Michigan basin.  The existing Great
Lakes are of comparatively recent origin, the present levels having been reached
only about 2,500 years ago.

The coastline of Lake Michigan, with the exception of Green Bay, Little Traverse
Bay and Grand Traverse Bay is quite regular.  Lake Michigan is characterized by few
natural good harbors; however, the outlets of drowned estuary lakes in the mouths of
several Michigan rivers have been improved and protected to provide excellent
facilities.

Some of the Nation's finest beaches are found along the ejast coast of Lake Michigan.
The 1,058 miles of Michigan shoreline are comprised of relatively limited areas of
sedimentary rock outcrops and shingle beaches; some areas of till and clay bluff,
and many hundreds of miles of sand.  Sands are either piled high in the great dunes
or low and undulating in the beach ridges.  Sands that slope gradually into deeper
waters, provide an excellent swimming facility.

                                     HYDROLOGY

Knowledge of the hydrology of Lake Michigan is essential for the solution of most
practical problems pertaining to this body of water.  The United States Lake Survey
has recorded water levels for over 100 years, and has made detailed surveys of the
bottom topography.  The Great Lakes Research Institute began a continuing program
of fundamental investigations in 195^-

Lake Currents

Surface currents are produced mainly by wind action and differences in barometric
pressure over different parts of the lake.  Brief windstorms may create surface
waves which cause strong local currents of short duration.  Strong winds of longer
duration will produce a transfer of water toward the leeward shore and a temporary
circulation which is affected by the shape and topography of the lake basin.  Such
water movements are of a temporary nature.  In addition, there appears to be patterns
of permanent, or at least seasonal, circulation involving a slow drift of the water.

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                                                                               1445'
                                       - 2 -

There is a southward drift along the western side of the lake which continues around
the south end and turns northward on the eastern side, where it becomes more pro-
nounced.  Around the Beaver Island group in the north and in the major southern
basin there are counter-clock-wise swirls.  Between these swirls the surface water
tends to move eastward along lines which are curved with their convex sides to the
south.

The prevailing westerly winds, coupled with the flow toward the outlet, are con-
sidered the cause of the above flow patterns.  Some authorities dispute the counter-
clock-wise swirls described above.  Northeasterly winds can alter normal flow
patterns.  At times the flow through the Straits of Mackinac is temporarily reversed.

Lake Levels
The principal natural factors which affect the longer-period fluctuations of the
level of Lake Michigan are precipitation and evaporation.  Precipitation falling
directly on the lake surface raises the surface immediately.  Precipitation falling
on the land surface of the drainage area has a delayed and variable effect.  Average
annual precipitation varies from about 28 inches on the northern part of the lake to
about 32 inches on the southern part.  Evaporation from the lake surface has been
estimated as being approximately equal to precipitation upon it.

The levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron for 105 years (1860-1965) have ranged between
583.68 feet (1886) and 577.09 feet (1964), a range of 6.59 feet.  The highest modern
level occurred in 1952, 582.69 feet.  The levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron is
affected by the diversion at Chicago of 3,100 cfs (withdrawal) and the diversion into
Lake Superior of 5,000 cfs via the Long Lake and Ogoli projects.  The net effect of
both diversions is to raise the levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron about O.lU foot
above what it would be without withdrawals and additions.

Levels follow a seasonal pattern with highs generally occurring in summer and lows
in winter or early spring.  Within a year, variations average about 1.1 feet.

Water Quality

The chemical and biological characteristics of Lake Michigan waters are not uniform.
They vary from north to south and from the deep central part of the lake to the
shallow shore zones.

The natural waters of Lake Michigan are moderate in hardness, and very low in
turbidity and chlorides.  The over-all chemical quality shows little change from
year to year.  Tributary runoff influences the quality of the onshore lake waters in
the vicinity of the tributary outlets increasing in some instances the coliform
counts at other points of water use.

Tributary Streams in Michigan

Pine River; Boardman River; Manistee River; Pere Marquette River; Pentwater River;
White River; Muskegon River; Grand River; Black River, Holland; Kalamazoo River;
Black River, South Haven; St. Joseph River; Menominee River; and Manistique River.

Aquatic Life

The bottom sediments of Lake Michigan along the shoreline of Michigan are of two
major types; cobbles and boulders or sand.  In addition, these two types may be
mixed with or overlain by organic and inorganic solids carried to the lake by the
rivers.  In the rocky areas the predominant organisms are longnosed dace, sculpins,

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                                       _ 3 -

crayfish, stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, midges,  and scuds.   In  the
areas of clean, sand bottom the most commonly found organisms are scuds,  aquatic
worms, midges, and fingernail clams.  In the area affected by the deposition of
organic sediments carried in by rivers the predominant organisms may be the tolerant
aquatic earthworms.  Water quality along our Michigan shoreline  is very good and
exceeds that necessary to guarantee the growth and propagation of the aquatic life
found in these areas.  Green filamentous algae grow in the rivers draining into Lake
Michigan.  In certain areas of the lake further growth takes  place in Lake Michigan
itself.

                                    POPULATION

There were more than 2,500,000 people in the Michigan portion of the Lake Michigan
basin in I960.  The population varied from the densely settled metropolitan areas
of Grand Rapids and Lansing to the virtually uninhabited State and Federal forest in
the Upper Peninsula.  The area can be divided into the three  traditional  zones of
Michigan:  the relatively densely settled and intensely developed southern Lower
Peninsula had 26% of the land area and 83% of the 1960 population, while  the
moderately populated northern Lower Peninsula had 21% of the  land and 11$ of the
population, and the sparsely settled Upper Peninsula  had 11%  of  the  land  and only
6% of the I960 population.  The I960 population densities were below IT people per
square mile for the Upper Peninsula, nearly .27 people per square mile for the
northern Lower Peninsula, and over 150 people per square mile for the southern
Lower Peninsula.  Based upon past history, the population will be approximately
2,800,000 in this area in 1980, with the bulk of this increase in the southern
Lower Peninsula.

                                      ECONOMY

The Lake Michigan Basin of Michigan is divided into three areas  as given  below:

Western Michigan Lake Shoreline

       I960 Population                       976,000  change 1950-1960 2k%
       Land Area                               6,662  square miles

The early economy was largely timber oriented.  As the great  timber  resources were
cut, the logs were floated to the sawmills, located at the mouth of  all principal
rivers.  Around these mills, and the docking facilities required to  transport the
sawn timber, there developed many of the cities of western Michigan...Muskegon,
Grand Haven, Manistee, Ludington, Traverse City.  With the end of the timber harvest,
the sawmill towns were able to convert their economies to a general  manufacturing
and wholesale and retail trade base.  This transition was made possible in a large
measure by the existing lake port transportation facilities.   There  are two metro-
politan areas in the area, Grand Rapids and Muskegon.  Grand  Rapids  made  a rather
natural transition in its economy, from sawmills to furniture to a modern industrial
city, manufacturing a wide range of fabricated metal products, automobile parts,
machinery, etc.  Muskegon, once one of the world's leading producers of lumber, has
become a manufacturing center of engines, automobile parts, foundry  products, etc.
The smaller cities of the area are also manufacturing oriented.   Food processing,
canning and marketing are a significant segment of the economy.   Western  Michigan
is one of the nation's leading fruit and vegetable growing regions.   This is made
possible by the climatic influence of Lake Michigan.   Apples, cherries, peaches and
pears are the leading tree fruits.  Truck farming and small fruit producing are
also major agricultural enterprises.  The entire west coast of Michigan is used
intensively for recreation.  Tourism and summer residences furnish a substantial
income to non-agricultural workers in rural areas.

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Uppe-  Peninsula - Eastern Area

       I960 Population                       128,521 change 1950-1960 3.6%
       Land area                               7,832 square miles

The general unsuitability of much of the area to agriculture (both climate and soils),
the lack of mineral wealth, and its remoteness to population centers are reflected
by the sparse population of the eastern Upper Peninsula.  Nearly a third of the
population is centered in the cities of Escanaba, Menominee and Sault Ste. Marie.
All three are important ports on the Great Lakes.  The past economy of the area was
natural resource oriented (timber, fish, recreation).  The current economy is based
on wood-using industries (pulp, paper, wood products), light manufacturing and
recreational facilities, resorts and summer homes.  Although farming has declined
in general, that remaining is more efficient and more profitable.

Lower Peninsula - Northwestern Area

       I960 Population                       11*1,019 change 1950-1960, 2.6%
       Land area                               6,1^*7 square miles

The economic history of this area was once timber, the northern Lower Peninsula of
Michigan together with areas in other states bordering the Great Lakes was the site
of the world's greatest white and red pine forest.  This vast region was logged off
in the last four decades of the 19th Century.  During the logging, and for a con-
siderable period afterwords, the most extensive forest fires in this Nation's history
ravaged these pine lands, often burning over the same area several times.   Not only
were the few remaining trees destroyed, but of even more significance was  the
destruction of the soil.  The meager humus and organic matter on the northern sandy
soils were consumed.  For over a generation the burned lands remained bare and stark.
Gradually the burns were re-forested, but not with the original species.  The great
pine stands were replaced by aspen, oak, pin cherry and jack pine.  So great an
amount of land was re-forested by these rapid growing hearty species that  they be-
came a valuable resource.  Once again wood products utilization is an important
aspect of the economy.  The great wooded stretches are gaining in economic impor-
tance with recent development of an expanding wood using industry (particle board,
pulp and paper).  Farming is an important part of the economy, providing employment
for nearly one-third of the population.  The trade, services, construction and
employment by the recreation industry is increasing yearly.

Agriculture

Of the kQ counties which lie wholly or partially in the Lake Michigan basin, all
of which have Soil Conservation Districts formed, dairying is the most important
type of agricultural activity in 25 of them.  Field crop production is the most
important in 13 of the counties, fruit production in eight of the counties and
poultry production and livestock production in one of the counties each.

Agricultural Irrigation

The use of Lake Michigan waters for agricultural irrigation is of little signifi-
cance in the total water use picture.  Less than UOO acres are presently known to
depend upon Lake Michigan as a source of irrigation water.  The greatest amount of
this irrigated acreage, approximately 300 acres, is located in Leelanau and Grand
Traverse Counties.

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                                       — 5 —

Land Use

The land use of the Lake Michigan basin ranges from the intensive use of the metro-
politan areas of the southern Lower Peninsula to the extensive use of the forests
in the northern Lower Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula.  The dominant land use in
the southern Lower Peninsula is farmland, with over Q0% of some counties devoted to
agricultural use.  The percentage of forest land, ranges from below 9% in Clinton
County in the southern Lower Peninsula to over 9Q% in Roscommon County in the north-
ern Lower Peninsula and in several counties in the Upper Peninsula.  The value and
use of the land is reflected in the fact that the percentage of publicly-owned land
ranges from a 1 ow of 0.01$ for Van Buren County in the southern Lower Peninsula
to a high of nearly 6l% for Schoolcraft County in the Upper Peninsula.
(All data in this report and whatever maps accompany it are used with the permission
of the Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of Conservation.)

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                                       . 6 -


                                 EXISTING PROBLEMS

                                   BEACH EROSION

Certain waters along the shoreline of Lake Michigan show the effects of man's
activities in the use of the land and the water resources.  Conditions of these
waters reflect soil erosion, land runoff, municipal and industrial waste, water
effluents and tributary flows.

The coastline of Lake Michigan has severe problems of beach erosion.  Damage occurs
primarily during periods of high lake levels, as was experienced during the early
1950's.  Wave action on clay and sandy bluffs causes slides which not only damage
lakefront property on the bluff, but come to rest in the lake to reduce its recrea-
tional value.

                                BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Algae and slimes are produced in significant amounts in the lower 1 1/2 miles of
the Boardman River which discharges into the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay.  These
growths slough and are carried in suspension to the bay where they accumulate off
the river mouth and may be deposited along adjacent beaches, depending on wind and
current conditions.  Higher aquatic plants and filamentous algae are produced on
the shallow shelf of the southeast corner of the bay.  The Michigan Water Resources
Commission is of the opinion that the waters of the Boardman River, enriched by the
discharge of municipal waste water treatment plant and several cherry processors,
cause the development of these growths.  Plans are now being prepared to improve
the water quality problems of this area.

The effects of wastes from groundwood and paper mill on benthic fauna in the Little
Bay de Noc area was studied in 1963.  Some areas had a woody, paper odor.  Some
areas produced gas, had a noticeable surface fibre layer, and a sour odor of de-
composing wood.

Approximately 60 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline from South Haven to Pentwater had
noticeable accumulations of cladophor during August, 1966.  In a 30-mile area around
Muskegon, park managers received complaints that algae stained bathing suits and
conditions were unsuitable for swimming.  The Grand River, Muskegon River, and White
River dishcarge into this section of Lake Michigan and the Water Resources Commission
relates this to agricultural and urban areas of midwestern Michigan.

                                     ALEWIVES

Alewives have become a major problem on the beaches of Lake Michigan.  Mortality
of alewives is high enough to cause windrows of dead carcases on the beaches which
create an odor nuisance, are of concern to the Department of Public Health, and
greatly affected the resort area in the summer of 196?.

                               COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION

The number of incidents of oil pollution from commercial navigation vessels has in-
creased in recent years.  These incidents correspond to the increasing use of oil
as a fuel.  An attendant problem is the indiscriminate overboard disposal of garbage
and trash.

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                                       . 7 -


                 THE WATER USE AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THIS BASIH

                                   WATER SUPPLY

Principal sources of local water supplies (covering municipalities of 10,000
population or more in State of Michigan within the drainage basin of Lake Michigan)
include:

23 municipalities (I960 population of 650,000) using Lake Michigan as raw water
supply withdrawing over 90 million gallons a day in 1966.

Of these 23 municipalities the following are over 10,000:

       St. Joseph                            Muskegon
       Benton Harbor                         Ludington
       Holland                               Traverse City
       Wyoming                               Escanaba
       Grand Rapids                          Menominee
       Muskegon Heights                      Grand Haven

In six locations water is withdrawn directly from Lake Michigan for power generation.

In addition the following cities over 10,000 are within the Lake Michigan drainage
basin:

       Battle Creek                          Lansing - wells
       Kalamazoo                             East Lansing - wells
       Jackson - wells                       Cadillac

Principal Sources of Water Supply in Basin:

In the Upper Peninsula many small lakes and seven rivers drain southward into Lake
Michigan.

In the Lower Peninsula roughly one-half of the state divided by a north-south line
nearly in the center of the state comprises  the basin which drains into Lake
Michigan.  There are hundreds of lakes in this basin, ranging from small ponds to
Houghton Lake, which is 16 miles long and 7 miles wide and is the source of the
longest river in the Lower Peninsula, the Muskegon.  The next longest river is the
Grand, and there are seven other rivers which empty into Lake Michigan from the
Indiana border to the Straits of Mackinac.

In addition there are so many artificial lakes, ponds, and reservoirs that some
experts believe the artificial surface water may soon be competitive with the
natural surface water.  In the early development of Michigan several hundred sites
were found on streams for the production of electricity.  Most of these plants have
been abandoned, but the dammed up waters still serve recreational purposes.  Around
'a hundred reservoirs are still marked on the map in this Lake Michigan basin, and
there are six municipal and industrial water supply reservoirs.

Water supply for present population & industry:

The supply is sufficient in most areas most 6f the year, though in times of drought
municipalities have found it necessary to restrict the use of municipal water supply
for lawn sprinkling, car washing, etc.  There is a tendency for cities to shift
from ground to surface water as this is a source of more unlimited supply.

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                                       . 8 -

Ground water is being depleted faster than it is being replenished:

This is most evident in some areas of high population density.  The ground water
level is being lowered each year.  In the East Lansing-Lansing area, for example,
the Red Cedar River has become almost an intermittent stream.

Anticipated demands will intensify the problem as population is estimated to in-
crease by 550,000 in this portion of Michigan by 1970 and industry will increase
proportionately.  Electric generating plants, .in particular the nuclear variety,
will be demanding increased supplies of cooling water.

Plans for expansion of water supply systems include a feasibility study now being
made of a proposed 215 mile pipeline from Grand Haven on Lake Michigan through
Jackson, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Lansing, and South Haven.

Agencies

State agencies having a responsibility in connection with water supplies in the
Lake Michigan basin include:

       Department of Public Works
       Department of Commerce
       Water Resources Commission
       Department of Health
       Other

Federal agencies include:

       U. S. Geological Survey
       Army Corps of Engineers
       Soil Conservation Service
       Public Health Service
       Other

As an example, the following federal and state agencies were involved in the
Grand River Basin Study:

                 Federal                                State of Michigan

Department of Agriculture                    Department of Agriculture
    "       " Commerce                           "       " Conservation (Geological
    "       " Health, Education & Welfare                     Survey)
    "       " Interior                           "       " Economic Expansion
Federal Power Commission                         "       " Health
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers                    "       " Highways
                                             Soil Conservation Commission
                                             Waterways Commission
                                             Water Resources Commission
                                                (Department of Conservation)
                                             Office of Attorney General

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                                       - 9 -                                   1452


                                POLLUTION ABATEMENT

The Michigan Water Resources Commission states that the overall chemical quality of
Lake Michigan shows little change from year to year but that the tributary runoff
influences the quality of the on shore lake waters in some instances increasing the
coliform count at other points of water use.  But, at the organizational meeting of
this group, William Kerr of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(F.W.P.C.A.) warned that Lake Michigan was accumulating 3A parts per million of
persistent chemical salts per year.  Pollution determination seems to depend on a
definition of what constitutes pollution.  According to chemist Robert Rainey of
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the natural flow of water through Lake Michigan is
so slight that it would take 100 years to purify 90% of its polluting wastes if
pollution were to cease tomorrow.

The pollutants which cause a lake to age are the phosphates and nitrates in munici-
pal waste water even after it has had secondary treatment.   Many industries in
Michigan are also phosphate and nitrate-producing such as pulp and paper industries
located in Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Escanaba, as well as other areas:  the fruit-
canning industries, notably in Traverse City; the tanneries, an example of which
may be found in Grand Haven; and other types of industries.  Also contributing to
organic wastes are the large and small craft, many of which contain no facilities
for sanitary disposal of sewage and garbage.  Large quantities of oil often reach
Lake Michigan, directly or indirectly from ships, industries, or gas stations which
may dispose of oil by emptying it into storm sewers.

Some tributary rivers of Michigan that empty into Lake Michigan pollute the on
shore waters of the lake.  H. C. Grounds, Chief of Engineering of the F.W.P.C.A.,
lists the Grand, Menominee, St. Joseph, and the Kalamazoo Rivers as badly polluted.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission monitors the water quality of 11 tributary
rivers at 12 monitoring stations as they flow into Lake Michigan.  Using coliform
count ,  biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand compared with dissolved
oxygen present as criteria from these records; it appears that ten of these .tri-
butaries are polluted but the severity of the pollution varies.  Muskegon and
Manistee Lakes are flushed into Lake Michigan by powerful rivers.  These lakes are
polluted by organic wastes, salts, oilslicks and garbage from ferrying operations.
The Boardman River is polluted in the Traverse City area from municipal and in-
dustrial wastes.  The Pere Marquette River is polluted in the Ludington area by
sewage and industrial wastes.  The White River is polluted in the Whitehall and
Montague primarily by industrial wastes.  The four rivers listed as badly polluted
carry the treated wastes of cities and the untreated wastes of villages, s ilt,
organic and inorganic wastes from industry, fertilizer, and pesticides.

The Pere Marquette is a trout stream, but it is polluted in the Ludington area where
the city pours about ten tons of solid sewage into Pere Marquette Lake each month
from its outmoded sewage plant built in 1936.  Storm and sanitary sewers are com-
bined which creates an overflow in the sewage plant during storm water conditions.
There is also a chemical company located near Ludington which is filling a marsh
near the mouth of the river with wastes.  Brine is pumped by pipeline 5,000 feet
down into the depths of Lake Michigan where it is there to stay.  The Water
Resources Commission allows the company to dispose of its wastes in this manner.

Dredging operations carried out by the United States Army Corps of Engineers are
a source of pollution.  At the present time, the dredgings are carried out of river
channels and estuaries and dumped into Lake'Michigan.  The Corps has agreed to
remedy this situation within three years.

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                                      - 10 -

The Pine, Au Sable, Platte, and Betsy Rivers are desirable trout streams, but they
are sometimes polluted by septic tank seepage or other sanitary arrangements of the
cottages which border these streams.

At one time all of the rivers in Michigan were trout streams.  With the anadromous
fish program now being carried on by the Fish Division of the Michigan Department
of Conservation, all of the streams again have the potential for unlimited recrea-
tional opportunities, if pollution can be abated.

Some rivers in Michigan have been developed for trout fishing and therefore, are
reasonably clean in most areas.  Management projects to prevent silting financed by
the Dingell-Johnson fund which is supported by a 10% federal tax on fishing tackle,
are carried out on the White River, the Big Manistee, the Little Manistee, the
Platte, and the Pine Rivers.  Stabilizing stream banks with stumps, rocks, or seed-
ing aids in the high quality of trout stream waters.

The Black River has improved in recent years due to the work of the Water Resources
Commission to the extent that fish may again be caught.  The water quality standards
for the St. Joseph River, set by the Water Resources Commission, have been the sub-
ject for much disapproval and debate by the Michigan United Conservation Clubs.
M.U.C.C. contends that the standards are not high enough for the support of fish
life.

Two lakes which are continually flushed out into Lake Michigan by powerful streams
are Muskegon Lake and Manistee Lake.  These lakes are lined with industries which
empty their wastes, both liquids and solids into the receiving waters which empty
directly into Lake Michigan.  Fish may be caught in both of these lakes which are
flushed and aerated by rivers, but which, nevertheless, carry a heavy load of
pollution.  One company located on the southern bank of Muskegon Lake has been
ordered by the Water Resources Commission to reduce its waste load, but so far,  it
has not.

Other major sources of pollution in Manistee and Muskegon Lakes .are oil slicks and
garbage dumped from ferrying operations as well as manufacturing, chemical works,
and inadequately treated sewage.  Manistee Lake was the site of a steelhead fish
kill in 1950 due to salts and organic wastes.  The fish have since been restored,
but the situation is still not aesthetically pleasing.

                             SANITARY DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

All Michigan cities with a population of 5,000 or over operate sewage treatment
plants or maintain contractual arrangements for treatment with other municipalities.
However, the cities of Lansing and Jackson are the only two cities with up-to-date
treatment.  As of July 1, 1967, the Michigan State Department of Public Health re-
quired that all sewage effluent be chlorinated 12 months of the year instead of only
the warm weather months.  The Water Resources Commission will require upgrading of
all treatment facilities +~ ^eet water quality standards no later than June 1, 1972.

Three municipalities and ten industries use the waters of Lake Michigan directly
for waste assimilation.  Eight cities use Lake Michigan waters to wash intake fil-
ters and return the water to the lake without treatment.  Of the municipalities,
Gladstone (estimated population 5,^00) uses primary treatment, Harbor Springs
(estimated population 1,^33) uses fine screen treatment, and Petoskey (estimated
population 6,^00) uses chemical precipitation.  Of the ten industries emptying into
Lake Michigan, the Water Resources Commission has rated six A (control adequate);
one B (control provided—adequacy not established); one, E (control inadequate);  and
one Esp (control inadequate, plans being prepared and studies underway).

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                                       - ii -                                   1*154

                                 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

The Michigan Water Resources Commission lists 621 industries and commercial esta-
blishments on its "Industrial and Commercial Pollution Status List as of April 1,
1967;" 3UU of these are in the Lake Michigan drainage basin.  The Commission issued
195 orders to restrict waste discharges of these plants or businesses; 151 were
given A ratings, 88 had B ratings, 9 were given C ratings (no control—need not
established); kk had D ratings (control provided—protection unreliable); and 52 had
E ratings.   Included in these ratings it is noted that in 55 cases studies are
underway, plans are being prepared, or construction is underway to control pollution
problems.  It is the Commission's intent that identified industrial waste problems
be abated no later than June 1, 1970.

                               LARGE AND SMALL CRAFT

The number of incidents of oil pollution from vessels engaged in commercial navigation
has increased in recent years.  These incidents have ranged from a sinking of an oil
barge on the Lake Michigan coast with the massive fouling of stretches of beaches
for over 200 miles to the nearly continuous summertime complaints of swimmers
smeared by heavy fuel oils.  Increasing numbers of boats, both commercial and pri-
vate, using Lake Michigan intensify the problems of raw sewage, garbage, and trash
that come from these boats.

There are eight federal installations discharging raw sewage of human origin into
the waters of Lake Michigan.  The authority for controlling this lies with the
Federal Water Control Administration.

                                  APPROPRIATIONS

According to Norman Billings of the Water Resources Commission the federal money
available to Michigan this year is $7 million.   An additional $2 million is available
from the State of Michigan.  Under the existing formula for priorities, Detroit
alone could use all of these funds.  Legislation to amend the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act to allow a program of research and demonstration for control of pollu-
tion is lakes was recently introduced by Congressman Guy VanderJagt.  This legisla-
tion envisions an appropriation of $5 million for fiscal 1969.  The Secretary of the
Interior is authorized to enter into contracts with, or make grants to, public or
private agencies or organizations or individuals for the conduct of research and
demonstrations for the purpose of developing effective and practicable remedial
measures; including without limitation, measures for the prevention of nutrient
entry and the removal of existing nutrients and vegetation to improve the quality
of the waters of the lakes of the United States.  This bill is being referred to
the House Public Works Committee.

The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Program makes direct payment for the
installation of good soil and water practices of privately owned land.  The Conser-
vation Reserve makes a yearly cash payment to farmers for keeping cropland under
permanent cover.  This is noticeable in reforestration for shade and erosion control.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission, under the present Water Pollution Control
Act (Act 2^5, Public Acts of 1929, as amended) has the authority to protect and
conserve the water resources of the state and the Great Lakes.  The Michigan Depart-
ment of Public Health is involved in the control of water pollution in the State of
Michigan.  The Water Resources Commission and the Health Department maintain regular
surveillance programs to provide information for the evaluation of water quality.
Federal agencies involved are the Department of Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, and the U. S. Army Corp of Engineers.

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                                      - 12 -
                                   FLOOD CONTROL

Heavy spring rains falling over frozen or saturated ground with inadequate channel
capacity have caused floods in the larger tributaries of the major streams in the
Lake Michigan Basin:  Grand, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, Manistee, and
Sturgeon Rivers.  These floods have caused heavy damages to farms, businesses, and
industries as well as to individual home owners.

Steps to control these floods have been taken in several ways.  As of January, 1967,
Watershed Protection Flood Prevention projects under PL 566 in the Lake
Basin were: ^'

       Approved for construction:
            East Branch of Sturgeon River, Dickinson County
            Little River, Menominee County
            Black Creek, Mason County
            Catlin Waters , Clinton County
            Fowlerville , Livingston County

       Completed Projects:
            Muskrat Creek, Clinton County

       Approved for Planning:
            North Branch of Chippewa River, Clinton and Shiawasee Counties
            Black Creek, Ottawa and Allegan Counties
            Lower Maple , Clinton and Gratiot County

       Approved for Application:
            Buck Creek, Kent County
            Durham Creek, Mason County

       Application Submitted:
            Battle Creek in Eaton and Calhoun County
            Libhard Creek, Ionia County

       Application Disapproved:
            Ox Creek, Berrien County

       Watershed Reviews :
            Galien River, Berrien County
            Paw Paw River , Berrien and Van Buren Counties
            Nottowa River , Calhoun County
            Portage River, Ingham and Jackson County
            Carrs Creek, Mason County
            W. Branch of Clam River, Osceola and Missaukee Counties
            Aetna Township, Missaukee County
            Bark River, Delta County

Corps of Engineers flood projects include :

       Underway: - Battle Creek, Kalamazoo
       Not Started: - Grand at Lansing
                      Kalamazoo River at Kalamazoo
                      Grand at Grandville
(l) From Watershed Progress in Michigan
(2) From Water Resources Development in Michigan (map)
       Authorized Federal Projects, Flood Control
       Underway - Battle Creek, Kalamazoo
       Not Started - Grand at Lansing, Kalamazoo River at Kalamazoo, Grand at
                     Grandville

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                                      - 13 -
                                                                                1456
At present there is no flood plain zoning although there are two flood plain infor-
mation studies underway being conducted by the Corps of Engineers - one concerning
the Grand River and the other at Red Cedar River at Lansing.(3)

Local interests are asked to contribute to local flood protection projects in vary-
ing ways.  Under PL 566, flood prevention construction costs and engineering costs
are covered by federal funds.  In projects under the Corps of Engineers, the local
protection works are turned over to non-federal authorities for maintenance, as are
small resevoirs vith only localized effect.

The frequency of floods varies greatly from river basin to river basin and year to
year.  In PL 566 areas (e.g. Muskrat Creek) the average is estimated to be two every
five years.  Flood plain zoning is considered to be practicable in the Basin.
Officials of the Michigan Soil Conservation Service state that such zoning is
"practicable in most watersheds, especially in watersheds where cities or urban
development is taking place.  In rural areas, zoning is practicable, whereby the
flood plain is zoned to such use that flood damages are reduced to a minimum."^)

The Soil Conservation Service has not yet made any estimates of the overall cost of
flood control measures.

Present flood control plans provide for the creation of upstream river storage
reservoirs under PL 566 whenever adequate storage sites are available and a need
for storage is required.   This type of action is also possible under Michigan Law,
State Act 253 of 1961* (Local River Management Act) and under the Corps of Engineers
projects.  It is required that all structure sites and reservoirs must be economi-
cally justifiable and feasible before work of any type begins.(5)

Listed below are the flood control functions of involved agencies:

Army Corps of Engineers:   This agency develops comprehensive plans for the water and
land-related resources of the region and identifies the programs and projects that
will best meet the needs  for flood control.'"'  The objectives of flood control
works is to regulate flood flows and thus prevent flood damage, accomplished with
reservoirs, local protection works, or combinations of both.  Local protection is
provided by channel enlargement, removing obstructions, constructing levees and
walls, providing channel paving, and stabilizing banks with stone or combinations
of these methods.

Department of Conservation:  Act IT, 1921, Section 3, declares "the duty of the Con-
servation department to  protect and conserve the natural resources of the state of
Michigan."^

Michigan Water Resources  Commission:   A division of the Department of Conservation,
this Commission is charged with the protection and conservation of the water re-
sources of the state and is the state agency to cooperate and negotiate with other
governments and agencies  in matters concerning the water resources of the state.'"'

Soil Conservation District:  A department within the Department of Agriculture, the
District works for the conservation of the soil and soil resources of the state and
for the control and prevention of soil erosion and control floods.  The State Soil
Conservation Committee created under Act 297 administers watershed planning funds
appropriated by the state legislature and accepts and approves or disapproves water-
shed applications (under PL 566) for the governor.^"'
(3) Ibid.Flood Plain Information Studies.  Underway -Grand River, Red Cedar River
       at Lansing.
(U) Letter from Verne Bathurst, State Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service.
(5) Ibid.
(6) Ibid.
(7) Michigan Laws Relating to Water,  p. 299
(8) Ibid.  p. 311
(9) Ibid. p. 287

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                                      - lU -
                                                                                1457

                                    IRRIGATION

In the past the use of Lake Michigan waters for agricultural irrigation has been of
little significance to the total water use picture.  Less than 1*00 acres were known
to depend on Lake Michigan as a source for irrigation water.  The greatest amount
of this irrigated acreage, approximately 300 acres, is located in Leelanau and
Grand Traverse Counties and is privately operated and financed. ^D

The Great Lakes Irrigation Bill passed in 196? (Senate Bill 222) permits supple-
mentary irrigation utilizing Great Lakes waters and will probably see greater acreage
involved in irrigation projects.  Initial steps in forming an association under the
new law for this purpose are being undertaken in Grand Traverse  County.

According to the Census of Agriculture there are approximately 32,200 acres under
irrigation.  However, they are presently all privately constructed irrigation
facilities, and obtain the majority of their water from wells and streams.'2^

At present there are irrigation projects authorized but not yet  constructed in the
basin of the East Branch of the Sturgeon River, Dickinson County.  Reasons for the
proposed project, other than the land and food needs of the population, are in-
volved.  It is a multiple-purpose project which would provide flood control,
recreation and irrigation, primarily for Russet Burbank potatoes.  The plans for
sharing the costs are as follows:  PL 566 will provide all technical engineering
service and 50/5 of the construction costs.  Other than PL 566 funds will provide the
other 50$ of the construction costs, and all land, easement and  rights-of-way and
administration of contract costs.  Without government subsidies, the project would
probably not be built.

The repayment period for the project is not yet determined.  The sponsors are
eligible for loans up to 50 years at federal long-term borrowing rates through FHA.
All of the costs allocated to irrigation are to be repaid by the users of the water.
None of the revenues from power are assigned for repayment beyond the water users'
ability to pay.  No portion of the revenues from furnishing water for municipal
water supply or miscellaneous purposes will be assigned for repayment beyond the
water users' ability to pay.

The acreage limitation of 695 acres for the project will be enforced.

The law clarifies the ownership of water and water rights.  However, Michigan laws
have been updated in recent years to provide ways of obtaining the most efficient
use of these water resources.  Act 297, Sec. 282.8 provides for  obtaining the
consent of the owner.

Generally, in a PL 566 project the following federal, state, and local agencies are
concerned:

Federal:  Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service,
          Farmers Home Administration, Corps of Engineers, Agricultural Stabiliza-
          tion & Conservation Service.

State:    State Soil Conservation Committee, Water Resources Commission, Department
          of Conservation, Highway Department.

Local:    Local sponsors, Soil Conservation Districts, County Highway Department,
          Water Users' Associations, Drainage Districts.
(1) Michigan Water Resources Commission, Water Resource Uses...for Lake Michigan,
       p. U6.
(2) Communication from Verne Bathurst, State Conservationist of Soil Conservation
       Service, p. 5.

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                                                                                1458"
                                      - 15 -


                                       POWER

For the purpose of analyzing power needs for the state, the Michigan Public Service
Commission has divided the state into three zones—Upper Peninsula, Lover Peninsula,
and Southwestern Michigan.  We were unable to locate useful information relating
to the Upper Peninsula, although it is understood that several small hydro instal-
lations are in operation there.  Most of the power needs of Southwestern Michigan
are supplied through transmission lines owned by the American Electric Power Company
running through northern Indiana.

Until November 27, 196? when Consumers Power Company announced plans for a huge
hydro-electric plant to be built on the bluffs above Lake Michigan at Ludington, it
was thought that hydro-electric installations in lower Michigan were of lesser im-
portance in supplying power needs than coal-fired or nuclear steam generation systems.
In fact, according to information received from Consumers Power Company, l6 hydro-
electric plants supply only about h% of the system's needs, although in 1912 Con-
sumers operated 33 hydro plants which generated the bulk of the area's requirements.

Of these l6 plants, 10 are in the Lake Michigan Basin.   There are two at Sabin and
Boardman in the Traverse City area; one at Hodenpyl on the Manistee River and at
Tippy on the Pine River.  Three hydro plants are located on the Pine River in Newaygo
and Mecosta counties and two more serve the Grand Rapids area with a third plant
situated on the Looking Glass River near Webber.  Many of these plants are located
on river lands adjacent to forest sites, and Consumers claim to have set aside land
for recreational use and to have inaugurated tree planting programs.

Eventually three nuclear generating stations will be located on Lake Michigan's
shoreline in Michigan.  One at Big Rock Point, north Of Charlevoix, is already in
operation; another at Palisades, just south of South Haven, is under construction;
and the third one is proposed by American Electric Power Company in the Bridgman
area at a cost of $300 million dollars.  While these plants do not use water power
in the conventional sense, the lake water is utilized in cooling the reactor.  It
is estimated that 7^2 million gallons per day will be withdrawn by the Palisades
plant for cooling before being returned to Lake Michigan.  Estimates for the
Bridgman plant are not available at this time.  The quality of the water will not
be changed except for its temperature.  Under a new water quality standard, a new
use statement must be filed for these plants with the Michigan Water Resources
Commission.  If the Commission determines it is necessary, cooling towers may be
required of nuclear energy plants to insure the maintenance of lake temperatures
not to exceed 15 degrees above ambient temperatures.

The proposed hydro-electric plant at Ludington, when completed in 1973, will have
an electrical capacity of 1,872,000 kilowatts.  A pumped storage plant on a 1,800
acre site four miles south of Ludington on the shore of Lake Michigan will be built.
The project will include an upper reservoir with a circumference of about six miles,
an average depth of about 120 feet and a capacity of about 27 billion gallons of
water; six reversible-pump turbine generator units; steel pipes, 1,100 feet long,
carrying water from the upper reservoir to the generators.  The reservoir will be
constructed on a bluff about 300 feet above lake level.  During periods of slow
electrical demand, the generators will pump water out of Lake Michigan into the
reservoir at a rate of several million gallons a minute.  When demand for electri-
cal power is high, the water will flow out of the reservoir at a rate of 33
million gallons a minute.  The company does not expect any effect on the level of
Lake Michigan.

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                                      - l6 -                                    14.59


                               COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION

Commercial navigation is of great significance to the past, present and the future
economy of the Great Lakes region.  In the past, settlement patterns and the loca-
tions of cities and industrial complexes were either determined by proximity to
lake commerce or strongly influenced by it.  Much of today's commercial and in-
dustrial activity of the Great Lakes region is geared to lake shipments.  The
potential of the St. Lawrence Seaway is being fulfilled and promises to provide
even closer links between the Great Lakes and world markets.  With each passing
season there are increases in direct foreign shipments, both to and from lake ports.

Although there were few adequate natural harbors on Lake Michigan, improvement of
navigation facilities paralleled that of the development of the commercial capabi-
lities.  In early times, only canoes, Mackinaw boats and other small sailing vessels
used the harbors provided by western Michigan border lakes (Muskegon, White, Pere
Marquette, etc.) and these were not greatly hindered by the always present sand bars
which partially blocked the entrances of these lakes.  But as commerce increased
and larger vessels began using Lake Michigan and the developing ports, navigation
improvements became a necessity.  At first, local citizens assumed the responsibility
for these improvements.   Sand bars were cut through and lined with cribs or wood
piles.  This was followed shortly thereafter by the first breakwaters—timber cribs,
sunk to the lake bottom, filled with rocks and timber-decked.  Some of these early
efforts remain as a part of the substructure of the existing breakwaters.   At South
Haven (1868), Holland (i860), and Grand Haven (1857) these early structures have
passed or are near the century mark.

As the costs and engineering capabilities exceeded the abilities of local citizens,
at the direction of the Congress, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers assumed
responsibility for harbor and channel improvements.  A federal assistance project
was authorized for Holland as early as 1852.  To date 22 federal projects have been
authorized in Michigan on Lake Michigan.  Expenditures for these projects have been
substantial—over $^,000,000.  These costs have been incurred from new work (over
$13,000,000), maintenance ($2U,ltU7,000) and rehabilitation ($6,575,^7).  The
relatively high figure for maint enance results from annual dredging required at many
of the harbors.  Littoral movement of shore sediments is a process which is con-
tinually filling artificially deepened harbor entrances.

Current freight movements on Lake Michigan are based on intra-state, interstate
and international commerce.  In 19&1*, 22,1*22,595 tons of freight were moved at
Michigan ports on Lake Michigan.

Total tonnage ranged from highs of 7,707,9^0 at Escanaba; 3,90^,089 at Ludington;
3,3^9,682 at Muskegon; 2,598,375 at Grand Haven to lows of 130 tons from North
Manitou Island to no commerce reported at the ports of Pentwater, Saugatuck and
Cedar Rivers; all considered commercial harbor facilities.

An important segment of this movement is by railroad car ferry.  Since Lake Michigan
provides a geographical interruption to cross-continental rail routes, the ferry
service is an essential link in the rail transportation system.  Three railroads
operate ferry service across Lake Michigan.
The are:
       The Grand Trunk-Western, Muskegon to:  Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
       The Chesapeake & Ohio, Ludington to:  Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
            Manitowoc, Wisconsin and Kewaunee, Wisconsin.
       The Ann Arbor, Frankfort to:  Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Kewaunee,
            Wisconsin and Menominee and Manistique, Michigan.

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                                      - 17 -                                     1460

                    U.S. ARMY  CORPS OF ENGINEERS HARBOR PROJECTS

 The  Corps  of Engineers, in their annual report on Water Resources Development in
 Michigan, published January 1, 1967, have listed 19 projects completed concerning
 Lake Michigan navigational facilities.

 Some of these are:

 Grand Haven  Harbor and Grand  River - Currently handling an excess of 2 1/2 million
 tons of commerce annually.  The harbor depth is 21 feet and the width is 300 feet.
 From I960  to 1964,  average tonnage v&s 2,79*1,000.

 The  facilities of  the harbor have been improved by dredging a wide, deep channel,
 and  constructing protective piers and revetments.  A shallow-draft barge channel
 goes about 15 miles up river.  The river channel is 8 feet deep and 100 feet wide.

 Total costs  to June 30, 1966 were $7,632,481*; of which $972,l40 was for new work;
 $5,846,731 was for maintenance, and $8l3,6l3 was for rehabilitation.

 Ludington Harbor - The project dates back to 1867, consists of a deep channel, 18
 feet deep by 100 feet wide, with outer breakwaters, inner piers and revetments.
 Total commerce for a five-year period, I960 to 1964, averaged $3,904,000 tons.

 Total costs  for the existing project to June 30, 1966, were $4,802,666, of which
 $1,036,086 was for new work,  $3,408,666 for maintenance and $357,914 for rehabi-
 litation.

 Ludington  is one of the main  car and railroad ferry ports.

 Muskegon Harbor -  One of the most progressive and busiest ports on the Great Lakes,
 maintaining  St. Lawrence Seaway depths in the channel which is 27 feet deep and
 200  feet wide.

 Total tonnage for  the five-year period, I960 to 1964, averaged 3,518,000 annually.

 Total costs  through June 30, 1966 for the project were $3,836,277; of which
 $2,298,702 was for new work,  $1,091,720 for maintenance, and $445,855 for rehabili-
 tation.

 Some other five projects now underway on Lake Michigan ports are:

 Frankfurt Harbor - A channel  18 feet deep and 143 feet wide.

Average annual tonnage from I960 to 1964 was 1,305,000,  with most of the tonnage
being carried by railroad car ferries.

 Total cost of the  completed portion of the project has been $1,747,000, with
 $1,257,570 for maintenance and $274,420 for rehabilitation.

 Cedar River  Harbor - Plans call for an entrance channel 100 feet wide and 10 feet
 deep, approximately 2,100 feet long to the mouth of Cedar River, with an inner
 channel in the river, 1,400 feet long, 80 feet wide and 6 feet deep upstream to
 connect with the inner bridge channel.  Estimated costs of the modifications will
 be $736,000  in federal monies, $155,000 in non-federal monies.  There is no water-
 borne commerce at  Cedar River Harbor.

 Leland Harbor - Construction  of a new breakwater, anchorage and maneuvering areas
 and  an approach channel.

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                                      - 18 -                                    1461

Estimated costs of the modifications will be $860,000; $1+60,000 in federal funds,
and $400,000 in non-federal funds.

Menominee Harbor - The project almost finished with the exception of those modi-
fications authorized in I960 consists of:  parallel piers, channel dredged, a
municipal wharf, and an enlarged turning basin.  The remaining work is now classi-
fied  as inactive.

Total costs of the project through June 30, 1966, was $2,911,000, of which $1+82,000
was for new work and $1,352,000 for rehabilitation of piers.

Waterborne commerce consists primarily of car-ferry traffic.  Total tonnage in 1961+
was 1+5^,000.

New Buffalo Harbor - The project calls for north and south breakwaters, entrance
channel 850 feet long, a river channel 1,250 feet long.

The estimated cost of the project is $1,885,000 as of July, 1965, with $755,000 of
this cost in federal funds.

A project waiting for receipt of funds and local contribution is that of Cross
Village Harbor.

Menominee Harbor and River and South Haven Harbor presently are being surveyed
and reports being reviewed for Small Navigation Projects.

At least 12 other projects are currently being surveyed, are waiting funds from
the federal government, or are awaiting required local participation.


       Sources:  Michigan Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of
                 Conservation, "Water Resource Uses for Lake Michigan."

                 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
                 "Water Resources Development in Michigan, 1967."

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                                      - 19 -                                    1462


                               WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

At present, the Lake Michigan basin has no overall watershed management since'such
management involves more than one state.  Within the Michigan portion of the drain-
age basin, Act 253 enables units of local government to cooperate in planning and
carrying out a coordinated water management program in the watershed which they
share.  Presently, the only river which has such a watershed management council is
the Grand River.  In addition, watershed projects under PL 566, the Watershed
Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 195^, have been authorized.

                                   AUTHORIZATION

The Watershed Protection & Flood Prevention Act (PL 566) was enacted by the Congress
in 195U.  The Act was subsequently amended in 1956, 1958, I960, 1962, and in 1965.
The Act, as amended, authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to provide technical,
cost sharing and credit aid to local organizations in planning and carrying out
works of improvement for (l) flood prevention, (2) agricultural water management,
(3) fish and wildlife development, (U) recreational development, and (5) municipal
and industrial water supply purposes, both for present and future use.

Such authorization provides broad authority for assistance in the development of
projects serving multiple purposes.  Local sponsoring organizations are encouraged
to consider watershed project development to serve all possible beneficial uses.

Eligible local sponsoring organizations include any state or local agency having
authority, under state law, to carry out, maintain and operate watershed works of
improvement.  In Michigan, the State Attorney General has determined that the
following Michigan units of government have such authority:

       Townships
       Cities (if their charter (permits)
       County Drainage Districts
       Inter-County Drainage Districts
       Water Management Districts
       Michigan Department of Conservation
       Soil Conservation Districts
       Board of County Road Commissioners (when authorized by 2/3 vote of Countv
            Board of Supervisors)

Successful watershed projects, utilizing assistance as provided by the Act, require
close cooperation and teamwork among a number of local, state and federal agencies.
Carrying out of this phase of the soil and water conservation program in Michigan
has been achieved by cooperation and assistance of the following offices and agencies:

       Local Sponsoring Organizations
       Office of the Governor
       Michigan Department of Agriculture, State Soil Conservation Committee
       Michigan Department of Conservation, Water Resources Commission
       Michigan Cooperative Extension Service
       Michigan State University Department of Agricultural Engineering
       Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, U.S. Department
            of Agriculture
       Farmers Home Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture
       Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
       Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
       Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
       Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior

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                                      - 20 -
       U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare
       Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior

A number of private organizations interested in conservation and agriculture have
made contributions, also.
       SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MICHIGAN
       WATERSHEDS APPROVED FOR OPERATIONS
District Cooperators
Basic Farm Conservation Plans
Conservation Cropping Systems, acres
Cover & Green Manure Crops, acres
Crop Residue Use, acre?
Diversion, lin. ft.
Farm Ponds
Field Windbreak, lin. ft.
Grade Stabilization Structures
Hedgerow Planting, lin. ft.
Grassed Waterway or Outler, acres
Land Smoothing, acres
Livestock Exclusion, acres
Minimum Tillage, acres
Drainage - Main or Lateral, lin. ft.
Tile Drains - lin. ft.
Streambank Protection, lin. ft.
Wildlife Habitat Preservation, acres
Wildlife Wetland Development, acres
Wildlife Habitat Development, acres
Wildlife Wetland Preservation, acres
Woodland Harvest Cutting, acres
Woodland - Thinning, acres
Cropland to Grassland, acres
Cropland to Wildlife-Recreation, acres
Cropland to Other, acres
All Other Uses to Cropland, acres
All Other Uses (except cropland) to Wildlife-
     Recreation, acres
                                                              1,1*50
                                                              1,125
                                                             78,820
                                                             92,650
                                                              5,525
                                                                 8k
                                                            l85,96l
                                                                529
                                                             72,250
                                                                 86
                                                             12,303
                                                              7,318
                                                             1*1,058
                                                            1*05, I*l6
                                                         13,596,81*0
                                                             lU,l*63
                                                              1*,175
                                                                 1*7
                                                                988
                                                                587
                                                              2, 1*1*5
                                                                2 1*1*
                                                                330
                                                                722
                                                              I,6l8
                                                              1,729

                                                              1,591
Quantities of a number of other soil and water conservation practices also have been
applied in watersheds .

       Applications received - 1*1
       Projects authorized for planning - 19
       Projects completed - 3
       Applications approved - 3l*
       Projects authorized for construction - 15

                                COMPLETED PROJECTS
Little Black River Watershed

Location - Cheboygan County

Sponsors - City of Cheboygan,
Cheboygan County Soil Conservation
District
                                     Size - 17,130 acres

                                     Problems - Annual flooding in the city
                                     of Cheboygan caused primarily by snow-
                                     melt.  Some flooding of agricultural
                                     lands.

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                                      - 21 -

Remedial Measures - Four floodwater retarding structures, l.k miles of floodwater
diversion and channel improvement in addition to on the land treatment measures
applied under the Cheboygan County Soil Conservation District program through
district agreements.

Status - All planned structural and land treatment measures have been installed.
         The Project was completed in July, 196^.

Muskrat Creek Watershed

Location - Clinton County                   Size - 7,65U acres

Sponsors - Clinton County Soil Conserva-    Problems - Poor agricultural drainage
tion District, Morris Drain Drainage        outlets and flooding of agricultural
District                                    lands.

Remedial Measures - Land treatment and U.6 miles of multiple purpose channel
improvements (flood prevention and agricultural water management).

Status - All planned structural and land treatment measures have been installed.
         The project was completed in October, 1963.

   PROJECTS AUTHORIZED FOR INSTALLATION OF LAND TREATMENT AND STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Little River Watershed

Location - Menominee County                 Size - 37,973 acres

Sponsors - Little River Drainage            Problems - Poor agricultural drainage
District, Menominee County Soil Con-        outlets and flooding of agricultural
servation District                          lands and roads and bridges.

Remedial Measures - Land treatment and 5-7 miles of multiple purpose channel
improvements (flood prevention & agricultural water management).

Status - Start of construction work awaits local arrangements for needed land rights.

Black Creek-Mason Watershed

Location - Mason County                     Size - 6,678 acres

Sponsors - Black Creek Drainage District    Problems - Flooding of agricultural
Mason County Soil Conservation District     lands, and poor agricultural drainage
                                            outlets.

Remedial Measures - Land treatment and 6.3 miles of multiple purpose channel
improvements (flood prevention and agricultural water management).

Status - Preparation of final designs for the proposed improvements is being
         delayed pending completion of drainage district proceedings.

Catlin-Waters, Reynolds-Session Watershed

Location - Clinton County                   Size - 2,800 acres

Sponsors - Clinton County Soil              Problems - Flooding of agricultural lands
Conservation District                       and poor agricultural drainage outlets.
Catlin-Waters Drainage District

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                                      - 22 -                                    14 6$

Remedial Measures - U.3 miles of multiple purpose channel improvement (flood pre-
vention and agricultural water management).

Status - Preparation of final design plans is underway.

East Branch of Sturgeon River Watershed

Location - Dickinson County                 Size - 83,980 acres

Sponsors - Dickinson Soil Conservation      Problems - Flooding of roads, bridges,
District                                    rural residences, and in communities of
Dickinson County Road Commission            Poster City & Hardwood.  Need for water
East Branch of Sturgeon River Water         supply for supplemental irrigation of
User's Association                          agricultural lands, and need for
                                            recreational developments.

Remedial Measures - Land treatment and three multiple purpose structures (one for
flood prevention, and recreational purposes, one for flood prevention,  irrigation
and recreational purposes, and one for irrigation and recreation).

Status - Preparation of final design plans is underway.

                   PROJECTS AUTHORIZED FOR PLANNING UNDER PL-566

Upper Maple River Watershed

Location - Shiawassee, Clinton & Gratiot    Size - 199,700 acres

Sponsors - Shiawassee County Soil           Problems - Flooding of agricultural
Conservation District                       lands, poor agricultural drainage
Clinton County Soil Conservation District   outlets, and a need for recreation
Gratiot Soil Conservation District          and fish and wildlife developments.
Maple River Drainage District

Remedial Measures - Proposed measures under consideration include 38.9  miles of
multiple purpose channel improvement, 16.2 miles of levees, pumping plants and
two multiple purpose dams (flood prevention and recreation or fish and  wildlife)
and land treatment.

Status - Field Surveys and investigations necessary for preparation of  a work plan
         are partially completed.

                         PLANNING TERMINATED OR SUSPENDED

Black Creek Watershed

Location - Kent, Ottawa, and Allegan        Size - 17,600 acres
Counties

Sponsors - West Ottawa Soil Conservation    Problems - Flooding of agricultural
District                                    lands and inadequate agricultural
Northwest Kent Soil Conservation District   drainage outlets.
Wagner Inter-county Drainage District

Remedial Measures - One floodwater retarding structure, 9-2 miles of multiple pur-
pose channel improvements (flood prevention and agricul-tural vater management) and
land treatment.

Status - Planning activities have been suspended until such time as watershed
         residents submit a petition requesting installation of improvements and
         a board of determination finds improvements necessary.

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                                      - 23 -                                   146-6

                           GRAND RIVER WATERSHED COUNCIL

Basin Description

The Grand River Basin, Michigan, is located in the western part of the lower
peninsula of the state.  It drains into Lake Michigan.   Land area of the basin is
about 5,600 square miles, or 3.6 million acres.

The basin contains approximately 1.1 million persons.   It includes three of
Michigan's eleven Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas:  Grand Rapids, Lansing,
and Jackson.

Lansing, although primarily dependent on the auto industry, is also a center of
government and education.  It is the capital of Michigan, and its largest suburb,
East Lansing, is the site of Michigan State University.

Grand Rapids has a diversified industrial base, and is  the wholesale and retail
trade center of western Michigan.  Fabricated metal products, furniture, and in-
struments are the city's most important products, but  it manufactures an array of
other goods, both durable and nondurable, including bakery products, textiles and
leather, electrical machinery, and household refrigerators and freezers.

Jackson is dominated by the transportation equipment industry.  It manufactures
parts and equipment for automobiles and airplanes, including tires and tubes.  Long
a supplying city for the automobile industry, -it has developed along lines that have
encouraged diversification into the fields of electrical machinery and electronic
components.

The basin as a whole is characterized by an emphasis on manufacture of durable
goods.  Heavy industry in the basin is closely integrated with that of the rest of
the state.

Watershed Council History and Functions

The Michigan Grand River Watershed Council was officially organized in June, 1966,
through proviso of Act 253, the Local River Management  Act, Michigan, for the
benefit of the 59 governmental units located in the Grand River Basin.

Its functions or purposes are:

       Conduct, or cause to be conducted, studies of water resources of the
       Grand River Watershed.

       Prepare periodic reports concerning trends in water use and availability,
       emerging water problems and recommendations for appropriate public policies
       and programs necessary to maintain adequate water resources for the Grand
       River Watershed.

       Conduct informational programs to explain the need for effective water
       management practices and promote the support of all public agencies and
       private organizations to preserve the water resources of the Grand River
       Basin.

       Make plans for development and management of water resources and recommend
       the creation of a river management district or districts in the Grand
       River Watershed.

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                                      - 21* -
                                                                               146?
       Advise agencies of federal, state, and local government as to the council's
       view of the problems and needs of the Grand River Watershed.

       Cooperate with federal, state, and local agencies in providing stream
       gauges, water quality sampling stations, or other water resource data-
       gathering facilities or programs that aid the Council in its  responsibility
       for studying and reporting on water conditions.

The Grand River, from its source in Hillsdale County and its mouth in Lake Michigan
at Grand Haven is 260 miles long.  Its tributary streams and rivers  are:

Rogue River, Flat River, Maple River, Looking Glass River, Red Cedar River,
Portage River and the Thornapple River.  The average mean rainfall is 31 inches,
and soils of the basin run the gamut of loams, sandy loams, sands, clays and
combinations of the above soils; silts, mucks and peats.

The present membership in the Grand River Watershed Council comprises 51  of the
59 eligible governmental units, and its current budget  for 1967-68 is $51,500.00.

The administrative offices are located in Lansing, Michigan, under the direction
of the Executive Secretary, John H. Kennaugh, and Chairman, Jerrold  H. Keyworth.

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                                                                                 1468
               GRAND RIVER BASIN




Drainage Area 5,572 square miles.




Second largest drainage system in  Michigan.
All the runoff from the shaded area




 (1230 square miles) flows through Lansing.

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                                      - 26 -                                   1469


                          RECREATION, FISH. AND WILDLIFE

There are 68 state and county parks in the Lake Michigan Basin in Michigan.
In addition we have 3,121 miles of shoreline on both Lake Michigan and 11,037
inland lakes (of over 10 acres) plus 36,350 miles of streams.  Two major wildlife
refuges totaling 100,000 acres are located in the eastern upper peninsula.  There
are also 735 state owned water access sites and 6k game and wildlife areas (255,000
acres) and 3,500 miles of canoe streams.

There are 2.5 million acres of national forests an,d "managed" land for timber and
recreation.  The Sylvania Tract in the upper peninsula is a major recent addition.
According to 196^ estimates, there are ^.7 million visits made per year.  Fifty
per cent of all lands within federal forest boundaries are privately owned.
Michigan has the largest state forest system in the nation with 3.7 million acres
in 29 units.  Eighty per cent of these lands have come to the state through tax
reversion.  The rest have been purchased for a total cost since 1903 of $^8 million.

There are 7.5 million visits paid to the state forests every year.  Multiple use
management is paying off.  The annual dividend to the people of Michigsi totals
$100 million.  Timber production, game management, and general public recreation
are the major objectives, but lands are used for sites for oil wells, power and
pipe lines, aircraft landing fields, sawmills, grazing, research, and special pre-
serves.  Experts say that in the years ahead there will be need for a formalized
system of designating land uses, built around periodic reviews which will permit
changes when and where needed.

                                     BOATING

Generally, the types of pleasure craft found in the Lake Michigan Basin are
outboard motor boats, inboard motor boats, and sailboats.

The above craft range from 11-foot day-sailers, rowboats, and fishing boats to
50-foot yachts.  A recent survey showed that the total number of craft of these
types totaled 121,kkQ.  The county with the largest boat ownership was Kent County
with 20,851.  Second was Kalamazoo County with 10,520.

Mooring—Private and Marina

The demand for mooring can be classified into two groups, private sector and
marina sector.

The private sector consists of those slips and moorings located at cottages of
individually owned waterfront property.  A mooring in this sector can be nothing
more than property owned and available to the owner with conditions that are right
for anchoring a boat offshore.

The marina sector consists of those slips provided by commercially and publicly
operated marinas and by yacht clubs.  Few marinas offer seasonal moorings other
than slips.

The private sector provides most of the moorings.  This is especially true in the
inland lakes.  Larger craft need and use marina facilities.  As Great Lakes boat-
ing increases,  more marinas will be necessary.

A shift in emphasis in mooring needs may take place by I960 from the inland lakes
to Lake Michigan.  Moorings have been in the greatest demand in the inland lakes

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                                     - 27 -

and streams up to this time.  However, three important things are changing this:

       1.  Planting of the coho salmon in Lake Michigan,
       2.  Inland property is becoming less available,
       3.  Inland lakes are becoming very crovded.

All indications are that a shift will take place, but when and to what extent is
not yet known.  If this shift takes place, marinas  will play an increasing role
for moorings on Lake Michigan.  These are costly on a large lake because of the
artificial conditions that must be created.  Breakwaters and similar protective
devices, carefully constructed slips and piles, and extensive dredging of channels
and portions of the harbors will be necessary periodically.

Launching sites are becoming more and more crowded in all inland and Lake Michigan
areas so that many boaters must be turned away, especially on holidays.  The
situation will be severe if more launching sites are not provided soon.

Harbors

Harbors in the Lake Michigan Basin with public or private boating facilities.

       1.  New Buffalo
       2.  St. Joseph-Benton Harbor
       3.  South Haven
       k.  Saugatuck
       5.  Holland
       6.  Grand Haven
       7.  Muskegon
       8.  White Hall
       9.  Pentwater
      10.  Ludington
      11.  Manistee
      12.  Portage Lake
      13.  Arcadia
      Ik.  Frankfort
      15.  Leland
      16.  South Manitou (island off Leland)
      17.  Buttons Bay
      18.  Northport
      19.  Greilickville
      20.  Traverse City
      21.  Elk Rapids
      22,  Charlevoix
      23.  East Jordon
      2U.  Boyne City
      25.  Petoskey
      26.  Harbor Springs
      27.  Mackinaw City
      28.  St. Ignace
      29.  Beaver Island
      30.  Manistique
      31.  Gladstone
      32.  Escanaba
      33.  Cedar River
      3^.  Menominee

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                                     -28-

Major harbors in Michigan and in the Lake Michigan Basin

       1.  Escanaba
       2.  Frankfort
       3.  Manistee
       U.  Ludington
       5.  Muskegon
       6.  Grand Haven
       T.  Benton Harbor

                                     CAMPING

Western Michigan has 21 state park areas with a total of more than ^,200 campsites.
All but four have electricity.

The 1^ national forest campgrounds are concentrated in Oceana, Mason, Lake,
Manistee, and Wexford Counties.

The 26 state forest campgrounds are found in Allegan, Lake, Missaukee, Manistee,
Benzie, Grand Traverse, Newaygo,Charlevoix, and Kalkaska Counties.

The Upper Peninsula in the Lake Michigan Basin has a total of five state parks,
Ik national forests, and 18 state forests.

Upper Peninsula Campgrounds and Facilities

       State Parks

       Delta County
            Fayette State Park on Big Bay de Hoc; swimming, fishing,  water.

       Mackinac County
            Detour State Park, IT miles east of Cedarville; swimming.
            Straits State Park, Straits of Mackinac at St. Ignace; electricity,
            water.

       Menominee County
            Wells State Park, Green Bay, Lake Michigan; swimming,  electricity,
            water.

       Schoolcraft County
            Indian State Park, Indian Lake; swimming, fishing, electricity, water.

       National Forests
       Delta County
            Pole Creek Lake, Hiawatha National Forest;  swimming, boat  launch,
            trailer park, tent sites, campstoves,  water,  fishing.

            Peninsula Point, Hiawatha National Forest;  swimming, boat  launch,
            campstoves, tent sites,  water.

            HayiroacLow Creek, Hiawatha National Forest;  campstoves, water.

            Flowing Well National Forest;  swimming,  trailer park, tent sites,
            campstoves, water.

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                                                                         1472
                              - 29 -

     Coi-ner Lake, Hiawatha National Forest;  boat  launch,  campstoves, water.

     Camp Seven Lake, Hiawatha National Forest; swimming, boat  launch,
     trailer park, tent sites, campstoves, water.


Mackinac County
     Lake Michigan, Hiawatha National  Forest;  swimming, trailer park,
     tent sites, campstoves, water.

     Brevort Lake, Hiawatha National Forest; swimming, launch sites,
     trailer park, campstoves, water.

     Foley Creek, Hiawatha National Forest;  trailer park, camp  sites,
     campstoves, water.

     Carp River, Hiawatha National Forest; trailer park, tent sites, water,
     campstoves.

Schoolcraft County
     Colwell Lake, Hiawatha National Forest; swimming, boat launch, water,
     campstoves, tent sites, trailer park.

     Petes Lake, Hiawatha National Forest; swimming, boat launch, trailer
     park, tent sites, campstoves, water.

     Indian River, Hiawatha National Forest; campstoves, water.

     Little Bass Lake, Hiawatha National Forest; boat launch, campstoves,
     water.

State Forests
Dickinson County
     Lower Dam, Sturgeon River  State  Forest, Escanaba River; trailer park,
     campstoves, tent sites,  water.

     West Branch, Sturgeon River State  Forest, west branch of the Escanaba
     River; trailer park, tent  sites, campstoves, water.

     Little Kates Lake, Sturgeon River  State Forest; fireplaces, water.

Mackinac County
     Little Brevort, Lake Mackinac  State  Forest; swimming, boat launch,
     tent sites, trailer park,  campstoves, water.

     Hog Island Point, Mackinac State Forest; on Lake Michigan, swimming,
     boat launch, trailer park, tent  sites, water, campstoves.

     Black River, Mackinac State Forest;  trailer park, tent sites, camp-
     stoves, water.

     Milakokia Lake, Markinac State .Forest; swimming, boat launch, trailer
     park, tent sites, campstoves,  water.

     Garnet Lake, Mackinac State Forest;  swimming, trailer park, tent sites,
     boat launch, campstoves, water.

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                                                                                1473
                                     - 30 -                                     -   •

       Menominee County
            Big Cedar River, Menominee State Forest; trailer park,  tent sites,
            campstoves, water.

       Schoolcraft County
            Mead Creek, Manistique River State Forest; trailer park,  tent  sites,
            campstoves, water.

            Merwin Creek, Manistique State Forest; trailer park,  tent sites,
            campstoves, water.

            West Branch, Manistique River State Forest; trailer park, tent sites,
            campstoves, water.

            Canoe Lake, Grand Sable State Forest;  boat launch, trailer park,  tent
            sites, campstoves, water.

            Cusino Lake Grand Sable State Forest;  swimming, trailer park,  boat
            launch, tent sites, campstoves, water.

            N. Gemini Lake, Grand Sable State Forest; swimming, boat  launch,
            trailer park, tent sites,  campstoves,  water.

            Ross Lake Grand Sable State Forest; swimming,  trailer park, boat
            launch, tent sites, campstoves, water.

            Fox River, Grand Sable State Forest; trailer park, tent sites,
            campstoves, water.

            Stanley Lake, Grand Sable  State Forest; swimming, boat  launch, trailer
            park, tent sites, campstoves, water.

Lower Peninsula Campgrounds and Facilities

In western Michigan in the lower peninsula, there  are camping facilities in all
counties in the Lake Michigan drainage basin.  Generally,  the facilities are  more
complete than in the upper peninsula.   Most include those  facilities  mentioned in
the upper peninsula campsites plus swimming; bathhouse, laundry and shower
facilities; and electricity outlets.  The larger ones include nature  tours, nature
centers, libraries, and picnic areas.

       State Parks

            Boyne City                             Yankee  Springs
            Cadillac                               Muskegon
            Carp Lake                              Newaygo
            Grand Haven                            Charles Mears  at Pentwater
            Holland                                Warren  Dunes
            Benzie                                 Traverse City
            Interlochen                            White Cloud
            Ludington                              Van Buren
            Michilimackinac                        Fort Custer
            Orchard Beach                          D.  H. Day
            Silver, Lake

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                                     - 31 -

       State Forest Campgrounds

            Baldwin—2                             Interlochon
            Barryton                               Kalkaska—2
            Beaver Island                          Kingsley—2
            Cadillac                               Lake Ann
            Charlevoix                             Houghton Lake—3
            Copemish                               Pere Marquette—2
            Fife Lake—2                           Thompsonville
            Honor

       National Forest Campgrounds

            Baldwin—k                             Hesperia
            Cadillac—2                            Irons—2
            Harrietta                              Wellston—5

In addition, there are over Uo county, municipal, or township campgrounds in
western Michigan.

                                FISHERY RESOURCES

Generally, Lake Michigan waters are either shallow or deep.  There is little
in between.  Patterns of fish distribution in Lake Michigan evolved largely as a
result of this condition.  Following is a list of the types of fish found in
Michigan waters and in Lake Michigan:

       Lake trout—present in a few inland lakes, greatly reduced in Lake Michigan
       due to sea lamprey predations.

       Muskellunge—two strains are present:   the northern muskellunge occurs
       in northern inland lakes; the Great Lakes muskellunge is present only in
       the Great Lakes and a few inland lakes connected to the Great Lakes.

       Northern pike—abundant and statewide  in distribution in all types of lakes
       and ponds and in quiet waters of large streams; generally rare in Lake
       Michigan, except in bays and connecting waters.

       Walleye—abundant in the Great Lakes and large inland lakes, mainly in
       large, clear lakes; widely distributed in Michigan.

       Yellow perch—extremely abundant, present throughout the state, common in
       mouth of Lake Michigan tributary streams, provide excellent spring fishing
       from Lake Michigan piers.

       Bluegill—widely distributed, abundant in many lakes of the lower peninsula
       and in a few lakes in the upper peninsula.

       Largemouth bass—abundant in lakes throughout the lower peninsula and in
       some lakes of the upper peninsula, common in weedy bays and protected
       margins of Lake Michigan.

       Brook trout—native to Michigan, abundant in many streams of the northern
       two-thirds of the state and common in a few streams in the southern one-
       third.  Common in small lakes and ponds of the upper peninsula, widely
       introduced to all suitable waters throughout the state.

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                                    .- 32 -

       Brown trout—most commonly found in streams of northern half of lower
       peninsula, rare in inland lakes and Lake Michigan.

       Rainbow trout—most commonly found in •northern parts of Lake Michigan, with
       spawning runs entering the larger rivers, especially those north of
       Muskegon.  Adults maturing in Lake Michigan are referred to as steelheads
       because of their similarity to the Pacific Coast steelhead.  They are
       regularly planted in many suitable lakes and streams throughout the state.

Not included in this list is the coho salmon recently planted in Lake Michigan.
It may be one of the most exciting additions to fishing resources in a long time.
Sport fishermen and commercial fisheries are enthusiastic about it.

Seasonal runs of some species, including smelt, channel catfish, walleye and
smallmouth bass move from Lake Michigan into tributary streams and provide good
fishing.  Movement into the tributary streams is dependent largely upon water
quality in the-streams.

Many fishing shacks built on stilts are located on the St. Joseph River at Berrien
Springs, fifteen miles upstream from Benton Harbor.  The shacks are unused other
than during the spring fishing runs when minnow seines are suspended from poles
and used for dipping suckers and smelt.  Water quality is good in this section of
the St: Joseph River and is not a limiting factor to fish production or movement.

Perch fishing from piers on either shore of Lake Michigan is probably the most
important type of sport fishing in the basin.  During the perch runs, thousands
of fishermen line the piers.

Smelt Waters
These are the best smelt waters in the Lake Michigan Basin.

       1.  Lake Michigan.

       2.  All streams feeding into Lake Michigan and its connecting waters in
           Menominee County.

       3.  All streams feeding into Lake Michigan for a distance of 1 1/2 miles
           from the mouth in Allegan, Berrien, Ottawa, and VanBuren Counties.

       k.-  All streams feeding into'Lake Michigan and its connecting waters for a
           distance of 1,500 feet from the mouth in Emmet. Mackinac, and School-
           craft Counties.

Additional counties where smelt is found are Antrim, Benzie, Charlevoix, Delta,
Emmet, Grand Traverse, Leelanau, Manistee, Muskegon, and Oceana.

State Fish Hatfaeries

       Benton Harbor, Berrien County
       Harrietta, Wexford County
       Oden, Emmet County
       Paris, Mecosta County
       Thompson, Schoolcraft County
       Wolf Lake, VanBuren County

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                                     - 33 -                                    1*76

Trout Rearing Stations

       Baldwin, Lake County
       Bear Creek, Manistee County
       E. Br. Fox River, Schoolcraft County
       Platte River, Benzie County

Lakes and Ponds Planted with Trout in Lake Michigan Basin

       County                   Number of Lakes and Ponds

       Allegan                              k
       Antrim                               6
       Muskegon                             2
       Mecosta                              2
       Barry                                k
       Benzie                               3
       Branch                               3
       Calhoun                              2
       Cass                                 8
       Charlevoix                           5
       Newaygo                              5
       Osceola                              5
       Delta                                6
       Dickinson                            2
       Grand Traverse                       9
       St. Joseph                           1*
       Kalamazoo                            6
       Kalkaska                             9
       Kent                                 3
       Lake                                 5
       Schoolcraft                         11
       VanBuren                             h
       Leelanau                             9
       Manistee                             2
       Wexford                              3


                                    WILDLIFE

The shoreline counties and the adjacent and limited shoal waters are the areas of
principal importance to wildlife in the Michigan portion of the Lake Michigan Basin.

The forest region of Lake Michigan's shore supports a wildlife community much
different from the community of farm game species in the southern area.  The forest
and often untouched area of the upper peninsula of Michigan in the Lake Michigan
Basin contains the following wildlife:

       1.  ruffed grouse (plentiful)
       2.  sharp-tailed grouse
       3.  prairie chicken (few)
       k.  cottontail rabbit (reduced)
       5.  snowshoe hare
       6.  fox squirrel
       7-  gray squirrel
       8.  pine and red squirrel
       9.  deer (many)
      10.  black bear
      11.  porcupine
      12.  bobcat
      13.  coyote

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Waterfowl  in the area include black ducks, hooded and American mergansers, diving
ducks,  and Canadian geese.

Escanaba is the best waterfowl area in Lake Michigan.  Many pintails are found
here.

Along the  uorxnern shoreline of the lower peninsula there are less game and fur
animals.   Two things have contributed to this, man and his cities.  Several large
inland  lakes, Charlevoix, Torch, and Elk, lie within a mile of Lake Michigan and
offer refuge for migrating ducks.  Grand Traverse Bay has a bird rare for this
area, the  mute swan.  There are some 150 birds now.  Some of the birds migrate
but many remain throughout the winter on the tributary waters.  This is a wild
population of mute swans and is very rare in this hemisphere.

The elk is another species of special interest in this area.  The elk herd does
not extend to the shores of Lake Michigan but is found in parts of Emmet, Charle-
voix, and  Otsego Counties.  There is careful management of the herd because over
population could cause problems because of the closeness of the herd to the cherry
and apple  orchard areas.

The region from the Sleeping Bear Dunes south is referred to as the "fruit belt"
area of Lake Michigan.  Farm game species predominate in the "fruit belt" area,
include pheasants, fox, squirrel, cottontail, and woodcock.

Allegan State Forest has a high population of deer, ruffed grouse, and an
established flock of wild turkeys.

Muskegon marks the southern boundary which separates ruffed grouse in the north
and pheasants to the south.

The Betsie River near Frankfort, the Manistee River near Manistee, the Pere
Marquette River near Ludington, the Pentwater near Pentwater, Muskegon River near
Muskegon, the Grand River near Grand Haven and several of the small tributaries
have extensive marshlands near their mouths.   These areas are important producers
of waterfowl and fur animals.   The principle species are mallard, blue-winged
teal, wood duck, and muskrat.

Many of these wetland areas  lie almost within the city boundaries.  Most of these
areas are being acquired by the Michigan Department of Conservation.  Because these
marshlands are found so close to the industrialized areas, pollution of the streams
is causing a marked decrease in the wildlife.

VanBuren and Berrien Counties  provide wetlands for ducks and muskrats.  Many of
the islands in Lake Michigan are nesting places for gulls and terns.

A wildlife inventory is not  complete unless the waterfowl adapted to deep water is
included.  Often these birds occur in large numbers far out  on Lake Michigan.
Some, are old squaw, white-winged scoter, lesser scaup, red-breasted merganser,
red-throated loon, American  merganser, Holboell's grebe, horned grebe, common
loon, and American scoter.

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                                       - 35 -

Public Wildlife Areas. Michigan Part of the Lake Michigan Basin
1478
Management Acres

1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
lU.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Name
Fenniville State Game Area
Swan Creek Wildlife Experimental Station
Grand Haven State Game Area
Muskegon State Game Area
Pentwater River State Game Area
Pere Marquette State Game Area
Manistee River State Game Area
Betsie River State Game Area
Grass Lake Wildlife Flooding Project
Headquarters Lake Wildlife Flooding Project
Petobego State Game Area
O'Neal Lake Wildlife Flooding Project
French Farm Lake Wildlife Flooding Project
Little Beaver Island State Game Area
Portage Marshes
Hayward Lake Wildlife Flooding Project
Michigan Islands Refuge
Seney National Wildlife Refuge
Major
Agency Owned Interest*
M.D.
"
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
M
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
n
U.S. D.I.
U.S. D.I.
C.»* 3, 1*50
6,875
675
5,120
513
33
3,575
650
1)82
1.82
1*1+2
130
802
9, II1*
Lake only
1,800
--BSFW*** 5
--BSFW 95,530
w,
W
W
W
w,
w,
W
W
w
w
w
w
w
D,
W
W
G,
W
UG



UG
UG







RG


.T

  * W - waterfowl
    UG - upland game
    D - deer
    T - tern
    G - gulls
    RG - ruffed grouse

 ** Michigan Department of Conservation

*** United States Department  of the  Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

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                                   BIBLIOGRAPHY

                                   WATER SUPPLY

Proposed- Water Quality Criteria for Michigan Waters
State of Michigan, Water Resources Commission, 1967

Water Resources Development in Michigan. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1967

Water Resource  Uses, State of Michigan Water Resources Commission, Revised
June, 1967

Water Resource - Conditions and Uses in the Upper Grand River Basin, Michigan
Water Resources Commission, 1961

Grand River Basin,, Comprehensive Water Resources Study, Information Booklet on the
Economic Base Study, 1966

Water - Bulletin #12, Preliminary Inventory of Michigan's Artificial Surface Water,
C. R. Humphrys & R. F. Green, Michigan State University, 1962

                                    IRRIGATION

"Michigan Laws Relating to Water", prepared by the Joint Committee on Water
Resources Planning by the Legislative Service Bureau, 1966

"Water Management Information", Cooperative Extension Service and Department of
Natural Resources, MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, July, 1967

"Watershed Progress in Michigan", January, 1967, Soil Conservation Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, lU05 So. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Michigan

"Water Resources Development in Michigan", U.S. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Engineer Division, North Central, Chicago, Illinois, 1967

"Water Resource Uses, Present and Prospective for Lake Michigan and Water Quality-
Standards and Plan of Implementation," State of Michigan Water Resources Commission,
Department of Conservation, Revised, June, 1967

Communication from Verne M. Bathurst, State Conservationist, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, SCS., October 23, 1967

                          RECREATION, FISH, AND WILDLIFE

CAMP-West Michigan; West Michigan Tourist Association, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Carefree Days in West Michigan; West Michigan Tourist Association, Grand Rapids,
Michigan.

Guide to Fun in Michigan; Clarkson Map Company; Kaukauna, Wisconsin; copyright, 1965.

Transportation Predictive Procedures, Recreational Boating and Commercial Shipping;
Waterways Division, Department of Conservation in cooperation with Arthur D. Little,
Inc., Consultant; Technical Report No.  9C, December, 1966.

Fish and Wildlife as Related to Water Quality of the Lake Michigan Basin, a special
report on fish and wildlife resources, United States; Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service; Clarence F.  Poutzke, Commissioner; March, 1966.

-------
 1              LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF WISCONSIN


 2         League of Women Voters of Wisconsin


 3         433 West Washington Avenue


 4         Madison, Wisconsin  53703


 5
                 STATEMENT TO THE FEDERAL-STATE
 6
               ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION
 7
             IN LAKE MICHIGAN AND ITS TRIBUTARY  BASIN
 8
                             BY THE
 9
               LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF WISCONSIN
10
                          JANUARY  1968
11

12                  Along with many other citizens those


13         of us in the League of Women Voters  of Wisconsin


14         have long felt ourselves to be residents  of a


15         "favored" State.  We have been blessed by


16         beautiful countryside, rich growing  lands,

17         timber, rivers and lakes, mineral  resources,

18         four sometimes two distinct seasons, a pro-

19         gressive, forward-thinking people, and we are

20         bounded by one side by the great Mississippi


21         and on the other by Lake Michigan.   It is only


22         natural that we should have a deep interest


23         in water resources and that the League of Women

24         Voters has been concerned with the various  rami-


25         fications of our water resources for many years.

-------
                            	1481
 1              LEAGUE  OP WOMEN VOTERS  OF WISCONSIN
 2                    In large  part  in Wisconsin  the  damage
 3          done to  our  rivers  and lakes—and  it.has  been
 4          considerable—has been done  through neglect
 5          and ignorance.   This, at least,  can be  said
 6          of the situation until the last  decade  or so.
 7          Recently we  have watched and abetted  a  sweeping
 8          flood of public  education on pollution  now
 9          existing and on  the irreversibility of  some
IQ          of the damage.
11                    Looking at  Lake Michigan, we  see that
12          Wisconsin still  has some municipalities without
13          sewage treatment plants, some without secondary
14          treatment, many  with  combined sanitary-storm
15          sewers and,  of course,  thousands of septic
16          tanks operating  at  less  than top efficiency.
17          In most  of eastern  Wisconsin the drainage is
18          to tributaries leading  to Lake  Michigan.   As
19          a dairy  State we still have  many food products
20          plants operating with insufficient treatment
21          of wastes before being  released to the  stream.
22          We have  evidences  of  over-fertilization and
23          siltation from farm land runoff.  We  have some
24  j        problems with chemical  contamination  of rivers
25          with  soluble and insoluble materials.  And we

-------
   	.	1482
 1              LEAGUE  OF WOMEN  VOTERS  OF  WISCONSIN

 2        have  massive evidence of  insufficiently  treated
 3        waste from pulp and paper mills and  other

 4        factories along our most  industrialized  rivers.

 5        Now we  are seeing  the results of our careless-

 6        ness  in the  destruction of the  shoreline and
 7        pollution of the waters of Lake Michigan.

 g                  Lest we  Judge ourselves  too harshly

 9        we have also been  blessed with  leaders who  have

10        informed themselves of the technical knowledge

11        available and proceeded to attempt correction  of

12        the problems.  Our recently  organized Department

13        of Natural Resources,  the  hearings to adopt

14        intrastate water standards,  the recent Pollution
15        Source  Surveys made in our most urbanized areas,

16        and the appropriation of  State  funds  to  match
17        Federal construction  grants  for pollution abate-
18        ment are all  examples of  steps  taken  in  the right
19        direction.

20                  In  the past few  years  there has also

21        been effort  on the part of some  industries  to

22        reduce  the amount of  waste released  to the  stream.
23        Unfortunately we are  growing in population  and

24        industry faster than  we are  adding treatment

25        plants  and "savealls."  In their conclusions

-------
                                                         1483
 1              LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF WISCONSIN
 2         the investigators for the Wisconsin portion of
 3         the Fox (Illinois) River Drainage Basin say
 4         that "further degradation of water quality
           can result unless pollution abatement steps at
           least keep pace with the population and indus-
 7         trial growths."  In the conclusions drawn for
 8         Wisconsin's Lower Fox River Pollution Survey
           it is stated:  "The major industries have re-
           covery facilities for strong wastes and by the
           spring of 1968 it is anticipated that all
12         municipal sewage treatment plants within the
13         basin will have provisions for secondary treat-
14         ment."  None the less, they add that some mu-
15         nicipalities are in need of improved facilities
           and industry must reduce its pollutional load
17         to alleviate undesirable conditions and that
18         substantial improvements are needed to meet
19         the proposed water quality standards.
20                   Navigation pollution is an area
21         problem.   Two local Leagues situated on Lake
22         Michigan  interested themselves in promoting
23         pollution abatement for ships  more or  less
24         permanently in harbor.  One League spent many
25         woman hours over several years before  holding

-------
 1              LEAGUE  OP WOMEN VOTERS  OF  WISCONSIN



 2          tanks were installed in  a  Coast Guard ship.



 3          Another  found it  relatively e asy to interest



 4          ship personnel in connecting the ship to



 5          municipal sewers.   Now the first League feels



 6          a  definite attitude of foot-dragging and



 7          perhaps  only token compliance in the design,



 g          installation and  prospective use of these



 9          facilities by Coast Guard  authorities and



10          personnel.   Why should a State  not require--



11          and be able  to require — the  same degree of pol-



12          lution control from Federal  installations that



13          the State requires from  industries and munici-



14          palities?



15                   One of  our most  important problems



16          is in accelerated enforcement,  although we have



17          seen gains in this field too.  During the month



18          of October 1967 alone, Wisconsin announced



19          satisfactory compliance in 22 water pollution



20          abatement orders.  Our gorwth is rapid and



21          pollution abatement must gain on growth to



22          reduce  the problems existing today, as well as



23          control  future waste  disposal.   Enforcement



24          is a  double-edged cost:  it costs industries



25          and municipalities money to  reduce pollution

-------
   	1485
 1              LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP WISCONSIN
 2         load to the stream, and it costs money for
 3         agencies to monitor conditions and use derao-
 4         cratic procedures necessary to gain compliance.
 5         Municipalities have some recourse to Federal
 6         funds under the Clean Water Restoration Act
 7         of 1965 and in our State some matching funds.
 g         Nationally the League "believes that the costs
 9         of industrial pollution abatement are the
10         responsibility of the polluter, but acknowledges
11         that some Federal help should be made available
12         because of the urgency of the problem and the
13         high costs involved.  However, duration and
14         scope of assistance should be limited and strict
15         enforcement of antipollution measures should
16         accompany financial assistance.
17                   We believe that there has been
18         improvement as well in coordination between
19         States, but, as within our State, much more
20         is possible.  And now the League is interested
21         in rounding out the forward thrust with co-
22         ordinated planning and effort on a regional
23         or basin concept.  The League of Women Voters
24         of Wisconsin views, the Enforcement Conference
25         not as a panacea but as another vehicle toward

-------
 I              LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS  OP WISCONSIN



 2         improved coordination and  sounder planning



 3         in water resource development.



 4                             	



 5                   MRS. CLUSEN:  We think it  is  signifi-



 6         cant that the Leagues of Women Voters in  these



 7         four States have chosen to work Jointly in  their



 8         efforts to improve  the condition of  Lake  Michigan,



 9         We think it is even more important that these



lO         four States approach the problems of Lake Mi chi-



ll         gan in the same spirit of  joint endeavor,



12                   I affl going to  skip  a considerable



13         portion of this.  We merely  want to  say that



14         we want to use this opportunity to urge both



15         the Federal Government and the States to  look



16         at Lake Michigan as a whole,  to see  beyond



17         the immediate crisis and consider such  other



18         problems as navigation, water supply, water



19         use and re-use if this seems  properly within



20         the scope of this Conference.  We are encouraged



21         by the calling of the Conference and by the



22         fact that the four  Attorneys  General have



23         agreed to compile and exchange lists of known



24         polluters.



25                   We have some recommendations  which

-------
   	3A87
 1            LEAGUE  OF WOMEN VOTERS  OF UNITED STATES
 2         we  would like to  express,  among them the fact
 3         that we believe that a uniform plan for the
 4         enforcement  of interstate  water quality stan-
 5         dards  should be established and we  think
 6         that this  necessarily involves coordinating
 7         the standards among the four States,  uniform
 8         enforcement  procedures,  Federal surveillance
 9         and testing  of water with  regular reports to
10         FWPCA  and  the States involved.  We  hope that
11         the Federal  Government and the States look
12         at  Lake Michigan  as an entity regardless of
13         the problem  they  are discussing.
14                   We hope that a timetable  will be
15         established  which will provide for  consistent
16         planned advances  in pollution abatement.
17                   We recommend that enforcement of  the
18         timetable  and the standards be strict and action
19         upon the recalcitrant polluter speedy.
20                   We recommend that coordinated research
21         programs among the States  be encouraged in  order
22         to  facilitate feasible economical solutions  and
23         to  prevent duplication of  effort and  expense.
24                   These recommendations  are based upon
25         the results  of a  study which is  currently underway

-------
   	1488
 1            LEAGUE  OP WOMEN VOTERS  OP  UNITED STATES
 2         by the four State Leagues.  We  hope the
 3         Conferees  will want  to  read the detailed
 4         statements which have been submitted to them.
 6         I would Just like to quote very briefly from
 6         these four statements so that you  will know
 7         how very concerned the  League of Women Voters
 8         is about the situation.
 9                    For instance, the League of Women
10         Voters of  Indiana in commenting on the Jones
H         subcommittee hearings held in 19^3 says:
12                  "in the four years since  we made
13         our statement to the Jones Committee, the
14         conditions in Lake Michigan have not improved,
15         not even remained as they were  then,  in fact
16         have become much worse."
17                    The Indiana League  goes  on to say
18         that Indiana   schedule for compliafi.ee on
19         industrial criteria  in  the Lake Michigan area
20         proved to  be a year  and a half  later than  the
21         one agreed upon by the  Conferees of the 1965
22         two-State  Conference.
23                    The Illinois  League points up the
24         need for a look at the  total  picture by saying;
25                    "The elusive  sources  of  this increased

-------
 1            LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES



 2         pollution, in spite of a two-year effort



 3         to abate it in the southern end of the lake,



 4         calls for a wider study of the entire lake."



 5                   They say:



 6                   "We find that lack of information on



 7         the true sources of pollution entering our



 g         sector of Lake Michigan sometimes leads to



 9         public unwillingness to tackle local problems."



10                   The Michigan League has completed its



11         section of the Lake Michigan study which the



12         League is doing, and their findings are attached



13         to our statement.  This is the blue brochure



14         which you have.  At one point they say:



15                   "The League of Women Voters of Michigan



16         is concerned about the lack of coordination of



17         agencies involved in the Lake Michigan Basin.



18         There are five U. S. Coast Guard stations in



19         Michigan which are discharging raw sewage into



20         the lake, two facilities of the Corps of



21         Engineers, and a National fish and wildlife



22         station discharging wastes into Lake Michigan."



23                   The statement of the League of



24         Women Voters of Wisconsin includes these



25         sentences:

-------
   	1490
 1             LEAGUE OP  WOMSK VOTERS  OP UNITED STATES
 2                    "We still have some municipalities
 3         without  sewage treatment plants,  some without
 4         secondary treatment,  many  with combined sani-
 5         tary-storm sewers  and,  of  course,  thousands
 6         of  septic tanks operating  at less  than top
 7         efficiency.   How we are seeing the results of
 8         our carelessness in the destruction of the
 9         shoreline and pollution of the waters of Lake
10         Michigan."
ll                    It  seeias to us in essence that these
12         statements point up the finding that no State
13         is  blameless  as a  contributor to  the pollution
14         of  Lake  Michigan.  No  State,  however, is apathetic
is         or  unconcerned either.  As League  members and as
16         citizens of the Basin, we believe  that the time
17         for pointing  an accusatory finger  at any one
18         State, industry or local community is past.
19         What is  needed is  a sincere, earnest,  forth-
20         right attempt to assess where we  are now in
21         controlling the water quality, what things we
22         can do better in this four-State  area by
23         working  together on the State level, what kind
24         of  Federal assistance can  be most  effective in
25         helping  us to achieve cleaner water in Lake Michigan

-------
   	1491
 1            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES
 2                   In conclusion, I would simply like
 3         to say that in working to accomplish this
 4         objective that the League of Women Voters
 5         in these four States is prepared to be of any
 6         assistance which it can in helping citizens to
 7         understand their necessary role, whether it is
 g         by State or local legislation, whether it
 9         involves bond issues, whether it means more
lO         taxation or whether it means more strict
11         monitoring and enforcement.
12                   We think that we are in a good posi-
13         tion to attempt to influence public opinion
14         and public support for these things and to
15         help provide the climate of opinion and the
16         spirit of unity and cooperation which must
17         exist among governments and citizens in these
18         four States if anything is to be accomplished.
19                   We also would like to suggest to yen
20         that because we are a national organization,
21         because we operate on the State, local and,
22         on water matters, even the basin level, that
23         it is possible for us to try to evaluate the
24         problems and the proposed solutions for Lake
25         Michigan without worrying about Governmental

-------
   	.	1*192
 1               LEAGUE OP  WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES
 2          boundaries  and  administrative restrictions.
 3          We  are  eager to be  of whatever assistance
 4          we  can  to both  Federal and State Conferees
 5          in  implementing decisions  and recommendations
 6          of  this  Conference.
 7                   In itself  this  Conference will not
 8          clean up Lake Michigan, but we hope it will
 9          point the way to preservation and wise use
10          of  this  vital asset.
11                   Thank you  for your time,  gentlemen.
12                    (Applause.)
13                   MR. STEIN:   Thank you, Mrs.  Clusen.
14                    (Applause.)
15                   MR. STEIN:   Any  questions or comments?
16                   MR. HOLMER:  Mr.  Chairman.
17                   MR. STEIN:   Yes.
18                   MR. HOLMER:   I would like to ask
19          Mrs.  Clusen a question to  which I think I know
20          the answer.
21                   First of all, I  would like  to commend
22          her on  the  brevity and the  incisiveness of her
23          comments.
24                   Beyond that,  the  League has  been in
25          this  business now for some  little time.  Am

-------
        '	1493
 1             LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF UNITED STATES
 2          I on sound ground to assume that the League
 3          recognizes that this is a program of long
 4          duration and that we can count on their
 5          support for as long as it takes?
 6                    MRS, CLUSEN:  I think I can safely
 7          say that we have been in this earlier than
 g          most,  but later than a few, and that we are
 9          in it for the long haul for whatever it takes,
10          yes.
11                    MR. STEIN:  Are there any other com-
12          ments or questions?
13 ,                   I would Just like to call one point
14          to your attention.  I only do this because it
15          is the League and a well-thought-out statement.
16                    There may be some factual points
If          here which may be clarified later on, particu-
18          larly on what the Indiana program is doing in
19          the case of industry.
20                    But you talked about a plan for the
21          four States, and one of your points was
22          uniform enforcement procedures.  This in-
23          trlgues me a little because the enforcement
24          procedures in the States are slightly different.
25          And while we have dealt with many of these

-------
 1            LEAGUE  OF WOMEN VOTERS  OP UNITED  STATES



 2         States, all four  States  on the  enforcement



 3         procedures, they  all work  it slightly  differ-



 4         ently.  We have had satisfactory  results  with



 5         the four States in their enforcement procedures.



 6         We  have never  recommended  in the  suggested  State



 7         ¥ater  Pollution Control  action, revised,  that



 8         every  State has to have  a  uniform enforcement



 9         procedure  as long as they  get the Job  really done.



10                   What is the  virtue of having a  uniform



11         enforcement procedure?



12                   The  reason I raise this is because if



13         there  is no real  purpose,  you might  be spending



14         a lot  of energy achieving  something  which really



15         doesn't come up with an  appreciable  result.



16                   MRS. CLUSEN:   I  would be tempted  to



17         agree  with ycu, Mr. Stein.  I don't  think that



18         we  are committed  to this idea.  I think the point



19         probably that  we  are trying to make  is that per-



20         haps in the time  limitation set by various  State



21         procedures that a lag  might develop.  We  are more



22         concerned  with operating somewhat within  the same



23         framework  and  timetable  that we are.



24                   And  may I say  in regard to the  specific



25         statements that I think  you will  find  them  more

-------
   	U95.
 1           LEAGUE OP WOMEN VOTERS OP UNITED STATES
 2        fully explained in the State statements.  I was
 3        pulling this out rather hurriedly.  And I might
 *        also say that because of the League reputation
 5        for accuracy that I did ask each of these State
 6        Leagues to check their statements with their
 7        State agencies so this should reflect the
 8        situation as it really exists.
 9                  MR. STEIN:  I think we are very lucky
10        in this area.  Again, we have had experience
11        with all four States.  In my opinion--! think
12        I have been in this field a long time and have
13        paid particular attention to the enforcement
l4        aspects of the State laws—all these States have
15        enforcement procedures and enforcement policies
16        which will enable them to take appropriate State
17        action to meet any reasonable deadline.  This
18        has never been a problem, as far as I can see,
19        in these four States.
20                  MRS. CLUSEN:  We are very glad to know
21        that.
22                  MR. STEIN:   We have a letter I would
23        Just like to introduce into the record from the
24        Izaak Walton League of America,  Calumet Region
25        Chapter,  by John Chura,  President,  which will be

-------
          	1496

 I               IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OP AMERICA

 2        introduced Into the record.  This  letter  Is  ad-

 3        dressed to Secretary Udall, dated  January 24,  1968,

 4            IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC.
            Defender of Woods, Waters and Wildlife
 5                   CALUMET REGION CHAPTER
                    14736 Beachview Terrace
 6                      Dolton, Illinois

 7                                      January 24,  1968

 8        The Honorable S. Udall, Secretary  of the  Interior
         United States Department of the Interior
 9        Office of the Secretary
         Washington, D. C.  20240
10
         Dear Secretary Udall:
11
                   The Calumet Region Chapter, Dolton,
12
         Illinois, of the Izaak Walton League of America,
13
         sharing the environmental objectives of the  State
14
         and the Department of Interior for Lake Michigan
15
         and indeed all of our country's waters, will rec-
16
         commend adoption of the following  resolution to
17
         both the Illinois State Division and National  Con-
18
         ventions of the Izaak Walton League of America.
19
              WHEREAS:  The necessity for enforce-
20
              ment of water pollution control is
21
              self-evident, and Federal laws since
22
              1956 and State laws since June 30, 1967,
23
              have not been uniformly enforced, and
24
              now that water quality standards are
25
              established

-------
   	 1*197
 1               IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OP AMERICA

 2             THEREFORE:  Let It be resolved that

 3             the Izaak Walton League of America,

 4             through its membership, will initiate

 5             energetically and promptly court

 5             action to produce enforcement.

 7                  Passed as a recommendation to the Illinois

 g        State Division Convention and National Convention by

 9        the Board of Directors. Calumet Region Chapter, Dol-

10        ton, Illinois, in special session on January 23,1968

11                  We would appreciate the transmittal be

12        read into the record of the Lake Michigan Four-

13        State Conference that is scheduled to commence

14        January 31, 1968.

15                              Sincerely yours,
                                Calumet Region Chapter, IWLA
16                              (Signed)
                                John Chura, President
17
          cc:  Reg. H.W. Poston
18             Regional Dir. Dept. Interior
               Mr. Vinton Bacon
10             Gen. Supt. Met. San. Dist.
               Mr. Clarence W. Klassen
20             Technical Secty. 111. State Water Brd.

21                   MR. POSTON:  I also have a letter here

22         from the United States Department of Agriculture,

23         Mr. George S. James, Regional Forester, which I

24         would like to introduce in the record.  I will

25         have copies made and distributed to the Conferees.

-------
   	1498

 1                    U. S. FOREST SERVICE

 2                   (Which said  letter  is as  follows:)

 3           UNITED  STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                        FOREST  SERVICE
 4                       EASTERN REGION
         633 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203
 5
                                       In Reply Refer  to
 6                                            2500

 7                               January 19, 1968

 g        Mr. H. W.  Poston, Regional Director
         Great Lakes Region, Federal Water
 9        Pollution  Control Administration
         33 East Congress Parkway, Room 410
10        Chicago, Illinois  60605

11        Dear Mr. Poston:

12                   Thank you for your  invitation  to present

13        a statement at the Conference in the matter of

14        pollution  of Lake Michigan and its  tributary  basin

15        on January 31, 1968.

16                   A Forest Service statement for inclusion tin

17        the record of the conference  is attached. We  are vi

18        tally concerned with the quality of waters flowing

19        into and from National forests,and  in particular thje

20        effect of  our management on this water quality.

21                   As the focal point  of the meeting will

22        probably be the matter of industrial and municipal

23        pollution  towards the  southern end  of Lake Michi-

24        gan, we will not request time for presenting  this

25        statement  in person.

-------
                                           	1499,
 1                    U. S. FOREST SERVICE

 2

                                 Sincerely yours,

 4

 5                               (Signed)  George S. James
                                          Regional Forester
 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12                STATEMENT BY GEORGE  S.  JAMES

13
                REGIONAL FORESTER,  EASTERN REGION
14

15          U. S. FOREST SERVICE,  MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN

16

17

18

19                  For inclusion  in the  records  of the

20
          Conference in the Matter  of  Pollution of Lake
21

22        Michigan and its Tributary Basin, January 31, 1968

23

24

25

-------
1500

-------
                                                                                                           150-1
                               U.   S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE
                               FOREST   SERVICE -  EASTERN   REGION
                                        REGIONAL    HEADQUARTERS
                           633  W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  53203
         FIELD    OFFICES
 ILLINOIS
  Shawnee National Forest
  Harrisburg Nat'l. Bank Bldg.
  Harrisburg, III. 62946

     Ranger Districts and Headquarters
   Elizabethtown         Elizabeth town, III.
   Jonesboro            Jonesboro, III.
   Murphysboro          Murphysboro, III.
   Vienna               Vienna, III.

 INDIANA-OHIO
  Wayne-Hoosier National  Forests
  Stone City Nat'l. Bank Bldg.
  Bedford, Indiana 47421
   Browns town
   Tell  City
   Athens
   Ironton
 Brownstown, Ind.
 Tell City, Ind.
 Athens, Ohio
 Ironton, Ohio
MICHIGAN
  Hiawatha National  Forest, P.O. Bldg.
  Escanaba, Mich. 49829
   Manistique
   Munising
   Rapid River
   St. Ignace
   Sault Ste. Marie
 Manistique, Mich.
 Munising, Mich.
 Rapid River, Mich.
 St. Ignace, Mich.
 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.
  Huron-Manistee National Forests
  Cadillac, Michigan 49601
   Baldwin
   Cadillac
   Harrisville
   Manistee
   Mio
   Tawas
   White Cloud
 Baldwin, Mich.
 Cadillac, Mich.
 Harrisville, Mich.
 Manistee,  Mich.
 Mio, Michigan
 East Tawas, Mich.
 White Cloud, Mich.
 Ottawa National Forest
 Ironwood, Michigan 49938
   Bergland
   Bessemer
   Iron River
   Kenton
   Ontonagon
   Water smeet
 Bergland, Mich.
 Bessemer, Mich.
 Iron River, Mich.
 Kenton, Mich.
 Ontonagon, Mich.
 Watersmeet,  Mich.
MINNESOTA
 Chippewa National Forest
 Cass Lake, Minnesota  56633
   Bena
   Blackduck
   Cass Lake
   Cut Foot Sioux
   Dora Lake
   Marcell
   Remer
   Walker
Bena, Minn.
Blackduck, Minn.
Cass Lake, Minn.
Deer River, Minn.
Northome, Minn.
Marcell, Minn.
Remer, Minn.
Walker, Minn.
 Superior National Forest, P.O. Bldg.
 Duluth, Minnesota 55801
  Aurora
  Gunflint
  Halfway
  Isabella
  Kawishiwi
  LaCroix
  Tofte
  Two Harbors
  Virginia
Aurora, Minn.
Grand Marais, Minn.
Ely, Minn.
Isabella,  Minn.
Ely, Minn.
Cook, Minn.
Tofte, Minn.
Two Harbors, Minn.
Virginia,  Minn.
                                                                             MISSOURI
                                                                              Clark National  Forest, Rolla, Mo.  65401

                                                                                 Ranger Districts and Headquarters
                                                         Centerville
                                                         Fredericktown
                                                         Houston
                                                         Poplar Bluff
                                                         Potosi
                                                         Rolla
                                                         Salem
                        Centerville,  Mo.
                        Fredericktown, Mo.
                        Houston, Mo.
                        Poplar Bluff, Mo.
                        Potosi, Mo.
                        Rolla,  Mo.
                        Salem, Mo.
                                                         Cedar Creek LU Area  Fulton, Mo.

                                                       Mark Twain National Forest, 304 Wilhoit Bldg.,
                                                       Springfield, Missouri 65806
   Ava
   Cassville
   Doniphan
   Van Buren
   Willow Springs
   Winona
 Ava, Mo.
 Cassville, Mo.
 Doniphan, Mo.
 Van Buren, Mo.
 Willow Springs, Mo.
 Winona, Mo.
                                                      NEW HAMPSHIRE & MAINE
                                                       White Mountain National Forest, Federal Bldg.
                                                       719 Main St., Laconia, N.H.  03246
Ammonoosuc
Androscoggin
Evans Notch
Pemigewasset
Saco
Littleton, N.H.
Gorham, N.H.
Bethel , Maine
Plymouth, N.H.
Conway, N.H.
                                                      PENNSYLVANIA
                                                       Allegheny National Forest, P.O. Bldg.,
                                                       Warren, Pa.,  16365
   Bradford
   Marienville
   Ridgway
   Sheffield
 Bradford, Pa.
 Marienville, Pa.
 Ridgway, Pa.
 Sheffield, Pa.
VERMONT & NEW YORK
  Green Mountain National Forest,
  Rutland, Vermont  05702
   Central
   Middlebury
   Rochester
   Hector LU  Area
Manchester, Vt.
Middlebury, Vt.
Rochester, Vt.
Ithaca, N.Y.
WEST VIRGINIA
  Monongahela National Forest, Dept. of Agric.Bldg.,
  Sycamore St., Elkins, W.Va. 26241
   Cheat                Parsons, W. Va.
   Gauley               Richwood, W. Va.
   Greenbrier             Bartow, W. Va.
   Marlinton              Marlinton, W. Va.
   Potomac              Petersburg, W. Va.
   White Sulphur          White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.

WISCONSIN
 Chequamegon National  Forest, Federal Bldg.
  Park Falls, Wisconsin  54552
                                                        Glidden
                                                        Hayward
                                                        Medford
                                                        Park Falls
                                                        Washburn
                       Glidden, Wis.
                       Hayward, Wis.
                       Medford, Wis.
                       Park Falls, Wis.
                       Washburn, Wis.
 Nicolet National Forest, Merchants St. Bank Bldg.,
 Rhinelander, Wis.  54501
   Eagle River
   Florence
   Lakewood
   Laona
   Three Lakes
Eagle River, Wis.
Florence, Wis.
Lakewood, Wis.
Laona, Wis.
Three Lakes, Wis.

-------
                                                        1502
 !                    U.  S.  FOREST SERVICE
 2                 The Eastern Region of  the U.  S.  Forest
 3       Service  consists of  17 National  Forests  located
 4       in a 20-State area,  spreading from Minnesota  to
 g       Missouri to  the northeastern States.  There are
 6       four National Forests located in the Lake  Michigan
         watershed.

 g                 The Manistee National  Forest  is  located

 9       in lower Michigan.   Tributary streams to Lake
10       Michigan either originating on or flowing  through
u       the Manistee National Forest Include the White,
12       Pere Marquette, Big  Sable, and part of  the
13       Manistee Rivers, as  well as several smaller
14       streams.  The deep sandy soils in this area have
15       a moderating effect  on streamflow with resultant
16       moderate peak flows  and substantial low flows.
17       There are three miles of Lake Michigan shoreline
18       in Federal Government ownership  administered as
19       part of the Manistee National Forest.
20                 The Hiawatha National  Forest, consisting
21       of two separate units located in upper Michigan,
22       has about 20 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline in
23       government ownership.  The streams draining into
24       Lake Michigan Include the Pine,  Carp, Brevort,
25       Indian, White Fish,  and Sturgeon Rivers,  The

-------
                                             	     1303
                      U.  S.  FOREST SERVICE
 2        Hiawatha National  Forest has extensive areas of
 3        wetlands as well as its forested lands.  Soils
 4        are generally sandy with streamflows  being
          moderately stable.
 6                  The Nlcolet National Forest in northern
 _        Wisconsin is located inland some distance.  The
 Q        Forest includes headwaters of -the Brule, Pine,
 o
 9        and Popple Rivers  (which flow into the Menominee),
10        and the Peshtigo,  Oconto,  and Wolf Rivers.  A
          small part of the  Ottawa National Forest located
          in upper Michigan  and adjacent to the Nicolet
13        National Forest, also forms a part of the head-
14        waters of the Menominee River.
15                  There are approximately 3,300,000 acres
16        within National Forest boundaries in  the Lake
          Michigan watershed.  Of this gross acreage,
          approximately 1,800,000 acres are in  government
19        ownership administered by  the Forest  Service.
20                  The Organic Act  of June ^,  1897, cites
21        "securing favorable conditions of water flows" as
22        a  principal purpose of National Forests.  The
23        Weeks  Act of March 1,  1911,  further recommends
24        for  purchase such  forested,  cutover,  or depleted
25        lands  within the watersheds  of navigable streams,

-------
 !                     U.  S. FOREST SERVICE


 „        as may be necessary to the regulation of the flow
 ti


         of navigable streams.
 3


                   Because those  "favorable conditions of



 e        water flows" and "the regulation of the flow of
 6


         navigable streams" include quantity and timing,
 6


         in addition to quality, a great responsibility



         lies with the Forest Service in the use, manage-
 o


         ment, and administration of these key lands.
 9


                   To meet Forest Service responsibilities



         in the water resource field, there are established



         water resource objectives for all watersheds.
12


         These objectives are determined by examining the
13


         total water resource use and the related needs,
14


         both within National Forest boundaries and for
15


,_        areas downstream, and both for National Forest
lo


         and non-National Forest purposes.



18                  We consider all water uses including



ig        municipal, commercial and industrial, agricul-



20        tural, recreational (include aesthetics), fish,



21        and other aquatic life, wildlife, and forest



22        activities, both present and future.



23                  Based on water needs, if the conditions



24        of water flows are satisfactory regarding the



25        quality, quantity, and timing of flows, then

-------
                                                        1505_
                      U.  S.  FOREST SERVICE

 2        water resource  objectives include protection
 3        requirements to insure that the present satis-
         factory conditions are maintained.  Other resource
         activities,  such as recreation use, timber har-
         vesting, and road building must be carried out
 7        in a manner which will prevent stream sedimen-
 8        tation and other pollution.  In fiscal year 196?
 9        there were 124  million board feet of timber cut
         within the Lake Michigan watershed under contract
         with commercial timber operators.  Timber har-
         vesting contracts contain clauses directed towards
         the prevention  of stream sedimentation and other
         pollution.  We  believe that managed timber har-
15        vesting causes  little, if any, sedimentation or
         other pollution.
17                  There were about 26 miles of road
lg        constructed or  reconstructed on National Forest
19        lands in the Lake Michigan watershed in fiscal
20        year 1967.  Erosion control measures are included
21        in the design and construction of Forest Service
22        roads.
23                  Other water quality protection require-
24        ments include the proper design of Forest Service
25  j      sanitary systems to insure that the affected

-------
   	1506
 !                    U.  S.  FOREST SERVICE

 2       natural waters meet the  standards set for  the
 3       various uses of that water.  Forest Service
 4       sanitary engineers, watershed scientists,  soil
 6       scientists, and geologists are all involved to
 6       insure adequate design of sanitary systems.  The
 7       Federal Water Pollution  Control Administration
 8       further approves our sanitary system designs.
 9                 Of primary concern to UL is the  problem
10       of excessive fertilization of surface waters.
H       This problem is perhaps  of more immediate  concern
12       to smaller inland lakes within the Lake Michigan
13       Basin.  Eutrophication of surface waters is
14       accelerated by excessive use of fertilizers and
15       the dumping of nutrients from sanitary systems
16       into the waters.  Various systems of sewage treat-
17       ment may be safe from a health standpoint and yet
18       be responsible for the addition of phosphates,
19       nitrates,  and other nutrients to surface waters
20       to the point where the waters become aesthetically
21       unpleasing with algae blooms and other weed growth.
22       In extreme cases,  the biotic balance and fisheries
23       of the waters may be harmed.  Developments with
24 I      septic systems in very permeable soils as well as
25       impermeable soils  ringing small lakes can be

-------
                                                         1507
                      U. S. FOREST SERVICE
         responsible for accelerated eutrophication.

                   If there Is a need to  improve the
         quality, quantity or timing of the water resource

         appropriate improvement objectives are established,

         We may employ  any reasonable action to meet  these

         objectives.  These land management prescriptions

 a       may include such  things as the restoration of  the

 9       eroding streambanks, the effective use of vege-

         tation or engineering structures to regulate the

         quantity and timing of waterflows, or the proper
12       redesign of faulty sanitary systems.

                   While the water resource is the prime

14       factor in any  land management decision, other

15       resource uses  of  these lands are, and must be
         made.  Land management prescriptions to meet

17       water resource objectives must be in harmony
18       with these other resource uses.  This is in
19       accordance with the multiple use principle set
20       forth in the Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act
21       of 1960.  Multiple use is the management of  all

22       the lands so that the renewable  surface resources
23       of the National Forests are utilized in the  combi-

24 i      nation that will best meet the needs of the

25       American people.

-------
                                                         1508
 1                    U. S. FOREST SERVICE
 2                  In accepting our responsibilities, we



 3        have developed five Forest Service policies related



 4        to water quality.



 5             1.  Insure that return flows,



 6             particularly those associated with



 7             recreation and other domestic use,



 8             do not impair natural waters for



 9             the other purposes water is expected



10             to serve,



ll             2.  Make certain that National Forest



12             land management practices are con-



13             ducted in a manner which will insure



14             a quality of water yield suitable



15             for its intended purposes.



1$             3.  Maintain a water quality satis-



17             factory for other National Forest re-



lg             source uses, such as fish habitat,



19             and swimming and related uses whenever



20             it is within the capability of the



21             Forest Service to do so.  All Forest



22             Service swimming areas are now moni-



23             tored to Insure that they are safe



24             for swimming.



25             4.  Insure biologically safe, suitable

-------
                                                         1309
 l                   U.  S. FOREST  SERVICE

 2             drinking water  for use  of  the

 3             public.  All wells are  monitored

               and  tested on a planned basis.

               5.   Modernize sanitary  systems

               at existing Forest Service in-

               stallations where necessary.  An

               approved sanitary system at  all

               new  installations is a  basic part

10             of the installation  plan

                    Compliance with these guidelines  is  no

12        simple task.  About  40 percent  of the gross  area

13        within National Forest boundaries in the  Lake

14        Michigan  watershed is held in private ownership.

15        We have no Jurisdiction over these private  lands.

16        A large proportion of this private land is  located

          along major streams  or adjacent to lakes, con-

18        atituting a potential pollution source over  which

          the Forest Service has no control.

20                  The most obvious way, then, to  make  a

21        meaningful contribution to the  water quality prob-

22        lem starts with cooperation  with private  landowners

23        industry,  and the various Federal, State, and  local

24        government units.  This need for cooperation is, of

25        course, the reason for this  Conference.

-------
                  	1510

 l                    U. S. FOREST  SERVICE


                   One of our objectives Is to cooperate



 0        with the various States in improving fisheries
 o


 .        habitat.  We are becoming increasingly involved
 4


         in the anadromous fisheries program in the Great
 5


         Lakes.  Good quality waters are needed for salmon
 6


         and trout fisheries.  Water temperatures must be



         maintained within acceptable limits.  Chemical
 9


         pollutants must be held below certain limits.
 »r


         Siltation must also be maintained below certain
10


         acceptable limits to prevent the filling of



         spawning beds with sediments and the accompanying



         reduction of oxygen levels.  Often what we do to
13


         control erosion on National Forest lands is
14


         negated by the erosion that is still taking place
15


t.        on other lands upstream.
lo


                   Thus, we are not only concerned with



lg        the effect of our management on water quality.



19        We are also concerned with the effect of the



20        quality of waters beyond our control on our



21        ability to provide needed services for the



22        American people.  For instance, we now have



23        recreation areas with swimming facilities along



24        Lake Michigan shores.  We are planning additional



25        recreational facilities of this type.  The water

-------
                                                         1511
   r—	1
 I                   U. S. FOREST  SERVICE


 2       quality of  Lake  Michigan  will,  in part,  determine


 3       the enjoyment  that  the  people will derive  from


 4       these areas and  the economic development of the


 5       surrounding area associated with  these  recrea-


 6       tional facilities.


 7                 Compared  to the total impact  of  man on


 3       water quality  in Lake Michigan  and its  tributary


 9       waters, the National Forest influence water


lO       quality to  a relatively small degree.   Neverthe-


U       less, the Forest Service  can and  does contribute


12       to the water quality of the Lake  Michigan  water-


13       shed.  It is our sincere  desire that our contri-


14       butions to  this  very important  aspect of our total


15       environment are  meaningful and  correct.  We will


16       make every  effort to insure that  they are.,


17                           - -  -


18                 (The following  statements were also


19       submitted for  inclusion in the  record as if


20       read:)


21


22               REMARKS  OF  ROMAN  H. KOENINGS


23          REGIONAL DIRECTOR, LAKE CENTRAL REGION


24               BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION


25                DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR

-------
                                                	1512





         AT THE LAKE MICHIGAN ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
l                BUREAU OF  OUTDOOR RECREATION
 2


 .          JANUARY 31, 1968, IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
 3



 4


                   I am Roman H. Koenings, Regional Director
 5


         of the Lake Central Region of the Bureau of Outdoor
 6


         Recreation, U. S. Department of the Interior.  We



         are deeply concerned about the continued reduction
 o


         of water quality and attending degradation of the
 «f


         environment in the Lake Michigan Basin.  At stake



         are present and future opportunities for recrea-



         tional use and, even more important, the livability



         of the basin for present and future generations.
13


                   Water for recreational purposes is



         becoming increasingly essential.  The availability



,.        of more leisure time and increased use of that
lo


         leisure time for outdoor recreational activities



lg        will place greater demand on our lakes and streams



ig        to satisfy these demands.  The increase in leisure



2Q        time associated with a general higher disposable



21        income will provide the population of the States of



22        Wisconsin-, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana, as well



23        as their vacationing guests an opportunity to par-



24        ticipate in outdoor recreation more frequently and



25        for longer periods of time.

-------
                              	1513
 1                BUREAU OP OUTDOOR RECREATION
 2                  The economics of outdoor recreation
 3        cannot be ignored,  Both Michigan and Wisconsin
 4        report their tourist industry as over a billion
 5        dollars a year.  As indicators, the basin contains
 6        about 80,000 summer homes, 200 private campgrounds,
 7        and 400 private group camps and many resorts.  Add
 8        to these the supporting facilities and services
 9        from restaurants, motels and gasoline stations to
10        sporting goods manufacturing and sales,  and you
n        have a whopping private investment in outdoor
12        recreation in the basin.
13                  The Bureau has conducted or is partial-
14        pating in several water resource studies involving
15        all or portions of the Lake Michigan Basin.   These
16        include the International Joint Commission Great
17        Lakes  Water Levels Study, the Great Lakes Illinois
18        River  Water Quality Study,  the Upper Mississippi
19        River  Basin Comprehensive Study,  the Island  Study
20        in  Wisconsin and Michigan,  the Grand River Basin
21        Study  in Michigan and the St.  Joseph River in
22        Indiana and Michigan.   Some of the more  pertinent
23        findings  to date are:
24                  1.   The population of the  four-State
25        area was  2*J- 1/2  million people in  1960 and is

-------
   	1514
 1                BUREAU OP OUTDOOR RECREATION
 2        expected  to double by  the year 2000.  About  a
 3        third of  these people  reside  in  the highly
 4        urbanized areas, including Milwaukee, Chicago,
 5        and Gary-Hammond-East  Chicago.
 6                  2.  The 625  Federal, State, and local
 7        public recreation areas in the Lake Michigan
 8        Basin have 88,300 acres developed for recreational
 9        use.  On  Lake Michigan, 1,300 miles are  classed
10        as recreational shoreline, including some of the
U        finest beaches in the  country.   Much of  this
12        shoreline is privately controlled.
13                  3.  The existing areas are not meeting
14        needs, and the demand  for opportunities  to partici-
15        pate in boating, swimming, water skiing, and
16        fishing are expected to increase fourfold by the
11        year 2000.  To provide for these and other
lg        recreation needs, about 240,000  acres of inten-
19        sively developed recreation land and 550,000      '
20        acres of  extensively developed land will be
21        required  to meet demand in the year 2010.
22                  This summary not only  points up some
23        of the outstanding recreational  resources
24        presently available in the Lake  Michigan Basin
25        but it also shows the  pressing need for  additional

-------
                                                         1515
                  BUREAU OF  OUTDOOR  RECREATION

 2        recreational  opportunities.   The availability of

 3        high  quality  water is  a prime consideration in the

 4        planning and  development of  recreational facilities

          whether  we  use the water to  boat on,  swim in,  or

          picnic and  hike near.   Water quality degradation

          riot only threatens to  eliminate  or seriously

          limit existing developments,  but it also precludes

 9        future or expanded developments  at many desirable,

10        strategically located  sites.

11                 Continued degradation  of the  water re-

12        sources  in  the basin will  place  greater recrea-

13 I       tional use  pressure on the few remaining acceptable

14        water areas,  particularly  near urban areas.

15                 Our 1965 study on  the  Lake  Michigan
   i
16        Basin shows the extent of  water  quality influences

17        on recreation.   Areas  where  water quality has

18        grossly  or  moderately  impaired the opportunities
   !
19 j       for body contact water activities include the

20        densely  populated  shore  areas  of Green  Bay,

21        Xanitowoc,  Milwaukee,  Kenosha, Racine,  Gary-

22        Hammond-East  Chicago,  Benton  Harbor,  Holland,

23 [       Grand Haven,  and Escanaba.   In addition,  numerous

24        tributary rivers are not suitable for water-based

25        activities  and  contribute  significantly to  lakeshor^

-------
   	1516


 1  I              BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION



 2        problems.  Some of the specific recreation



 „        facilities that have been or are in danger  of



 .        being damaged by pollution include:  Bay View



 .        Beach at Green Bay, Indiana Dunes State Park,



 ..        Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Muskegon
 D


         State Park, Warren Dunes State Park, Chicago



 Q        metropolitan parks, and Milwaukee county parks.
 o


                   Research is generally lacking to  show
 «f


10        exact correlations between recreational use and



n        pollution.  In some instances health hazards are



12        much greater in waters that are aesthetically



13        pleasing.  Cases have been reported that swimming



14        use remains high even when a beach is posted to



15        the risk of infection.  On the other hand,  areas



16        that have been defiled visually or that emit



17        odors are considered unusable by the public even



18        though bacterial contamination is a minor problem.



19        In the cities, where open space and natural areas



20        are at a premium, people will use whatever  is



21        available.  I believe we would be disturbed if



22        we knew the extent to which city children play



23        in the polluted harbor and waterfront areas.



24                  Despoiling aesthetic values of the lake



25        are usually the result of uncontrolled pollution

-------
   	1517
 I                BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION

 2        over a long period.   While the buildup of bottom
 3        deposits does  not directly impair recreational

 4        use, the subsequent  dredging in harbors and off-

 5        shore dumping  have been responsible for fouling

 6        some of our heavily  used beaches.  Nutrification

 7        over a period  of time has also created aesthetic

 8        problems caused by algae buildups which accumulate

 9        and  decay on many beaches.  Wastes from boats

10        have been responsible for fouling harbors and

H        beaches with oil, untreated sewage, and debris.

12                  In most cases beach health hazards are

13        closely associated with pollution sources in the

14        vicinity of the recreation area.  We believe the

15        greatest initial benefits to recreation would come

16        from the control of  nearby sources of pollution.

17        Solving the long term degradation of the lake,
18        however, will  require a major coordinated effort
19       to  control both shoreline and tributary stream

20        pollution sources.   It is as unrealistic to control
21         pollution on half of the lake as it is to control

22         shoreline sources without consideration of upstream

23         problems.

24  i                 There can  be no question that outdoor

25         recreation is  one of the principal beneficiaries

-------
   	1518
 !                BUREAU OP OUTDOOR RECREATION
 2        of pollution abatement programs,  But outdoor

 3        recreation also is a contributor to pollution.
 4        Pleasure boats use the lakes as if they were

 6        oversized toilets; summer cottages and associated

 6        recreation areas often have inadequate sewage

 7        treatment facilities; and the American citizen

 8        is a notorious litterbug.  As a matter of fact,
 9        from an esthetic standpoint, I sometimes wonder
lo        if littering isn't as serious as the many other

U        types of environmental intrusions.

12                  Boaters  accustomed to dumping wastes

13        overboard will have to be educated and convinced

14        that it is in their best interest to acquire and
15        use the equipment needed to treat these wastes

ig        for onshore discharge.  New marinas should be
17        required to have adequate facilities for receiving
13        boat wastes and existing marinas should be required
19        to provide such facilities within a reasonable

20        time.
2i                  Communities must be sold on the need

22        for local ordinances governing the disposal and
23        treatment of wastes emanating from laKe and

24  |      riverside residential areas.

25                  Littering is a national disease which

-------
   	1319
 1                BUREAU OF  OUTDOOR RECREATION
 2        can  be  cured  through education.   And the most
 3        effective  education  is  in the family where parents
 4        show by example that gum wrappers and beer cans
 5        belong  in  the trash  can and not  on the ground or
 g        in the  water.
 7                  Closely  allied with water quality are
 g        other environmental  problems which set the tone
 9        of livability,  particularly in our urban areas.
10        In many cases the  solution of these problems is
11        interrelated  to water quality.  Social values are
12        assuming greater importance in resource allocation
13        and  development and  cannot be molded to fit a
14        clean-cut  cost benefit  analysis.   The social
15        revolution now, in  progress demands new thinking
16        and  new methods of solving problems.  The tre-
If        mendous costs of solving water and air pollution
18        as an initial step to improving  livability may be
19        minor when compared  to  the social damage of pol-
20        lution.  Recreation  opportunities will be increased
21        substantially by a coordinated multi-stage pollution
22        abatement  program  but the real beneficiaries of the
23        program will  be the  people who live near and use
24        the  waters  of the  basin.
25                  Thank you.

-------
                                          	1520
 I          BUREAU OP SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

 2
 3          BUREAU 0? SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
 4                     STATEMENT FOR THE
 6          LAKE MICHIGAN WATER QUALITY CONFERENCE
 6           CHICAGO, ILLINOIS - JANUARY 31, 1968

 7
 8                 The sport fish and wildlife resources
 9       of Lake Michigan are of National importance.  In
10       I960, about 19 million angler-days and 5 million
U       hunter-days, valued at approximately $45 million
12       (estimated by procedures described in Supplement
13       No. 1 of Senate Document No. 97, 87th Congress,
14       2nd Session, titled "Evaluation Standards for
15       Primary Outdoor Recreation Benefits") were spent
15       within the lake's Basin.  This use is continuing
17       to increase.  Within the next 50 years, fishing
18       use probably will triple and hunting use, double
19       for Lake Michigan.
20                 In terms of numbers of fishermen, pier
21       fishing for perch is probably the most important
22       type of sport fishing in the lake.  A 1964. investi-
23       gation of fisherman-day use along the Chicago
24       lakefront revealed that 1 million people fished
25       this 30 miles of shoreline that year.  Other

-------
                                                         1321
             BUREAU  OF  SPORT FISHERIES  AND WILDLIFE
 2        species  of importance  to Lake Michigan sport
 3        fishermen  include  sraallmouth  and largemouth bass,
          walleyes,  northern pike, trout,  and salmon.
                    Important spawning  runs of native and
          introduced trout occurring in Lake Michigan were
          seriously  curtailed in the late  1950's because
          of  sea  lamprey depredations.   They are now
          increasing and with the success  of the lamprey
          control  program and recent fish  introductions
          it  is hoped they will continue to.  These  increases
          are  encouraging the States to take definite steps
13        to  increase present runs and  to  establish new
14        spawning populations.
15                  We  are all aware of the tremendous
          success  Michigan has had with its coho salmon
17        introduction.   When the spawning adults returned
          to  their home  streams  this fall  they provided  a
19        new  and  spectacular fishery.   The 72,000  flsher-
20        men  who  took  advantage of this new fishery left
21        a distinct mark on the economy of the region.
22        Available  evidence indicates  that this program can
23        be expanded to  include more of Lake Michigan.
24        Fishing  opportunities  need not be limited to the
25        mouths of  Michigan streams.

-------
                               	1322

 1          BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE


 2                 We are proud of  the  role we  have  played


 3       in the development of these fisheries.   Under  the


 4       terms of the Anadromous Fish Act of  1965 (P.L.


 5       89-304) the Bureau has supplied over a million


 6       dollars to States bordering Lake Michigan on a


 7       cost-sharing basis ". .  .for the conservation,


 g       development, and enhancement of the  Nation's


 9       anadromous fish. . . !1


10                 By nature  of their reproductive require-


11       ments, fish that ascend streams to spawn are highly


12       subject to pollution.  Adults  are subjected to  the


13       concentrated pollutants in the lower stream reaches


14       If these are sufficient to discourage  or kill  the


15       adults, there can be no reproduction.   If the  adult^


16       are able to negotiate pollution barriers their  off-


17       springs, which are more delicate than  the adults,


18       must be able to move downstream through the pol-


19       luted area to the lake.  We are especially  inter-


20       ested in the maintenance and enhancement of these


21       fisheries.  While we  can provide material assis-


22       tance to the States,  this  assistance is to  no  avail!
                                                             I

23       if runs of sport fishes have little  chance  of

                                                             I
24       perpetuating themselves.


25                 Future fishing and hunting opportunities

-------
   	1323
 l           BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE

 2        in Lake  Michigan and its tributaries would be

 3        almost unlimited if these renewable water re-

 4        sources  were managed and intensively developed,

 6        The quantity and quality of the fish and wildlife

 6        resources of the Basin are, however, dependent

 7        on the quality of the water in tributary streams,

 8        connecting marshes, and in the lake.

 9                  With the exception of Milwaukee Harbor

10        and some inshore and river-mouth areas,  there is

11        little evidence yet of general deterioration of

12        water  quality throughout most of Lake Michigan.

13        This is  not to say that Lake Michigan has not

14        changed  or is not changing.  Concentrations of

15        several  major ions and total dissolved solids are

15        increasing at a slow and constant rate.   Without

17        acceleration of this rate,  significant detrimental

18        fishery  effects throughout most of the lake are

19        not anticipated for many years.  The possibility

20        of a sudden acceleratory shift cannot be altogether

21        discounted.   Such a shift occurred in Lake Erie

22        around 1910 and appears to be symptomatic of

23        accelerated aging of that lake.  Declines in many

24        of the more valuable fisheries have been associated

25        with this dramatic process.

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                                                         1524
 I           BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
 2                  The relatively small changes in  the
 3        water quality of Lake Michigan do not preclude
 4        the possibility of other drastic changes in
 5        the environment of considerable damaging conse-
 6        quence to fish and wildlife.  Little is known of
 7        the possible accumulation of toxic substances such
 8        as pesticides, detergents, and other chemicals  in
 9        the water, sediment, fish flesh, and important
10        food organisms.  Studies are being made to deter-
11        mine the extent of accumulation of toxic materials
12        and their effect on fish and wildlife.
13                  Many of the tributary streams are used
14        extensively for waste disposal.  This was  and is
15        a convenient method of disposal.  Bottom conditions
10        of many tributaries have been so severely  degraded
17        that only pollution-tolerant organisms can survive.
18        Extensive mortality of fish has occurred,  generally
19        due to surges of pollutants or to lack of  oxygen
20        during periods of low stream flows.  One of the
21        most serious sources of organic pollution  is
22        attributable to the manufacture of pulp and paper.
23                  We are concerned over the increasing
24        dredging and spoil deposition activities pursued
25        by private and commercial interests, rural

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 1          BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE



 2       communities, and urban  centers  bordering the



 3       Great Lakes shores.  Valuable aquatic  habitat



 4       is disrupted or destroyed,  in addition to  degra-



 5       elation of water quality in  the  vicinity of the



 5       work.  The need for  alternate dredge disposal



 7       sites, located and constructed  so  as to keep



 g       damages; to our aquatic  environment at  a minimum,



 9       looms ever larger as a  paramount problem facing



lO       all Federal, State,  and local interests.



11                 The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and



12       Wildlife participates directly  in  the  Great Lakes



13       Fishery program by cooperating  with the Great



14       Lakes Fishery Commission.   The  Bureau  has  con-



15       structed three fish hatcheries  to  rear 4 million



16       lake trout annually, 2  million  of  which are



17       stocked in Lake Michigan.   The  annual  cost of



18       Lake Michigan fish stocking by  the Bureau  approxl-



19       mates $86 thousand.  Assessment studies by the



20       Bureau of Commercial Fisheries  indicate that this



21       program is highly successful.   There is indication



22       that a natural brood stock  of lake trout will be



23       established from these  plants,  thus eliminating



24       most of the need for additional plantings  past



25       1978.  The quality of the Lake  Michigan water and

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                                        	1526
 1           BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
 2        quantity of spawning areas will.have a direct
 3        bearing on the ability of the breeding stocks
 4        to maintain themselves.  Further adverse changes
 5        in water quality will require extension of the
 Q        stocking period or eliminate the program entirely.
 7        If pollution of the lake is arrested and fishing
 g        pressures reach projected levels, our hatchery
 9        capacity can be used to produce other needed sport
!0        fishes.
H                  Lake Michigan is not a primary producer
12        of waterfowl, but it is important during migration
13        periods and winters a large number of sea and
14        diving ducks.  Oil pollution is one of the more
15        important causes of non-hunting mortality of
16        ducks using Great Lakes waters.  The bird's in-
17        sulating plumage becomes matted, allowing cold
18        water and air to reach the skin.  Body heat is
19        lost faster than it can be generated, and In cold
20        weather the birds soon perish.  For a creature
21        that must maintain a body temperature of 102  P.,
22        this becomes a real problem.  As many as 12,000
23        "oiled" ducks have been lost from just one such
24        pollution case.
25                  Other forms of pollution also influence

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   	1527
 1 1BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
 _        ducks  either directly or indirectly.   Some chemi-
 £
          cal pollutants  are toxic when ingested,  while
 3
          others such as  silt and sewage destroy or degrade
          the environment.
 5
                    Wise  use of our fish and wildlife
 o
          resources is imperative if the greatest  recrea-
          tional value is to be received and the resources
 O
          perpetuated. Pollution losses are serious and
 V
10        can be avoided.  Purposeful environmental contami-
          nation is gradually being eliminated,  but
          "accidental" discharge of pollutants,  particularly
13        oils,  is  the result of inadequate laws,  less  than
14        vigorous  enforcement of existing laws, and apathy
15        on  the part of  industrial and shipping interests.
16                  It is the position of the Bureau that
17        an  ultimate goal  of the clean waters program  of
18        the Nation should be to maintain or achieve such
19        quality in every  stream,  lake,  estuary,  bay,  or
20        other  water as  will support the full potential  of
21        the  water for production and human use of  aquatic
22        life and  water-dependent wildlife resources.  Since
23        many waters  now have water  qualities higher than
24        those  set  by States  or  recommended by  the  Governmenjb,
25        every  effort should be  made  to  protect these  high

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                  :	1328
            BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
 2        quality waters where they exist and decrease
 3        pollution loads in all other waters.  It should
         be the primary purpose of all individuals,
         communities, and State and Federal agencies
 6        having an interest in Lake Michigan to continue
 7        to develop a mutual comprehensive program for
         reducing the pollution or this interstate body
 9        of water.  To this end, the Bureau of Sport
10        Fisheries and Wildlife will work closely with
n        any group or agency having an interest in the
12        improvement and maintenance of this valuable
13        resource
14
15                        STATEMENT OF
16             GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS
17               SUBMITTED BY MRS. ALVA APPLEBY
18                CHAIRMAN, POLLUTION DIVISION
19
20                  Secretary Udall, Governor Kerner and
21        Conservationistsi
22                  As a spokesman for the General Federa-
23        tion of Women's Clubs through the request of Mrs
24        Alva Appleby of Skowhegan, Maine, Pollution
25        Chairman of the General Federation, I somehow

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   	1529


 !             GENERAL FEDERATION  OF WOMEN'S  CLUBS



 2        hope to voice  the  thoughts and  expectations  of



 o        club women  throughout  the United  States.



 4                  Women  in general,  but particularly club



 g        women have  become  infinitely more sophisticated



 .        conservationwise in  the  past decade.   In  lay  own
 b


         State of Wisconsin,  I  as State  Conservation  Chair-



 Q        man, try to inform and direct conservation chair-
 o            v


 9        men in each of 10  districts, who  in turn  channel



10        information to the 322 clubs and  approximately



n        22,000 club women  in the State.   This  pattern



12        Is carried  out in  all  States, and club women are



13        usually well informed  individuals who  have a deep



14        and genuine concern  for  the  quality of their



15        environment.



16                  Of all of  the  interlocking facets  of



17        Federation  conservation  activities,  however,



jg        perhaps the area which arouses  the  greatest



!9        response is the  division of  water pollution.



20        Water, whether it  be streams, rivers,  small  lakes,



21        or our Great Lakes,  arouses  an  emotional  drive  in



22        women that  cries out for action.  Women throughout



23        the Nation  have  striven  to be informed, to be



24        articulate, and  to present concerted action  because



25        they want clean water.  Women are concerned  about

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   	153_0_
 1             GENERAL FEDERATION OP WOMEN'S CLUBS
 2        aesthetic values as well as moral values, and the
 3        continued and worsening degradation of Lake Michi-
 4        gan offers e hideous challenge to both.
 5                  I think that it is pretty well understood
 8        that the deteri.oration of this vast body of water
 7        must be reversed soon if Lake Michigan is to be
 8        saved at all.  This Conference therefore seems to
 9        be the first bright spot on the horizon, because
10        it is the first true attempt to deal with the
H        problem as a whole.  No matter how concerned each
12        of the four bordering States may be about pollution
13        in Lake Michigan, it seems improbable that States
14        working alone can cope with a situation of this
15        magnitude, and the General Federation commends the
16        calling of this very much needed Conference.
17        Surely all of the work and energy and knowledge
18        brought together in this united effort will produce
19        results that will have far reaching consequences.
20                  There are three points that I would like
21        to briefly touch on in this statement.  I do not
22        pretend to be a specialist, but while I may speak
23        in generalities rather than specifics, these are
24        the areas of concern that trouble thousands of
25        women who are interested in the outcome of this

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                              	1531


 l [            GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS



 0        Conference on Lake Michigan.
 £


 „                  The first question concerns the Water
 o


 .        Quality Standards of the State of Wisconsin which



 _        have been approved by the Federal Government.
 9


          Wisconsin club women, especially those who attended
. o


          the Green Bay hearings, know that the Fox, the



          Oconto and the Peshtlgo Rivers have contributed
 9


          to the almost total degradation of the lower part
 •F


10        of Green Bay, which is a part of Lake Michigan.



u        Under the minimum standards for water quality, a



12        low classification for these rivers had been pro-



.,        posed, but it is expected that these standards
lo


14        will be upgraded as soon as possible.  We do not



15        wish to, in effect, preserve the status quo by



lg        legalizing existing sources of pollution, so we



I7        would ask--do we already need to upgrade water



18        quality standards which in some Instances would



19        tolerate existing conditions?  The Wisconsin Water



20        Quality Standards are good, but we expect better.



21                  The second point concerns the need for



22        a "crash program" to save Lake Michigan.   Although



23        this  is an over used cliche it does invoke the



24        Images of Immediacy and money,  and I believe that



25        both  are necessary.   The General Federation of

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                                         	1532
 I             GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS
 2        Women's Clubs believes that women understand that
 3        there is a price associated with this, and that
 4        women are willing to pay that price because there
 5        is a sense of shame involved in allowing a great
 6        national asset to die.  Somehow there is no glory
 7        in putting a man on the moon when a great civili-
 8        zation fouls and despoils its waters, and perhaps
 9        our claim to greatness will stand or fall on our
IQ        determination to preserve and restore our own
11        environment for the benefit of all of the people,
12                  The third point I would bring up is the
13        urgent need to prevent new sources of pollution.
14        There can be no hope of ever cleaning up the lake
15        if there is an ever mounting backlog of contami-
16        nation, so club women ask specifically for the
17        prevention of new threats to the lake.  One such
18        danger is that of thermal pollution from the
19        nuclear power plants already under construction.
20        Surely cooling towers or other devices,which have
21        already been proved technically feasible, should
22        be made mandatory.
23                  The other danger comes from new Indus-
24        tries which will be built.  The General Federation
25        of Women's Clubs believes that tertiary treatment

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              GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS


         of wastes to remove the phosphates will be


         required to clean up Lake Michigan, and that
 3

         through a licensing process new industries
 4

         would have to conform to acceptable means of
 5

         waste disposal which would include tertiary
 6

         treatment.  It would seem incredible, if after
 7

         a Conference such as this, any other course
 8

         could be followed.
 9

                   In connection with this additional
10

         treatment of wastes it might be added that we


         will still have the continuing problem of
12

         detergents that has plagued us for so long--
13

         detergents which contribute so much of the phos-
14

   I      phates to our waters.  Women are cognizant of
   I

         the fact that not only tertiary treatment of
16

         waste disposal is necessary, but that there is


         also a detergent break-through to be solved.
18

                   In conclusion, I would like to say that
u

20        club women from all over America are looking to


21  i      this Conference with the highest hopes and ex-


22        pectations.   The President of the Illinois


23  i      Federation of Women's Clubs is here today and


24        Joins with me in wishing that from this meeting


25        will come the united efforts and knowledge and

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   	1534
 1            GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

 2       determination that can save our Great Lakes

 3       and perhaps signal a better day for all of our

 4       inland waters.

 5                 Mrs. G. L. McCormick
                   State Conservation Chairman, WFWC
 6                 S37 W26861 Holiday Hill
                   Waukesha, Wisconsin  53186
 7
                        Representing:
 8
                   Mrs. Alva Appleby, Skowhegan, Maine
 9                 Chairman Pollution Division
                   General Federation of Women's Clubs
10

11
                   MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments
12
         or questions?
13
                   (No response.)
14
                   MR. STEIN:  In view of the lateness
15
         of the day--
16
                   MR. HOLMER:  Mr. Chairman.
17
                   MR. STEIN:  Yes.
18
                   MR. HOLMER:  Before you get to the
19
         lateness of the day  (laughter), this statement
20
         by the Forester will be introduced into the
21
         record.  Will it be  shared with the members of  the
22
         Conference also?
23
                   MR. POSTON:  Yes, I indicated the
24
         Conferees will get a copy of it shortly.
25

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 l                       MURRAY STEIN



 2                 MR. HOLMER:  Will we have  an  opportunity



 3       sometime along the way to have representatives  of



 .       the Department of Agriculture here?   I  am not so



 _       much interested in the Foresters, although  these
 o


 c       are significant, as I am in some of  the other
 V


         areas that relate to our concern.



 g                 MR. STEIN:  What is the situation on



 _       that?  Perhaps, Mr. Cook--can you answer that
 y


10       question?



  '                 MR. COOK:  We have a short report, if



12       you want to take a few minutes.



.„                 MR. STEIN:  No, no. He wants  to question
13


14       the representative of the Agriculture--



15                 MR. COOK:  No, there will  be  no repre-



16       sentative of Agriculture here.



17                 MR. STEIN:  Haven't they been invited?



18                 MR. COOK: They were invited.  They had



19       to leave.  They asked us to read the report if



20       the opportunity arose.



2i                  MR. STEIN:  In view of the interest of



22        Mr. Holmer, we will try to get back  the agricul-



23        tural interests here, because questions are fairly



24        obvious in the area that he wants to talk about.



25                  MR. COOK:  This is a report I think you

-------
   	1536
 1                         MURRAY STEIN
 2         should  hear.
 3                   MR.  STEIN:   Let's  try to get those
 4         people  here when we  reconvene  the  Conference,
 5         because I  do think we  need them in person.
 Q                   Are  there  any other  comments or
 7         questions?
 8                   (No  response.)
 9                   MR.  STEIN:   We  can get back to the
10         lateness of the  day.
H                   (Laughter.)
12                   MR.  STEIN:   We  are thinking of
13         recessing  a little early  to  let the people
14         who are lucky  enough to get  home over the
15         weekend to make  their  plane  and train connections,
16         but here is the  way  we look  at the schedule.
17                   Next week, same place, 9?30.  On
18         Monday  we  anticipate that we will  complete
19         the Illinois and Federal  statements.
20                   On Tuesday,  Michigan and Indiana.
21                   On Wednesday, Wisconsin.
22                   Of course, if a Governor or a Mayor
23         or a Congressman or  a  Senator  comes  in,  we will
24         make the necessary adjustments to  meet his
25         busy schedule.

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                                                         1537
                          MURRAY STEIN
 .                   MR.  POOLE:   Mr.  Chairman.
 z
                    MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
                    MR.  POOLE:   You  advised me at noon we
         would  complete Indiana and Illinois Monday.  I
 9
         have some  people that are  working people and I
 6
         have told  them to come on  Monday.
 7
                    MR. STEIN:   Yes,  I stand corrected.
 o
         Illinois and Indiana  on Monday.
                    Michigan will "be on Tuesday and
         Wisconsin  on Wednesday.
                    We also have ,the Federal Recommendations
         and Conclusions,  and  we will try to work those in
la
         on Monday or Tuesday when we  get  a chance.
15
14
                    Am  I  correct  now?   Will the Conferees
16        bear with me  on  this?
17                  Monday, Illinois  and Indiana,  Tuesday,
lg        Michigan, Wednesday, Wisconsin?   Is that correct?
                   (All Conferees  answered in the
20        affirmative.)
                   MR. STEIN:   All  right,  we will stand
22        recessed until 9:30  Monday.
23                  (Whereupon,  at  3:40 p.m., an  adjournment
24        was taken until  9:30 a.m.,  Monday,  February 5, 1968
25
                                                    SO— 312-667 (VOL 3>

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