PROCEEDINGS
     Volume 4
 Chicago, Illinois
 Jan. 31, Feb.1-2, Feb. 5-7,196
 Executive Session
 March 7, 8 and 12,1968
                ILLINOIS
CONFERENCE
Pollution of
Lake Michigan and its tributary basin
            U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

   FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

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f

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   	1538
 1                   MONDAY,  FEBRUARY 5, 1968
 2                       MORNING  SESSION
 3                                       (9:30 a.m.)
 4                   MR.  STEIH:   We will call on Illinois
 5         this  morning.
 6
 7              ILLINOIS  PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 8
 9                   MR.  MORTON:   Mr. Klassen is temporarily
10         on  the  telephone,  but we would like to proceed with
11         the Illinois Presentations.
12                   At this  time we would like to introduce
13         Mr. James  Vaughn,  who is Engineer of Water Puri-
14         fication for the  City of Chicago.
15                   Mr.  Vaughn.
16
17                STATEMENT  OF  JAMES C. VAUGHN
18                ENGINEER OF WATER PURIFICATION
19                       CITY OF CHICAGO
20
21                   MR.  VAUGHN:   Mr. Chairman, Conferees,     j
22         ladies  and gentlemen.
23                   Since this  report today is essentially
24  I       a supplement of the 1965 Chicago report,  I would
25         like  to submit for inclusion in the record a copy

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   	1539
 ! ""JAMES  C.  VAUGHN
 2       of  the Department  magazine,  Pure  Water,  Volume
 3       XVII, Number  1,  19^5,  which  includes  statements
 4       "by  Mayor Daley,  Commissioner Jardine,  and a
 .       slight condensation of the report rendered by
 . |      Mr. Gerstein  at  the March  19&5 Conference.  I
 o
         have  five  extra  copies of  this, if anyone
 g       desires them.
 9                  MR.  STEIN:   May  I  see one of those,

10       sir?
n                  MR.  VAUGHN:   That  is the '65 report.
12                  MR.  STEIN:   This,  without objection,
13       will  be included as an exhibit.
14                  (Which said document, entitled "Pure
15       Water, Volume  XVII, Number 1,  1965" is marked
16       as  Conference  Exhibit No.  7,  2/5/68,  and is on
17       file  at the Federal Water  Pollution Control Ad-
lg       ministration  offices  in  Washington, D. C., with
IQ       a copy on  file at  the Regional Office  of the
20       FWPCA in Chicago,  Illinois.)
2i                  MR.  VAUGHN:   This  is a  statement on
             \v
22       the effect of  water quality  deterioration at
23       the southern  end of Lake Michigan on  the
24       operation  of  Chicago's south water filtration
               //
25       plant.  The title  on  the bound copies  that have

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                        JAMES C. VAUGHN



 2        been distributed is a little more concise.



 3                  At the Conference held by the Federal



         Water Pollution Control Administration in



         Chicago on March 2-9, 1965, Mr. H. H. Gerstein,



         then Chief Water Engineer, presented a statement



 7        in behalf of the Department of Water and Sewers.



 g        This report reviewed 20 years of surveys of the



         Bureau of Water at the southern end of Lake



         Michigan and its tributaries showing how there



         had been a steady and marked increase in the



         degree of pollution of these waters.  Several



13        of the tables and charts used in this report



14        have been updated and will be a part of our



15        report today.                       '



16                  Also, at the recent Conference held by



17        the FWPCA on September 11, 1967, the Engineer of



18        Water Purification made a report on the continued



19        deterioration of water quality at the southern



20        end of Lake Michigan.



2i                  It is the intent of this report to



22        combine the stories of both of these former



23        reports and bring the information and data up



24        through the end of 1967.  In addition to describing



25        the increase in levels of certain water quality

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 !                      JAMES C. VAUGHN



 2       parameters, this report will  delineate  the



 3       effect of pollution on the  costs  of water



 4       treatment.



 5                 Since the criteria  proposed in the  1965



 6       report were expanded and  established as official



 7       criteria by the PWPCA Conference  of January 4-6,



 8       1966, when the Chicago South  Water Filtration Plant



 9       was established as one of the two control points



10       (the other being the Gary-West  intake of the  Gary-



H       Kobart Water  Corporation) for the open  waters of



12       Lake Michigan, the considerations of this report



13       will be limited to the situation  at the South



U       Plant.  To refresh your memories  as to  the layout



15       of the South  Plant, it is located on "made" land



16       at the foot of 79th Street  in Lake Michigan.   The



17       expansion of  this plant to  480  mg/day rated capac-



18       ity and 850 mg/day peak capacity  has been completed.



19       There are two sources of  water  supply.  One is from



20       the Dunne Crib two miles  off  68th Street.  This



21       crib is connected to the  filtration plant through



22       a 14- and 16-foot tunnel.   The  plant also has a



23       shore intake  at the east  end  which is located in



24       about 2^ feet of water and  is used as an alternate^



25       or joint intake.  Since both  intakes are frequently

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 1                       JAMES C. VAUGHN
 2        used at the same time, the official samples as
 3        established in the FWPCA criteria are those taken
         from the raw water header which represents a
 -        variable mixture of both crib and shore water.
 9
 „        All data in this report are taken from tests on
 _        raw water header samples.
 g                  Figure C-l is a map showing the location
 9        of Chicago's two filter plants and the crib In-
10        takes, and also shows distances that the various
         intakes along the lake are from the pollution
         sources at the mouth of the Indiana Harbor Ship
13        Canal  IHSC  and the mouth of the Calumet River.
14        For example, the Dunne intake is approximately
15        3-3/4- miles from the mouth of the Calumet River
16        and 9-l/^ miles from the mouth of the IHSC; the
         Dever intake is 18-1/2 miles and the Wilson
         intake, which is now closed down, not in use,
19        is 22 roiles north of the mouth of tht ship
20        canal.
2i                  At this point it would seem desirable
22        to define open waters.  The open waters are all
23        of Lake Michigan outside of a line drawn from
24  !      the Calumet Kerbor breakwater past the Inland
25        Steel breakwater into the intake of the U. S.

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                                        -3-
                                                              FIGURE C-l
        WJBconsin
        Illinois"
                        MAP OP WEST SHORE OP SOUTHERN PORTION OP LAKE
                        MICHIGAN SHOWING DISTANCES BETWEEN MOUTHS OP
                        INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL AND CALUMET RIVER
                        AND VARIOUS WATERWORKS INTAKES.
          Waukegaa

        N- Chicago
       Great LalcesV-o
        Lake Poreat
        Pt. Sheridan

         Highland Park
        Lake County	
        Cook County
                  Glencoe
ROW
                                                       Indiana
                                                        Harbor
                                                          Chicago
                                                                                N
DEFT. OF WATER AMD SEWERS
     BUREAU OF WATER
     CITY OF CHICAGO
            January 31,  1968

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                        JAMES C. VAUGHN


 2        Steel at Gary.  Everything outside of that  is


 3        open water by definition of the FWPCA criteria.


                   There are no known discharges of


         municipal sewage along the more than 30 miles


         of lakefront extending from the Cook County limits


         on the north to the mouth of the Calumet River


         on the south.  The principal sources of pollution


 _        at the South Plant intakes have been from the
 y

10        IHSC, several industries along the lake shore,


         and fluctuating discharges from the Calumet River.


12        In addition, the intakes are exposed to Illegal


         discharges from lake vessels and small craft.  Of


         recent interest, are the heavy fuel oil slicks


15        which developed in the late summer of 1967  and


16        are believed to have originated in the vicinity


         of the IHSC.  On rare occasions, after periods


lg        of heavy rainfall, the Chicago River locks  are


19        opened (once in the last 10 years--1961) and when


20        the wind direction and velocity are of appropriate


21        direction and magnitude, this could create  a


22        serious problem at the water intakes.


23
                      Bacterial Pollution

24

25                  The results of bacteriological

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     	1545

 !                       JAMES C.  VAUGHN


 2        examination of samples of raw water collected


 3        daily from the SWFP intakes over the last 17


 4        years,  are summarized in Table D-l and plotted


 g        on Chart D-l which are shown together in the


 6        figure.   It is interesting to note that there


 7        was a significant drop in 1965 and 1966 in the


 8        overall  average confirmed coliform organisms


 9        per 100  ml.  However, in 1967, there was a


lO        serious  rise and the average was higher than it


11        has been at any one time in the last 17 years,


12        the annual average value being 260 coliform


13        organisms per 100 ml.  It is also interesting


14        to note  that the highest maximum day in the 17-


15        year period occurred in  1967 with a maximum value


16        of 13j000 coliform organisms per 100 ml.


17
             Abnormal Pollution at the SWFP Intakes

18

19                  The greatest pollution problems occur


20        when slugs of industrial waste drifting around


21        the lake have abnormal hydrocarbon odors which


22        are similar to those which are obtained by


23        diluting oil refinery wastes with lake water.


24        Usually,  the water during these periods has an


25        unusually high ammonia nitrogen and phenol content

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                                                       1546
                          -5-
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-------
                         JAMES C.  VAUGHN
 1
          and  has  abnormal  chlorine absorption properties.
 2
          All  of which increase the difficulty and the cost
 3
          of producing satisfactory finished water.   The
 4
          data on  abnormal  oil refinery wastes odor  periods
 6
          for  the  past 18 years is tabulated in Table D-2
 6
          and  plotted  on  Figure D-2.  Shown in both the table
 7
          and  on the chart  are the number of odor periods
 8
          each year and the total  odor days each year.
 9
          Shown in the table are the  maximum threshold
10
          odor ranges  during the odor periods and the

          maximum  activated carbon dosage applied in
12
          Ibs/mg.  It  is  noted that the number of odor
13
          days in  1965 were 46: in 1966,  95;  and in  1967,
14
          89.   The maximum  carbon  dosages in Ibs/mg  were
15
   |       320  Ibs/mg in 1965;  385  in  1966;  and 557 in 1967.
16
          This indicates  that  during  these years tne problem
          is certainly becoming more  serious.
18
                   At this time,  it  is proper to remind
u
_0        ourselves that  a  water treatment plant must be

01  I       prepared to  treat the maximum demands  that will
£1
22           placed upon  it as  to  quantity  and  quality;
23        otherwise, an unsatisfactory water  supply will
24  I      frequently be delivered  to  the  consumer.
25                  In 1965, we reported  the  maximum ammonia

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                                           -  6  -
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-------
                         -7-
                                        FIGURE D-2
          ABNORMAL  "OIL  REFINERY11

              TYPE  ODOR  PERIODS

     SOUTH WATER FILTRATION PLANT  INTAKE

                    I960 - 1967
    CO
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       125
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                 TOTAL  DAYS ODORS

                 OCCURRED  EACH YEAR
                            ODOR PERIODS  EACH YEAR
         1950'
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS

   BUREAU OF WATER

   CITY OF CHICAGO
             M9551
                                M960
                                    I  T  I  I
                           YEAR
I9651  '(9671
                                           JANUARY 31,1968

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 It
                                                         1550

                        JAMES C. VAUGHN


         nitrogen (ppm), the maximum activated carbon
         dosage (Ibs/mg), and the maximum chlorine dosage
 3


         (lbs/mg) through 196^ on Table D-3.  We have


         now included 1965, 1966, and 1967.  These data
 9


         were taken during abnormal "oil refinery type"
 6

         odor periods.  The maximum ammonia nitrogen values
 7

         are plotted on Figure D-3.  The maximum activated
 8

         carbon dosage is plotted on Figure D-4.  It is
 V

         pointed out that the ammonia nitrogen values
10

         have shown a steady increase over the years 19&5*


         1966, and 1967.  This is also true of the activated
12

         carbon dosage.  The maximum chlorine dosage was
13

         constant in 1965 and 1966 but showed a very sharp
14


         increase from 53.9 Ibs/mg in 1966 to 70 lbs/mg
15


         in 1967.  The maximum dosage of 70 lbs/mg is 50
16


         lbs/mg more than what may be considered to be


lg        the basic normal requirements.  This dosage of


19        70 lbs/mg is equivalent to 9.3 PP» which can


20        certainly be considered an extremely abnormal


21        requirement for making a satisfactory drinking



22        water.


23                  In Table D-4, we have summarized the


24        total activated carbon applied in Ibs . per year.


25        The average carbon dosage in lbs/mg and the

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-  9  -
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                       -10-
                                                555
                                     FIGURE  D-3
        MAXIMUM  AMMONIA  NITROGEN

      DURING  ABNORMAL  "OIL REFINERY11

     	TYPE  ODOR  PERIODS	

     SOUTH  WATER  FILTRATION  PLANT INTAKE
                   I960 - 1967
       0.7 r
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  1950
DEPARTMENT OF WATER 8 SEWERS
   BUREAU OF WATER
   CITY OF CHICAGO
—i	1	r

YEAR
                                    1	r
                                            1J96?
                                         JANUARY 31, 1968

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                                                                                -  11  -
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-------
                       -12-
                                      FIGURE  D-4
    o
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    MAXIMUM  ACTIVATED  CARBON

     DOSAGE  DURING  ABNORMAL

"OIL REFINERY"  TYPE ODOR  PERIODS

SOUTH  WATER  FILTRATION  PLANT INTAKE

               I960 - 1967
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  1100
       1000
       900
  800
  700
  600
       500
  400
       300
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         1950'
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS

    BUREAU OF WATER

    CITY OF CHICAGO
'1955     '  '  I9601


     YEAR
'I965'
                                         1967
                                      JANUARY 31.1968

-------
 l                       JAMES C. VAUGHN


 2        maximum hourly carbon dosage during odor periods.


 3        It is noted that the total carbon applied  in  1966


 4        and 196? exceeded that applied  in previous years


 .        of the 18-year period.  The average Ibs/mg


 .        activated carbon applied was 23 Ibs/mg in  1965j
 to

         33 Ibs/mg for 1966; and for the overall annual


 g        average for 1967 dropped to 32  Ibs/mg.  At this


 _        time, it must be pointed out fchat the first 6
 y

10        months of 1967 was a very bad taste and odor


n        period and that, as reported on September  11,


12        the average for the first 6 months of 1967 was


13        42 Ibs/mg, which is much higher than the 33 Ibs/mg


14        value for 1966.



15
               Pollution of Rivers Discharging

16
                  into the Lake, 1930-1967

17

18                  In the 1965 Chicago Report, as pointed


19        out,  that beginning in 19^8 samples were taken from


20        a number of points on the Calumet River, the Grand


21        Calumet River, the Little Calumet River and the


22        Indiana Harbor Ship Canal.  The locations of these


23        sampling points are shown in Figure E-l.  After
                                                             i

24  i      the 1965 Conference,  and more particularly the


25        January 1966 Conference in which the criteria were

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-13-
                                  1556

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   	1357


 1 IJAMES  C. VAUGHN




 2       made official, a  certain number  of  these  points




 3       were abandoned in the weekly  sampling  schedule.



 .       It was decided at that  time that we were  more
 4



 ,       concerned with what went into the lake than  in
 a


         what happened in  the  interior of the Calumet




         Region.  These points are  indicated by the heavy




         rings around the  sampling  point  number.   The



 9       remainder of the  points indicated by the  light




10       ring have continued to  be  sampled and  the data



n       from these analyses have been accumulated.




12                 It has  been assumed that  we  are more




13       concerned with the contribution  of  pollutants




14       to the water in the southern  end of Lake  Michigan



15       by the IHSC and the Calumet River.  For this



16       reason we have maintained  a more rigorous sampling



17       schedule at the discharge  points of these two



18       tributaries.  It  is recognized that the flow from




19       the Ship Canal amounts  to  700-900 cubic feet per



20       second while the  discharge from  the Calumet  River



2i       is variable depending on the  relative  levels of




22 I      the Calumet River and Lake Michigan at the point



23       of the river discharge.  This discharge is also




24       affected by the amount  of  precipitation,  and the




25       wind direction and velocity.               V

-------
                                     	1358
                        JAMES  C. VAUGHN

 2                 The  level of some principal  pollutants

 3        added  to  Lake  Michigan by  the above-described  two

          tributaries  are  plotted on Figures  E-4,  E-5* and

          E-6.   In  Figure  E-4,  the annual average  coliform

          organisms per  100 ml  are plotted for the IHSC  at

          Dickey Road  Bridge and the Calumet  River at  the

          92nd Street  Bridge.   The level  at the  92nd Street

          Bridge on the  Calumet River has not been signifi-

10        cant at any  time in the 18 years and has not

          increased in the last several years.   This is

12        no  doubt  due to  the fact that there is generally

13        very little  flow out  of the Calumet River and  also

14        due to the fact  that  the Sanitary District now

15        chlorinates  the  stormwater when it is necessary

16        to  pump to the river  at 95th Street.   The level

17        of  coliform  organisms in the water  of  the Ship

18        Canal  at  the Dickey Road Bridge increased in

          and 1966  but showed a marked drop in 1967.  The

20        Ship Canal is  known to receive  the  effluents from

2i        the Gary, Hammond and East Chicago  sewage plants,

22        and during 1967  chlorination of the effluents

23        was practiced  for a good deal of the year at the

24        Hammond and  East Chicago plants

25                 In Figure E-5, the annual average  ammonia

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                         -15-
                                                 1559


                                     FIGURE E-4
o
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51
a:
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   6,000,000
   5,000,000
4,000,000
3000,000
2,000,000
   1,000,000
       ANNUAL  AVERAGE  COLIFORM

           ORGANISMS  PER  100 ml.


           WEEKLY SANITARY  SURVEYS

                   1950-1967
MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR

SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
                           MOUTH OF CALUMET

                           RIVER-92nd ST BRIDGE
'  '
DEPARTMENT OF WATER ft SEWERS

    BUREAU OF WATER

    CITY OF CHICAGO
1  I   I  "i9601



  YEAR
                    '  '
                                          "I9651
                                                  '  >
                                           JANUARY 31,1968

-------
                        -17-
                                      FIGURE E-5
   ANNUAL AVERAGE AMMONIA  NITROGEN

            WEEKLY  SANITARY SURVEYS

                     1950-1967
       5.0 r
E
a.
a.
i

LJ

8

is
  LJ
  s
       4.0
       3.0
       2.0
       1.0
                    MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR

                    SHIP CANAL-DICKEY RD. BRIDGE
            MOUTH OF CALUMET

            RIVER-92nd ST BRIDGE
              i  r
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS

   BUREAU OF WATER

   CITY OF CHICAGO
                I  (9551  I  I  T  (|960»



                        YEAR
M969I
                                         JANUARY 31,1968

-------
                         -18-
                                        FIGURE E-6
            ANNUAL AVERAGE  PHENOL

           WEEKLY SANITARY  SURVEYS

                     1950-1967

         © INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL SAMPLING AT CANAL ST.
           BRIDGE (1950-1959) AND DICKEY RD. BRIDGE (1960-1967)

         ©CALUMET  RIVER SAMPLING AT 92nd ST BRIDGE
           (1950-1967)
       0.25
   £
   O.
   Q.

   I

   O

   UJ

   Q_

   LJ
   QL
   UJ
0.20
 0.15
       0.10
       0.05
      0.00
                      MOUTH OF INDIANA HARBOR
                      SHIP CANAL ®
           V
           MOUTH OF CALUMET RIVER
         ,950
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS
    BUREAU OF WATER
    CITY OF CHICAGO
                                       '   '
                      YEAR
                                              JANUARY 31,1968

-------
                                         	1362


 l IJAMES  C.  VAUGHN!




          nitrogen  values in  ppm are  plotted for the
 £t



          two  points  under discussion.   In 1964, 19^5*
 o



          and  1966, the  values  at  the 92nd Street Bridge




          of the  Calumet River  showed some increase but
 o


          remained  constant for 19&7.  This also was no
 6


          doubt due to the oxidizing  effect of  the chlori-




          nation  of the  storffiwater by the Sanitary District.




          The  ammonia nitrogen  values for the Ship Canal




          at the  Dickey  Road  Bridge have shown  a sharp  in-




          crease  in 1966 and  1967.  Of  particular significance




          is the  actual  level of these  values for 1967.
12



          This value  is  slightly above  3.5 ppm.   This is
13



          roughly ten times the value indicated  by Sawyer




          in his  Madison Lakes  studies  as being  necessary
15



          for  continual  algal nuisances (his value is .3



          ppm).   If this water  from the Ship Canal is




,_         diluted 10  to  1 by  the time it reaches the intakes
lo



19         of the  SWFP, it would still be above  the level




20         required  for continuing  algae nuisances.




21                  In Figure E-6, the  annual average phenol




22         values  in ppm  for the same  two tributary points




23         are  shown.  The water at the  92nd Street Bridge




24         of the  Calumet River  shows  a  slight drop from mid-




25         1966 to 1967.   This is again  no doubt  due to  the

-------
                                    	1363

 1                       JAMES C. VAUGHN


 2        oxidizing effect of the chlorination of storm-


 3        water overflow by the Sanitary District.  The


 4        water from the Ship Canal at Dickey Road Bridge


 g        shows a slight increase for the year 1967.  This


 6        indicates a higher level of pollution that tends


 7        to create problems at the SWFP.



 8
                  Migration of Pollution Slugs

 9


10                  In the 1965 Chicago Report, considerable


H        discussion was given to the migration of pollution


12        slugs about the lake and to the SWFP intakes.


13        Several case histories were cited giving the


14        degree and severity of these pollution periods.


15        It is recalled that one slug of pollution passed


16        the SWFP crib intake four times, and on another


17        and very unhappy occasion a slug passed the


18        intakes several times, and on the last pass,


19        the wind died down and this slug of pollution


20        remained around the crib intake for several days.


21        In the September 11, 1967 report, we again re-


22        ported on the migration of slugs of hydrocarbon


23        pollution from the SWFP intake area as far up the


24        lake as the Central Water Filtration Plant (CWFP)


25        shore intake.  On another occasion an organic waste

-------
   	1564

 I                      JAMES  C. VAUGHN


 2       discharged  into  the lake  from a  point  20  miles


 3       north of Chicago migrated as far south as the


 4       CWFP intake.  These incidents prove  that  the


 5       migration of  slugs of pollution  are  an ever-


 6       present problem  and that  they can create  periods


 7       of extreme  difficulty in  treating the  water at


 8       the southern  end of Lake  Michigan.   To paraphrase


 9       an old proverb,  "Dilution is not the solution to


10       pollution."   I find that  our wind vector  analyses


jj       of these pollution slugs  conforms very clearly


12       to the current directions as reported  by  Dr.


13       Baumgartner on Thursday.


14
                       Plankton Problems

15

16                 Plankton, which is the general  term for


17       those micro-organisms  in  the lake water consisting


!3       principally of diatoms and algae,  are  a continuing


19       problem.  Sawyer, in  his  Madison Lakes work, in-


20       dicated that  if  the ammonia nitrogen level is .3


21       ppm or higher, and the total phosphates level is


22       .015 ppm or higher, that  you can have  continuing


23       plankton nuisances.   It used to  be that at the


24       SWFP, we had  the spring and fall plankton peaks


25       which gave some  taste  and odor problems,  and

-------
                                                         1565
 I                       JAMES C. VAUGHN
 2        interfered with the filter runs.  However,  in
         recent years we have acquired two additional
         general plankton problems.  One is  the occurrence
         of filamentous algae growth on the  "bottom of
         the lake, principally, the organisms cladophora.
 7        This organism reaches its maximum growth in late
 8        summer and wind—and we should add  waves--action
 9        tares the material loose from the lake bottom and
         it collects on the screens of the intake basin,
11        creating a major labor problem in cleaning  the
12        fixed screens at the South Plant for several
13        months each summer, and for the past 12 years,
14        we have had the incidents of two wintertime
15        diatoms, Stephanodiscus hantzschii  and Stepha-
         nodiseus binderanus.  These organisms reach a
17        peak growth when the water temperature is between
18        32 and 39° F.  They are photosynthetic organisms
19        and secrete carbon dioxide with the emission of
20        oxygen.  In the absence of free carbon dioxide
21        of which there are only trace amounts in Lake
22        Michigan water, they assimilate carbon dioxide
23        from the calcium bicarbonate which  results  in
24        the precipitation of colloidal calcium carbonate.
25        This raises the pH of the water and creates

-------
   	1566
 t  |JAMES  C.  VAUGHN
          colloidal  turbidity which  could require,  and
 0  !       n?~ve,  as much  as  a 100 percent Increase  in the
 o
          normal coagulant  dosage  required.   Three  major
          incidents  of these organisms  occurred  in  December
 o
 6         1959,  January  1961, and  again in the beginning
          of  1967.   Other plankton problems  include the
          plugging of the screens  by another filamentous
 O
          algae  known as  dichotomosiphon.   The filaments
 y
 0         are about  as long as  the name.   This has  occurred
          In  significant  quantities  at  least three  or  four
          times  in the last 30  years.   Another plankton
t-         problem is the  occurrence  of  an  organisms known
13
          as  dinobryon, known facetiously  to our staff as
,.         the little Irishman Dinny  O'Brien.  This  organism
la
16         when present in significant numbers (30 or more
17         per ml) gives the water  a  taste  and odor  character-
-0  I       istic  of cod liver oil.  This  odor can be removed
lo
19         by  super-chlorination or adsorbed  by activated
20         carbon.  However, the dosages  of  each of  these
21         chemicals  for this purpose have  reached some very
22         high quantities.
23                   The number  of  plankton micro-organisms
24         per ml as  the annual  average  and  the maximum days
25         are plotted on  Chart  H-l.  These values do not

-------
-21-
          156?
FIGURE H-l
PLANKTON
MICROORGANISMS PER ml
SOU'
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
£
o:
LJ
a.
CO
5
CO
ICROORGAN
2
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
TH WATER FILTRATION PLANT INTAKE
1950 - 1967
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-







IM
1







.

•i



i








































^MAXIMUM DAYv^





^

1






•i
1






in
1
o' ™ • • B 1
1950
DEPARTMENT OF WATER a SEWERS
BUREAU OF WATER
CITY OF CHICAGO



L

^

1






•«
1




r—





1
L*JJ
1955






I 	





—


1
1
*_

r-i


















1
ANNU/
^kd A





M


1
U.
k_








™







^



ll
. DAY
«. MM




i
—



i





"1







1







1
Ih • j • •••f »f
I960 1965 1967
YEAR




JANUARY 31,1968

-------
                                                         1568




 !                       JAMES C, VAUGHN



 2        Include the incidents of cladophora which



 3        interfered with plant operation, or the daily



 4        counts of the wintertime diatoms which create



 g        the colloidal turbidity problem.  The values



 6        on this figure simply indicate the overall total



 7        count of plankton organisms.  You can see that



 g        196? was slightly worse than 1966, but both of



 9        them considerably less than 1965.



10                  In early 1953 the late Mr. John R.



u        Baylis, then Engineer of Water Purification,



12        and the author, prepared a Joint paper under



13        the title of "Pollution Loads and Their Effect



14        on Plant Operation."  This paper, incidentally,



15        was published in the March 1953 issue of the



16        Department magazine "Pure Water."  In this



17        article, we made the statement, "any condition



18        requiring the use of more than 20 pounds of



1$        activated carbon per million gallons of water



20        or more than 13 pounds of chlorine per million



2i        gallons, will be regarded as a pollution load



22        on the plant.  When the carbon feeds are increased



23        to abowe 40 Ibs mg, more coagulation is required



24        to aid in the settling out of the carbon.  After



25        a study of plant operating data, it was concluded

-------
   	1569
 !                       JAMES  C.  VAUGHN
 2     ,  that except  in  periods of  high turbidity,  any
 3       coagulation  dosage  of over 90  Ibs/mg may be
 4       charged  to the  carbon requirement,  therefore,
 5       to  the pollution  load."  After 14 years  of
 6       continued experience  in  the operation of S¥FP,
 7       this premise  still  appears to  be sound.
 8                 In  evaluating  our operating experiences,
 9       we  have  developed a term "some maximum days  of
10       usage."  By  this  is meant  any  day at the SWFP in
u       which the total pounds of  activated carbon feed
12       amounted to  30,000  pounds  or more was considered
13       "a  maximum day  of usage."   The number of days
14       in  which this occurred for each of  the ten years
15       1958 through  1967,  are listed  in Table 1-1 and
16       plotted on Chart 1-1.  The total pounds  of carbon
17       feed each day,  the  average pounds per million
18       gallons, and  the maximum pounds per million
19       gallons, are  listed under  the  activated  carbon
20       heading.  The maximum threshold odor hour  of
21       each of these days  are listed  under that heading
22       and maximum ammonia nitrogen hours,  is likewise
23       listed under  its heading.   It  is noted that  the
24       number of days of maximum  usage was  at a minimum
25       in  1961, increased  through  1964, and decreased

-------
        - 23 -
1570
      TABLE 1-1
SOME MAXIMUM DAYS  OF USAGE
1958 - 1967
Activated Carbon
Yr., Mo.,
and Dav
1958
April 3
Nov. 18
Nov. 19
Dec. 27
Dec. 28
Dec. 29
1959
Jan. 9
Jan. 10
Jan. 11
Jan. 13
May 12
May 26
Oct. 23
Oct. 24
Dec. 28
Dec. 29
1960
Jan. 12
Feb. 16
April 3
Oct. 30
Nov. 16
Dec. 5
Dec. 6
1961
Mar. 27
Nov. 13
Dec. 4
Dec. 23
1962
Jan. 13
Jan. 14
Jan. 15
Feb. 13
April 1
May 14

Total #

40,250
47,893
43,029
69,500
34,624
87,550

94,353
87,351
111,747
46,315
30,043
33,378
36,044
35,785
31,655
30,006

31,739
38,525
30,500
34,013
32,871
35,458
35,760

34,842
40,971
65,375
41,611

46,953
34,935
62,310
52,548
48,038
43,190
Avg.
#/MG

119
140
125
223
115
258

276
275
367
137
76
91
101
112
156
91

97
118
101
103
98
100
103

107
124
190
137

146
116
192
163
161
118
Max.
#/MG

320
204
213
485
262
503

466
548
712
252
116
138
162
137
256
214

144
324
203
310
277
155
135

398
168
451
360

360
242
390
250
363
279
Threshold
Odors Maxi-
mum Hour

16 Ch
7 Ch
7 Ch
14 Ch
8 Ch
30 Ch

16 Ch
30 Ch
50 Ch
25 Ch
4 DMC
5 DMC
12 Ch
10 Ch
14 Ch
9 Ch

5 Ch
35 Ch
10 Ch
15 Ch
9 Ch
9 Ch
6 DMC

35 Ch
5 Ch
20 Ch
14 Ch

16 Ch
15 Ch
16 Ch
12 Ch
20 Ch
5 Ch
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Max. Hr. (ppm)

.680
.168
.130
.080
.014
.026

.086
.106
.120
.113
.058
.050
.038
.046
.140
.108

.074
.198
.150
.272
.168
.130
.232

.152
.160
.350
.220

.174
.318
.242
.138
.590
.084

-------
                                                1571
       TABLE 1-1  (cont.)
SOME MAXIMUM DAYS OF USAGE
1958 - 1967
Activated Carbon
Yr. , Mo. ,
and Day
1963
Jan. 25
Jan. 26
Jan. 27
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Feb. 1
Feb. 2
Feb. 3
Mar. 4
April 3
April 4
April 29
1964
Jan. 19
Jan. 20
Jan. 21
Jan. 22
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
Mar. 4
April 13
May 5
July 19
July 20
July 21
July 22
Aug. 2
Sept. 19
Nov. 3
Dec. 11
Dec. 12
Dec. 14
1965
Jan. 16
Jan. 18
Feb. 6
Feb. 7
Feb. 8
Feb. 10
Dec. 31

Total #

53,091
54,171
30,399
57,322
76,307
91,658
53,037
75,824
40,950
51 ,.001
38,257
38,259

53,756
47,759
48,767
59,114
31,085
40,205
32,302
38,552
40,096
37,163
35,471
37,668
32,432
30,486
34,696
33,137
51,819
120,910
39,606

32,956
44,840
32,679
76,704
41,746
41,029
30,338
Avg.
#/MG

156
154
95
162
211
252
153
231
117
143
108
98

103
137
139
168
88
120
92
113
103
95
76
82
66
59
91
89
149
361
114

96
129
92
230
119
119
91
Max.
#/MG

316
313
157
470
665
680
283
333
266
208
230
115

204
250
175
258
111
204
104
143
146
115
110
145
114
97
153
180
366
745
262

230
191
223
320
326
195
113
Threshold
Odors Maxi-
mum Hour

14 Ch
14 Ch
12 Ch
9 Ch
8 Ch
30 Ch
10 Ch
14 Ch
12 Ch
14 Ch
9 Ch
5 Ch

6 Ch
8 Ch
8 Ch
12 Ch
4 Ch
10 Ch
5 DMCh
6 Ch
6 DMCh
4 DMS
4 DME
4 DM
4 DM
4 DMCh
4 C
10 Ch
18 Ch
55 Ch
12 Ch

12 Ch
25 Ch
10 MCh
16 Ch
8 Ch
8 Ch
5 DMCh
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Max. Hr. (ppm)

.148
.154
.082
.230
.220
.174
.170
.210
.053
.140
.110
.118

.100
.158
.164
.146
.112
.130
.032
.250
.082
.016
.016
.016
.014
.072
.106
.128
.156
.150
.082

.198
.144
.128
.138
.110
.117
.096

-------
         - 25 -
1572
       TABLE 1-1  (Cont.)
SOME MAXIMUM DAYS OF USAGE
1958 - 1967
Activated Carbon
Yr., Mo.,
and Day
1966
Jan. 1
Jan. 2
Jan. 3
Jan. 4
Jan. 5
Jan. 31
Feb. 1
Feb. 2
Feb. 3
Feb. 7
Feb. 8
Feb. 9
Feb. 11
Feb. 17
Feb. 18
Feb. 19
Mar. 17
Mar. 18
Mar. 23
Mar. 24
April 19
April 20
Aug. 15
Oct. 15
Nov. 17
Nov. 18
Nov. 21
Nov. 22
Nov. 23
Dec. 6
1967
Jan. 7
Jan. 8
Jan.. 9
Jan. 10
Jan. 11
Jan. 12
Jan . 15
Jan. 16
Jan. 20
Jan. 21
Jan. 22
Jan. 23

Total tf

33,131
50,033
57,299
69,166
48,006
53,630
62,698
41,643
39,292
43,452
39,196
116,649
35,916
59,904
90,815
45,517
47,925
50,231
89,065
30,269
49,358
41,451
33,187
45,998
52,704
30,784
65,987
40,484
52,490
45,209

76,942
72,332
96,314
34,075
87,016
43,356
30,494
33,774
32,052
97.936
69,337
30,031
Avg.
#/MG

104
166
169
185
140
150
176
115
109
122
111
328
105
171
258
140
134
145
253
87
137
116
72
127
148
86
184
113
149
123

222
225
267
94
240
127
90
94
88
279
216
69
Max.
#/MG

181
319
310
258
196
260
257
154
135
162
290
385
89
370
36"6
272
254
220
278
149
320
220
119
200
202
146
368
296
192
283

472
393
474
183
534
339
203
194
142
340
413
192
Threshold
Odors Maxi-
mum Hour

6 DMCh
14 Ch
8 Ch
9 Ch
8 Ch
7 DMCh
12 DMCh
6 DMCh
6 DMCh
6 DMCh
15 DMCh
18 DMCh
10 DMCh
12 DMCh
12 DMCh
13 DMCh
8 DMCh
12 DMCh
12 DMCh
5 DsMCh
10 DMCh
8 DMCh
10 Ch
9 DMCh
8 DMCh
4 DMCh
16 DMCh
10 DMCh
10 DMCh
6 DMCh

27 Ch
23 Ch
16 Ch
9 DMC
18 DMCh
8 DMCh
9 Oh
10 Ch
5 DMs
20 DCh
10 DsCh
9 DsMCh
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Max. Hr. (ppm)

.098
.164
.120
.110
.134
.122
.104
.080
.060
.106
.155
.204
.120
.160
.140
.146
.120
.168
.154
.120
.098
.096
.086
.094
.180
.134
.140
.158
.260
.062

.224
.152
.150
.196
.187
.164
.166
.180
.124
.376
.196
.125

-------
                                 - 26 -

                              TABLE 1-1  (Cont.)

                       SOME MAXIMUM DAYS OF USAGE
                                                                         1573
1958 - 1967
Activated Carbon
Yr.,Mo. ,
and Day
1967 (contd.)
Mar. 11
Mar. 25
Mar. 26
Mar. 27
Mar. 28
Mar. 30
Mar. 31
April 5
April 7
April 8
April 9
April 10
Oct. 15
Oct. 24
Oct. 30
Dec. 2
Dec. 6
Dec. 7
Dec. 11
Dec. 20
Dec. 21
Dec. 22
Total #

35,536
41,501
55,384
61,960
54,704
38,095
60,111
53,841
36,438
36,994
51,965
31,218
32,691
54,185
33,866
40,944
41,164
44,174
33,997
62,532
55,174
44,896
Avg.

106
120
176
169
153
105
169
148
104
106
158
90
95
144
92
114
114
117
92
166
152
125
Max.
#/MG

385
350
352
330
364
307
280
557
285
240
414
193
158
231
294
292
268
190
189
193
178
255
Threshold
Odors Maxi-
mum Hour

7 DCh
9 DMCh
14 Ch
15 Ch
5 DMCh
15 Ch
8 DCh
14 Ch
12 Ch
7 M
15 Ch
6 C
7 Ch
8 Ch
15 Ch
8 Ch
8 Ch
6 Ch
9 Ch
10 Ch
12 Ch
12 Ch
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Max. Hr. (ppm)

.065
.118
.124
.124
.110
.306
.170
.380
.192
.196
.300
.280
.074
.080
.124
.096
.120
.100
.092
.140
.160
.100
Bureau of Water
Department of Water and Sewers
City of Chicago
January 31, 1968

-------
                            -27-
                                                FIGURE 1-1
 UJ

 O
o
o

o"
ro

OL
UJ

§

V)


I
o

O
          MAXIMUM ACTIVATED  CARBON USAGE

           SOUTH  WATER FILTRATION  PLANT

                         1958- 1967
   40-  800
35- "o
   o>
        700
      .E

      .Q



   30- UJ 600
      $
      Q



     ,-^500
25
      O


      Q

    j_UJ 400
   15-2 300
   10-   200
   5-
     100
           	NO. OF DAYS OVER 30,000 Ibs USAGE.


           	MAXIMUM CARBON DOSAGE.

           •••• MAXIMUM THRESHOLD ODOR.
           1958 '




DEPARTMENT OF WATER & SEWERS

    BUREAU OF WATER

    CITY  OF CHICAGO
                'I960
                                        1965
M967
                                                  60
                                                  50
                                                  40
                                                  30
       00


       QUJ
       -IX


       IK
       ujo



       iS
                                                  20
                                                       50
                                                    10
                          YEAR
                                                JANUARY 31,1968

-------
                                                         1575
 l                       JAMES C.  VAUGHN
 2        again  in 1965.   However,  in 1966 and 1967, the
 3        number of days  of maximum usage increased sharply.
 .        The  first four  months  of  1967 were very bad with
 _        the  next five months  being months of moderate
          carbon usage.   In October 1967* there were three
          days of maximum usage  of  carbon and in December
 Q I       there  were seven days  of  maximum usage.  It is
 o
 _        noted  that the  maximum carbon dosage of 557 Ibs/mg-
          that would be the dashed line—occurred on April 5,
          1967.   This indicates  that the quality of water
12        tfas  much worse  and required a much more severe
13        treatment.   It  is pointed out also that the
14        maximum threshold odor requiring this high treat-
15        ment was somewhat lower numerically than the
          maximum threshold odor value in previous years.
17        This confirms the conclusion that the quality
18        of water was much worse requiring a much higher
          quantity of carbon for threshold odor reduction.
20        In s-n  overall examination of this chart,  the  lack
21         of correlation  between the  peaks of maximum
22         threshold  odors  and maximum carbon dosages in
23         recent  years, is  still  another indication that
24         "the quality of water is much worse and  requires
25         more extreme treatment.   The total usage  of

-------
 1                      JAMES C. VAUGHN
 2       activated carbon for the month of December 196?
 3       was over 500,000 pounds.  This, of itself, indi-
 4       cates that the degree of pollution remains extreme.
 5       If it were not for the development of the slurry-
 6       ing technique for feeding powdered activated
 7       carbon, the feeding of the amounts of carbon
 g       listed in the above-mentioned table would be
 9       impossible.  As has been reported, powdered
10       carbon is received in bulk and slurried into
H       water at a concentration of one pound of carbon
12       per gallon of slurry.  This material is then fed
13       from storage tanks through an appropriate
14       metering device.  However, the amount of slurry
15       storage at the SWFP is still limited so that a
1$       reserve of 350,000 pounds of activated carbon
17       in bag form is carried in reserve storage.
18       During periods of extreme tastes and odors in
19       the raw water, this bag carbon is dumped into
20       slurrying tanks for use along with the regular
21       slurried carbon.  Usually from 30,000 to 60,000
22       pounds of this bag material is dumped each day
23       during such periods.  The disposal of the bags
24       from this operation becomes a major task.  Each
25       100 pounds of carbon represents three bags;

-------
      	1577


 j                       JAMES  C. VAUGHN



 2        each 1,000 pounds,  30 bags;  and  30,000  pounds



 3        means 900 bags.  The  disposal of this many bags



 .        is a sizable Job.



 .                  Hopefully--that  is for your attention,



 _        Conferees--if  the hydrocarbon pollution at the
 b


         southern end of  the lake were materially reduced



         in the near future, our present -slurry  storage



 .        (500,000 pounds) might prove to  be  adequate.  In



10        Table 1-2, we have  listed  the total consumption



n        in Ibs/mg of activated carbon, coagulants,  and



12        chlorine for each of  the 10 years 1958  through



13        1967. This information is  plotted on Chart I-2a,



14        I-2b, and I-2c.  This adds up to  the rather



15        amazing total of 33,206,564 pounds  of activated



16        carbon for the 10-year period.   It  is noted that



17        the average for  the entire year  of  1967  (32



18        Ibs/mg) is less  than  the average  for 1966



19        (33 Ibs/mg).  However, it  is recalled that pre-



20        viously we pointed  out that the  average  carbon



2i        dosage for the first  six months  of  1967  was 43



22        Ibs/mg.   It is  further noted that  the  coagulants



23  |      dosages for the 10-year period have  every  year



24        been well above the maximum level of 90  Ibs/mg



25        to which we previously referred.  It is  further

-------
                                      - 29 -
                                     TABLE  1-2

                      Annual Consumption of Activated Carbon,
                Coagulants (Alum, Ferrous Sulfate), and Chlorine
                                     1958-1967
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
Total
Activated
Total Ib.
2,762,540
3,035,509
2,727,005
2,632,923
2,865,541
3,194,443
3,766,446
3,094,606
4,678,661
4,448,890
33,206,564
Carbon
Ib/milRal
22
23
21
21
21
23
27
23
33
32
25*
Coagulants
Total Ib.
13,705,336
14,259,529
14,104,178
16,088,039
15,520,647
16,509,311
14,627,505
14,279,870
16,445,820
15,778,872
151,319,107
Ib/milgal
108
108
106
126
117
118
104
104
116
112
112*
Chlorine
Total Ib.
2,172,687
1,982,719
2,545,043
2,461,640
2,573,491
2,898,487
3,046,756
2,797,986
3,518,720
3,437,485
27,435,014
Ib/mileal
16.9
14.9
18.9
19.3
19.3
20.7
21.6
20.4
24.8
24.4
20.3*
Total Water
Treated
(milgal)
127,478.9
131,988.6
133,198.4
127,603.5
132,993.5
139,993.5
141,096.0
136,894.8
142,083.8
141,106.9
1,354,437.9
* 10-year average
Bureau of Water
Department of Water and Sewers
City of Chicago
January 31, 1968

-------
                      -30-
                                               1579

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                   -31-
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-------
                        -32-
                                        1581

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-------
   	1582
 1                       JAMES  C.  VAUGHN
 2       noted  that  the  average  chlorine  dosage in Ibs/rag
 3       has  consistently  been well  above the  level of 13
 4       Ibs/mg previously reported  as  normal,   in Table
 5       I-3> we have given the  costs of  the three classes
 6       of chemicals for  each of the 10  years  of  the
 7       1958-1967 period.  This  information has been
 g       plotted on  Charts  I-3a,  I-3b,  and I-3c.   For
 9       activated carbon,  this  adds up to $2,627,991.32.
10       It is  further noted that 1966  and 1967 show  a
U       very large  increase over 1965.   The same  is  true
12       of the coagulants  and the chlorine.  It may  be
13       concluded that  pollution is requiring  more and
14       more extreme treatment of the  water with  pro-
is       portionately greater  Increases in the  cost of
16       treatment with  these  chemicals.   In Table  1-4,
17       we have given the  contract prices per  ton
18       (delivered) for alum, carbon,  and chlorine,  for
19       the 10-year period of 1958-1967,  inclusive.   The
20       prices of the three chemicals  varied very  little
21       from 1958 through  1964.  Alum  and chlorine reached
22       their minimum level in 1965 and have increased
23       somewhat in the last  two years.   Carbon remained
24 j      very constant fr.om 1956  through 1966 but went up
25       $9'90 a ton for 1967.  While these increases  in

-------
                                                                                  1583
                                         - 34 -
                                      TABLE 1-3

                          Summary of Costs:  Activated Carbon,
                   Coagulants (Alum, Ferrous Sulfate) and Chlorine
                                      1958-1967
                                                                            Total Water
         Activated Carbon         Coagulants	   	Chlorine	   Treated
Year   Total	$/milgal   Total	$/milgal   Total	$/milgal   (milgal)

1958   $  215,723.57 $ 1.69   $  231,346.94 $ 1.81   $  105,098.08 $ 0.82     127,478.9

1959      237,432.07   1.80      253,823.36   1.92       96,308.97   0.73     131,988.6

1960      213,435.65   1.60      329,818.94   1.80      121,546.69   0.91     133,198.4

1961      206,742.88   1.62      281,796.83   2.21      117,688.60   0.92     127,603.5

1962      230,698.90   1.74      274,973.31   2.07      120,121.66   0.90     132,993.5

1963      253,981.84   1.82      304,475.38   2.17      129,379.43   0.93     139,993.5

1964      296,684.97   2.10      272,187.75   1.93      140,934.75   1.00     141,096.0

1965      243,055.45   1.78      268,806.52   1.96      122,776.01   0.90     136,894.8

1966      361,222.18   2.54      303,788.28   2.14      162,470.73   1.14     142,083.8

1967      368,913.81   2.61      293,547.31   2.08      167,047.76   1.18     141,106.9

Total  $2,627,991.32 $ 1.94*  $2,724,564.62 $ 2.01*  $1,283,372.68 $ 0.95*  1,354,437.9



* 10-year average
Bureau of Water
Department of Water and Sewers
City of Chicago                                                       January 31, 1968

-------
                     -35-
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-------
                              - 38 -
                                                                    1587
                           TABLE 1-4


                      CONTRACT PRICES PER TON
                CENTRAL AND SOUTH FILTRATION PLANTS
                         1958-1967, Incl.


                                Chemical
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
Alum (Liquid)
$39.07
40.84
40.86
40.96
41.35
40.79
41.30
39.95
40.55
41.85
Carbon
$156.18
156.44
156.53
157.04
161.01
159.01
157.24
156.70
156.70
166.60
Chlorine
$96.74
97.15
95.54
95.62
92.94
89.27
92.24
83.20
95.20
97.20
Bureau of Water
Department of Water and Sewers
City of Chicago
Tanuary 31,  1968

-------
                                                         1588

 !                       JAMES  C. VAUGHNj


 2        prices are  significant, they  are  only  a part of


 3        the  reason  for the  increases  in the  total  costs


 4        of chemical treatment as  outlined above.



 5
               Federal Water Pollution Control

 6
          Administration Parameters Exceeded  at SWFP

 7


 8                  In Table  1-5, we have listed in  column


 g        1, the values for 17  of the 24 parameters  adopted


10        by the FWPCA Conference for the southern end of


..        Lake Michigan and the Calumet Area in  January 1966.


12        In column 2, we listed the quality criteria values


13        against which comparisons were made.   In column 3,


14        we have shown the number  of days  in  which  the singli


15        daily average exceeded the quality criteria shown.


16        In column 4, we have  shown the number  of days on


17        which the single dally value  exceeded  the  quality


18        criteria.   The coliform bacteria  exceeded  the daily


19        average criteria of 2,500 per 100 ml on two days


20        out  of 365  in 19655 zero  days out of 36U in 1966;


21        and  six days out of 365 in 1967.   The  fecal strep-


22        tococci exceeded (number  per  100  ml) the single


23        daily value of 25,  14 days out of 127  in 1965?


24  I      four days out of 294  in 1966; and 8  days out of


25        339  in 1967.  The threshold odor  exceeded  the

-------
                                                                                                                                               1589
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-------
    	 1590
                          JAMES C. VAUOHN
           single value of 8 on 4 days out of 365 in 1965$ 37
 3         days out of 365 in 1966i and 23 days out of 365 in
 4         1967.  The daily average threshold odor value of 4
 5         was exceeded on 7 days out of 365 in 1965; 52 days
 6         out of 365 in 1966; and 35 days out of 365 in 1967.
 7         The ammonia nitrogen daily average value of 0.05
 8         mg/L was exceeded on 26 days out of 365 in 1965j 43
 9         days out of 365 in 1966; and 67 days out of 365 in
10         1967.  The phenol-like substances exceeded the single
11         value criteria 0.003 mg/L on 48 days out of 74 days
12         tested in 1965; 224 days out of 272 in 1966; and 9
13         out of 198 days in 1967.  The total phosphates ex-
14         ceeded the single daily value criteria of 0.04 mg/L
la         34 days out of 166 days tested in 1965? 43 days out
16         of 266 in 1966; and 222 days out of 337 days teste|d
17         in 1967.
18                   This exceeding of the criteria established
19         for the open waters of Lake Michigan is an indication
20          that the pollution of the southern end of the lake
21          certainly getting no better.  The higher ammonia
22          nitrogen and total phosphate values indicate that
23          there is ample explanation for the continuing plankton
24          nuisances that we have experienced at the SWFP Intakes
25          particularly over the last three years. It had "been
           hoped that the 1965 FWPCA Conference and the adoption
is

-------
   	1591
 1                       JAMES  C.  VAUGHN
 2        of  the  official criteria in the  January 1966 Conference
 3        would result  in an  improvement in the quality of
 4        the water  in  the southern end of Lake Michigan.
 5        The evidence  submitted here would indicate  that
 6        such is not the case.  It is becoming increasingly
 7        difficult  to  treat  the water in  such a manner as
 g        to produce a  satisfactory drinking water.   As we
 9        have pointed  out, it  has also become very  costly.
10        If the  entire FWPCA program of pollution abatement
11        around  Lake Michigan  is  to be successful,  it must
12        be implemented  as quickly as possible, otherwise
13        the pollution hazard  in  the Lake Michigan waters
14        will continue to grow.   I repeat what I have said
15        before: the quality of water in  the southern end
16        of Lake Michigan is steadily deteriorating;  the
17        rate of degradation is rapidly increasing;  and the
18        costs and  difficulties of treatment are increasing.
10        If pollution  is  not abated to an appreciable
20        degree  in  this  area in the near  future,  we  may
21        find ourselves  in extreme difficulty in trying
22        to produce a  satisfactory quality of drinking
23        water.
24 j                 Thank  you.
25                  MR
.. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Vaughn.

-------
   	1592
 !                       JAMES C. VAUGHN

 2                   (Applause.)

 3                   MR. STEIN;  Are there any comments

 4        or questions?

 K                   Dr. Boruff.
 o
 6                   DR. BORUFF:  Mr, Vaughn, I am  quite

 _        sure I know the answer to this question,  but I

 g        think it is pertinent to the record.

 9                   We have had considerable testimony

10        as to nitrogen and phosphorus loading of  Lake

u        Michigan from domestic, industrial and agri-

12        cultural sources.  My question is, do you

13        add any chemicals in the treatment of Lake

14        Michigan water for potable uses containing

15        nitrogen and phosphorus compounds which  are

16        returned to the lake by way of your wash  water

17        or other streams back into Lake Michigan?

18                   MR. VAUGHN:  We add no material con-

19        taining phosphates.  At the South waterplant

20        we use post ammoniation, which involves  a

2i        dosage of  two-tenths parts per million of  ammonia,

22        anhydrous  ammonia, to perform chloramines in

23        the finished water.

24                   Now, our wash water averages less than

25        two percent, so you see the total amount  of ammonia

-------
 K
 0
                         JAMES C. VAUGHN



          nitrogen going into the lake is a very minimum.



                    However, as Mr. Jardine reported on



          Friday,  we have understood the situation in



          which we will cease to return the wash water
 c        and the basin flushing sediments to the lake.
 D


                    DR. B0RUFF:  Thank you, sir.



 g                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any further



 9        comments or questions?



10                  Mr. Poole.



n                  MR. POOLE:  I thought I detected,



12        Jim, throughout your report, and I read it



13        yesterday and then I listened carefully today,



14        until you got up to the last page, that the



15        last half of 1967 had certainly been better



16        than 1966.  Did I misunderstand you in that?



17                  MR. VAUGHN:  Well, to the degree that



18        there was a good period in the middle of the



19        year.  October was not too good a month and



20        December was certainly a bad month, using



21        500,000 pounds.  That knocked down the annual



22        average somewhat.  There was five months in



23        between that.



24                  But I would say that the overall



25        effect has not improved.

-------
 t                       JAMES C.  VAUGHN



 2                  MR.  POOLE:  I  am merely raising that



 3        because  I  don't quite share your view right at



          the  end  of it.   You say  the rate of degradation



          is rapidly increasing.



                    Now,  if you look at your table, the



          long table that you had  on the screen there,



          it is  on page  39 (this volume page 1572), the
 o


          ammonia  nitrogen did Increase in 1967 and the



1Q        phosphates increased in  1967, but the threshold



          odor was better in '67 than in '66 and th*



          phenolic substances were certainly a good deal



          better in  '67  than in '66.
13


14                  In view of that,  I am not saying that



15        you  have added  good water,  certainly, but I



16        would  like to hope that  the trend that apparently



..        started  to develop in the latter part of '67,



18        but  which  went  off schedule in December, I hope



19        that trend will Increase.



20                  I have only one other comment.  We



21        have considerable coliform data on the Dickey



22        Road Station on the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal,



23        and  while  we have some high ones,  we don't show



24        conforms  in the range that you showed on your



25        chart  for  an annual average.   In fact, I don't

-------
   	1395,
 I                        JAMES C. VAUGHF
 2         think that we have any where  there  is  a  single one)
 3         that is as high as your annual  average.   Maybe we
 4         are going to have to get  the  laboratories together]
 5         on coliforms.
 6                   MR. VAUGHN:  You are  aware  that we  have
 7         this laboratory directors' group as  a  subcommittee
 8         of the technical advisory committee which meets onjce
 9         a month in attempting to  coordinate all  of the teat
10         methods. They have, I believe,  480  samples being
11         analyzed for phenols, phosphates  and  ammonia  nitre)-
12         gen so far, and when they will  get  into  the coli-
13         form end of it I do not know.
14                   We have now officially the  first of this)
15         year gone over to the membrane   and filter tech-
16         nique, which we are using, as compared to the
17         multiple tube method.
18                   I wish I could  say  that I thought that
19         there was a trend of improvement.   Of  course,
20         hopefully, you look at the good six months, I
21         look at the overall average,  and  I  look  particu-
22         larly at the bad December.  In  other words, it is
23         a case of what are you doing  to us  recently,  and
24         I don't think it is good.
25                   And for your information, we drvn't  have

-------
   	1596
 !                       JAMES C. VAUGHN

 2        the data, but we have had a very bad January so

 3        far in '68.

 4                  MR. STEIN:  Bad in what respect?  What

 5        is your item?  What did you find it high in,

 „        coliforias, phenols, ammonia nitrogen, or what,

 7        in '68?

 g                  MR. VAUGHN:  We are finding the values

 9        exceed the parameters.

10                  MR. STEIN:  With what items, coliforias

U        or the others?

12                  MR. VAUGHN:  The threshold odor has been

13        the bad thing in January, accompanied by high

14        ammonia nitrogens and phosphates and phenols.

15                  MR. POOLE:  I have Just one other

16        question, and this basically for ray enlightenment.

17                  Do you think the dead alewives had

IS        anything to do with the coliform content of the

19        lake?   I am asking that because some of our

20        beach  samples in the eastern portion of Indiana

21        took some dips after the large die-off that

22        caused me to wonder if they may have been something

23        of a factor.

24                  MR. VAUGHN:  I have no direct knowledge

25        of that fact.  The alewives were not a problem

-------
                             	1397
 !                       JAMES C. VAUGHN

 2        to us In '66 and '67.  They were a nuisance.

 3        But in '65 we put this net around the intakes

 4        of the central plant, which has been very

 g        effective in diverting the fish.  We had some

 -        troubles at the intakes.  But I believe the
 D
 _        highest day in '67 was 3,100 pounds removed

 8        from the streams, the intake basin of the south

 9        plant.

10                  We have added to the coliform bacteria

u        parameter,  we did this in the technical committee,

12        the total coliform and the fecal streps in order

13        to get the total picture, and I have not yet seen

14        the fecal strep-results of this past month.

15        So I don't know how they have gone.

16                  But I couldn't say positively that

17        they did increase the coliform content.

18                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any further

19        comments  or questions?

20                  Mr. Oeming.

21                  MR. OEMING:  Mr. Vaughn, on page 4

22        of your report (this volume page 15^5)  you

23        indicated that you  had a maximum value of 13,000

24        coliform organisms  per 100 ml in 1967.   Could

25        you tell me  when  that maximum occurred?

-------
                                                         1598

 l                      JAMES C. VAUGHN


                   MR. VAUGHN:  January 25 Is  the best


         date I remember.  It was In January,towards  the
 3


         last week of January anyway.


                   MR. OEMING:  I see.  0. K.
 9

                   One other point, Mr. Vaughn.  I
 6

         wonder, I think I heard you say  that  you at-
 7

         tributed the reduction in phenols, and I am
 O

         not sure, of the Calumet River to the chlori-
 9               '

         nation of stormwater  overflows.  Am  I right,


         did you say that?


                   MR. VAUGHN:  I would say that the
12

         reduction could be attributed to that because,
13

         of course, we know chlorine has  a certain
14

         oxidizing effect and phenols are rather readily
15


         oxidized.
16

                   MR. OEMING:  Would you have any  informa-


         tion that you could present to the Conferees that
18


         would indicate that anything else was responsible
A*l


20       for the reduction in phenols?


2|                  The reason I ask this  question,  Mr.


22       Vaughn, is that I have some reservations about


23       whether the chlorination of stormwater  overflows


24       is foing to take very much phenol out of the


25       water by itself.

-------
                                                         1599
                         JAMES C. VAUGHN
 „                  MR. VAUGHN:  Well, It could be said
 £t
          that there had been an abatement of pollutants
 o
 .        in the Calumet River.
 4
                    MR. OEMING:  But you don't know that?
 5
                    ML. VAUGHN:  I don't know that.
 6
                    MR. OEMING:  0. K., that is all I
          have.
 O
                    MR. STEIN:  Mr. Vogt.
 9
10                  MR. VOGT:  Jimmy, knowing of how you
          and your associates strive to produce a high
          quality of finished water, and John Bayliss*
..        before you, would you say that any of these
«.        increased costs might be attributed to your
          attempting to produce a higher quality of finished
          pro.Suet through the years?
17                  MR. VAUGHN:  Well, certainly we try
18        to produce water that will satisfy the customers,
          and on those very rare occasions on which we
          have had taste and odors get through the plant
2i         the telephone never stops ringing.   We have
22         none of us put a cash value on each telephone
23         call.   Mentally I have said that each telephone
24  j       call costs us $1,000 in public relations effort,
25         but that is a pure guess.
          * deceased

-------
   	1600
 1                        JAMES C. VAUGH1C
 2                   But believe me,  Chicagoans have
 3         become accustomed to a good water and they
 4         demand It*  If we don't supply It, we catch
 6         the devil.
 6                   MR. VOGTs   I realize this.
 7                   One other  comment for clarification
 8         or question for clarification.  As I recall,
 9         as an aside, and I don't believe it was mentioned
10         specifically In your text,  you stated that the
u         wind conditions and  currents as described by
12         Dr. Baumgartner were a factor in these slugs.
13         Is this correctf
14                   MB, VAUGHN:  Yes, on a number of
15         occasions**
16                   MR, VOGT?   Is this a very significant
17         factor ln-~
18                   MR, VAUGHSfj  On  a number of occasions
19         we have made wind vector analyses of the travel
20         of the slugs and they are  included in special
21         reports that we have sent  to the Bureau office,
22         and we find that they essentially follow the
23         pattern described by Dr. Baumgartner.
24                   MR. VQCD:   I see.  Thank you very much.
25                   I have one other comment, Mr. Stein.

-------
                                                         1601
                         JAMES C. VAUGHN
 2                  MR.  STEIN:  Go ahead.
 3                  MR.  VOGT:   I think this is more in the
 4        nature of a comment  for the record.
                    We were interested in determining the
          experience of our water -treatment -plant operators
 7        in Michigan which use Lake Michigan as a source
 8        of supply to determine whether they have found
 9        it increasingly difficult to produce a high
10        quality water. And we queried the superintendents,
          starting with our southernmost plant at St. Joe,
          Benton Harbor, South Haven, Grand Haven, and so
13        on, going up to Muskegon. And it was the con-
14        census of opinion of these people who have been
15        treating Lake Michigan water for a good many
          years that they have not found—let me put it
17        in a positive way--that it is the concensus of
X8        their opinion that they have not found it
19        increasingly difficult to treat Lake Michigan
20        water and produce a  high quality product
21                  MR.  VAUGHN:  Well, I disagree--
22                  MR.  VOGT:   And I don't mean to be
23        taking anything from Jimmy Vaughn, from Mr. Vaughn *|
24        statement here.  It  is Just that I think this
25        ties in with what you earlier said and also how
s

-------
                                                         1602
 l                       JAMES  C, VAUGHN



 2        Wind  conditions--



 3                   MR. VAUGHN:  I  think,  if  you  recall



         that  chart on showing the number of days  of



         maximum usage, page 27 (this volume page  1574)



         the fact  that the maximum carbon dosage did



         not follow the maximum threshold odor.  In



 g        other words, with the maximum threshold odor,



         there was  still a higher  maximum carbon dosage.



         Our experience indicates  that it has, overall



         picture,  "been more difficult to  produce a



         satisfactory water.



                    The change  in type of  odors through a



         pollution  period is interesting.  Let's assume



15        that  there are hydrocarbon odors.   They are



         first volatile and gassy  and then they  become



17        more  like  kerosene, and then about  the  fourth



18        or fifth  day they smell somewhat like the lee



         side  of a  burning garbage heap on a rainy day,



20        and that  stuff is almost  impossible to  get out.



2i                   MR. VOGT:   Mr.  Chairman,  I think the



22        only  point I am making here is that the quality



23        of water  at the Michigan  waterworks intakes



24        hasn't shown the rate  of  change  that Jimmy



25        has experienced here  in Chicago.

-------
                         	l6p3
 !                       JAMES C. VAUGHN
 2                  MR. KLASSEN:  Mr, Chairman, may I
 3        ask a question of the questioner?
 4                  Since you mentioned Grand Haven,
 5        John, would you consider that Grand Haven has
 6        a Lake Michigan intake?  I think they have
 7        wells, infiltration galleries right on the

 8        beach.
 9                  MR. VOGT:  I didn't specifically
lO        mention Grand Haven, Clarence.  As you indi-
n        cated, Grand Haven does "have the Raney-type
12        collector where the intake is located below
13        the bed of the lake and I wasn't considering

14        Grand Haven.
15                  MR. KLASSEN:  0. K.
16                  MR. STEIN:  Mr. Vogt.
17                  MR. VOGT:  My mention was to South
18        Haven.
19                  MR. KLASSEN:  Oh, I am sorry.
20                  MR. VOGT:  Larry just reminded me
21        that I made reference to South Haven.
22                  MR. STEIN:  Mr. Boston.
23                  MR. BOSTON:  I would like to commend
24        Mr. Vaughn for a very informative report with
25        a lot of information on quality characteristics.

-------
 l                       JAMES  C.  VAUGHN



 2                   And  since  the  Chicago  Water Department



 3         has  for  a long period of time  looked into the



 4         quality  of water  not  only at  their intakes but



 g         have also been active in going to  other parts



 .         of  the south end  of  Lake Michigan  and investi-
 0


          gating quality from  various sources,  I wondered



 g         if  he had any  suggestions that he  might give



 0         to  the Conferees  for  surveillance  in the future.
 V


10         Surveillance,  I think,  is one  of the matters or



..         subjects that  the Conferees must consider very



12         seriously if we are  to  come through not only



..         with solutions but see  that solutions are followed



14         through  with and  are  effective in  getting the



15         quality  of water  that we want,



lg                   I wondered if  you had  any suggestions



17         on  surveillance that you would care to give to




18         the —



19                   MR.  VAUGHN:  While  our surveys of the



20         Calumet  River  Ship Canal area is weekly, I think



21         an  increase in the number of  continuous monitors



22         is  certainly indicated.   I don't think that the



23         continuous monitors  at present  that indicate



24         total dissolved solids  and pH and  temperature



25         are particularly  significant.  I would like to

-------
   	l6p5


 !                       JAMES C. VAUGHN



 2        see such things as ammonia nitrogen phosphates,



 3        and you can't have a continuous quantitative



 4        measure of threshold odor.



 .                  We have considered the thought of
 o


 .        equipping a boat with a threshold odor monitor,
 o


          which was developed originally by Mr. Gerstein



 8        and revised by us, in which the water is passed



 g        through a heating element at 140 degrees Pahren-



10        heit and sprayed in an open top  bell jar



jj        and that is the way we instruct our supervising



12        engineers to Judge the water.  It takes 20



13        minutes to run a threshold odor test, and with



14        no reserve storage, if we let 20 minutes of



15        bad water get by us we are in deep trouble.



16                  So we have these continuously running



17        threshold odor monitors, and the supervising



18        engineer during an odor period constantly



!<>        sniffs them and he is instructed to go up with



20        dispatch and down with discretion as regards



2i        carbon dosage.



22                  And so continuous monitoring of



23        threshold odor, phosphates and ammonia nitrogen



24        I think are certainly indicated,particularly



25        from Indiana Harbor Ship Canal area and certainly

-------
                                                         I6o6
 l                       JAMES  C. VAUGHN

 2         critical  points  along the  lakeshore,  Including

 3         the  mouth of  the Calumet River.

 4                   MR.  POSTON:  Thank  you.

 5                   MR.  STEIN:   Mr.  Wisniewski.

 6                   MR.  WISNIEWSKI:   I  would  like  to  ask

 7         Mr.  Vaughn to  detail  for us how  the filtration

          rate has  changed over the  years  at  his plant.

          Are  you filtering through  at  higher rates than

          you  did formerly?

u                   MR.  VAUGHN:  Well,  the averages of

          the  waterplant  have  increased by about  three

13         percent per year.   The maximum days have in-

          creased at a  somewhat greater rate.  That is

          why  we expanded  the south  plant  50  percent.

          However,  we now  have  a total  of  2,600 million

17         gallons per day  filtration capacity and  we  have

18         not  approached that on any day yet.

                    On  a certain day in 1965» for  reasons

20         not  mentionable  here,  we reached a  maximum  hour

21         of some 1,700 million gallons. But  that  was not

22         normal consumption of water.

23                   MR.  STEIN:   Are  there  any further

24         comments  or questions?

25                   Mr.  Vaughn,  I  think you have  given a

-------
                                                         1607
 1                        JAMES C. VAUGHK
 2         very interesting statement.  As I understand
 3         this from the data,Mr. Poole's comments and
 4         possibly Michigan's, we still do not have
 5         any glorious unanimity in the determination
 6         of whether we are having accelerated degra-
 7         dation as dependent on water-treatment
 g         plants.  Another fact that has come out
 9         which we should check—since we have had
10         that technical committee working on the tough
11         items like ammonia—is that we have sort of
12         let the coliforms take care of themselves
13         because that is an old type of test.  My
14         experience through the country is that when
15         we use the multiple tube test and not a
16         membrane filter test we are likely to get
17         disparity of results on the coliforms between
18         two groups such as Mr. Poole and you people
19         indicated.  I am hopeful that we can come up with
20         uniform techniques and at least have the same figures
21                   Then I have one question.  I know
22         that the oil companies in Indiana have put in
23         a considerable amount of treatment facilities
24         since we started this Conference.  What always
25         puzzled me is why this wasn't reflected more in

-------
   	1608

 1                       JAMES C.  VAUGHN

 2        the quality of the water intake that you indicate.

 3                  MR.  VAUGHN:   May I add one final state-

 4        ment?

 5                  It is hoped  that in the words of the

 Q        song from the  Man from La Mancha that we have

 7        not dreamed the impossible dream; that we are

 8        not attempting to right  an unrightable wrong.

 9                  Thank you, gentlemen.

10                  MR.  STEIN:  Thank you.

11                  (Laughter and  applause.)

12                  MR.  STEIN:  For the present, we have

13        two Congressional statements, which are going

14        to  be  relatively brief,  from Congressman Rosten-

15        kowski and Congressman Pucinski.  A close

16        associate of theirs and  ours will read their

17        statements,  Mr. Peter  Kuh.

18                  Mr.  Kuh .

19
               FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
20

21                  MR.  KUH:  Thank you,  Mr. Stein.

22                  I know that  both Congressman Rosten-

23        kowski and Congressman Pucinski were extremely

24 [       anxious to be  here.  They had planned to present

25        these  statements in person on Friday afternoon,

-------
                                                          1609
 1                  CONGRESSMAN ROSTENKOWSKI
 2        and the extended Congressional debate on the
 3        Truth in Lending legislation made it impossible
 4        to get to Chicago in time.
 5                  I would also like to say that I am
 6        on the staff of Secretary Edwards' office, but
 7        my reading Congressman Rostenkowski's statement
 8        does not indicate either Administration approval
 9        or disapproval of certain legislative proposals
10        which he includes in his statement.
11
12                        STATEMENT OF
13               THE HONORABLE DAN ROSTENKOWSKI
14                 U. S. HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES
15                      STATE OF ILLINOIS
16
17                  Mr. Chairman, I want to congratulate
18        you and the distinguished Governors for calling
19        this timely conference on the problems of Lake
20        Michigan.  It is mutual cooperation and an
21         understanding of the problem that faces us that
22         is required to rectify a bad situation that is
23         growing worse from day to day.
24                   I have studied with growing concern
25         the reports of how Lake Michigan is being daily

-------
   	i6io
 1                   CONGRESSMAN ROSTENKOWSKI
 2         flooded with domestic and Industrial wastes,
 3         with acids and oil,  with detergents  and debris
 4         and with the discharge from large ocean-going
 5         vessels and the myriad of pleasure craft.
 6                   Today practically every important
 7         water resource in  this country is already
 g         polluted to some extent.  Some  of our rivers
 9         are little better  than open sewers.   Lake  Erie
10         is  itself threatened with extinction from
n         pollution.  This has not just  happened over-
12         night,  it has  taken  many years of neglect  for
13         the problems of the  Great Lakes to attain  their
14         present state  of crisis.
15                   A great  Justice of the Supreme Court,
16         Oliver  Wendell Holmes, more than three decades
17         ago made the observation,
18              "A river  is more than an amenity,  it is
!9              a  treasure."
20                   One  wonders what superlatives he would
21         have supplied  had  his remarks  been directed to an
22         evaluation of  Lake Michigan.
23                   With all due respect to Justice  Holmes,
24         the full value of  Lake Michigan to the four States
25         which border on its  shores cannot be calculated.

-------
                                                         1611
 1                  CONGRESSMAN ROSTENKOWSKI
 2        Its many uses can be counted, but its many
 3        treasures are irreplaceable.
 4                  It is the source of our drinking
 6        water,  our electric power, and our fishing
 6        industry.  It is the key to our commercial
 7        growth  and the arena of our recreational
 8        activity.  It also, in addition to these
 9        wonderful attributes, is becoming the garbage
10        disposal unit of the Midwest.
H                  My constituents have written me
12        numerous letters asking me to do something
13        to save our lake.  I have tried to do Just
14        that by introducing two bills during the first
15        session of the 90th Congress.  The problems
16        of pollution are many and I'm sure that no one
17        understands all the ramifications.  But in the
18        case of a lake, where there is no current which
19        will flush away the results of our pollution,
20        our only alternative is to stop the causes of
21        pollution as soon as possible.
22                  The bills I introduced call for (1)
23        a  halt  in the dumping of untreated sewage into
24        the lakes from the  lake port cities;  (2)  a halt
25        in discharge of untreated sewage and  dredging

-------
   	1612
 1                  CONGRESSMAN ROSTENKOWSKI

 2        from Federal installations; (3) a halt in the

 3        discharge from boats and vessels; (4) a halt

 4        in the use of detergents; and (5) an extension

 5        of the Oil Pollution Act, 1924, to cover all

 Q        types of oil discharge into our waters.

 7                  To encourage industry, I introduced

 8        a tax incentive,  allowing a tax credit for the

 9        cost of erecting and installing a water pollution

!0        control facility.  I am hopeful that, even though

n        it is believed that once a lake becomes polluted

12        it can never be reclaimed, this tax credit may

13        inspire the development of a device to restore

14        the proper oxygen content to the water.

15                  I stand ready to cooperate with you,

16        Mr. Chairman, and with the Governors of each

17        State here represented to effect whatever is

lg        found to be necessary to secure success in our

19        common endeavor.

20                           - - -

21                        STATEMENT OF

22              THE  HONORABLE  ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
                  U.S.  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES
23                     STATE  OF  ILLINOIS

24                  I am happy to have this opportunity

25        to present my views on the pollution problems

-------
                                                         1613
                      CONGRESSMAN PUCINSKI

          of Lake Michigan and on the urgent need for

          action.

                    _ake Michigan is a valuable natural

          resource which we are slowly loosing to misuse

          and to pollution of many types: for instance,

          to municipal, industrial and shipping wastes;

          plant nutrients, phosphates and nitrates;

 9        pesticides,  insecticides and herbicides;

10        detergents;  salts, acids and sludges; petro-

          chemical and chemical residues; and heat.

12                  If Lake Michigan suffers the same

13        fate as Lake Erie, the whole region will suffer

14        and, in fact, it is beginning now to feel the

15        effects of our misuse and our mistakes in water

16        and waste management.

17                  I  regard this Conference as a critical

18        landmark in  our continuing uphill fight to pro-

19        tect,  preserve and improve the quality of Lake

20        Michigan's waters.

21                  To date, we have based much of our

22        economic growth on this great resource, on its

23        fisheries and recreational and transportation

24        potential, and on the fact that it has been a

25        convenient sink for our untreated wastes.

-------
   	1614
 1                     CONGRESSMAN PUCINSKI
 2                   But these  untreated wastes are now
 3         endangering many other uses  of the lake.
 4         Eventually these wastes will endanger our
 5         economic  growth itself if we do not act now
 6         to prevent pollution,  to limit the damage it
 7         creates,  and to restore the  environment that it
 g         has damaged.
 9                   The future projected trends in popu-
10         lation,  in industrial  and economic growth, in
11         demands  for water for  municipal use, outdoor
12         recreation and fish  and wildlife use, and the
13         trends  in the creation of waste products--
14         all point to a deepening pollution crisis for
15         Lake Michigan if we  do not act soon to prevent
16         pollution and to clean it up where it occurs.
17                   I am happy to see, at this Conference,
18         such great interest  on the part of the press,
19         the public, private  individuals and organi-
20         zations  as well as by  Federal, State and local
21         governments.
22                   For if we  are to prevent further damage
23         to Lake  Michigan, the  active cooperation and
24         effort  of all groups--public and private, govern-
25         ment and  non-goverment--will be necessary, now

-------
   	1615
 1                    CONGRESSMAN PUCINSKI
 2        and in the future.
 3                  The massive die-offs of alewives
 4        in Lake Michigan are causing great losses to
 5        our cities, industries, and recreational and
 6        tourist businesses.  Before next summer,
 7        when we may again experience massive pollution
 8        of our beaches by alewives, we need to act to
 9        prepare for these pollution problems which
10        arose this past summer, but for which we were
11        not ready.
12                  I realize that we do not know enough
13        about alewives and that there is need for more
14        study and knowledge.  But I think we know enough
15        now and have had enough experience in removal
16        and disposal of dead alewives to be ready for
17        the cleanup and removal operations which will
18        probably be necessary next summer.
19                  But even  while we use our existing
20        knowledge to prepare to clean up the alewife
21        pollution which will probably continue to
22        plague Lake Michigan's shores,  we should also
23        be acting to bring  the whole alewife population
24        in the Great Lakes  into better balance through,
25        for instance,  introduction of predators.

-------
                                                         1616
 1                     CONGRESSMAN  PUCINSKI
 2                   Finally,  Mr. Chairman, this  Conference
 3         must  recommend  actions which will prevent Lake

          Michigan's becoming another  Lake Erie.

                    As I  see  it, we do not have  much time.

          Lake  Michigan,  perhaps,  is in the same  condition

          and under  the same  threat as was Lake  Erie some

          decades  ago. And if we  do not act promptly and

          effectively today,  decades from now, Lake Michi-

          gan--with  its slow  circulation patterns—may
          well  become another dying lake.

12                   You have  my full support,  and I wish

13         you much success.   The Congress  and the public
          will  be  watching and waiting for progress

15
16                   MR. KUH:   Thank you.
17                   MR. STEIN:  Thanic  you.
18                   ¥e have one short  telegram here
          addressed  to the Chairman:

20                  "in behalf of the people of Hyde Park

2i         and Woodlawn, who live at the very edge of Lake

22         Michigan,  who have  watched its water become more
23         polluted,  the noxious algae  more luxuriant, and

24         the beaches more offensive than ever,  and who
25         have  seen  these conditions deteriorate  not only

-------
                                                         1617
 1              ILLINOIS PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2         during the last ten years but especially in the
          last two years since the previous Federal Con-
          ference to end pollution in Lake Michigan,  I
          urge you to set high standards and enforce  them
          without further delay.
                    Signed "Leon M. Despres, Alderman,
          Fifth Ward, City of Chicago."
 O
 9                   If we may continue  with the Illinois
          Presentation.

11
12              ILLINOIS  PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
13
14                   MR.  KLASSEN:   Mr. Chairman,  I  am
15         keeping track  of the Federal  time,  and we will
16         ask  equal  time for  Illinois.
17                   We had rescheduled  from Friday the
18         presentation from the Metropolitan  Sanitary
          District of Greater  Chicago by President Egan.
20         * have  Just been informed  that Mr.  Egan  has not
21         been  released  from  the hospital  and so we are
22         rescheduling this hopefully for  tomorrow.
23                   At a specific  request,  because of a
24         tight schedule,  we want  to work  in  a very short
25         statement here  from  the  Illinois  State Medical

-------
                                                         1618
                      CLARKE W.  MANGUN,  JR.
 2        Society that has been  working very closely with
 3        us,  and this will be given by Dr. Clarke Mangun
          on behalf of the Illinois State Medical Society.
          I think he is Chairman of their Environmental
          Committee, and formerly Regional Director for
 7        HEW,  Public Health Service.
 8
 9           STATEMENT OP CLARKE W. MANGUN, JR.,M.D.
10        CHAIRMAN, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH COMMITTEE
n             ILLINOIS STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY
12
13                  DR. MANGUN:   Mr. Chairman, ladies and
14        gentlemen
15                  This statement is a summary of an
16        article to be published in the Illinois Medical
17        Journal, which has been approved by the Council
18        on Scientific Advancement and the Board of
19        Trustees of the Illinois State Medical Society
20        The article and this summary,  therefore, repre-
21        sent an official statement of policy of the
22        Illinois State Medical Society.
23                  Physicians have an interest in clean
24        water.   We are concerned and alarmed by informatior.
25        in the  news media and  scientific publications

-------
   	1619
 I                    CLARKE W. MANGUN, JR.
 2        that tell of increasing pollution of Lake
 3        Michigan.  We estimate that the population
 4        of Illinois that uses Lake Michigan water
 5        constitutes only 1.5 percent of the world
 6        population, yet the water in Lake Michigan
 7        constitutes about 7 percent of all the fresh
 g        surface liquid water in the world.  This
 9        natural resource must not be lost.
lO                  As physicians we can understand how
11        the demands of population growth, urbanization,
12        industrialization and economics have exceeded
13        the technology and resources of water pollution
14        control agencies in their efforts to preserve
15        the high quality of Lake Michigan water.  The
16        effects on health of some substances that may
17        be present in some public water supplies is
18        fairly  well known, whether they are present in
19        insufficient,  optimal or excessive amounts.
20        However,  the effect on health of many other
21        substances is  not known,  whether they are old
22        or new,  present now or likely to be present in
23        the future,  in any amount or for any period of
24        time.   Water pollution from new industrial
25        processes,  insecticides,  herbicides,  fungicides

-------
   	1620
 1                     CLARKE W.  MAN3UN,  JR.

 2        and fertilizers  are  examples of  these  unknowns.

 3                   The  Illinois State Medical Society

 4        believes  that  its members  can  be of service to

 5        the public in  three  ways in water  pollution

 Q        control:

 7              1.   As  individual citizens  we can

 g              give carefully  considered support

 9              to water  pollution control  as a

10              public  policy and take individual

11              responsibility  not to pollute public

12              waters  as we may  use  them.

13              2.   As  professional persons with  a

14              scientific  education, we  can  help

15              inform the  citizenry  that as  consumers

16              and  taxpayers clean water has a cost
17              that must be paid.  Joining in the

18              clamor  for  clean  water is easy, but
19              paying higher costs for consumer

20              products  or voting higher rates for

21              water and sewage  treatment  requires

22              a courageous and  Informed citizenry.
23              The  Illinois State Medical  Society is

24              on record as supporting the one billion

25              dollar bond issue for pure  water, clean

-------
 „
                                                         1621
                      CLARKE W.  MAN GUN,  JR.
               air and recreational purposes which
 0             will  be voted upon on November 5,
 O
               1968  in Illinois.
 4
 _             3.  As  practicing  physicians with  a
 5
               crucial responsibility for the diag-
 6
               nosis, treatment and prevention of
               disease, we may be the first to sus-
 o
               pect  or confirm an effect on health
 9
               from  water pollution.  We will remain
               alert to this possibility in our con-
               tinuing cooperation and support of the
12
13             public  health.  It is conceivable  that
14             the ultimate and overriding effects of
..             continued water pollution will be  on
16             the health of the  people rather than
17             being economic or  esthetic.
18                  We thank you  for this opportunity to
19        appear  at  this hearing  and offer our support.
20                  Thank you .
2i                  MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Mangun.   It
22        is  good  to see you again.
23                  Are there any comments or questions?
24                  (No response.)
25                  MR. STEIN: If not, thank you very  much,

-------
                                       _ 1622
                         DR.  ALLAN  FILER
 2        sir-
 3                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Continuing up the north
          shore  beyond  Chicago,  and as  a corollary tc
 g        the  Chicago Water  Department  presentation,  we
 .        have three short presentations here regarding
          health and water supply.
 g                  The  first  will  be given  by the Director
 _        of the Evanston City Health Department,  who I
10        think  will also make the  presentation,  a brief
          one, on behalf of  the  Evanston Superintendent
12        of Water and  Sewers.  It  will be given  by Dr.
13        Allan  Fllek.
14
15                STATEMENT  OF DR.  ALLAN FILEK
16                  PUBLIC  HEALTH  DIRECTOR
17          EVANSTON NORTH  SHORE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
18
                    DR.  FILEK:  Thank you, Mr. Klassen.
20                  Mr.  Stein, Conferees,  ladies  and
21        gentlemen.
22                  I will read  the statement by  Mr.  Frye
23        first, if you  don't  mind.
24
25

-------
                                                         1623

 1                       DR. ALLAN PILEK

 2           STATEMENT ON THE EVANSTON WATER SUPPLY

 3                    For Presentation at

 4             Lake Michigan Four State Conference

 5                             by

 5                 H.  R.  Frye, Superintendent
                   Water  and Sewer Department
 7                     Evanston,  Illinois

 8                  The entire water supply for the City

 9        of Evanston  and the Village of Skokie is obtained

10        from Lake Michigan and  treated in a modern fil-

11        tration plant at the foot of Lincoln Street in

12        Evanaton. The  combined area served is 18.3

13        square  miles and the population is approximately

14        160,000.

15                  Lake  pollution and a high typhoid rate

16        caused  Evanston to construct and place in opera-

17        tion in 191^ the first  municipal water treatment

18        plant in  this area.   Diversion of untreated

19        sewage  from  the lake and the construction of

20        sewage  treatment plants  by the Metropolitan

21        Sanitary  District greatly improved the quality

22        of water  taken  in at the Evanston intakes and  for

23        many years Evanston  enjoyed  a water supply which

24        was  comparatively inexpensive to treat.

25                 While  the  raw  water quality has not

-------
                                                        1624
 1                        DR.  ALLAN PILEK
 2         reached the high intensity of pollution experi-
 3         enced by plants located adjacent to industrial
 4         or municipal waste  sources,  the rate at which
 5         the various indicators of pollution are increasing
 6         is alarming.  As an example,  the amount of alumi-
 7         num sulphate required in the  treatment plant to
 8         produce an acceptable water has increased from
 9         86 pounds per million gallons in 1957 to 125
lO         pounds per million  gallons in 1967.  This repre-
H         sents a dosage increase of 45 percent and a
12         treatment cost increase of $.8l per million
13         gallons.
14                   Similar increases  have been experienced
15         in two other treatment chemicals, chlorine and
16         activated carbon, both of which .are required in
17         greater amounts as  water quality decreases.
18                   Chlorine  requirements have increased
19         from an average of  10 pounds  to 15 pounds per
20         million gallons, or 50 percent between 1959 and
21         1967.
22                   Activated carbon,  which must be applied
23         in greater amounts  as tastes  and odors increase,
24         averaged only 20 pounds per million gallons in
25         1957 and now averages 35 pounds per million gallons

-------
                                                        1625



 1                       DR. ALLAN FILEK



 2        This 75 percent increase in dosage represents



 3        $1.59 per million gallon greater treatment coat.



 4                  While the increases in coliform counts,



 5        plankton, chlorine demand, ammcnia nitrogen,



 g        chlorides, taste and odor, etc., are all warning



 7        signs of the degradation of our water supply,



 g        another sign is more apparent to the public.  For



 9        the last five years the growth of a filamentous



10        algae known as Cladophora along the shores has



11        become an annual nuisance on our beaches and



12        shoreline.  As far as the water works is concerned,



13        it is more than a nuisance, it is expensive to



14        control and may endanger the water supply.



15                  The water intakes empty into two intake



16        wells equipped with stationary screens through



17        which the water must flow to reach the pumps.



18        Clogging of the screens with the algae keeps a



19        crew of laborers busy for several weeks in the



20        summer, raising the screens manually and washing



21        them off with water Jets.  Sudden clogging during



22        the night hours could create an emergency.  To



23        assure a constant supply during these periods, the



24        Evanston City Council has authorized an expendi-



25        ture of $55,000 for the installation of traveling

-------
   	1626
 1                       DR. ALLAN FILER
 2        screens in the intake wells.
 3                  The screens will also remove fish or
 4        other debris from the incoming water and protect
 5        the plant against a sudden deluge of alewives.
 6                  While Evans ton1s water problems to date
 7        have been less than those closer to the sources
 8        of pollution, our experience and observations
 9        indicate that the effects of pollution have not
10        leveled off but are still increasing, and further
11        intensified efforts toward the elimination of the
12        sources of contamination is strongly urged.
13                  DR. PILEK:   Now, that is the end of
14        Mr. Horace Frye's presentation, except that the
15        report does contain three charts on the increase
16        in aluminum sulphate, carbon and chlorine.
17                  MR. STEIN:   Those charts will be
18        included with his statement in the record.
19                  (Which  said charts are as  follows:)
20
21
22
23
24
25

-------
                                           1627
     RISE  IN CHEMICAL  APPLICATION
                    AT
   EVANSTON, ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT PLANT
               ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE
  12$ 1
O
    57  '58  '55  '60   'Gl  '62  '63   '64  '65  'G&

                   'YEAR
'&7

-------
                                         1628
   RISE  IN   CHEMICAL   APPLICATION
                  AT
EVANSTON, ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT PLANT
                 .CARBON
40 i
10
  '57   '58  '58  '60
'61   '62  'S3

 YEAR
'G4-  'G5  '6&  '67

-------
                                           1629
      RISE  IN  CHEMICAL  APPLICATION
                    AT
   EVANSTON, ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT PLANT

                 CHLORINE
   IT:.
o
or
cO
O
Z

O
OL
'17  '58
                '60
'6J   '62  '63

 YEAR
'64  '65  '66  '67

-------
   	1630
 1                       DR. ALLAN FILEK
 2                  MR,  STEIN:   At this point, I would
 3        like to make an observation.
 4                  Evidently the statement of Mr. Prye
 5        confirms Mr. Vaughn's statement on the increase
 6        in cost.     I don't  know,  maybe the cities of
 7        Illinois are not on the lucky side of the lake,
 8        and the Michigan cities may be luckier.
 9                  Except you  raise  another question,
10        *nd this is  the Cladophora  or the algal growth.
11        Abner  Mikva  came up,  and he said he had a summer
12        place  in Michigan and for the first time he saw
13        the algal  growth on the Michigan side.   And I
14        think  from Dr.  Baumgartner's  testimony, if I
15        understood it  and read it correctly,  any effect
16        on one  side  of  the lake is  going to affect the
17        other.
18                  So this  is  a point  that the Conferees
19        might  consider.   I don't see  that boundary line
20        we have  there  being anything  other than an
21        imaginary  line  drawn  by man.
22                  Are  there any other comments?
23                  (No  response.)
24                  MR.  STEIN:   If not,  would you continue,
25        Doctor.

-------
   	1631


 l IDR. ALLAN FILEK



 2                  DR. FILEK:  Thank you.  I will preface



 „        my remarks by saying that the next portion of our
 o


 4        report is obtained from our staff as well as that



 .        from the Department of Parks and Recreation of the
 5


 _        City of Evanston through its Director, Tom Carlson,
 D


          and his assistant, Don Heaps.



 a             LAKE MICHIGAN FOUR STATE CONFERENCE
 O


           FROM EVANSTON-NORTH SHORE HEALTH DEPARTMENT



10                      January 25, 1968



u                  The beach area that is the Evanston-



12        North Shore Jurisdiction, which includes Evanston,



13        Kenilworth, Glencoe and Winnetka, covers approxl-



14        mately nine miles of shoreline and is used almost



15        exclusively for bathing, sunning, swimming and



16        boating.



17                  Beach water samples from 11 public



18        beaches were analyzed weekly, using the membrane



19        filter technique by the Health Department Labora-



20        tory.   Analysis was for total coliform, fecal



21        coliform and fecal streptococcus.  The results



22        varied widely at times  and although there were



23        no  reported cases  or other evidence of significant!



24        disease arising from bathing in the water at the



25        public beaches,  the bacterial counts wer« sometimes

-------
   	1632
 1                        DR.  ALLAN FILER
 2         higher than established standards.
 3                   A total of eight natural ravines that
 4         are  fed by storm sewers runoff empty into Lake
 5         Michigan..   There are six storm sewer outlets
 Q         emptying into the lake.  In addition,  Northwestern
 7         University has a stornrwater  sewer system con-
 g         sisting of seven storm sewers located  at various
 9         intervals  along the campus.
10                   The summer of 196? was an unusual one
11         with a heavy infestation of dead alewives floating
12         to  the shore with a resulting health problem of
13         maggots,  flies and  odors.   In some areas this
14         was  followed by an  influx or, at least,  an in-
15         crease in  complaints about rats.  Over the last
16         three years, there  has been a notable  increase
17         in  algae in all of  the eleven beach areas, with one
18         beach showing an extremely heavy increase.
19                   One result of this contamination of
20         public beaches by decaying dead fish was the loss
21         of  summer  recreation opportunities for the Evanston
22         North Shore communities.  In addition  to the five
23         beach custodians and one sand cleaning machine
24         operator,  50 to 75  percent of the Evanston life-
25         guard staff of 33 guards received alternate

-------
                              	1633
 1                       DR. ALLAH FILER
 2        assignments of wielding rakes, shovels, fishing
 3        seines and other equipment In an attempt to clean
 4        the beaches of dead fish.  Only a skeleton staff
 5        was kept on lifeguard duty.
 5                  It became apparent that the efforts of
 7        the normal beach staff was not adequate, as
 g        decayed fish, maggots and black flies, along
 9        with an unpleasant odor,made the lakefront, in-
10        eluding beaches and riprap areas, practically
11        a "no man's land."  In Evanston, the personnel
12        of the Forestry Division were assigned to spray
13        heavily every square foot of Evans ton's five
14        beach areas with Malathion.  Equipment normally
15        used to spray elm trees was employed.  Six to
16        ten men worked four to six days to complete this
17        assignment.  Six to eight Park Division men were
18        assigned to the lakefront to aid in the raking,
19        collecting in piles, and removing the dead fish
20        from the lakefront.  Special wide floatation tires
21        were purchased for a department Jeep to enable
22        operation on the soft sand in this fish removal
23        program.  These men worked approximately ten days
24        on this assignment.  One crew of four men continued
25        working half days by assignment as needed until

-------
                                                         1634
                         DR.  ALLAN FILEK

          Labor Day.

                    A commercial helicopter spray company

          was employed to spray all of the Evanston lake-

          front area, including the beach near the water

          line and the stone  riprap areas twice each week for

          a three-week emergency period, and then once each

          week for the balance of the beach season ending

 9         on Labor Day.

10                   In the rest of the North Shore areas

          served by us, we had complaints from private

12         citizens.  A helicopter was employed once a week

13         for two weeks to spray all of the beach area and

          part of the shoreline including not only the

15         public beaches,  but private property.

                    It is  impossible to state an overall

17         cost caused by the  dead alewives on the beaches

          during the  1967  season.  These costs were both

19         financial and in loss of opportunity for wonderful

20         summer recreation normally afforded at North Shore

21         beaches.  In addition to funds expended for summer

22         beach maintenance,  the Parks and Recreation Depart-

23         ment of Evans ton lost heavily from reduced beach

24         revenue, as the  public stopped buying season beach

25         tokens.  Only a  part of the emergency services of

-------
   	1635.
 !                      DR. ALLAN FILEK

 2       Park and Forestry personnel were  charged  to  beach

 3       maintenance.

 4                 The  1967 budget  for beach maintenance

 5       was $2,500.  Expenditures  for 196?  were estimated

 6       at $6,000. The 1967  anticipated beach revenue  was

 7       $67,866, and actual  beach  revenue was $56,333*

 8       Evanston, the  1966 beach attendance was 346,583>

 9       while  1967 beach attendance was 204,029.

10                 Dead alewives washed onto the Evanston

H       boat ramp areas also resulted in  added maintenance

12       costs  and in greatly reduced use  of the ramps.

13       The 1966 boat  ramp registrations  totaled  301,  and

14       the 1967 registrations totaled 258.

15                 The  total  beach  attendance in the  Evan-

16       ston-North Shore area served by this health  juris-

17       diction was reduced  from 680,546  in 1966,  to

18       368,244 in 1967, a 46 percent reduction.   Boat

19       launching dropped in the Evans ton-North Shore  area

20       from 7,046 in  1966 to 5,407 in 1967, a 23  percent

21       reduction.

22                 Attached are the results  of sampling of

23       beaches served by the Evanston-North Shore Health

24 j      Department for 1967  on a weekly basis, and the

25       annual average bacterial results  from 1962 through

-------
   	1636

 1                        DR. ALLAN FILER

 2         1967.  The high conform count average  for 196?

 3         was  that  of  the Lee  Street  Beach.   This beach also

 4         showed the highest average  for the  six-year

 5         analysis, although other beaches exceeded  counts

 6         at this beach  in other years,  e.g.,  Greenwood

 7         and  Clark Street beaches.


 8
                         LAKE  POLLUTION
 9

10                  Our  Evanston Board of Health  and our

11         North Shore  Municipalities  Advisory  Health Council,

12         not  to mention other local  citizens,  are quite

13         concerned about lake pollution, especially beach

14         pollution.   They have asked for a stepped-up

15         program of surveillance which  Involves  our sani-

16         tatlon and laboratory divisions.  We  hear  that the

17         State is  adding or has added men to  its  staff,

18         indicating their concern also.  We believe there

19         is a need for  cooperation and  coordination in order

20         to avoid  duplication.  This is  a two-way street.

21         We would  like  to suggest that  the Involved parties

22         get  together to work out a  plan, so  man-hours can

23         be saved  and yet get the Job done that  needs  doing

24         in this connection,

25                  These communities also seem to think we

-------
   	:	163?
 1                       DR.  ALLAN PILIK

 2        are  the  experts In  the field and should be In a

 3        position to  tell them when our beaches are too

 4        polluted for safe bathing.  We'd appreciate help

 5        in making this  determination.   Perhaps this is

 6        not  the  group that  can give us the answers, but

 7        we'd like to apply  uniform standards  so we don't

 8        close our beaches under one set of rules,  perhaps

 9        our  own,  when other beaches with counts as high

10        or higher, remain open. So far, we have not been

n        able to  correlate bacterial counts with any in-

12        crease in illnesses such as eye,  nose, throat, or

13        ear  infections, lung diseases  or intestinal tract

14        upsets.   We  are,  however,  in the business  of pre-

15        ventlon,  so  we  do not desire to wait  until in-

16        creases  do occur before taking action, but we

17        would like more help in the determinations that

18        need to  be made.  As I read and interpret  present

19        standards, it is  impossible to tell when pollution

20        is of such a magnitude that lake  water is  actually

21        detrimental  to  health.   Possibly we need more re-

22        search in this  area,  but until then we would

23        appreciate any  help we can get in this area.

24 I                Thank you,  gentlemen,  for this oppor-

25        tunity of making  this  statement and appearing
      	before you.	

-------
EVANSTON-NORTH SHORE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
   Division of Environmental Health

Annual Average Bacterial Results  of
    Bathing Beach Samples
                                                     1638
1962
L_ '- ^vd.
-,C. 1900
-,C.
1\^ 280
•- - -. c-
:\c , 1300
?.c.
?.S. 1^20
•- ~r."ccd
-.0. 960
- ' i *™
-'.£. 3U8
--,.r:, St<
T.C. 800
/-i 1
;.£. - 302
." • ".."ouse
. „ : , 960
•* !
22li
1
j 1963
810
-
Tio

530
-
39

690
-
37

830
-
16

870
-
«
1961i
630
-
115

880
-
Ul

690
-•
33

770
-
25

530
-
30
1965
lii,000
-
Ii6

18,000
-
8

39,000
-
22

32,000
-
32

2,800
-
28
1966
1,700
32
2h

6,000
63
12

700
16
11
!
800
86
60

800
16
Hi
1967
81t,000
7U
51*

156,000
35
7U

30,000 "
31
13

31,000
87
33

UU,ooo
U5
25
1968










p








1969









l









1970









1
i
j










-------
                    EyANSTON-NORTH SHORE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
                       Division of Environmental Health

                    Annual Average Bacterial Results of
                         Bathing Beach Samples
                                                                            1639
196h
Ks--^V arth T.C.
F.C.
F.S.
T" -v mm

-
-
Xi-oie

-
-
11 CYC —

-
-
•- T ••* —

-
-
~^ - .' —

-
I
1965
5,000
«•
h8
16,000

-
100
6,700

-
5o
6,100

-
U2
U,IiOO

-
iou
12,000

-
uu
1966
700
30
31
2,200

212
100
900

88
29
1,200

290
17
3,300

60
27
800

97
23
1967
2U,000
31
18
61,000

136
1,072
iil,000

90
51
53,ooo

nu
Ul
UU,ooo

83
137
U3,ooo

95
28
1966























1969























?„.. - Total Coliform   F.C. - Fecal Coliform   F.S.  - Fecal Strep

-------
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-------
 1                        DR. ALLAN FILER



 2                   MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  Doctor.



 3                   Are  there  any comments  or questions?



 4                   I  think  that we got  two points,  one



 5        when  you  had to put  all the lifeguards  working



 Q        on  clearing  that up,  and you Just had a skeleton



 7        staff on  lifeguard duty.   I guess they didn't



 3        have  much to do; there weren't many people coming



 9        down.



10                   The  other  point is something I  think



ll        we  really have to  look at.   Sometimes I think



12        we  meet ourselves  coming and going, because I



13        recognize that you had to take heroic measures



14        when  you  had these alewives on the beach.   Surely



15        we  have to think of  something  better.  And your



16        description  of maggots and dead flies is  well



17        taken.



18                   But  the  control measure of putting a



19        pesticide such as  Malathion on a  beach area where



20        the runoff is  to the  lake is suspect, and we are



21        all g6ing to have  to  come up with something a



22        little better  than that,  because  that certainly isn



23        the way to clean up  pollution.



24                   DR.  FILER:   I don't  like to take up too



25        much  time, Mr. Stein,  but I could  detail

-------
           	1643
 1                       DR. ALLAN FILEK

 2        this maggot problem a little bit more if you

 3        don't mind.

 4                  We had one citizen on the North Shore,

 5        I think from Glencoe, call and explain that she

 6        couldn't see the trees In her back yard, they

 7        were so black with flies.  Well, I subtracted

 8        a little bit from the statement, but I am sorry

 9        I didn't go out with our sanitarian, because

10        when he came back he said that was no exaggeration,

H        you couldn't see the trees for the flies.

12                  MR« STEIN:  Thank you.

13                  Mr. Klassen.

14                  MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman, this is a

15        two-page statement that will not be read, merely

16        by  title.   It is from the Superintendent of the

17        Waukegan Water Utility,  and is merely being

18        submitted for the record.

19                  MR. STEIN:  This will be inserted in

20        the record at this point'without objection as if

21        read.

22                  (Which said statement is as follows:}

23

24                          WAUKEGAN

25             COMBINED WATER AND  SEWER DEPARTMENT

-------
 !             WAUKEGAN WATER AND  SEWER  DEPARTMENT

 2                     WAUKEGAN, ILLINOIS

 3                      January 26,  1968

 4        Mr.  C. W. Klassen, Technical Secretary
         Illinois State Sanitary  Water  Board
 6        State Office Building
         400  South Spring Street
 6        Springfield, Illinois  62706

 7        Dear Mr. Klassen:

 8                  The Waukegan Water Utility welcomes

 9        the  opportunity to present a few  of  our observa-

10        tions on Lake Michigan pollution  to  the Four

u        State Conference.  We believe  that this Conference

12        will be effective in the creation of additional

13        protective  measures against pollution of  the lake.

14        It is regretful that proper steps to abate  lake

15        pollution were not instituted  thirty years  ago

16        when the problems were not as  complicated or as

17        widespread  as today.

18                  At the present time, Waukegan depends

19        entirely upon Lake Michigan for its  source  of

20        water supply.  It is certain that in the  future,

21        even greater volumes of  water  will be required

22        for  our growing industrial area.  For this  reason

23        it is imperative that this source of water  supply

24        remain relatively free from all types of  contaml-

25        nation, so  as to protect the health  and safety of

-------
                                                         1645
 1             WAUKEGAN WATEB AND SEWER DEPARTMENT
 2        our  future  citizens.
 3                 From water analysis made at our labora-
 4        tory during the past 38 years it appears that there
 5        is an Increase in  the rate  of decay of Lake Michi-
 6        gan,  in  our area.   There has  been a noticeable
 7        increase in chlorides,  soluble organic materials
 g        and  chlorine demand of  the  raw lake water.   In
 9        addition, new chemicals  such  as  phosphates,  cer-
10        tain heavy  metals  and others  have become evident
11        at times  in late years.   Our  old problems from
12        phenol-like substances  and  other odor-producing
13        organic  compounds  still  cause complaints from our
14        consumers at times.
15                 Bacteriological contamination, which
16       has  caused  much concern  In  past  years,  has  greatly
17        decreased in the last two years.   This  is due  to
18       a more effective and  efficient treatment of
19       domestic sewage in  our area and  the  relocation
20       of our intake  cribs.  In the  future,  the proposed
21       plans of the North  Shore Sanitary  District will
22       remove all bacteriological pollution  from the  lake
23       in our area, except surface runoff water.
24                 At the present time we are  preturbed
25       about the future possibility of  thermal  and

-------
                                                         1646
 l             WAUKEGAN WATER AND SEWER DEPARTMENT
 2        radionuclides pollution of Lake Michigan.  To our



         knowledge, this type of contamination is relatively



         new to the water works profession and there is no



 _        way to combat it at our level.  We hope that
 5


         serious consideration will be given to the effects
 6


         that this type of pollution will have upon the



         future operation of water treatment plants.
 O


                   We would suggest that all water treat-
 V


         ment personnel in plants using Lake Michigan as a



         source of supply be given the opportunity to work



12        with and to be a part of the program of cleaning



         up Lake Michigan.



14                                 Yours very truly,

                                  (Signed) L.C. Dorake

15                                 L. C. Dorake, Supt.

                                  Waukegan Water Utility


16


17                  MR. KLASSEtfJ  I believe it is public



18        information as reported in the press the past sever



         weeks of the interest of the Chamber of Commerce



20        and Industry in all of the four Lake Michigan



         States.  They had a meeting here in Chicago, as was



22        reported in the press, and we are privileged now



23        to have a brief statement by the Chicago Associa-



24        tion of Commerce and Industry, hopefully giving



25        the views of the Chambers of Commerce.  This will

-------
   	164?
 1                        THOMAS  Of.  AYERS
 2       be presented by Thomas  0.  Ayers,  President of
 3       the  Chicago  Association of Commerce and Industry.
 4                  Mr. Ayers.
 5
 6                STATEMENT OF  THOMAS G. AYERS
 7              PRESIDENT,  CHICAGO  ASSOCIATION
 8                  OP COMMERCE AND  INDUSTRY
 9                        and PRESIDENT
10                 COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY
11                     CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS
12
13                  MR. AYERS:  Thank you,  Mr. Klassen.
14                  I  am  Thomas G, Ayers, President of
15       Commonwealth Edison Company. On  January 12,  1968,
16       Chambers  of  Commerce  representatives from the
17       major cities  bordering  Lake Michigan,  together
18       with manufacturers' associations  and other eon-
19       cerned civic  and business  leaders of the four-
20       State area met with a State water official of
21       one of the four  States  and a representative from
22       the Department of  Interior to consider  how they
23 I      might help in controlling  pollution and upgrading
24       the water quality  of  Lake  Michigan.
25                 Toward this end,  the meeting  considered

-------
   .	1648,
 1                       THOMAS G. AYERS
 2        (1) nature of the Lake Michigan  pollution  problem,
 3        (2) resources available  for municipal  and  Indus-
 4        trial control of pollution, (3)  role of  the
 5        Federal Government  in the Lake Michigan  pollution
 6        problem,  (4) role of the States  in  the solution
 7        and control problem, and (5) what each of  the
 8        four States is now  doing to solve the  pollution
 9        problem.
10                 It was agreed  that the group would take
11        a leadership role in effectively developing  a
12        water quality program for Lake Michigan  that will
13        provide for adequate municipal,  industrial,  and
14        recreational opportunities,
15                 Also, the following recommendation was
16        agreed upon for presentation at  this Four-State
17        Lake Michigan Water Pollution Conference:
18            SINCE, (1) Federal  law requires the
19            States to submit water quality stan-
20            dards to the U.S. Department of the
21            Interior for approval on or before
22            June 30, 1967, (2) upon arrival the
23            respective States become the enforce-
24            ment authority for  such standards,
25            (3) all of the States bordering Lake

-------
 1                       THOMAS  G. AYERS
 2            Michigan have  submitted  a water
 3            quality standard program,  (4)
 4            the programs as submitted by the
 5            States have not all yet  been ap-
 Q            proved by  the  U.S. Department of
 7            the Interior and,  (5)  the four
 g            States now have programs  and are
 9            moving forcefully  ahead with com-
10            pliance schedules*
11            IT IS RECOMMENDED  THAT (1)  the
12            Secretary  of Interior  approve  the
13            water quality  standards programs
14            that were  submitted by the  four
15            States bordering Lake  Michigan on
16            or before  March 1» 1968 and,  (2)
17            full opportunity be given between
18            now and December 31, 1972 for  the
19            fulfillment of the obligation  of
20            each of the States bordering on
21            Lake Michigan  to independently
22            and cooperatively implement  their
23            programs before any independent
24            action by  the Federal  Government
25            in this field.

-------
   	                          1650
   IT                                                         —
 1                        THOMAS  G. AYERS

 2                   Since the  adoption of  the foregoing

 3         policy  recommendation,  we now know that the Secre-

 4         tary  of Interior  has  approved the four States'

 5         water quality  programs  as they relate to Lake

 6         Michigan.

 7                   The  following Associations unanimously

 g         approved the recommendation:

 9              CHICAGO ASSOCIATION OF  COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
               Chicago,  Illinois
10
               EAST CHICAGO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INC.
ll              East Chicago, Indiana

12              GARY CHAMBER OF  COMMERCE
               Gary,  Indiana
13
               HIGHLAND  PARK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
14              Highland  Park,  Illinois

15              ILLINOIS  STATE  CHAMBER  OF COMMERCE
               Chicago,  Illinois
16
               INDIANA MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
17              Indianapolis, Indiana

18              INDIANA STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
               Indianapolis, Indiana
19  I
               KENOSHA CHAMBER  OF COMMERCE
20              Kenosha,  Wisconsin

21              MANITOWOC AREA  CHAMBER  OF COMMERCE
               Manitowoc, Wisconsin
22
               METROPOLITAN MILWAUKEE  ASSOCIATION OF COMMERCE
23              Milwaukee, Wisconsin

24              MICHIGAN  CITY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
               Michigan  City,  Indiana
25

-------
                                                         165.1

 1                        THOMAS  G.  AYERS

 2            MICHIGAN  STATE  CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
              Lansing,  Michigan

              MUSKEGON  AREA DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
 4            Muskegon,  Michigan

 6            RACINE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE
              Racine, Wisconsin
 6

 7                  This  completes my statement.

 8                  MR.  KLASSEN:  Thank you.

 9                  MR.  STEIN:  Thank you,  Mr.  Ayers.   Are

10        there  any  comments or questions?

n                  Yes.

12                  MR.  HOLMER:   I would like to hear  the

13        second recommendation read again,  if  I might.

14                  MR.  AYERS:  Yes.   Hand  it back to  me,

15        please.

16                  MR.  STEIN:  Yes,  that is  the key point.

17                  MR. AYERS:  The  second  recommendation,

18        that "full opportunity  be  given between now  and

19        December 31, 1972, for  the  fulfillment of the

20        obligation of  each of the  States  bordering on

21        Lake Michigan  to independently and  cooperatively

22        implement  their programs before any independent

23        action by  the Federal Government  in this field."

24                  MR. STEIN:  Let me  clarify  the issue,

25        and I  think this is  a clear one.

-------
   	1652
 1                       THOMAS G. AYERS
 2                 As you know, we had a 2-State Conference
 3       on the lower end of Lake Michigan.  Three of  the
 4       four Conferees were in favor of an industrial dead-
 _       line of December 1968; in Illinois they were
 o
 .       talking about June, at the end of June  
-------
   	1633
 1                       THOMAS G. AYERS
 2        Federal program on sop of it.
 3                  MR. STEIN:   I think we can all agree
 4        with that.  But I would like to find out the
 5        factual situation in your recommendation.  I know
 6        Indiana has worked out a careful timetable with
 7        the cities and industries,  I know Illinois has.
 8                  MR. AYERS:   That  is correct.
 9                  MR. STEIN:   I  know the Sanitary District
10        has.   And I think these  timetables  have been worked
11        out under negotiation with  the  industries.   I know
12        of  none of these,  at  least  in these two States—we
13        are not talking about Michigan  or Wisconsin now--
14        but I  don't know that any of these  timetables ex-
15        tend beyond July 1972--or 1970;  I am sorry.   Now,
16        you want  to extend  that--
17                  MR.  AYERS:   No.
18                  MR.  STEIN:   —a considerably  longer time,
19        to  the  end  of  '72?
20                 MR.  AYERS:   No, we  were not talking about
21        industry per se  in this.  We  were talking about
22        giving  the  States an  opportunity through  '72  or
23 |       a reasonable period of time  in which to get  their
24        programs launched.  There is  nothing magic about
25  I      the end of 1972.  But we are not talking about

-------
 I                        THOMAS  G.  AYERS



 2         giving industry any different timetable than that


 3         that is already in the State plans.


 4                   MR. STEIN:  I think I understand


 5         what you are saying.  Certainly, if we are


 6         really talking about giving them a considerable


 7         time--


 8                   MR. AYERS:  That is correct.


 9                   MR. STEIN:  —the question here in terms


10         of a reasonable time, it would seem to me, does


11         not mean we have to give them until 1972 because


12         someone says so.  I am thinking in terms of those


13         industries, states and, by and large, cases in


14         which we have been working intensively in the


15         Federal-State program for the past several years


16         which did not have a date beyond July 1970.


17                   MR. AYERS:  That is correct.


18                   MR. STEIN:  --or those municipalities


19         for which dates already have been set and agreed


20         to with the States?


21                    MR. AYERS:  That is correct.  That is

oo
*          correct.


23                    MR. STEIN:  Thank you.


24                    Are there any further comments or


25          questions?

-------
   	1633
 1                    WILLIAM C. ACKERMANN
 2                  (No response.)
 3                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, Mr.
 4        Ayers.
 5                  Mr. Klassen.
 6                  MR. KLASSEN;  One of the agencies in
 7        Illinois that we depend on for our basic water
 8        information,  especially water resources, an
 9        agency  we are quite proud of, is the Illinois
10        State Water  Survey.  They have been doing some
n        work  experimentally,  and at this time the Chief
12        of  that State Water Survey in Illinois,  Mr.
13        William Ackermann,  will present a statement.
14                  Bill.
15
16             STATEMENT  OF  WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN
17           COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC GROWTH,  TECHNOLOGY
18                  AND PUBLIC  POLICY OF  THE
19           COMMITTEE ON INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION
20                     GREAT LAKES  REGION
21

22                 MR. ACKERMANN:   Thank  you,  Mr.  Klassen,
23       Mr. Chairman, Conferees, ladies  and gentlemen.
24                 My name is William Ackermann,  and I am
25       here today reporting briefly for a group  of

-------
   	1656
 I                     WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN

 2         research investigators  who have considered

 3         research requirements  in the  Great Lakes

 4         Region  and in Lake  Michigan,  including the

 6         application of systems  analysis and modeling

 6         to  water quality and. pollution.

 7                   This activity has been carried out

 8         under the Council of Economic Growth,  Technology

 9         and Public Policy of the Committee on  Institu-

10         tional  Cooperation,  commonly  referred  to as CIC,

n         which is composed of the Big  Ten universities

12         and the University  of  Chicago.   The investiga-

13         tions have been supported by  a grant from the

14         Office  of Water Resources Research in  the Depart-

15         ment of the Interior.   This activity has been

16         fully coordinated with  the Water Resources

17         Council,  the Great  Lakes Basin Commission, and

18         relevant Federal and State agencies.

19                   Until now, research related  to water

20         resources in Lake Michigan and in the  Great

21         Lakes Region has been approached, at least so

22         far as  the universities are concerned,  primarily

23         by  the  several disciplines, independently, and

24         with little collaboration and cooperation among

25         the universities in  the region.  Effective

-------
   	1657
 !                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN

 2       procedures  for  interuniversity cooperation have

 3       now been  developed.

 4                 Considerations  by the CIC group of

 5       the water quality  systems are  briefly summarized

 6       here  as being of principal Interest to the Con-

 7       ference.  However,  parallel and highly related

 8       consideration was  also  given to water quantity

 9       models and  to water-related information systems

10       and to a  regional  economic growth  model and to

11       studies of  institutions.

12                 The modeling  of water quality aspects

13       of Lake Michigan and  the  Great  Lakes  will

14       necessarily take more than one  form,  because

15       of the complex nature of  the numerous  elements

16       Involved  within the system.  It will  be useful

17       to approach the water quality from several points

18       of view.

19                 It was determined  initially  to try two

20       approaches,  a lake model  and a  sub-lake model.

21       Because of  the urgency  and magnitude of the

22       problems  involved, the  relative  isolation of Lake

23       Michigan  from the other lakes,  and the  interest

24       of available personnel, it was  decided  that

25       Initially the major effort of research  on the

-------
   	16-58
 !                    WILLIAM C. ACKERMANN

 2        water quality system would be directed  toward

 3        Lake Michigan.  It is anticipated  that  other

 4        individuals and universities will  develop  an

 g        interest and become involved in the study  of

 _        the other lakes.
 o
                   This opportunity to record briefly

         and to summarize my somewhat longer statement

 g        to this Conference, to register the interest

10        and concern and activities and plans of the

n        major universities in this region  is greatly

12        appreciated.

13                  I think, Mr. Chairman, that the

14        Conferees can look forward to an increasing

15        research role and participation by the Big

16        Ten universities in getting at some of the

17        long-range problems related to pollution and

18        to the integration of these pollution problems

19        to other problem aspects of the Great Lakes.

20                  Thank you very much for  this oppor-

21        tunity.

22                  MR. STEIN:   Thank you for a very

23        comprehensive statement.  Without objection,

24        we will put your whole statement in the record

25        as if read.

-------
   	1659
 !                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN
 2                  MR.  ACKERMANN:   I would like,  if it
 3        is  permissible,  for the entire statement to
 4        appear  in  the  record.
 6                  MR.  STEIN:  Right.
 6                  (Which said statement is as  follows:)
 7                        STATEMENT FOR
 8             LAKE  MICHIGAN POLLUTION CONFERENCE
 9                    BY  UNIVERSITIES  OF
10         THE  COMMITTEE ON INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION
H           CHICAGO, ILLINOIS,  JANUARY 31, 1968
12                  My name is William C. Ackermann,  and I
13        am  reporting for a group  of investigators  who have
14        considered research requirements in the  Great
15        Lakes region including  application of  systems
16        analysis and modeling to  water quality and pol-
17        lution.
18                  This activity has been carried out  under
19        the Council  on Economic Growth,  Technology and
20        Public  Policy  of the Committee on Institutional
21        Cooperation  (CIC),  which  is composed of  the Big
22        Ten Universities  and the  University of Chicago.
23        The investigations  have been  supported by  a grant
24        from the Office  of  Water  Resources Research in
25        the Department of  the Interior.   This  activity has

-------
                                                         l66o
 1                     WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN

 2         been fully coordinated  with the Water Resources

 3         Council,  the Great Lakes  Basin Commission,  and

 4         relevant  Federal  and State agencies.

 5                   It is believed  that a brief summary

 5         of  the  above activities and proposed  plans  for

 7         research  by the universities of CIC are of

 g         interest  in the record  of this Conference.

 9                   Until now research related  to water

10         resources  in Lake  Michigan and in  the Great Lakes

11         region  has  been approached primarily  by several

12         disciplines independently and with little collab-

13         oration among universities in the  region.

14         Effective  procedures  for  interuniversity co-

15         operation  have now been developed.

16                   The regional  analysis  will  provide

17         guidance  for planners and enable researchers to

18         visualize  and relate  their individual contri-

10         butions in  the development and management of the

20         entire  Great Lakes  region.   It will also provide

21         a valuable  aeans of  communication  among the

22         relevant private,  local,  State,  National and

23         international bodies.

24
                       A.   Guidance  for
25
                 Planners and Program  Managers

-------
                                                         1661
 1                    WILLIAM C. ACKERMANN
 2                  A comprehensive, systems analysis
 3        model treats and interrelates a wide variety
 4        of diverse variables.  There is no one goal
 5        criterion that can be optimized with regard
 6        to the Great Lakes region.  Instead, there
 7        is a mixture of goals and objectives which
 g        must be considered.  Some of these goals and
 9        objectives are complementary and some are in-
10        compatible.
11                  A simulation model which considered
12        the many feedbacks and time-related factors
13        would allow the planner to investigate the
14        effects of alternative kinds of policies in
15        order to make a comparison.  This is especially
16        important in Lake  Michigan and the Great Lakes
17        region where interactions exist between many
18        different policies.  This simulation model would
19        allow the planner  and administrator to observe
20        over  time the behavior of the system subject to
21        his policies and water-use projections.   If the
22        water-use projections are developed endogenously,
23        then  the planner can  test the sensitivity of the
24        assumed relationship  between water use and other
25        variables.

-------
 1                    WILLIAM  C. ACKERMANN


 2                  A gaming-simulation  or  role-playing


 3        model would allow  the planner  to  be  an  intimate


 4        part of  the model  and would  allow him to  make


 5        dynamic  decisions  and to  react to the impacts


 g        which his decisions  have  upon  the system.   It


 7        further  allows  the planner to  see the alternatives


 8        that are available to him in terms of decision


 9        making.



10
             B.   Enables Researches to  Visualize


                   and Relate Work in the

12
          Development and Advancement of the  System

13


14                  A comprehensive, systems analysis model


15        enables  researchers  in the various disciplines to


16        see where their work fits into the model  and also


17        to see the kinds of  results  they  need to  make their


18        work compatible with the  information needed by the


19        model.


20                  The system-wide analysis would  also


2i        indicate the weakest areas of  the model and then


22        allow researchers  to give highest priority in


23        these areas.  As results  are obtained the model


24        could be reformulated and refined to determine the


25        Increasing strength  in the areas  which  are further

-------
   	1663

 1                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN


 2        defined and thus keep the areas of greatest effort


 3        always  before the researchers and before those who


 4        fund  research.


 5
                     C«  Provide  a Valuable

 6
                     Means of Communication

 7

 8                  Communications will be opened between


 9        researchers in  various  disciplines since there


10        must  be a multi-discipline approach used in


11        developing a comprehensive,  systems model of


12        the Great Lakes region  which will require


13        information exchanges uncommon to a region this


14        size.   It will  also serve to open channels of


15        communication between individuals and groups


16        concerned,  because it requires the cooperation


17        of data collectors,  resee.rchers, and planners


18        involved to develop the model.


19                  One requirement of a comprehensive


20        systems analysis model  is consistent and uniform


21        data  for a variable  throughout the system.  This


22        will  require communications  among all who are


23        concerned with  working  on the Great Lakes in


24        order to obtain and  report data consistently


25        and uniformly for each  research project throughout

-------
   	1661
 1                    WILLIAM  C. ACKERMANN

 2         the  system.

 3                  There is need  to  Intensively  examine

 4         the  present status of, and  future  requirements

 5         for  programs of collection,  storage,  and  re-

 5         trieval of water and water-related data.   This

 7         must lead to a rationalization  of  water informa-

 8         tion programs which  will fulfill the  requirements

 9         of research, planning, and  management programs

10         in the region.

11                  This examination  and  rationalization

12         of data availability and requirements has  two

13         particularly important aspects  within the  systems

14         analysis and modeling framework of the  proposed

15         program of research  in the  Great Lakes  region.

16         First, there is a need to identify present data

17         collection sources,  the types of data,  when

18         collected, and the form In  which it is  available.

19         This  supply of data, when identified, needs to be

20         evaluated as to its  adequacy for future research

21         and  Information program requirements.   Second,

22         present and future data needs should  be clarified

23         and  proposals for implementing  procedures  to make

24         this  data available  and accessible should  be out-

25         lined.  This includes the review of emerging

-------
                                                        1665 ,

 !                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN

 2       research  and management programs and procedures

 3       and  the determination  of their  data requirements.

 4       This  should  lead  to the establishment of strate-

 5       gies  for  effective  dissemination of information

 6       to users  in  private and public  planning and

 7       policy making  activities as  well as research

 g       activities.

 9                  Teams working on subsystem models will

10       have  to be in  communication  so  that the subsystem

ll       models can be  tied  together  in  order to provide

12       results that can  be used to  determine system-wide

13       effects.

14
                    The  Water Quality  System
15

16                  Considerations by  the GIG group of the

17       water quality  systems  are briefly summarized here

18       as being  of  principal  interest  to the Conference.

19       However,  parallel and highly related consideration

20       was also  given to water quantity models,  to water-

21       related information systems,  to a regional economic

22       growth model,  and to studies  of institutions.

23                  The  modeling  of the water quality aspects

24 I      of Lake Michigan  and the Great  Lakes  will neces-

25       sarily take  more  than one form.   Because  of the

-------
 1                    WILLIAM C. ACKERMANN
 2        complex nature of the numerous elements involved
 3        within the system, it will be useful  to approach
 4        the water quality system from several points of
 5        view.  It was determined to initially try two
 6        approaches, a lake model and a sub-lake model.
 7        The lake-modeling approach is designed to quantify
 g        the interrelationship between local areas from a
 9        lake-by-lake viewpoint.  The sub-lake approach
10        seeks to describe the nature and alternative
H        courses of action that may take place within a
12        localized region or local sector taking into
13        account the effect of neighboring sectors.  The
14        two approaches are not separate and the results
15        from the sub-lake model will allow refinement
16        of the lake model and thus the two models will
17        be complementary and must be developed simul-
18        taneously.
19                  The objective of the lake model of the
20        water quality system is to describe the water
21        quality by subregions within each of the lakes
22        of the Great Lakes system as a function of water
23        use requirements and the quality of water put into
24        the lake whether it be natural runoff or return
25        from some use.  Each subregion is to be chosen so

-------
                                                         1667
 1                   WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN
 2       as  to be  relatively homogeneous  in its  properties,
 3       receive local  inputs and  provide local  withdrawal.
 4                  Information on  the  physical nature  of
 5       lake currents  in  each lake  and the physical,
 6       chemical  and biological transformations that
 7       accompany the  currents  in each subregion of the
 8       lake must be collected.   Also, the transfer
 9       functions  which apply to  the  exchange of water
10       and material between subreglons  must be determined.
11                  The  subregion model will complement the
12       lake modeling  effort in the water  quality system,
13       as well as the economic growth model.
14                  The  sub-lake  model will  complement  the
15       lake modeling  effort in the water  quality system,
16       as well as the economic growth model.   The sub-
17       lake model indicates  the  spacial relationships
18       between the local lake  sectors and associated water
19       uses.  The uses may  be  those such  as municipal or
20       industrial water supply,  cooling water,  or recrea-
21       tion.  The location, amount and quality  of water
22       put into and withdrawn from each of the  subregions
23       must be determined.   For  some uses  it will be
24       possible to employ management or treatment controls
25       on the  water quality before  or after the water is

-------
   	1668
 1                   WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN
 2        used;  other uses will permit  only one  and still
 3        other  uses will permit  no  control measures.
 4                 There must be cooperation  and  exchange
 5        of  information between  the  two  modeling  efforts.
 6        The sub-lake model  must use the transfer functions
 7        between  lake subregions and within each  subregion
 g        that is  determined  in the  lake  model.  The lake
 9        model  in turn will  require  the  use of  the location,
10        amount and quality  of influent  and effluent  water
11        for each subregion  as determined in  the  sub-lake
12        model
13                 It will be necessary  to identify the
14        water  uses in each  sector along with the limiting
15        levels of water quality associated with  each use.
16        After  the limits have been  established for each
17        quality  parameter,  studies  must be conducted to
18        determine the types  of  water  and waste treatment
19        methods, management  control measures,  enforcement
20        policies, etc., that may be employed to  control
21        the level of water  quality  within the  limited
22        range  for the local  sector.   The lake model  will
23        then integrate these sub-lake models to  determine
24        their  interdependence and effect on  the  entire
25        lake.

-------
                                                         1669

                      WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN


                    A series  of studies  of the costs and


          benefits  associated with controlling the level


          of  water  quality in selected local sectors should


          be  undertaken to evaluate the  direct costs and
 5

          benefits  which are  normally identified as well
 6

          as  to  make professional estimates of those social
 7

          values which usually escape quantification.   Then
 o

          with the  comprehensive  assessment of the resources


          available,  the use  of demands,  ideal and practical


          institutional and legal constraints, and the


          interactions  of the components  of the system,


          alternative control procedures  can be suggested
13

          to  control  and manage the water quality to meet


          selected  social goals.
15
...
lo
                   Because of  the urgency  and magnitude
17       of the problems involved,  the  relative  isolation


lg       of the lake from  the other  lakes,  and the  interest


19       of available personnel it was  decided that  initially


20       the major effort  on the water  quality system would


         be directed toward Lake Michigan.  It is antici-


22       pated that other  individuals and universities


23       will develop an interest and become involved in


24       the study of the  other lakes.


25                 It was  further determined that both

-------
   	1670,
 1                    WILLIAM C. ACKERMANN

 2        subsystem models, whether done system-wide  or

 3        subreglonally would have political, social  and

 4        institutional characteristics that need to  be

 5        considered for research activities.

 6                  This opportunity to record briefly

 7        the interest, concern, activities, and plans

 g        of major universities in the region is greatly

 9        appreciated.

10
ll                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any comments

12        or questions?

13                  MR. MITCHELL:  Mr. Chairman.

14                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.

15                  MR. MITCHELL:  Bill, in your planning

16        of what research you do, how are you coordinating

17        this with respective States, governments and the

18        Federal Government as to what is needed in  re-

19        search as you set up these models?

20                  MR. ACKERMANN:  Well, for one thing,

21        of course, these university people, many of

22        them, but varying at the different universities,

23        have been Involved In this research for a long

24        time.  I think the leading universities in  the

25        Middle West that have been concerned have been

-------
 I                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN



 2        the University of  Michigan and the University of



 3        Wisconsin,  including its  branch at Milwaukee,



 4        with  lesser activities  at the  other schools.



 5        One of  our  activities is  to coordinate the on-



 6        going affairs  of these  universities and others.



 7                 Of course we  read the newspapers, we



 8        are watching this  Conference with great interest.



 9        People  like ourselves,  some of us wear more  than



10        one hat.  I have been participating as the



n        Chairman  of this Big Ten  universities  research



12        group,  but  I am also a  University of Illinois



13        professor and  I am also Administrator  of the



14        Illinois  Department of  Water Resources, so that



15        we have many lines of communication.  We are



16        trying  to bring these together to focus on the



17        most  urgent problems.



18                 I hope this has been somewhat of a



19        response  to your question,  Mr.  Mitchell.



20                 MR.  STEIN:  Are there any further



21        comments  or questions?



22                 I take it you are talking in terms  not



23        of a  real physical model  of the lake,  but one of



24        these computerized mathematical conceptual



25        operations?

-------
   	1672
 1                   WILLIAM  C. ACKERMANlf
 2                 MR. ACKERMANNs  Yes,  that  is  right,
 3       Mr. Stein..  While I  may not have made this
 4       clear, there are many kinds of  models.   The
 5       kind of a model that we are proposing to
 6       develop is an analytical model  in which the
 7       various elements, water quality and  quantity,
 8       are represented by numbers and  the relation-
 9       ships between these  various factors  of  water
IQ       quality, and so forth, are represented  by
n       mathematical equations or functions.  And so
12       -that we expect to have a very complicated
13       mathematical analytical model of all of the
14       water and water-land-related factors, so that
15       we can simulate mathematically  the actual
16       performance of the Great Lakes  and its  drainage
17       area and its inputs.
18                 MR. STEINt  I know the Conferees  will
19       take that to heart.  I have seen some of them
20       after hours concentrating on those models in
21       the College Inn.
22                 (Laughter.)
23                 Are there  any further questions or
24       comments?
25                 (No response.)

-------
                                                         1673
 1                    WILLIAM C.  ACKERMANN
 2                  MR.  STEIN:   If not,  Mr.  Klassen.
 3                  MR.  KLASSEN:   No, I  have no question.
 4                  I  just want to thank Bill.
 5                  MR.  ACKERMANN:  Thank you,  Clarence.
 6                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Mr. Chairman, we have heard
 7        many,  many people in  these several days, people
 8        with  political offices, scientists, pseudo-fisher-
 9        men like  myself--not  Mr. Poole, because he is a
10        real  fisherman--we have heard  a lot of expressions
11        about  what is  happening to the  fish and all this
12        type  of interesting talk.
13                  ¥e have tried to find a  commercial
14        fisherman who  makes his living and has made his
15        living and with somewhat of a  reputation to bring
16        to us  some real information from the  commercial
17        fisherman's  standpoint.  We have such a man in
18        Illinois,  Mr.  Mathon  Kyritsls,  from Waukegan,  and
19        he is  going  to make a short presentation and show
20        a short film.
21                  Mathon,  as  we call him,  has many
22        interests  other than  fishing,  although they all
23        pertain to looking for  things  in the  water.   I
24        understand his  latest project,  and I  am serious,
25        when he went to Greece  to find  the arras  of the

-------
   	1674
 I                        MATRON KYRITSIS
 2         Venus de MIlo,  which has  been lost for hundreds
 3         of  years,  but  I don't believe he is going to
 4         discuss  that.   I think he Is going to bring to
 5         us  some  first-hand  statements as a commercial
 6         fisherman.
 7                   Mr.  Kyrltsis.
 8
 9                 STATEMENT OF MATRON  KYRITSIS
10          OWNER  OF  MATRON KYRITSIS FISHING COMPANY
11                     WAUKEGAN, ILLINOIS
12
13                  MR.  KYRITSIS:   Mr.  Chairman,  members of
14         the panel.
15                  Thank you very much, Mr.  Klassen,  for
16         that statement you  made  over the multitude of my
17         sins.
18            Would they like to see that  now so  they can
10         see what I  am  talking about  or after my brief state
20         ment?
21                  MR.  KLASSEN:   After your  brief statement.
22                  MR.  KYRITSIS:   Also I  would like to
23         mention, Mr. Chairman, that  I have  briefed the
24         original statement,  but  the  content is  still the
25         same.

-------
                                                         1615


 l                       MATHON  KYRITSIS



 2                   Commercial fishing  in  the  Great Lakes



 3         today practically  does not  exist.  There  are two




          major reasons, the  sea lamprey and pollution.




 -                   In  Lake  Michigan  the yearly catch



 .         amounted to six million pounds up until
 o



          but  in  three  years  time this  dropped to  less




          than one million pounds.




                    In  the late  19^0's  commercial fishing  had




10         just about come to  an  end.  There were at that time



          over 1,000 commercial  fishermen, with fishing boats




12         employing  about ^0,000 persons.  In  Waukegan alone



i,         there were 17 boats employing about  200 people.
13



14         Today there are only two  and  four people  are



15         working today.



                    But this  did not  happen  overnight.  It



          came about over a  long period of time and many



18         things  contributed  to  the demise of  the commercial



19         fishing.




20                   Seventy-five years  ago the lake was full



2i         of grayling.  They  spawned  in the Muskegon River




22         at the  time the lumbermen were using the  rivers



23         to float their logs to the  mill so they could save




24         a little time.




25                  The logs  in  the river prevented the

-------
   	1-6 7 6
 !                      MATHON KYRITSIS

 2       fish from reaching their spawning grounds.  They

 3       died by the thousands.  Farmers in the area carted

 4       them away by the truckload to use them for ferti-

 5       llzer.  Today there is not one left in the lake.

 6                 Next to go were the sturgeon.  Fishermen

 _       did not know the value of the fish.  All they knew,

 8       that it was big and they were ripping their nets.

 g       Ana in 1880 four million pounds were buried on  the

10       lakeshore or left there to rot.

n                 Commercial fishermen then discovered  that

12       they were tasty when smoked and caviar was made

13       from their eggs, but it was too late.  Today it

14       would take another Diogenes with his lantern to

15       find one.

16                 Then came the end of the lake trout.

17       For instance, in Waukegon, which used to be one

18       of the largest fishing ports on Lake Michigan,

19       they reported catches of almost 1,200,000 pounds

20       in 19^3»  In a very short time it dropped to

2i       275,000 pounds.

22                 And in 1950, when the members of the

23       Lake Michigan Fish Protection Commission came to

24       Waukegan and were taken fishing, six trout were

25       caught, five of them scarred by the sea lamprey.

-------
   	1677
 1                      MATRON KYRITSIS
 2                 The main cause  of  this  drop was,  of
 3       course, the sea  lamprey,  but over 100 years  ago
 4       we had a warning about  this  fish  killer  from Dr.
 5       G. Klrkland, one of  Ohio's foremost naturalists,
 6       who predicted that the  opening  of the Welland
 7       Canal would bring the sea lamprey into the  area.
 8       Before that time it  was locked  in by Jfiagara
 9       Falls, but the canal provided the entry  into the
10       other Great Lakes.
11                 So you see, progress  is one of the
12       reasons for the  decline of the  fishing industry.
13       We took one step ahead  and it turned out to  be
14       two steps backwards.
15                 But the sea laaprey wasn't the only
16       killer of the fishing industry.   Pollution began
17       many years ago when  the old  steam boats  dropped
18       their coal cinders into the  lake  over the spawning
19       grounds of the lake  trout.
20                 The trout  prefers  a honeycomb  surface
21       to lay its eggs.  It couldn't distinguish the
22       cinders were not the spawning grounds.   If  the
23       current was favorable,  the eggs had a good chance
24       to hatch, but if not, the cinders were churned
25       up by the current and the eggs were destroyed.

-------
                                                         16?8



 1                       MATRON KYRITSIS




 2                  Oil from pleasure boats and other




 3        carriers also contributed to the end of the




 4        trout and the whitefish.  The oil formed a film




 5        over the eggs and not only added to the pollution




 §        of the water but also choked off the oxygen supply




 7        to the eggs and killed the spawning grounds.




 3                  With the passing of the trout came




 9        the population explosion of the alewlfe, which




10        came to the Great Lakes by the same path that the




H        sea lamprey came.  While the trout were plentiful




12        the alewives were kept under control because they



13        became food for the trout.




14                  Last year millions of pounds of alewives



15        were washed up on shore. This year the same thing



16        is expected.  One way to overcome this would be



17        for the government to put trawlers into the lake



18        to remove them before they die.  Then they  could



19        be used for fertilizer to serve some useful purpose




20                  Up to now the government hasn't really




21        helped the Great Lakes fishirg industry too much.



22        Our government, which has contributed so much



23        to other countries, such as $15 million  to Japan,



24        $26 million to Germany and to many other countries




25        to restore their fisheries, should not hesitate

-------
   	1679
 1                      MATHON KYRITSIS
 2       to spend any amount necessary  to  control  pollution,
 3       the sea lamprey and the  alewives.
 4                 No other natural  resource  measures  up
 5       to the Great Lakes.  If  we  destroy them,  we will
 6       never be able  to replace these  majestic bodies of
 7       water.  The elimination  of  pollution is necessary
 3       to restore the lake to its  previous  healthy state.
 9                 I have fished  the lake  for 4? years and
10       have seen it gradually go down  hill  because no
H       action was taken by groups  that would have been
12       interested in  its preservation.
13                 A great number of persons  have  used the
14       lake as a personal dumping  ground.   They  did  not
15       realize that they were helping  to kill off an
16       industry, that it was the home  of the fish that
17       we eat, we use for food,  and the water that we
18       drink.
19                 I know there are  no easy answers to the
20       problem of pollution, but I believe  a Nation  that
21       was able to split an atom will  be able to find a
22       solution to the pollution,  to the sea lamprey and
23       the population of the alewife if  they care to.
24                 Thank you.
25                 MR.  STEIN:  Thank you very much, sir.

-------
                                                         1680

 1                       MATRON KYRITSIS

 2                  Are there any comments or questions?

 3                  Did you want to show your film now?

 4                  MR. KYRITSIS:  Yes.  And I will  explain

 5        first that this is the sea lamprey film that I  took

 6        with me out to Washington when I appeared  before

 7        the Merchant Marine and Fisheries way back in 19^9,

 8        and that was instrumental in getting the first

 9        appropriation of $^50,000 and also the creation

10        of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, for which

11        I am an adviser.

12                  MR. KLASSEN:  I think, Mr. Chairman,

13        one of the justifications for the time on  this

14        sea lamprey film is the fact that in many  peoples'

15        minds all of the fishing in Lake Michigan  has been

16        ruined due to pollution. This, of course,  is not

17        the case, and I think that this speaker wanted  to

18        show--and it is a very short film—that there are

19        other factors that have affected the fish  in Lake

20        Michigan besides pollution.

21                  MR. STEIN:  About how long will  the f 5 1m

22        run?

23                  MR. KYRITSIS:  About three minutes, sir.

24                  MR. STEIN:  Right.
                   (Which said film is marked Exhibit 8,
25        2/5/68, and is on file at the Federal Water Pollu-
         tion Control Administration office in Washington,

-------
   	1681
 1                       MATHOH KYRITSIS
          D.C.,  with a copy on file at the Regional Office
 2        of  the FWPCA'in Chicago,  Illinois.)*

 3                  MR.  KYRITSIS:   This is a. picture that

 4        was  taken  of the aquarium which I have in my

 5        place  and  shows the  lamprey.  Now, this is one

 6        of  the largest lampreys  I have ever seen.  It

 7        is  about three feet  long.  As you can see, their

 g        mouth  has  hundreds of little things that hold on-

 9        to  the fish and with the  pointed tongue it pierces

10        through the skin of  the  trout—they prefer the

11        trout  because  it doesn't  have so many scales—and

12        absorbs the life out of  this fish.

13                  Now,  the lamprey,  the original, we don't

14        really know where the lamprey carae from, but it

15        appears it came from the  Atlantic Ocean, and be-

16        cause  of its spawning habits it came  through the

17        St.  Lawrence and up  to Lake Ontario and became

18        land locked.  As I stated before, the Niagara Falls

19        prevented  the  sea lamprey from coming farther west

20        until  way  back in 1928,  they began to build the

21        Welland Canal  and then, of course, enlarging it

22        in other years  made  it possible for this lamprey

23        to come in,  because  they  not only attach to fish

24        but  they also  attach themselves to the passing

25        steamers,  including  human beings, which in many

-------
                                                        1682
 1                       MATHON KYRITSIS
 2        cases you have heard that a lamprey has attacked
 3        a human being.
 4                  There is a fish that you will see in
 5        there in a few minutes that actually has been
 $        killed by the lamprey, because too many people
 7        don't really believe that a lamprey will be such
 g        a killer.
 9                  Mr. Operator, you can go a little faster,
10        if you want to.
ll                  What you see in there now are the lake
12        smelts, which also have been introduced to the
13        Great Lakes.  They were introduced way back in
14        1906 when the Conservation Department of Michigan
15        tried to introduce the salmon.  They never suc-
16        ceeded, but the smelt increased to the great
17        numbers which they are today.
18                  You see this here were the lamprey and
19        the lake trout.  The next morning I went to the
20        restaurant there was nothing left.
21                  Now, there is the lamprey attached to a
22        sun fish, or I don't know exactly what the fish is,
23        i can't see from here, but you will see in juet a
24        very short time that the lamprey will kill this
25        fish.  And I thought I will bring this film because

-------
         .	1683
 1                       MATHOH KYRITSIS
 2       many members  of this  Board or the audience and
 3       the press have  never  seen anything like that
 4       before.
 5                 In  the  beginning,  the  government tried
 6       to prevent  the  lamprey going up  the stream,  be-
 7       cause they  have to  go up  in the  stream as  far as
 8       8 and 10 miles  to spawn.   They look for a  ground,
 9       and after they  spawn,  they lay about 65,000  eggs,
10       the young ones  after  they hatch  bury themselves
ll       in the mud  and  they stay  there for 5 or 6  years.
12       At the end  of that  period metamorphosis takes
13       place and the lamprey go  down in the lake  and
14       begin to do what  they are doing  right there,
15       killing the lake  trout.
16                 That  is the end.   Thank you,  sir.   You
17       can turn it off it  you  wish  now.
18                 MR. STEIN:   Thank  you,  Mr.  Kyritsis.
19                 Are there any comments  or questions?
20                 Those films  were very  interesting  and
21       I enjoyed them.   By the way,  where  do all  the
22       Great Lakes whitefish  come from  that we get  in
23       the restaurants?
24                 MR. KYKITSIS:   Mostly  they come  from  up
25       in Lake Superior, but  recently we have  started

-------
   	1684
 1                       MATHOH XYRITSIS
 2        getting them on Washington Island and  also  on  the
 3        other side of Lake Michigan.
 4                  On this side, on the east  side  of our
 5        Lake Michigan, it seems to rae that pollution is
 6        too much.  You see, whitefish will spawn  in 20
 7        foot water and then the young ones will move to
 g        about 3 f«et of water, you sec, but  now because
 9        of the pollution they are not able to  corae  so
10        close.  That is why the only place you get  them
11        is up at Washington Island.
12                  MR. STEIH: In case you think we are
13        alone, you know, I read an  item in  the paper
14        the other day that the pollution was also affecting
15        the Russian sturgeon and a serious threat to their
16        caviar industry.
17                  MR. KYRITSIS:  In Russia?
18                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
19                  MR. KYRITSIS:  It isn't true.
20                  MR. STEIN:  What?
21                  MR. KYRITSIS:  I could say this--that
22        in i860, and I have the records of the Congreasion-
23        al Record of this, the Romanoff importing indu*try,
24        they shipped about 30 barrels of eggs  from  here,
25        from the Great Lakes, to Russia and after  they  were

-------
                       	1685
 1                       MATHON KYRITSIS
 2       processed,  some of  them were sold in Europe and
 3       the other  came  right  here.   And I think,  you know,
 4       there was  a very good thing that the Russians
 5       did when they sold  the caviar thinking that it
 6       came from  the Caspian Sea.
 7                  MR. STEIN:   Let's get this off  the
 g       record.
 9                  (Off  the  record.)
10                  MR. STEIN:   Let's get back on the
11       record.
12                  Thank you very much.
13                  (Applause.)
14                  MR. KLASSEH:   Mr. Chairman,  we  have a
15       number of  short presentations  here.
16                  I want to recognize  Representative
17       Daniel Pierce,  of Highland  Park.   He stated he
18       Jttst wanted to  put  his  statement into the record
19       and will not  speak.
20                 Representative Pierce.
21                 MR. STEIN:   That  statement will appear
22       in the record as if read without objection.
23                  (Which said  statement is as  follows:)
24
25

-------
   	1686
 1               REPRESENTATIVE  DANIEL  M.  PIERCE
 2
 3                        STATEMENT  BY
 4             THE HONORABLE  DANIEL M. PIERCE (D-32nd>
 5                      STATE.REPRESENTATIVE
 6      TO FOUR-STATE LAKE iMICHIGAN  POLLUTION CONFERENCE
 7             CALLED BY SECRETARY OF THE  INTERIOR
 g              Sherman House, Chicago,  Illinois
 9                      January  31,  1968
10
11                  The citizens  of  Lake County, Illinois
12        are  very pleased that  the  United States Department
13        of Interior has recognized the pollution  danger  to
14        our  dying Lake Michigan to be  America's  most
15        serious pollution  problem.  The  calling of this
16        Four-State Conference  by Secretary of  the Interior
17        Stewart Udall, at  the  request  of Governor Otto
18        Kerner, is the first step  in  bringing  Michigan,
19        Indiana, Illinois  and  Wisconsin  together  to  save
20        Lake Michigan before it is too late.   It  evidences
21        the  determination  of the Federal and State Govern-
22        ments to solve the  problem.
23                  In my town of Highland Park, we have long
24        been aware of the  dangerous pollution  produced by
25        the  three primary  sewage treatment plants operated

-------
   	3,687

 j IREPRESENTATIVE DANIEL M. PIERCE



 0       on our City's lakefront, adjacent  to beaches  and
 £t


 „       water intakes, by the North Shore  Sanitary  District
 0


         The North Shore Sanitary District  also maintains



         primary sewage treatment plants on Lake Michigan



         in the City of Lake Forest and Village of Lake
 6


         Bluff, which lie within my legislative district.



         The effluent from all five of these domestic  sewage
 O


         plants flow directly into the lake after receiving
 9


         only outmoded primary treatment.   We are also aware



         that the secondary sewage treatment plants  main-



         tained by the North Shore Sanitary District at



13       Waukegan and North Chicago, as well as those



14       operated by the Defense Department at Great Lakes



15       Naval Training Center and Port Sheridan, are  to a



.-       somewhat lesser extent polluting Lake Michigan by



17       depositing nutrient and encouraging the growth



18       of algae,



19                 The North Shore Sanitary District has



20       recently decided, on the recommendation of  the



2i       Illinois State Sanitary Water Board to close  all



22       seven of its lakefront sewage treatment plants



23       and to divert sewage away from Lake Michigan



24       westward to the Des Plaines River.  This could



25       not be done in the past because of uncertainly

-------
                                                         1688
 1               REPRESENTATIVE DANIEL M.  PIERCE
 2        over the  diversion suit brought  by our sister
 3        Great Lakes  States against  the State of Illinois
 4        in  the United States  Supreme Court.   The Supreme
 5        Court had limited  diversion from Lake Michigan
 Q        in  the State of  Illinois to 3,200 cubic feet per
 7        second as measured at Lockport,  the  full amount
 8        used by the  Metropolitan Sanitary District of
 9        Greater Chicago.
10                  In order to remedy this situation, the
11        North Shore  Sanitary  District has proposed a bond
12        issue of  some $37  million to be  paid from real
13        estate taxes within its boundaries.   The total
14        cost of closing  all the lakefront plants is
15        estimated to be  approximately $60 million.  It
16        can thus  be  seen that substantial Federal and
17        State financial help  will be required if the
18        project is to be completed,   in  addition, the
19        real estate  taxpayers within the North Shore
20        Sanitary  District,  mostly home owners,  are faced
21        with many rate increases and bond referenda pro-
22        posed by  local elementary and high school districts;,
23        as  well as by the  new Lake  County Junior College
24        District.
25                  In view  of  the fact that our number one

-------
   	1689


 !              REPRESENTATIVE DANIEL  M.  PIERCE



 2       National water pollution  problem is  the  accel-



 3       erating deterioration of  Lake Michigan as  a living



 4       body of water, it would seem  appropriate that



 -       substantial Federal and State financial  assistance
 8


         be provided to aid the North  Shore Sanitary Dis-



         trict in ending Lake Michigan pollution  from



 8       domestic sewage in Lake County,  Illinois.



 9                 Lake Michigan is  an invaluable National



10       asset.  It is the source  of public water supply for



..       millions of people.  It provides recreation for



12       boating and swimming.  It is  our transportation



..       artery tying the Midwest  with the world.   It is



14       much more vital than the  Tennessee River on which



15       the United States Government  has spent many



16       hundreds of millions of dollars over  the  past three



17       decades.



13                 I therefore request that the Federal



19       Government and the four States bordering the lake



20       declare the pollution threat  to  Lake Michigan to



2i       be a National emergency.  Federal and State funds



22       in an araount necessary to do  the .job should be



23       appropriated on an emergency  basis to save  our



24       lake.  The Job is too big to  be  financed by local



25       real estate taxpayers whose homes are already

-------
   	1690
 1               REPRESENTATIVE DANIEL M.  PIERCE
 2        bearing the burden of education  and  local  govern-
 3        merit.
 4                           - -  -
 5                  MR. KLASSEN:  Some of  these people  I
 6        am not sure that they--I have  tried  to  check
 7        whether they are back today.
 8                  The Village Manager  of Winnetka,  Lee
 9        Ellis, is he here?
10                  (No response.)
H                  MR. KLASSEN:  Apparently not.
12                  (The Ellis statement is as follows:)
13
14                   STATEMENT DELIVERED TO
15        LAKE MICHIGAN FOUR-STATE POLLUTION CONFERENCE
16               January 31 - February 6>  1968 by
17                L. A. Ellis, Village Manager
18                Village of Winnetka,Illinois
19
20                  As a public official of a municipality
21        which abuts Lake Michigan, I share all  of  the
22        concerns about pollution expressed by other of-
23        ficials in attendance at this  Conference.  I come
24        not to document the obvious pollution problems,
25        but rather to make a plea for  scientific research

-------
   	1691
 1                VILLAGE OP WIHNETKA, ILLINOIS
 2        In the field of water sampling and testing.
 3                  Responsible and responsive public
 4        officials at the local level who have the task
 5        of operating public beaches need to know the
 6        quality of the lake water at their respective
 7        beaches.   Today's tests for bacteria counts require
 8        the passage of 24 hours'  time before the results
 9        of the test can be known.  Some tests require even
10        more time.  The consequences attendant to such
H        delays are quite apparent.   ¥e are able to tell
12        our residents that the lake was (or was not) pol-
13        luted to  a dangerous level  yesterday or the day
14        before.   But what abouc today?  You well know that
15        shifts can occur rather rapidly in the water ad-
16        Jacent to a beach.   What  was acceptable quality
17        water this morning,  may be  dangerously polluted
18        this afternoon.   Our residents and users of the
19        beaches should be alerted to dangers in the quality
20        of water  at public  beaches.   If you are not yet
21        ready to  abandon the use  of  Lake Michigan for
22        public swimming,  then you must be  concerned about
23        development of better testing procedures.
24                  Upon reflection one can  understand that
25        a  sampling and testing technique capable of

-------
                                                         1692
 1                VILLAGE OF WINNETKA, ILLINOIS
 2        producing quickly a broad-band indication of
 3        water quality has almost unlimited applications.
 4        We tend to believe there is a very large potential
 5        market for such a product—not only around the
 6        Great Lakes, nor even limited to this country.
 7        Why then has not such a product been developed?
 g        From our lay position we can only guess at an
 9        answer, but we suspect that considerable expensive
10        research would necessarily be involved.  If this
11        is true, then we need someone to give impetus to
12        this research and that is why I am here today.
13                  I would recommend that from this Con-
14        ference some direction could flow which would
15        officially recognize the value of a quick-acting
16        broad-band indicator and, further, that this Con-
17        ference could set in motion appeals for grants  to
18        research organizations for the development of such
19        a product.  If sufficient stimulus is provided
20        I have enough confidence in the technical resources
21        of this country to believe that this new product
22        can be produced.  The stimulus--in the form of  a
23        research grant--could come from numerous sources.
24        Because of the scope of the problem we tend to
25        believe that it would be appropriate for one or

-------
   	1693
 I               VILLAGE  OP  WINNETKA,  ILLINOIS

 2       more  of the  States,  the  U.  S.  Public Health Service),
 3       or  some other  Federal  establishment  to  address  it-
 4       self  to this facet  of  the  problem.   Although we
 5       must  certainly attack  the  sources  of pollution  and
 6       bend  every effort toward improving the  quality  of
 7       lake  water,  we should  not  ignore  the fact  that  we

 8       must  live with pollution from  now  until that day
 9       when  we will have abated it once  and for all. I
10       suggest that the time  span from now  until  Utopia
11       is  sufficiently  long to  warrant a  substantial
12       investment in  the production of a  broad-band,
13       quick acting indicator of  pollution  for the use
14       of  public officials  charged with  the responsibility
15       of  operating public  beaches on Lake  Michigan.
16                           - - -
17                 MR.  KLASSEN:   The statement by the
18       Illinois Boating Association I understand  will
19       be  given by  Gerhard  Schemel.
20                 Ye s, s i r,
21                 tfe have two  statements from the  Boating
22       Association.   This  is  one  and  there will be an-
23       other one.  I  think  it will be of  particular
24       interest, the  boaters' viewpoints, especially

25       in  connection  with  the Chicago ordinance for

-------
 1                     GERHARD K. SCHEMEL
 2        watercraft pollution.
 3                  Are you going to present the statement
 4        or do you just want it for the record?
 5                  MR. SCHEMEL:  I want to read it, please.
 6                  MR. KLASSEN:  All right.
 7
 8               STATEMENT BY GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 9               COMMODORE OF THE LAKE MICHIGAN
10                YACHTING ASSOCIATION FOR THE
U                ILLINOIS BOATING ASSOCIATION
12
13                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Mr. Chairman, distin-
14        guished Conferees,  ladies and gentlemen.
15                  My name is Gerhard Scheme1 and I am
16        Commodore of the Lake Michigan Yachting Asso-
17        ciation.
18                  The Lake  Michigan Yachting Association is
19        composed of all the boat clubs of any consequence
20        on the shores and tributaries of Lake Michigan.
21        There are 82 clubs  enrolled with a total member-
22        ship in the four-State area, upwards of 15,000
23        members.  I also speak for the Illinois Boating
24        Association which represents about 10,000 boaters
25        in the State of Illinois.

-------
                                                         1695
                       GERHARD  M.  SCHEMEL
 2                  As  a  professional  airline  pilot,  I  have,
 3        during  the past 23 years,  flown across  Lake Michi-
 4        gan more  times  than I can  remember.   The  crossing
         altitudes ranged  from 2,500  feet in  the old DC3's
         to 41,000 feet  in the modern Jet,  Being  an
         inveterate boater, these crossings have given
         me an excellent opportunity  to  -observe  our  lake
                   Gentlemen,  it  is appalling to watch
10        huge rivers of  pollutants  coming out of streams,
         rivers, municipal and Industrial complexes  and  see
         them stretch  for  miles into  the lake and  along
13        the shoreline and the beaches.   Like myself,
14        boaters have had  physical  contact wi.th  these  pol-
15        luted areas.  We  have wondered  for some time  now
         if anything was ever  going to be done about this
         pollution.
18                  Being more  cognizant  than  the average
19        citizen, it should be  obvious that the  boating
20        public  shares your anxiety about the deteriorating
21        condition of Lake Michigan.   I  should point out
22        at this time  that we  as  boaters are  mindful that
23        our hands are not exactly clean.  We are  aware  that
24        we contribute to  pollution but  we feel  considering
25        the overall pollution  picture at present  and  in

-------
   	1696
 1                     GERHARD M.  SCHEMEL
 2        the foreseeable future,  that the boaters'  hands
 3        are indeed very small and not very dirty.
 4                  As  for the littering problem,  we feel
 5        calling  attention to the undeslrability  of lit-
 6        tering and so forth  by various legislative bodies,
 7        accompanied by good  promotional programs by our
 8        boating  organizations against this repulsive
 9        practice should go a long way to minimize  litter-
10        ing,  and so forth.
11                  In  view of the fact that the boater
12        would rather  float his boat  in drinking  water,
13        we  wish  to commend Mayor Daley,  the  Chicago City
14        Council,  the  Federal Water Pollution Control Ad-
15        ministration  and the Chicago newspapers  for spot-
16        lighting this  problem in the public  eye.   tfe have
17        a special  commendation for Governor  Kerner and
18        Secretary  Udall  for  calling  this  Conference.
19                  Inasmuch as a  good thing is sometimes
20        carried  too far,  we  feel  the City of Chicago, with
21        its hastily adopted  ordinance  for  boats  and its
22        impossible  compliance date,  has  been overzealous.
23        We  do not  agree  with Chicago that  holding  tanks
24        are the  only way to  arrest pollution.  This  feeling
25        is  also  shared by  those  States  that  permit suitable

-------
   	169?
 1                     GERHARD M.  SCHEME!
 2        treatment  devices.   We are aware that the ordl-
 3        nance  states  in part:
 4             "A  treatment system utilizing a
 5            method of  waste treatment approved
 6            by  the port director and complying
 7            with  the rules  and regulations es-
 g             tablishing water quality criteria for
 9            Lake  Michigan as  set by the Illinois
10            Sanitary Water  Board may be permissible
11            on  vessels, crafts,  floats or motor
12            boats operating in harbor water in
13            lieu  of  retention tanks."
14                  This  loosely written ordinance puts the
15        boater in  a quandary,  because manufacturers are
16        unwilling  to  go into a field, perhaps only local
17        in  nature,  to come up  with a product for which
18        standards  have  not been set, and if set and met,
19        there  is no assurance  of  acceptance.
20                  Now that we  have accomplished at least
21        a part of  our objective,  that is,  to recognize the
22        problem  and start doing something about it, we
23        should at  this  time,  and  hopefully through the
24        efforts  of this body,  re-evaluate the seriousness
25        of  the problem,  eliminate the atmosphere of

-------
   	1698
 1                      GERHARD  M.  SCHEMEL
 2         pollution hysteria  and make  sure  that we  are on
 3         the  right track.
 4                  I would at  this  time  point  out  that the
 5         boaters  of Lake Michigan stand  ready  and  willing
 6         to solve the  pollution problem  that may be caused
 7         by boats.  As boaters and  good  law-abiding citizens
 8         we would like to be put  in the  position of being
 9         able to  obey  both the spirit and  letter of the law.
10         With the Chicago ordinance heaped on  top  of all
11         the  other nonuniform  laws  in the  Lake Michigan
12         Basin regulating sewage  discharge from recrea-
13         tional boats,  we find ourselves in a  position
14         similar  to a  sparrow  caught  in  a.  badminton game.
15         Every time we make  a  move  we get  some tail feathers
16         knocked  off.
17                  Picture for example,  if you will, the
18         racing sailor who wants  to compete in the Chicago
19         Mackinac Race.  He  has a medium-size  sailboat
20         carrying a racing crew of  8  to  10 men and he wants
21         to comply with the  Chicago ordinance.  His quarters
22         below are very cramped indeed,  with every available
23         space used for minimum accommodations,  and this
24         includes undersized bat adequate sanitary  facilities
25         He must  plan  for the  following:

-------
   	1699

 1                     GERHARD M.  SCHEMEL


 2                  Ten men  will use  the  head for various


 3        functions  on an  average  of  five times  in 24 hours.


 4        With  a half  gallon of water per flushing,  we find


 5        that  we  pump 25  gallons  per day into the holding


 6        tank.  (5x10x1/2=25). A  10-day  trip will need a


 7        250-gallon tank.


 g                  Where  is he going to  put it?   And how  is


 9        he  going to  carry  it?  Two  hundred fifty gallons


10        of  water weigh one ton.   No racing sailor, even  if


11        he  could,  is going to want  to load down his boat


12        with  that  kind of  weight.   The  alternative is to


13        plan  a smaller tank, which  means he won't be able


14        to  compete because of the need   of putting into


15        port  to  have his tank pumped out.   If  he's fortu-


16        nate  enough  to find a facility,  he may find that


17        his external fitting, because of a lack of speci-


18        flcations, won't fit the pump-out mechanism, or  he


19        may find his tank  being  pumped  into a  sewer system


20        which discharges its untreated  sewage  back into


21        the lake.


22                  There  is another  alternative,  the chamber
                                                            i

23        pot or the portable toilet  with disposable plastic |

                                                            i
24        bags.  We  certainly don't want  to encourage or


25        force the  boater to use  these last two methods,

-------
   	1700
 1                    GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2       because they both contribute  to pollution,  and

 3       the latter also contributes to littering.   These
 4       plastic bags have a habit of  floating around  for

 5       quite sometime.

 6                 The power boater is faced with  the  same
 7       dilemma.  He, if he can find  room, may  install

 8       expensive equipment for waste disposal, only  to

 9       find, like the Coast Guard Tug Arundel, that  this

10       is not acceptable and has to  be removed or  at

11       least modified to meet some nebulous standard.

12                 You might say It's  easy  to criticize;
13       what do you suggest?  It Is hoped  that when you

14       consider pollution from boats that consideration

15       be given to the new type Chlorinator Macerator
16       device for boat toilets, which includes a require-
11       ment for a nfa51 safe" attachment  to prevent  dis-
18       charge when the chlorine supply is exhausted  or
19       retention time is shortened.  Right now I can see

20       the word "nutrients" in your  mind.  I have  attached

2i       to ray written statement statistics that will  show

22       that the quantity of nutrients from boat  toilet

23       waste is negligible, less than one ounce  per  week

24       per boat by quantitative analysis.
25                 To further highlight that boating

-------
   	1701
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2        contributes little pollution and/or nutrients,
 3        it should also be noted at this time that the
 4        Bay View Beach (City of Green Bay) was closed
 5        to swimmers many years ago on account of pol-
 6        luted water.  I believe you will find that it
 7        was also many years before boating became as popu-
 8        lar as it is today.  Perhaps the swimmers had
 9        something to do with this.  Swimming is the
10        largest form of water recreation around the lake.
ll        Every summer untold thousands use the beaches of
12        Lake Michigan.
13                  Has consideration been given to the
14        possibility of making the bathing water safer
15        and cleaner by forcing bathers to wear leakproof
16        suits and also perhaps rubber pants?
17                  I would also like to depart from the
18        record for just one second and state that ad-
19        ditionally Mr. James Vaughn stated this morning
20        that October, December '67 and January '68 were
21         extreme months for his department.  We all know
22         that swimmers and boaters are completely absent
23         during those months.
24                   As it stands now, the new type of
25         Chlorinator Macerator device effectively destroys

-------
   	              1702
 1                      GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2         all bacteria and discharges a liquid that is
 3         cleaner bacteriologically than the water taken
 4         in for flushing.
 5                   Inasmuch as chemical treatment devices
 6         are already advanced to the point where they can
 7         remove most of the chemical nutrients,  I have

 8         confidence in American ingenuity and industrial
 9         know-how,  that being given the go-ahead in the
10         form of standards to be met for water quality, an
11         effective  chemical treatment device for boat
12         toilets is just around the corner.  A satisfactory
13         device could then be installed by the boat owner
14         at no cost to the taxpayer, and it would eliminate
15         the need for expensive shore installations.
16                   It is hoped that this body will give
17         serious consideration and recommend to the various
18         States the Model Act to Prohibit Littering and
19         the Disposal of Untreated Sewage, from Boats as
20         promulgated by the National Association of State
21         Boating Law Administrators.  We also recommend for
22         your  consideration the Uniform Performance Standards
23         and Testing Procedures for Watercraft Waste Treat-
24         ment Devices, developed by the National Sanitation
25         Foundation.

-------
   	,	1703
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2                  When it comes to compliance dates, we
 3        question the reasoning and -Justice which allows
 4        governmental agencies to have approved schedules
 5        for completion as far away as July 1977* a total
 6        of nine years, industry is given in some instances
 7        until December 31* 1968, one year, and boaters
 g        until May 15, 19^8, a mere three and a half months.
 9        Eight large vessels in Lake Michigan are operated
10        by government services with crew complements as
11        high as 185 men, all without any waste treatment
12        devices.   They are merely planning to develop
13        adequate treatment devices as soon as possible or
14        as soon as funds permit.
15                  What is the compliance date for as soon
16        as possible?  The FWPCA recommends that:  "Waste
17        treatment for the following industries, 115 to be
18        exact,  to be determined within six months of the
19        issuance of the Conference summary and construction)
20        of necessary facilities to be completed within 36
21        months."
22                  The U. S. Government has established
23        project priorities on the basis of the severity
24        of the  pollution problem.  We feel this is com-
25        mendable.   When it comes to the boater, the one

-------
                                                         1704
                       GERHARD  M.  SCHEMEL

         with  the  little  problem,  this  procedure  is  re-

         versed.   Why  does  the Chicago  ordinance  require

         that  the  boater  be  the first to  comply?   Is it

         because it  is  easier  to  hit the  little sparrow

         instead of  the lofty  and powerful  eagles?

                   In  conclusion,  we would  like to reit-

         erate  that  we  are  ready  to stop  discharging raw

         sewage and  littering.  In order  that we  may

10        accomplish  this  we  ask for a workable pollution

         abatement program,  uniform State laws, hopefully

12        patterned after  the National Association of State

J3        Boating   Law   Administrators model legislation,

14        and reasonable time to comply with these laws  and

15        simultaneous  deadlines for compliance.

                   Until  such  time as these suggested

         programs  and  laws  can be  promulgated, we ask for

18        a delay in  the enforcement of Federal, State and

         local  laws  that  deal  specifically  with boat pol-

20        lution.

2i                  On  behalf of all the Lake Michigan

22        Yachting  Association  and  Illinois  Boating Asso-

23        elation members, I  wish  to express our appreciation

24        for being given  this  opportunity to express our

25        views  and opinions.

-------
                                                         1-TQ5

 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL

 2                  I thank you.

 3                  (The following material was  submitted

 4        by Mr. Schemel:)

 5
             QUANTITY OF NUTRIENTS FROM BOAT TOILET
 6
                      WASTES IS NEGLIGIBLE
 7
                           STATISTICS
 8

 9        1,500 boats with toilets in all Chicago harbors

10        10 percent occupied on week days - 1 BM, 4 UR
          per boat
11
          25 percent occupied on holidays - 2 BMS, 7 URS
12        per boat

13        Weekday BM = 1500/10 x 5 - 750 BMS

14        Saturday and Sunday = 1500/4 x 2 x 2 - 1500 BMS

15        Total BMS per week = 2250 (80 percent water)

16
         *Nitrate NOo in 24 hours, on basis of 1 gm
17        nitrogen =4.4 gms

18       *Phosphate PO^ in 24 hours, on basis of .242
          gms.  phosphorus = .726 gas.
19
          Total nitruent per 24 hours BMS =5.12 gms.
20
          Average 2 BMS per 24 hours =2.56 gms per boat
21
          Total nutrient per week * 2.56 x 2250 » 5760 gins.
22
          At  454 gms.  to a pound , 5760 gms. « 12.6 pounds.
23

24        Weekday URS  1500/10 x 4 x 5 = 3000 URS

25        Saturday and Sunday URS = 1500/4 x 7 x 2
          5250  URS

-------
                                                        1706

                      GERHARD M. SCHEMEL

2        Total  URS  per week = 8250 (95 percent water)


3

4
       **Ammonia nitrogen NH   In  24  URS  =  25 gms.
         Average 8 URS per 24- hours,  each  UR  = 3  giaa.
 5
         Total ammonia nitrogen  per week = 3  x 8250 »
 6        24750 gms.

 _        At 454 grns.  to  a pound  ,  24750 gms.  » 54.51 pounds.

 g        Total nutrients per week  * 12.6 plus 5-'1.51 =
         67.11 pounds.
 9

10        Acreage covered by harbor water about 2000 acres.

tl        Water content of all harbors  about 5 billion
         gallons.
12
         Average contribution per  boat per week =
13        67.11/1500 - .045 pound or 3/4 ounce.

14
        *Backus, Gastro Enterology, Vol. II.  pp.  717-719
15
       **Geigy, Synopsis of Urine:  Geigy,  Pharmaceutical
16        Scientific Tables, p. 528

17      **Horwitz, Biochemistry,  p. 175

18      **White, Howeler & Smith, Biochemistry

19                           - -  -

20                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any  comments  or

2i        questions?

22                  Mr. Mitchell.

23                  MR. MITCHELL:   What does the NASBLA

24        model legislation say?

25                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Sir,  I believe that Mr.

-------
                                                         1707
 !                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2        Ron Stone, from the Outboard Boating Club of
 3        America, a manufacturers' organization, perhaps--
 4                  Is he going to follow me onto the
 -        rostrum?
 6                  MR. KLASSEN:  He will.  We are going
          to have about a three-minute presentation from
 Q        the Illinois Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs
 o
 9        next and then Ron Stone is going to follow him
10        this morning.
n                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Ron Stone in his presen-
12        tation will provide you gentlemen one copy of
13        the National Association of Boating Law Adrainis-
14        trators Model Legislation and also the report by
15        the National Sanitation Foundation of Ann Arbor,
16        Michigan,  on their treatment devices, and so
11        forth and  so on.   This is one reason I don't have
lg        it included in mine.
19                  MR. STEIN:  Sir, I have probably
20        been in the forefront of some of this because
21        out of enforcement funds we investigated the
22        advantages of the macerator chlorinator device
23        on the Great Lakes.  ¥e found two things,  though.
24                  One,  that when there was a peak load--
25        and we use them on Coast Guard ships and all the

-------
   ^___^_____________	1708
 1                    GERHARD M. SCHIMEL

 2       boys hit  the head at the same time as In a hotel

 3       or anywhere else—they weren't able  to handle

 4       the peak  load, and where do you put  the water

 5       with the  so-called failsafe  devices?

 6                 The other problem that we  found with

 7       these devices was they do not remove the nutrients,

 8       and we are dealing with a nutrient problem in the

 9       Great Lakes.

10                 Now, I don't think there are any

H       scientific indications that in the future we

12       are going to be able to remove nutrients without

13       providing a sludge residue that has  to be dis-

14       charged. The question whether this can  be made

15       applicable to a shipboard Installation is prob-

16       lematical.

17                 MR. SCHEMEL:  It is my understanding,

18       starting  with your last question first, that there

19       was a report here several days ago by a Dr.

20       Weinert,  or something like that—

21                 MR. STEIN:  Weinberger.

22                 MR. SCHEMEL:  —who indicated that the

23       state of  the art is so advanced now  that they can

24       take 85 to 95 percent of the phosphates, and so

25       forth, out at the present time, and  I think that—

-------
   	1709
 !                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.  But again I think--
 3        Just approach this with an open mind—they take
 4        this out with some kind of settling or flocculatlonj
 5        process.  If you think you are going to have a
 6        problem with that yacht with 250 gallons of water,
 7        think of the problem you are going to have with
 8        the sludge on your boat.
 9                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Well, yes, sir, I am
10        perfectly well aware of it.
H                  And answering your question as to the
12        failsafe  device, according to the facilities,
13        the failsafe  device shuts the unit down if the
14        chlorine runs out or if the peak loads are in
15        excess of the retention time so that the unit
16        is not usable.
17                  Now, the question you say, what do
18        you do with the water?  What does the gentleman
19        with the holding tank do when it is full?
20                  MR. STEIN:  Presumably the holding tank
21        is going to be designed large enough for his run
22        before it is full.
23                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Well, sir —
24                  MR. STEIN:  And the question here we
25        always have with the question of the head and the

-------
   	1710
 1                       GERHARD M. SCHKMEL
 2          macerator chlorinator ia to get a device that
 3          is small enough to fit on a small boat and yet
 4          within the capability of the man to pay.
 5                    Now, I know this is a complicated
 6          arrangement.  In looking at this and the
 7          Chicago operation, and as some of the big
 8          corporations or Mg cities can attest,
 9          I would say as far as our record shows
10          we deal with big polluters and small pol-
11          luters equally—not sparrows or eagles.
12          The point is we deal with the small ones
13          with an even hand Just as we deal with the
14          big ones.
15                    The problem that I have, sir, is
16          really this, and I am a little surprised at
17          boaters.  No matter who the polluter is or what
18          Riftd of a polluter we have--an industrial pol-
19          luter, another kind of polluter, a municipal
20          polluter or very often a Federal agency polluting,
21          and now the boating polluter—it comes out to the
22          same thing:  "We have an alternate device."
23                    "You are asking us to do something too
24          fast."
25                    "Why don't you give us as long as the

-------
   	1711
 !                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL

 2        next man?"

 3                 "And until such time as these suggested

 4        programs  and laws can be promulgated, we ask for

 5        a delay in the enforcement of Federal, State and

 6        local laws that deal specifically with boat

 7        pollution."

 8                  I  recognize the validity of this

 9        comment or what you are saying, but we Just

lO        heard the manufacturers' representative here.

U        He asked for the end of '72 before we do that.

12                  In other words, it all boils down to

13        the same thing.  Anyone who is throwing something

14        in the lake  feels we are moving too fast too soon

15        and we are requiring too much when we are asking

16        them to do something.

17                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Well, sir, I don't feel

18        that the boaters feel the same way--that we feel

19        that you people are moving too fast or that we

20        are requesting an extension of time.  The main

21        reference that I would like to make is the

22        Chicago ordinance has put the Chicago boater

23        in a very untenable position where it is physlcal-

24        ly impossible for him to comply with the ordinance

25        for the simple reason that a lot of boats cannot

-------
   	1712
 I                      GERHARD M.  SCHEMEL

 2         Install  holding tanks in their boats  and even

 3         the--which  is the  approved,  the reclrculatory

 4         system has  a  five-gallon capacity for the large
 5         one,  which  is a definite hazard for sailboats

 6         when  they lean over.   It should be readily

 7         apparent that holding tanks  are a real problem

 8         as  far as installation is concerned in the small

 9         boat.

10                  I might  like to point out,  you used
11         a reference of yacht; I  have used boaters.  The
12         very, very  large majority of our people are

13         bricklayers,  carpenters,  shopkeepers  and middle

14         income people who  do not have yachts.   We don*t

15         call  our boats yachts anymore,   we call them

16         boats, this is what  they are.
17                  And I would like to point out at this
18         time, and this is  where  I would like  to deviate
19         from  the recommendation,  is  that I think there

20         is  a  definite class  and  need for a separation

21         of   the small 25-j  30-  or 40-footer  from the
22         oceanliner  who has unlimited capacity for com-
23         plying.   Hospital  ships,  for example,  and Great
24         Lakes steamers, six  and  seven hundred footers,

25         we  are put  in the  same category and we don't

-------
    	      1713
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2        have the facility or room.
 3                  All we are asking for, if I may repeat,
 4        is a reasonable time so that we can comply with
 5        the ordinance.  We would like •uniform regulations
 6        so that we can go from Chicago to Michigan and
 7        have our facilities accepted and have the Michigan
 g        boater come to Chicago and have his facilities
 9        accepted.   This Is all we are asking for.
10                  We realize that we pollute; we want
11        to stop itj and we would like your help in
12        helping us to do it.
13                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
14                  I donft want to prolong this because
15        I  think we need a lot of discussion.  But, again,
16        don't adopt this notion that you are in a special
17        category or a big boat or a big industry has any
18        more space to comply.  Right through the Public
19        Health Service for many years I have worked with
20        boats,  particularly passenger boats or war ships,
21        and if you begin to look for an Inch of space on
22        one of these  ships and try to gather those  pipes
23        together,  you will find a problem that Is as cora-
24        plex as  any you will find on a small boat.
25                  How,  again,  and I don't have any  brief

-------
 1                       GERHARD M. SCHEMEL



 2          for a big industry, but if you think that the



 3          U. S. Steel South Works plant, that big U. S.




 4          Steel plant in Chicago, can more readily find




 5          the space for its waste disposal facilities



 6          and collection facilities in its plant than




 7          you can find on a small boat and they have




 8          easier problems, I think we are kidding our-



 9          selves.  If we are going to clean up pollution



1°          we all have to make this effort and we have




11          to make this sacrifice.  I don't think that



12          boat owners are being picked on if you go



13          out and see some of these other people's




1*          problems in taking on waste problems that




15          you think have an easy ready solution.



16                    It is tough; I realize it is tough,



17          and it is going to cost money.  But it seems  to



I8          me we ere faced with a critical threat to a



19          national resource and we all have to set up  a




20          fairly stringent deadline and make efforts to




21          do it or else the .job isn't going to be done.



22                    MR. SCHEMEL:  Do you  think a three      I



23          and a half month deadline is  fair when other  peopJLe-



24                    J/HR. STEIN;  I am not  commenting on




25          the Chicago ordinance.  I am  just speaking

-------
                                                         1715
 1                     GERHARD M.  SCHEMEL
 2        generally.
 3                  MR« SCHEMEL:   Well,  we have to bring
 4        out  the  Chicago ordinance in order to show you
 5        that there is a definite need for uniformity
 6        all  around the lake.  We are an interstate sport.
 7        We don't Just necessarily sit in the Chicago
 3        harbors.
 9                  We are saddled with an ordinance here
10        in Chicago that it is almost impossible to comply
ll        with.  What do we do?  This is why we come to you
12        and  this is why I am here.  We do have a problem.
13        We would certainly appreciate your consideration
14        and  any  help that we can get from this body and
15        help us.
16                  We want to stop pollution perhaps more
17        than anyone else in this room because we are
18        daily, during the summertime,  in contact with
19        it.   We  swim in it, we float in it, and we use
20        it for washing water purposes, and so forth and
21        so on, and we want a clean lake and we want to
22        do what  we can.  But we do have a problem and we
23        ask  you  for help, mainly in the form of uniform
24        State regulations.
25                  We would like to recommend once more

-------
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL



 2        the model legislation by the National Association



 3        of State Boating Law Administrators.  These arc



 4        people who are very, very informed when it comes



 5        to boat safety, and so forth and so on.  The



 6        National Sanitation Foundation is the leading



 7        organization for sanitary standards; it is a non-



 8        profit organization; you will get complete in-



 9        formation on it later on.  We would like your



10        consideration.



11                  In the meantime,  we will do what we can



12        to help, but we are saddled with a situation in



13        Chicago which we can't hardly tolerate and we



14        can't  do anything about it.  What do we do?  Can



15        you tell me?  I don't know.



16                  I have nothing to tell the small boater.



17        He has no place to put any  holding tank of any



18        kind.   If he leaves the Chicago area what does



19        he do?  He can't go to Michigan and have his



20        tank pumped out$ he can't go to Indiana to have



21        the tank pumped out.  To have a tank big enough



22        on a small boat to last for two or three or four



23        days with a family of two or three children is



24        almost a physical impossibility.



25                  This is about what it amounts to.

-------
                                                          1717
 l                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2                  MR. STEIN:  We understand your point
 3        of view.  The Conferees will be giving cor.sldera-
 4        tion to boat pollution as well as any other kind
 5        of pollution.  But I think Chicago has made an
 6        attempt to grapple with the law and we very
 7        rarely come in and tell a State or a City that
 8        is moving ahead with the pollution law that the
 9        law isn't to be obeyed, because you get--
10                  MR. SCHEMEL:  I recognize the fact that
11        you are not going to tell Chicago to withdraw
12        its ordinance.   But we do want to highlight
13        the point that there is a definite need for
14        uniformity all around the lake in as far as
15        boat pollution is concerned.   Holding tanks are
16        a problemj chlorinator macerators are a problem;
17        and the entire  picture of sanitary disposal for
18        boats is a real package.   And we would like your
19        consideration.
20                  I  didn't recommend  this chlorinator
21        macerator. I  merely said  we wished you would
22        consider it  and perhaps look  at it.   This  is all
23        I  have  asked.
24                   MR. STEIN:   Are  there any  other  comments
25         or questions?

-------
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2                  MR. HOLMER:  Mr. Chairman.
 3                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
 4                  MR. HOLMER:  I am curious as  to  the
 5        procedure by which  this ordinance was adopted
 6        by the Chicago City Council.  Was it extensive?
 7        Did it consider chlorinator macerators?  Was
 8        there opportunity for full discussion of this
 9        issue before the City Council?
10                  MR. SCHEMEL:  The boating industry was
11        told sometime ago that there was a possibility of
12        &n ordinance.  The  representatives requested to
13        be heard at hearings.  We were never notified
14        about it. We found  out through other channels
15        that the ordinance  was in process of being dis-
16        cussed and we had 15 minutes to get there  and
17        when we got there the ordinance was passed.
18                  MR. STEIN:  Oh, come now, I know these
10        people in Chicago.  I know the people who
20        developed this ordinance.  You may or may  not
21        agree with their decision, but I am sure they
22        thoroughly considered the alternative of
23        chlorinator macerators before they decided to  go
24        this course.  I don't think we are going to be
25        productive or get to this unless you feel  you  are

-------
   	   	1719
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2        dealing with professionals in Chicago who
 3        developed the ordinance and   they believed
 4        they were making the best judgment under the
 5        circumstances.
 6                  I think we all have a right to point
 7        out what we think may be flaws or anything like
 8        that, but I know Chicago has been kicking this
 9        around for years.  This wasn't something that
lO        was railroaded through.  They have been dis-
n        cussing the various alternatives with special
12        groups and making studies on this for a long
13        time before they came up with that decision.
14                  MR. KLASSEN:  Mr. Chairman.
15                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
16                  MR, KLASSER";  Unless the speaker
17        leave the impression--and I am not speaking for
18        the City of Chicago because I am no official of
19        the City of Chicago, but I know what went on—
20        unless this speaker leave the impression that this
21        was something that was pushed through without any
22        consideration,  this is leaving a false impression.
23        This was thoroughly discussed with people that
24        were interested in cleaning up the lake,  not
25        interested in making a lot of excuses why the boat

-------
   	.1720
 1                     GERHARD  M.  SCHEMEL
 2       owners  couldn't  comply.   I  was  tip in that party
 3       and  I will  take  my  responsibility for this.
 4                 Now, you  said  what  can the boat owners
 5       do if they  can't comply  by  the  April deadline?
 6       I have  got  a  real good suggestion what you can
 7       do.  If it  is an alternative,whether you go
 8       out  and pollute  the lake or stay home off the
 9       boat, stay  off the  boat.
10                 MR. SCHEMEL:   We  don't want to pollute
11       the  lake.
12                 MR. KLASSEN:   Well, then,  you come
13       through with  a solution  or  don't go  out and
14       pollute the lake.   This  is  my own personal
15       feeling.
16                 We  have heard  for years from the boat
17       people,  and I mean  for years, why they can't do
18       this, why they can't  do  that.   Now 1+ -is your
19       turn to come  up  with  something  that  you can  do.
20                 MR. SCHEMEL:   Mr. Klassen, all I have
21       asked is consideration for  uniform standards
22       around  the  lake  and the  possibility so we can comply
23       with these  standards  once they  are properly set up
24                 MR. KLASSEN:   Somebody has got to take
25       the  lead.   Chicago  did it and the State of Illinois

-------
   	1721
 1                     GERHARD M. SCHEMEL
 2        Is going to "back them.
 3                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any further
 4        comments or questions?
 5                  MR. SCHEMEL:  Thank you.
 6                  MR. STEIN:  If not, thank you very
 7        much, sir.
 8                  Mr. Klassen.
 9                  MR. KLASSEN:  Sandwiched in between
10        here and the next speaker, who is going to talk
11        on the same subject, we want to bring in a very
12        brief statement by the Illinois Federation of
13        Sportsmen's Clubs.  These are the people that
14        are out using the boats and using the water.
15                  Harvey Tenner.
16
17                 STATEMENT OF HARVEY TENNER
18                   POLLUTION  COORDINATOR
19            ILLINOIS FEDERATION OF SPORTSMEN'S CLUBS
20
21                  MR. TENNERs  The Illinois Federation
22        of Sportsmen's Clubs is dedicated to the abate-
23        ment of pollution in all forms.  It, therefore,
24        has considerable interest in this four-State
25        Conference on pollution of Lake Michigan and

-------
   	1722
 1                        HARVEY TENNER
 2        wishes  to  express  its  thoughts  for  consideration
 3        by  your group.
 4                  We  believe  this  Conference is  long
 5        overdue.   Accordingly, positive action is  expected
 6        from  this  meeting.  We feel  that enough  evidence
 7        and information  is  available to all you  responsible
 g        people  to  provide  such action.
 9                  We  are opposed  to  further studies, re-
10        search  meetings, etc., that  would prolong  and
ll        push  the day  of  agreement  further in the future.
12        Innumerable times  we  read  and hear  of appropria-
13        tions for  further  studies  and no action.  Each of
14        the four States' representatives is fully  aware
15        of  its  State's contribution  to  the  pollution of
16        Lake  Michigan, the  type of pollution, the  pol-
17        luters,  the locations and  the remedies.  There
18        are enough means available to eliminate  such
19        pollution.
20                  Ever since  the  initial Lake Michigan
21        Conference in 1965, industry, governments, other
22        contributors  and interested  parties have known
23        that  pollution would  have  to be stopped  and by a
24        prescribed date.   That date  for the most part is
25        December 31st, 196&.

-------
   	:	1723
 1                         HARVEY TENNER
 2                  We believe that no quarter or extensions
 3        of time should be given polluters.  They have had
 4        the time and opportunity to take corrective action.
 5        Many have intentionally dragged their feet to pro-
 6        long the day that they must comply.  They have no
 7        conscience in the harm they do to the community
 g        and take the attitude they have no obligation to
 9        the people and let the people pay the cost.
10                  We believe that polluters should pay
11        for the pollution they cause.  Contrary to their
12        statements that in complying they would be put
13        at a competitive disadvantage,  it can be demon-
14        strated that they profit by such correction.
15                  One of the more basic reasons for
16        reluctance to abate pollution is that it is a
17        non-productive expense that brings no profit
18        and therefore should be avoided.
19                  Illinois contributes its share to the
20        lake's pollution.  Its steel mills, the Lake
21        Shore Sanitary Districts .are examples.  The
22        filtration plant near Rainbow Beach each year
23        shows in its tests an increase in bacteria count.
24                  Indiana's steel mills and other pro-
25        cessing industries likewise pollute and we are

-------
   	1724
 1                         HARVEY TENNER
 2         constantly  told  of  raw  sewage  finding  its  way into
 3         the.lake.   One can't  forget  the water  birds  found
 4         there  about two  or  three  years ago  having  been
 6         killed by botulism  E.
 6                  Milwaukee beaches  are closed because
 7         they are unsafe.  Along Wisconsin's  borders  there
 8         are  many polluted streams  that flow unchecked
 9         into Lake Michigan.
10                  Michigan, among similar contributions,
11         has  DDT entering its  side  of the lake.   The  Coho
12         salmon which it  planted have been found to contain
13         this and other deadly fertilizing chemicals.
14         Paper-making liquors  are  found in the  lake from
15         uncontrolled dumping  on the  Michigan side.
16                  Between now and  1970, six »teel  com-
17         panies are  planning on  building new or additional
18         facilities  at the lower end  of the  lake.
19                  The aforementioned are only  a few
20         examples to show that all  the bordering States
2i         are  making  a substantial  pollution  contribution
22         to the lake and  all have  equal responsibility
23         in seeing that the  problem is resolved expe-
24         ditiously,
25                  Penalties must  be  stiff enough to  make

-------
   	1725
 1                         HARVEY TENNER
 2        it unprofitable for contributors to continue.
 3        Meager penalties in many cases make it cheaper
 4        to pay than to install the facilities to stop
 5        "•
 -                  It is not our intent to say that
 7        industry is the sole contributor.  Municlpali-
 8        ties,  government facilities, institutions and
 9        others by direct contribution or by inaction
10        to stop pollution when they can are Just as
n        guilty.
12                  While we haven't begun to overcome
13        pollution, here is what's ahead of us:
14             By the year 2000 a 50 percent
15             increase in population.
16             New homes will double in the same
17             period.
lg             Refuse and energy requirements
19             doubling every decade.
20                  While this is going on the total water
21         and land available remains the same.
22                   The task is monumental and we had better
23         get with it now!
24                   You people today have the greatest
25         opportunity for service to the people.  Make

-------
   	1726

 1                         HARVEY TENNER

 2         the  fullest use  of it.

 3                   Thank  you.

 4                   MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  sir.

 5                   Are  there any comments  or questions?

 6                   (No  response.)

 7                   MR.  STEIN:   If not,  thank you very

 8         much for your  statement.

 9                   (The following statement was submitted

10         for  inclusion  in the  record as if read:)

11

12                 ILLINOIS BOATING ASSOCIATION

13                CHAIRMAN  PRANK HEYES, PRESIDENT

14                       CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS

15

16                       January 26, 1968

17         State Sanitary Water  Board
          Springfield, Illinois  62706
18

19         Gentlemen:

20                   The  Illinois  Boating Association, an

21         organization which speaks for some 1QOOO boaters

22         in the State of  Illinois is vitally concerned

23         with the pollution of our Nation's waterways and

24         especially the rapid deterioration of Lake Michi-

25         gan.

-------
   	      1727
 1                ILLINOIS  BOATING ASSOCIATION
 2                  No one  is  more concerned about the
 3        pollution of Lake Michigan than the boat owner
 4        who uses these waters  for recreation.   He is
 6        fully in accord with establishing pollution
 6        controls for wastes  from pleasure craft pro-
 7        viding such controls are uniform between States
 8        and between States and the Federal Government,
 9        and not a hodge podge  of laws and ordinances
10        from port to port and  State to State such as
11        found between Wisconsin and Minnesota along
12        the upper Mississippi  River.
13                  Although recreational boats  contribute
14        an infinitesimal  amount to the water pollution
15        problem, every boat  owner is ready and willing
16        to do his share to keep our waters clean.  How-
17        ever, he does ask that any anti-pollution regu-
18        lations be practical,  effective and uniform
19        throughout the country; and that any target
20        date for installing  approved waste disposal
21        devices be consistent  with that granted to
22        industry and municipalities.
23                  Any such controls should not limit the
24        type of devices to be  installed as long as they
25        meet water criteria  standards.  In many small

-------
                                                         1728
                  ILLINOIS  BOATING ASSOCIATION
 2        boats  and  especially the smaller sailing craft
 3        retention  tank  systems  are  impractical  and in
          many cases  cannot be installed.
                    To  effectively and firmly control
 6        pollution  from  recreational craft,  therefore,
 7        the Illinois  Boating Association offers the
 8        following  recommendations:
 9                       WE RECOMMEND
10            1.  That the Federal Government
              adopt the  National Association of
              State Boating Law  Administrators
13            Model Act  on Sewage Disposal and
14            Littering  from Vessels implemented
15            by  the National Sanitation  Founda-
16            tion's Uniform Performance  Standards
17            for ¥atercraft Sewage  Treatment De-
              vices as a guide to be followed by
              the States in the  same manner as  the
20            Federal  Boat Numbering Act.
2i            2.  That Federal water quality
22            criteria standards be  established
23            and as far as practical and consis-
24            tent  be  adopted by all States, and
25            be  in harmony with NASBLA's MODEL  ACT

-------
                                                         1729

 1                 ILLINOIS  BOATING ASSOCIATION

 2              on  Sewage  Disposal  and Littering

 3              from  Vessels,  and standards  of

 4              National Sanitation Foundation.

 5              3.  That Federal  legislation should

 6              be  drafted to  insure maximum uni-

 7              formity and  reciprocity between  the

 8              States  and between  the States and

 9              Federal Government.

10              4.  That the Federal Government

U              establish  uniform deadline for com-

12              pllance consistent  with that given

13              industry and municipalities.

14              5.  That the States attending this

15              Conference,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,

16              Indiana and  Michigan adopt and follow

17              the above  guidelines for Lake Michigan.

18                   On behalf of all ISA members, I  wish to

19         express  our  appreciation for being given this

20         opportunity  to  express our views.

21                               Very truly  yours,

22                               (Signed)  Frank  Heyes
                                President
23         FH/ bhm

24

25

-------
   	1730

 1                 ILLINOIS BOATING ASSOCIATION

 2
                NASBLA POLLUTION STUDY COMMITTEE
 3
         AMENDMENTS TO MODEL BOAT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
 4
                   ADOPTED NOVEMBER 17, 1967
 5
                     "A Model Act to Prohibit Littering and
 6
           the Disposal of Untreated Sewage from Boats," as
 7
           it appears in Appendix C to the Report of the Pol-
 8
           lution Study-Committee of the National Associatior
 9
           of State Boating Law Administrators, dated Novem-
10
           ber 8, 19^5, is hereby amended as follows:
11
                (1) by striking the words "82^1 and
12
                2^3" immediately following the words
13
                "Title 42 United States Code" at the
14
                end of the fifth line of Section l(a^
15
                and substituting the words "§252 and
16
                §262 to 272 and Title 8 United States
17
                Code, gll82(a) and (f), §1201(d), and
18
                §1224"
19
                (2) by adding the following new
20
                section:  "§17, RECIPROCITY  Any
21
                toilet aboard a watercraft registered,
22
                documented or otherwise licensed in
23
                another State or country may be used
24
                on the waters of this State for a
25
                period not to exceed 30 consecutive

-------
                                                          1731
 1                ILLINOIS BOATING ASSOCIATION
 2             daysi provided  such toilet  is
 3             equipped with a pollution control
 4             device meeting  the requirements
 5             of the watercraft's home Jurisdic
 6             tion."

 7
 8                  MR. STEIN:  We will recess for  lunch
 9        and reconvene today  at 1:45.     We  will  start
10        very promptly,because there  is a push for us  to
11        get out of the room  early and we have to  get
12        through with the rest of Illinois and Indiana
13        today. So I ask you  to report back promptly.
14                  (Whereupon, at 12:20 p.m.,  a  recess
15        was taken until 1:45 p.m. of the same day.)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

-------
                                         	1732



 1                      AFTERNOON SESSION




 2                                      (1:45 p.m.)




 3                  MR.  STEIN:   May we reconvene?




 4                  Mr.  Morton.




 5




 6             ILLINOIS  PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)




 7




 8                  DR.  BORUPP:  Boruff speaking for Mr. Klass^n




 9                  Illinois  would now like to call as a




10       witness  Mr.Ron Stone,  Outboard Club of  America.




11                  Mr.  Stone.




12




13                  STATEMENT  OP RON STONE




14          DIRECTOR,  GOVERNMENT RELATIONS  DEPARTMENT




15              OUTBOARD BOATING CLUB OF AMERICA




16




17                  MR.  STONE:   Mr. Chairman, Mr. Morton,




18       Conferees, ladies  and gentlemen.




19                  My name  is  Ron Stone.  I am Director




20       of the Government  Relations Department  of the




21       Outboard Boating Club of America,




22                  After this  morning's debate I feel my




23       name  rather  should be Daniel,  because I feel like




24       I  am  in  the  lions'  den.




25                  I  speak  for 46 organized boating clubs

-------
                                                         1733
1                          RON  STONE
2         In a four-State  area near  Lake  Michigan  who
3         genuinely want to save their  lake.   I  also
          speak for the Boat  Owners  Council of America
          serving 2,000 individual small  boat  owners
g         in the same  area who share that sentiment
7         strongly.
8                  Both organizations  are consumer
9         arms of the  Boating Industry  Association, a
          National non-profit trade  association  head-
11         quartered at 333 North Michigan Avenue,  Chicago,
12         Illinois
13                  The Boating  Industry  Association
14         Nationally represents  350  manufacturers  of
15         recreational boating equipment.  Nearly  one-
          third of its members are located in  the  four-
11         State area surrounding Lake Michigan.  These
18         local manufacturers make everything  that goes
19         with boating--boats, outboard motors,  boat
20         trailers, marine accessories  and supplies;
21         everything,  with the vital exception of  water.
22                  Without attractive water,  recreational
23         boating would be out of the question and the
24         boating industry would be  out of business.
25                  Boating is big business in the four-State

-------
 I                          RON STONE



 2        area  surrounding Lake Michigan.  In  196? we



 3        estimate recreational boaters  in this area



 4        spent $550,000,000 at retail for new and used



 5        boats, motors, accessories, safety equipment,



 6        fuel, insurance, docking,maintenance, launching,



 7        storage, repairs and club memberships.  Approxi-



 8        mately 18.2 percent of  the Nation's  outboard



 9        motor market  is found in Illinois, Indiana,



10        Wisconsin  and Michigan.



U                   Any attempt on our part to estimate  the



12        number of  people who do not go boating  on Lake



13        Michigan because of pollution  would  be  guesswork,



14        but we have reason to believe  that many find  the



15        prospect repugnant because of  the foul  condition



16        of some of the shoreline areas, particularly



17        around harbors, Industrial complexes, and tribu-



lg        tary  streams.



19                   It  is no wonder  that we share your



20        anxiety about the deteriorating condition of



2i        Lake  Michigan.  If manmade pollution is not



22        arrested,  our consumers are likely to be among



23        the earliest  casualties.  Water pollution



24        attacks boaters in many ways.   It smears hard-



25        to-reraove  scum and corrosive acids on their hulls.

-------
                             	173'
                            RON STONE
 2         It  Is  a  health  hazard to them in direct contact
 3         water  sports  such as  water skiing,  scuba diving
 4         and swimming.   It ruins  their fishing.   It robs
          them of  fresh air and blue water--the  basic
          attractions of  recreational boating.
 7                   The facts already developed  in this
 8         hearing  and elsewhere on the threat of polluted
          water  to human  health, fish and wildlife.,  the
          diminution of recreational values,  and eutrophl-
          cation,  make  it crystal  clear that  this is
12         everyone's problem.
13                   Perhaps the fact that we  are all in
14         some measure  responsible for the problem is one
15         of  the reasons  why we are moving so slowly in
          bringing about  a solution.   If a single group
17         could  be pointed out  as  the offender,  I am certain
18         we  would not  tolerate it.  But unfortunately the
19         guilt  is so widespread that we can  and do  point
20         the finger at one another to take the  pressure  off
21         doing  our  share to clean up the water.   It would
22         be  ideal if Industry, municipal sewage  plants,
23         agriculture and recreation could coordinate their
24         pollution  abatement efforts so that all at once
25         Lake Michigan was reasonably clean  again.

-------
                                     	   1736
 1                           RON STONE
 2         Realistically,  some  problems  will take longer  to
 3         solve  than  others.   But  there is  no reason why we
 4         cannot establish  a practical  timetable for action
 5         by  various  groups so that  Lake Michigan is grad-
 6         ually  but positively redeemed.
 7                  In  the  past we maintained that pollution
 8         from recreational boats  is a  most insignificant
 9         factor when compared Kith  the contaminating wastes
10         which  reach the water from other  sources.   We  still
11         feel that way.  However, we are mindful that,  if
12         the growth  of recreational boating continues at
13         its present rate,  eventually  pollution from boats
14         may become  a  real factor in the overall pollution
15         picture.  For that reason  we  are  eager to  do every-
16         thing  reasonably  possible  now to  eliminate recrea-
17         tional boaters  from  the  list  of offenders.
18                  Let's be objective.   What is the nature
19         of  recreational boating's  contribution to  Lake
20         Michigan pollution?
21                  The main concern is  that human feces
22         discharged  from boat toilets  is adding bacteria
23         and nutrients to  the water.
24                  No  one  knows exactly how many toilet-
25         equipped pleasure craft  there  are on Lake  Michigan.

-------
   	1737
 !                          RON STONE

 2        We estimate that on all the waters or Illinois,
 3        Wisconsin, Indiana and Michigan combined there

 4        are fewer than 60,000 recreational boats with

 6        toilets.  This estimate is based upon a 1965

 g        study by the National Association of State Boating

 7        Law Administrators which concluded that only

 8        5 to 3D percent of all recreational boats regis-

 9        tered in this country today have toilets.  Of

10        the fewer than 60,000 boats in this four-State

11        area which have toilets, it is reasonable to

12        assume that only those kept within 50 to 100
13        miles from the lakeshore are used on Lake

14        Michigan.  Actually, then, the number is much

15        smaller.

15                  Littering, or throwing bottles, cans
17        and garbage overboard is also of concern, but
lg        borrowing from experience in other parts of the
19        country, we find the problem evaporates where
20        government cracks down with stiff fines for

2i        littering,and boating organizations cooperate

22        by promoting the use of litter bags to stow

23        refuse for on-shore disposal.

24                  The problem of sewage disposal from

25        boats has not been as easy to attack.  It is

-------
   	1738
 1                          RON  STONE
 2        not  a  case  of  Industry inaction  or consumer
 3        indifference,  because  we  have  been promoting
 4        the  use  of  sewage  treatment and  retention
 5        equipment for  the  past 10 years.   As  a result,
 6        you  will find  virtually all boat manufacturers
 7        today  provide  adequate space for pollution
 8        control  devices  on all boats that can reasonably
 9        be expected to use such equipment.
10                 The  stumbling block  has been lack of
11        direction from government,  lack  of uniform
12        standards and  guidelines  for the manufacture
13        of boat  pollution  control devices. Manufacturers
14        have told us that  they would gladly produce if
15        government  could agree on what they wanted in
IQ        a boat pollution control  device,  but  manufacturers
17        are  reluctant  to get into the  field as long as
18        they face the  prospect of fifty  States and the
19        Federal  Government setting so  many different
20        standards that manufacturers, cannot economically
21        produce  a boat pollution  control device that
22        will please everyone.
23                 The  boating  industry long ago started
24        taking steps to  remedy this.
25                 They cooperated  with  the National

-------
   	1739
 I                          RON STONE
 2        Association of State Boating Law Administrators,
 3        the  foremost group of government officials con-
 4        nected with recreational boating safety laws,
 5        in drawing up a practical model act to prohibit
 6        littering and the discharge of untreated sewage
 7        from boats.  Its purpose is to foster uniformity
 8        and  reciprocity between the States.  It has

 9        produced results.
lO                  Thousands of copies of this model law

H        have been distributed to people in and out of
12        government all over the country during the last
13        few  years.  Already eight States, Including the
14        Great Lakes State of New York, have adopted boat
15        pollution control laws, based upon the model law.
16        So has the Tennessee Valley Authority.
17                  Basically, the model act prohibits
18        the  discharge of inadequately-treated sewage from
19        boats or the abandonment of containers of such
20        sewage anywhere on or near the water.  Use of
21        boat toilets is conditioned upon having the
22        toilet equipped with an approved sewage treatment
23        device.
24                  The Act recognizes three principal
25        types of devices now on the market, chemical

-------
   	1740

 !                         RON STONE



 2       treatment devices that macerate and bacterio-




 3       logically disinfect sewage before discharge,



 4       holding tanks and incinerators, provided




 g       appropriate instructions on  their installation




 c       and use are followed.  More  exacting  standards
 o


         are provided in  the model act for chemical  treat-




 g       ment devices than holding tanks or incinerators,




 9       Inasmuch as the  chemical treatment device does




10       permit discharge directly into  the water.



n                 The problem of litter is attacked




12       through two methods: one by  penalties and the



13       other  through authorization  of  vigorous  educa-




14       tional public relations programs.



,.                 We believe the standards in the model
15)



j3       act will  stand  up under  close  scrutiny.   Several



17       States, including New  York,  Minnesota and North



18       Carolina, have  conducted or  sponsored laboratory



19       or actual  on-the-use  tests  of  sewage treatment




20       devices for  watercraft.  Several  of  the units




2i        tested have  been found to  be effective in treating




22       human sewage in line  with  the  standards of  the



23       model act and  consistent with  local  water quality




24        criteria.



25                  A year and. a half ago a National

-------
 1                          RON STONE



 2        Conference of government officials in public



 3        health and water pollution control decided that



 4        the National Sanitation Foundation of Ann Arbor,



 5        Michigan,  was the most qualified from a public



 6        health standpoint to develop uniform performance



 7        standards  and testing procedures for watercraft



 8        waste disposal devices.  Industry has worked



 9        closely with the Foundation, which is a National



10        not-for-profit testing laboratory connected with



11        the School of Public Health at the University of



12        Michigan;  so have interested government repre-



13        sentatives from the Michigan Water Resources



14        Commission,  the Wisconsin and Indiana State Boards



15        of  Health, and in an unofficial capacity a member



16        of  the Illinois State Sanitary Board.  The result



17        is  that this year we can start testing and



18        approving  boat pollution control devices according



19        to  uniform biochemical,  mechanical and marine



20        safety standards.  Several states have indicated



21        they will  weigh these standards heavily in ap-



22        proving boat pollution control devices for use



23        on  their waters.



24                  We know  many Lake  Michigan  boaters



25        would gladly equip their boat with pollution

-------
                                                         17^2



 I                           RON STONE



 2         control devices,  if they could be assured that



 3         the equipment satisfied the requirements in



 4         more than one small area of cruising; and that



 6         they would not be put to additional expense by



 6         a change in requirements somewhere at a later



 7         date.  Boaters are not procrastinating.  Theirs



 8         is a very legitimate concern.



 9                   Boating around here  is not confined



10         inside the breakwaters of a harbor area.  It is



n         an interstate recreation.  Hugging the shoreline



12         of the southern end of the lake, small craft can



13         easily navigate the boundaries of four States



14         within 125 miles.  It is quite common to find



15         Chicago boaters off the shores of Michigan,



16         Indiana and Wisconsin on holidays and weekend



17         excursions.



18                   All of the States surrounding Lake



19         Michigan already have laws regulating sewage



20         discharge from recreational boats.  But the



21         requirements vary.  There is confusion of



22         interpretation, and law enforcement is spotty



23         and uncertain.  Consequently,  boaters are in a



24         quandary.  They do not know what to do.  It is



25         all very confusing.

-------
 1                          RON STONE



 2                  As you know,the City of Chicago



 3        recently passed an ordinance requiring all



 4        boats with toilets operating in Chicago waters



 5        to have retention tanks installed by the 1968



 6        boating season.  In our opinion, the restrictions



 7        are tighter than necessary, but it is hard to



 8        fight City Hall, especially when they are under



 9        pressure themselves to clean up pollution from



10        all sources.  But it is this kind of piecemeal



H        action without regard for the consequences



12        outside city waters, that is complicating pol-



13        lution control efforts in recreational boating.



14        The Chicagoan who installs a retention tank for



15        1968 is going to be in a dilemma when he cruises



16        outside of the Chicago harbor area, because



17        frankly, gentlemen, we know of no shoreside



18        facilities around Lake Michigan where he can go



19        to have his holding tank pumped out.  Neither



20        Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana nor Michigan law



21        provide for onshore sewage disposal facilities



22        for watercraft.  The hapless boater is going to



23        have no recourse but to empty his tank into the



24 |       water.



25                  It seems to us that this proliferation

-------
 I                          RON  STONE
 2         of  non-uniform regulations is  aggravating the
 3         problem.  What we need is a  National  uniform
 4         pollution control law  for recreational watercraft
 5         with  standards that  boaters  are  capable  of meeting.
 6         What  you need  is a law that  can  be  respected and
 7         adequately  enforced.
 8                  To accomplish this,  we submit  the
 9         following plan:
10                  First;  Because the  States  cannot fully
n         agree on pollution controls  for  recreational
12         vessels, we recommend  that the Federal Government
13         adopt a uniform vessel pollution control act with
14         standards for  vessel waste disposal devices.  We
u         do  not mean the Federal Government  should preempt
16         the regulation of pollution  from pleasure craft.
17         Bather, we  hope for  a  mechanism  whereby  the States,
jg         by  agreeing to basic Federal standards,  can obtain
19         primary Jurisdiction over vessel pollution control
20         on  all waters  within their boundaries and give
2i         boaters the State-to-State uniformity they need.
22         We  believe  that the  control  of water  pollution and
23         pleasure craft waste disposal  should  remain a
24         State function.
25                  Second;  We  recommend  that  the Federal

-------
                 	1745
 1                          RON STONE
 2        Government pattern Its Act after the Model Act
 3        to  Prohibit Littering and the Disposal of Un-
 4        treated Sewage from Boats drafted and endorsed
 5        by  the  National Association of State Boating Law
 Q        Administrators.  We also commend the uniform
 7        performance standards and testing procedures for
 8        watercraft waste treatment devices developed by
 9        the National Sanitation Foundation of Ann Arbor,
10        Michigan.   We feel there Is no need for the
11        Federal Government to start from scratch in
12        evolving uniform standards and guidelines for
13        watercraft waste treatment devices when eminent
14        authorities  in the field in the area of boating
15        lav administration and public health have already
16        done so much.   Copies of the  recommended NASBLA
17        model act  and NSF's  proposed  standards  are ap-
18        pended  to  my written statement for your careful
13        study and  I  respectfully request that they be
20        entered into the hearing record.
21                  Finally, we ask for a delay In the
22        enforcement  of  Federal,  State or local  laws  and
23        regulations  In  this  area until after National
24        standards  for watercraft waste disposal  devices
25       have been  established and meaningful tests  of the

-------
 1                          RON  STOKE



 2         various  kinds  of  such  devices have  been  completed.



 3         This  in  our  opinion  should take  no  longer than  a



 4         year  or  two.   Interim  action by  any level of



 5         government would, we feel, unreasonably  foreclose



 6         the possibility of acceptance of some units that



 7         deserve  to be  proved effective in eliminating



 g         pollution from vessels.



 9                  The  plan I -have outlined  seems  to be



lO         the only rational way  out of the maze of  pollution



U         control  laws in which  recreational  boaters have



12         been  lost for  the past several years.



13                  But  let me reiterate to make one point



14         perfectly clear:  We are not suggesting  that  the



15         Federal  Government take over the control  of pol-



16         lution attributable  to recreational boating,  only



17         that  the Federal Government establish basic



18         standards for  waste  disposal from recreational



19         craft that will show the States  the way  to uni-



20         formity  and  reciprocity.



21                  It would be  a mistake,  in our  opinion,



22         to give  any  Federal  agency absolute discretion



23         to set standards or  to approve devices to control



24         waste disposal from  watercraft.   There has to be



25         close cooperation between the Federal Government

-------
   	17*17
 1                          RON STONE
 2        and State and local agencies responsible for
 3        water pollution control, public health, and
 4        boating law enforcement.  Any rules or regulations
 5        established by Washington without carefully con-
 6        suiting the States could result in Federal-State
 7        conflicts of law that would make matters worse
 8        for boaters, not only from State to State but when
 9        proceeding from State to Federal waters within
10        the boundaries of the same State.  This is a real
11        danger.
12                  If the Federal Water Pollution Control
13        Administration had consulted and collaborated with
14        State boating law administrators when they were
15        investigating pollution from recreational water-
16        craft,  we believe they would have reached more
17        realistic conclusions in the report "Wastes from
18        Watercraft," Document 82,  dated June 30, 1967,
19        which they sent to the 90th Congress.
20                  For example, the FWPCA report states
21        that 1.3  million pleasure  boats, or one out of
22        every six boats in the country,  have toilet
23        facilities.   Actually the  number of toilet-
24        equipped  pleasure craft is scarcely half of that.
25        A recent  National survey of marine  toilet

-------
 1                           ROH STONE



 2         manufacturers  found they have produced an



 3         aggregate of only 500,000 to 700,000 units



 4         since  they have  been in business.   The number



 5         in use today is  even less because  over the



 6         years  many toilet-equipped boats have been



 7         retired from service, destroyed or abandoned.



 g                   The  FWPCA report leans  toward holding



 9         tanks  for boat toilets, because,  they say, a



10         dozen  States now prohibit the discharge of sewage



11         from recreational watercraft.  That is specious



12         reasoning, because a greater number of States,



13         key boating States, expressly authorize sewage



14         discharge from boats provided it  is adequately



15         treated according to local water  quality criteria.



16                   We feel the FWPCA report begs the ques-



17         tion of providing adequate shoreside facilities



18         for pumping out  holding tanks.  They say provision



19         of such facilities can best be required and regu-



20         lated  under State law.  But as I  pointed .out



21         earlier in my  statement, the States themselves



22         are reticent to  do anything about  onshore pump-out



23         facilities for vessel holding tanks.  They seem to



24         prefer to leave  that to the pressures of business



25         competition.

-------
 !                          RON STONE



 2                   The PWPCA  report overlooks  all  the



 3         documented facts  and scientific  information



 4         which  the  National Association of  State Boating



 5         Law  Administrators and  the National Sanitation



 „         Foundation have produced.  It makes little sense



 7         to us  to undertake a whole new Federal program



 g         of establishing standards  to evaluate the



 9         effectiveness of  a variety of boat pollution



10         control devices when the work has  already been



jl         done by perhaps the  most knowledgeable and



12         experienced people in the  field.  We  know these



13         people would gladly  be  of  assistance  to the



14         Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration,



15         if only they were asked.



16                   In summation, the  recreational  boating



17         sport  and  industry have a  big stake in cleaning



18         up Lake Michigan. You  can count on us to help



19         by stopping the discharge  of raw sewage and



20         littering, but we ask you to  help us to do so.



21         Give us a  program of pollution abatement  that  is



22         workable for the  small  boat  owner and yachtsman



23         alike. Give us laws that  are uniform and recip-



24         rocal  wherever recreational  boats  venture, not



25         only on Lake Michigan but  all other waters of  our

-------
    	1730
                            RON STONE
 2        country.   Give  us  reasonable  time  to comply with
 3        these  laws,  so  that  we don't  have  to plead for
 4        postponements of enforcement.   Above all,  let us
 g        hope  that  we are participating  in  a  coordinated
          effort against  lake  pollution from all  sources
          so  that the  water  does not  remain  polluted after
          recreational boating has  done its  utmost  to
          eliminate  its very minor  contribution to  Lake
          Michigan pollution.
                    At this  point,  gentlemen,  let me
          digress from the script and anticipate  one of
          your questions:  Do  we go along with the  Federal
14        Water  Pollution Control Administration,  recom-
15        mendation  for Statewide pollution  control  laws
16        modeled after the  Chicago ordinance?  In  all
17        good conscience, we  do not, at  least not  entirely.
          We  have no quarrel with holding tanks,  per se.
          However, we  do feel  that  there  are other  devices
20        on  the market that are equally  satisfactory as
2i        ways for arresting pollution.   Many  other  local
22        and State  governments  are equally  satisfied that
23        chemical treatment devices  that macerate  and
24        disinfect  toilet wastes will  do the  Job.   They
25        destroy all  bacteria in the effluent, which is

-------
                                                         1751
 1                          RON STONE
 2        the main concern from a public health standpoint.
 3        In fact, the effluent is purer bacteriologically
 4        after treatment than the water into which it is
 6        being discharged.
 6                  Thousands of boat owners throughout
 7        the country in good faith have bought and in-
 8        stalled chemical treatment devices and are using
 9        them in compliance with the laws of their home
j0        state.  If the Chicago ordinance were followed
H        universally, they would have to rip out perfectly
12        good equipment.
13                  The only basis we have heard for Chicago's
14        disaffection with chemical treatment devices is
15        that they don't remove the nutrients from the
16        effluent.
17                  But how much nutrient are you really
18        talking about when it comes to toilet waste from
19        pleasure craft?  At a recent hearing of the Chicagc
20        Park District testimony was received that the
21        actual weight of nutrients in toilet wastes dis-
22        charged from pleasure craft into Chicago harbor
23        waters in a week, amounts to only 3/^ of an ounce
24        per boat, and that is assuming that all toilet
25        equipped boats are used every week during the

-------
   	1732
 1                         RON STONE
 2       3-1/2 month boating season in Chicago.  Three*
 3       quarters of an ounce into four and one-half
 4       billion gallons of water in Chicago boat harbors
 5       seems pathetically little.  It would take a mess
 6       of bowel movements to create a nutrient problem,
 7       and we defy anyone to say pleasure boaters have

 g       it in them.
 9                  (Laughter.)
10                  It's shortsighted to say that we're going
H       to cure the nutrient problem in boat toilet wastes
12       l>y requiring holding tanks, because even if the
13       wastes are kept on board and pumped out to shore-
14       /side facilities, there  is no guarantee that after
15       the wastes have gone into the sewer system and
16       through the local sewage treatment plant that they
17       will be purged of nutrients.  Last Thursday we
18       heard Dr.Bartsch say that even after ordinary
19       secondary  treatment substantial amounts of nutrient
20       remain in  municipal sewage that is discharged into

21       Lake Michigan.
22                  We submit that more study and work is
23       needed on  ultimate nutrient removal methods and
24       criteria for nutrient levels in receiving waters.
25                  You say it's  the eleventh hour for

-------
                             	1753
 1                          ROH STONE
 2        stopping accelerated eutrophication of Lake
 3        Michigan.  We are the first to agree, but
 4        heaven help us.  We say it's too early in
 5        the day to enforce boat pollution control
 6        laws like the Chicago ordinance.
 1                  The small boat owner can't comply with
 g        a holding tank law.  The units now available on
 9        the market are too bulky to fit into his toilet
10        compartment.
H                  Even on larger boats there are problems.
12        Expensive electrical, carpentry and plumbing
13        work is involved in installing holding tanks and
14        there is not enough time now to meet the May 15,
15        1968 deadline which the City has set.
16                  There are not enough shoreside pump-out
17        facilities around at this time to service the
18        cruising pleasure craft on Lake Michigan.
19                  The Chicago ordinance says that pollution
20        control devices approved by the Port Director as
21        satisfying the water quality standards of the
22        Illinois State Sanitary Board for Lake Michigan
23        may be used in lieu of a holding tank.  Yet to
24        our knowledge, the State has not established
25        standards for effluent from vessels--for sewage

-------
 1                         RON STONE


 2        treatment plants, yes, but not  for  vessels.


 3        So we ask,  isn't  it  premature for Chicago to


 4        enforce an  ordinance that still lacks  standards?


 5                 The  recreational boating  community


 6        appreciates what  Chicago is  trying  to  accomplish


 7        to clean up Lake  Michigan.   We  want to help.


 8        We ask only that  the City appreciate some of the


 9        problems boaters  are up against in  trying to


10        comply with a  holding tank only law.


U                  (The material submitted by Mr.  Stone is


12        as follows:)


13
              A MODEL ACT  TO  PROHIBIT LITTERING

14
       AND THE DOSPOSAL OP UNTREATED  SEWAGE  FROM BOATS

15


16                            TITLE


17                 An Act  to  regulate the disposal of


lg        sewage from watercraft and to prohibit littering


19        of waterways.


20        I 1.  DEFINITIONS


2i                 For  purposes of this  Act, unless the


22        context clearly  requires a different meaning:


23                  (a)  The term  "watercraft" means any


24        contrivance used  or  capable  of  being used for


25        navigation  upon water whether or not capable of

-------
   	1755
 I                          BON STONE
 2        self-propulsion, except passenger or cargo-
 3        carrying vessels subject to the Interstate
 4        Quarantine Regulations of the United States
 5        Public Health Service adopted pursuant to
 6        Title k2 United States Code I 2^1 and 243.
 7                  (b)  The term "sewage" means all
 g        human body wastes.
 9                  (c)  The term "litter" means any
10        bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap metal,
11        Junk, paper, garbage, rubbish, or similar
12        refuse discarded as no longer useful or usable.
13                  (d)  The term "marine toilet" means
14        any toilet on or within any watercraft to dis-
15        charge waste.
16                  (e)  The term "waters of this State"
17        means all of the waterways on which watercraft
18        shall be used or operated.
19                  Hote:  In some States it may
20             be desired to limit the application
21              of this Act to certain waters only
22              and thereby exempt large bodies of
23              water or water areas that are remote
24              from population centers and on which
25              there is no congestion and no

-------
   	1756
 1                         RON STONE
 2            conceivable boat pollution problem.
 3            The waters subject to pollution
 4            control under this Act could be
 5            enumerated or the State agency
 6            which is designated to administer
 7            the Act could be authorized to make
 8            a finding that a particular waterway
 9            should or should not be affected.
10                 (f)  The term "person" Means an  individuaji.
H       partnership, firm, corporation, association,  or
12       other entity.
13                 (g)  The tern "Department"  means  the
14       (name of the State agency which shall administer
15       this Act.
16                 The choice of agency lies wlth-
17            in the.discretion of each State. It
18            is recommended, however, that considera-
19            tion be given to the State agency deal-
20            ing with boating matters in general,
21       I 2.  LITTERING OR POLLUTING WATER -  RESTRICTIONS
22                 (a)  No person shall place, throw,  de-
23       posit, or discharge, or cause to be placed,  thrown,
24       deposited, or discharged into the waters of this
25       State, any litter, sewage, or other liquid or

-------
                                         	1737
 1                          RON STONE
 2        solid materials which render the water unsightly,
 3        noxious or otherwise unwholesome so as to "be
 4        detrimental to the public health or welfare or
 5        to the enjoyment of the water for recreational
 5        purposes.
 7                  (b)  It shall be unlawful to discharge,
 g        dump, deposit or throw garbage into the waters of
 9        this State from a watercraft engaged in commerce.
10                  This section is deemed suf-
11             ficiently broad and flexible to
12             prohibit any act committed onshore,
13             in the water, or from aboard any
14             description of watercraft, which
15             litters or tends to pollute the water.
16        §3.  MARINE TOILETS - RESTRICTIONS
17                  (a)  No marine toilet on any watercraft
18        used or operated upon waters of this State shall
19        be operated so as to discharge any untreated
20        sewage into said waters directly or indirectly.
21                  (b)  No person owning or operating a
22        watercraft with a marine toilet shall use, or
23        permit the use of,  such toilet on the waters of
24        this State,  unless  the toilet is equipped with
25        facilities that will adequately treat,  hold,

-------
   	1738
 !                         RON STONE

 2       incinerate or otherwise handle sewage in a manner

 3       that is capable of preventing water pollution.

 4                 (c)  No container of sewage shall be

 5       placed, left, discharged or caused to be placed,

 6       left or discharged in or near any waters of this

 7       State by any person at any time.

 g                 This section prohibits the

 9            discharge of any untreated sewage

10            from marine toilets.

n       § 4.  MARINE TOILETS - POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

12                 (a)  After the effective date of  this

13       Act every marine toilet on watercraft used  or

14       operated upon the waters of this State shall be

15       equipped with a suitable pollution control  device

16       in operating condition.

17                 (b)  Pollution control devices that  are

18       acceptable for purposes of this Act  are:

19            1.  Facilities  that macerate or grind

20            sewage  solids and which,  by chlori-

2i            nation  or other means, disinfect  the

22            remnants before discharge into  the water.

23            2.  Holding  tanks which  retain  toilet

24            wastes  for disposal at dockside or  onshore

25            pumping facilities or in deep waters

-------
                              	1759
 I                          RON STONE

 2             away from shore.
            *•
 3             3«  Incinerating type devices which

 4             reduce toilet wastes to ash.

 5             4.  Any other device that is tested

 6             by a recognized testing laboratory

 7             and determined to be effective in

 8             arresting the possibility of pollu-

 9             tion from sewage passing into or

10             through marine toilets.

11                  This section recognizes that

12             there are a variety of devices on the

13             market designed to eliminate the possi-

14             bility of water pollution from sewage

15             passing into or through toilets aboard

16             watercraft.  Many of these devices

17             have been tested by various State

18             public health and water 'pollution

19             control agencies and independent lab-

20             oratories and found to be efficient

21             for their purpose.  However,  with

22             further improvements and innovations

23             likely in this product area in the

24             future, it is unwize to "freeze"

25             specifications for such devices in

-------
                                                         1760
                            RON STONE

 2              statutory language.   All tech-

 3              nological changes can be readily

 4              incorporated  into rules  and regu-

               lations.

                    The  desirability of Nationwide

               uniformity in requirements  for

               marine  toilet pollution  control

               devices cannot be emphasized too

               strongly.  Boatmen will  have to

               incur additional expense to install

12              and  maintain  such devices.   It would

13              be a hardship and an inconvenience

               for  boatmen traveling from  State to

15              State to  be subjected to different

               Jurisdictional standards of accept-

17              ability of these devices.

18         §  5.   MARINE TOILETS - CHEMICAL  TREATMENT FACILITIES
                STANDARDS
19
                    (a)   Every chlorinator or chemical treat-
20
          ment  facility  shall be securely  affixed to the in-
21
          terior discharge opening  of a marine  toilet, and
22
          all sewage passing into or through such toilet
23
          shall pass solely  thinagh  such treatment facility.
24
                    (b)   Sewage passing through a marine
25

-------
 j                           RON  STONE
 2         toilet  equipped  with a chlorinator or chemical
 3         treatment  facility shall  be deemed untreated
 4         unless  the effluent meets the  following minimum
 .         standards:
 5
 .              1.  Sufficiently  divided  into
 o
 _              fine  particles so as to be  free
 a              of unsightly  solids.
 w
 _              2.  Containing 1,000 or less
10              coliform per  100  ml.
..                   This standards  meets the re-
12              quirements  of the U.S.  Public
13              Health Service and is  acceptable
l(l              by most State public health agencies
15              for swimming  and   bathing purposes.
16                   (c)  The chlorinator or  chemical  treat-
17         raent  facility shall be of a type which functions
j_8         automatically with the operation of the marine
19         toilet, does not depend on  septic  action as  part
20         of its  treatment,  is easy to clean and maintain,
21         and does not permit the escape of  dangerous  gases
22         or obnoxious odors.
23                   (d)  The  disinfecting  agent used  in  the
24         facility shall be  of a kind  that does  not necessi-
25         tate  too frequent  replenishment, is easily

-------
             	1762

 1                          RON STONE


 2         obtainable,  and when discharged  as  a  part  of  the


 3         effluent  is  not toxic to humans,  fish or wildlife.


 4                   The  foregoing standards are


 5              generally acceptable under  exist-


 6              ing  State marine chlorinator laws.


 7              In the  interest of uniformity  they


 g              are  recommended to other  States  pro-


 9              posing  the adoption of  such laws.



1°         a
          1  6.   MARINE TOILETS - STANDARDS FOR  MANUFACTURERS

11               OF  POLLUTION  CONTROL DEVICES


12                   Every manufacturer of  a marine toilet


13         pollution control device described  in this Act


14         shall certify  to the Department  in  writing that


15         his product  meets the standards  set forth  in  this


16         Act or in any  implementing regulations adopted by


17         the Department.  Every such  certified statement


18         shall be  accompanied by a test report showing that


19         the product  meets the prescribed standards.  It


20         shall be  unlawful to sell or to  offer for  sale in


21         this  State any marine toilet pollution control de-


22         vice  that has  not been so certified and approved


23         by the Department.


24         |  7.   CERTIFICATE OF NUMBER


25                   The  Department may require  persons  making

-------
                                                         1763
 I                          RON STONE
 2        application for a certificate of number for a
 3        watercraft pursuant to (statutory citation of
 4        State Boat Numbering Act to be entered here) to
 5        disclose whether such watercraft has within or
 6        on it a marine toilet, and if so, to certify that
 7        such toilet is equipped with a suitable pollution
 8        control device as required by this Act.  The De-
 9        partment is further empowered to direct that the
10        issuance of a certificate of number or a renewal
H        thereof be withheld if such device has not been
12        installed as required by this Act.
13        §  8.   ONSHORE TRASH RECEPTACLES
14                  The owner or whoever is lawfully vested
15        with the possession,  management and control of a
16        marina or other waterside facility used by water-
17        craft for launching,  docking, mooring and related
18        purposes shall be required to have trash receptacles
19        or similar devices  designed for the depositing of
20        trash and refuse at locations where they can be
21        conveniently used by  watercraft occupants.
22        §  9.   EDUCATION
23                  The Department  is hereby authorized to
24        undertake and to enlist the support and cooperation
25        of  all  agencies,  political subdivisions,  and

-------
   	1764;
 1                          RON STONE

 2        organizations  in the  conduct of a public educa-

 3        tional  program designed to inform the public of

 4        the  undesirability of depositing trash,  litter,

 5        and  other  materials in the waters of this State

 6        and  of  the penalties  provided by this Act for

 7        such action,  and use  funds provided by the legis-

 g        lature  for this purpose.   The Department is

 9        further authorized to utilize all means  of com-

10        munication in  the conduct of this program.

U        §  10.   ENFORCEMENT

12                  All  watercraft located upon waters of

13        this State shall be subject to inspection by the

14        Department or  any lawfully designated agent or

15        inspector  thereof for the purpose of determining

16        whether such watercraft is equipped in compliance

17        herewith.   The Department is further authorized

18        to inspect marinas or other waterside public

19        facilities used by watercraft for launching,

20        docking or mooring purposes to determine whether

21        they are equipped with trash receptacles and/or

22        sewage  disposal equipment.

23        8  11.   LOCAL REGULATIONS PROHIBITED

24                  Through the passage of this Act, the

25        State fully reserves  to itself the exclusive

-------
   ^___	.	1763
 I                          RON STONE

 2        right to establish requirements with reference

 3        to the disposal of sewage from watercraft.  In

 4        order to ensure Statewide uniformity,  the regu-

 5        lation by any political subdivision of the State

 6        of sewage disposal from watercraft is  prohibited.

 7        §  12.  RULES AND REGULATIONS

 g                  The Director of the Department is hereby

 9        authorized and empowered to make,  adopt,  promulgate

lo        amend and repeal all rules and regulations neces-

u        sary, or convenient for the carrying out of duties

12        and obligations and powers conferred on the Depart-

13        ment by this Act.

14        8  13- PILING OP REGULATIONS

15                  A copy of the regulations adopted pur-

16        suant to this Act and any of the amendments there-

17        to, shall be filed in the office of the Department

18        and in the office of the (official State record-

19        keeping agency).   Rules and regulations shall be

20        published by the Department in a convenient form.
21        §  14.  PENALTIES

22                  (a)  Every 'manufacturer  of a marine

23        toilet pollution control device who violates

24        Section 6 of this Act or any regulations  adopted

25        by the Department pursuant thereto shall  be deemed

-------
                                                         1766
 1                          RON STONE
 2        guilty of  a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall
 3        be  punished with  a fine of  not more  than $	.
 4                  (b)   Any person who violates any other
 5        provisions of  this Act or regulations  of the
 5        Department adopted pursuant thereto  shall be
 7        deemed guilty  of  a misdemeanor and upon conviction
 3        shall  be punished  with a fine of not  more than $	,
 9        or  by  imprisonment of not more than  	 days, or
10        by  both such fine and imprisonment at  the discretiojn
H        of  the court.
12        §15.   SAVINGS CLAUSE
13                  If any  court shall find any  section or
14        sections of this  Act to be  unconstitutional or
15        otherwise  invalid, such findings shall not affect
1$        the validity of any sections of this Act which can
17        be  given effect.
18        §  16.   EFFECTIVE  DATE
19                  The  provisions of this Act with reference
20        to  requiring watercraft with toilet  facilities to
21        be  equipped with  pollution  control devices shall
22        take effect three years from the date  of the adop-
23        tion of this Act.  The provisions of this Act pro*
24        hibiting littering the waterways shall take effect
25        immediately.

-------
                                                         1767

 1                           RON STONE

 2                   It Is suggested that the ef-

 3              fectlve date of this Act be delayed

 4              so that all persons affected by Its

 5              provisions will have a reasonable

 6              amount of time to become acquainted

 7              with it and secure the required

 g              treatment devices.

 9                            - - -

10
                NASBLA POLLUTION STUDY COMMITTEE
11
         AMENDMENTS TO MODEL BOAT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
12
                   ADOPTED NOVEMBER 17, 1967
13

14                   WA Model Act to Prohibit Littering and

15         the Disposal of Untreated Sewage from Boats," as

16         it appears in Appendix C to the Report of the Pol-

17         lution Study Committee of the National Association

18         of State Boating Law Administrators, dated Novem-

19         ber 8, 1965, is hereby amended as follows:

20                   (1) by striking the words

21              "§24l and 243" immediately follow-

22              ing the words "Title 42 United States

23              Code" at the end of the fifth line

24              of Section l(a)  and substituting

25              the words "§252 and §§262 to 272

-------
                                                        1768'

 l                          RON STOKE

 2             and Title 8 United States Code

 3             §ll82(a^  and (f),  Il201(d),  and

 4             81224"


 5                  (2)  by adding the following


 6             new section:  "§17,  RECIPROCITY

 7             Any toilet aboard a watercraft


 8             registered, documented or other-

 9             wise licensed in another State or


10             country may be used on the waters

n             of this State for a period not to


12             exceed  30 consecutive days;  pro-

13             vided such toilet is equipped with


!4             a pollution control device meeting

!5             the requirements of the watercraft's

16             home Jurisdiction."


17                           ~ ~ -

18
               THE NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION
19
                       PROPOSED STANDARD FOR
20
               WATERCRAFT SEWAGE DISPOSAL DEVICES
21
                          (December 1967)
22

23                      SECTION 1 - GENERAL

24                  1.00 COVERAGE:   This Standard covers

25        devices intended for the control of sewage aboard

-------
                                                        1769
 1                          RON STONE
 2        watercraft.  Said devices may be designed for
 3        treatment and discharge, treatment and storage,
 4        holding or destruction of sewage, or any combi-
 5        nation thereof, intended for use aboard watercraft.
 6        It shall include those appurtenances and/or
 7        attachments thereto that are necessary for the
 8        proper function of said devices or which modify
 9        their operation or function.
10                  1.01 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS:  These Stan-
11        dards are established for the evaluation of equip-
12        ment covered herein and are considered to be basic
13        and minimum requirements.
14                  1.02 ALTERNATE MATERIALS:  Variations
15        are permissible when they tend to make the equip-
16        ment more resistant to corrosion, wear and physical
17        damage, or if they improve the general operation
18        and performance of the device.  Variations shall
19        be approved prior to their use.  Where specific
20        materials are mentioned, it is understood that the
21        use of other materials proved to be equally satis-
22        factory in every respect will be acceptable.
23                  1.03 REVIEWS AND REVISIONS:  Following
24        adoption of the Standard and prior to its printed
25        publication,  a general review shall be carried

-------
                                                        1770

                           RON STONE


 2       out by  the National Sanitation Foundation  Cominit-


 3       tee on  Watercraft Sewage Disposal Devices  to


         determine the adequacy and appropriateness  of


         the requirements and to ascertain if additional


         requirements are indicated.  Subsequent  to  the


         printed publication of this Standard, complete


         review  of the Standard shall be conducted  at


         intervals of not more than three years to  deter-


10       mine what changes, deletions, or additions, If


11       any, are necessary to maintain current and  effec-


12       tive requirements consistent with new technology


13       and progress.  These reviews shall be conducted


14       by appropriate representatives from the  public


15       health, industry, safety agencies and user  groups.


         Final adoption of revisions shall be in  accordance


17       with the procedures established by the NSF  Commit-


lg       tee on  Watercraft Sewage Disposal Devices.


19
                   SECTIONS 2 - DEFINITIONS

20

21                 2.00 BY-PASS:  The term "by-pass" shall


22       mean any provisions, mechanical or functional, by


23       which an operator can selectively discharge un-


24       treated sewage into the waterway.


25                 2.01 FAILSAFE:  "The word "failsafe"

-------
   	1771
 1                          RON STONE
 2        shall mean failure In a manner that will automati-
 3        cally preclude discharge of untreated sewage to
 4        the degree established In this Standard, when
 g        installed and operated in accordance with the
 6        manufacturer's instructions.
 7                  2.02 FRESH WATER:  Those waters having
 8        a specific conductivity less than a solution
 9        containing 6000 ppm of Sodium Chloride. (9,400
10        micro ohms resistance)
u                  2.03 SALT WATER:  Those waters having
12        a specific conductivity in excess of a solution
13        containing 6000 ppm of Sodium Chloride. (9,400
14        micro ohms resistance)
15                  2.04 WATERCRAFT:  A floating vessel,
16        Intended to accommodate not more than 40 persons.
17                  2.05 SEWAGE:  The term "sewage" means
18        all human body wastes.
19                  2.06 SEALING:  The word "sealing" shall
20        mean attachment of a fastener which cannot be re-
21        moved without evidence thereof.
22                  2.07 TECHNICAL WORDS AND TERMS:   Techni-
23        cal words and terms used in the  context of this
24        Standard shall be understood to  be as defined and
25        used in Nationally recognized test methods and
          procedures as herein referenced.

-------
                                                         1772

 1                          RON STONE


 2
                     SECTION  3 - MATERIAL
 3
                   3.00  GENERAL:   Materials used  in  the
 4
          construction of watercraft sewage disposal  devices
 5
          shall be  capable of  withstanding exposure to the

 6
          intended  use environment, with  special attention

 7
          to the operation of  watercraft, the  corrosive

 8
          actions of chemical  intended for use in  connection
 9
          therewith and the corrosive actions  of fresh and/or
10
          salt water.
11
                   3.01  DURABILITY:  All materials shall be
12
          durable and capable  of withstanding  the  normal
13
          stresses  incident to shipping,  installation and
14
          operation.  They must be  structurally sound,  under
15
          operation conditions.
16
                   3.02  DISSIMILAR MATERIALS: Dissimilar
17
          materials may be used but shall have galvanic
18
          compatibility.
19
                   3.03  WELDING:   When weldments  are used,
20
          the weld  area and deposited weld material shall
21
          meet the  applicable  corrosion resistant  require-
22
          ments.  (See Items 3.00 and 3.02)
23

24             SECTION 4  - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

25                  4-.00  GENERAL:   A watercraft sewage

-------
                                                 	1773
 !                          RON STONE

 2        treatment  or  storage  device shall  be designed and

 3        constructed such that the  intended purpose of the

 4        device,  when  installed and operated in accordance

 5        with the manufacturer's instructions, shall not be

 6        adversely  affected by operation of the watercraft

 7        nor  by the normal environment to which it is sub-

 8        Jected.  Normal conditions shall include vibration,

 9        pitch,  roll,  heel, shock,  temperature and chemi-

10        cals used.  The device shall be free of non-

11        functional rough or sharp  edges, or other hazards

12        which could cause injury to persons operating or

13        servicing  the unit.

14                  £.01 FAILSAFE:  All devices shall be

15        "failsafe".

16             4.011  There shall be a positive

17             and recognizable indication to the

18             user  that the system  has failed

19             (non-operative or malfunctioning.)

20                  4.02 BY-PASS: Devices shall be classi-

21        fied as  to whether they are "with" or "without"

22        by-pass  provision.  All literature and the data

23        plate (see Item 4.09) shall state  the appropriate

24        classification.  If a "by-pass" is provided in or

25        on a sewage disposal device it shall provide

-------
   	1ZZ4
 !                          RON  STONE

 2         positive  closure  and provisions  shall  be  made

 3         for  sealing  same.

 4                   4.03 HOLDING (STORAGE)  TANK:  When a

 5         device  or appurtenance is  designed,  or intended,

 6         to prevent the discharge to  the  waterway  of

 7         treated or untreated sewage,  it  shall  toe  capable

 8         of positive  closure and means  provided for sealing

 9         same.   Storage tanks shall have  the  tank  outlet

10         located in the bottom  of the  tank or otherwise

1]L         designed  so  that  complete  draining of  the tank

12         raay  be  assured.

13                   4.04 FITTINGS -  HOLDING TANKS:   Fittings

14         intended  for use  in emptying holding and  retention

15         tank devices shall be  designed to receive an insert

16         tube capable of friction fit  in  the  Inside Diameter

17         of a 1-1/2"  N.P.S. Schedule 40 pipe.   Said fitting

13         shall,  in addition, be -designed,  constructed and/or

19         equipped  to  assure a liquid  tight closure during

20         normal  operation  of the watercraftj  afford no

21         obstruction  to the flow of sewace; shall  be  clean-

22         ablej and shall when necessary,  be designed  to

23         prevent the  discharge  of static  electricity.

24             4.041  Fittings intended  for use

25             in emptying  holding and  retention

-------
                                                  	1775
 l                          RON STONE
 2             tanks shall be permanently and
 3             legibly marked with the word
 .             "WASTE".  If the cover is de-
 4
 .             tachable,  then both the cover
               and fitting shall be so marked.
 o
                    4.05  OPERATION UNDER LOAD CONDITIONS:
          Treatment and discharge devices shall, when in-
 O
 _        stalled and operated in accordance with manufac-
10        turer's instructions, be capable of producing an
n        effluent meeting the microbiological and chemical/
-„        physical requirements of this Standard throughout
13        the  testing period of two hours operations at
14        normal  load conditions after initial discharge,
15        followed by 20  minutes of operation at peak con-
16        ditions,  and then an additional two hours at
17        normal  load conditions.
18             4.0|51*  NORMAL LOAD CONDITIONS*:
19             The  device shall be placed in service
20             and  used (flushed)  at a frequency of
21              1/2  hour.   When discharge of effluent
22              is  evident,  the normal loading shall
23              continue for a period of two hours,
24              at which time the Peak Load conditions
25              (Item 4.052),  shall be applied.

-------
                                                        1776
                           RON STONE

              4.052*  PEAK LOAD CONDITIONS*:

              Single Head Units:  The minim-urn

              time between uses (flushes^ under

 _             Dealt load conditions shall be con-
 9
 6             sidered to be five  (5) minutes over

              a 20-minute period.

 g             Multiple Head Unitsr  Peak load

              conditions for multiple head units
              shall be considered simultaneous

              uses (flushes) of all units possible

12             at five (5) minute  intervals over a
..             20-minute period.

14                  4.06 SERVICEABILITY:  Units shall be so

15        designed and constructed that when installed  in
         accordance with a manufacturers recommendations,
17        they shall be capable of being easily maintained,
18        drained and cleaned.
                   4.07 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS:

20        The manufacturer's engineering data and literature

21        shall specify the power  requirements to properly

22        operate the device and/or its necessary auxiliary

23        systems.
24                  *Artificial media may be established

25        for normal and peak load evaluations.

-------
                             	1777
 I                          RON STONE

 2             4.071 Both the manufacturers
 3             literature and data plate shall

 4             state the type of chemicals to

 5             be  used,  if any.  If of a proprie-

 6             tary nature,  the trade designation

 7             shall "be  given;  or,  if of a non-

 8             proprietary nature,  the chemical

 9             name and  its  strength shall be stated.

10             4.072  When there is an effluent

11             discharge there  shall be a field

12             test method available for deter-

13             mining the strength of the chemical
14             specified.

15             4.073 Chemicals  used in a reclrcu-
16             lating non-discharge type device

17             shall at  least be capable of main-
is             taining the reclrculated media in a

19             bacteriostatic condition throughout

20             the  maximum recommended use cycle.
21                  4.08 PARTS  LIST;   There shall be a com-

22       prehensive parts list provided by the manufacturer

23       with  each unit.  The  individual parts shall  be

24       identified by  means of illustration,  photographs

25       or the like, and be designated by number, letter,

-------
    	1778
                           RON STONE
 2         symbol, etc.
 3                  4.09  INSTRUCTIONS:  The manufacturer
          shall provide clear, concise, Instructions with
          each unit which, when followed, will assure proper
 6         installation, safe and satisfactory operation and
          adequate procedures for  long-term storage and/or
          securing the unit.  Said instructions  shall also
          provide recommendations  for  the safe storage and
          handling of chemicals and/or energy.
n                  4.10  DATA PLATE:  A permanent type data
          plate shall be provided, so  inscribed  as to be
          easily read and understood,  and securely attached
14         to  the device at a location  which is normally
15         visible following recommended installation, or
          visible under normal servicing.  Said  data plate
17         shall Include the following:
18             4.101  Name of manufacturer.
              4.102  Model and/or serial number
20                    designation.
2i             4.103  Use capacity of  unit.
22                    a.  Capacity of  treatment  and
23                    disposal devices shall be  noted
24                    in one or more of the following
25                    means:

-------
                     	1779

 I                          RON STOKE

 2                    (1)  the chemical dosage

 3                    required per use

 4                    (2)  number of uses per the

 5                    chemical storage provided

 6                    (3)  comparable type of rating

 7                  b.   Storage tank capacity shall

 8                  be  stated in terms of gallons

 9                  and/or number of uses of a given

10                  volume.

11             4.104  The  type of chemical to be used:

12                  a.   If Proprietary - the trade

13                  name shall be stated.

14                  b.   If non-proprietary - the

15                  chemical and strength thereof

16                  shall  be stated.

17             4.105  Energy requirements. (Electric,

18                    gas, etc.)

19             4.106  Classification as to by-pass

20                    (With" or "without").

21
                SECTION 5  ~ EFFLUENT REQUIREMENT
22

23                  5.00 GENERAL:  The effluent discharged

24 1       into  the  waterway shall not produce a color, odor,

25        oily  film,  or foam in excess of the limits specifie|d

-------
                                                         1780
 !                           RON STONE
 2         in Item 5.003 when the effluent is thoroughly
 3         mixed with distilled water at a 1 to 1000 dilution.
 4              5.001  The effluent discharged into
 5                     the waterway shall contain no
 6                     corrosive or toxic materials
 7                     which are persistent and/or
 g                     which produce a nuisance.
 9              5.002  Evaluation procedure shall,
10                     insofar as possible, be those
n                     established in the latest edl-
12                     tion of "Standard Methods for
13                     the Examination of Water and
14                     Waste Water" published by the
15                     American Public Health Associa-
16                     tion.
17              5.003  Acceptable Limits:
18                     Color - 15 units
19                     Threshold Odor - 3
20                     Oily Film - no visible evi-
21                     dence other than air bubbles.
22                     Foam - None
23                   5.01 ACCEPTABLE LIMITS - BACTERIOLOGICAL:
24         Devices designed to treat and discharge sewage
25         from watercraft shall produce an effluent

-------
                                                         1781
 1                         RON STORE

 2        containing not more  than 1,000 fecal conform

 3        per  100  mo..   Such devices shall be classified

 4        based  on their ability to reduce the fecal coll-

 5        form count of sewage under the load operating

 6        conditions set forth in this  Standard.   The

 7        following fecal coliform counts shall serve to

 g        establish these classifications:

 9
              CLASS            FECAL COL1PORM IN EFFLUENT
10
                  I                 0/100 ml

                II               2^0/100ml or less
12
                III             1,000/lOOral or less
13
14            5.011  The procedures used shall

15                    be those established in the

16                    latest edition of "Standard

17                    Methods  for the Examination

18                    of Water and Waste Water"

19                    published by the  American

20                    Public Health Association.

21                  5.02 SUSPENDED SOLIDS:  An effluent dis-

22        cnarged  to the waterway shall contain no visible

23        definable suspended  solids.

24                  5.03  NUTRIENTS:  The treatment  process,

25        or chemicals  used, shall not  contribute to the

-------
   	1782,
 1                          RON STONE

 2        nutrient content of the effluent discharged  to

 3        the waterway,

 4                  5.04  TOXICITY:  The effluent discharged

 5        into the waterway shall be free of substances in

 6        concentrations or combinations which are  toxic or

 7        harmful to human, plant, animal or aquatic life.

 8        Any disinfecting agent shall be non-persistent.

 9                  5.05  ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE:  Where

10        gaseous effluents result from the treatment  or

11        holding systems, the effluent shall:

12             a.  Be free of substances in concen-

13             trations, or combinations, which are

14             toxic or harmful to human, plant,

15             animal or aquatic life.

16             b.  Contain no viable microorganisms.

17             c.  If combustible, the manufacturer's

18             installation instructions shall describe

19             a means for safe discharge of said ef-

20             fluent.

21             d.  If emanating from an Incinerator,

22             contain no carbon monoxide, smoke,

23             fly ash or objectionable odors or

24             fumes when tested and as defined in

25             U.S.A. Standard No. Z 21.6-1966

-------
   	1783

 1                          RON STONE

 2             (Paragraph 2.^ and 2.11).

 3             e.   If corrosive, the manufacturer's

 4             installation instructions shall de-

 5             scribe a means for safe discharge of

 6             said effluent.

 7             f.   Provision shall be made in the

 g             design and construction of devices

 9             to  prevent the emission of odor or

10             noxious fumes into the interior of

11             the watercraft when installed and

12             operated in accordance with the

13             manufacturer's recommendations.

14
                       SECTION 6 - SAFETY
15

16                  6.00  GENERAL:  Watercraft sewage dis-

17        posal devices shall "be designed and constructed

18        so as to present no condition which may adversely

19        affect the craft in which they are installed or

20        the occupants thereof.

21                  6.01  VENTING:  Provision shall be made

22        for venting when necessary to the exterior of the

23        vessel of gases and vapors and liquid emanating

24        from the device.   Overboard vents shall be located

25        to minimize the inboard return of odors through

-------
                                                       . 1784
 1                         RON  STONE
 2        parts  or  other  openings,  and  shall  be  provided
 3        with means  to prevent  the intake  of water  (spray)
 4        into the  device.  Vents shall be  connected to
 5        the device  in such  a manner,  and  shall toe  of such
 6        a  diameter  as will  prevent pressure buildup in  the
 7        device by being free of clogging  by the accumu-
 g        lation of solids  or liquids therein.
 9                 6.02  ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEM:
10        The National Fire Protection  Association Standards
11        for Motor Craft (NAFB  No. 302)  as well as  the
12        applicable  Standards of the American Boat  & Yacht
13        Council shall serve as a  guide  for  the evaluation
14        of electrical components  and  systems.
15                 6.03  WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY:   The aanu-
16        facturer's  installation instructions shall clearly
17        indicate  that each  thru-hull  connection below the
18        waterline which serves as water intake or  overboard
19        discharge,  be equipped with a means to prevent  the
20        entrance  of water into the device or craft. The
21        instructions shall  also clearly state  that where
22        by-pass or  other  plumbing are connected to the  de-
23        vice,  this  plumbing shall enter the overboard dis-
24        charge line inboard of the closure  means.
25                 Further,  the manufacturer's  installation

-------
                                                         1785
 1                          RON STONE
 2        instructions and details shall specify that
 3        plumbing connections made between the device
 4        and the hull shall be of such strength and
 5        durability as to resist all operating pressures
 6        and stresses imposed thereon.
 7                  6.04  COMBUSTION-TYPE DEVICES:  When
 g        the device is of a combustion type, the manu-
 9        facturerfs installation instructions shall pro-
10        vide sufficient guidance to assure that flues
11        and fuse connections are constructed and installed
12        as set forth in current editions of the National
13        Fire Protection Association Publications No. 5^
14        and 302.
15                  MR. STONE:  Thank you.
16                  MR. STEIN:  Thank, you.  Are there any
17        comments or questions?
18                  Yes, Mr. Morton.
19                  MR. MORTON:  This is Morton speaking
20        for Illinois.
21                  There were references in Mr.Stone's
22        talk to the National Sanitation Foundation and
23        the fact that the Illinois Sanitary Water Board
24        is represented on the committee work at the
25        National Sanitation Foundation.

-------
                                                         1786
                           RON STONE
 2                  We would Just like to make it clear
 3         that  the purpose of the National Sanitation
 4         Foundation is to come up with a testing procedure
 5         to determine whether boat devices as well as
          other devices which the Foundation studies are
          suitable.  It is not our understanding that the
          National Sanitation Foundation is designing
          standards for the construction and operation of
          boat facilities.
                   I would also like to point out that the
12         NSF document which has been passed out by Mr.
          Stone is still an internal document of the
          National Sanitation Foundation, It has not been
15         officially approved, and it is still subject to
16         change.  But this is a document dealing with pro-
17         cedures for testing the operation of these devices
18         and not for the design of them.
                   MR. STONE:  If I may elaborate, the
20         standards of the National Sanitation Foundation
2i         are now complete insofar as the work of the Joint
22         Committee on Watercraft Waste Disposal, which is
23         the task force of the Foundation, is concerned.
24         The only step remaining now is to submit them
25         under procedures of the National Sanitation

-------
   	17_87
 I                          RON STONE
 2        Foundation to their own Board of Directors for
 3        approval.
 4                  So to all intents and purposes, the
 6        technical work on the standards is finished at
 6        this time and we expect approval within the month,
 7                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any other ques-
 8        tions?
 9                  MR. MITCHELL:   I really can't find
lO        some agreement here with the statements that
II        Mr.  Stone has made.  For example,  he says on
12        one  page that they recommend the Federal Govern-
13        ment adopt a uniform vessel pollution control
14        act  with standards for vessel waste disposal
15        devices, then on another page he says we are
16        not  suggesting that the Federal Government take
17        over control of pollution attributable to
18        recreational boating.
19                  I don't see  how those two sentences
20        are  compatible at all.  Either they do it or
21        they don't do it.
22                  The other point being that it seems
23        to me that he is  saying here that  he does  not
24        want the State Government to give  up their
25        rights  to regulate pollution control,  but  on

-------
                                                         1788
 1                          RON STONE
 2         the other hand it seems he is  trying  to say
 3         he wants the Federal Government  to  tell us
 4         how to do it.
 6                  It seemed to me the  State Government
          has either got to stand up and be counted here
          or get out of the business and turn it over  to

          ycm» and I am not in favor of  that  right now.
 9                  Another point here is  that  he is sug-
10         gesting that we  delay enforcement if  we do pass
          a law, and I have been involved  in  our Department
12         of Natural Resources in Indiana  and we have  got
13         a lot of laws and once they are  passed by our

14         legislature they are going to  be enforced, be-
          cause I don't think administratively  we ought
          to decide when to start enforcing laws that
17         some legislative body has decided ought to be
18         passed.
19                  MR. STEIN:  Do you want to  comment

20         on this?
21                  MR. STONE:  Yes, I do.
22                  First  of all, I am not suggesting  that
23         the Federal Government do something at logger-
24         heads with the States.  There  is precedent for

25         what I have suggested in the establishment of

-------
                                                         1789
 1                          RON STONE
 2        water quality criteria on interstate waters whereby
 3        the States take over the establishment of water
 4        quality criteria with the guidance of the Federal
 5        Government.  This establishes basic standards.
 6                  There is also precedent in the area of
 7        recreational boating for Federal guidance of the
 g        States in the boat numbering program whereby
 9        under the Federal Boating Act of 1958 the Federal
10        Government established uniform standards for
11        boat numbering and the States had the option
12        of taking over boat numbering on all waters in
13        their jurisdiction provided that they at least
14        met minimum Federal standards.
15                  MR. STEIN:  Well, I think his point
16        is well taken.  And Just not to get into—because
17        I think Mr. Mitchell has raised the key point,
18        which you haven't addressed yourself to.
19                  You say, "Finallyr:—and this Mr.
20        Mitchell alluded to--"we ask for a delay in
21        the enforcement of Federal, State or local
22        laws and regulations in this area until after
23        national standards for watercraft waste disposal
24        devices have been established and meaningful
25        tests of the various kinds of such devices

-------
   	1790
 1                         ROH  STOUE
 2       have been  completed.8
 3                  I  don't know how long,  If we
 4       get that,  it would  take.
 5                  But  I  would  like to  point this out
 6       to  you,  Mr.  Stone.   Once  the State  or the
 7       Federal  Government  passes a  law,  no one, if
 g       we  are dealing with the government --the laws
 9       are not  men—can decide when you  begin enforcing
10       them.
11                  (Applause.)
12                  MR.  STEIN:  Secondly,  I would like to
13       point out  if we  contrast  this  with  the notion
14       of  the so-called large polluters  are major
15       industries and cities, to my knowledge, and I
16       have been  doing this for  25  years and have been
17       dealing  with them  all, none  of them, to my
18       knowledge, has ever said  that  we  had to have a
19       delay  in enforcement until we  got complete
20       national standards.  If we ever wailed for that,
21       we  wouldn't have a Lake Michigan or any clean
22       waters  in  the  country. What kind of a bizarre
23       position Is this?
24                  MR.  STOKE:  It  is  not bizarre.  It is
25       a plea for reasonableness, and that certainly is

-------
   ^_____	1791
 1                          RON STOHE

 2        not  bizarre.
 3                  The  boaters are in a position today
 4        where  they are put to the expense  of installing
 5        and  using  equipment with no assurance that it
 6        is going to be acceptable from State to State.
 7                  MR.  STEIN:   You are getting off  the

 g        question,  sir.  Do we have national standards
 9        for  water  pollution control in the country today?
lO        Where  would we be  if the big oil  companies,  the
H        big  steel  companies and  the States we are  dealing
12        with here  told us  they weren't going to enforce
13        a law  until we had these national  standards?

14        Where  would the country  be today?
15                  MR.  STONE:   Because a given State  can
16        enact  a  law requiring a  boater to  do something,
17        and  it is  not  an irreversible decision.  They can
18        come back  later and say,  ah,  we think these  sub-
19        sequent  standards,  national standards,  are better,
20        cease  and  desist from what you were doing  before,
21        take out the equipment,  start on   a  new tack.

22        This has happened,  it has happened in boating.
23                  MR.  STEIN:   Are there any further
24        comments or questions?
25                  MR.  OEMING:  I have a question.

-------
   	1792
 1                          RON STONE
 2                  MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
 3                  MR.  OEMING:  This is Oeming from
 4        Michigan.
 5                  Mr.  Stone,  would  you please reconcile
 6        for me  the statement  in your first recommendation
 7        with respect to uniform vessel pollution control
 g        acts by the Federal Government with your recom-
 9        mendation  on the model act  which excludes certain
10        passenger  and  cargo-carrying vessels subject to
11        interstate quarantine regulations.
12                  How  is this uniform?  Where is the
13        uniformity here?
14                  MR.  STONE:   We are concerned with
15        recreational craft.  These  are vessels that carry
16        a complement of bQ passengers or more, do not
17        fall in the category of small pleasure craft,
18        which is our concern, and we were given to
19        understand—well, it  is an  established fact
20        that at the time the  model  act was being drafted
21        the U.  S.  Public Health Service was in stages
22        of adopting regulations for the larger passenger-
23        carrying vessels.  Therefore, we felt this was
24        beyond our purview, since we were mainly con-
25        cerned with recreational craft.  This was the

-------
   	    1793
 1                          RON STONE
 2        act of a government organization that  is  con-
 3        eerned with administration and enforcement of
 4        recreational boating laws, so we didn't want to
 5        trespass in other areas.
 6                  MR. OEMING:  Well, the point of the
 7        matter is that your statement began to use terms
 g        here that could apply to recreational as well
 9        as the other kinds of watercraft.
10                  MR. STONE:  No, we only want to do
11        what concerns us in recreational boating.
12                  MR. OEMING:  You used the term "vessel"
13        in here, Mr. Stone.
14                  MR. STONE:  Well, it is a question of
15        semantics, I grant you, sir.
16                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any further
17        questions or comments?
18                  Let me ask you, turning to page 8, (17*1-7 )
19        when you talk about conflicts of law which would
20        result by boaters proceeding from State to Federal
21        waters within the boundaries of the same State.
22                  MR. STONE:  Yes.
23                  MR. STEIN:  When does anyone go. from
24        a  State to a Federal water within the boundaries of
25        the State?  When is that point reached?

-------
                                                         179**
 1                           RON STONE
 2                   MR.  STONE:   Well, not all waters within
 3         the boundaries of a State are purely State waters.
 4         Not all waters are Federal waters where you have
 5         primary jurisdiction.
 6                   MR.  STEIN:   Well, when do you go from a
 7         State to a Federal water?
 8                   MR.  STONE:   Because boaters are very
 9         mobile, they are not confined to one body of
10         water.
11                   MR.  STEIN:   I know that, but it is my
12         understanding of the case--
13                   MR.  STONE:   I will give you an example.
14                   MR.  STEIN:  --the Federal Government
15         may have Jurisdiction over navigable waters.  It
16         is  my understanding of the case we have concurrent
17         jurisdiction with the States of most waters.  If
18         we  are hard put  for  a definition or a boundary
10         between a State or a Federal water, I think we
20         are turning back the clock in this government.
21                   MR.  STONE:   I will give you an example.
22                   MR.  STEIN:   We don't have that kind of &
23         concept.
24                   MR.  STONE:   May I give an example?
2*                   MR.  STEINr   Yes.

-------
                                                         1795
 1                          RON STONE
 2                   MR.  STONE:   All  right.   Let's  assume  we hjave
 3        a State  such as  Minnesota,  where  since 1961 they
 4        have had a law regulating  sewage  discard from
 6        vessels  which  takes  cognizance  of your chemical
 6        treatment device as  well as holding tanks or
 7        incinerators.  You have an optionj  any one of the
 g        three devices  will satisfy the  Minnesota Water
 9        Pollution Control Board.
10                   Take a man who has this chemical treat-
11        ment device installed according to the Minnesota
12        law who  goes onto a  Federal body  of water, such
13        as the Mississippi River,  and assume—this is
14        Just hypothetical—assume  at some later  date the
15        Federal  Government had a holding-tank-only law
16        such as  that of  Chicago.
17                   MR.  STEIN:   You  made  the  big Jump in
18        the question.  Why do you  assume  that  the
19        Mississippi River is  a Federal  body of water and
20        not at the  same  time  a State body?
21                   MR.  STONE:   Because if  there were—of
22        course the State has  concurrent Jurisdiction, but
23        where there is a conflict  of law  between State
24        and Federal Government on  a water that is primarily
25        Federal  Jurisdiction,  then  the  Federal law takes

-------
      	1796
 1                          RON STONE
 2        precedence  over  the  State  law and the .State law
 3        must follow.
 4                 MR.  STEIN:   As  far as  I know,  if we are
 5        talking about  the  supremacy of the Federal law,
 Q        we are  not  talking about  a conflict,  and this
 7        is why  I don't understand  the problem.
 g                 MR.  STONE:   There is a very clear
 9        conflict as  far  as the boater is concerned
10        because his  equipment is not usable uniformly
11        throughout  the boundaries  of that State.
12                 MR.  STEIN:   Equipment  may not, but
13        this is precisely  the point.   I  don't think
14        we are  talking about  Federal or  State waters,
15        but I think  we have  concurrent Jurisdiction
16        over both waters and  this  is what runs through
17        the whole operation here--
18                 MR.  STONE:   The  Federal Government
19        would not have concurrent  Jurisdiction with
20        the State on purely State  waters.
21                 MR.  STEIN:   The  whole  burden of your
22        operation is that  you haven't moved because
23        the government--the stumbling block has  been
24        a  lack  of direction from government.   I  assume
25        you mean State or  Federal  Government.

-------
                           	1797
 1                           RON STONE
 2                   MR. STONE:  Both, yes.
 3                   MR. STEIN: But  the manufacturers  can
 4         produce devices if we only tell  them what  to  do.
 5                   MR. STONE:  Yes.
 6                   MR. STEIN:  I don't  know  that  the people
 7         we have been working with have seen the  manufac-
 8         turers come through with  these devices.  But  this
 9         strikes me as passing strange  in our kind  of  free
10         economy where you have a  development of  the auto-
11         mobile induotry, the steel industry, the petroleuii
12         industry where these industries  develop  devices tc
13         go across State lines into interstate  commerce who
14         say they can't move and it is  the fault  cf  govern-
15         ment without uniform devices.  The  question,  it
16         seems to me, is that when you  have  to  come  up to
17         do it, then you ask for government  direction.
18                   But your next point  is, you  say  that
19         the National Conference of government  officials
20         decided that the National Sanitation Foundation
21         was the most qualified.   Then  you are  asking
22         government direction and  indicate that we have a
23         Federal report which overlooks all  documented
24         facts and scientific information.   The Federal
25

-------
                                                	1798
 1                         RON STOKE
 2       report, you say it makes little sense;  the work
 3       has been already done by the most knowledgeable
 4       and experienced people in the field.
 5                 Now, what—
 6                 MR. STONE:  I am talking about recrea*
 7       tional boating.
 g                 MR. STEIN:  Now, what is the  point
 9       in asking for Federal uniformity and Federal
10       direction if when this Federal report comes
11       out this is what you say about the Federal report?
12       'When Chicago passes an ordinance you don't want
13       to follow it.
14                 MR. STONE:  That report, sir, was
15       published without the cooperation of the boating
16       industry and the boating public.  ¥e were not
17       consulted.
18                 MR. STEIN:  But on the one hand don't
19       you see your point?  You are asking, one, for
20       Federal standards and Federal cooperation.  When
21       Chicago does something  or the Federal  Government
22       does something you don't want to do,  then you
23       say it is no good.  Now, it seems to me—
2!4                 MR. STONE:  I am saying that  whatever
25       we do in the area of regulation, it has to be

-------
   ^_	17QQ

 1                           RON STONE

 2
           a cooperative approach.
 3
                     MR. STEIN:  We recognize it has to
 4
           be a cooperative approach.
 5
                     MR. STONE:  Yes, sir.
 6
                     MR. STEIN:  But let me make this
 7
           clear, and I think this is the main point.
 8
                     I think the Congress has been
 9
           very, very careful in exercising the full
10
           constitutional authority it can to regulate
11
           pollution control over navigable waters.
12
           We all agree that the primary rights and
13
           responsibility should be left with the
14
           States.
15
                     Now, I would suggest that this
16
           business of talking about Federal controls
17
           or Federal standards, unless we know
18
           really carefully what we are doing, may
19
           open the Pandora's Box and may have reper-
20
           cussions  that go beyond what you ask
21
           for.  I  say this to the State people,
22
           we believe that the States and places  like
23
           Chicago  should be given the full opportunity
24
           to enforce regulations from pleasure boats.
25

-------
   	1800


 1                            RON STONE


           I would hope that boat owners or boat


 3          associations should not excuse their lack


 4          of compliance with the State or local


 5          ordinance or law with the notion that the


 6          Federal Government hasn't moved, because


 7          I think you are going around in a circle


 8          while in the next breath every document


 9          that the Federal Government puts out is


10          unrealistic and is done without consul-


11          tation.


12                    I don't think you can be on every side


13          of the situation.


14                    MR. STONE:  I would hope, in the light


15          of my remarks, that we could use this as a start-


           ing ground and get down to work.


17                    MR. STEIN:  Are there any other ques-
18          tions?
19
                     Mr. Ceming.
20                    MR. OEMING:  Mr. Stone, do I take it


21          that you still, despite what you have said here,

oo
           recommend the Association of Boating Law Adminis

no
   I        trators Model Act in totality?  You are not


24          departing from this?
25
                     MR. STONE:  These are the only uniform

-------
   	1801

 l                          RON  STONE



          guidelines we  have now,  so  it  is  better  than
 &


 3        nothing.



 .                 MR.  OEMING:  Well, you  didn't  answer
 4


 _        my  question.
 5


                   MR.  STONE:   Yes.  Yes.



                   MR.  OEMING:  How  can you come  up with



          this  idea of State and. Federal law or waters
 O


          when  you say in  your Boating Law  Administrators
 9


          proposal, "the term 'waters of this State' means



          all of  the waterways on  which  watercraft shall



          be  used or operated"?
l£


                   MR.  STONE:   Sir,  this contemplates all
13


,.        waters. As Mr. Stein pointed out.  the State would
14


._        have  concurrent  jurisdiction on Federal  waters,



16        so  I  don't see any inconsistency  there.



17                 MR.  OEMING:  Well, I can't make your--



lg                 MR.  STONE:   The point where I  saw the



19        inconsistency  was  that conversely the Federal



20        Government would not have concurrent Jurisdiction



21         on  all  State waters.



22                  MR.  OEMING:  I Just  don't make--I can't



23         make  your statements consistent here with what



24         you have stated  and what the Boating Law Adrainis-



25         trators propose.   This is ray point.

-------
                                                         1802
                           RON STONE

 2                   MR. STONE:  I  don't  see why  that act

 3         cannot be  a model for Federal  action,  and why

          we  are praying for Federal action is because

          that way we are going to get the broadest uni-

 „         formity possible.  I hope I made the point that

 _         we  are not asking for a  complete takeover by the

 g         Federal Government.  We  Just want the  Federal

 9         Government to cooperate  to show the States the

10         wav
                    I don't see why this should  be beyond

          comprehension, because it has  already  been done

13         in  the Water Quality Control Act and the Federal

14         Boating Act of 1958.

                    MR. STEIN:  I  don't  know that we should

16         pursue It, but I think sitting up at this table

          I see people here who on the average have at

          least 25 years experience in dealing with

          Federal-State cooperative programs.  Most of

20         us  have been wrestling with this Federal-State

21         relationship for all our professional  lives.  We

22         have argued many, many times over proposed law

23         and proposed statutes.

24                   This kind of loose language  or loose

25         concept does not solve these problems  for us

-------
   ^___	1803
 I                          RON STOKE

 2        that we have been working with for years.   Either

 3        the  State has Jurisdiction, we have jurisdiction,

 4        or we have concurrent Jurisdiction.

 6                  The point is we have concurrent  Juris-

 6        diction over the waters.   ¥e don't recognize

 7        anyone going from a State to a Federal water.

 8        As far as we are concerned, they are State waters.

 9        You  may go into those waters and violate a Federal

10        law, but as far as I am concerned they are State

H        waters.

12                  The next question we had was when we

13        had  to grapple with this  business on these stan-

14        dardfe.  And you are talking about uniform  standards

15        The  States put them out,  but they become Federal

16        standards and they are enforceable by the Federal

17        Government.

18                  And I don't know wh^re you are going

19        to slice this kind of operation, because the

20        point is if we Just put out, as we have, a model

21        law  or a model regulation as a suggestion, then

22        It is up to the States to adopt it.  By your

23        own  testimony you have said that you put one out

24        for  them already.   Why do you want us to duplicate

25        that work?   I can't see what you are getting at.

-------
   	1804
 1                           RON  STONE
 2                   MR.  STONE:   What we  recommend,  of
 3         course,  is not necessarily going to be  taken
 4         up  by State Government.   But if the Federal
 5         Government puts something out,  this is  an
 6         inducement for State action.  What emanates
 7         from industry  and  the' boating  public will not
 8         necessarily be followed  by State Government,
 9         but what happens at the  level  of Federal  Govern-
lO         ment carries much  greater weight.
U                   MR.  STEIN:   I  wish I could be as sure
12         of  that.
13                   But  you  see, any time we come up with
14         a recommendation,  as you pointed out, that isn't
15         consummate with the conclusions you have  already
16         made, you are  ready to throw it out.
17                   The  point is,  I think we people who
18         have been doing that are, I would say,  rather
19         confused by the concepts.
20                   I think  you  are striving for  the same
21         end we are, but I  would  suggest, and I  really
22         mean this, that we need  a lot more talk,  and
23         you talk to the State  officials and the Federal
24         people,  to get some of the notions you  have put
25         up, the  concepts you have put  up really sharpened

-------
                                                	1805
 1                          RON STONE
 2        with discussion, because--and I am not deprecating
 3        any of your notions or ideas, but what I am saying
 4        to you is that you probably have 500 years worth
 5        of experience dealing with these concepts of
 6        problems at this table, and I wish you would talk
 7        to some of us before we go too far with this.
 8                  MR. STONE:  I would hope to go one
 9        step further than that, Mr. Stein, and that is
10        to recommend a Conference with participation
H        by representatives of the distinguished panelists
12        and also the State Boating Law Administrators
13        through their National Association and the
14        National Sanitation Foundation.  I feel if we
15        all sat down around a table and talked these
16        things out that we would have a basis for really
17        getting somewhere here with a cooperative approach.
18                  MR. STEIN:  Are there any further
19        comments or questions?
20                  (No response.)
21                  MR. STEIN:  If not, thank you very much,
22        Mr. Stone.
23                  Mr. Klassen.
24 j                 MR. KLASSEN:  The next presentation,
25        from the Cook County Clean Streams Committee by

-------
                                                         1806
 1                       JOSEPH "CHANTIGNEY
 2         Joseph Chantigney.
 3                   I might say for the "benefit of our
 4         out-of-State visitors, many years ago we—and
 5         I say this--we on the State level, promoted
 6         clean streams associations.  Many of them have
 7         lived to heckle us and prod us, but that is all
 3         beside the point.  The Cook County one was the
 9         first one and they are doing a whale of a job.
10                   Joe, I understand only by title you
H         are also going to read the Isaak Walton League
12         presentation.
13                   This is a very short statement, Mr.
14         Chairman, by the Cook County Clean Streams
15         Commission.
16
17                STATEMENT OP JOSEPH CHANTIGNEY
18                 CHAIRMAN OF THE GREAT LAKES
19            FOR THE ISAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA
20
21                   MR, CHANTIGNEY:  Yes, sir, Mr. Klassen.
22         Thank you very much.
23                   Mr. Chairman and distinguished guests.
24                   My name is Joseph Chantigney.  I am
25         Chairman of the Great Lakes for the Izaak Walton

-------
                                                         180?
 1                      JOSEPH CHANTIGNEY
 2        League  of America.   I am also Chairman of the
 3        Clean Streams Committee for the Calumet Region
 4        Chapter of the Izaak Walton League.  My Co-
 5        Chairman, Mr, Dean Campbell, and I are submitting
 6        the following statement.  I would like to add
 7        that the Cook County Clean Streams Committee,
 8        of which I am General Vice-Chairman, also shares
 9        the views expressed in this statement.
10                  I would like to start out by saying
11        we wholeheartedly agree with Secretary Udall's
12        statement, which I quote:
13                  "No resource problem in the country is
14        more important than the saving of Lake Michigan.'.1
15                  And also Mr. H. W. Boston's remark in
16        which he said, and I quote:
17                  "I look on this as the biggest enforce-
18        ment action ever taken.  It is the first time we
19        ever covered an entire lake."
20                  If we are to save Lake Michigan, it is
21        an absolute necessity that all four States in-
22        volved  exert their full cooperation to accomplish
23        this tremendous task.  It is our opinion that
24 I       Lake Michigan is following in the footsteps of
25        Lake Erie.  ¥e feel that our lake is being used

-------
                                                         1808
 1                       JOSEPH.CHANTIQNEY
 2         for the wrong purpose.   The purpose it Is being
 3         used for today is  mainly the disposal of our
 4         municipal and industrial wastes,  and what makes
 5         this a moral problem is that Lake Michigan is
 6         our "drinking cup".   Does one State or one group
 7         of people have the moral right to contaminate
 g         the natural resources of another  State or group
 9         of people?
10                   Illinois was  fortunate  in early recog-
ll         nizing that industrial  wastes and sewage were a
12         threat to her beaches and drinking water.  Thanks
13         to the bold imagination and engineering feats of
14         the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
15         Chicago, our beaches are usable today.  We do
16         not suggest that other  States concerned can use
17         the same corrective measures, but we do assume
18         that the other States concerned can and will
19         employ whatever measures are necessary to accom-
20         plish a clean Lake Michigan.  The widespread
21         pollution of Lake  Michigan is depriving hundreds
22         of thousands, and  potentially millions, of people
23         from enjoying this vast body of water for recrea-
24         tional purposes.  These people are entitled to
25         enjoy this water,  but on beach after beach signs

-------
                                                         1809
 1                       JOSEPH CHANTIGNEY
 2         are posted saying,  "Positively no swimming
 3         allowed - water polluted."
 4                   This shared body of water was once
 5         looked upon by primitive people as a communal
 6         property.  Can we view it with less intelligence
 7         than those ancient people?  How long can we
 8         maintain our present beaches without having
 9         to eventually post pollution signs?  Despite
lO         major engineering feats, the beaches of Illinois
H         cannot long remain unpolluted without the help
12         of our neighboring States.  How long will it
13         be before Illinois  will have to post contami-
14         nation signs saying, "Positively No Swimming -
15         Water Polluted" if the present rate of pollution
16         continues?
17                   It seems  ironic that the good citizens
18         of Michigan, Wisconsin and Indiana should have
19         to come to Illinois beaches to swim, while the
20         citizenry of Illinois must visit these States
21         to fish.   We feel that the Federal Water Pollution
22         Control Administrations water quality criteria
23         standards will make it possible for Illinoisans
24         to fish here and our three neighboring States to
25         provide their people with fine beach facilities.

-------
                                                         i8io
 1                       JOSEPH CHANTIGNEY
 2         The  restoration of Lake Michigan will also re-
 3         store  commercial fisheries.
 4                   This tremendous cleanup Job must begin
 g         today;  tomorrow may be too late.  If we may
 6         borrow from a popular TV commercial, which goes
 7         as follows, "The trouble with start is to stop,"
 g         we can reverse this saying to,  "The way to stop
 9         pollution is to START!"
10                   We want to thank you for the privilege
il         and  opportunity to express our views here today
12         Thank  you.
13         (Following statement read by Joseph Chantigney:^
14                 JOINT STATEMENT TO POUR-STATE
15             CONFERENCE ON LAKE MICHIGAN POLLUTION
16                            BY THE
17             COOK COUNTY CLEAN STREAMS COMMITTEE
18                   AND THE ILLINOIS DIVISION
19                IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OP AMERICA
20             January 31, February 1  and 2, 1968
21                   My name is Donald Matschke.  I am
22         General Chairman of the Cook County Clean Streams
23         Committee and Water Chairman for the Illinois
24         Division of the Izaak Walton League of America.
25         These  organizations have entrusted to me the

-------
 1                       DONALD MATSCHKE
 2        articulation of their shared thinking concerning
 3        our most valuable Lake Michigan.
 4                  At the same time, I am gainfully
 5        employed as the Director of Environmental Re-
 6        search for a company that markets pollution
 7        solution equipment, processes and turnkey in-
 g        stallations.  My professional life is totally
 9        occupied with the elucidation and economic
10        reclamation of the environment problems of today
11        and tomorrow.
12                  What I say here today, however, is my
13        best effort to speak to you about our Lake Michi-
14        gan consistent with the philosophy of the two
15        lay conservation organizations I represent,
16        namely the Cook County Clean Streams Committee
17        and the Illinois Division of the Izaak Walton
18        League of America.   In no sense am I acting as
19        a spokesman for my company.
20                  Before proceeding further, we strongly
21        commend the initiatives of both the State and
22        Federal persons who brought this Conference into
23        being.   For the first time the people of Cook
24        County and of Illinois  have a forum in which to
25        observe and comment on  their lake in context with

-------
           	1812
 1                        DONALD  MATSCHKE
 2         the other areas in States.   It  Is our understand-
 3         ing that the  purpose of this Conference is to
 4         generate a plan for the reclamation and mainte-
 5         nance  of desirable water quality in Lake Michigan
 6         for the  mutual  benefit of the States here repre-
 7         sented.   The  organizations  I represent totally
 8         support  this  purpose.
 9                   We  have had an opportunity to examine
10         the Conference  background information prepared
11         by the Department of the Interior.  The variety
12         of sources that contribute  to Lake Michigan's
13         problems are  indeed many and they are well docu-
14         mented in the background materials.  It would be
15         impractical for me to discuss them all here with
16         you today. We  are shortly  going to comment in
17         some detail on  two main thoughts.  First, however,
18         we would like to touch briefly  on two of the prob-
19         lems referred to in the background survey material.
20         Generally speaking, I believe that we all want to
21         work towards  water quality  standards for Lake
22         Michigan which  are comparable in content and
23         philosophy to those arrived at  in the Calumet
24         Area,  Indiana-Illinois Conference.  In order to
25         achieve  these standards, we believe that

-------
                                                         1813
 1                       DONALD MA2SCHKE
 2        imaginative solutions to combined sewer problems
 3        must be forthcoming together with financial back-
 4        ing and that agricultural agencies might soon
 5        have to consider recommending legislation to
 6        control soil and nutrient runoff from agricul-
 7        tural land bordering our watercourses.  And now
 g        to return to our two main thoughts.
 9                  A first consideration regarding Lake
10        Michigan water quality that we wish to emphasize
11        is the matter of logical consistency.  Logical
12        consistency in enforcement.  It has been frus-
13        trating to some of us in the Chicago area to
14        attempt to reconcile Federal Enforcement Con-
15        ferences in the Calumet area with at the same
16        time, an absence of parallel action for other
17        Lake Michigan shore areas.   Further, the Chicago
18        Tribune and other news media were primarily
19        responsible for publicizing the public concern
20        over dredging dumping in Lake Michigan which
21        eventually resulted in its.termination.   It was
22        Judicial concern for Lake Michigan that manifested
23        itself in the recent opinion that affirms the
24        appropriateness for the Metropolitan Sanitary
25        District of Greater Chicago to continue  to direct

-------
 1                        DONALD  MATSCHKE



 2         their treated secondary effluent away from Lake



 3         Michigan.   Gentlemen,  we suggest that there is a



 4         need for an integrated concern for Lake Michigan



 5         water quality that demands attention.  Perhaps



 6         a systems  analysis is  required, much as was



 7         carried forth on the Delaware River and such as



 g         is presently contemplated for the Hudson River.



 9         By whatever means these problems are placed in



10         their proper perspective, by no thoughtful con-



11         sideration can there be Justification for simple



12         translation of discharges from Lake Michigan to



13         our alternative Illinois River watershed.  Any



14         systems approach to Lake Michigan water quality



15         must include the related study of adjoining



16         watersheds when there  exists the possibility of



17         water quality impairment in these neighboring



18         watersheds.  We thus,  campaign as we believe



19         you do, for logical, consistent enforcement.



20                   The second thought we would emphasize



21         perhaps arises from a  misunderstanding Of terms



22         as presented in the background literature for



23         this Conference.  By our interpretation, the



24         word "nutrients", as used on page 67 under the



25         subtitle,  "Specific Recommendations" in numbered

-------
                     	1815
 1                       DONALDOMATffCHKE
 2        recommendations 1 and 2, does not include the
 3        oxygen demanding residues present in municipal
 4        or industrial waters subsequent to secondary
 5        treatment or its industrial equivalent.  Thus,
 6        based on this line of reasoning, no tertiary
 7        control of both these solid and dissolved organic
 g        residues is provided for, now or in the future,
 9        in the Specific Recommendations.  Neglecting
10        industrial contributions and considering 1960
11        census figures of 5-5 million municipal population
12        for the Lake Michigan watershed, these seemingly
13        omitted organic residues conservatively contribute
14        in excess of 100 tons per day of sludge solids
15        to and consume in excess of 100 tons per day of
16        oxygen from the waters of Lake Michigan, every
17        day of the year and year after year.  We believe
18        the following facts support our argument for re-
19        duction of residual organics beyond secondary or
20        equivalent treatment levels.
21             1.  The organic, oxygen demanding
22             residues are, we believe, among
23             the prime reasons why the Metropolitan
24             Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
25             is not recycling secondary effluents

-------
   	1816
 1                       DOlTAIiD MATSQHKE
 2             to Lake Michigan and why the
 3             Sanitary District of Lake County,
 4             Illinois is planning to remove
 5             their effluent discharges from
 c             Lake Michigan and why metropolitan
 o
               areas in general that recycle
 0             secondary effluents to Lake Michi-
 o
 o             gan have less than desirable
10             recreation and ecological water
n             environment.
12             2.  The oxygen removed by these
ia             secondary residues from Lake Michi-
13
14             gan is an order of magnitude greater
15             in amount than was the oxygen re-
lg             moved, also from Lake Michigan, by
17             the organic constituents in the
lg             sludge dredged from Indiana Harbor
19             by the Corps of Engineers during
2Q             their routine year-to-year maintenance
2i             programs.  Gentlemen, this practice
22             has been stopped by administrative
23             order.  How wise then are our secon-
24             dary or organic residue practices?
25             3.  The State of Illinois has called

-------
   	1817
 1                       DONALD MATffCHKE
 2             for tertiary treatment including
 3             resid.ual organic removal to vary-
 4             ing degrees, depending on dilution
 5             volumes available in her inter and
 6             intrastate watercourses.  Considering
 7             that the bulk of the current in most
 g             of Lake Michigan is wind or convective
 9             induced and results in essentially
10             total recirculative flow, it would
11             seem that we have a minimum of steady
12             state dilution water available for
13             exploitation.  Under these circum-
14             stances, the State of Illinois by
15             way of their regulation SWB-15 calls
16             for reduction in the aforesaid re-
17             sidual organic loading by 80 percent
18             through tertiary procedures.
19             4.   Dr. David G. Stephan of the PWPCA
20             has presented incremental costs for
21             advanced waste treatment that include
22             chlorination, order of magnitude
23             organic residual removal and sub-
24             stantial phosphate removal.  Total
25             treatment cost is estimated at 18 to

-------
                                                        1818.
 1                       DONALD
 2              24 cents per thousand gallons as
 3              compared with cost of conventional
 4              secondary treatment at 8.3 to 11
 5              cents  per thousand gallons,  for
 6              100 MGD and 15 MGD plants respec-
 7              tively.
 8              5«  While,  in our interpretation,
 9              the Specific Recommendations do
10              not call for residual organic re-
11              moval,  we nevertheless find  in the
12              accompanying background text on page
13              24 in  the last two paragraphs reading
14              that promises something more to be
15              required for Lake Michigan to con-
16              trol eutrophication .
17                  In summary,  we congratulate you in your
18         purpose for  this Conference and on the comprehen-
19         sive survey of Lake Michigan problems which we
20         especially  commend for its excellence.  We request
21         you implement the sought objectives with contin-
22         uous attention to logical  and consistent enforce-
23         ment and recommend a systems study of the Lake
24         Michigan watershed areas if no simpler basis for
25         satisfactory judgments can be found.  We strongly

-------
                       	1819
 1                       DONALD MATSCHKE
 2        recommend higher regard for the water quality of
 3        Lake Michigan in view of the lake's ineffectual
 4        safe cleaning capabilities as compared  with
 5        flowing watercourses and, for that reason, we
 6        request that you consider now order of magnitude
 7        reductions in the pollutant residues present in
 8        secondary effluents prior to discharge to Lake
 9        Michigan.
10                  Thank you gentlemen, on behalf of the
11        conservation organizations I represent for this
12        opportunity to present our thoughts.  We believe
13        and we trust that, as a result of this Conference,
14        the people of the Lake Michigan basin can now
15        look forward to a more valuable water resource
16        for all the many water uses.  Such is the goal of
17        the Cook County Clean Streams Committee and of the
18        Izaak Walton League of America.
19                           - - -
20                  MR. CHANTIGNEY:  Thank you.
21                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you.
22                  Are there any comments or questions?
23                  (No response.)
24                  MR. STEIN:  If not, thank you very much.
25                  Mr. Klassen or Mr. Morton.

-------
                                                         1820
 1                       DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2                   MR. KLASSEN:   We have a statement
 3         from the Committee on Lake Michigan Pollution,
 4         the Chairman of the Investigative Committee.
 5         It is a group, I understand, of North Shore
 6         citizens.  The statement will "be made by
 7         Donald J. Bergman, who  is the Chairman of the
 8         Investigative Committee.
 9                   Mr. Bergman,  can you condense your
10         statement?   We are running out of time and we
11         want to make sure we get everybody on.
12
13                STATEMENT OF DONALD J. BERGMAN
14              CHAIRMAN,  INVESTIGATIVE COMMITTEE
15             COMMITTEE ON LAKE MICHIGAN POLLUTION
16
17                   MR. BERGMAN:   Mr. Chairman, Conferees
18         from Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin.
19                   Ladies and gentlemen.  I would like to
20         put my full presentation into the record, but I
21         will condense it to a summary.
22                   The Committee on Lake Michigan Pollution
23         is a group of citizens  from the suburban villages
24         north of Chicago, ranging up to Lake Forest, who
25         are interested in preventing the death of the lake.

-------
                               	1821
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        Activities of the group include encouragement
 3        of legislation, discouragement of industrial
 4        offenders, and search for local sources of
 5        pollution in the various villages.
 6                  In making this presentation for the
 7        Committee on Lake Michigan Pollution, the
 8        writer has drawn upon observations of lake
 9        conditions during some kO years of active
10        boating experience, published reports, Winnetka
11        Water Department data, and articles from the
12        press.
13                  In 1927, at Sherwin Avenue near
14        Evans ton, the water was clear and clean.
15        There was  no algae growing on the piles
16        supporting the small pier extending out from
17        the Sherwin Hotel.  In 193^ racing boats
18        using Wilmette Harbor needed a cleaning at
19        most three or four times a season.  To be
20 |       competitive now, a racing boat moored in the
21         water must be cleaned weekly.  Occasionally
22         in the late summer, clumps of dark green foul-
23         smelling algae, a foot or more in diameter,
24         float into the harbor on the current caused
25         by pumping into the sanitary canal running

-------
                                                         1822
 I                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        to the south.  Water at the beach at Lloyd Park,
 3        Winnetka, has a green turbid cast, and stones
 4        feel slimy to bare feet.
 5                  It seems quite possible that some of
 6        those present today may be still alive in the
 7        year 2000 and that some of our children or grand-
 8        children now living may see the year 2050.  So
 9        in self interest,  we should give serious con-
10        sideration,  not Just to the things which should
U        be done immediately, but also to things which
12        should be planned  now for completion in 10 or
13        20 years to  keep Lake Michigan in the condition
14        to which we  would  like to become accustomed,  for
15        ourselves, our children, and for future genera-
16        tions.  If this planning is to be really success-
17        ful, it must be as advanced and on a scale
18        even larger  than that which took place before
19        the turn of  the century resulting in the formation
20        of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago,
2i        rated as one of the seven modern wonders of
22        engineering.
23                  By the year 2050 the midwest megapolis
24        stretching from Milwaukee to Detroit may be well
25        entrenched,  but it is the area from Michigan City

-------
                                                         1823
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        to Milwaukee with which we are primarily
 3        concerned now.  There will be problems enough
 4        in both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron due to
 5        the heavily populated area reaching from Michigan
 6        City to Detroit which must drain to one or the
 7        other of the lakes or to Lake Erie because no
 8        other drainage basin is available.
 9                  Long-range estimates of population
10        and the services they require are subject to
11        much question, but it seems reasonable to think
12        of this area requiring sanitary facilities
13        approximately three times that of the present
14        metropolitan district, which handles domestic
15        sewage of about five and one-half million people
16        and industrial sewage equal to three million
17        more people.  To prevent the lower basin of
18        Lake Michigan becoming a nearly stagnant pool
19        of pollution, no sewage effluent from this
20        section of the megapolls should discharge into
21        the lake.  This is pointed out by the report
22        of Judge Maris dated December 8, 1966.
23                  The following summary is a suggested
24        list for action.  It is divided into two groups,
25        A for immediate action and B for Backlog to be

-------
   	1824
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        picked up when possible.
 3             A.  Proposals for Immediate study
 4             and action.
 5                  1.  Investigate the fouling
 6             of the lower Lake Michigan basin.
 7             It appears that in this area evapo-
 g             ration from the lake surface may be
 9             greater than precipitation on the
10             surface plus runoff from tributary
11             watersheds, especially during summer,
12             fall and winter.  Hence it becomes
13             a stagnant pool with no cleansing
14             flow through.  A coordinated study
15             of records of the various municipal
16             and industrial water plants on both
17             sides of the lake might furnish
18             valuable information.  In addition,
19             traverse surveys across the lake and
20             in depth should be made to determine
21             the extent of mixing.
22                  2.  All sewage systems in the
23             Lake Michigan runoff area should be
24             improved Immediately at least to
25             secondary treatment and target dates

-------
                                                        1825
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2             set for tertiary treatment.  This
 3             applies particularly to the larger
               communities which now discharge
               sewage effluent directly into the
               lake or to streams draining into
 7             it.
 8                  3.  Recover and dispose else-
               where the solids filtered out of
               raw water by water treatment plants.
               These are now returned to the lake
12             with additional chemicals and carbon
13             in the filter backwash water.
14                  4.  Eliminate as far as possi-
15             ble sources of flood-caused overflow
               of raw sewage into the lake.
17                  5-  Set up control works in
18             the outlet of Lake Huron to maintain
19             the level of Lakes Huron and Michigan
20             as Lake Superior is now controlled.
2i             This will prevent excessive lowering
22             of lake level during periods of lower
23             rainfall.
24                  6.  To provide an incentive for
25             industry to clean up its own sewage and

-------
   	1826
 1                       DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2              air pollution wastes at the source,
 3              a law should be passed providing
 4              that a portion of the cost of cor-
 5              rective measures for air and/or
 6              water pollution be  deductible from
 7              income taxes.
 g                   7.  Set regulations or laws
 9              stopping or limiting the usage of
10              hard to break down  pesticides,
11              herbicides, and so  forth, such as
12              DDT.  These should  be replaced
13              wherever possible by degradable
14              material.
15                   8.  Set up control over usage
16              of soluble fertilizers where the
17              excess now drains into the lake.
18                   9.  Set up uniform local laws or
19              Federal laws regarding disposal
20              of sewage and pollution from ships
21              and pleasure boats  using the Great
22              Lakes Waterway and  Lake Michigan.
23                   10.  Final responsibility for
24              enforcing compliance with laws and
25              regulations covering pollution and

-------
   	182?

 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN

 2             its disposal must be vested in

 3             one agency, either existing now

 4             or to be created, so that uniform

 5             enforcement is maintained.  A

 6             multiplicity of small agencies

 7             is likely to result in confusion

 g             and lack of uniformity.

 9
               B.  These are proposals for immediate
10
               study and later action.
11

12                  1.  Work toward complete re-

13             moval of all sewage effluent, however

14             treated, in those areas where an

15             alternate drainage basin is reasonably

16             at hand to stop nitrogen and phosphorus

17             enrichment of the lake.  This seems

18             possible from Milwaukee to Michigan

19             City.

20                  2.  Set up or revise priorities

21             on water usage from Lake Michigan to

22             the following order:

23                  a.  Domestic and industrial

24                      usage in recreation.

25                  b.  Transportation or navigation.

-------
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2                  c.   Riparian rights.   This
 3                  is  the maintenance of the
 4                  uniform level.
 5                  d.   Power.
 6                  3.   Arrange for National and
 7             international agreement by which
 8             an  increased amount of water would
 9             be  diverted from the Hudson Bay
10             watershed,  of which a substantial
11             quantity would be available for
12             use in the  southern basin  of Lake
13             Michigan.
14                  4.   Consider the possibility
15             of  utilizing cloud  seeding to obtain
16             a greater rainfall  on the  lower
17             basin of Lake Michigan,  especially
18             during the  late summer and fall when
19             lake levels normally drop.
20                  5.   Obtain international and
21             National agreement  on increased water
22             diversion from Lake Michigan to the
23             Mississippi watershed by a substantial
24             amount of the water collected by 3
25             and 4 above in order to set up a

-------
   	       1829

 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN

 2             flow-through condition and prevent

 3             the lower basin becoming a dead sea.

 4                  I thank you for the opportunity to make

 5        this presentation.

 6                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you very much, sir.

 7                  Are there any comments or questions?

 g                  (No response.)

 9                  MR. STEIN:  If not, thank you very much

10        for your presentation.

11                  (The full statement of Mr. Bergman is

12        as follows:)

13
                         REPORT OF THE
14
              COMMITTEE ON LAKE MICHIGAN POLLUTION
15

16                  The Committee on Lake Michigan Pollution

17        is a group of citizens from the suburban villages

18        north of Chicago,  ranging up to Lake Forest,  who

13        are interested in  preventing the death of the lake.

20        Activities  of the  group include encouragement of

21         legislation,  discouragement of industrial offenders

22         and search  for local sources of pollution in  the

23         various  villages.

24                   In  making this presentation for the

25         Committee  on  Lake  Michigan Pollution,  the writer

-------
                                      	1830
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2        has drawn upon  observation of  lake  conditions
 3        during  some 40  years of  active boating  experience,
 4        published reports, Winnetka Water Department data,
 5        and articles from the press.
 6                  In 1927, canoeing was  still a competi-
 7        tive  sport in the Chicago area with three  canoe
 8        clubs on the Des Plaines River and  three very
 9        active  racing clubs located along the lakeshore
10        at Sherwin Avenue, Lincoln Park, and 79th  Street.
H        Now there is one club at Lincoln Park.
12                  At Sherwin Avenue near Evans ton  the
13        water was clear and clean.  There was no algae
14        growing on the  piles supporting  the small  pier
15        extending out from the Sherwin Hotel.   In  193^
16        racing  boats using Wilmette Harbor  needed  a
17        cleaning at most three or four times during a
18        season.  To be  competitive now,  a racing boat
19        moored  in the water must be cleaned weekly.
20        Occasionally in the late summer, clumps of dark
21        green,  foul-smelling algae, one  foot or more in
22        diameter,"float into the harbor  on  the  current
23        caused  by pumping into the sanitary canal  running
24        to the  south.   Water at  the beach at Lloyd Park,
25        Winnetka, has a green turbid cast,  and  stones

-------
                                                         1831
 I                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        feel slimy to "bare feet.
 3                  During the past three years especially,
 4        there has been an increasing plague of dead ale-
 5        wives along the shores of the lake in the early
 6        summer.   These fish found their way into the Great
 7        Lakes by way of the canals and locks from the
 8        ocean.  Apparently they were originally kept
 9        under control by lake trout, but when the lampreys
10        destroyed the trout, the alewives went into a
11        population explosion.  Last year it was estimated
12        that over 100 million pounds of alewives drifted
13        to shore, fouling beaches, and creating a major
14        stench.   Coho salmon were introduced in northern
15        Lake Michigan to provide a sport fish and to feed
16        on the alewives.  It has been estimated that a 20-
17        pound salmon will have eaten 100 pounds of these
18        or other small fish.  One source of pollution may
19        be the salmon.  After four years in the lake they
20        run upstream to spawn and then die.  Are we trading
21        dead alewives for dead salmon?
22                  It seems quite possible that some of
23        those present today may still be alive in the year
24        2000, and that some of our children or grandchildrqn
25        now living may see the year 2050.  So, in self

-------
                                                  	1832
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        interest,we should give serious consideration not
 3        Just to the things which should be done immediate-
 4        ly,  but also to things which should be planned
 5        now  for completion in 10 to 20 years to keep
 6        Lake Michigan in the condition to which we would
 7        like to become accustomed,  for ourselves, our
 g        children,  and for future generations.  If this
 9        planning is to be really successful it must be
10        as advanced and on a scale  even larger than that
11        which took place before the turn of the century
12        resulting in the formation  of the Metropolitan
13        Sanitary District of Chicago, rated as one of the
14        seven modern wonders of engineering.
15                  By the year 2050  the Midwest Megapolis
16        stretching from Milwaukee to Detroit may be well
17        entrenched, but it is of the area from Michigan
18        City to Milwaukee with which we are primarily
19        concerned now.  There will  be problems enough
20        in both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron due to the
21        heavily populated area reaching from Michigan City
22        to Detroit which must drain to one or the other of
23        the  lakes  or Lake Erie because no other drainage
24        .basin is available.  Long-range estimates of popu-
25        lation and the services they require are subject

-------
   	1833

 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN


 2        to much question, "but it seems reasonable to think


 3        of this area requiring sanitary facilities approxi-


 4        mately three times that of the present Metropolitan


 5        District,  which handles the domestic sewage of


 6        about 5.5  million people and industrial sewage


 7        equal to 3 million more people.  To prevent the


 8        lower basin of Lake Michigan becoming a nearly


 9        stagnant pool of pollution no sewage effluent


10        from this  section of the Megapolis should discharge


11        into the lake.  This is pointed out by the report


12        of Judge Maris dated December 8, 1966.


13                  The following summary is a suggested


14        list for action.  It is divided into two groups,


15        A for immediate action, and B for backlog to be


16        picked up  when possible.


17
          A    Proposals for immediate study and action.
18

19             1.  Investigate the rate of fouling


20             of the lower Lake Michigan basin.


21             It appears that in this area evapo-


22             ration from the lake surface may be


23             greater than percipitation on the


24 !            surface plus runoff from tributary


25             watersheds, especially during the

-------
   	1834
 1                      DONALD  J.  BERGMAN
 2              summer,  fall  and winter.  Hence
 3              it  becomes  a  stagnant  pool  with
 4              no  cleansing  flow-through.   A
 5              coordinated study of records of
 6              the various municipal  and indus-
 7              trial water plants  on  both  sides
 g              of  the  lake might furnish valuable
 9              information.  .In addition traverse
10              surveys  across the  lake  and in
11              depth should  be  made to  determine
12              the extent  of mixing.
13              2.  All  sewage systems in the Lake
14              Michigan runoff  area should be  im-
15              proved  immediately  at  least to  see-
16              ondary  treatment, and  target dates
17              set for  tertiary treatment.   This
18              applies  particularly to  the larger
19              communities which now  discharge sewage
20              effluent directly into the  lake or  to
21              streams  draining into  it.
22              3»  Recover and  dispose  elsewhere
23              the solids  filtered out  of  raw  water
24              by  water treatment  plants.   These are
25              now returned  to  the lake  with additional

-------
   	1835
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2             chemicals and carbon in the filter
 3             backwash  water.
 4             4.   Eliminate as far as possible
 5             sources of flood-caused overflow
 6             of  raw sewage into  the  lake.
 7             5-   Set up control  works in the
 g             outlet of Lake Huron to maintain
 9             the level of  Lakes  Huron and  Michi-
10             gan as Lake Superior is now con-
11             trolled.   This will prevent excessive
12             lowering  of lake level  during periods
13             of  low rainfall.
14             6.   To provide an incentive for
15             industry  to clean up its own  sewage
16             and air pollution wastes at the source,
17             a law should  be passed  providing that
18             a portion of .the cost of corrective
19             measures  for  air and/or water pol-
20             lution be deductible from income
21             taxes.
22             7.   Set regulations or  laws stopping
23             or  limiting the usage of hard to
24             break down pesticides,  herbicides,
25             etc., such as  DDT.   These should be

-------
   	1836

 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2             replaced wherever possible by

 3             degradable material.

 4             8.   Set up control  over -usage of

 5             soluble fertilizers where the ex-

 Q             cess now drains into the lake.

 7             9-   Set up uniform  local laws or

 g             Federal laws  regarding disposal

 9             of  sewage and pollution from ships

10             and pleasure  boats  using the Great

11             Lakes Waterway and  Lake Michigan.

12             10.  Final responsibility for en-

13             forcing compliance  with laws and

14             regulations covering pollution and

15             its disposal  must be  vested in one

16             agency,  either existing now or to be

17             created, so that uniform enforcement

18             is  maintained.  A multiplicity of

19             small agencies is likely to result

20             in  confusion  and lack of uniformity.

21
          B    Proposals for immediate study and later action
22

23             1.   Work toward complete removal of

24             all sewage effluent,  however treated,

25             in  those areas where  an alternate

-------
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN



 2             drainage basin is reasonably at



 3             hand,  to stop nitrogen and phosphorus



 4             enrichment of the lake.  This seems



 5             possible from Milwaukee to Michigan



 6             City.



 7             2.   Set up or revise present prior-



 g             ities  on water usage from Lake Michi-



 9             gan to the following order:



10                  a.  Domestic and industrial



11                  usage and recreation,



12                  b.  Transportation(Navigation),



13                  c.  Riparian rights (Maintain



14                  uniform level),



15                  d.  Power.



16             3.   Arrange for Naoxonal and inter-



17             national agreement by which  an in-



18             creased amount of water would be



19             diverted from the Hudson Bay watershed,



20             of  which a substantial quantity would



21             be  available for use in the  southern



22             basin  of Lake Michigan.



23             4»   Consider the possibility of util-



24             izing  cloud seeding to obtain a greater



25             rainfall on the  lower basin  of Lake

-------
   	18.38
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2             Michigan,  especially  during  the
 3             late summer and fall, when lake
 4             levels normally drop.
 5             5.  Obtain international  and
 6             National agreement  on increased
 7             water diversion from  Lake Michigan
 g             to the Mississippi  watershed by  a
 9             substantial amount  of the water
10             collected  by 3 and  4  above in order
11             to set up  a flow-through  condition
12             and prevent the lower basin  becoming
13             a Dead Sea.
14                  Lake  Michigan  is and must continue  to be
15        the source of drinking water for  millions  of  people
16        and the water source for the industries that  sup-
17        port them.  It  is not a  self-renewing stream.   Its
18        ratio of surface to volume, and its ability to  re-
19        place used up oxygen are low in comparison to  a
20        streaflu  Hence  it appears vitally important to
21        establish how much pollution has  already occurred,
22        and what is the condition  of the  deep pool of the
23        lake.
24                  An article by  Horace P.  Ramey, in the
25        February and March 1952  issues of the Midwest

-------
   	1839
 !                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2        Engineer points  out that the average precipita-

 3        tion  in the  Lake Michigan-Lake Huron area is

 4        about 31 inches  per year,  while the average

 5        evaporation  from the lake  surface is 28 inches

 6        per year,  based  on the period from i860 to 1924

 7        inclusive.   The  average  annual yield of the two

 8        lakes considering direct rainfall, runoff from

 9        tributary land area, evaporation, and storage

10        was estimated at 105,400 cfs.  The mean monthly

tl        local supply to  Michigan-Huron ranged between

12        27,800 cfs in May,  and 8,200 cfs in October.

13        For the same period the  water yield of Lake

14        Superior ranged  between  a  maximum 175,700 cfs

15        and a negative 10,700 cfs  in the month of Decem-

16        ber when precipitation and runoff from the tribu-

17        tary  watershed were less than evaporation.

18                  There  is  a submerged ridge across Lake

19        Michigan running slightly  south of east from

20        Milwaukee.   Water depth  along this ridge is never

2i        more  than  300 feet,  while  the basin to the south

22        goes  to a  depth  of  about 575 feet and the north

23        basin runs to almost 900 feet.   According to "The

24        Glacial Lakes  Around Michigan"  a recent publica-

25        tion  of the  Michigan Conservation Department,  this

-------
   ^	                1840



 1                     DONALD  J.  BERGMAN



 2        ridge  is  the  continuation  of  a series  of  glacial



 3        terminal  moraines, which are  evident in both



 4        Wisconsin and Michigan.



 5                  Considering the  negligible watershed



 6        area on the west  side of this lower basin,  and



 7        the small streams running  into it  from the  east



 8        shore, it seems evident  that  the water input is



 9        little greater than the  direct precipitation.



10        Further,  evaporation  from  the lower basin might



11        well be considerably  greater  than  the  average



12        for the whole Michigan-Huron  watershed.   Conse-



13        quently,  it seems evident  that the water  yield of



14        the lower basin is negative,  especially during



15        the hot,  dry  summer and  fall. During  this  time



16        the lake  level falls  quite consistently,  and water



17        from the  north basin  flows down to make up  for



18        the excess evaporation.  This may  be part of the



19        reason for the normally  south running  current



20        on both sides of  the  lake.



21                  Surface currents in the  lake normally



22        follow the wind,  although  occasionally in light



23        wind conditions current  may be across  the wind



24        or even against it for a short time.   A strong



25        west or southwest wind tends  to blow the  surface

-------
                     	1841



 1                       DONALD J.  BERGMAN



 2         water  across  the lake and also may build up a



 3         level  on  the  eastern shore with a corresponding



 4         drop on the west shore.   This  is accompanied by



 5         subsurface  current running in  the opposite direc-



 g         tion,  bring up colder clear water to the swimming



 7         beaches,  and  an abundance of plankton,  diatoms,



 8         and other small aquatic  life to cause filtering



 9         problems  at water treatment plants.



10                  As  evidence of the generally prevailing



H         current to  the south there is  the build up of sand



12         on the north  side of piers or  other  obstructions



13         along  the shoreline.  On the east side  the water



14         from the  St.  Joseph River makes a clearly defined



15         turn to the south after  leaving the  harbor.



16                  The lower basin then merits consideration



17         apart  from Lake Michigan as a  whole,  let alone the



18         overall Michigan-Huron water surface, to prevent



19         stagnation and fouling making  it unfit  for a



20         drinking  water source.   More study of the rate of



21         fouling and of the  currents seem amply  Justified.



22         An important  project would be  the development of



23         an improved and faster test for pollution in water.



24         The presently accepted coliform test  takes a matter



25         of three  days  to  run.  By the  time the  results  are

-------
                                                       1842.



 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN



 2        obtained  the  water  represented by the  sample



 3        has  been  run  completely  through a water treat-



 4        ment plant and has  been  used by its  customers.



 5        There also seems  to be an  exaggerated  sense



 6        of accuracy and some question as to  its repro-



 7        ducibility.   Water  plants  generally  use as  a



 8        control the residual chlorine in the filtered



 9        water to  make sure  it is safe for drinking.



10                  A chart,  Figure  1,  is attached showing



11        the  summer and winter averaged coliform readings



12        of the raw water  at the  Winnetka, Illinois  Water



13        Plant intake.  Contrary  to expectation, readings



14        for  the summer months run  considerably lower than



15        for  winter.   An article  in the Chicago Tribune



16        may  explain this  as resulting from chlorination



17        of sewage effluent  by the  North Shore  Sanitary



18        District  during summer months to protect beaches



19        for  swimming.  The  effluent was still  there, it



20        .just didn't show  up in the test.



21                  A2.  Improvement of sewage systems in



22        the  Lake  Michigan runoff area to secondary  treat-



23        ment, with target dates  set for tertiary treatment.



24                  There seems to be no argument against



25        this with the exception  of cost and  time involved.

-------
1843

-------
   	1844
 !                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2        It  will  cost  more  later.   The  North Shore  Sanitary

 3        District is to be  complimented for  making  a deter-

 4        mined  start in this  direction  with  proposals for

 5        a bond issue  coming  up in  an election.

 6                  A3.   Stop  return of  backwash  water from

 7        water  treatment filters  to the lake.

 8                  The various communities along the lake-

 g        shore  have installed water treatment plants to

10        furnish  their inhabitants, and sometimes other

jj        more inland communities, with  potable water.  Raw

12        water  is given a chemical  treatment,  consisting

13        of  additions  of chlorine,  alum,  carbon,  and some-

14        times  clay and other chemicals.   It then goes to

15        mixing tanks  and on  to settling  tanks where some

16        of  the heaviest solid material settles  out.

17        Thence it flows to a sand  filter and percolates

lg        through, leaving the carbon, alum floe,  protozoa,

19        algae, and microcrustacea  in or  on  top  of  the

20        filter bed.   After some  hours  of operation the

2i        accumulation  results in  an increase of  friction

22        drop and the  filter  must be cleaned.  Valves are

23        switched,  and for  a  period of  five  to ten  minutes

24        filtered water is  pumped at a  high  rate to the

25        bottom of the filter and overflows  at the  top

-------
   	1845
 I                      DONALD J. BERGMAN

 2        carrying the accumulated gunk with it.  The filter

 3        is then ready to resume normal operation.  Disposal

 4        of the backwash water and the sludge in settling

 5        tanks is simple.  It just flows back into the lake.

 6        This seems to be a universal solution, partly be-

 7        cause the high rate of flow while backwashing pre-

 8        eludes running to any ordinary sewer system.

 9        Rationalization points out that most of the solids

10        came from the lake to begin with.

11                  The Winnetka water plant during the

12        summer months, will pump approximately 10 million

13        gallons daily and return about 200,000 gallons

14        of backwash water to the lake.  It is estimated

15        that this contains about one ton of silt, carbon,

16        alum,  and organic matter.   Then consider Chicago's

17        central water treatment plant.  This has a maxi-

18        mem capacity over a million gallons per minute

19        or about 1-1/2 billion gallons per day.  For a

20        summer pumpage rate of 1 billion gallons daily,

21        the backwash water contains approximately 100 tons

22        of sludge,  now returned to  the lake on the opposite

23        side of the building from which the water is drawn

24         in.   True,  this  sludge has  been chlorinated  and

25         should be inert,  but a sample  taken during

-------
   	1846
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        backwashing at Winnetka showed live Daphnia and
 3        other life.
 4                  Some plants are now searching for means
 5        to separate the sludge and dispose it  somewhere
 6        else.  Filtering or longer settling would  serve
 7        to concentrate the sludge, and the clear water
 8        could be returned to the lake in all cases.
 9                   4.  Flood-caused sewage overflow into
10        lake.
11                  Practically all older comm&nities have
12        combined sewer systems, which quickly  become  over-
13        loaded during heavy rains.  To prevent flooding
14        basements there is usually some bypass or  high
15        level overflow which relieves the excess—including
16        raw  sewage--into the lake.  New and larger inter-
17        ceptor lines should be planned to prevent  as  much
18        of this as possible.  To illustrate the effect,  the
19        Tribune reprint "Save Our Lake" points out a  coli-
20        form count at Juneway Beach  (north of Reward)  as
21        being 17,000 for July 14 through July  17,  1967,
22        and  then dropping to 322 on  the 18th.  The Sanitary
23        District plant at Howard and McCormack registered
24        0.9  inch rain on July 9, with much smaller amounts
25        at stations farther north.   Could this rain have

-------
   	1847
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        caused an overflow from Evans ton's sewer system?
 3                  A5.   Control level of Lakes Michigan-
 4        Huron by works in Lake Huron outlet.
 5                  The  level of Lake Superior is now con-
 6        trolled within a two-foot range to prevent flooding
 7        shore installations during times of high runoff,
 8        and maintain navigation with existing channels
 9        during fall and winter low runoff.  A similar
10        program is necessary for Lake Michigan-Huron to
11        provide full draft navigation channels during low
12        rainfall periods and cut down on alternate storm
13        damage and wide beach exposure during periods of
14        high and low water cycles.
15                  A6.   Incentive for industry to correct
16        its own air and water pollution.
17                  Many industries have found that recovery
18        of  valuable byproducts from plant wastes can be a
19        profitable end in itself.  In other cases some
20        outside incentive or pressure would speed up re-
21        search as  the  removal of these wastes at the source
22        is  easier  and  cheaper than combining them all to-
23        gether and turning a complex mess over to a muni-
24        cipal  sewage plant.
25                  It therefore seems highly desirable to

-------
   	18^8
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2        push for the  enactment of Federal laws  similar
 3        to those proposed  by Congressman Rumsfeld and

 4        Senator  Percy which  would allow a credit against

 5        income  taxes  of  a  portion of  the cost of land,

 6        buildings,  improvements,  machinery,  and equipment

 7        used to  control  air  pollution and/or water pol-

 g        lution.   Where such  an incentive would  promote
 9        action  the  cost  to the taxpayer would be minimal.

10        Where it was  not effective,  the force of laws
11        prohibiting dumping  of wastes is still  available
12        and must be made effective.   Loss of income to
13        the Internal  Revenue Department because of such

14        laws would  be more than offset by the generation

15        of new projects  and  the labor and materials in-
16        volved would  pay taxes at different  points.
17                 A?. Regulate  or stop use  of  certain
18        pesticides, herbicides,  etc.
10                 There  have been numerous fish kills due

20        to accidental or intentional  dumping of chemical

21        wastes  in streams.  A more subtle and insidious

22        source  of poisoning  comes about from the drainage
23        of residues of pesticides, especially such as DDT,
24        where these have been used in attempts  to control

25        insect pests. Dutch Elm disease, spread by beetles

-------
   	184Q
 1                      DONALD J.. BERGMAN
 2        and the destruction caused by Japanese beetles
 3        are two good examples.  For Dutch Elm disease,
 4        dosage of DDT may be as high as 3 to 5 pounds
 5        per tree, compared to 1/2 pound per acre for
 6 I       normal spraying.  DDT seems to be particularly
 7        hard to break down, so the excess winds up
 g        draining into streams and lakes.  Here it enters
 9        at the front end of a food chain, concentrating
10        at each higher level, until an end result has
11        been the death of gulls at Green Bay, and grebes
12        and loons at Clear Lake, California, from eating
13        fish in which the chemical had been concentrated.
14        The sports section of the.Chicago Tribune carried
15        a report of heavy kill of Michigan raised coho
16        salmon eggs attributed to DDT in the Sunday edition
17        of January 28, 1968.  The use of DDT has been quite
18        widespread since its introduction in the 19^-0's,
19        and investigations have shown measurable quantities
20        in the fatty tissue of penguins, seals, and fish,
21        and shellfish as far distant as the Antarctic.
22                  Legislation prohibiting the use of DDT
23        in the United States has been proposed by Senator
24        Gaylord Nelson.   Other longlastlng pesticides can
25        have as serious  an effect on wildlife chains, and

-------
   	                                  1850,
 1                       DONALD  J.  BERGMAN
 2         eventually  on  man.  Research  leading to  control
 3         of  usage  or banning use  of  such  materials  is
 4         badly  needed.   Other  chemicals having a  shorter
 5         life should be used for  orchard  spraying,  mosquito
 6         abatement,  Japanese beetle, elm  beetles,  and
 7         general farm spraying.
 8                  A8.   Control of fertilizer use.
 9                  While the majority  of  the  nitrogen  and
10         phosphorus  which causes  excessive  growth  of algae
H         in  Lake Michigan comes from sewage effluent and
12         some untreated sewage, some areas  receive  much of
13         this material  as  a result of  runoff  of soluble
14         fertilizer  applied to increase crop  yields.   Use
15         of  slow acting fertilizers  would reduce  this
16         source of lake pollution.
17                  A9.   Necessity of uniform  State  laws
18         or  Federal  laws  Covering pollution.
19                  Last year much publicity was given  to  a
20         slick  of heavy fuel oil  found in spots from Lake
21         Calumet to  Glencoe.   Although much of this pub-
22         licity was  pointed toward oil refinery pollution
23         in  the Lake Calumet area, it  seems quite  improb-
24         able that this could  be  the source.   The  prevail-
25         ing currents run toward  the south, and the slick

-------
                        	1831
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN
 2        was  discovered as  a widespread thing,  not a
 3        slowly advancing wind moved layer of oil.  Hence
 4        it  seems  much more probable that it was the
 5        result of a ship pumping out bilges or fuel
 6        tanks  before arriving in port to take  on a new
 7        load of fuel.
 8                  The incident does point up the neces-
 9        sity of greater surveillance and enforcement
10        of  existing laws against dumping such  material
11        in  the lakes.   One result of the outcry over
12        this incident has  been the Chicago ordinance
13        prohibiting the use on boats of toilets which
14        can  be flushed into the  lake.  It seems unlikely
15        that this can be enforced against ocean-going
16        ships  which make Chicago an occasional port of
17        call,  so  the action will' affect primarily small
18        boats  used for recreation a few hours  a week,
19        contributing in an extremely small way to the
20        problem of lake  pollution.
21                  It seems  desirable to have greater
22        uniformity in  legislation such as this,  than
23        can  be  obtained  by each  city passing its own
24        laws,  each with  different requirements.   To
25        obtain  this  just on Lake Michigan requires  the

-------
   	1852

 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2        cooperation of the four  States represented at

 3        this  Conference.   To cover the entire Great

 4        Lakes Waterway,  as is needed,  requires cooperation

 5        of  additional  States and Canadian Provinces in

 6        the acceptance of  a uniform law.   Where the need

 7        has been  great and was recognized,  such a thing

 8        has been  done  as for instance  the uniform Boiler

 9        Codes of  the various States and Provinces of

10        Canada.

H                  A10.  One ultimate enforcement agency.

12                  Enforcement as well  as  the  laws dealing

13        with  pollution must be uniform.   Where numerous

14        agencies  on City,  State  and National  levels

15        interpret the  law  differently  or  may  be lax due

16        to  pressure of other duties the  result will be

17        failure to defect  and enforce.  It seems necessary

18        for some  Federal agency  to have  the duty and the

19        power to  intervene when  failure  of a  local agency

20        to  act results in  pollution of  the lake.   This may

21        be  an existing agency or one created  for the spe-

22        cific purpose.

23
                     Proposals for Immediate
24
                     Study and Later Action
25

-------
   	1853
 I                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2                  Bl.  For several years, Milwaukee
 3        beaches have been closed to swimming.  With
 4        adequate treatment, a canal connecting to the
 5        headwaters of the Des Plaines River and some
 6        low lift pumping, Milwaukee sewage effluent
 7        could be sent down the Mississippi waterway
 g        via the Des Plaines River, making the beaches
 9        safe for swimming and at the same time removing
10        a heavy load of the nitrogen and phosphorus
11        enrichment which plays a major part in the buildup
12       -of algae growth and turbidity in the lower lake
13        basin.   The other urban areas between Chicago and
14        Milwaukee should do the same.  The increase of
15        population and industry expected for this area
16        by the  21st Century dictates that decisive
17        measures be taken to protect the health of the
18        communities involved,  and the recreational aspect
19        of the  lake.   A similar case can be made for the
20        area extending to Michigan City connecting up
21        with the Little Calumet River.
22                  B2.  Priorities  on usage of Lake Michigan
23        water.
24                  The  first and most important call on
25        the  water  available in the Lake Michigan basin

-------
   	     1834
 1                      DONALD  J.  BERGMAN
 2        must be  for  domestic  and industrial  usage  and
 3        recreation of the population  adjoining  the
 4        lake.  This  requires  further  that  all commun-
 5        ities  on the lake or  on  waterways  draining
 6        into it  construct advanced  sewage  treatment
 7        plants to avoid pollution of  the lake.
 g                  Second place in priority should  go
 9        to water transportation.  With the increase in
10        population and industry  expected,  this  becomes
11        increasingly more important than at  present.
12        Larger and greater  draft vessels will have to
13        be accommodated and a vastly  greater flow  of
14        traffic  from the lake to the  Mississippi River
15        must be  provided for. This will require enlarge-
16        ment of  present canal and locking  facilities and
17        especially requires maintenance of level on the
18        Lake Michigan-Huron basin.
19                  Third place in priority  should be
20        assigned to  riparian  rights.  This again requires
21        control  of the level  of  Lakes Michigan  and Huron.
22                  Fourth place should be assigned  to
23        production of power.  With  the technical advances
24        available in the coming  years, more  exotic power
25        generating methods  than  hydraulic  turbines will

-------
 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN



 2        be  available.   At the present time two nuclear



 3        plants  are  planned for the near future at Zion,




 4        Illinois.   Furthermore,  control of water level



 5        at  the  outlet  of Lake Huron will result in re-




 6        ducing  the  flow to the lower lakes and Niagara




 7        River in the fall and winter and increasing the




 8        flow in the spring.  One answer to this would




 9        be  provision of pumped storage to care for peak




10        loads.



11                  B3.   Arrange for increased diversion




12        from Hudson Bay watershed to Lake Superior.



13                  Since 1939 there has been some diversion




14        of  water from  the Hudson Bay watershed to Lake



15        Superior.   This is under control and can be dis-




16        continued  at times of high water.  It amounted




17        to  over 5»000  cfs on the average between 19^-5



18        and 1950.   In  view of the steadily incr-r.ising



19        need for clean fresh water around the southern



20        end of  Lake Michigan, arrangements should be made



21        to  obtain  a much larger quantity.  In any such




22        arrangement, regardless of who pays the bill,



23        some will  be reserved for Canadian interests.




24        However, a  substantial part should be available




25        for use in  the southern basin of Lake Michigan,

-------
   	1836
 1                       DONALD  J.  BERGMAN
 2       without  necessarily  finally  flowing through
 3       the Niagara River.   This  whole  problem is
 4       similar  to that which  has resulted  in the
 5       building of the wide-flung Los  Angeles water
 6       system.
 7                 B4.   Stimulation of greater rainfall.
 8                 Cloud seeding as a means  of increasing
 9       rainfall during times  of  drought  has  not been
10       uniformly successful,  but there has been evidence
11       that under favorable conditions a considerable
12       increase in rainfall can  be  achieved.  Legal
13       problems might  arise through claims of loss due
14       to induced rain and  perhaps  also  on the part of
15       areas which might have received more  rain  were
16       clouds not seeded.   However, it appears that
17       seeding  of clouds during  passage  across Lake
18       Michigan from the southwest  might raise the
19       annual rainfall on its basin by 20  percent or
20       about 6  inches.  Assuming that  the  "made"  rain
21       fell on  only a  5*000 square  mile  area,  this
22       still amounts to more  than 4,000  cfs. average
23       over the year.  This would appear to  be within
24       the spirit of the ruling  by  Judge Maris by whicn
25       the State of Illinois  is  under  the  duty of employing

-------
   	    1837
 1                      DONALD J. BERGMAN
 2        all those means which are practical and reasonably
 3        available to it for conserving its own water re-
 4        sources before seeking to take additional water
 5        from Lake Michigan.  That ruling apparently did
 6        not envision or eliminate the use of additional
 7        water obtained from sources not naturally avail-
 8        able at the time of the ruling.
 9                  B5.   Possibility of increased water
10        diversion from Lake Michigan to the extent of
11        water added from other sources.
12                  The  Parsons-Jurden Company of Los
13        Angeles has drafted preliminary plans for an
14        ambitious redistribution of water resources from
15        areas where they are in excess to areas where
16        they are in short supply.   The basic plan is
17        to  use present waterways as far as possible,
18        with tunnels,  dams, canals, pumps and power
19        recovery all employed.  Much of the water would
20        come from Canadian sources, and international
21        agreement on such arrangements would be necessary.
22        in  the same spirit it is proposed that National
23        and international agreement be reached by which
24        a substantial  part of water added to the Great
25        Lakes,  either  by diversion from other watersheds

-------
                        	1838

 1                      DONALD J.  BERGMAN

 2        or  from  such  activities  as  cloud seeding,  be

 3        made  available for  diversion from the Chicago

 4        area  to  break the stagnation of the  lower  basin

 5        of  Lake  Michigan and to  improve navigation.

 6                              January 29,  1968

 7                              Committee on Lake Michigan
                                Pollution
 8
                                Donald J. Bergman,  PhD.,P.E.
 9

10
                    MR. KLASSEN:   There has  been a dearth,
11
          Mr. Chairman, of comments by the ladies and the
12
          water users.   We have a  very brief statement here
13
          that  will  be  given  by Mrs.  Eileen Johnston.   I
14
          admit I  am a  little prejudiced, but  she is speaking
15
          for the  alumni of one of the great universities
16
          in  the world, the University of Michigan.   You
17
          might guess,  my alma mater.
18
                    Mrs. Johnston.
19

20
             STATEMENT OF MRS. EILEEN L. JOHNSTON
21
                     PRESIDENT, NORTH SHORE
22
               UNIVERSITY OP  MICHIGAN ALUMNI CLUB
23

24                  MRS. JOHNSTON: Mr. Klassen has  Just

25        talked himself into a membership in  our North

-------
   	1859
 I                     EILEEN L.  JOHNSTON
 2        Shore Club,  which has now been extended to include
 3        Springfield.
 4                  Mr.  Stein and Conferees, my name is
 ^        Eileen Johnston of Wilmette,  Illinois.  This
          statement is being made on behalf of the North
 7        Shore University of Michigan  Alumni Club.  We
 g        welcome you  to Chicago.  We have spent so many
 9        days  in conference with you gentlemen that we
10        feel  like we are old friends.
jj                  We wish to thank Governor Kerner for
12        requesting this important Conference, and to
13        thank Secretary Udall for making it possible
14        for the States of Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin
15        and Illinois to meet together and work on this
16        serious problem of pollution  in Lake Michigan
17        that  has been neglected all these years.
18                  Our Alumni Club Board has been aware
19        of  the gross pollution  in Lake Michigan and we
20        have  held meetings to educate our membership
2i        and interested parties  about  the unbelievable
22        condition of the lake today and about research
23        that  is being done to help combat the many prob-
24        lems  that different kinds of  pollution confront
25        us  with.

-------
                                                         i860

 1                     EILEEN L. JOHNSTON

 2                  We are very much interested in the

 3        reserach being done at various universities,

 4        for surely we need much more knowledge of

 5        eutrophication,  sludge disposal,  currents,

 6        the effect of thermal pollution,  cheaper methods

 7        of removal of nutrients from wastewater, work

 g        on the vast amounts of algae growth and more

 9        study of the alewife, etc.

10                  We need more trained people in the

11        field of water pollution control.   A number of

12        universities,  aided by Federal funds, have grad-

13        uate students  helping to carry on  valuable research

14        on such problems as listed above.   At the same

15        time,  they are preparing themselves to work in a

16        field that is  crying for trained personnel.  I

17        was deeply concerned when Lt.  Governor Olds of

18        Michigan announced that funds  were being cut back

19        for the Great  Lakes Research Division at Ann

20        Arbor,  Michigan.   We learned at chis Conference

21        that outstanding research has  been done at this

22        division,  and  it would be a step backwards in the

23        fight on pollution if this work was halted.
                                                             i
24                  We must restore all  of Lake Michigan

25        to pure water,  including its tributaries.   This

-------
                                 	1861



 1                     EILEEN L. JOHNSTON



 2        wonderful lake is actually one big well for



 3        the use of the people of four States and it



 4        should be treated as such.  Who would throw



 5        sewerage, chemicals, oil, heat, pesticides



 6        down the well and expect to survive?



 7                  No individual, Federal installation,



 8        State installation, municipality or industry



 9        has the right to put anything into our source



10        of water—the lake.  Lake Michigan is not the



11        four State dump for municipal and industrial



12        wastes, pesticides, thermal pollution, boat



13        wastes, and so forth.



14                  Let's clean up this big well, then



15        keep it that way.  We are making progress with



16        legislation.  With proper enforcement and con-



17        tinued research we should be able to do the Job.



18                  The public needs education.  We need



19        a  new value put on our most valuable resource



20        throughout the Nation.  It is going to cost us



21        money for pure water.  Let's face it and go to



22        work.   We need a slogan perhaps to keep us all



23        aware  of our responsibility.



24                  We hope that every effort will be made



25        to maintain and even expand present levels of

-------
                                                        1862
 !                    EILEEN L. JOHNSTON
 2       research ana training in sanitary and water
 3       resources engineering and related departments
 4       at all schools,  and especially where going
 5       programs have developed such as exist at the
 6       University of Michigan.
 _                 I thank you for the opportunity to
 8       speak as a citizen of Illinois.
 g                 MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Johnston.
10                 Are there any comments or questions?
u                 (No response.)
12                 MR. STEIN:  If not, thank you very much
13       for your statement.
14                 (The following material was submitted
15       by Mrs. Johnston:)
16                 Secretary Udall and Conferees, my name
17       is Bruce E. Johnston, of Wilmette, Illinois. I
18       am a student at the University of Kansas.
19                 In 1959 as Boy Scouts, my patrol
20       members and I took a 12-mile hike along the
2i       shore of Lake Michigan from Highland Park to
22       Wilmette Harbor.  The purpose of the hike was
23       to seek out illegal sewer pipes with effluent
24       that was polluting the lake.  Roughly 20 such
25       pipes were found and located on a geological

-------
          	1863

 1                      EILEEN  L.  JOHNSTON

 2        map of  the  area.   This  project  was  done  at

 3        the suggestion  of  Mr. Gordon  Wallace,  Park

 4        Superintendent  of  Wilmette, and Mr.  Lawrence

 5        Langdon,  President of the  Wilmette  Park  Board

 6        at the  time.  A copy of the map and a  report

 7        was sent  to Mr. Frank Chesrow,   President of

 g        the Metropolitan Sanitary  District  at  the time,

 9        and to  Mr.  Kehr, of  the United  States  Public

10        Health  Service  in  Chicago.  We  checked our work

11        with another  hike  to "be sure  we had not  missed

12        any pipes.

13                  While walking along the beach  last

14        summer  much to  my  disappointment I  learned that

15        the sewer pipes we had  located  nine  years

16        earlier still existed.   I  feel  that  a  good deal

17        of pollution  could have been  stopped if  someone

18        had taken our work and  interest in  the condition

19        of the  lake seriously and  had done  something

20        about it all  those years ago.   This  spring when

21        my friends  get home  from college we  plan to redo

22        the hike and  again plot the violators.

23
                               Respectfully  submitted
24


25                              (Signed)  Bruce E.  Johnston

-------
   	1864

 1                     EILEEN L.  JOHNSTON

 2                              Bruce E.  Johnston
                                505  Maple Avenue
 3                              Wilmette, Illinois  60091
                                1/31/68
 4


 5
                    MR. KLASSEN:   Mr. Chairman,  in
 6
          conformance  with the agreed-upon procedure that
 7
          the  State  of Indiana take  over  at 3 o'clock,  I
 8
          Just want  to make a couple minutes summary for
 9
          the  State  of Illinois.
10
                    I  first of all want to say that we  have
11
          a statement  here that will go into the record
12
          from Congressman Robert McClory.  And to a few
13
          of you  here  who  so far  have not been able to  get
14
          on because of time limitations, we are passing
15
          your statements  out to  the Conferees and they
16
          will go into the record.  I will say that if  there
17
          is time at the end of this session I assume you
18
          will be given an opportunity to present your
19
          statements if you so desire.  I can only apologize
20
          for  the very few who so far haven't been able to
21
          get  on, but  your statements  will be in the record
22

23         STATEMENT OP THE HONORABLE ROBERT MC  GLORY

24               U.  S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

25          12th CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT  OF ILLINOIS

-------
                                                         1865

 1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY

 2
              FEDERAL-STATE ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
 3
              TO SPEED THE CLEANUP OF LAKE MICHIGAN
 4
                          Statement of
 5
              The Honorable Robert McClory, Representative
 6
             12th Congressional District of Illinois
 7
                        February 2, 1968
 8

 9                  Mr. Secretary, Lake Michigan is one of

10        our Nation's most precious assets.  For years it

11        has been a valuable part of the geography of the

12        midwest.   It has been a vital element in this area1

13        economic growth.  Lake Michigan affords opportuni-

14        ties for recreation to millions of our citizens

15        principally from Illinois, Indiana, Michigan

16        and Wisconsin.

17                  But today the advantages of the lake

18        are threatened by pollution.  Lake Michigan is

19        sick.   Quick and effective action must be taken

20        to save this great and beautiful body of water.

21        The convening of this Conference is consistent

22        with the  need for action.  I congratulate you,

23        Mr. Secretary.  In addition, I offer my full

24        cooperation in seeking ways and means to eliminate

25        pollution from Lake Michigan.   In taking this
s

-------
                                                         1866
 I                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC  GLORY

 2        position,  I  am confident that I reflect the

 3        sentiments of  the  citizens  of the  12th Congres-

 4        slonal District of Illinois.

 5                  The  residents  of  the  12th District

 6        enjoy over 20  miles  of Lake Michigan shoreline.

          Seven communities  in this area  border the  lake

          including Winthrop Harbor (At the  Wisconsin border)

          Zion, Waukegan,  North Chicago,  Lake Bluff,  Lake

          Forest and Highland  Park (At the Cook County line).

                    In addition to the residents of  these

12        seven communities,  many  other citizens use  and

13        enjoy the  lake.  Also, two  important installations

14        of  the Federal Government are located on this

15        shoreline:   Fort Sheridan (which includes  the

16        5th U. S. Army Headquarters) and Great Lakes
          Naval Training Station,  largest naval training

          center in the  world.

                   To all,  the plight of Lake Michigan

20        is  a matter  of the deepest  concern.   Fortunately,

21        public interest is high.  This  is  due,to a  con-

22        siderable extent,  to the attention focused  on the

23        perils of water pollution by a  series of pene-

24        trating and  factual  newspaper articles which

25        appeared  in  the  Waukegan News-Sun,  the Chicago

-------
     	                    1867
 1                  CONGRESSMAN  ROBERT MC  GLORY
 2         Tribune,  and  in  some  other  Chicago newspapers.
 3         In  addition,  leaders  of  local,  State and
 4         national  government are  responding to the public
 5         clamor  for  action.  Initiative  is  being demon-
 6         strated by  industry and  private citizens as  well.
 7                  My  purpose  in  presenting this statement
 g         is  twofold:
 9                  First,  I wish  to  encourage a full  and
10         forthright  analysis of the  entire  problem.
11                  Second, I wish to present for the
12         consideration of  the  Conference several recom-
13         mendations  upon which the Conferees may wish
14         to  express  themselves in their  report.
15                  Before  making  these recommendations,
16         I wish  to comment on  the complexity of Lake
17         Michigan    problems.
18                  Multiple uses  are made of the waters
19         of  Lake Michigan.  The lake's vital waters sustain
20         the municipal, industrial,  commercial and recrea-
21         tional  life of millions  of  our  citizens.  Lake
22         Michigan  attracts bathers,  boat owners and
23         fishermen.  Communities  draw fresh water from
24         the lake.   Industries and municipalities use
25         the lake  for  water and as a reservoir into which

-------
   	.	1868
 1                CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY
 2       treated waste effluent and industrial wastes are
 3       introduced.  Commercial shiplines ply her deep
 4       waters.
 5                 Yet none of these varied uses, and none
 6       of the users should in fairness be allowed to
 7       jeopardize the enjoyment by others of this great,
 g       water resource.  Balanced, responsible and non-
 9       detrimental use should be practiced by all.
lO       Certainly, offenders must be brought into line.
11                 And may I add that it is not man alone
12       who has damaged Lake Michigan.  There are natural
13       causes of pollution which also contribute to the
14       condition of this" lake.
15                 Last summer the dieoff of the alewife
16       fish attracted our attention.  In August I partici-
17       pated in Congressional hearings held in Washington
18       and at East Chicago, Indiana, to consider the
19       alewife "crisis.  Expectations are that another
20       gigantic alewife dieoff will occur in the summer
2i       of 1968 despite efforts to solve the problem.  The
22       massive death of this silvery fish and the ensuing
23       contamination of the Lake Michigan shoreline pre-
24       sent a new challenge to our efforts at control.
25       The resulting pollution of the beaches and

-------
                                                         3.869
                   CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY

 2        shorelines,  and the  clogging of municipal water

 3        intakes  by dead fish is  obnoxious,  offensive and

          dangerous to public  health.

                    I  am confident that the public is pre-

          pared  to guard Lake  Michigan against this new

          source of pollution.  The need for natural eco-

          logical  balance in Lake  Michigan must be recog-

          nized.  Earnest consideration should be given

          to  ecological balance by the introduction of

          predator fish who  will prey on the alewife and

          reduce its numbers.

13                  Municipal  and  industrial pollution of

14        the lake must end  promptly.

15                  Strict laws and regulations to prevent

          dumping  of wastes  by commercial and private boats

17        and ships must be  enacted and enforced.  We can

          no  longer tolerate large or small oil slicks in

          our lake.

20                  With respect to sources of pollution

2i        relating primarily to the area embraced in Illinois

22        12th Congressional District (Lake and McHenry

23        Counties and Harrington  and Hanover Townships in

24        Cook County)  I will  make several observations:

25                  1.   I am pleased to report that the Lake

-------
   	1870
 1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY
 2        County communities along the Illinois  shore  of
 3        Lake Michigan are taking action  to reduce  the
 4        introduction of their treated sewage plant ef-
 5        fluents into the lake.  The North Shore Sanitary
 6        District, which serves the communities which
 7        adjoin the Lake County, Illinois, shoreline,
 g        has an important project estimated to  cost about
 9        $58 million.  When completed, this development
10        will result in a transfer of these effluents
H        from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines  River
12        (which empties ultimately into the Mississippi
13        River) .  A referendum on a proposed "bond issue
14        has been set tentatively for May 4, at which
15        time the residents will be asked to assume an
16        obligation of about $35 million.*
17                  An additional or possibly alternative
18        proposal contemplates a $75 million bond issue
19                  *The North Shore Sanitary  District
20        serves a zone about 4-5 miles wide extending
21        from the Wisconsin line down to  the Cook County
22        line and including the communities of Winthrop
23        Harbor, Zion, Waukegan, North Chicago, Park  City,
24  j      Lake Bluff, Lake Forest, Highwood, and Highland
25        Park^ as well as a part of Gurnee.	

-------
   n	—		1871
  1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY

  2        secured by the full faith and credit of Lake

  3        County and in which the Lake County Public Works

  4        Department would participate.  This would seem

  5        to offer an opportunity to eliminate municipal

  6        sewage effluents from Lake Michigan and also to

  7        provide sewage treatment facilities for additional

  8        portions of Lake County.

  9                  I am confident that the residents of

 10        Lake County will face up to their responsibilities

 H        buoyed by the knowledge that others who enjoy the

 12        use of Lake Michigan also will be cooperating in

 13        the efforts to save our lake.  I hope that a

 14        recommendation in support of the North Shore

 15        Sanitary District or alternative Lake County,

 10        Illinois, proposal will be included in the report

 U        of the Conferees.

 18                  2.  With respect to the industries which

 19        may be contributing to the pollution of Lake

 20        Michigan, I would agree that corrective action

 2i        must be taken promptly by such industries.  How-

 22        ever, in order to encourage and assist such

 23        action, I recommend that the Conference consider

 24        the subject of tax incentives.

25                  It seems to me that legislation should

-------
   	1872
 1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC  GLORY
 2        be enacted by the Congress to provide  for  an
 3        increased investment credit or  rapid depre-
 4        ciation or other favorable treatment under
 6        the Federal Income Tax Laws for those  industries
 6        that make outlays for pollution control  plants
 7        and equipment.  I have introduced a bill
 8        (H.R. 4883) to permit industries to take a tax
 9        credit on their Federal Income  Tax return  to
10        encourage the construction of waste treatment
11        facilities.  I urge the Conference to  consider
12        this device and to endorse the  tax incentive
13        concept.
14                  On the subject of incentives,  I  am
15        sure that someone will suggest  the further use
IQ        of outright grants by Federal Government to
17        local and State Governments and possibly to
lg        private industries as a way of  stimulating
19        action.  Well-intentioned as the Federal grant
20        method may be, the effect of a  grant program
2i        often is to discourage, rather  than encourage,
22        local or individual initiative.
23                  With respect to the existing municipal
24        grant program, I have observed  that local  action
25        sometimes is deferred while application  is made

-------
   	1873
 1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY
 2        for  the  Federal  grant.   Further delay occurs
 3        during the  long  and  complicated processing
 4        period in one  or more regional and Washington
 5        offices  of  the Federal  Government.
 6                 Far  better it seems  to me would be
 7        the  tax  credit or rapid depreciation method
 g        or other f/avorable treatment under the Federal
 9        Income tax  laws.   To allow  such a tax incentive
10        would involve  no delay,  no  long wait for  Federal
11        approval and the availability  of Federal  funds,
12        but  would encourage  immediate  action.   I  am
13        hopeful  that this  Conference will take a  long
14        step forward with a  strong  recommendation for
15        the  use  of  tax incentives for  industry to battle
16        pollution now.
17                 3-   There  is  a great need for the
18        development of new techniques  to treat and dispose
19        of waste  material.   Little  technical  progress at
20        all  has  been made in  the last  50 years  in this
21        vital field.
22                 ij..   Serious attention  should  be  given
23        to the prevalence of  individual  septic  systems
24        in the four States bordering Lake  Michigan.
25        Private septic systems are common  and  often

-------
 1                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY



 2        contribute  to the water pollution problem.  While



 3        it may be that pollution from most septic  systems



 4        enters streams, rivers and small lakes,  these



 5        conditions  adversely affect the condition  of Lake



 6        Michigan.   I recommend that the Conference  con-



 7        sider the dangers posed by private septic  systems.



 g                  5-  The Conference should study  the



 9        effect of waste practices by Federal  Government



10        instrumentalities such as Great Lakes and  Fort



11        Sheridan on the health of Lake Michigan.   Specific



12        recommendations should be made concerning  the



13        waste treatment systems in operation  at  these



14        and other Federal facilities.  The recent  Executive



15        Order of President Johnson should not become an



16        empty promise.  It must be implemented by  a



17        meaningful  program to end pollution of Lake



18        Michigan by Federal installations consistent



19        with State  and Federal water quality  standards.



20                  Mr. Secretary, it is my hope that the



21        five recommendations contained in this statement



22        will contribute to the success of this Federal-



23        State Enforcement Conference to speed up the



24        cleanup of  Lake Michigan.  All of us  have  much



25        at stake in the saving of wonderful Lake Michigan.

-------
   	:	1875,
 I                 CONGRESSMAN ROBERT MC GLORY

 2        Future  generations  will be grateful for the

 3        action  we take  now.

 4                           - - -

 5             SUMMARY STATEMENT OP C. W. KLASSEN

 6                    TECHNICAL  SECRETARY

 7             THE ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD

 8

 9                  MR. KLASSEN:  Just as a quick windup

10        and summary for the State of Illinois, we will

11        file for the record some recommendations that

12        I am sure will  be considered along with the

13        other States recommendations by the Conferees

14        in their final  report.  I merely want to very

15        briefly touch on what these recommendations

16        include.

17                  It will recommend that the four States

18        adopt uniform criteria for Lake Michigan for

19        open waters, shore  waters and harbor basins.

20                  Two,  and  this to us is extremely

21        important,  that there be adopted a definition

22        of pollution.  There is none in the Federal Act.

23        This is something I  feel that we should adopt,

24        because depending upon with whom you talk depends

25        on their interpretation of what they think

-------
   	l8?6
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN
 2       pollution really is.
 3                 Then there should be some agreement
 4       on base terminology to define treatment, if it
 5       is secondary treatment  a  certain  percentage,
 6       primary treatment, tertiary treatment,and  so
 7       forth.
 8                 Recommendation No. ^ will include
 9       some discharge characteristics.  For  example,
10       when we talk about dissolved solids,  phosphates,
H       chlorides, temperatures, the various  heavy metals,
12       exactly what do we mean?
13                 Then industrial waste treatment  in
14       Recommendation No. 5> some comparable language
15       so that industries will know and will be assured
16       that what they will have to do will be comparable
17       to what is being required by municipalities.
18                 Then No. 6 is admittedly a  controversial
19       one, but one that we think should go  in, a definite
20       time schedule.  I want to read this at this time.
2i       This is what we are suggesting:
22            Municipal effluent disinfection
23            during the recreational months to
24            go into effect the spring of 1969.
25            Municipalities with sewers but no

-------
                                       	1877
 1                        C. W. KLASSEN
 2             treatment facilities, if there
 3             are any,  there are not in Illinois,
 4             December  19&9*
 5             Municipalities with primary
 6             facilities only by December 1969.
 7             Municipalities with storm flow
 8             bypassing at treatment works
 9             July 1972.  This is completion
10             dates.
11             Municipalities with automatic
12             storm overflow of combined sewers,
13             solution  by July 1977.
14             Municipalities nutrient control
15             facilities by the latest 1977,
16             and earlier if facilities and
17             methods are available.
18             Industrial waste treatment and
*9             control--! want to repeat that;
20             this is Illinois recommendation--
21             industrial waste treatment and
22             control December 1968.  That is
23 |            a State law in Illinois.
24                  The  deadline for meeting the marine or
25        watercraft problem.  This is something that we

-------
                                                         l8?8



 1                       C. W. KLASSEN



 2       want to negotiate, I am sure, "between  the  Con-



 3       ferees.



 4                 We have a whole  recommendation on this



 5       question of marine vessel  sanitation, one on shore



 g       and harbor maintenance operation  so far as debris,



 7       another one on  lake dumping, and  one on the



 8       tributary streams going into Lake Michigan that



 9       they should meet the water quality criteria so



lO       that the incoming flow will not contribute to the



11       degradation of  Lake Michigan.



12                 I think, Mr. Chairman,  that  this con-



13       eludes our formal presentation.   I want to add



14       about one moment1s worth of personal comment.



15                 At a  later time  when the Federal Govern-



lg       ment finally reaches a point that they give their



17       conclusions and recommendations on their report,



18       I want to make  comment on  that.   But there has



19       been much talk, much public image gathering by



20       legislators  of State and  Congressional, by



2i       associations, by people.   This was the subject



22       of a very excellent editorial in  one of the



23       Chicago papers  in the last few days, I think



24       it was "Don't Go Away."  The legislators



25       particularly I  want to comment on for  Just a

-------
                                                         1879
                          C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2        couple  of  seconds.
 3                  It  is  one thing to appear here and
          give  a  fine public  image  that you are for clean
          water.   Yet so far  as  the Illinois Legislature
          is  concerned,  the  last three sessions of our
          Legislature,  including the one that has  Just
          concluded,  turned  down our request for additional
          funds for  water  pollution control.  I hope that
          there will  be  a  little reverse of this in the
          next  session.
                    The  same  thing  can be said of  the
13        Congress on not  funding.   I  just came from a
          session where  Senator  Muskie said he had every
          reason  to  believe  that Congress was going to
16        fully fund  the Federal authorization. We have to
17        see this.
18                  Now  to the associations that have been
          here.   It  is fine  to get  up  and talk about what
20        you are for, and I  can only  speak for our own
21        Legislature.  I have yet  to  see in my 40-some
22        years of experience in Illinois any of these
23        clean water conservation  groups appear before  a
24        committee  on appropriations  to speak for the
25        local water pollution  control agencies in their

-------
                                                         i860
                         C. W. KLAS3EN

 2       State,  I think the four men sitting up here

 3       particularly from the State are all faced with

         Identical problems.  We need money; we need a

         realistic personnel code so that we can not

         only hire people but retain the people.  And

         we need a positive enforcement program.

                   A final word to the people that have

         been here individually.  On a national television

         program several months ago I made this statement,

         that I have yet to know of anyone, with all of

         this talking about clean water, that has ever

13       contacted an industry in which they are a stock-

         holder and advocated that they spend money for

15       water pollution control, even though it reduces

16       their dividend.  I got one letter from a man

         up in Maine who sent me a copy of the letter he

         sent to his corporation.  People say, what can

         we do?  I think this is one of the things you

20       can do.

                   And I want to end up, I don't want to

22       steal any of Jim Vaughn's good sayings, but this

23       is paraphrasing a Negro spiritual, which goes

24       something like this, that everyone that talks

25       about heaven ain't going there.  I say this,

-------
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN

 2       everybody that talks about water  pollution  control

 3       just ain't doing their part.

 4                 Thank you.

 5                 MR. STEIN:  Thank you,  Mr, Klassen.

 6                 (Applause.)

 7                 (Mr. Klassen1s  entire summary  is  as

 g       follows:)

 9                ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD

10                      RECOMMENDATIONS

11         WATER  QUALITY CRITERIA  AND IMPLEMENTATION

12            LAKE MICHIGAN POUR-STATE CONFERENCE

13                     JANUARY 31, 1968

14            C.  W. KLASSEN,  TECHNICAL SECRETARY

15

16                 The Illinois Sanitary Water  Board offers

17       the following recommendations in  regards to water

18       quality  criteria, waste treatment and  effluent

19       criteria, schedule for treatment  works construc-

20       tion, marine vessel sanitation, and  shore or harbor

21       maintenance operations as applied to Lake Michigan,

22       for consideration by this Conference.

23
                          Background
24

25                 tfater quality criteria  for Lower  Lake

-------
   	1882
 1                        C. W. KLASSEN

 2        Michigan  (Cook County, Illinois and Lake & Porter

 3        Counties, Indiana) were prepared by a Technical

 4        Advisory  Committee, chairmaned by Federal Water

 5        Pollution Control Administration.  The  Committee

 6        was appointed by the Conferees at the Illinois-

 7        Indiana Conference on pollution of interstate

 g        waters of Lake Michigan and Calumet areas under

 9        provisions of Section 8, Federal Water  Pollution

10        Control Act  (33 USC 466 et. seq.) March 2-9» 1965-

H                  The report and recommended water quality

12        criteria  were accepted by  the Conferees February 1,

13        1966 and  approved by the Acting Secretary of

14        Health, Education and Welfare April 15, 1966.

15        Subsequently the Indiana Stream Pollution Control

16        Board adopted these criteria as part of the Indiana

17        water quality standards for Lake Michigan waters.

18        These standards were approved by the Secretary of

19        Interior. Illinois Sanitary Water Board also

20        adopted these criteria as  part of the Illinois

21        water quality standards for Lake Michigan.

22
               uases  for Development of Criteria
23

24                  Quoted from the  Technical Committee

25        Report as follows:

-------
   	1883
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2                  "After considering various  bases  for
 3        development  of water quality criteria the committee
 4        agreed  that  criteria should be  based  on:
 5             1.   Present and potential  water
 6             uses.
 7             2.   Preservation  of  present good
 8             quality.
 9             3«   Improvement of degraded quality
10             where technically and  economically
H             feasible.
12             ^.  Reconsideration  and revision
13             of regular intervals as future
14             developments may  dictate.
15                  "it  was concluded that adoption of uni-
16        form  criteria  for specific  uses,  regardless of
17        location of  uses, would not provide a practical
18        basis for a  pollution  abatement program for lake
19        waters.  For example,  the sheltered areas between
20        the Calumet  Harbor  Breakwater and the Indiana
21        Harbor Bulkhead receives  the major discharges
22        from waste sources.  Obviously,  it is  impractical
23        to expect water of  the same  high  quality  in this
24        area, regardless of  the degree  of waste treatment
25        achieved, as that which will be  found  several

-------
   	1884
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2        miles  out  in  the open  lake.   If the  sources of
 3        municipal  supply in the  sheltered area are given
 4        adequate protection,  the water  in the  open lake
 5        inevitably will  be  of  still  better quality.
 6                  "Based on this reasoning,  the water
 7        area of the lower lake was divided into three
 g        zones	 Most of the  water area is  defined
 9        as  Open Water, which is  that area more than 200
10        yards  offshore and  outside of a line from the
11        outer  end  of  the Calumet Harbor Breakwater to and
12        along  the  outer  edge of  the  Inland Steel Bulkhead
13        Line and thence  through  the  U.  S. Steel Water
14        Supply intake to the outer end  of the  Gary Harbor
15        Breakwater.  The Inner Harbor Basins is the area
16        shoreward  of  the above line, but not including
17        Shore  Water.  Shore Water is all water within 200
18        yards  of existing onshore recreational areas.
19                  "General  water use categories were
20        adopted for the  development  of  criteria.  These
21        water  uses are:
22            i.  Municipal  Water
23            2.  Industrial Water
24            3«  Recreation
25                  a.  Whole Body Contact

-------
                                                       1885


                          C.  W.  KLASSEN




 2                  b.   Limited  Body Contact



 3             4.   Pish and Wildlife




               5".   Commercial Shipping




 .             6.   Esthetics
 o


               7.   Wastewater Assimilation."
 D



                    A  copy of the  printed "Report of Water




          Quality  Criteria Calumet Area-Lower Lake Michigan,




          January  1966" is enclosed for the record,  but not




          necessarily  for inclusion in the transcript of




..        this  Conference.



12                  (Which said  document,  entitled,  "Report




13        of Water Quality Criteria Calumet Area-Lower Lake




          Michigan,  January 1966," is marked as  Conference



15        Exhibit  No.  9,  2/5/68, and is on file  at the




lg        Federal  Water Pollution  Control Administration



17        Office in  Washington,  D. C.,  with a copy «n file



lg        at the Regional Office of the PWPCA in Chicago,



          Illinois .)




20

          Recommendation  1 -  Water Quality Criteria


21



22                  The Illinois Sanitary Water  Board recom-



23        mends and  requests  that  the delegated  representa-




24        tives to this Four  State Conference on Pollution




25        of Lake  Michigan adopt these  water quality criteria

-------
   	:	1886

 1                        C. W. KLASSEN

 2        for all of Lake Michigan.  The three sets of

 3        criteria to be considered are for Open Water,

 4        Shore Water and Harbor Basins.  These criteria,

 5        when adopted, shall supplement individual State

 6        Water Quality Standards for respective State

 7        Areas or in event any individual criteria is

 g        more stringent than State Standards, the more

 9        stringent criterion shall govern.


10
         Recommendation 2 - Definition of Pollution
11

12                  There are understandably differences

13        between lay and official usage and interpretation

14        of the word pollution.  It is recommended that the

15        definition of pollution proposed by the U. S.

16        Department of Health, Education and Welfare be

17        adopted by this Conference.  This definition was

18        contained in Section 2 (a) of Suggested State

19        Water Pollution Control Act Revised, GPO 890-028,

20        May 1965 and is as follows:

21                  "Pollution means such contamination, or

22        other alteration of the physical, chemical or bio-

23        logical properties, of any waters of the State,

24        including change in temperature, taste, color,

25        turbidity, or odor of the waters, or such

-------
    	1887

 1                        C. W. KLASSEN

 2        discharge of any liquid, gaseous, solid, radio-

 3        active, or other substance into any waters  of

 4        the State as will or is lifcely to create a

 5        nuisance or render such waters harmful, detri-

 6        mental or injurious to public health, safety

 7        or welfare or to domestic, commercial, industrial,

 8        agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate

 9        beneficial uses, or to livestock, wild animals,

10        birds, fish or other aquatic life."

11                  A supplemental definition might include

12        the following:  Water pollution is the specific

13        impairment of water quality to a degree that has

14        an adverse effect upon any beneficial use of

15        water yet does not necessarily create an actual

16        hazard to the public health.  If there is no

17        impairment of desired use by the presence or

18        addition of any factor, there is no pollution.

19
         Recommendation 3 - Degree of Waste Treatment
20

21                  This Conference should agree on base

22        terminology and define treatment in terms of

23        concentration.  Thus if secondary treatment by

24        at least 80 percent is based on average strength

25        raw waste at 200 mg/1, the allowable effluent

-------
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN

 2       will be 40 mg/1.  Suspended solids based  on

 3       average raw waste at 240 mg/1 would yield

 4       48 rag/1 in the effluent.  Treatment should

 5       include ye'ar round disinfection  of effluents.

 6                 A minimum of secondary treatment of

 7       municipal wastes has been requested by Federal

 8       Water Pollution Control Administration and

 9       included by States in water quality standards.

10       Some standards have defined secondary treatment

11       as removal of organic material in terms of BOD

12       by at least 80 percent in a trickling filter

13       plant or by at least 90 percent  in an activated

14       sludge plant.  This percent is usually interpreted

15       in terras of normal domestic sewage which  may have

16       a range of 200 to 300 milligrams per liter five-

17       day biochemical oxygen demand.   Thus a filter

18       plant effluent could range from  40 to 60  mg/1

19       and the activated sludge plant effluent could

20       range from 20 to 30 mg/1.

21
         Recommendation 4 - Discharge Characteristics
22

23                 Similarly definite values for chemical

24       and other constituents of effluents should be

25       established, for example:

-------
   	•_-	i88Q
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2             1.   Dissolved  solids:   Discharge
 3             rate and concentration not to
 4             elevate the water quality, after
 5             reasonable  admixture,  above the
 5             water quality  criterion for such
 7             waters.
 g             2.   Chlorides,  fluorides,  and sul-
 9             fates:  Discharge rate and concen-
10             tration not to  elevate the water
11             quality,  after  reasonable  admixture,
12             above the water quality criteria
13             for  such waters.
14             3«   Phosphates:   Immediately provide
15             control or  treatment sufficient to
16             produce an  effluent of not more than
17             4.0  milligrams per liter and within
18             10 years  treatment to  produce an ef-
10             fluent of not more than 0.4 mg/1.
20             Assuming  a  minimum of  10 to 1 dilution
21             such effluent mixture  would be reduced
22             to the 0.04 mg/1  single daily value
23             of the proposed water  quality criteria.
24             4.   Temperature:   Temperature and
25             rate of discharge  not  to elevate the

-------
             	     1890
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2            water  temperature,  after  reason-
 3            able admixture, above  water  quality
 4            temperature criterion  for such
 5            waters.   The maximum natural water
 6            temperature shall not  be  increased
 7            more than 20°  F and the rate of
 g            change  in temperature  shall  not
 9            exceed  2° P per hour.
10            5«  Chemical Constituents:   Effluents
11            as  discharged  to  waters of Lake
12            Michigan  are not  to exceed the fol-
13            lowing  concentration at any  time.
14            No  concentration  in the effluent
15            shall  exceed that amount  now xneas-
16            urable  in Lake Michigan waters and
17            shall  not exceed  the following con-
18            centration  at.any time.
19        Constituent               Milligrams per liter
20        Ammonia  Nitrogen (as N)             2.5
21        Arsenic                             1.0
22        Barium                              5 • 0
23        Cadmium                             0.05
24        Chromium-Hexavalent                0.05
25        Chromium-Trivalent                  1.0

-------
1891
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
C. W. KLASSEN

Constituent Milligrams per liter
Copper
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Nitrate (as NO-)
Phenols
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Oil - Effluent subs
of visible floating oil
ceed 15.0 mg/1.
pH - No value below
10.0.

Recommendation 5 - Industrial

0.0.4
0.025
10.0
0.1
2.0
45.0
0.02
0.01
0.05
1.0
tantially free
and not to ex-

6.0 nor above


Waste Treatment

The Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration and some State
standards, in
general terms call for industrial waste treatment
equivalent to or to a degree
required of municipalities.
terminology and relationship
equivalent to that
Clarification of
to concentrations

-------
   	1892
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN

 2       is necessary.  For instance an industry with  a

 3       high strength raw waste of 1200 mg/1 providing

 4       secondary treatment with a trickling filter at

 6       90 percent removal would discharge an effluent

 6       of 240 mg/1.  To be truly equivalent to the

 7       minimum municipal waste treatment cited above

 8       the effluent could not exceed 40 mg/1 thus re-

 9       quiring 96-2/3 percent removal of five-day BOD.

10                 Industry effluents should, by definition,

jl       equal municipal effluents in all concentrations

12       listed above.

         Recommendation 6 - Schedule for Treatment Works
14
                            Construction
15
16                 There are some differences in timetable

17       for providing treatment necessary to meet the

!g       various State water quality standards.  In order

19       to present a reasonably uniform schedule for  all

20       of Lake Michigan the following timetable is sug-

2i       gested.  This schedule shall not be construed as

22       negating State statutes or pollution control

23       agency orders and standards establishing earlier

24       dates.

25

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                                                         1893
 i

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
                          C.  W.  KLASSEN
Category

Municipal effluent disinfection -
Recreation Months

Municipalities with sewers but
no treatment facilities

Municipalities with primary
facilities only

Municipalities with storm flow
bypassing at treatment works

Municipalities with automatic
storm overflow of combined sewers
Maximum
Completion
Date	

Spring 1969


Dec. 1969


Dec. 1969


July 1972


July 1977
Municipalities nutrient control    Dec. 1977
facilities
Industry waste control and
treatment
Dec. 1968
Recommendation 7 - Marine Vessel Sanitation


          Marine vessel sanitation is a vexing

problem at marinas, harbors and inshore waters.

Coordinated control activities are recommended

along the following lines:

     1.  Fuel, bilge and ballast tank

     control should be exercised im-

     mediately with no discharge to

     waters of Lake Michigan.

     2.  Trash, debris, dunnage, etc.,

     shall not be thrown overboard to

-------
 1                        C. W. KLASSEN



 2             Lake Michigan effective immediately.



 3             3«  Recreation vessel and  commercial



 4             vessel sewage treatment works  or



 6             holding tanks shall not be  discharged



 6             into any harbor waters, but to shore



 7             facilities only.



 8             4.  Rules and regulations  for  marine



 9             vessel sewage facilities should be



lO             adopted by this Conference  for shore



11             harbor areas and for open water



12             transit pending uniform Great  Lakes



13             regulation adoption by Federal Water



14             Pollution Control Administration.



15                  a.  It is recommended  that the



16                  Vessel Sanitation Ordinance of



11                  the City of Chicago be adopted



13                  by this Conference for appli-



19                  cation to all of Lake  Michigan.



20                  b.  A copy of the Chicago



21                  ordinance is attached.



22                  c.  It is recommended  and re-



23                  quested that the Region V



24                  Office, Federal Water  Pollution



25                  Control Administration be

-------
                                                         1895

 !                        C.  W.  KLASSEN


 2                  designated to  issue approval


 3                  of  methods of  waste treatment


 4                  for vessels  in interstate


 5                  transit,  with  direct discharge


 6                  to  waters of Lake  Michigan.



 7
         Recommendation 8 -  Shore and Harbor Maintenance

 8
                             Operations

 9


10                  Debris from  shore  installations  and


jj       from  tributary streams create or aggravate pol-


12       lution problems  and effect the aesthetic and


13       recreational  use of lake harbors and shore waters.


14       Dead  fish  and algae growths  or accumulations


15       create nuisance  problems and affect the aesthetics


16       and recreational use of  the  lake.


17             The following  recommendations  are


18             offered:


19             1.  State  and  local ordinances and


20             laws  be  reinforced  and  applied to


2i             control  or  prevent  use  of tributary


22             streams  or  Lake Michigan for disposal


23             of trash, floating  debris or refuse.


24             2. State  and local  agencies plan  and


25             fund  programs  to  maintain waterways

-------
                                                        1896
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN
 2            and the lake free from natural
 3            and accidental occurrence of de-
 4            bris, etc.  This would be a func-
 5            tion similar to city street
              cleaning and highway cleanup
              work, and include equipment
              utilization.
              3.  Local, State and Federal funds
              should be provided and earmarked
              for this function on a watching
              basis.
13            4.  Shore maintenance or improvements
              confined within revetments or levees
              shall be constructed of inert mater-
              ials which will not degrade water
              quality below established criteria.
              It is not intended to interfere with
              construction of filled land to extend
20            or improve shore areas or the pumping
2i            and hauling of lake or shore sand to
22            reclaim or improve beach areas.  It
23            is not intended to interfere with the
24            use of stone or inert building materials
25            used for repair or in the construction

-------
 2
                                                        1897
                         C. ¥. KLASSEN
              of breakwaters, jetties or shore-
 3            side facilities.

 4       Recommendation 9 - Lake Dumping
 5
                   Dumping of debris, refuse, building
 6
         material, stream and harbor dredging in offshore
 Q       waters of Lake Michigan should be prohibited.
 o
                   The July 13, 1967 Memorandum of Under-
1Q       standing between the Secretary of War and Secretary
         of Interior  tends to prohibit dumping of pollu-
12       tional and contaminated material.   It is undesirabl
13       that any harbor or stream  dredged material  be
14       deposited in the lake  as previously practiced
15       Such deposits interfere with the natural aquatic
         and biotic life on the lake bottom  and contribute
17       to the artificial aging of the lake

18
         Recommendation  10 -  Tributary Streams
19
20                 Each  State should require the  degree of
         treatment and effluent criteria  necessary  to meet
22       water  quality criteria for all tributary streams
23       so that  the  incoming flow  will not  contribute  to
24       the  degradation of Lake Michigan.   No  concentration
25       m the stream discharge shall  exceed that  amount

-------
   	1898

 1                        C. W. KLASSEN

 2        now measurable in Lake Michigan nor  the  amount

 3        specified by water quality criteria  adopted  by

 4        this Conference.

 5                  The representative from  Illinois re-

 6        quests consideration of the above  recommendations

 7        for inclusion in the final findings  of this  Con-

 g        ference.

 9                              (signed) C.  W. Klassen

10                              C.W. Klassen,  Technical
                               Secretary, Illinois
11                              Sanitary Water Board

12        DBM:cj

13                           - - ~

14
                      ORDINANCE
15

16                  BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF

17        THE CITY OF CHICAGO:

18                  SECTION 1.  The Municipal  Code of

19        Chicago is amended by striking the existing

20        Section 38-9 and inserting in lieu thereof a

21        new Section 38-9 to read as follows:

22             "38-9.  No person shall throw,

23             dump, place, deposit or cause or

24             permit to be thrown, dumped,  placed

25             or deposited any pollutant as defined

-------
                                                         1899
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN

 2             in Section 31-2.1 (k)  of this

 3             Code,  or any garbage,  refuse,

               filth,  putrid  or  unwholesome

 g             substance,  or  the contents of

 .             any toilet or  head,  catch basin,

               or grease trap upon  the  margin

               or banks, or within  the  limits

               or into the  waters of  the harbor.

10             Discharge of any  of  the  afore-

               mentioned pollutants within the

               radius  of four miles of  any domes-

13             tic  raw water  intake is  further

14             expressly prohibited."

15                 SECTION 2.   The Municipal Code  of

16       Chicago is amended  by  adding  the following new

17       Section 38-9.1 to read as follows:

18             "38-9.1   In  addition to  the pol-

19             lutants  enumerated in Section  38-9

20             aforesaid, no  operator of  any  vessel,

2i             craft,  floats  or  motor boat shall

22             discharge, dump or deposit  into

23             the harbor any fuel, solid  or  liquid,

24             or the  contents of any ballast tank,

25            bilge tank or other receptacle

-------
                	1900
 1                       C. W. KLASSEN
 2             capable  of causing pollution  of
 3             waters."
 4                 SECTION 3-  The Municipal Code  of
 5       Chicago is amended by adding the following new
 5       Section 38-9«2 to read as follows:
 7             "38-9.2  All vessels,  craft,  floats
 g             and motor boats equipped with toilets,
 9             heads, urinals, or capable of dis-
10             charging galley wastes which  have
11             not been discharged through a grease
12             trap or  grease interceptor, or solid
13             or liquid waste from shipboard hos-
14             pital facilities, shall be equipped
15             with a waste retention tank of approved
16             type and capacity to store such waste
17             material for subsequent disposal at
18             a shoreside facility."
19                 SECTION b.  The Municipal Code  of
20       Chicago is amended by adding the following new
21       Section 38-9.3 to read as follows:
22             "38-9.3  A treatment system
23             utilizing a method of waste treat-
24             ment approved by the Port Director
25             and complying with the Rules  and

-------
   	1901
 1                        C. W. KLASSEN
 2             Regulations Establishing Water
 3             Quality Criteria for Lake Michi-
 4             gan as set by the Illinois Sani-
 5             tary Water Board may be permissible
 6             on vessels, craft, floats or motor
 7             boats operating in harbor waters in
 g             lieu of a retention tank.  The ef-
 9             fluent of any waste treatment sys-
10             tern not meeting the approved standards
11             of the Illinois Sanitary Water Board
12             shall be discharged and collected
13             in a retention tank while such
14             vessel, craft, floats of motor boat
15             is located or operating within the
16             harbor of Chicago.  All such waste
17             retention tanks must be properly
18             equipped with pumps and piping so
19             that waste can be discharged from a
20             connection located above the water
21             line to approved shore-based or
22             floating installations."
23                  SECTION 5«  The Municipal Code of
24         Chicago is amended by striking Section 38-10 in
25        its  entirety and inserting in lieu thereof  the

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                                                         1902
 1                        C.  W.  KLASSEN
 2        following new Section  38-10:
 3             "38-10.   The Port Director shall
 4             have the authority to promulgate
 5             rules and regulations necessary
 6             to  the effective  control of harbor
 7             pollution.
 g             Any person  who violates  any of
 9             the provisions of Sections 38-8,
10             38-9, 38-9.1,  38-9.2 and 38-9-3
11             shall be fined not less  than $50
12             nor more than  $200 for each offense
13             and each day's continuance of such
14             violation shall constitute a sepa-
15             rate offenseV
16                  SECTION 6.  This ordinance shall be in
17        force and effect from  and after its passage and
18        due  publication.
19
20
21                  MR. STEIN:  These additional statements
22        from Illinois will  appear in  the record, without
23        objection, as if read.
24                  (Which said  statements are as
25        follows:)

-------
   	1903

 1               THE HONORABLE DONALD RUMSFELD


 2
                          STATEMENT OP
 3

 4            U.  S. REPRESENTATIVE DONALD RUMSFELD


 5
                   13TH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
 6

 7                        OF  ILLINOIS


 8
                          PRESENTED TO
 9

10         LAKE MICHIGAN FOUR STATE POLLUTION CONFERENCE


11
                   JANUARY 3,1 - FEBRUARY 6, 1968
12

13                SHERMAN HOTEN, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS


14

15                  Mr. Secretary, we are all agreed that

16        the well-being of our society depends on an ade-

17        quate supply of pure water.  The attention of the

18        public  and of various government agencies has

19        recently been focused on the pollution of our

20        waterways.  Indeed, the participants in this

21        conference today are keenly aware of the problem

22        of the  pollution of Lake Michigan, a body of

23        water of major importance to the economic and

24        recreational life of more than 12 million citizens


25        in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin.

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                                                         1904
 1                CONGRESSMAN DONALD RUMSFELD
 2                 Today Lake Michigan is sick.  It  is
 3       sick because for too many years we failed to
 4       recognize the symptoms of pollution.  It is
 5       fortunate that the extent of the pollution has
 g       finally been recognized.  But recognition alone
 7       will not solve the problem.  Bold and determined
 g       steps are required if we are to save our lake
 9       from dying.  I believe that I reflect the senti-
10       ments of the residents of the 13th Congressional
11       District when I say that the cessation of pol-
12       lution of Lake Michigan is a matter of the highest
13       priority, and that immediate action is essential
14       if we are to reverse the current trend.
15                 There are no overnight solutions for
16       water pollution.  Since 1956, when the Federal
17       Water Pollution Control Act was signed into law
18       by President Eisenhower, governments at all
19       levels have taken steps to advance the cause
20       of clean water.  National legislation enacted
21       in 1961, 1965 and 1966 has increased Federal
22       enforcement authority and augmented funding
23       authorization for water pollution control grants
24       and activities.  State and local governments
25       have sought to increase their commitment to

-------
   	      1905
 1                 CONGRESSMAN DONALD RUMSFELD
 2        control pollution within and adjacent to their
 3        boundaries.   But the poisoning of the Nation's
 4        waterways continues.  It is ironic that, while
 5        we  have sufficient determination and technical
 6        expertise to send men into outer space,  we thus
 7        far seem to  lack the skills or determination
 8        needed to purify our waterways.
 9                  The demand for Lake Michigan water
10        comes  principally from muncipalities and indus-
11        tries, whose use of the lake  water is expected
12        to  increase  threefold by the year 2020.   Yet,
13        their  reliance on Lake Michigan  as a source of
14        water  supply notwithstanding, some municipalities
15        and industries continue as major contributors  to
16        water  pollution.  A report, "Water Pollution
17        Problems of  Lake Michigan and Tributaries,"
18        issued in January 1968 by the Federal Water Pol-
19        lution Control Administration, U. S. Department
20        of  Interior,  cites specific municipalities and
21        industries which are discharging wastes  into
22        public waterways and which could substantially
23        reduce pollution by providing secondary  and ad-
2*        vanced treatment of sewage effluents.
25                  A  number of municipalities along the

-------
   	19.06
 1                 CONGRESSMAN DONALD RUMSFELD
 2        Illinois  shore  of  Lake  Michigan are taking
 3        action to reduce  the introduction of sewage into
 4        the  lake.   Tor  example,  the North Shore Sanitary
 5        District,  serving  the communities adjoining  the
 g        Lake County,  Illinois,  shoreline, has proposed a
 7        $35  million bond  referendum for construction of
 8        alternative waste  disposal  facilities.   Such
 9        action is  commendable.   It  should be emulated
lO        by other  units  of  government which may be con-
H        tributing to the  pollution  problem.  I  am confi-
12        dent that the citizens  of Illinois will accept
13        their responsibilities  for  ending the pollution
14        of Lake Michigan  by local municipalities.
15                  With  respect  to industrial pollution,
16        I  have introduced  a bill (H.R.  13511) in both
17        the  89th  and 90th  Congress    to authorize an
18        incentive tax credit for industries which install
19        facilities for  controlling  water pollution.  The
20        Pollution Control  Incentive Act of 196? seeks to
21        combine governmental .efforts with the efforts of
22        industries in eliminating water pollution.  Sub-
23        stantial  private  funds  must be  utilized if the
24        fight against pollution is  to be successful.  This
25        bill will encourage industries  to utilize their

-------
   	,	 1Q07
 1                 CONGRESSMAN  DONALD  RUMSFELD

 2        own  funds  by  providing a tax credit applicable

 3        to costs  of water  pollution  control facilities--

 4        machinery, equipment,  buildings,  and the  like.

 5                  I have urged the Chairman of  the  U.  S.

 Q        House  Committee on Ways and  Means to schedule

 7        prompt hearings on the tax incentive bill,  but

 8        to date no hearings have been held.  The  Republl-

 9        can  Coordinating Committee has also recommended

lO        hearings  be held on this legislation.   In a report

11        of December 11, 19&7,  entitled "Water Pollution

12        Control:   Promise  and Performance," the Coordi-

13        nating Committee stated:  "We endorse legislation

14        to permit  an  increased Investment credit  or to

15        allow  rapid depreciation on  Federal tax returns,

16        for  outlays for pollution control equipment in

17        those  cases where  it  is not  feasible to accom-

18        modate industrial  waste at municipal waste  treat-

19        ment systems."  It is  my hope that hearings on

20        this proposal will be  scheduled soon so that

21        affirmative action may be taken by the  90th

22        Congress.

23                 Another  problem is the  U. S.  Corps of

24        Engineers  dumping of  dredged materials into

25        Lake Michigan.  During a hearing  held in

-------
                                                         19Q8
 I                CONGRESSMAN DONALD RUMSFELD
 2       Washington, D.C., in October  1967>  I  questioned
 3       the inability  of  the Corps of  Engineers  to  find
 4       alternative means for  disposing  of  dredged
         materials.  The Corps  of Engineers  initiated
         a pilot program aimed  at finding alternative
         dumping sites, and, I  understand, the Corps has
         pledged to halt the dumping of polluted  materials
         into the lake  for the  balance  of 1968.   I join
         the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
         in recommending that the Corps of Engineers cease
12       permanently its program of dumping  polluted
13       dredgings into Lake Michigan.
14                 Certainly it is appropriate to take
15       this opportunity  to commend the  Chicago  news
         media and the  suburban newspapers for their
         campaign to stimulate  public  awareness of the
18       seriousness of the pollution  problem. In recent
         months, hard-hitting news coverage  has aroused
20       public sentiment  against water pollution and
21       in favor of corrective measures.  I trust this
22       attention by the  news  media will continue,  for
23       I believe it to be a necess.ary stimulus  to  concerte^l
24       public action.
25                 Mr.  Secretary, those involved  in

-------
   	1909

 1                 CONGRESSMAN DONALD RUMSFELD

 2        organizing and conducting this Conference are

 3        to be  applauded for their efforts in attempting

 4        to arrive at a solution to a most complex problem.

 5                           - - -

 6                 THE WILMETTE PARK DISTRICT

 7         GILLSON PARK, WASHINGTON AT MICHIGAN AVENUE

 8                  WILMETTE, ILLINOIS  60091

 9               Telephones 251-2105 or 251-2164

10
          Park Commissioners       Officers
11
          Paul Levin               Robert B.  Gerrie,
12        C.  E.  Rauhauser,  Jr.     President
          Robert B. Gerrie
13        William J. Lambrecht     Paul Levin,
                                   Vice President
14
                                   Thomas L.  Gooding,
15                                 Treasurer

16                                 Gordon B.  Wallace,
                                   Secretary-Superintendent
17
                                   John A.  Nordberg,
18                                 Attorney

19                      January 26,  1968

20
            STATEMENT OF THE WILMETTE PARK  DISTRICT
21
                 TO THE  FOUR STATE CONFERENCE
22
                  ON LAKE MICHIGAN POLLUTION
23

24        Gentlemen:

25                  The  Wilmette  Park District  encompasses

-------
 1                THE WILMETTE  PARK DISTRICT



 2        the Village of Wilmette, a community  of  about



 3        32,000 people situated on the north shore  of Lake



 4        Michigan above the  City of Chicago.   For better



 5        than 50 years, the  Park District has  owned and



 6        operated a beautiful bathing beach at Gillson



 7        Park on the shores  of  Lake Michigan for  public



 8        use and enjoyment.  The teach operations include



 9        a large beach house with showers and  dressing



10        rooms, a paved parking area with a capacity of



H        400 automobiles, a  picnic area and lights  for



12        evening use.  The sand area extends about  400



13        yards along the shore  and is as much  as  175 yards



14        deep.  During the season the sand is  cleaned every



15        day by a maintenance crew and the beach  is manned



16        by 13 lifeguards, 10 beach policemen  and 5 office



17        workers.  The attendance was 10^,792  last  season



18        but there has been  a decline in attendance since



19        a peak of 279,903 in 1960.  Just to the  north of



20        the bathing beach,  the Park District  provides a



21        boating beach in Langdon Park for use by small



22        sunfish and sailfish sailors.



23                 The bathing  beach is available to resi-



24        dents and non-residents of Wilmette at a nominal



25        charge on a family  season membership  or  daily fee

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                                                         1911
 1                THE WILMETTE  PARK  DISTRICT
 2       basis.  The fees  are designed  to  cover  the  costs
 3       of  operation which were  approximately $60,000
 4       last season.  Residents  of  many of  the  communi-
 6       ties surrounding  Wilmette- patronize  the beach
         regularly  in substantial numbers.   We believe
 7       that the Wilmette beach  is  one of  the finer com-
 8       munity  beaches  in the  country.
 9                  However,  the Board of Commissioners
10       of  The  Wilmette Park District, as  well  as
u       neighboring riparian property owners, has a
12       deepentag concern over the continually declining
13       condition  of Lake Michigan  due to pollution
14       and dying  wildlife.  Last season,  for example,
15       the Park District spent  substantial amounts of
16       money  to remove dead alewives and plant life
17       from the Wilmette beach.  Despite such  action,
18       there  were many days when the smell of  such
19       debris  or  the  condition  of  the water discouraged
20       use of  the beach.  In  addition,  there is grave
2i       concern that  the  bacteria count may rise to the
22       point  where  the beach  would have  to be  closed
23       to  swimming.
24                  In  short,  Lake Michigan is not only
25       an  important  source  of water for  home and industry

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   	1912
 1                 THE WILMETTE PARK DISTRICT

 2        and a valuable artery of  transportation  but  it

 3        is a beautiful recreational facility.  The pol-

 4        lution of  this vital natural resource, whether

 5        by governmental entities  or private parties,

 6        is an act  of desecration  which must be  stopped

 1        by whatever means are necessary.   If those who

 8        have the power to stop such pollution fail to

 9        act promptly and vigorously, they  must bear

10        equal guilt for the destruction of this  ir-

H        replaceable wonder of nature with  those  who

12        actually administer the poisons.   Lake Michigan

13        must be saved and, in order to save it,  all

14        pollution  must be stopped immediately.   There

15        is very little time left.

ie                              Respectfully submitted,

17
                               (Signed)  Robert B. Gerrie
18

19                              Robert B. Gerrie,  President
                               Board of Commissioners
20                              Wilmette Park District

21        RBG/bs

22                           - - -

23                LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

24                    1515 Washington Street

25                   Waukegan, Illinois  60085

-------
   	1913

 I                LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

 2
                         BOARD OF HEALTH
 3
          Walter J.  Reedy,  M.D., President
 4        Waukegan

 5        W.  C.  Petty,  Secretary
          Antioch
 5
          William G.  Dracos,  D.D.S.
 7        Waukegan

 8        R.  J.  Flaskamp
          Long Lake
 9
          August J.  Cepon
10        Waukegan

n        Edwin  Ellis
          Harrington
12
          John J.  Ring,  M.D.
13        Mundeleln

14        Allan  I. Wolfe, Jr.
          Highland Park
15

16                      January  31,  1968

17
          Clarence W. Klassen, Technical  Secretary
18        State  Sanitary Water Board
          Springfield, Illinois
19

20        Dear Mr. Klassen:

21                 The  following statement has been  prepared

22        for consideration at the Lake Michigan Four-State

23        Water  Pollution Conference convened on January  31,

24        1968:

25                 "Of  the many parameters which  are used

-------
                                                        1914
 1                LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

 2        to define water quality, none is so directly

 3        (at least in theory) related to man's well-being

 4        as bacteriological standards for recreational

 5        use.  It is incongruous, therefore, that it is

         the one constituent of surface water that we,

         as technicians, seem to know the least about.  We

         lack satisfactory techniques to do precise ana-

         lytical work regarding the type and numbers of

         organisms.  We are unable to effectively evaluate

         what data we do accumulate, and we have little

12        understanding of the interrelationships between

13        what is discharged, and what we can expect to find

         in the receiving watercourse.

15                  Unfortunately, the brunt of the problem

16        of coping with the public's concern over recrea-
         tional water quality falls directly on the

         shoulders of the local health agency where such

         an agency exists.  It is not a light burden.  The

20        increased clammering of an "alerted" public for

2i        a definite yes or no answer concerning their

22        personal safety cannot be ignored.  It is equally

23        difficult to develop an "official" arbitrary

24        attitude which either completely denies the public

25        a generally accepted recreational outlet, or

-------
   ^__	1915'
 1               LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
 2       sanctions a theoretical direct  exposure  to  an
 3       environmental hazard at a level  that would  not
 4       be knowingly tolerated In any other situation.
 5                 The Lake County Health Department
 6       has been attempting to cope with the problem
 7       of recreational water surveillance since  its
 g       inception in 1958.  Recreational use of  water
 9       is a major factor in the life of the county,
10       both at the numerous inland lakes and  along the
11       county's 24- miles of Lake Michigan shoreline.
12       Extensive sampling activities have been  carried
13       out in both of these areas.  Such sampling  has
14       only served to fortify the obvious fact  that
15       good public health practice leaves but two
16       alternatives to recreational use of waters  where
17       whole body contact is involved;  such use  of water
18       should be denied, or provisions  must be  made to
19       exclude all domestic waste discharges  into  them.
20                 Any intermediate solution is foolhardy
21       in the light of current limited  understanding
22       concerning the removal and possible effects of
23       the multitude of human pathogens found in such
24       waste discharges.
25                 It has been on this premise  that  the

-------
   	1916

 1                LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

 2        Department has actively supported, and in fact

 3        initiated, planning for removal of all public

 4        sewerage discharges from the county's inland

 5        lakes.  It has also carried out a sustained

 6        enforcement program to eliminate individual

 7        waste discharges into the lakes from shoreline

 g        installations and watercraft.

 9                  It is on the basis of this same premise

10        that the Lake County Health Department heartily

11        endorses, and pledges its active support for, the

12        current proposal of the North Shore Sanitary

13        District to eliminate all domestic waste dis-

14        charges into Lake Michigan.  The Department also

15        endorses current considerations regarding the

16        control of waste discharges from commercial and

17        private vessels operating in the lake.  It would

18        appear inconceivable that any official health

19        agency with Jurisdiction in the lake area could

20        endorse any other alternatives, where such a

21        choice can be made."

22                              Respectfully submitted,

23                              (Signed) Howard P. Saiger

24                              Howard F. Saiger, Director
                               Division of Environmental
25        HFS:cms               Health

-------
   	1917
 1                  ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY

 2
 3                  ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY
 4               FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
 6                      Established 1897
 6             Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive
 7                  Chicago, Illinois  60605

 8
 9                  Lake Michigan,  if it could speak,  might
10        have  welcomed the  participants in this Conference
H        with  the  words:   "l who am about to die, salute
12        you."  This  death, if it  is permitted to happen,
13        will  not  be  heroic—it will be drawn-out,  tortured
14        and unbeautiful.
15                  The lake is far gone--heroic measures
16        are required in a  crisis  situation to save this
17        priceless  natural  asset;  long-range research and
18        planning  are required for its  convalescence.
19        Implements for emergency  action are available:
20        the Federal  Water  Pollution Control Act, criteria
21        and deadlines established by the Illinois  State
22        Water Board,  the ten-year plan of the Metropolitan
23        Sanitary District  for both operational changes
24        and enforcement of standards,  the anti-pollution
25        bill  of the  State  of  Illinois  and a concerned

-------
                                                        1918


                   ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY



 2        public.  No doubt there are others particularly



 3        in States other than Illinois that I am not aware



         of.  We are appreciative of those public officials



         who have recognized with action the concern of



 -        the people and of the news media of Chicago who
 o


 _        have developed and maintained this concern.



                   There remain disturbing signs.  Industry



         has opposed target dates and has given little



         indication of an awareness of the need for con-



..        structive and immediate action.  The decisions



..        of the recent industrial conference whether to



13        collectively help or hinder are not known at



         this time.  States bordering on Lake Michigan



._        have been less than enthusiastic about a co-
15


16        ordinated effort.  We do, however, have this



         Conference which Governor Kerner has advocated.



         Decisions as to who will bear the cost of re-



         storing the lake have not been made.  The State



20        of Illinois has authorized a referendum with the



         object of raising one billion dollars largely



22        to combat water pollution.  Little activity



23        toward the enforcement of stipulated standards



24        has been noted ,with the exception of litigation



25        initiated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District.

-------
                                                         1919
 l                  ILLINOIS  AUDUBON  SOCIETY



 2       A  long-range  plan has  not been developed toward



 3       a  system  of natural balance nor have objectives




 A       other  than "save the lake"  been stated.   There
 4



 _       is  little evidence  of  recognition that pollution



 _       of  the  lake is  part of a  much  larger pattern of
 D


         pollution of  our total environment and wanton




         destruction of  our  natural  endowment.
 o


 g                  Many  objections to any plan will  be




10       raised  by shortsighted people  particularly  from



41       the  standpoint  of cost.   They  will refuse to




12       recognize that  with the death  of the lake we



,„       will lose something priceless  or that delay will
la



14       result  in progressively increased costs  of  re-



lg       habilitation.




16                  The Illinois Audubon Society is hopeful



17       that the  men  of vision at this Conference will



18       be able to initiate a  coordinated plan of action



19       with provisions for enforcement,  and that this



20       plan will  envision  the conservation,  control and



21       use of all of the water resources of this area.




22

                                HARRY V.  BIERMA

23                              Chairman

                                Clean Streams  Committee


24



25                           - - -

-------
                                                         1920
 1                      DR.  W.  J.  BEECHER
 2
 3               STATEMENT OF DR.  W.  J.  BEECHER
 4         DIRECTOR  OF  THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
 5                         BEFORE  THE
 6        LAKE  MICHIGAN FOUR STATE POLLUTION CONFERENCE
 7                      FEBRUARY 2,  1968
 8
 9                  Estimates indicate  that approximately
10        5 billion  tons of  dead alewives were removed from
11        beaches  around Lake Michigan  last summer and
12        buried.  An educated  guess  of  scientists indicates
13        that  an  equal tonnage of alewives did not die and
14        that  this  ten billion tons  makes up most of the
15        fish  population of the lake.   Lake Michigan thus
16        resembles  a gigantic  fish  pond in imbalance with
17        numerous stunted fish of one  species devouring
18        the entire plankton and  eliminating all  other
19        species  of fish.
20                  This situation did not come about sud-
21        denly.   Mr. Loren  P.  Woods, Curator of Fishes in
22        Field Museum,  has reported  the  extensive  biological
23        changes  that  have  taken  place  in Lake Michigan in
24        the past 35 to 40  years.   The  introduction of smelt
25        and sea  lamprey have  wiped  out the lake  trout and

-------
             	1921
 1                      DR. W. J. BEECHER
 2        most of the burbot, wiping out the fishing
 3        industry at the south end of the lake.  Then the
 4        alewife displaced the lake herring, and the bloat-
 5        er increased.   Thus rough fish with little market
 6        value supplanted the fish which supported the
 7        fishing industry.  The present trend toward an
 8        "all alewife"  lake is the final step.  Even if the
 9        introduction of the coho salmon to feed on alewife
lO        is successful  beyond expectations, the destruction
n        of the ecology of Lake Michigan is a national dis-
12        grace.  Taxpayers had a right to expect that this
13        prized resource, the Great Lakes,  was being pro-
14        tected by governmental agencies.
15                  Similarly, the deaths of approximately
16        15,000 gulls and 6,500 loons in 1963 and 1964 were
17        symptomatic of the deteriorating lake.  I alerted
18        the  U. S.  Public Health Service Great Lakes-Illinoi(s
19        River Basin Project and the U.  S.  Fish and Wildlife
20        Service.   To this day it is not certain what killed
2i        these birds.
22                  Mr.  Poston's report in 1965 (U.  S.
23        Public Health  Service,  Division of Water Supply
24        and  Pollution  Control)  on pollution in the Calumet
25        Area came  as a shock.   Quite unknown to the public,

-------
 1                     DR. W. J. BEECHER



 2       several steel and oil companies  in  that area have



 3       "been dumping a carload of oil  into  the lake dally>



 4       plus large quantities of cyanide, sulfuric acid



 5       and phenols]  Fatal nitrate-phosphate enrichment



 6       is betrayed by algae, which  increases annually.



 7                 How these companies  could, along with the



 8       U. S. Army Engineers, dumping  their river dredgings



 9       in the lake, ever imagine that these operations



10       would not in time destroy the  lake, is difficult



11       to comprehend.  Protestations  of  ignorance of  the



12       natural world in which they  live  strike a sour



13       note when they come from the brilliant leaders



14       of our largest corporations.   I  do  not believe



15       them.  These are ruthless corporations that have



16       regarded free enterprise as  a  hunting license.



17       They have invited Federal control of the most



18       stringent kind and the public  will  not rest until



19       the water standards set are  complied with.



20                 I have not been in favor  of giving



21       industry more time to clean  up its  operations  and



22       I am not in favor of letting the  taxpayer pay  the



23       bill.  What industry has done  to  a  priceless



24       natural resource that belongs  to  millions of



25       people is criminal.  The officials  of these

-------
                       	1923
 1                      DR.  W.  J.  BEECHER
 2        corporations  are  fortunate  that they are merely
 3        being  required to correct the  situation instead
 4        of  being  prosecuted.
 5                  Nor is  it enough  to  cease polluting
 6        Lake Michigan and the other Great Lakes.  It solves
 7        nothing if Chicago sends the equivalent of the
 8        raw sewage of several hundred  thousand people down
 9        the Illinois  waterway or if the north shore com-
10        munities  stop dumping sewage into the lake, only
11        to  run it out of  the  Des Plaines River.
12                  Our ignorance  of  or  disregard for the
13        needs  of  the  natural  world  we  all depend on is
14        unforgiveable. It marks the greatest failure
15        of  an  educational system that  is already Justi-
16        fiably under  scrutiny.   Natural wastes in a state
17        of  nature are broken  down by insects, bacteria
18        and fungi to  be recycled as usable chemical
19        nutrients into the ecosystem.   Technology must
20        solve  the problem of  breaking  down human and
21        industrial wastes for recycling into the ecosystem !
22        or  else it will not be possible to live in large  |
23        cities.
24                  Man depends on green plants to mobilize
25        the sun's energy.   A  disaster  like the sinking of

-------
                                         	1924



 1                      DR.  W.  J.  BEECKER




 2        the  oil  tanker Tcrrey Canyon destroyed the




 3        wildlife  of  much of  the  British and French




 4        coasts.   If  in had been  a tanker of DDT most




 5        of "Che oxygen-producing  capacity of our planet




 6        (represented by the  diatoms  of the sea) might




 7        have  been wiped out.   Shipping on Lake Michigan




 8        must  be  carefully policed against dumping any




 9        waste.




10                  It is an enormous  job we have made




11        for  ourselves but it  is  the  most important one




12        in the world.  It is  a matter o.f survival.




13




14




15




16




17




18




19




20




21




22




23




24




25

-------
                     	1925


                     INDIANA PRESENTATION



 2                   MR.  STEINi   We  will  go  on to Indiana



 „        without a  recess.



                    I would  like to call one  procedural



 _        point  to your  attention,  because  I  know the
 o


 .        Conferees  are  going to look  at Mr.  Klassen's
 o


         recommendations and particularly  time  schedule



         very carefully.  That  item on  municipal nutrient
 O


         control facilities December  1977.   I suggest  that



10        that be looked at  in the  light of Dr.  Weinberger's



         testimony  here.



12                   MR.  KLASSEN:  Yes.
13



         No comment.
                    MR.  STEIN:   I  am Just flagging that.



          W<-»  f* r\mmem ^
14



15                  MR.  KLASSEN:   This  is real good.   We




16        did not have the  privilege of hearing Dr. Wein-




17        berger's paper and  I  might say, as  you know,



18        he  is a person that we have the greatest respect




19        for'



20                  MR.  STEIN:  Right.   Thank you very much



21                  May  we  move right along and see if we




22        can have the Indiana  statement.




23

                     INDIANA PRESENTATION


24




25

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 3

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 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
	1926
              INDIANA PRESENTATION
           MR.  POOLE:   Mr.  Chairman,  since you
 said  move  right  along,  I  am going to introduce
 Perry Miller,  who  is  Assistant Director of our
 Engineering Division,  who  will present the
 statement  for  the  Indiana  Stream Pollution
 Control  Board.
           Perry  Miller.


           STATEMENT  OP PERRY MILLER
    ASSISTANT DIRECTOR,  ENGINEERING DIVISION
    INDIANA STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD


           MR.  MILLER:   Mr.  Chairman, Conferees,
 ladies and gentlemen.
           In accordance with the requirements of
 the Federal Water  Quality  Act of 1965,  Indiana
 undertook  the  adoption of  updated water quality
 standards  in 1966.   Pursuant to the  provisions of
 Chapter  120, Acts  of  1945,  public hearings were
 held  on  proposed standards  in river  basins through-
 out the  State.   The  proposed standards  and plans
 for implementation, which  included proposed time-
 tables,  were mailed  to municipalities,  industries,
 adjacent States, the  Federal Water Pollution Control

-------
                                                         1927



 1                        PERRY  MILLER




 2       Administration,  and  others  prior  to  the hearings.



 3       At  the public hearing  for the  Lake Michigan  basin,



 4       the Illinois Sanitary  Water Board endorsed the



 5       proposed  criteria  as consistent with those adopted




 6       by  Illinois.  The  proposed  timetables were not



 7       questioned  by Illinois or the  Federal Water  Pol-




 8       lution Control Administration.  At the public



 9       hearing for the  St.  Joseph  River  Basin, the  State



10       of  Michigan agreed with proposed  criteria but




11       offered the comment  that the MPN/100 ml coliform



12       index would be unrealistic  during periods of storm-




13       water runoff.  Following the hearings, Regulations




14       SPG 1R, SPG 4, SPG 5,  SPG 6, SPG  7,  SPG 8, SPG  9,



15       and SPG 10  and implementation  plans  for the  re-



16       spective  basins  were adopted by the  Stream Pol-



17       lution Control Board as Indiana's new water  quality



18       standards and submitted to  the Department of the



*9       Interior  for consideration  of  approval.  Secretary




20       Udall notified Governor Branigin  on  July 18, 19^7,



21       that he had approved the Indiana  Water Quality




22       Standards.



23                 The implementation plans for the respec-




24       tive basins provide  background information,  cite




25       specific  pollution sources, enumerate water  uses

-------
   	1928


 !                       PERRY  MILLER




 2       and provide a  timetable  for municipalities  and



 .       industries to  complete construction  of  necessary



 4       facilities.




 _                 The  following  report  includes  the status




 _       of municipal and  industrial waste pollution abate-
 o


         ment and  control  measures  in  the Lake Michigan




         drainage  area  of  Lake, Porter,  and LaPorte  Coun-



 _       ties and  in the St. Joseph River Basin.  Much of
 y



10       the material is excerpted  from  the Indiana  plan




-,       submitted to the  Department of  the Interior.



to       Where necessary it has been updated.
12



13
                 Lake Michigan  Basin - Indiana


14
                 Status of Pollution Abatement


15



lg                 All  sewered  municipalities on  the Lake



17       Michigan  watershed in  Lake, Porter,  and  LaPorte



18       Counties  now provide secondary  treatment and ef-



19       fluent chlorination, except the Town of  Porter




20       (population 2,l89).  Porter is  under a  Stream



2i       Pollution Control Board  order and a  suit for en-




22       forcement has  been filed in the Porter  County



23       Circuit Court  by  the Attorney General.   A tenta-




24       tive agreement has been  reached by the  Towns  of



25       Porter and Chesterton  for  treatment  of  sewage

-------
                                                         1929
 1                        PERRY  MILLER
 2       from Porter  at  the  Chesterton  treatment  plant.
 3       The Indiana  plan approved  by Secretary Udall
 4       calls for advanced  waste treatment  at East  Chicago,
 5       Gary, Hammond,  and  Michigan City  as  soon as
 6       practicable  and by  Crown Point, Hobart,  and
 7       Valparaiso within 10 years.  This will include
 g       nutrient removal.   The four large cities will be
 9       required to  disinfect  combined sewer overflows
10       as soon as practicable with Hammond  and  Whiting
11       to provide treatment and disinfection of storm
12       and combined sewer  overflows,  that  discharge
13       directly to  Lake  Michigan, on  or  before  the end
14       of 1970.
15                 All industries are to provide  treatment
16       to meet the  water quality  standards  of the  Stream
17       Pollution Control Board and the Conferees of the
18       1965 conference.  This  is  to be accomplished by
19       the Lake Michigan industries within  the  timetables
20       recommended  (December  31*  1968) by  the Conferees
21        in the Federal  enforcement case except for  four
22        steel plants  (three companies).  These have pro-
23        gressive waste  treatment construction programs
24        with the latest  completion date being June  30»
25        1970.  Following  the reconvening in  September 1967

-------
   	1930
 !                       PERRY MILLER

 2       of the 1965 conference and at the request of

 3       the Board, the steel industries appeared before

 4       the Board and submitted revised timetables.  These

 6       were subsequently accepted by the Board and they

 6       appear later in the report.  Except for three

 7       small industries, cooperation has been good and

 8       most programs are on schedule. 'Enforcement

 9       actions have been initiated where necessary.

10                 The principal sources of pollution in

n       the basin in Indiana are industrial wastes,

12       municipal sewage, and combined sewer overflows.

13       Other wastes discharged intermittently may have

14       serious local effects or may cause temporary

15       excessive pollution.  Among these wastes are

16       accidental spills from storage tanks and barges;

17       wastes from lake vessels, barge tows, and pleasure

!g       craftj and materials from dredging operations.

19                 All sewered municipalities have some

20       combined sewers which contribute to pollution

2i       during periods of storm.  Combined sewer overflows

22       contribute gross bacterial pollution, high sus-

23       pended solids concentrations, and heavy BOD

24       loadings.  Industrial waste present in such

25       systems contribute  to the pollution problem.

-------
   	10-31
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        Phosphates  and other nutrients contribute to
 3        algae  growth in receiving waters.
 4                  The water quality in the open water
 5        of  Lake  Michigan is excellent with the exception
 6        of  periods  of high threshold odors and increased
 7        concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen caused by
 g        industrial  wastes.
 9                  Shore water east of the  Inner Harbor
10        Basin  is of good quality and generally satis-
11        factory  for whole body contact recreation.
12        However, shore water within the Inner Harbor
13        Basin  is of poor quality which is  attributed
14        to  combined sewer overflows and wastes discharges
15        in  this  basin.  The Front Street combined sewer
16        overflow at Whiting at times discharges untreated
17        sewage directly to Lake Michigan,  and the Atchison
18        Avenue pumping station is Hammond  discharges storm-
19        water  overflow from combined sewers to Lake
20        Michigan.   In addition, stormwater overflows from
21        East Chicago and Gary to the Grand Calumet River
22        and the  Indiana Harbor Canal contribute to the
23        poor water  quality.  Reduction of  combined sewer
24        overflows  or control facilities including disin-
25        fection  of  storm overflows will be necessary.

-------
   	1932
 1                       PERRY MILLER

 2                 The  Inner Harbor Basin water  quality
 3       is generally satisfactory.  However,  there  are
 4       intermittent periods of high  threshold  odor,

 5       ammonia-nitrogen, phenols, and  coliform bac-

 6       teria.  This pollution is the result  of direct
 7       discharges  to  the lake from sewers  and  the  flow

 8       from  the Indiana Harbor Canal.
 9                 Waters of the Indiana Harbor  Canal
10       and the Grand  Calumet River are unsightly and
11       characterized  by floating debris, oil,  discolora-

12       tion, and high suspended solids loading.  These
13       waters are  industrial process and cooling water,

14       treated and chlorinated effluents from  the  Gary

15       and East Chicago Sanitary Districts treatment

16       plants and  combined sewer overflows.  The 26
17       industries  with direct discharges to  the Grand
18       Calumet River,  Indiana Harbor Canal or  Lake
19       Michigan waters and the status  of their waste

20       treatment or control facilities are shown in  the
2i       appendix.   Further treatment  of industrial  wastes

22       is necessary to enhance the water quality and to
23       meet  the standards for the Grand Calumet River,
24       Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan  waters.

25                 Water quality is generally  good in  the

-------
   	   1933

 1                        PERRY  MILLER

 2       Little  Calumet River-Burns  Ditch-Lake  Michigan

 3       drainage area.   Provision of  sewage  treatment

 4       by  the  Town  of Porter,  improved  operation  of

 5       sewage  treatment plants, disinfection  of ef-

 6       fluents, treatment  of  all industrial wastes,

 7       and improved soil conservation measures to re-

 8       duce pollution from agricultural runoff are

 9       needed  to meet the  water quality criteria.  Water

10       quality in Trail Creek  is generally  poor due to

11       high bacterial counts  resulting  from combined

12       sewer ovefflows  during  periods of  storm and from

13       the bypassing of raw sewage at the Michigan

14       City sewage  treatment plant.  Michigan  City will

15       complete construction  in 1968 of a project to

16       provide additions,  including  effluent  chlorination,

17       to  its  activated sludge plant for  a  design capacity

18       of  15 MGD.

19
                      Summary of Water  Uses
20

21            1.  Lake Michigan  open water  and

22            Inner Harbor Basin water will be

23            required to be  suitable  for public

24            and industrial  water supply,  main-

25            tenance of  a well-balanced, warm-water

-------
   	193*1
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             fish population, water~oriented
 3             recreation and will also be re-
 4             quired to meet the standards  as
 5             set forth in Regulations SPG  4
 6             and SPG 6, respectively.
 7             2.  Lake Michigan shore water,
 8             including the three existing
 9             "bathing beaches located in the
10             Inner Harbor area, and Wolf Lake
11             will be required to be suitable
12             for maintenance of a well-balanced,
13             warm-water fish population, whole
14             body contact recreational activities
15             and will also be required to  meet
16             the standards set forth in Regula-
17             tions SPG 5 and SPG 10, respectively.
18             3.  The Grand Calumet River and
19             Indiana Harbor Canal serve as sources
20             of industrial water supplies  and must
21             meet the standards set forth  in Regu-
22             lations SPG 8 and SPG 7, respectively.
23             4.  The Little Calumet River-Burns
24             Ditch and tributaries and other
25             streams flowing to Lake Michigan

-------
   	1915
 1                       PERRY MILLER

 2            will be required to  support  a

 3            well-balanced, warm-water  fish

 4            population,  be suitable  for

 5            partial body contact recreation,

 6            and agricultural uses, and meet

 7            the standards as set forth in

 8            Regulation SPG 1R.

 9
              Implementation and Enforcement Plan
10

11                 The  Board will  require  construction  of

12       municipal treatment facilities  in accordance with

13       the following  timetable:

14            i.  The Town of Porter is  to pro-

15            vide treatment facilities  as soon

16            as practicable in compliance with

17            the outstanding Stream Pollution

18            Control Board order. The  Attorney

!9            General has  filed for enforcement

20            action in the Porter County  Circuit

21            Court.  Plans are underway for treat-

22            ment of sewage from  Porter at the

23            Chesterton sewage treatment  plant.

24            2.  Expansion of treatment facili-

25            ties will be required by Hammond and

-------
   	1936
 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2             Valparaiso on or before the end
 3             of 1972.
 4             3-  Installation of advanced waste
 5             treatment will be required at East
 6             Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Michi-
 7             gan City as soon as practicable and
 8             at Crown Point, Hobart, and Val-
 9             paraiso within the next 10 years.
10                  I might say here that we think of ad-
11        vanced treatment not only in terms of removal of
12        nutrients but also in  removal of BOD and other
13        constituents that are in the sewage.
14             East Chicago has completed prelimi-
15             nary pilot plant operation of ad-
16             vanced waste treatment methods and
17             is embarking on the second phase of
18             advanced waste treatment studies.
19             Nutrient removal will be required
20             as a part of advanced waste treat-
21             ment.  The smaller municipalities
22             in the basin may also be required
23             to provide an advanced degree of
24             treatment to meet water quality
25             criteria.

-------
   	1937
 1                        PERRY  MILLER
 2            4.   Installation  of  sewers  and
 3            sewage  treatment  will  be  required
 4            within  the  next 10 years  for  most
 5            of  the  incorporated  communities
 6            with public water supplies  and no
 7            recognized  sewer  system.  This in-
 g            eludes  Beverly Shores, Dune Acres,
 9            Long Beach, Michiana Shores,  New
10            Chicago,  Ogden Dunes,  Portage and
11            the  Town  of Pines.
12            5'   The municipalities of Hammond
13            and  Whiting will  be  required  to  pro-
14            vide treatment and disinfection  of
15            sewage  and  stormwater  overflows
16            from the  Robertsdale,  Atchison
17            Avenue  and  Front  Street outlets  to
18            Lake Michigan on  or  before  the end
19            of 1970.  (In December 1967,  Hammond
20            authorized  an engineering study  of
21            sewer separation  in  the Robertsdale
22            area.)  The Municipalities  of East
23            Chicago,  Gary, Hammond, and Michigan
24             City with storm and/or combined  sewer
25             overflows will be required  to provide

-------
             	1938

 1                        PERRY MILLER


 2             disinfection and control of pol-


 3             lution from these overflows as


 4             soon as practicable.


 5                  The industries in the basin which have


 5        inadequate control or treatment facilities will


 7        have to provide them as shown in the following


 g        listing:


 9        1.  Completion of construction by the end of


10        1968.


11             a.  E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.,
                  East Chicago

12
             *b.  Adolph Plating, Inc., East Chicago

13
             *c.  M & T Chemicals, Inc., East Chicago

14
             *d.  Industrial Tissue Div., Georgia-
15                 Pacific Corp., Gary


16             e.  American Maize-Products Co.,Hammond


17             f.  American Chemicals Co., Griffith


18             g.  Phillips Drill Co., Michigan City


19             h.  Gary Tube Works, U.S. Steel Corp.,
                  Gary
20

21            *  On December 19, 1967, the Board issued a


22        final order to the Adolph Plating, Inc., East


23        Chicago, to abate pollution of the Grand Calumet


24        River by the end of 1968.  The order requires pre-


25        liminary plans by March 1, 1968, and final plans

-------
   	1239

 1                        PERRY MILLER


 2        by  June  1,  1968.


 3
                    On December 19,  1967,  the Board scheduled

 4
          administrative  hearings with the M & T Chemicals,

 5
          Inc.,  for  pollution of the Indiana, Harbor Ship

 6
          Canal  and  with  the  Industrial Tissue Division,

 7
          Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Gary, for pollution

 8
          of  the Grand Calumet River.   M & T Chemicals,  Inc.,

 9
          obtained an agreement with the East Chicago Sani-

10
          tary District for connection to the District's

11
          sewerage system and has agreed that the connection

12
          will be  made by July 31>  1968, but in any event

13
          no  later than December 31»  19°8.  The hearing  with

14
          Georgia-Pacific Corporation  was  held on January 17,

15
          1968.  The  hearing  officer's findings and recom-

16
          mendations  should be completed soon.

17

18        2.  Cities  Service  Oil Company,  Mobil Oil Company,


19        Sinclair Refining Company, American Oil Company,


20        and Union  Carbide Chemicals  Company will have  to


21        provide  timetables  for construction of additional


22        waste  treatment facilities to control BOD,  oil,


23        and threshold odor  substances, which are consls-


24        tent with  the requirements of the  Conference on


25        Pollution  of the  .Grand Calumet River, Little

-------
 !                       PERRY  MILLER


 2        Calumet River,  Calumet River, Wolf  Lake,  Lake


 3        Michigan,  and  tributaries.  The  conclusions  and


 4        recommendations of  the Conferees  established


 5        December  1968,  as the  latest  date for  completion


 6        of water  pollution  abatement  facilities by industry


 _        except for a few industries where variation  is


 8        Justified and  approved by  the Board and Conferees.



 9
          3.  The original timetable was June 30, 1970,  for

10
          completion of  all the  necessary  pollution abate-


          ment  facilities by  Inland  Steel  Company,  Youngs-

12
          town  Sheet and Tube Company,  and U. S. Steel

13
          Corporation's  Gary  Tube Works, Gary Steel Works,

14
          and Gary  Sheet and  Tin Mill.  However, the schedule

15
          has been  re-examined and new  construction time-

16
          tables established.  In accepting the  revised  tlme-

17
          tables, the Indiana Board  took into consideration

18
          the complexity and  magnitude  of  the job,   the  time

19
          required  for   site  preparation prior to construc-

20
          tion  of some facilities, and  the availability  of

21
          skilled labor  in the area.  In view of these factors

22
          the proposed schedules appear reasonable  and the

23
          Board concluded the end objective,  correction  of

24
          pollution by the steel mills, would be accomplished

25
          The new timetables  and companies' estimates  of  the

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLSR

 2       percentage  reduction of  contaminants  to meet

 3       established criteria are as follows:

 4                 Following  is a listing of facilities

 5       proposed  and under construction,  and  I  will

 6       read  the  project and the old  and new  completion

 7       dates,  both of. which were submitted by  the

 8       company.

 9             United States Steel Corporation
               Gary Tube Works,  Gary, Indiana
10
                   1.   Waste pickle liquor collection
11
               system.   No discharge to receiving stream.
12
               This one is completed -
13
                   2»   Solids  clarification and oil
14
               skimming facilities.  Both  the old and
15
               the  new are December 31> 1968.
16

17             United States Steel Corporation
               Gary Steel  Works, Gary,  Indiana
18
                   1.   Coke plant.   Permanent connection
19
               of Coke  Plant wastes  into the Gary Sanitary
20
               District sewerage system and in-plant
21
               controls and waste  separation.  The old
22
               completion  date was  December 31» 19&9S
23
               the  new,  December 31* 19°"8.
24
                   2.   Blast  furance area.   Additional
25
               settling basins for  flue dust, oil separators

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2             in power station and waste segregation.  The

 3             old,June 30,  1970;  the new,  December 1, 1969.

 4                  3«   Steel making area.   Construction of

 5             oil separators and  segregation of waste water

 6             discharge to  Blast  Furnace Area,  flue dust

 7             settling basins. The old date,  June 30, 1970;

 8             the new, December 31> 1969.

 9                  4.   Hot  mills  area,  construction of

10             sewers,  sumps, pumps, piping,  and settling

11             and oil  skimming basins.   The  old date,

12             June 30, 1970; the  new, De.cember  31, 1969.

13
               United States Steel Corporation
14             Gary Sheet and Tin  Mill,  Gary,  Indiana

15                  1.   Six-stand  Tandem Cold Reduction

16             Mill facilities. Now completed.

17                  2.   Eighty-four-inch Hot  Strip Mill

18             filtration facility.   Completed.

19                  3.   Deep well  disposal  system.  No

20             discharge to  receiving stream.   Completed.

21                  4.   Acid rinse waters from  the existing

22             sheet and tin mill, 66-inch  continuous

23             pickling line and the new 84-inch continuous

24             pickling line will  be diverted to the

25             existing 6-stand tandem cold reduction

-------
 1                       PERRY MILLER
 2            mill waste treatment plant.   The  old  date,
 3            December 31, 1968]  the new date,  June 1,
 4            1968,
 5                 5.  Oily waste water from  the  80-inch
 6            5-stand cold reduction mill  treatment plant
 7            will be diverted to the  6-stand tandem cold  re
 g            duction mill waste  treatment plant.   The
 9            old date, June  30,  1968; the new, June 15>
10            1968.
11                 6.  Segregated wastewater  from the
12            tin mill will be discharged  to  the  existing
13            6-stand tandem  cold reduction mill  waste
14            treatment plant.  The old date  December 31»
15            1969;  the new,  June 30,  1969,.
16                 7.  Segregated wastewater  from sheet
17            mill will be discharged  to the  expanded
18            6-stand tandem  cold reduction mill  waste
19            treatment facilities.  The old  date March  30,
20            1970;  the new date  June  30,  1969.
21                 8.  Wastewater from the 80-inch  hot
22            strip  mill scale pits will be diverted to
23            the expanded 84-inch hot strip  mill filtration
24            plant.  The old date was June 30, 1970. The
25            new date is March 1, 1970.

-------
   	     1944

 1                        PERRY MILLER


 2                  In order to handle the additional waste


 3        loadings listed in items number 6 and number 7,


 4        additional primary solids and oil skimming,


 5        flocculation-clarification, and oil and  solids


 6        handling facilities will be constructed  at the


 7        6-stand tandem cold reduction mill waste treat-


 8        ment facilities  (the Terminal Treatment Plant).


 9        Additional filtration facilities will be added


10        to the 84-inch Hot Strip Mill waste treatment


U        plant to handle the waste load listed in item


12        number 8.  The expansion of both the Terminal


13        Treatment Plant and the Hot Strip Mill will be


14        completed by March 1, 1970.


15
              Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company
16             East Chicago, Indiana	


17                  1.  Coke Plant - Construction  of


18             napthalene scrubbers and connection of


19             waste to the East Chicago Sanitary  District.


20             Completed.


2i                  2.  No. 2 Open Hearth - Clarification


22             facilities, cooling towers and water reuse


23             system.  No discharge to the receiving stream,


24             Completed.


25                  3.  No. 3 Hot Strip Mill - Oil and

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLER



 2             solids  removal,  chemical  flocculation,



 3             scale pits,  and  filtration  facilities.



 4             Both dates  March 1,  1968.



 5                 4.   Buttweld Mill  -  Pressure  filters.



 6             The dates are December  31,  1968.



 7                 5.   No. 1 Tin Mill - Sumps, pumps  and



 g             sewers  to collect oily  wastes.  Dates are



 9             December  31* 1968.



10                 6.   No. 1 Tin Mill,  No.  2  Tin Mill and



11             No. 2 Cold  Reduced Sheet  Mill - Central Water



12             Treatment Plant  for  chemical  treatment  of



13             oils and  suspended solids,  December 31,  1969,



14             for both  dates.



15                 7.  Hot Rolling Mills  -  Terminal lagoon



16             for secondary clarification of  effluent from



17             lakefront scale  pit.  Dates are June 30, 1969.



18                 8.  No. 2 Cold  Reduced Sheet  Mill  -



19             Sumps,  pumps and  sewers to  collect  waste



20            pickle liquor; and sumps, pumps, and sewers



21             to collect  oily waste.  Both  dates  December 31;



22             1969.



23                 9.  Blast Furnace  - Sewers, sumps  and



24            pumps  to collect  and recirculate all clarified



25            waste  from the Blast Furnace.  No discharge

-------
 1                       PERRY MILLER

 2            to receiving stream.  Both dates June  30,

 3            1970.

 4                 10.  North Lagoon - A settling  lagoon

 5            to collect treated wastes from the No. 5

 6            Stand of the Tandem Rolling Mill, Sewer No.

 7            23, and the No. 3 Hot Strip Mill.  All

 8            effluent from the lagoon will be recirculated.

 9            No discharge to receiving stream.  Completion,

10            both dates June 30, 1970.

11
              Inland Steel Company
12            East Chicago, Indiana

13                 1.  Permanent connection of Plant No. 2

14            and No. 3 Coke Plant ammonia still wastes and

15            selected wastes to East Chicago Sanitary

16            District sewerage system.  Completed.

17                 2.  Additional settling bas.ins  and

18            recirculation pumps will be installed at the

19            Coke Quenching Stations in Plant Ho. 2 and

20            No. 3 Coke Plants.  Completion dates are

21            November 1, 1968.

22                 3.  Plant No. 2 and No. 3 Blast Furnace

23            Area in-plant controls and secondary flue

24            dust settling basins.  Both dates October 1,

25            1968.

-------
   	    1947
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  4.  Deep Well  disposal  system.   No
 3             discharge  to the receiving stream.   The
 4             old date was June 30,  1968;  the  new  date
 5             is March 1, 1968.
 6                  5.  Twelve-inch Merchant  Mill waste
 7             treatment  plant.  The  old date was December  31
 8             1968; the  new date  is  November 30, 1968.
 9                  I might indicate  that this  is entirely
10        a new operating unit at  the mill.
11                  6.  Terminal settling and oil skimming
12             basin.  The old date was May 1,  1970.  The
13             new date is May 1,  1970.
14                  I might indicate  here that  Inland has
15        bids out and,four contractors are currently pre-
16        paring bids on  this facility and  there will be
17        a pre-bid meeting on February 6.
18                  Inland Steel Company and  U. S.  Steel
19        Corporation contended before the  Board they would
20        meet the criteria established by  the  Conferees by
21        December 31, 1968, but could not  meet the  Indiana
22        criteria until  all the proposed facilities were
23        completed.  It  is our judgment the  total  program
24        is necessary to maintain the water  quality criteria
25        that have been  adopted by both the  Conferees and

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLER



 2        Indiana,



 3                  The next table presents percentage



 4        compliance with requirements,  and these tables



 5        were  prepared and submitted by the companies and



 6        they  show the completion of facilities to meet



 7        the water quality criteria.  I will start with



 8        the December 31*  19&7,  information, and this shows



 9        for United States Steel Corporation that:



10                  40 percent of the oil facilities will



11        be complete;



12                  Suspended Solids, 62 percent;



13                  Phenol, zero;



1*                  Ammonia,  zero;



15                  Cyanide,  zero;



16                  Acidity,  100  percent;



17                  Dissolved Iron,  100  percent.



18                  For Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company;



19                  Oil,  30 percent;



20                  Suspended Solids, 20 percent;



21                  Phenol, 100 percent;



22                  Ammonia,  100  percent;



23                  Cyanide,  100  percent;



24                  Acidity,  100  percent;



25                  Dissolved Iron,  100  percent.

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLER




 2                 Inland Steel Company:



 3                  Oil, 79 percent;



 4                  Suspended Solids, 33 percent;




 5                  Phenol, 84 percent;




 5                  Ammonia, 36 percent;




 7                  Acidity, zero;




 g                  Cyanide, 95 percent;



 9                  Dissolved Iron, zero.



10                  I might say on the ones that have 100




11        percent with completion dates of December 31,




12        that we have not yet made determinations of their



13        effectiveness.




14                  June 30, 1968, United States Steel




15        Corporation:



16                  Oil, 53 percent;




17                  Suspended Solids, 71  percent;



18                  Phenol, zero;



19                  Ammonia, zero;




20                  Cyanide, zero.



21                  Youngs town Sheet and  Tube Company:




22                  Oil, 35 percent;




23                  Suspended Solids, 25  percent.



24                  Inland Steel Company:




25                  Oil, 81 percent;

-------
   	1930
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  Suspended Solids,  33 percent;
 3                  Phenol,  84 percent;
 4                  Ammonia,  36 percent;
 5                  Acidity,  100 percent;
 6                  Cyanide,  95 percent;
 7                  Dissolved Iron,  100 percent.
 8                  December  31, 1968, United States Steel
 9        Corporation;
10                  Oil,  65  percent;
11                  Suspended Solids,  73 percent;
12                  Phenol,  100 percent;
13                  Ammonia,  100 percent;
14                  Cyanide,  100 percent.
15                  Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company;
16                  Oil,  35  percent;
17                  Suspended Solids,  45 percent.
18                  The Inland Steel Company;
19                  Oil,  90  percent;
20                  Suspended Solids,  85 percent;
21                  Phenol,  100 percent;
22                  Ammonia,  100 percent;
23                  Cyanide,  100 percent.
24                  June 30,  1969.  United States.^.Steel
25        C.orjB.o.ration!

-------
   	1931
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  Oil, 72 percent]
 3                  Suspended Solids, 7^ percent.
 4                  Youngs town Sheet and Tube Company:
 5                  Oil, 55 percent;
 6                  Suspended Solids, 65 percent.'
 7                  Inland Steel Company:
 g                  Oil,  90 percent;
 9                  Suspended Solids, 85 percent.
10                  December 31, 1969, United States Steel
11        Company;
12                  Oil, 90 percent;
13                  Suspended Solids, 98 percent.
14                  Youngs town Sheet and Tube Company:
15                  Oil, 100 percent;
16                  Suspended Solids, 95 percent.
17                  Inland Steel Company:
18                  Oil, 90 percent;
19                  Suspended Solids, 85 percent.
20                  And for June 30, 1970, United States
21        Steel Corporation:
22                  Oil, 100 percent;
23                  Suspended Solids, 100 percent.
24                  Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company:
25                  Suspended Solids, 100 percent.

-------
 1                       PERRY MILLER

 2                 Inland Steel Company:

 3                 Oil, 100 percent by May 1, 1970, and

 4                 Suspended Solids, 100 percent, again by

 5                 May 1, 1970.

 6
               St. Joseph River Basin - Indiana
 7
                 Status of Pollution Abatement
 8

 9                 All municipalities in the St. Joseph

10       River Basin with a population above 3,000, except

11       Elkhart, have secondary treatment.  Mishawaka and

12       several of the smaller municipalities now provide

13       effluent chlorination.  Elkhart has primary treat-

14       ment and chlorination and has plans for secondary

15       treatment.  South Bend has completed plans for

16       additions to its activated sludge plant and for

17       effluent chlorination.  Both of these cities filed

18       applications for construction grants and would have

19       proceeded to construction this year if sufficient

20       construction grant funds had been available.

21                 It is  interesting to note here that in

22       fiscal 1967 and  1968 Indiana had requests from 57

23       applicants for grant funds totaling $17,187,000-plus

24       and only received allotment of $4,728,500.  Indiana

25       appropriated 3.65 million dollars for 25 percent

-------
   	1933

 1                       PERRY MILLER


 2       matching grant funds in 1967 and  1968 and 4.95


 3       million dollars for  '68-69.  We understand  the


 4       budget request for the Federal budget is for


 $      $225 million.  Unless the Federal  Government


 6       fulfills its commitment by appropriating the


 7       authorized monies, the municipal  construction


 g       program will not keep pace with the  schedules


 9       and the plan of implementation.   All sewered


10       municipalities are to provide secondary treatment


U       and chlorination by  the end of 1972.


12                 The eight  industries in the St. Joseph


13       River Basin with inadequate treatment facilities


14       will be required to  provide adequate treatment


15       by the end of 1969.


16
         Pollution

17

18                 The sources of pollution in the St.


19       Joseph River Basin are municipal  sewage, combined


20       sewer overflows, and industrial wastes.


21                 All but four sewered municipalities


22       (less than 2 percent of the sewered  population)


23       in the St. Joseph River Basin provide sewage


24       treatment facilities.  Of the 13  municipalities


25       providing sewage treatment, 11 have  secondary

-------
 x                        PERRY MILLER
 0         treatment.  The Cities of Elkhart and Ligonier
 &
 0         need to expand primary treatment facilities  by
 o
 .         adding secondary treatment.  Mishawaka and South
 4
          Bend need plant expansion and effluent chlorination
 5
          is needed at South Bend.
 6
                   The Indiana Stream Pollution Control
 7
          Board in 1964 mandated that South Bend provide
 8
          effluent chlorination and an engineering  study
 *r
          of sewage works improvement needs. However,  the
          city has appealed the Board's order and this
          litigation is now pending in the Starke Circuit
12
          Court.  Plans for chlorination facilities for South
13
          Bend have been approved.  Plans for sewage works
14
          expansion have been submitted by South Bend,
15
,.         Elkhart, and Ligonier.
lo
                   While the present concentrations of phos-
   I       phate in the St. Joseph. River are not considered
lo
          significant due to the adequacy of dilution  water,
u
20         it may be necessary in the future for South  Bend,
21         Mishawaka, and Elkhart to provide phosphate  removal
22         as part of their treatment.  Because of conditions
23         in lakes below Angloa and Kendallville, it will be
24         necessary for these municipalities to provide
25         nutrient removal.

-------
    	1953

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2                  I might say that this report was

 3        prepared in 1966 and we are now willing to

 4        agree  that nutrient removal is needed at these

 5        plants to protect Lake Michigan.

 5                  There are 22 industries in the St.

 7        Joseph River Basin which handle a significant

 8        volume of waste.  Seven of these industries

 9        provide treatment facilities with soil absorption

10        of  the effluent and,  therefore, have no outlet

H        to  a receiving stream.  The remaining 15 indus-

12        tries  discharge treated effluents directly into

13        streams of the basin,  and of these there are eight

14        that do not have adequate treatment.  The appendix

15        shows  the type and status of treatment facilities.

16        The industries listed  as inadequate have been ad-

17        vised  by the Board to  abate pollution.

18                  Another pollution problem of the basin

19        is  the bacteriological pollution of the St.  Joseph

20        River  caused by treated municipal sewage and com-

21        bined  sewer overflows  from South Bend,  Mishawaka,

22        and Elkhart.   There  are some locations  in the river

23        with slightly depressed bottom fauna due to  sludge

24        deposits.

25
          Summary of  Water Uses

-------
   	1956

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2                  1.   All  waters  in the  basin

 3             will  be  required to  support a well-

 4             balanced, warn-water fish population

 5             and must be suitable for agricultural

 6             uses.

 7                  2.   All  waters,  where  natural

 8             temperatures  permit,  will be required

 9             to support  put-and-take trout fishing.

10                  3«   All  reservoirs and lakes in

11             the basin and the  St.  Joseph River

12             must  be  maintained for whole body

13             contact  recreation and all  other

14             streams  for partial  body contact

15             recreation, such as  boating,  canoeing,

16             and fishing.

17                  4.   All  waters  which are used  for

18             public or industrial  water  supply must

19             meet  said criteria,  and where needed

20             for this purpose in  the future will

21             meet  the criteria.

22
         Implementation and Enforcement Plan
23

24                  The Board adopted SPC  1R as the standard

25       of water quality for  the waters  of the St. Joseph

-------
                                                        1957



 1                        PERRY MILLER




 2        River  Basin.   All waters,  based on the use concept,



 3        will be  required to meet the standards, for the




 4        appropriate public and industrial water supply,




 5        aquatic  life,  recreational,  and agricultural uses




 6        mentioned  previously.   Compliance with these stan-




 7        dards  will enhance the quality of waters within




 8        this basin.   In  existing high quality waters every



 9        effort will be made to maintain high quality con-




10        sistent  with  the powers granted under the Indiana



11        Act.




12                  The  Board will require construction of



13        municipal  treatment facilities  in accordance with



14        the following  timetable:




15                  1.   Secondary treatment




16            facilities  are to be  provided by



17            the City  of  Elkhart by  the end of



18            1969  and  by  the City  of  Ligonier



19            by  the end  of  1972.   Said  facilities




20            are to include  effluent  chlorination.



21            Both  cities have  submitted plans for




22            plant additions.




23                 2.    Expansion of secondary




24            treatment facilities will  be  re-



25            quired by South Bend and Mishawaka

-------
   	1958
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             by the end of 1972.  South Bend
 3             has submitted plans for plant
 4             expansion.
 5                  3-  South Bend is to provide
 6             effluent chlorination facilities
 7             as soon as practicable.  Ashley,
 8             Goshen, and LaGrange are to provide
 9             effluent chlorination by the end
10             of 1972.
11                  4.  Treatment facilities,
12             including effluent chlorination,
13             are to be provided by Cromwell,
14             Milford Junction, Topeka, and
15             Wakarusa on or before the end of
16             1972.
17                  5.  Installation of advanced
18             waste treatment or provision for low
19             flow augmentation will be required
20             at Angola within the next 10 years.
21             Phosphate removal will be required
22             at Angola and Kendallville as soon
23  j           as practicable methods are developed.
24                  The eight industries in the basin with
25        inadequate treatment facilities will be required

-------
   	1959

 I                        PERRY MILLER


 2        to  provide  adequate treatment for indicated con-


 3        taminants by the following time schedule:


 4                 The end of 1968, Weatherhead Corporation,


 5        Angola.


 6                 The end of 1969, Bristol Band Instrument


 7        Company, Bristol;


 8                 Continental Can Company, Elkhart;


 9                 New York Central System, Elkhart;


10                 Penn Electric Switch Company, Goshen;


U                 Middlebury Cooperative Creamery,  Inc.,


12        Middlebury;


13                 New Paris Creamery Company,  New  Paris;


14                 Gentner Packing Company, South Bend.


15                 I  might say here that the Federal Report


IQ        also has eight industries, but the last five differ


17        between those in their report and the  ones  in our


lg        report:


19                 The Elkhart Packing Company  has  no dis-


20        charge, according to inspections made  in 19&7;


21                  McCray Refrigerator Company,  Kendallville
                                                            i
                                                            I
22         and Bendix  Corporation,  South Bend, both discharge j


23         their wastes  to municipal sewer systems.


24                  The Price Duck Farms at Milford,  starting


25         in  1966 raised ducks on channels with  no discharge

-------
   	I960
 1                       PERRY  MILLER

 2        to  the stream, and  the Slabaugh  Duck  Farms  at

 3        Milford no  longer raises  ducks and  this  is  shown
 4        by  inspections in 1966 and  1967.

 5
                             Summary
 6
 7                 1.  Completion  of the  programs

 8            outlined herein will greatly enhance

 9            the water quality of the extreme
10            south  end of Lake Michigan  and the

11            St. Joseph River  Basin.  However,

12            some sources of pollution,  i.e.,
13            nutrients, oil, wastes from water-

14            craft, dredged materials, and  dead

15            alewives, require additional study
16            and a  general  agreement by  all con-
17            cerned on programs to provide  the
18            necessary control.
19                 2.  Mandatory certification

20            of plant operators,  both municipal

21            and industrial, will improve the

22            efficiency of  treatment plants and

23            reduce accidental discharges.
24                 Here I would like to add  that  the General

25        Assembly in 1967 enacted  a law requiring mandatory

-------
   	1961
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        certification of both municipal and industrial
 3        treatment works.
 4                  3-   Additional studies are
 5             needed to develop plant scale pro-
 6             jects to effect phosphate and other
 7             nutrient removals.  Significant
 8             sources  of nutrients,  aside from
 9             that measured in sewage treatment
10             plant effluent, need to be deter-
H             mined and methods developed for ef-
12             fective  control.  Nutrient removal
13             will be  required of major sources
14             as  soon  as practicable methods are
15             developed.
16                  4.   The discharge of oil from
17             lake-going vessels and iriscellaneous
18             sources  must be abated.   Strengthened
19             Federal  legislation on oil pollution
20             will be  helpful.  However, there will
21             always be accidents or "Acts  of God"
22             which will require more  effective
23             surveillance,  the development of a
24             warning  system,  and the  development
25             of  practicable  control procedures

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   	   1962
 1                         PERRY  MILLER
 2             which  can be put  into  effect  quickly.
 3                  5»  Pollution  caused  by  the  dis-
 4             charge of wastes  from  watercraft,  in-
 5             eluding untreated sewage,  ballast  and
 Q             bilge  water, litter and  garbage,  and
 7             oil, requires additional attention.
 8             The Indiana Boating Law  prohibits  the
 9             discharge of human  waste from boats
10             on all Indiana waters  except  Lake
11             Michigan.   It will  be  recommended  to
12             the 1969 General  Assembly  that the
13             law be amended to include  Lake Michigan
14             waters.
15                  6.  The States should support
16             Federal legislation to regulate pol-
17             lution by commercial vessels  engaged
18             in interstate commerce and each State
19             should provide for  uniform regulation
20             of pollution by recreational  watercraft.
21                  7.  The pollution caused by
22             dumping of  dredged  materials in Lake
23             Michigan must be  controlled.  On
24             August 16,  1966,  the Indiana  Stream
25             Pollution Control Board  adopted a

-------
   	1963

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2             policy opposing the dumping in

 3             Lake Michigan of dredged material

 4             which contains substances that are

 5             polluting in character, whether

 §             they be of organic material or of

 7             petroleum sources.  It is recognized

 g             dredging of harbors must continue

 9             in order to maintain navigation.

10             There should be close cooperation by

11             the States and other affected agencies

12             with the Corps of Engineers in its

13             pilot program.  It is recommended

14             that a timetable for the discontinuance

15             of disposal in the lake of dredged

16             materials which are polluting in

17             character be adopted which is similar

18             to the timetables established for

10             municipalities and industries.

20                  8.   The alewife problem requires

21             immediate attention to effect satis-

22             factory disposal of dead alewlves that

23             are anticipated in the summer of  1968.
   i
24             Measures must be developed and  put in

25             operation to abate the alewife  population

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   	10,64
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             explosion.   As  this problem is
 3             pertinent to all the Great Lakes,

 4             effective control measures should
 5             be  initiated by appropriate Federal
 6             agencies  with the cooperation of
 7             State  agencies.
 g                 9«   In addition to the current
 9             problems  in Lake Michigan, many
10             future problems of pollution can be
11             avoided or  minimized through a program
12             of  coordinated  and comprehensive plan-
13             ning for  the development of the water
14             resources of the Great Lakes Basin.
15             The newly-created Great Lakes Basin
16             Commission,  of  which all the Great
17             Lakes  States and involved departments
18             of  the Federal  Government are members,
19             appears to  be the proper vehicle for
20             such coordination.
21                 Thank  you.
22                 MR.  STEIN:  Thank you very much, Mr.
23       Miller.
24                 (Applause.)
25                 (Which said report,  with attached tables
    	and maps, is as  follows;)	

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                                       	1965
 1                        PERRY  MILLER
 2
 3
 4
 5                       FOR CONFERENCE
 6                             ON
 7                       LAKE  MICHIGAN
 8
 9                          CALLED BY
10                 SECRETARY STEWART L.  UDALL
11                 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
12
13                 STARTING JANUARY 31,  1968
14                     CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS
15
16                     ON BEHALF OF THE
17           INDIANA STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
18                            AND
19                     THE STATE OF INDIANA
20
21
22                        JANUARY  1968
23
24
25

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                                      	1Q66
 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2

 3

 4                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

 5
                                                       Page
 6

 7        Introduction	    1

 g        Lake Michigan Basin	 '	    2

 9        St.  Joseph River Basin 	  .....   14

10        Summary	19

11        Appendices

12             Lake Michigan Basin

13                  Basin Map	21

14                  Municipal Waste Treatment
                    Status	22
15
                    Industrial Waste Treatment
16                  and Control Facilities

17             St.  Joseph River Basin

18                  Basin Map	30

19                  Municipal Waste treatment
                    Facilities	31
20
                    Industrial Waste Treatment
21                   and Control Facilities	33

22

23

24

25

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   	10.67

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2
                          Introduction
 3

 4                  In accordance with the requirements of

 5        the  Federal  Water  Quality Act of 1965,  Indiana

 6        undertook  the adoption of updated water quality

 7        standards  in 1966.   Pursuant to the provisions

 8        of Chapter 120,  Acts of 19^5, public hearings

 9        were held  on proposed standards in river basins

10        throughout the State.  The proposed standards and

11        plans for  implementation,  which included proposed

12        timetables,  were mailed to municipalities,  in-

13        dustries,  adjacent  States, the Federal  Water Pol-

14        lution Control Administration, and others  prior

15        to the hearings. At the public hearing for the

16        Lake Michigan Basin,  the Illinois  Sanitary Water

17        Board endorsed the  proposed criteria as consistent

18        with those adopted  by Illinois.  The proposed time-

ID        tables were  not  questioned by Illinois  or  the

20        Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.

21        At the public hearing for  the St.  Joseph River

22        Basin,  the State of  Michigan agreed with proposed

23        criteria but offered the comment that the  MPN/100

24        ml coliform  index would be unrealistic  during

25        periods of stormwater runoff.   Following the

-------
   	1968
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        hearings,  Regulations SPC 1R,  SPC 4,  SPC 5,  SPC  6,
 3        SPC  7)  SPC 8,  SPC  9,  and SPC 10 and implementation
 4        plans  for  the  respective basins were  adopted by
 5        the  Stream Pollution  Control Board as Indiana's
 6        new  water  quality  standards  and submitted to the
 7        Department of  the  Interior for consideration of
 8        approval.   Secretary  Udall notified Governor
 9        Branigin on July 18,  19&7, that he had approved
10        the  Indiana Water  Quality Standards.
11                  The  implementation plans for the
12        respective basins  provide background  information,
13        cite specific  pollution sources,  enumerate water
14        uses and provide a timetable for municipalities
15        and  industries to  complete construction of
16        necessary  facilities.
17                  The  following report includes the  status
18        of municipal and industrial  waste pollution  abate-
19        ment and control measures in the Lake Michigan
20        drainage area  of Lake,  Porter,  and LaPorte
21        Counties and in the St.  Joseph River  Basin.   Much
22        of the  material is excerpted from the Indiana
23        plan submitted to  the Department of the Interior.
24        Where  necessary it has  been  updated.
25

-------
   	1969

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2
                      Description of Basin
 3

 4        Geography

 5                  The Lake Michigan drainage basin is

 6        located in the northwestern corner of the State

 7        and covers an area of 6l5 square miles including

 g        portions of Lake, Porter, LaPorte, and St. Joseph

 9        Counties.  The basin averages 15 miles in width

10        and curves around the southern tip of Lake

11        Michigan for a distance of about 50 milesj and

12        it is bounded on the north by the State of

13        Michigan; on the south by the Kankakee River

14        Basin; and on the west by the State.of Illinois.

15        Population

16                  The northern portions of Lake and Porter

17        Counties have experienced a tremendous rate of

18        growth since the turn of the century.  Lake County

19        alone has, during this period, shown an increase

20        of 1,250 percent.  The plentiful supply of water

21        available from Lake Michigan; industrial develop-

22        ment;  excellent highways; railroads; waterway trans

23        portation arteries; and the Chicago urban area are

24         a few factors stimulating this phenomenal growth.

25         it should be noted that 8^ percent of the Lake

-------
   	1Q70
 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2        County population is located in  the upper  third

 3        of the county along the shores of Lake Michigan

 4        and the major watercourses of the basin.   The

 6        estimated I960 population of the Lake Michigan

 6        Basin in Indiana was 620,588.

 7        Water Quality

 g                  At present, the Stream Pollution Control

 9        Board and the Indiana State Board of Health operate

10        15 water quality monitoring stations in  the basin.

n        There are four located on Burns  Ditch near Portage;

12        four on the Grand Calumet River  (one at  Hammond,

13        two at East Chicago and one at Gary); three on  the

14        Indiana Harbor Canal In East Chicago; two  on Lake

15        Michigan (one each at the Michigan City  and Whiting

16        water supply intakes); one on the Little Calumet

11        River in Hammond; and one at Wolf Lake at  the

lg        culvert at the state line.

19        Pollution

20                  The principal sources  of pollution in

2i        the basin in Idnaian are industrial wastes,

22        municipal sewage, and combined sewer overflows.

23        Other wastes discharged intermittently may have

24        serious local effects or may cause temporary ex-

25        cessive pollution.  Among these  wastes are

-------
                                                         1971
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        accidental spills from storage tanks and barges;
 3        wastes  from lake vessels,  barge tows and pleasure
 4        craft;  and materials  from  dredging operations.
 5                  All sewered municipalities have some
 6        combined sewers  which contribute to pollution
 7        during  periods of storm.   Combined sewer overflows
 g        contribute gross bacterial pollution,  high sus-
 9        pended  solids concentrations,  and heavy BOD load-
10        ings.   Industrial waste present in such systems
11        contribute to the pollution problem.  Phosphates
12        and  other nutrients contribute to algae growth in
13        receiving waters.
14                  The water quality in the Open Water of
15        L&ke Michigan is excellent with the exception of
16        periods  of high  threshold  odors and increased
17        concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen caused by
18        industrial wastes.
19                  Shore  water east of  the Inner Harbor
20        Basin is  of good quality and generally satisfactory
21        for whole body contact recreation.   However,,  shore
22        water within  the Inner Harbor  Basin is of poor
23        quality which is  attributed  to combined sewer
24        overflows  and wastes  discharges in  this basin.
25        The Front  Street combined  sewer overflow at

-------
   	1972
 1                       PERRY MILLER
 2       Whiting at times discharges untreated  sewage
 3       directly to Lake Michigan, and the Atchlson
 4       Avenue stormwater pumping station in Whiting
 5       and the Robertsdale stormwater pumping station
 6       in Hammond discharge stormwater overflow from
 7       combined sewers to Lake Michigan.  In  addition,
 8       stormwater overflows from East Chicago and Gary
 9       to the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor
10       Canal contribute to the poor water quality.  Re-
11       duction of combined sewer overflows or control
12       facilities including disinfection of storm
13       overflows will be necessary.
14                 The Inner Harbor Basin water quality
15       is generally satisfactory.  However, there are
16       intermittent periods of high threshold odor,
17       ammonia-nitrogen, phenols, and coliform bacteria.
18       This pollution is the result of direct discharges
19       to the lake from sewers and the flow from the
20       Indiana Harbor Canal.
21                 Waters of the Indiana Harbor Canal and
22       the Grand Calumet River are unsightly  and charac-
23       terized by floating debris, oil, discoloration,
24       and high suspended solids loading.  These waters
25       are industrial process and cooling^water, treated

-------
   	1213
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        and chlorinated effluents from the Gary and East
 3        Chicago Sanitary Districts treatment plants and
 4        combined sewer overflows.  The 26 industries with
 5        direct discharges to the Grand Calumet River,
 6        Indiana Harbor Canal or Lake Michigan waters and
 7        the status of their waste treatment or control
 8        facilities are shown in the appendix.  Further
 9        treatment of industrial wastes is necessary to
10        enhance the water quality and to meet the standards
11        for the Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal
12        and Lake Michigan waters.
13                  Water quality is generally good in the
14        Little Calumet River-Burns Ditch-Lake Michigan
15        drainage area.  Provision  of sewage treatment
16        plants,  disinfection of effluents, treatment of
17        all industrial wastes,  and improved soil conserva-
18        tion measures to reduce pollution from agricultural
19        runoff are needed to meet the water quality cri-
20        teria.   Water quality in Trail Creek is generally
21         poor due to high bacterial counts resulting from
22         combined sewer overflows during periods of storm
23         and from the bypassing  of raw sewage at the Mich-
24         igan City sewage treatment plant.  Michigan City
25         will complete construction in 1968 of a project

-------
   	1974
 1                        PERRY  MILLER
 2         to provide additions,  including  effluent
 3         chlorination, to its activated sludge  plant
 4         for a design capacity  of  15 mgd.
 5         Summary of Water Uses
 6         1.   Lake Michigan  open water and  Inner
 7             Harbor Basin water will be  required
 g             to be suitable for public and in-
 9             dustrial water supply, maintenance
10             of a well-balanced,  warm-water fish
11             population, water-oriented  recreation
12             and will also  be  required to  meet
13             the standards  as  set forth  in Regu-
11             lations SPG 4  and SPC 6, respectively.
15         2.   Lake Michigan  shore  water,  including
16             the three  existing bathing  beaches
17             located in the Inner Harbor area,
18             and Wolf Lake will be required to be
19             suitable for maintenance of a well-
20             balanced,  warm-water fish population,
21             whole body contact recreational ac-
22             tivities and will also be required
23             to meet the standards set forth in
24             Regulations SPC 5 and SPC 10, respec-
25             tively.

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   	_____	.	1975
 1                        PERRY MILLER
          3.    The Grand Calumet River and Indiana
 2
               Harbor Canal serve as sources of in-
 3
               dustrial water supplies and must meet
 4
               the standards set forth in Regulations
 5
               SPC 8 and SPC 7, respectively.
 6
          4.    The Little Calumet River-Burns Ditch
 7
               and tributaries and other streams
 8
               flowing to Lake Michigan will be re-
 9
               quired to support a well-balanced.
10
               warm-water fish population, be suit-
11
               able for partial body contact recrea-
12
               tion,  and agricultural uses,  and meet
13
               the standards as set forth in Regula-
14
               tion SPC 1R.
15
          Implementation and Enforcement Plan
16                                        ~ • •
                    The Board will require construction of
          municipal treatment facilities in accordance with
18
          the  following timetable:
          1.    The Town of Porter is to provide
   I            treatment facilities as soon as
ft\
22             practicable in compliance with

23             the outstanding Stream Pollution
24             Control Board order.  The Attorney

„_             General has filed for enforcement

-------
   	1976
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             action  in  the  Porter  County Circuit
 3             Court.   Plans  are underway for  treat-
 4             ment  of sewage from Porter at the
 5             Chesterton sewage treatment plant.
 6       2.    Expansion  of treatment facilities
 7             will  be required by Hammond and by
 8             Valparaiso on  or before  the end of
 9             1972.
10       3-    Installation of  advanced waste  treat-
11             ment  will  be required at East Chicago,
12             Gary, Hammond,  and  Michigan City as
13             soon  as  practicable and  at Crown
14             Point,  Hobart,  and  Valparaiso within
15             the next 10 years.  East Chicago has
16             completed  preliminary pilot plant
17             operation  of advanced waste treatment
18             methods  and is  embarking on the second
19             phase of advanced waste  treatment
20             studies.   Nutrient  removal will be
21             required as a  part  of advanced  waste
22             treatment.  The  smaller  municipalities
23             in the  basin may also be required to
24             provide  an  advanced degree of treatment
25             to meet  water  quality criteria.

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   	1977
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        4.   Installation of sewers and sewage
 3             treatment will be required within
 4             the next 10 years for most of the
 5             Incorporated communities with
 6             public water supplies and no
 7             recognized sewer system.  This
 g             includes Beverly Shores, Dune
 9             Acres, Long Beach, Michiana Shores,
10             New Chicago, Ogden Dunes, Portage,
11             and the Town of Pines.
12        5-   The municipalities of Hammond and
13             Whiting will be required to provide
14             treatment and disinfection of sewage
15             and stormwater overflows from the
16             Robertsdale, Atchison Avenue and
17             Front Street outlets to Lake Michigan
18             on or before the end of 1970.  (In
19             December 19&7,  Hammond authorized
20             an engineering study of sewer separa-
21              tion in the Robertsdale area.)   The
22              municipalities  of East Chicago,  Gary,
23              Hammond,  and Michigan City with  storm
24              and/or combined sewer overflows  will
25              be required to  provide disinfection

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                                                         1978

 1                         PERRY MILLER


 2              and  control of  pollution from


 3              these  overflows as  soon as  prac


 4              ticable.


 5                  The  industries  in the  basin which have


 6         inadequate  control or treatment  facilities will


 7         have  to provide  them as  shown in the following


          listing:


 9         1.    Completion  of construction  by the end


10              of 1963.


n              a.   E.  I. du Pont de Nemours and
                   Company, Inc.,  East Chicago

12
             *b.   Adolph  Plating,  Inc., East Chicago

13
             *c.   M  & T Chemicals, Inc.,East Chicago

14
             *d.   Industrial  Tissue Division,  Georgia-

15                  Pacific Corporation,  Gary


16              e.   American Maize-Products Company,
                   Hammond

17
               f.   American Chemicals Company,  Griffith

18
               g.   Phillips Drill  Company, Michigan  City

19
               h.   Gary Tube Works, U.S. Steel Corporation,

20
2i             *•      On  December  19,  1967,  the  Board issued


22             a  final  order  to  the  Adolph Plating,  Inc.,


23             East  Chicago,  to  abate  pollution of the


24             Grand Calumet  River by  the  end  of 1968.


25             The order  requires preliminary  plans  by

-------
   	1979

 1                        PERRY MILLER


 2             March 1,  1968,  and final plans by June 1, 1968


 3
                    On December 19,  1967, the Board scheduled

 4
          administrative hearings with the M & T Chemicals,

 5
          Inc.,  for pollution  of the Indiana Harbor Ship

 6
          Canal and with the Industrial Tissue Division,

 7
          Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Gary, for pollution

 8
          of the Grand Calumet River.  M & T Chemicals,

 9
          Inc.,  obtained an agreement with the East Chicago

10
          Sanitary District for connection to the District's
11
          sewerage system and  has agreed that the connection
12
          will be made by July 31, 1968, but in any event
13
          no later than December 31, 1968.  The hearing
14
          with Georgia-Pacific Corporation was held on
15
          January 17,  1968. The hearing officer's findings
16
          and recommendations  should be completed soon.
17
          2.   Cities  Service  Oil Company, Mobil Oil
18
               Company,  Sinclair Refining Company,
19
               American Oil Company, and Union Car-
20
               bide Chemicals  Company will have to
21
               provide timetables for construction
22
               of additional waste treatment facili-
23
               ties to control BOD,  oil, and threshold
24
               odor substances,  which are consistent
25

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   	1980_
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             with the requirements of the
 3             Conference on Pollution of the
 4             Grand Calumet River,  .Little
 5             Calumet River, Calumet River,
 6             Wolf Lake, Lake Michigan,  and
 7             tributaries.   The conclusions
 8             and recommendations  of the Con-
 9             ferees established December 1968,
10             as  the latest date for completion
11             of  water pollution abatement
12             facilities by industry except
13             for a few industries  where varia-
14             tion is Justified and approved
15             by  the Board  and Conferees.
16        3.    The original  timetable was June 30,
17             1970,  for completion  of all the
18             necessary pollution  abatement
19             facilities by Inland  Steel Company,
20             Youngstown Sheet and  Tube  Company,
21             and U. S. Steel Corporation's Gary
22             Tube Works, Gary Steel Works, and
23             Gary Sheet and Tin Mill.  However,
24             the schedule  has been reexamined and
25             new construction timetables established.

-------
    	    1981
                           PERRY MILLER

 2             The new  timetables and companies1

 3             estimates  of  the percentage re-

               duction  of contaminants to meet

               established criteria are as follows:
 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

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                                                                           1982

             FACILITIES PROPOSED AMD UNDER CONSTRUCTION
United States Steel Corporation
Gary Tube Works, Gary, Indiana
                                                           Old           New
                                 Contaminants to        Completion    Completion
        Project                     be Removed             Date          Date

1.  Waste pickle liquor          Acid and iron          12/31/6?      Completed
    collection system.  No
    discharge to receiving
    stream.

2.  Solids clarification and     Oil and suspended      12/31/68      12/31/68
    oil skimming facilities.     solids


United States Steel Corporation
Gary Steel Works, Gary, Indiana


1.  Coke Plant - Permanent       Ammonia, cyanide,      12/31/69      12/31/68
    connection of Coke Plant     phenols, oils,  BOD,
    wastes into the Gary         and suspended solids
    Sanitary District sewerage
    system and in-plant controls
    and waste separation.

2.  Blast Furnace Area -         Oils and suspended      6/30/70      12/1/69
    Additional settling basins   solids
    for flue dust, oil separa-
    tors in power station and
    waste segregation.

3.  Steel Making Area - Con-     Oil and suspended       6/30/70      12/31/69
    struction of oil separa-     solids
    tors and segregation of
    wastewater with discharge
    to Blast Furnace Area
    flue dust settling basins.

h.  Hot Mills Area - Construe-   Oil and suspended       6/30/70      12/31/69
    tion of sewers, sumps,       solids
    pumps, piping, and settling
    and oil skimming basins.


United States Steel Corporation
Gary Sheet and Tin Mill, Gary, Indiana


1.  6-Stand Tandem Cold          Suspended solids,         —         Completed
    Reduction Mill facilities.   free oils,
                                 emulsified oils,
                                 BOD, and iron
                                 -8-

-------
                                                                            j.983
 FACILITIES PROPOSED AND UNDER CONSTRUCTION (continued)

                                                           Old           New
                                 Contaminants to        Completion    Completion
        Project                     be Removed             Date          Date

 2.  81f-inch Hot Strip Mill      Suspended solids,          ~        Completed
     filtration facility.        oils, and iron

 3.  Deep Well disposal system.  Acidity and iron           ~        Completed
     No discharge to receiving
     stream.

 U.  Acid rinse waters from the  Iron, acidity, and     12/31/68      6/ 1/68
     existing Sheet and Tin      suspended solids
     Mill 66-inch Continuous
     Pickling Line and the New
     81f-inch Continuous
     Pickling Line will be
     diverted to the existing
     6-Stand Tandem Cold
     Reduction Mill waste
     treatment plant.

 5.  Oily wastewater from the    Suspended solids,       6/30/68      6/15/68
     80-inch 5-Stand Cold        free oils,
     Reduction Mill treatment    emulsified oils,
     plant will be diverted to   and iron
     the 6-Stand Tandem Cold
     Reduction Mill waste
     treatment plant.

*6.  Segregated wastewater from  Iron, suspended        12/31/69      6/30/69
     Tin Mill will be discharged solids, free oils,
     to the existing 6-Stand     emulsified oils,
     Tandem Cold Reduction       and BOD
     Mill waste treatment plant.

*?•  Segregated wastewater from  Iron, suspended         3/30/70      6/30/69
     Sheet Mill will be dis-     solids, free oils,
     charged to the expanded     emulsified oils,
     6-Stand Tandem Cold         and BOD
     Reduction Mill waste
     treatment facilities.

*8.  Wastewater from the 80-     Iron, suspended         6/30/70      3/1/70
     inch Hot Strip Mill scale   solids, and oils
     pits will be diverted to
     the expanded 8U-inch Hot
     Strip Mill Filtration
     Plant.

 * In order to handle the additional waste loadings listed in Items No. 6  and
   No. 7, additional primary solids and oil skimming, flocculation-clarification,
   and oil and solids handling facilities will be constructed at the 6-Stand
   Tandem Cold Reduction Mill waste treatment facilities (Terminal Treatment
   Plant).  Additional filtration facilities will be added to the 8U-inch Hot
   Strip Mill waste treatment plant to handle the waste load listed in Item No.  8.
   The expansion of both the Terminal Treatment Plant and the Rot Strip Mill will
   be completed by March 1, 1970.

                                 -9-

-------
                                                                           1984


FACILITIES PROPOSED AMD UHDER CONSTRUCTION (continued)


Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company
East Chicago, Indiana	
                                                           Old           Nev
                                 Contaminants to        Completion    Completion
        Project                     be Removed             Date          Date

1.  Coke Plant - Construction    Ammonia, cyanide,          —        Completed
    of napthalene scrubbers      phenols, oils, BOD,
    and connection of waste to   and suspended solids
    the East Chicago Sanitary
    District.

2.  No. 2 Open Hearth - Clari-   Oil and suspended      12/31/6?      Completed
    fication facilities,         solids
    cooling towers and water
    reuse system.  No discharge
    to receiving stream.

3.  No. 3 Hot Strip Mill - Oil   Free oil, emulsified    3/1/68       3/1/68
    and solids removal,          oil, suspended solids,
    chemical flocculation,       and iron
    scale pits, and filtration
    facilities.

k.  Buttweld Mill - Pressure     Oil and suspended      12/31/68      12/31/68
    filters                      solids

5*  No. 1 Tin Mill - Sumps,      Oils                   12/31/68      12/31/68
    pumps, and severs to
    collect oily waste.

6.  No. 1 Tin Mill, No. 2 Tin    Oils and suspended     12/31/69      12/31/69
    Mill and No. 2 Cold          solids
    Reduced Sheet Mill -
    Central Water Treatment
    Plant for chemical treat-
    ment of oils and suspended
    solids.

7.  Hot Rolling Mills -          Oils and suspended      6/30/69       6/30/69
    Terminal lagoon for          solids
    secondary clarification
    of effluent from lake front
    scale pit.

8.  No. 2 Cold Reduced Sheet     Acidity, suspended     12/31/69      12/31/69
    Mill - Sumps, pumps, and     solids, oils and
    sewers to collect waste      iron
    pickle liquor; and sumps,
    pumps, and sewers to
    collect oily waste.


                                -10-

-------
                                                                            1985
 FACULTIES PROPOSED AMD UNDER CONSTRUCTION (continued)
         Project

 9-  Blast Furnace - Sewers,
     sumps, and pumps to collect
     and recirculate all clari-
     fied waste from the Blast
     Furnace.  No discharge to
     receiving stream.

10.  North Lagoon - A settling
     lagoon to collect treated
     wastes from the No. 5
     Stand of the Tandem Rolling
     Mill, Sewer No. 23, and the
     No. 3 Hot Strip Mill.  All
     effluent from the lagoon
     will "be recirculated.  No
     discharge to receiving
     stream.
Contaminants to
   be Removed

Cyanide, oils, and
suspended solids
   Old
Completion
   Date

 6/30/70
   New
Completion
   Date

 6/30/70
Oils and suspended
solids
 6/30/70
 6/30/70
 Inland Steel Company
 East Chicago, Indiana
 1.  Permanent connection of
     Plant No. 2 and No.  3
     Coke Plant ammonia still
     wastes and selected wastes
     to the East Chicago
     Sanitary District sewerage
     system (temporary facility
     in operation at present time).
Ammonia, cyanide,
phenols, oils, BOD,
and suspended solids
10/1/67
Completed
 2.   Additional settling basins
     and recirculation pumps
     will be installed at the
     Coke Quenching Stations
     in Plant No.  2 and No.  3
     Coke Plants.

 3.   Plant No. 2 and No. 3
     Blast Furnace Area In-
     plant controls and
     secondary flue dust
     settling basins.

 U.   Deep Wen disposal
     system.  No discharge
     to receiving stream.
Ammonia, cyanide,
phenols, oils, and
suspended solids
Oils and suspended
solids
11/1/68
11/1/68
10/1/68
10/1/68
Acidity, suspended
solids, and iron
 6/30/68
 3/ 1/68
                                 -11-

-------
                                                                           1986


FACILITIES PROPOSED AND UNDER CONSTRUCTION  (continued)
                                                          Qld
                                 Contaminants to        Completion    Completion
        Project                    be Removed             Date          Date


5.  12-inch Merchant Mill        Oils and suspended     12/31/68      11/30/68
    waste treatment plant.        solids                             (new operation)

6.  Terminal settling and oil    Oils, suspended         5/1/70       5/1/70
    skimming basin.              solids,  and iron
                                 -12-

-------
                                                                        1987
                PERCENT COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS
                  DATA SUBMITTED BY THE COMPANIES

Contaminant
United States Steel
Oil
Suspended Solids
Phenol
Ammonia
Cyanide
Acidity
Dissolved Iron
6-30
1967
12-31
1967
6-30
196S
12-31.
1968
6-30 12-31
1969 1969
6-30
1970
Corporation
28$
30$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Uo$
62$
0$
0$
0$
100$
100$
53$
71$
0$
0$
0$
—
__
65$
73$
100$
100$
100$
—
__
72$ 90$
7^$ 98$
__
—
—
—
_- -_
100$
100$
—
—
—
—
__
Youngstovn Sheet and Tube Company

  Oil                 25$     30$      35$    35$     55$   100$

  Suspended Solids    20$     20$      25$    U5$     65$    95$     100$

  Phenol               0$    100$

  Ammonia              0$    100$

  Cyanide              0$    100$

  Acidity              0$    100$

  Dissolved Iron       0$    100$


Inland Steel Company

  Oil                 —      79$      81$    90$     90$    90$     100$

  Suspended Solids    —      33$      33$    85$     85$    85$     100$

  Phenol              —      8U$      8U$   100$

  Ammonia             ~      36$      36$   100$

  Acidity             ~       of0     10o$

  Cyanide             —      95$      95$   100$

  Dissolved Iron      —       0$     100$

                                -13-

-------
   	1988

 1                         PERRY MILLER

 2
                St.  Joseph River Basin  -  Indiana
 3
                  Status  of  Pollution Abatement
 4

 5                   All municipalities  in the  St.  Joseph

 6        River  Basin with a population above  3,000,  except

 7        Elkhart, have secondary treatment.   Mishawaka and

 8        several  of the  smaller municipalities  now provide

 9        effluent chlorination.  Elkhart has  primary treat-

10        ment and chlorination and has plans  for  secondary

11        treatment.  South  Bend has completed plans  for

12        additions  to its activated sludge plant  and for

13        effluent chlorination.  Both  of these  cities filed

14        applications for construction grants and would

15        have proceeded  to  construction  this  year if suf-

16        ficient  construction  grant funds had been available

17        All sewered municipalities are  to provide secondary

18        treatment  and chlorination by the end  of 1972.

19                   The eight industries  in the  St.  Joseph

20        River  Basin with inadequate treatment  facilities

21        will be  required to provide adequate treatment

22        by the end of 1969.

23

24

25

-------
   	1989

 I                        PERRY MILLER


 2
                      Description of Basin

 3

 4        Geography


 5                  The drainage area of the St. Joseph


 6        River and tributaries in Indiana is approximately


 7        1,670 square miles and includes all or parts of


 8        St.  Joseph,  Elkhart,  LaGrange, Steuben, Kosciusko,


 9        Noble,  and DeKalb Counties.  The headwaters of


10        tlle  st-  Joseph River  are in southern Michigan.


H        The  river flows southwesterly into Indiana through


12        the  northern parts of Elkhart and St.  Joseph


13        Counties,  and thence  northwesterly back through


14        Michigan where it discharges into Lake Michigan


15        about 50 river miles  north of the Indiana State


16        line.


17        Population


18                  The estimated  I960 population of the


19        St.  Joseph River  Basin in  Indiana is approximately


20        373,500.   The largest city in the basin is South


21        Bend with  a  population in  1960 of 132,4^5.  The


22        population of South Bend will probably reach


23        160,000  by 1980 and exceed 230,000 by  2020.   The


24        total urban  population of  the basin in Indiana is


25        expected to  be approximately 300,000 in 1980 and

-------
   	1990
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        440,000  in 2020.
 3        Water  Quality
 4                  There  are  two  water  quality monitoring
 5        stations on the  Indiana  section  of  the St.  Joseph
 §        River.   One station  is about 1.5 miles upstream
 7        from Elkhart at  a  county road  bridge.   The  other
 g        station  is located at the Auten  Road Bridge about
 9        1.3 miles  downstream from the  South Bend  sewage
10        treatment  plant  outfall.   Data have been  collected
H        at these stations  since  1957 as  a part of the
12        State's  Water Quality Monitoring Program.
13                  The water  quality  data show the St.
14        Joseph River is  generally good.   The dissolved
15        oxygen concentrations and biochemical oxygen
16        demand values are  satisfactory.   High coliform
17        values are noted in  the  St.  Joseph  River  in the
18        South  Bend,  Mishawaka, and Elkhart  area.   However,
19        other  than nutrients,  it is  not  considered  that
20        the Indiana contribution to  the  St. Joseph  River
21        has any  adverse  effect on Lake Michigan.
22        Pollution
23                  The sources of pollution  in the St.
24        Joseph River Basin are municipal sewage,  combined
25        sewer overflows, and industrial  wastes.

-------
   	  1991
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  All but four sewered municipalities
 3        (less than 2 percent of the sewered population)
 4        in the St. Joseph River Basin provide sewage
 5        treatment facilities.  Of the 13 municipalities
 6        providing sewage treatment, 11 have secondary
 7        treatment.  The Cities of Elkhart and Ligonier
 8        need to expand primary treatment facilities by
 9        adding secondary treatment.  Mishawaka and South
10        Bend need plant expansion and effluent chlori-
11        nation is needed at South Bend.
12                  The Indiana Stream Pollution Control
13        Board in 1964 mandated that South Bend provide
14        effluent chlorination and an engineering study
15        of sewage works improvement needs.   However, the
16        City has appealed the Board's order and this
17        litigation is now pending in the Starke Circuit
18        Court.   Plans for chlorination facilities for
19        South Bend have been approved.  Plans for sewage
20        works expansion have been submitted by South
21        Bend,  Elkhart,  and Ligonier.
22                  While the present concentrations of
23        phosphate in the St. Joseph River are not con-
24        sidered significant due to the adequacy of
25        dilution water,  it may be necessary in the future

-------
                                                       1992



 1                        PERRY MILLER



 2        for South Bend, Mishawaka, and Elkhart to provide



 3        phosphate removal as part of their  treatment.



 4        Because of conditions in lakes below Angloa and



 5        Kendallvllle, it will be necessary  for these



 6        municipalities to provide nutrient  removal.



 7                  There are 22 industries in the St.



 g        Joseph River Basin which handle a significant



 9        volume of waste.  Seven of these industries



10        provide treatment facilities with soil absorption



11        of the effluent and, therefore, have no outlet



12        to a receiving stream.  The remaining 15 Indus -



13        tries discharge treated effluents directly into



14        streams of the basin, and of these  there are



15        eight that do not have adequate treatment.  The



16        appendix shows the type and status  of treatment



17        facilities.  The industries listed  as inadequate



18        have been advised by the Board to abate pollution.



19                  Another pollution problem of the basin



20        in the bacteriological pollution of the St. Joseph



21        River caused by treated municipal sewage and com-



22        bined sewer overflows from South Bend, Mishawaka,



23        and Elkhart.  There are some locations in the



24        river with slightly depressed bottom fauna due



25        to sludge deposits.

-------
   	     1993
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        Summary of Water Uses
 3        1.    All waters in the basin will be
 4             required to support a well-balanced,
 5             warm-water fish population and must
 6             be suitable for agricultural uses.
 7        2.    All waters, where natural tempera-
 g             tures permit, will be required to
 9             support put-and-take trout fishing.
10        3.    All reservoirs and lakes in the basin
11             and the St. Joseph River must be
12             maintained for whole body contact
13             recreation and all other streams for
14             partial body contact recreation,
15             such as boating, canoeing and fishing.
16        4.    All waters which are used for public
17             or industrial water supply must meet
18             said criteria, and where needed for
19             this purpose in the future will meet
20             the criteria.
21        Implementation and Enforcement Plan
22                  The Board adopted SPC 1R as the  standard
23        of  water quality for the waters of the St. Joseph
24        River Basin.  All waters, based on the use concept,
25        will  be required to meet the standards,  for  the

-------
 1                        PERRY MILLER



 2        appropriate  public  and industrial  water supply,



 3        aquatic  life,  recreational,  and agricultural



 4        uses  mentioned previously.   Compliance with these



 5        standards will enhance the  quality of  waters



 6        within this  basin.   In existing high quality



 7        waters every effort will  be  made to maintain



 8        high  quality consistent with the powers granted



 9        under the Indiana Act.



10                 The  Board will  require construction



11        of municipal treatment facilities  in accordance



12        with  the following  timetable:



13        1.    Secondary treatment  facilities are



14             to be provided by the  City of Elk-



15             hart by the end of 1969 and by the



16             City of Ligonier by  the end of 1972.



17             Said facilities  are  to  include ef-



18             fluent  chlorination.   Both cities



19             have submitted plans for plant



20             additions.



21        2.    Expansion of secondary  treatment



22             facilities will  be required by



23             South Bend and Mishawaka by the



24             end of  1972.   South  Bend has  sub-



25             mitted  plans for plant  expansion.

-------
   	199*5.
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        3.   South Bend is  to provide  effluent
 3             chlorniation facilities as  soon  as
 4             practicable.   Ashley, Goshen,  and
 6             LaGrange are to provide effluent
 6             chlorination by the  end of  1972.
 7        4.   Treatment facilities, including
 8             effluent chlorination, are  to  be
 9             provided by Cromwell, Milford  Junc-
10             tion, Topeka,  and Wakarusa  on  or
11             before the end of 1972.
12        5»   Installation of advanced  waste
13             treatment or provision for  low
14             flow augmentation will be required
15             at Angola within the next 10 years.
16             Phosphate removal will be required
17             at Angola and  Kendallville  as  soon
18             as practicable methods are  developed.
19        6.   Installation of sewers and  sewage
20             treatment facilities will be required
21             within the next 10 years  for incorp-
22             orated communities with public water
23             supplies and no recognized  sewer system.
24             This includes  Middlebury, Millersburg,
25             and Wolcottville.

-------
1996
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
PERRY MILLER

The eight Industries in the basin with
inadequate treatment facilities
will be required
to provide adequate treatment for indicated con-
taminants by the following time

End of 1$58
Industry
Ucs-wherhead Corporation, Angola
End of 1S69
Industry
Bristol Band Instrument Co., Bristol
Continental Can Co., Elkhart
New York Central System, EUchart
Pean Electric Switch Co., Goshen
Middlebury Co-operative Creamery,
Inc., Middlebury
New Paris Creamery Co., New Paris
Gantner Packing Co., South Bend
-18





schedule:

Contaminants
Oil, cyanide, and
heavy metals
Contaminants
Cyanide and heavy metals
BOD, suspended solids,
and 'color
Oils, BOD, and suspended
solids
Oil, cyanide, and
heavy netals
BOD and suspended solids
BOD and suspended solids
BOD and suspended solids
-






-------
   	1997

 1                        PERRY MILLER

 2
                             Summary
 3

 4        1.    Completion of the programs outlined

 5             herein will greatly enhance the water

 6             quality of the extreme south end of

 7             Lake Michigan and the St. Joseph

 8             River Basin.  However, some sources

 9             of pollution, i.e., nutrients, oil,

10             wastes from watercraft, dredged

11             materials, and dead alewives,  require

12             additional study and a general agree-

13             ment by all concerned on programs to

14             provide the necessary control.

15        2.    Mandatory certification of plant

16             operators both municipal and Indus-

17             trial will improve the efficiency

18             of treatment plants and reduce ac-

19             cidental discharges.

20        3.    Additional studies are needed  to

21             develop plant scale projects to

22             effect phosphate and  other nutrient

23             removals.   Significant sources of

24             nutrients,  aside from that measured

25             in sewage treatment plant effluent,

-------
                         	1QQ8
                          PERRY MILLER

 2              need to be  determined and methods

 3              developed for  effective control.

 4              Nutrient removal will be required

 5              of  major sources as  soon as  prac-

               ticable methods  are  developed

               The discharge  of oil from lake-going

 8              vessels and  miscellaneous sources

 9              must be abated.   Strengthened Federal

10              legislation  on oil pollution will  be

n              helpful.  However, there will always

12              be  accidents or  "Acts of God" which

13              will require more effective  surveil-

               lance,  the development of a  warning

               system,  and  the  development  of prac-

16              ticable control  procedures which can

17              be  put  into  effect quickly.

18        5.    Pollution caused by  the  discharge  of

               wastes  from watercraft,  including  un-

20              treated sewage,  ballast  and  bilge

2i              water,  litter  and garbage, and oil,

22              requires additional  attention.  The

23              Indiana Boating  Law  prohibits  the

24              discharge of human waste  from boats

25              on  all  Indiana waters  except  Lake

-------
   	 1999
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             Michigan.  It will be recommended
 3             to the 1969 General Assembly that
 4             the law be amended to Include Lake
 5             Michigan waters.
 Q        6.    The States should support Federal
 7             legislation to regulate pollution
 g             by commercial vessels engaged in
 9             interstate commerce and each State
10             should provide for uniform regu-
11             lation of pollution by recreational
12             watercraft.
13        7.    The pollution caused by dumping
14             of dredged materials in Lake
15             Michigan must be  controlled.  On
16             August 16,  1966,  the Indiana
17             Stream Pollution  Control Board
18             adopted a policy  opposing the
19             dumping in Lake Michigan of dredged
20             material which contains substances
21             that are polluting in character,
22             whether they  be of organic material
23             or  of  petroleum sources.   It is
24             recognized  dredging of  harbors must
25             continue in order  to maintain navigation.

-------
   	2000
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2             There  should be  close cooperation
 3             by the States and other affected
 4             agencies  with the Corps of Engineers
 5             in its pilot program.  It is recom-
 5             mended that a timetable for the dis-
 7             continuance of disposal in the lake
 g             of dredged materials  which are polluting
 9             in character be  adopted which is simi-
10             lar to the timetables established for
11             municipalities and industries.
12        8.    The alewife problem requires immediate
13             attention to effect satisfactory dis-
14             posal  of  dead alewives that are an-
15             ticipated in the summer of 1968.
16             Measures  must be developed and put
17             in operation to  abate the alewife
18             population explosion.  As this prob-
19             lem is pertinent to all the Great
20             Lakes, effective control measures
21             should be initiated by appropriate
22             Federal agencies with the cooperation
23             of State  agencies.
24        9»    *n addition to the current problems
25             in Lake Michigan, many future problems

-------
                                       	2001



 1                        PERRY MILLER




 2             of pollution can be avoided or




 3             minimized through a program of




 4             coordinated and comprehensive




 5             planning for the development of




 6             the water resources of the Great




 7             Lakes Basin.  The newly-created




 8             Great Lakes Basin Commission, of




 9             which all the Great Lakes States




10             and involved  epartments of the




11             Federal Government are members,




12             appears to be the proper vehicle




13             for such coordination.




14




15




16




17



18




19




20




21




22




23




24




25

-------
                                               2002
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                                      O  X
SIONITII
                                             APPENDIX
       -21-

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                                -23-

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   	2017
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  MR. STEIN: As usual, a very excellent
 3        and comprehensive and incisive report.
 4                  Are there any comments or questions?
 5                  I have three, and I hope they are
 6        three short ones.
 7                  One,  did the Federal Republic Steel
 g        case have any effect on the change of the steel
 9        company*s operations as far as you know?
10                  MR. MILLER:  I don't know that I under-
11        stand the question, Murray.
12                  MR. STEIN:  Do you remember when they
13        had that  Republic Steel case on the dumping of
14        the material that they had to dredge out?  Did
15        that ever change internal operations and reduce
16        the material put out in the streams?
17                  MR. MILLER:  The Republic Steel Company
18        I  think you are  talking about is located on the
19        Calumet River in Illinois.
20                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
21                  MR. MILLER:   And I am not familiar with
22        what  happened there.
23                  MR. STEIN:   I think you may be right on
24        that.
25                  Do  you know,  Mr.  Kla-snen,  if they had

-------
                                                         2018



 1                         PERRY MILLER



 2         any  reduction--



 3                   MR.  KLASSEN:   Up to this point,  Mr.



 4         Chairman,  I  really was  straining to hear what



 5         you  said.  You weren't  speaking in the microphone.



 6                   MR.  STEIN:   Yes, I am sorry.



 7                   Did  the  Republic Steel case, the past



 8         Federal  action,  have  any effect on the operations



 9         and  discharges of  Republic Steel into the  Illinois



10         waters?



11                   MR.  KLASSEN:   This I don't know.  Repub-



12         lie  Steel  is under the  Jurisdiction of the



13         Metropolitan Sanitary District.



14                   (Laughter.)



15                   MR,  STEIN:   You see the thicket  we can



16         get  into.



17                   Now  I  have  one more point, and this is



18         something  I  recognize  your State righters do for



19         propaganda reasons, but you talked about the



20         municipal  grants and  the Federal Government



21         commitment to  provide  funds.  I would like to


22
          point out  thajb- this was merely a Federal a\i•"-]•>ori-


oq
          ration to  get  a  Federal appropriation.  The money



24         isn't in the bank.  As  far as I know, this is not



25         a commitment.  If  this  were a commitment,  and I

-------
                                                         2019
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        know how you Hoosiers feel about big Federal
 3        expenditures, I would like you to add up sometime
 4        all the authorizations the Congress has ever
 5        made and if we have a budget to meet those
 6        authorizations, I wonder how you would like that
 7        kind of commitment.
 8                  So I think we both understand that
 9        process and I recognize that if the people
10        representing the State governments want to say
11        that is a commitment,, that is all right.
12                  Now, one other brief comment--
13                  MR. HOLMER:  Mr. Chairman.
14                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.
15                  MR. HOLMER:  Are you saying that the
16        authorization is not a commitment?
17                  MR. STEIN: I surely am. If it were a
18        commitment, you would be able to take us to court
19        and get your money.  No authorization, just a
20        mere authorization, is a commitment.  As far as
21        I  am concerned, that is a hunting license and
22        you have to make that come up in an-appropriation.
23                  A lot of these fellows have been for
24        years  working on specific water projects and
25        getting them through and getting authorizations

-------
   	2020
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2       many  years  in  advance,  and  it  took  them five,
 3       six,  seven,  ten  years to  get an  appropriation.
 4                 I  don't  think this is  peculiar to this
 5       program  or  peculiar  to  the  Federal  Government,
 6       but I think  it is  in the  State too.   We have had
 7       many  wonderful State programs  which have "been
 g       enacted  that Just  didn't  get funds.
 9                 By the same token, I think Mr.  Klassen
10       alluded  to  something before.   Illinois  has  as
11       good  a State water pollution control law as you
12       are going to have  in the  United  States.   He
13       talked about asking  for funds  for the past  three
14       legislatures and they're  not increasing the funds,
15       I wonder Just  by passing  the law whether the State
16       legislature  had  this  commitment.
17                 It is not  a commitment.   This  is  our
18       type  of  government.   And  I  think there  are  two
19       processes here,  one  is  the  authorization process
20       or the basic law process  and the other  is the
21       appropriation.  You  know, in our society we need
22       both  and the proof of the pudding is getting up
23       the money.   But no commitment  is made until the
24       money is appropriated.  I think  this should be
25       well  understood  as to how our  government operates.

-------
   	2021
 !                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  MR.  HOLMER:  Let me ask one other
 3        question about how our government operates, and
 4        I will not pursue this facet of it.
 g                  I think some of us were left a little
 6        confused,  and  I would just like clarification
 7        for my own information from Mr. Klassen, as to
 8        the relationship between his Board and the Sanitary
 9        District.
10                  Did  I understand that you have no juris-
11        diction in the Metropolitan Sanitary District?
12                  MR.  KLASSEN:  Let me clarify this.
13                  The  Sanitary Water Board law of the State
14        of Illinois gives  exemption to the Metropolitan
15        Sanitary District,  not by name, but by stating
16        that any Sanitary District with a population of
17        a million  or more.   The last session of the legis-
lg        lature amended the  Sanitary District Act, not the
19        Metropolitan Sanitary District Act, the Sanitary
20        Water Board Act,  amended it.   We now have authority
21        to set and enforce  water quality standards.  But
22        the  primary responsibility for meeting those
23        standards  rests  with the Metropolitan Sanitary
24        District.   The only Jurisdiction that the State
25        of Illinois has  over the Sanitary District now is

-------
   	     2022
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        to  set  and enforce  water quality standards,  which
 3        we  have done  and are  doing.
 4                  MR.  HOLMER:   Thank you.
 5                  MR.  STEIN:   Mr.  Holmer.
 6                  MR.  HOLMER:   I have one  more  comment
 7        for you,  Mr.  Chairman,  and that  is to point
 8        with  pride to  Wisconsin's  appropriation procedure,
 9        which might frighten  some  people but has been
10        fairly  satisfactory for Wisconsin.
11                  Our  water pollution control assistance
12        to  local  government is  financed  by a sum suffi-
13        cient appropriation.   In other words, the treasury
14        is  open up to  a  limit  of $6  million. Our present
15        appropriation  is only  $1 million to meet our
16        obligations, but if it  were  necessary to go  to
17        $6  million a year,  that sum  has already been
18        appropriated.  And  if  the  Federal  Congress wants
!9        to  borrow from Wisconsin's  book, they are welcome.
20                  MR.  STEIN:   I know the U S.  Congress
21        has looked to  Wisconsin, as  to the  other States,
22        for many  legislative innovations.   I suspect if
23        we  bring  that  Wisconsin proposal to our national
24        Legislature they might  say  that  is  where the
25        cheese  is  binding.

-------
                                                         2023
 1                       PERRY MILLER
 2                  (Laughter.)
 3                  I notice that your steel company
 4        schedule,  and this is one we are particularly
 5        interested in,  dealing with United States
 6        Steel,  Youngstown and Inland, the way I
 7        understood this,  you have pared off quite a
 8        few dates  with the United States Steel Corpora-
 9        tion and we are  getting a lot closer together.
10                  And Youngstown, as far as I can see,
11        all the applicable dates remain the same,
12        condition  unchanged.
13                  And Inland Steel,  and I wish them
14        luck, I knew they would do this, the big
15        improvement that  they have made is in their
16        deep well.
17                  Otherwise the dates remain the same.
18                  MR.  MILLER:   I think the one big thing
19        at  Inland  that still  needs to be completed is the
20        terminal--
21                  MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
22                  MR.  MILLER:   And if you remember the
23        pictures that  PWPCA shows,  it even shows  that
24        the  work has  started  on the  fill for this.  So
25        while it is  completion  in '70,  work is  currently

-------
   	2024
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        underway on parts  of it.
 3                  MR. STEIN:  Yes.  But  that  terminal
 4        facility, you won't be able to throw  the ,switch
 6        until—
 6                  MR. MILLER:  May  '70.
 7                  MR. STEIN:  It  is '70  on  your best
 g        estimate.
 9                  By the way, this,  terminal facility,
10        at least the plans and the  plant and  the projec-
H        tion according to  all the technical information
12        I have, is a really wonderful thing and should
13        be examined and looked at as a method of finishing
14        off the residual wastes in  the Inland Mill.
15                  Any other comments or  questions?
16                  MR. KLASSEN:  I would  just  like  to ask,
17        I think directed toward you, Mr.  Chairman.  It
18        refers here to your original timetable with June
19        1970.
20                  MR. STEIN:  Yes,  I noticed  that.
21                  MR. KLASSEN:  I believe — correct me
22        if I am wrong--! believe  that this  is the  original
23        timetable in reference to the State of Indiana,
24        not for the Conferees.
25                  And may  I ask you, Mr.  Stein, because

-------
   	2025
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        you have been the Chairman of the Illinois-Indiana
 3        Conference,  is the present timetable, the official
 4        date of that Conference,  December 1968?  And what
 5        has Secretary Udall done  about any change so far
 5        as  that that was recommended by a three-to-one
 7        vote on the  September 11  meeting?
 g                  MR. STEIN:  I did a double take on that
 9        too, Mr. Klassen, when Mr. Miller read that.  I
10        assume you meant the  original timetable for the
11        State, is that it?
12                  MR. MILLER:  As I read it,  I had some
13        words added  and it says,  "The original timetable
14        accepted by  the Board was--"
15                  MR. STEIN:   Yes.  Now, Mr.  Klassen is
16        entirely correct, the date established by the
17        Federal-State Conference  for the lower end of
18        Lake Michigan involving Illinois and  Indiana,
19        the Sanitary District and the Federal Government,
20        set December '68 as the date.  This date has
21         been endorsed and adopted and recommended by
22         Secretary Stewart Udall.   In response to many
23         inquiries Mr. Udall says  he has not changed the
24         date nor does he have any present intentions of
25         changing that date.

-------
    	2026
 1                         PERRY  MILLER
 2                  We,  of course,  are  always  open to
 3         any  additional information, evidence,  and the
 4         door is always open  for  discussion.
 5                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Mr. Chairman,  I  don't
 6         want to belabor this point, but  this is  extremely
 7         important to the State of Illinois.
 g                  At the September 11 Conference,  by a
 9         vote of three  to one of  the Conferees, it was
10         voted to extend this to  June  1970.   Subsequently,
11         not  officially,  but unofficially,  I  read in the
12         paper that  this vote was  changed three to one the
13         other way.
14                  Now,  I directed a communication to
15         Secretary Udall on December 18 on behalf of the
16         Illinois Sanitary Water  Board as to  what the
17         status is.  Is he going  to accept the  recom-
18         mendations  of  the Conferees at the September 11
19         meeting to  extend the  deadline?   Is  he going to
20         reject that recommendation?   And,  if so, how
21         is that going  to fit into the June 1970  date
22         that the Secretary has already approved  for
23         Indiana?  This is something that we  would like
24         clarified.
25                  MR.  STEIN:   Yes. Well,  here,  and I

-------
   	2027
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        thought,  I hoped you had gotten a letter back
 3        from the  Secretary then.
 4                  That meeting you talked about was
 5        what month, September?
 6                  MR.  KLASSEN:  September 11.
 7                  MR.  STEINt  September 11.  On Septem-
 8        ber  11 we didn't hold a session of the Conference;
 9        we held a progress meeting.   At the progress
10        meeting a discussion of the  extension of the
11        deadline  was held.  This progress meeting did
12        not  stop  there,  but we had another day.  The
13        second day, as you recall, involved a visit to
14        the  United States Steel plant,
15                  Now, after the remarks at that meeting—
16        unfortunately  I  think you had to leave for an
17        ORSANCO meeting,  but the statements we had at
18        the  end of the meeting was that three of the
19        Conferees,  yourself,  Mr. Poston and Mr. John
20        Egan of the Sanitary District,were not in favor
21        of the  extension.
22                  We viewed this proceeding as a whole.
23        We gave the results  of this  to  the Secretary.
24.        Mayor Daley made  an inquiry,  and I think the
25        substance  of Secretary Udall's  response to Mayor

-------
   	2028
 1                         PERRY MILLER
 2         Daley was  about as I gave it:   He was not
 3         extending  the deadline nor did he presently
 4         contemplate  to extend the deadline.
 5                   Now, I recognize that you and Mr.
 6         Poole may  have had a prior commitment that
 7         only permitted you to stay for half of that
 8         meeting, but the meeting wasn't over yet.  We
 9         had another  day.
10                   MR. KLASSEN:  Do I understand that
11         the September 11 meeting was continued on the
12         property of  the U* S.  Steel Corporation the
13         next day and you voted?   If you did, I never
14         heard--
15                   MR. STEIN:   No,  we don't have any
16         votes on progress meetings. We have an expression
17         of  opinion.
18                   Now, there  was a 1968 date set.  There
19         was an expression of  opinion on the--the date was
20         not changed  of the previous progress meeting and
21         the views  given by the Conferees indicated that
22         they didn't  change their mind  afterwards.  There
23         was no vote.   Unless  there was  positive action,
24         we  didn't  change any  official  position, and I am
25         not sure,  Mr.  Klassen,  that at  a progress meeting

-------
                                                         2029
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        other than a conference we are empowered to do
 3        that.  There was no change.
 4                  In other words, the original Federal
 5        date was at the end of December 1968.  I think
 6        nothing has led the Secretary up to the present
 7        time to change his recommendations endorsing
 8        that date, and as far as I know after the last
 9        progress meeting three of the Conferees indicated
10        their endorsement and satisfaction of that date.
11                  MR. KLASSEN:  All right.  Then you have
12        answered my question, I believe.
13                  The official date of the Conferees is
14        December 1968 that has been approved by Secretary
15        Udall?
16                  MR. STEIN:   That is correct.
17                  MR. KLASSEN:  How is that fitting into
18        Secretary Udall's approval of the Indiana deadline
19        of  June 1970?  It looks like he is approving two
20        dates.
21                  This  is all I am asking for, this
22        clarification.
23                  MR. STEIN:   I see.  As far as I know
24        we  are  dealing  with an enforcement case and
25        Secretary Udall has indicated that he has approved

-------
   	2030
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        the  December 1968  date.   That is  our enforcement
 3        function.   That is the date  that  prevails in this
 4        enforcement case.
 5                  MR.  KLASSEN:  You  haven't answered my
 Q        question,  but  I am not going to belabor it.
 7                  MR.  STEIN:   Are there any further
 g        questions  or comments?
 9                  MR.  POSTON:   I have a question for Mr.
10        Miller.
11                  MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
12                  MR.  POSTON:   It pertains  to his No. 5
13        recommendations, discharge of wastes from water-
14        craft.   It indicates  that you do  not permit
15        watercraft under your boating law to discharge
16        human waste.
17                  Does this mean then that  if you
18        included Lake  Michigan in your law  that it would
19        be unlawful then to discharge any human wastes
20        into Lake  Michigan and that  you would then be
21        consistent with the ordinance that  the City  of
22        Chicago  has, for example?
23                  MR.  MILLER:   As I  read  the boating  law,
24        this is  what it says,  that you cannot discharge
25        human wastes into  waters in  the State of Indiana,

-------
                              	2031
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2        but it excepts Lake Michigan.  So if this
 3        were taken out it would apply to all the waters
 4        in Lake Michigan as well.
 5                  MR.BOSTON:  Did you have any date in
 6        mind when you might make the new law applicable
 7        to Lake Michigan?
 8                  MR.  MILLER:  Well, again I would come
 9        back, we go to the legislature in 19&9* and
10        hopefully if it would be enacted then there
11        would be discussions and I at this time couldn't
12        say.  But again, it would come back to the
13        passage of a law and then enforcement of it.
14                  MR.  POSTON:  That is all I had.
15                  MR.  STEIN:  Are there any comments
16        or questions?
17                  (No  response.)
18                  MR.  STEIN:  If there are none
19        thank you very much.
20                  MR.  MILLER:  I had one other, Mr.
21        Chairman.
22                  MR.  POOLE:  We have a brief statement,
23        Mr.  Chairman,  by the Indiana Attorney General,
24        which Mr. Miller will read while he is up there.
25                  MR.  STEIN:  All right.

-------
                                                         2032

 1                       JOHN J.  DILLON

 2
            STATEMENT OP THE  HONORABLE.JOHN J.  DILLON
 3
                       ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
 4
                       THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA
 5
          Prepared  for the  Federal Conference  on the
 6
          Pollution of Lake Michigan, convened  by the
 7
          Honorable Stewart L.  Udall, Secretary of the
 8
          United  States Department of the  Interior.
 9
      February 5>  1968 - Sherman  House - Chicago,  Illinois
10                  (Read by  Mr.  Perry  Miller.)

11                  I regret  that previous commitments

12        prevent my attendance in person  at the Four-

13        State Conference  on Pollution of Lake Michigan.

14                  Indiana officials and  legislators are

15        firmly  committed  to the protection of our  water

16        resources,  including  the waters  of Lake Michigan

17        on which  Indiana  has  a  shoreline of  about  45

18        miles,  and the Attorney General  has  the ultimate

19        responsibility for  enforcement of our pollution

20        control program.

21                  The Indiana General Assembly of  19^3

22        created the State Stream Pollution Control Board

23        and subsequent legislatures have strengthened the

24        State   pollution abatement program.

25                  In 1967 a new Clean Water  program was

-------
                       	2033
 1                       JOHN J. DILLON
 2        enacted which concentrated on a positive approach
 3        to pollution abatement.  The positive program is
 4        threefold:
 5             1.  It exempts from the property
 6             tax rolls facilities for water
 7             pollution control installed and
 8             operated by industrial plants in
 9             Indiana.
10             2.  It grants  State funds to cities
11             and towns equal to 25 percent of the
12             cost of municipal sewage treatment
13             facilities.
14             3-  It provides for and requires the
15             certification  of operators of sewage
16             and industrial waste treatment facili-
17             ties.
18                 Indiana's Clean Water program, including
19        standards,  inducements and enforcement,  was approveji
20        by the  United States Department of the  Interior  in
21        July  1967.
22                 As  one  of four States adjacent to Lake
23        Michigan,, Indiana shares with Illinois,  Michigan
24        and Wisconsin in  the benefits of this priceless
25        natural  resource  and in the  responsibility  for

-------
                                                        2034
                        JOHN J. DILLON

 2        its protection.

 3                  The Attorneys General of  our four  States

         met in Chicago, November 3, 1967, to discuss our

         common enforcement problems and procedures for

         pollution abatement of Lake Michigan.  I understand

 7        that copies of the statement issued at that  Novem-

 8        ber 3 meeting have been distributed by Attorney

         General Prank J. Kelley of Michigan to Conferees

         at this present meeting.

                   You will see from that statement that

12        the four Attorneys General agreed (1) to identify

         the polluters of Lake Michigan from their respec-

14        tive States, (2) to make this information mutually

15        available, and (3) to cooperate in  concerted

16        enforcement actions against the identified pol-

17        luters.

18                  A list of Indiana polluters has been

         compiled by the State Stream Pollution Control

20        Board.  I trust it will be made available to this

21        conference as well as to the chief  legal officers

22        of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.  The four

23        Attorneys General expect to meet together in the

24        very near future to plan and implement a vigorous

25        four-State enforcement program against major

-------
   	2035

 1                       JOHN J.  DILLON

 2        polluters.

 3                  I  appreciate  the opportunity given my

 4        office  to participate in the present conference,

 5        and I  Join the Governor of our State in pledging

 6        Indiana   cooperation in the effort to preserve

 7        the waters of Lake Michigan.

 8                  MR. STEIN:  Thank you.

 9                  I  have  one more question that relates

10        to your previous  statement.

11                  There has been some question raised

12        from time to time on your industrial waste informa-

13        tion.   For the purpose  of enforcement action, I

14        have always  found the detailed reports and open

15        records of Indiana completely satisfactory for

16        our purposes.  I  would  commend some of the States ojn

17        reporting techniques, not necessarily the States

18        here, but some of the other States, because I

19        think  it is  just  fine.   I think I can put my finger

20        on every plant and every mill within the Federal

21        enforcement  area  and be able to answer a question

22        as to what is occurring.  So far  as we are con-

23        cerned, we are eminently satisfied with the

24        information  and reporting.

25                  Now, I  would  like to ask Mr. Poston.a
          question.

-------
                                                         2036
 1                        PERRY MILLER
 2                  Mr.  Poston, are you satisfied with the
 3        industrial waste data you are getting from Indiana?
 4                  MR.  POSTON:  Very much so.  We have been
 5        down recently  and reviewed the information in
 6        connection with t;his report, and for general
 7        perusal of the data as to its adequacy, and we
 g        find that it is very adequate for our purposes.
 9                  MR.  STEIN:  Thank you.
10                  MR.  MILLER:  Thank you very much.
11                  MR.  STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Miller.
12                  (Applause.)
13                  MR.  STEIN:  Mr. Poole.
14                  MR.  POOLE:  Next I am going to call on
15        Marjory Crawford,  who represents Save the Dunes
16        Council.   She  has  told me she will hold it to
17        three  to  five  minutes.
18
10                STATEMENT OF MARJORY CRAWFORD
20                       BOARD MEMBER
21                   SAVE THE DUNES COUNCIL
22
23                  MRS. CRAWFORD:   Mr. Chairman, members
24        of  the  panel.   My name is Marjory Crawford.  I
25        am  a Board Member of Save the Dunes Council and

-------
   	2037.
 1                      MARJORY CRAWFORD

 2        the statement I am about to read represents

 3        the views of Save the Dunes Council.

 4                  The Save the Dunes Council was formed

 5        in 1952 for the purpose of preserving the Indiana

 6        dunes  for public use in essentially its natural

 7        state.   This basic objective was realized with

 8        the establishment of the Indiana Dunes National

 9        Lakeshore.

10                  The current goal of the Save the Dunes

11        Council is  to protect the basic purpose, aims and

12        objectives  of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

13        The purity  of the waters of Lake Michigan is

14        obviously an important part of this goal.

15                 For the past 16 years, we have per-
16        sonally witnessed the deterioration of Lake

17        Michigan which has  accelerated over the past
18        five years.   Within this relatively short period
19        of  time,  the visible  amounts  of pollutants such

20        as  oil,  debris,  seaweed,  and  algae  have increased
21        alarmingly.

22                 Approved  water quality standards are  a

23        base from which  to  build stricter standards.  We

24        request  that all  of Lake  Michigan be  classified

25        for  "whole body"  contact.   To  do otherwise in

-------
                                      	2038
 1                      MARJORY CRAWFORD
 2        outer waters and harbor vicinities is, in effect,
 3        a license to pollute.  We oppose this.
 4                  Lower water quality standards for waters
 5        adjacent to industrial areas in northern Indiana
 6        will obviously adversely affect the beaches of
 7        the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore as well as
 g        all other existing public and private beaches in
 9        this area.  There can be no walls or dikes erected
10        between waters polluted and waters unpolluted.
11                  In addition to combating present pol-
12        lution problems, our advancing technology is
13        creating at least one new problem for the 1970s.
l4        Presently planned or authorized for the Indiana-
15        Michigan shoreline are four nuclear power gener-
16        atirig .plants.  The threat of thermal pollution of
17        Lake Michigan by discharge of superheated cooling
lg        water from such plants must be examined carefully
19        and safeguards must be set up.  Prevention is much
20        cheaper than cure.
21                  Of a more urgent nature is the present
22        situation.  We have learned that while Illinois
23        steel mills and other industries will meet the
24        water pollution deadline, Indiana steel companies
25        claim that they need "more time" to build pollution

-------
                                                         2039
 1                       MARJORY CRAWFORD
 2        abatement facilities — two more years,  in fact.
 3        We  wonder what the  Indiana steel companies have
 4        been  doing the past two years  while the Illinois
 5        companies were preparing for and expecting to
 6        meet  the  1968 deadline.  Perhaps the Indiana
 7        steel companies believed that  the Indiana water
 8        pollution enforcement agency would back down in
 9        the face  of a united  "foot-dragging" campaign.
10        In  fact,  this seems to be just what is happening.
H                  We have personally observed  the steel
12        companies design and  construct a completely new
13        steel mill complex  in less time than  they now
14        claim they need to  install pollution abatement
15        equipment.   When Bethlehem Steel wanted to level
16        the Indiana Dunes,  hundreds  of vehicles,  operating
17        day and night,  destroyed in  six months what it
18        took  Nature 10,000  years to  create.  With such
19        technological ability at hand,  we are  nevertheless
20 •       told  by the steel companies  that it  will  take many
21        years  to  clean  up the  filth  being discharged into
22        Lake  Michigan.
23                  We  believe  there is  no excuse for not
24        meeting the 1968 deadline.   We  ask for an ac-
25        celerated  construction  schedule  for  facilities

-------
   	20*1-0
 1                       MARJORY CRAWFORD
 2        which  will  help  safeguard the  health of the
 3        American  people.
 4                  Zone standards  presently proposed are
 5        designed  to decelerate the rate of increase of
 6        pollution.   These  must be rapidly supplemented
 7        by  effluent standards designed to eliminate all
 g        discharge of pollutants into the lake.   We will
 9        accept nothing less  than  cessation of all pollu-
10        tion of Lake Michigan.  Then hopefully we can
11        begin  the difficult  task  of restoring Lake Michigan
12        to  its former purity.
13                  Thank  you.
14                  MR.  STEIN:   Thank you.
15                  Are there  any comments or questions?
16                  (No response.)
17                  MR.  STEIN:   Thank you very much.
18                  Mr.  Poole,  I wonder  if you would give
19        me  Just a few seconds.  I  have  a message here from
20        one of my many bosses,  but some messages, as they
21        say, are more immediate than others.  This is from
22        Congressman John C.  Kluczynski,who is a member of
23        the Public  Works Committee. And you know, we go
24        before the  Public  Works Committee,  at least I do.
25

-------
                                                         2041
 !               CONGRESSMAN JOHN C. KLUCZYNSKI
 2
 3        STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE.JOHN,C. KLUCZYNSKI
 4                U. S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 5                   FIFTH DISTRICT ILLINOIS
 6
 7                   Thank you very much for giving me the
 g        opportunity to Join you in this discussion of what
 9        can and must be done, and what I am confident will
10        be  done,  to insure the life of our lakes.  On
H        Tuesday of this week, Colonel Anderson of the
12        Corps  of Engineers met with several of the members
13        of  the Illinois Congressional delegation in my
14        office to give us a briefing on the information
15        that General Tarbox presented on behalf of the
16        Corps  of  Engineers here in Chicago this week.
17        This is going to be an expensive program, and a
18        long term one,  but I am satisfied that the Corps
19        of  Engineers,  as well as all of the other Federal
20        &nd State agencies involved, are planning their
21        future work carefully to give us as much help as
22        possible  on preventing future pollution and clean-
23        ing up what already exists.
24                   The  Public Works  Committee,  as most of
25        y°u know,  is  responsible for Federal legislation

-------
                                                         2042
 1               CONGRESSMAN JOHN C.  KLUCZYNSKI
 2        dealing with water pollution,  and I can assure
 3        you that we will continue to keep a close watch
          on everything that is done.  We know how big this
 5        problem is,not only for Lake Michigan but through-
 g        out the Nation,  and I know  that every member of
 7        the Public  Works Committee  shares my personal
          determination to see that the  water pollution
          control programs are carried out.
10                 MR. STEIN:  Mr. Poole.
n                 MR. POOLE:  I will call on Mr. Gene
12        Minney, who represents the  Indiana Division of
13        the Izaak Walton League. He has  told me 15
14        minutes,  20 minutes as a maximum.
15
16                STATEMENT OF E. EUGENE MINNEY
17              REPRESENTING THE INDIANA DIVISION
18              THE IZAAK  WALTON LEAGUE  OP  AMERICA
19
20                 MR. MINNEY:  Mr.  Chairman, representa-
21        tives  of the different States  and organizations
22        that are interested in water pollution.
23                 My name is Gene Minney.  I am President
24        of the inner chapter group  in  Lake County, which
25        consists of 15 organizations.   I  am also on the

-------
   	2043


 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY




 2        Committee on Air  and Water Pollution, State of



 3        Indiana,  representing the Division.



 4                  Just a  word to Mr, Stein.  If you ever



 5        have any  trouble  with that cheese that is binding,




 6        we would  like to  invite you over to our section



 7        and drink a little of that water.  I guarantee




 g        you it might unbind that cheese that is binding.




 9                  (Laughter.)



10                      I am appearing here today on behalf




H        of the Indiana Division of the Izaak Walton League




12        of America and for our organization's Water Quality




13        Task Force,  of which I am a member.




14                  The posture of the League throughout the




15        course of hearings in all parts of the State on



16        water quality is  well established and well known




17        to the Board and  other State and Federal agencies



18        dealing with the  problems of environmental pol-



19        lution.



20                  By reference, our statement today in-



21        eludes recommendations in our general letter of




22        September 7,  which was given to the Indiana Stream j
                                                             I
                                                             [

23        Pollution Board,  especially in regard to water




24        temperature  and tolerable chemical pollutants, by




25        our water quality chairman,  Mr. Wayne Stapf.  This

-------
                                                         2044
 1                     E. EUGENE  MINNEY
 2        letter  is  already  in  the records  of  the  Board.
 3        By  reference, the  Indiana Division and  its  Water
 4        Quality Task Force also  support and  endorse the
 5        statement  of the Glen Park Chapter of  the  League,
 6        our largest  Lake  County unit,  which has main-
 7        tained  a strong and continuing interest  in the
 8        problems of water  and air pollution  in  this area
 9        and elsewhere.  That  statement will  be  offered  at
10        this hearing.
H                  I cannot overemphasize  the League's
12        position that DILUTION IS NOT THE SOLUTION TO
13        POLLUTION. We have reiterated this  position at
14        every hearing, and that  policy is thoroughly
15        established throughout our national  organization.
16        in  March of 1965,  some of us  attended  a pollution
17        conference in Chicago, attended also by officials
18        of  your Board.  At that  time  a number  of interests
19        claimed a  high degree of effluent purity.   As
20        testimony  developed,  however, it was learned that
21        a number of such  claims  were  based upon pumping
22        great quantities  of clean Lake Michigan water
23        into some  form of  receiving area for purposes of
24        mixing  toxic  and  obnoxious materials,  after which
25        the mixed  solution was discharged to the lake.

-------
   	20*1-3
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2        The percentage of pollution was related not to
 3        the removal or reclamation of polluting materials,
 4        but to how much water might be drawn in to dilute
 5        it.  The Izaak Walton League thoroughly disagrees
 6        with this method of handling wastes; and we would
 7        infer that the Board would not approve such
 g        techniques in its implementation and enforcement
 9        program.
10                  Our position,  well stated by the Glen
11        Park Chapter, is that both the outer and shore
12        waters of Lake Michigan should meet all tests for
13        whole body contact at all times.  All shoreline
14        areas, especially which are now used in any way
15        for public recreation,  or which are authorized by
16        Federal  legislation for that purpose, must be re-
17        stored and maintained to meet this use.  Under no
18        conditions should any such areas be permitted to
19        fall below whole body contact nor a quality
20        required for  sustained,  reproducing communities
21        of  aquatic life which would occur at the natural
22        temperatures  of the lake.
23                  We  would like  to make special reference
24        at  this  point to the dumping of polluted dredged
25        materials  into Lake Michigan under auspices  of

-------
                        	2046
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        the  Army Corps of Engineers.   And may I say
 3        that many conservationists  these days cannot
 4        utter the words  "Army Corps of Engineers"
 5        without  a slight  feeling of nausea.   It is just
 Q        getting  terrible.  You find any stream that is
 7        to be straightened out,  any dam that is to flood
 3        some beautiful valley, the  natural sandstone,
 9        ledges of the  Kankakee River,  which  they want
10        to dynamite  right now, and  in  good old Hoosier
11        vernacular,  you find  the Corps of Engineers
12        sitting  right  smack dab in  the middle of the
13        muddy puddle.
14                  Now,  as I say,  we would like to make
15        special  reference at  this point to the dumping
16        of polluted  dredged materials  into Lake Michigan
17        under the auspices of the Army Corps of Engineers.
18        Our  March 12 State director's  meeting in Evansville
19        Indiana,  took  direct  action on this  question,  and
20        since it is  relevant  to the purpose  of this hear-
21        ing,  we  ask  that  it be inserted in the record at
22        this  point.  I will not read the resolution, but
23        it opposes this dumping and calls for an Immediate
24        halt, not today,  not  next week,  but  last week.
25        We were,  I would  like to add,  dismayed by a recent

-------
   	204?
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        statement in the  Senate Congressional Record in
 3        which Senator Vance Hartke indicated this dumping
 4        practice  would be halted forthwith;  he based this
 5        forecast  upon a Joint statement said to have been
 6        issued by the Army Engineers and the Department
 7        of the Interior.   However, we read that Joint
 8        statement,  and found no commitment whatever for
 9        halting this dumping now.   The statement said the
10        matter would be studied,  as usual.  The Izaak
11        Walton League is  on record calling for a halt to
12        this  right  now; if it is  not stopped, the recrea-
13        tional qualities  of the entire southern tip of Lake
14        Michigan  are jeopardized.
15                 Since it bears  upon a water use,  we would
16        also  wish to introduce  for the record two addition-
17        al resolutions adopted  by our March  12 Board
18        session;  and I add that all three  of these  resolu-
19        tions  were  approved unanimously.   The first of thes
20        latter two  supports a free-flow stream condition
21        for the Little Calumet  River east  of the Portage-
22        Westchester boundary for  which we  also request
23        quality amendments  for  whole body  contact and cold
24        water  aquatic  life;  and the second supports the
25        principles  of  two  Federal  measures,  HR25 and 8695,

-------
                        	   2048
 1                     E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2       the estuarine bills.  Among the provisions of
 3       these measures are requirements for Department
 4       of the Interior approval for any lake filling
 5       of estuarine areas, including the shorelines
 6       of the Great Lakes.
 7                 It is relevant in our testimony at
 8       this time to refer also to new methods of waste
 9       disposal in this basin.  We refer to the technique
10       of "needling" waste liquors into deep well dis-
11       posal areas.  It is our understanding that three
12       permits have been issued for this technique, and
13       that disposal is into Precambrian rock some 4,000
14       feet below the surface along Lake Michigan.  The
15       Izaak Walton League has not opposed this approach,
16       but we would want our concern to be part of the
17       record.  It could be argued that the effluent from
18       any one plant poses no problem; and we understand
10       that there are assurances that injection of
20       materials into this layer will never pose a
21       threat to surface waters.  However, these assur-
22       ances would be difficult to confirm.  And who in
23       God's name wants to take the responsibility of
24       pumping this into the strata with a chance of
25       it coming up again in 10, 15, 20 or 30 years?

-------
   	2049
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        The world  stood  on  its  hind  legs  to condemn
 3        Hitler  for murdering millions  of  Jews,  but I
 4        wonder  how many  people  we  would be murdering
 5        if this poison came to  the surface and  it was
 6        in our  surface water.   We  point out that this
 7        method  appears to be more  an alternative to
 8        releasing  pollutants into  surface streams than
 9        it is a method of separating and  recovering
10        waste materials.
n                  A member  of our  State Water Quality
12        Task Force, Dr.  William Eberly, an eminent
13        aquatic biologist  of Manchester   College, has
14        recommended that the appropriate  public agencies
15        should  develop testing  stations in connection
16        with deep  well disposal in such a way as would
17        firmly  corroborate  the  general opinion  that
18        this is a  safe way  to handle the  problem.  We
19        fully support  this  proposal, and  point  out that
20        an error in Judgment today,  especially  in its
21        needling process, could create an irreversible
22        and catastrophic  pollution problem for  tomorrow.
23        The fact that  none  of us here  today may live to
24        see the day when  the error becomes evident is
25        neither a  moral  nor an  ethical argument against

-------
   	20^0
 1                       E.  EUGENE  MINNEY

 2         being  sure what we  are doing  is  right.   Therefore,

 3         we  ask that  as part of the  implementation and

 4         enforcement  program,  the State,  in  conjunction

 5         with the Federal  Government,  develop  and install

 6         a testing system  which will confirm or  contradict

 7         the deep well  approach as a viable  alternative to

 8         surface treatment and elimination of  toxic

 9         materials.

10                  We note in  the Board's recommendations,

11         that is the  pollution board of the  State of  Indiana

12         on  page 7 that reuse  of  water is suggested wherever

13         possible.  We  strongly subscribe to this idea,

14         and think it is inherent in any  conservation-

15         oriented program.

16                  We generally concur with  regulations

17         proposed by  the Board, insofar as we  understand

lg         them to be within limits which will permit a well-

19         balanced, healthy and sustained  aquatic life

20         population and limited contact recreational  uses

21         for all the waters  of the basin  as  a  bottom

22         threshold quality—in addition to direct contact

23         qualities called  for  above.   We  assume  that  the

24         Board  includes swimming  and whole body  contact in

25         its first item under  summary  of  uses  when it says

-------
   	2051
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2        "water-oriented recreation" in the discussion of
 3        Lake Michigan.
 4                  The Izaak Walton League supports the
 5        implementation and enforcement recommendations,
 6        tut does not concur with paragraph 5, insofar
 7        as the period for achievement is specified.
 8        Indefinite words like "some", "not all", "as soon
 9        as practicable", is no requirement at all, or the
10        words "most", "in most cases."  This is not a
11        requirement in any sense of the word.  That is
12        about as indefinite as you can get.  We refer
13        to the December 1966 promulgation from the
14        Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
15        which states no plan will be accepted which does
16        not provide the remedy within five years except
17        in very extenuating circumstances, and even then
18        not more than ten years.  Combined storm and
19        sanitary sewers were among the few conditions
20        which FWPCA cited in the 10-year region.  A time
21        limit should be established for the achievement
22        of all proposed standards, or they will never be
23        brought about.
24 I                 We are certain that the Board will hear
25        many appeals asking for "more study" and other

-------
   	20^2
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        requests  which will delay or even defeat the
 3        Intent of the Water Quality Act of 1965.  It
 4        was  the intent of Congress in passing this
 5        law  and the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
 6        to move ahead on  a definite timetable toward
 7        protecting those  waters which were not already
 8        polluted  and restoring those waters which are
 9        contaminated.  The timetable, as we are sure the
10        Board  appreciates, is  the key to this whole
11        affair; and that  without it, all of the fine
12        standards and criteria are meaningless.  And I
13        am sure you agree with me.
14                  We wish to review once again the prob-
15        lems of temperature as that relates to proposed
16        water  qualities.   We commend the Board for re-
17        ducing the maximum warm water aquatic life value
18        to 60° F  from an  original value of 73° F.  Dr.
19        Eberly, the Board will find in its records, has
20        stated that a maximum  summer temperature should
21        not  greatly exceed 80° Fj and he has suggested
22        85°  F  as  the maximum permissible.  The Izaak
23        Walton League very strongly supports lowering the
24        93°  F  temperature to this lower value.  As Dr.
25        Eberly has stated, the higher temperature will

-------
   	2033
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        have  an adverse effect upon "warm water" forms
 3        at  one  or  more points  in the overall life cycle,
 4        and will adversely affect the food chain necessary
 5        to  sustain such a community.  The higher tempera-
 6        ture  will  also affect  other environmental con-
 7        ditions which  collectively will  not serve the
 8        desired qualities.
 9                  Now  we  are becoming aware that several
10        utilities  and  other industries use Lake  Michigan
11        waters  for cooling; and we are especially mindful
12        of  a  proposed  800,000  kilowatt nuclear plant
13        in  Porter  County.   Northern Indiana Public
14        Service Company has already agreed to permit
15        aquatic biologists  in  the Izaak  Walton League
16        to  review  general  plans  with special emphasis on
17        heat  exchange.  As  yet,  we have  not been informed
18        of  these plans.  However,  we are as concerned
19        with  cumulative effects  as with  the effects of
20        any one  installation;  and we assume that the  Board
21        has the  overall picture  in mind.   This we  assume.
22        No one  installation can  be considered in a vacuum,
23        and at  some point  there  will have  to be  a  cutoff
24        on thermal pollution.  ¥e  would  suggest  that  the
25        Board envision now  the requirement  for cooling

-------
   	203*1
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2         towers or lagoons which would receive heated
 3         effluents, so that--as Dr. Eberly suggests—the
 4         discharge will not be substantially different
 5         from that found in the stream or body of water
 6         receiving it.  And we mean the natural  tempera-
 7         tures of these streams and bodies of waters.
 8                  As for enforcement, we recommend  a
 9         system of State-operated monitoring systems.
10         We feel that the State itself should install,
11         operate, read and evaluate the degree of com-
12         pliance.
13                  The Izaak Walton League recognizes
14         the horrendously polluted condition of  the  Grand
15         Calumet River, and we have confidence that  even
16         the exceptionally poor values contained in  SPC7
17         and SPC8 probably represent an improvement  over
18         the frightful present conditions.
19                  I repeat—probably represent  an
20         improvement over the frightful present  conditions.
21         It could be easier to fly a man to the  moon than
22         to clean up this stream.  The qualities proposed
23         for this stream would be lethal to a well-balanced
24         warm water aquatic life population, and we  ask
25         that the proposed qualities be amended  upward to

-------
   	2055
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        meet  the  warm water criteria.   It will  be diffi-
 3        cult;  but it will never be  any easier than it is
 4        now,  and  this objective should be achieved within

 5        10  years.
 6                  The intent of the Act which predicated

 7        this  hearing and  the intent of Congress which

 8        passed it into law will not likely be served
 9        unless this  quality is  established as an objec-

lO        tive.   We are fully aware  that the State has for
H        all practical purposes  reserved consideration of

12        this  stream  because of  the  problems involved.
13        Yet the problem must be faced, and today is the

14        time.
15                  For the record,  in closing, the Izaak
16        Walton League opposes so-called "admixture" zones

17        and calls for effluent  standards wherever the
18        issue  of  "immediate outfall area" is subject to
19        interpretation.
20                  Many of us are wondering why  the United
21        States Government can force industries  to use
22        equal  opportunity labor, and if they refuse to

23        use equal opportunity labor they pull their con-

24        tracts.   Many conservationists feel that there is

25        no  reason why the government can't pull any

-------
                                                        2056
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2        company's  contract  that is polluting  our  waters.
 3        Is  there any reason why they  couldn't?  I ask you
 4        to  think about  this, gentlemen.
 5                   We support the highest  quality  of  waters
 6        as  the only acceptable approach to multiple  use
 7        and public interest.  We oppose the designation
 g        of  any stream or body of water for its  lowest
 9        common denominator, and that  must include the
10        Grand Calumet.
11                   In closing may I say, gentlemen, that
12        the Izaak  Walton League appreciates all the  hard
13        work that  is being  done in this area.  We are
14        hoping—we are  hoplng--we are praying on  benaed
15        knee that  something will come from this,  that
16        this won't be Just  the usual  hodge podge  and usual
17        run-around.
18                   I would like to say also that over in
19        Indiana most of us  feel like  we would like to say,
20        "God bless Mr.  Udall," for I  think he is  one of
21        the greatest conservationists that has ever  lived.
22                   Thank you.
23                   MR. STEIN:  Thank you,  Mr. Minney.
24                   (Applause.)
25                   (The  following material was submitted

-------
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY

 2        by Mr. Minney.)


 3
                 RESOLUTION OPPOSING DISPOSAL OF
 4
              POLLUTED DREDGINGS INTO LAKE MICHIGAN
 5
               BY THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OP ENGINEERS
 6

 7                  WHEREAS, the Izaak Walton League of

 8        America ^f or over 45 years has been tireless in

 9        its efforts to keep America's waters clean; and,

10                  WHEREAS, Lake Michigan is one of

11        Americans'  greatest reservoirs of fresh clean

12        water, but is in danger of dying prematurely; and,

13                  WHEREAS, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

14        has seen  fit to dump material dredged from pol-

15        luted rivers and streams into Lake Michigan; and,

16                  WHEREAS, the Public Health officials

17        have repeatedly warned of the dangers of con-

18        tinuing said dumpings; and,

19                  WHEREAS, the U.S. Department of Interior,

20        the Federal agency responsible for water pollution

21        control,  has negotiated with the Corps of Engineers

22        toward the objective of ending said dumpings,

23        despite which,  polluted material is still being

24        deposited into  Lake Michigan;

25                  NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the

-------
                                                         2058

 1                      E.  EUGENE  MINNEY

 2        Indiana  Division  of  the  Izaak  Walton League of

 3        America,  assembled at  Evansville,  Indiana,  March 12

 4        1967,  that  an  immediate  ending of  such dumping

 5        be  brought  about; and,

 6                 BE IT FURTHER  RESOLVED that the Corps

 7        of  Engineers be required to  include  the cost of

 g        safe  disposal  of  polluted materials, due to

 9        Civil  Works Projects in  the  benefit-cost ratio

10        of  such  projects, if the cost  of safe disposal

11        is  not undertaken by local interests or other

12        agencies; and,

13                 BE IT FURTHER  RESOLVED that the Indiana

14        Division of the Izaak  Walton League  of America

15        specifically oppose  the  practice of  attributing

16        "water quality benefits" to  the benefit-cost

17        ratio  when  such "benefits" are achieved by the

18        process  of  diluting polluted discharges; and,

19                 BE IT FURTHER  RESOLVED that copies of

20        this  resolution be sent  to the Secretary of the

21        Army,  U.S.  Corps  of Engineers, all Indiana

22        Congressmen, and  appropriate Federal agencies.

23
                RESOLUTION SUPPORTING FREE-FLOW
24
                FOR  LITTLE CALUMET RIVER EAST OF
25
                   PORTAGE-WESTCHESTER BOUNDARY

-------
   	2059
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2                  WHEREAS,  the Indiana Division of the
 3        Izaak Walton League of America has long supported
 4        and cooperated in the preservation and restoration
 5        of productive wildlife habitat, and recognizes
 6        the great importance of what remains of unaltered
 7        natural environment; and,
 g                  WHEREAS,  the Little Calumet River pro-
 9        vides water recreation for canoeists of many
10        organizations, who  traverse the quiet pools and
11        meandering course which is enlivened by sections
12        of skill-testing rapidsj  and,
13                  WHEREAS,  the rich flora of the bottom-
14        land and wooded beauty of  the adjacent slopes
15        provide solitude and inspiration; and,
16                  WHEREAS,  the Little Calumet River is
17        of exceptional historical  interest as a major
18        waterway of American Indians and pioneering fur
19        traders;  and,
20                  WHEREAS,  the Bailly Homestead and
21        Trading Post,  a National Registered Historic
22        Site,  is  situated in almost original condition
23        along the river's banks; and,
24                  WHEREAS,  a portion of the river  valley
25        extends  through the Indiana Dunes National

-------
   	2060
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        Lakeshore;  and,
 3                  WHEREAS,  the Porter County Plan Com-
 4        mission and Indiana State law have recognized
 5        the importance of maintaining a natural flood
 6        plain and park-like buffer for residents of the
 7        region; and,
 8                  WHEREAS,  it is especially important
 9        to retain examples  of undisturbed natural en-
10        vironment as  more and more lands are developed
11        and converted to  other usesj  and,
12                  WHEREAS,  few natural areas remain in
13        this region which have been spared intensive
14        development,  such as this portion of the Little
15        Calumet River;
16                  NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the
17        Indiana Division  of the Izaak Walton League of
18        America, assembled at Evansville, Indiana,
19        March 12, 19^7,  that,
20                  1.   The Little Calumet River and its
21        natural valley flow condition represents the
22        soundest conservation principle for this resource;
23                  2.   The river and its flood plain should
24        be left in their  natural state;
25                  3.   No  project should be instituted

-------
   	2061

 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY


 2        which would destroy,  flood or otherwise relegate


 3        the present natural qualities of the flood plain


 4        and its  rich habitat;  and,


 5                  4.  No  structures should be considered


 6        which would materially affect natural river flow


 7        and levels of the Little Calumet River in the


 8        Portage-Westchester area.


 9                  BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that this objec-


10        tive also be applied to the Little Calumet River


11        major tributaries,  especially Salt Creek and


12        Coffee Creek, portions of  which are still worthy


13        of  protection;  and,


14                  BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Indiana


15        Division of the Izaak Walton League of America


16        favors permanent  protection of the Little Calumet


17        River Valley through acquisition of bottomland


18        and adjacent slopes by appropriate agencies as a


19        park or  forest  preserve; and,


20                  BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that copies of


21        this resolution be  sent to appropriate agencies


22        and officials.

23

                      RESOLUTION IN  SUPPORT
24

                      OF  H.R. 25 and S. 695
25

-------
   	2062
 1                       E.  EUGENE  MINNEY
 2                   WHEREAS,  legislation has  been introduced
 3         in  the  U.  S.  Congress  for  the  purpose  of initiating
 4         a nationwide  study  of  estuarine areas  by the In-
 5         terior  Department for  the  purpose of identifying
 6         those which ought to be  preserved by Federal,
 7         State,  and/or local action;  and controlling
 g         modification  of estuaries  by requiring Interior
 9         Department approval of development  proposals;  and,
10                   WHEREAS,  the Izaak Walton League  of
11         America has long  recognized  the importance  of
12         estuarine  areas for conservation purposes in-
13         eluding protection  of  fish and other aquatic life,
14         wetland animals and birds, and coastal area plant
15         lifej and,
16                   WHEREAS,  the Izaak Walton League  of
17         America has been  in the  forefront of the efforts
18         to  preserve significant  portions of coastal areas
19         in  a natural  state; and,
20                   WHEREAS,  coastal marshlands  and meadows
21         are important as  absorbent areas and flood  plains
22         for flood  control purposes;  and,
23                   WHEREAS,  natural shorelines, flood plain
24         areas,  and estuarine areas are rapidly being
25         altered by bulkheading and filling  large areas

-------
                                                         2063
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        not intended for,  or necessary to,  the recognized
 3        legitimate use of shorelines for harbors, docks,
 4        or  navigation purposes; and,
 5                  WHEREAS,  such alteration  to the
 6        natural  shoreline,  flood plain,  and estuarine
 7        areas  results in  water pollution problems,
 8        destroys the aforementioned conservation values,
 9        and coastal areas of potential park value, and
10        impairs  the natural beauty of the surrounding
11        areas; and,
12                  WHEREAS,  the coastal areas of the
13        Great  Lakes are especially vulnerable to the
14        problems caused by bulkheading and landfills; and,
15                  WHEREAS,  the Izaak Walton League of
16        America, by National Resolution of 1960, has
17        declared itself to be opposed to bulkheading
18        and filling of shoreline areas except for public
19        purposes;  and,
20                  WHEREAS,  the only existing Federal
21        authority exercising control over such coastline
22        alterations  is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers;
23        and,
24                  WHEREAS,  the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
25        has ruled on such alterations primarily on the

-------
                                                         2064

 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY

 2        basis of interference to navigation,  and  has

 3        not given sufficient consideration  to inter-

 4        ference with conservation values;

 5                  NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the

 6        Indiana Division of the Izaak Walton  League

 7        of America, assembled at Evansville,  Indiana,

 8        March 12, 1967, that the aims and purposes of

 9        H.R. 25 and S. 695 are hereby fullv endorsed;

10        and,

11                  BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that copies

12        of this resolution be sent to the appropriate

13        Federal, State, and local agencies  and officials.

14                           - - -

15
                       GLEN PARK CHAPTER
16
              THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC,
17
                         GARY, INDIANA          P.O.  Box 1841
18
                         APRIL 10,1967
19

20        TO:  INDIANA STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

21        SUBJECT:  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS]  LOWER  LAKE
                   MICHIGAN, CALUMET RIVER BASIN
22
         FROM:  GLEN PARK CHAPTER, IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE
23               OF AMERICA, INC.

24
         GENTLEMEN:
25

-------
                                                         2065
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2                  For over 45 years the Izaak Walton League
 3        has maintained a policy of working for clean waters
 4        as part of an overall healthy and productive out-
 5        door environment   and the multiple-use concept
 6        of all of America's natural resources.  It is my
 7        privilege today to represent the Glen Park Chapter
 8        of the League, located at Glen Park-Gary, Indiana.
 9        My name is John "Fred" Blosl, and I am Secretary
10        of the Chapter.
11                  The subject of this hearing is the
12        implementation of the Water Quality Act of 1965,
13        which was strongly supported at all levels of
14        our national organization.  This Act requires
15        the States to submit plans for the improvement
16        of all interstate  waters.to the Federal Water
17        Pollution Control Administration.  We appreciate
18        the opportunity to make our position known as to
19        the qualities desirable in the waters of.this
20        basin.
21                  Our Division is  fully aware that we are
22        working with what may be  the worst water conditions
23        in the State of Indiana in this basin.  But,  the
24        Water  Quality Act specifically states that all
25        waters will  be improved,  and that those waters

-------
   	2066
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2        not yet polluted must be protected in a clean
 3        condition.
 4                  The Act also states that no proposal
 5        by any State which suggests that any stream,or
 6        major portion of a stream, be designated for
 7        carrying wastes will be acceptable.  The water
 8        quality which now exists in this basin is com-
 9        pletely unacceptable and it is our belief that
10        the authors  of the Federal legislation surely
11        must have had this basin, among several others
12        in the Nation, in mind when they wrote the Bill.
13                  All of the waters in this basin should
14        be improved to at least those qualities which
15        will permit and encourage a sustained population
16        of well balanced warm water aquatic life.  The
17        Grand Calumet River should be improved to provide
l8        for aquatic life, municipal, agricultural, and
19        industrial uses.  The Little Calumet River west
20        of the municipal boundary of the Town of Portage
21        and Westchester should be improved to a quality
22        which will provide for aquatic life and limited
23        human contact uses.  The Little Calumet River east
24        of the aforementioned boundary should be improved
25        to provide for cold water aquatic life, direct

-------
                        	     206?
 !                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        human contact,  as well as all other water uses.
 3        Wolf  Lake should  be improved for all water uses,

 4        including direct  contact human recreation.  Deep

 5        River,  Salt Creek,  Turkey Creek, Hart Ditch,

 6        Duck  Creek, Lake  George, and all other intrastate

 7        waters  should be  improved to a quality which will

 8        provide for aquatic life, limited human contact,

 9        as  well as municipal water uses.  All of the Lake

10        Michigan shoreline which is now designated for any

n        form  of public  recreation, including those beaches

12        which are now closed due to pollution problems,

13        and shorelines  which will become available when

14        the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is established

15        should  be maintained or restored to meet every

16        water quality standard, including direct contact

17        human uses.  All  of the open waters of Lake Michi-
lg        gan should also be improved to meet the above stan-

19        dards.
20                  In the  pollution abatement program,

21        special emphasis  must be given to the elimination

22        of  both thermal and chemical pollutants, including

23        cyanides, phenols,  floating and suspended solids,

24        oils, sludges,  and other contaminants which have

25        contributed to  the biological death of the waters

-------
   	2068



 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY



 2        in this basin.  The dumping of  industrial and



 3        municipal wastes and all dredged and other material^



 4        other than from natural sources into these waters



 5        must stop.  And we ask that steps be taken to



 6        eliminate damaging agricultural nutrients and  any



 7        pesticides which can leach into or  otherwise find



 8        their ways into these waters.  We support the  rec-



 9        ommendations as suggested in the "Report on Water



10        Quality Criteria, Lower Lake Michigan,  Calumet



11        Basin" of January 1966.  Dissolved  oxygen and



12        other parameters should be maintained at qualities



13        which will permit and encourage a sustained popu-



14        lation of well balanced warm water  aquatic life.



15                  We believe that the objectives for Wolf



16        Lake, Lake Michigan (both open waters and shore



17        waters) and the Little Calumet River east of the



18        aforementioned boundary should be achieved within



l°        four years but in no case longer than eight years.



20        The objectives in all other waters  of this basin



21        should be achieved within six years but in no  case



22        longer than ten years.  And that the time to start



23        this accomplishment is right now.   In order to



24        achieve these qualities, it will be necessary  for



25        the State of Indiana to install and operate an

-------
                                                        2069

 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY

 2        extensive monitoring system and to develop a

 3        strong and clear enforcement program which

 4        will make violations prohibitive.  We will

 5        provide all possible support to the Pollution

 6        Control Board in all phases of its implementation

 7        program.

 g                  Thank you for the opportunity to pre-

 9        sent the  views of the Glen Park Chapter.of the

10        Izaak Walton League of America.

11                       	

12                 John "Fred" Blosl, Secretary

13                      Glen Park Chapter

14          The Izaak Walton League of America, Inc.

15                           - - -

16
                   STATEMENT OF WAYNE C.  STAFF
17
                   SECRETARY,  INDIANA DIVISION
18
               CHAIRMAN WATER QUALITY SUBCOMMITTEE
19
               THE  IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA
20

21                      September 7,  1966

22
          Mr.  Blucher Poole,  Technical Secretary
23        Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
          1330  West  Michigan  Street
24        Indianapolis,  Indiana

25

-------
   	2070
 1                       WAYNE  C.  STAFF
 2        Dear  Mr.  Foole:
 3                   First,  on behalf  of  the  Indiana
 4        Division  of  the Izaak Walton League,  I  wish
 5        to  thank  you for  the  invitation  to our  organi-
 6        zation  to comment on  the criteria  developed by
 7        the Ohio  River Valley Water Sanitation  Commission,
 8        and to  suggest criteria  which  the  State may wish
 9        to consider  in its program  related to the Water
10        Quality Act  of 1965.
ll                   The Indiana Division of  the League,
12        with  more than 5,000  members in  *J-3 chapters
13        throughout the State, is part  of a national
14        organization with a long and vital interest
15        in the  problems of water quality.
16                   The basic operating  policy  of the League-
17        fully supported by its Indiana Division—is found
18        in the  following  language:  "...all water should
19        be fit  for direct human  use--drinking,  swimming,
20        esthetic  enjoyment—without special treatment,
21        and it  will  then  be eminently  suited  for municipal,
22        agricultural and  industrial utilization."
23                   The League's national  position—fully
24        endorsed  by  us—adds:  "There  is no sound Justi-
25        fication  for water pollution.  The people of the

-------
                                                         2071
 1                       WAYNE C. STAFF
 2        United States are entitled to wholesome water,
 3        usable for all human needs."
 4                  This League policy is in close parallel
 5        with both Congressional intent and the position
 6        of  the President when he signed the Water Quality
 7        Act of 1965:   "No one has a right to use America's
 g        rivers and America's waterways that belong to all
 9        the people as a sewer.  The  banks of a river may
10        belong to one man or one industry or one State,
11        but the waters which flow between those banks
12        should belong to all the people."
13                  Congress fully intended to enhance the
14        quality of all interstate waters when it passed
15        this Act,  and specifically stated that no proposed
16        standards  would be acceptable which designated any
17        stream or portion of a stream for the sole or
18        principal  purposes of transporting wastes.  The
10        Indiana Division of the League subscribes to this
20        intent,  and suggests that the only long-range
21        objective  which can be considered as viable is
22        the elimination of all waste and polluting material
23        before it  is  discharged to any body of water having
24        an  impact  upon the public domain.
25                  In  the pursuit of  this objective,  the

-------
   	2072
 1                        WAYNE  C.  STAFF
 2         Indiana Division  supports  the  minimum conditions
 3         developed  by  ORSANCO  for application  to all
 4         interstate waters, with  certain  modifications
 5         and  additions:  That  all waters  be:
 6              1)  Free from substances  attribu-
 7              table to municipal, industrial or
 8              other sources that  will settle to
 9              form  putrescence or otherwise
10              objectionable sludge  deposits dele-
11              terious  to aquatic  life;
12              2)  Free from floating debris, oil,
13              scum, foam or other materials
14              attributable to  municipal,  industrial,
15              or other sources in amounts  sufficient
16              to be unsightly  or  deleterious to
17              human, animal or aquatic  life;
18              3)  Free from materials attributable
19              to municipal, industrial  or  other
20              sources  producing color,  odor or
21              other conditions in such  degree  as
22              to create  nuisances,  or which will
23              cause substantial contrast with
24              natural  appearance;
25              4)  Free from substances  attributable

-------
                         	2073
 1                      WAYNE  C.  STAFF
 2             to municipal,  industrial  or
 3             other  sources  in concentrations
 4             or combinations  which  are toxic
 5             or harmful to  human, animal  or
 6             aquatic  life,  including but  not
 7             limited  to pesticides, herbicides
 g             and  detergents.
 9                 ORSANCO approved  four general  classes  of
10       stream uses on May  12,  1966:   public water  supply,
11       aquatic life, industrial water supply,and recrea-
12       tion.  In general,  our  recommendations are  based
13       upon  parameters suggested by ORSANCO, but we
14       suggest that  as a practical matter it may be
15       extremely difficult to  differentially classify
16       streams found in the  same watershed, as  may be
17       envisioned  in the ORSANCO recommendations.  There
18       is a  danger in such closely related streams of
19       necessarily reducing  a  system  of  waters  to  the
20       lowest common denominator.  We do not believe
21       such  a result was intended in  the Act, nor  would it
22       be desired by the public which must realize the
23       greatest  possible diversity in use of water re-
24       sources.
25                 Therefore,  we  feel it would be desirable

-------
                        	 2074
 1                      WAYNE  C.  STAFF
 2        to  incorporate many of  the  best  parameters  from
 3        the four  different classes  into  a  single  set of
 4        criteria  for  all waters.  We would also observe
 5        that the  objective of diversified  uses is served
 6        by  the  highest standards, while  restrictive and
 7        limited uses  result from lower standards.  It is
 8        the broadest  public benefit which  this program
 9        should  address.
10                  More consolidation of  quality standards
11        for all stream waters would appear consistent
12        with the  general ORSANCO recommendations  that
13        they be "free from substances...toxic  or  harmful
14        to  human  or aquatic life."
15                  The following criteria are suggested
16        to  become part of the four  proposals above  dealing
17        with all  stream waters  of the State:
18                  1.  DISSOLVED OXYGEN:  Not less than
19        3 mg/1  or 50  percent  saturation, whichever  is the
20        higher  value;
21                  2.  TEMPERATURE:  Not  to exceed 93 F.,
22        May to  November; not  to exceed 73°F.»  December
23        to  April; but in no case to be raised  more  than
24        9°F. above the normal seasonal water temperature;
25                  3.  DISSOLVED SOLIDS:  Not to exceed

-------
   	     2073
 1                       WAYNE C. STAFF
 2        500 mg/1 as a monthly average,  nor 750 mg/1 at
 Z        any time (800 to 1,200 microhmos/cm at 25°C.);
 4                  4.  RADIOACTIVITY:   Gross beta activity
 5        (no Strontium 90 or alpha emitters present), not
 6        to exceed 1,000 micromicrocuries at any time;
 7                  5»  pH:   Not below  6.0 nor above 9«5-
 8                  6.  TOXIC SUBSTANCES: . Not to exceed
 9        1/10 of the 48-hour median tolerance limit, except
10        that other limiting concentrations may be used in
11        specific cases when Justified on the basis of
12        available evidence and approved by the appropriate
13        regulatory agency?
14                  7.  TURBIDITY:   Shall not exceed such
15        levels  as will permit natural populations of
16        indigenous aquatic life (20 cm Secchi disk visible
17        at depths to 50 cm suggested).
18                  In addition to  these all-stream sug-
19        gestions, we recommend the following criteria
20        for the four water use classifications proposed
21        by ORSANCO:
22             PUBLIC  WATER  SUPPLY  (At  intake)
23                  1.   BACTERIA:   Colif*rm group not to
24        exceed  5,000 per 100 ml as a  monthly average
25        value (either MPN  or MP count);  not to exceed

-------
                        	2076
 1                       WAYNE C. STAFF
 2        this number in more than 20 percent of  the  samples
 3        examined during any month; nor exceed 20,000 per
 4        100 ml in more than 5 percent of such samples;
 5                  2.  THRESHOLD-ODOR NUMBER:  Not to
 6        exceed 24 (at 60°C.) as a daily average;
 7                  3-  CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:  Not to
 8        exceed the following concentrations (or any
 9        concentrations) which would be injurious to
10        aquatic life—Arsenic, 0.05 mg/1; Barium,
11        1.0 mg/1; Cadmium, 0.01 mg/1; Chromium, 0.05 mg/1
12        (hexavalent); Cyanide, 0.02 mg/1; Fluoride,
13        2.0 mg/1; Lead, 0.05 mg/1; Selenium, 0.01 mg/1;
14        Silver, 0.05 mg/1.
15             INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (At intake)
16                  1.  Same as general recommendations
17        above  (1-4 and 1-7).
18             AQUATIC LIFE  (Warm water, except immediately
19        adjacent to outfalls)
20                  1.  DISSOLVED OXYGEN:  Not less than
21        5.0 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour
22        period, nor less than 3.0 mg/1 at any time.  (For
23        cold water environments:  59°-68° F; 7.0 mg/1,
24        nominal);
25                  2.  pH:  Preferred range between  6.5

-------
   	2077
 1                       WAYNE C. STAFF
 2        and 8.5.
 3                  3-   BACTERIA:  Shall not exceed such
 4        levels  as will permit natural populations and
 5        functioning of indigenous aquatic species and
 6        safe limited human contact.
 7             RECREATION (Including direct contact, such
 g        as  swimming.)
 9                  1.   BACTERIA:  Coliform group not to
10        exceed  1,000 per 100 ml as a monthly average
11        (either MPN or MP count)] not to exceed this
12        number  in more than 20 percent of the samples
13        examined during any month; nor exceed 2,4-00 per
14        100 ml  (MPN or MF count)  on any day.
15                  In addition to technical considerations,
16        our organization suggests several additional
17        policies, and that among these should be:
18             a)  A system of penalties of
19             sufficient substance which will
20             result in the discontinuation of
21             any practices in violation of any
22             established water standards;
23             b)  An adequate monitoring system
24             administered by appropriate govern-
25             mental agencies to assure conformity

-------
   	2078
 1                       WAYNE C.  STAFF
 2             with established standards;
 3             c)   Adequate  research programs
 4             leading to accelerated achievement
 5             of  standards  established,  and im-
 6             provements thereon;  advanced  waste
 7             treatment; in-plant  water  reusej  and
 8             better  evaluation and control of  dis-
 9             charged materials, as well as improved
10             methods of qualitative and quanti-
ll             tative  measurement.
12                  The Indiana Division  of  the  Izaak Walton
13        League offers its  continuing cooperation  and as-
14        sistance  in  moving a sound standards program for-
15        ward, and in the development of follow-on efforts.
16                  We wish  to reserve the privilege of
17        expanding on the commentary above, and of providing
18        oral  testimony when hearings are scheduled.   Thank
19        you again for inviting our comments.
20                  Sincerely yours,
21
22                  Wayne C.  Stapf,  Secretary
                    Indiana  Division,  IWLA,  Inc., and
23                  Chairman Water  Quality Subcommittee
24                           _ - -
25                  MR.  STEIN:   Are there any questions

-------
   	2079
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2        or comments?
 3                  MR. HOLMER: I have a question.
 4                  MR. STEIN:   Yes, Mr. Holmer.
 5                  MR. HOLMER:  Are the standards which
 6        have been so  described this afternoon those which
 7        were adopted  by Indiana and approved by the
 8        Secretary of  the Interior?
 9                  MR. STEIN:   Who are you questioning?
10                  MR. HOLMER:  Well, I am asking the
11        gentleman from the Izaak Walton League.
12                  Are these the same standards that were
13        approved by the Secretary of the Interior last
14        July that you are seeking to have changed?
15                  MR. MINNEY:  No, I—well,  I don't
16        know whether  we--which ones are you  talking
17        about,  now?   I want to be sure I am  right.
18                  MR. HOLMER:  Well, you were raising
19        questions about temperature, for example,
20        as  just one item,  and if these criteria were
21        submitted by  the State Board to the  Secretary
22        of  the  Interior, I assume they are the same ones
23        which are now in effect as Federal standards as a
24        result  of approval by the Secretary  of the
25        Interior.   Is this the situation?

-------
                                                        2080
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2                  MR.  MINNEY:   I am not sure that I
 3        understand your question.
 4                  Maybe Mr.  Poole  can answer the question.
 5                  MR.  HOLMER:   Mr.  Poole or Mr.  Mitchell
 6        can,  I  think.
 7                  MR.  MINNEY:   Mr.  Poole?
 8                  MR.  POOLE:   I assumed from listening
 9        you were  talking  about the  same standards,  namely
10        the ones  that  we  adopted first and submitted and
U        were  subsequently approved  by Interior.
12                  MR.  MINNEY:   Yes.   Yes,  those  are the
13        ones, yes,  sir, that  is right.
14                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Could I ask a question
15        along that point?
16                  MR.  STEIN:   Yes.
17                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Does  the Izaak Walton
18        League  in Indiana approve  the water quality
19        criteria  that  the Secretary approved?  Are  you for
20        this  or against it?
21                  MR.  MINNEY:   We will approve a program
22        that  makes  the central waters of Lake Michigan
23        just  as safe for  body  contact as the shoreline.
24                  MR.  KLASSEN:   You didn't answer my
25        question.

-------
   	2081
 1                      E. EUGENE MINNEY
 2                  MR. MINNEY:  I don't understand the
 3        question.
 4                  MR. KLASSEN:  You didn't answer my
 5        question.  . You raised a lot of objections to
 6        temperatures and a number of other things.  I
 7        assume that you are acquainted with the present
 g        standards  that have been approved by Secretary
 9        Udall for  the State of Indiana. Do you endorse
lO        those or do you think they ought to be changed?
n                  MR. MINNEY:  Think they ought to be
12        changed.
13                  MR. KLASSEN:  Well, then, I dort't
14        quite understand your last statement, and I
15        agree with you, but that Secretary Udall, "God
16        bless him, he is the greatest conservationist,"
17        he  approved this,  yet you--
18                  MR. MINNEY:  This is my opinion.  I
19        said  that  is my opinion, not the opinion of the
20        Izaak Walton League.  I said that is my opinion,
21        if  you will read the record.
22                  MR. KLASSEN:  Oh, I see.  The Izaak
23        Walton League objects to these standards, but
24        you think  they are all right?
25                  MR. MINNEY:  No,  I don't.  But I think

-------
   	2082
 1                      E.  EUGENE MINNEY
 2        Secretary Udall has  done a Job as a man,  Just
 3        the  same.  That is my personal opinion.
 4                  MR.  KLASSEN:   Even though he approved
 5        standards that you don't approve of?
 6                  MR.  MINNEY:  Not of that especially.
 7        I  don't approve of everything President Johnson
 8        does  either,  but  he  is  my President and I voted
 9        for  him.
10                  Does ,that  answer your question?
11                  MR.  KLASSEN:   No.
12                  (Laughter  and applause.)
13                  MR.  MINNEY:  I didn't think it  would.
14                  (Laughter.)
15                  MR.  STEIN:   Any further comment or
16        questions?  Mr. Poole.
17                  MR.  POOLE:   Next and last I want to
18        Introduce the  most patient lady in the State
19        of Indiana.   She  has  been sitting- here since
20        last  Wednesday, Mrs.  Florence Murray of Michiana
21        Shores,  and also  a member of the Indiana  League
22        of Women Voters.
23
24               STATEMENT  OF  MRS. FLORENCE MURRAY
25                       MICHIANA SHORES

-------
                                                         2083

 1                       FLORENCE MURRAY

 2
                 INDIANA LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS
 3

 4                  MRS. MURRAY:  Thank you.  Chairman

 5        Stein,  ladies and gentlemen, fellow colleagues

 6        from Indiana.

 7                  It is always comforting to place the

 g        blame for any problem, and particularly the

 9        problem of water pollution, on the doorstep

10        of someone other than oneself.  We read with

11        dismay the charges against the U.S. Army Corps

12        of Engineers who dump the sludge they dredge

13        from rivers into our lake; of huge industries

14        who use tons of clean water daily and return

15        filthy water instead; of cities who open over-

16        loaded storm sewers and permit raw sewage to

17        flow directly into the lake; of the vast amount

18        of fertilizers from farms that pollute our

19        water;  but I have yet to read the first article

20        with headlines screaming:  "HOUSEWIVES INDICTED

21        IN WATER POLLUTION."

22                  I am here to accuse the innocent--

23        innocent of the knowledge but not innocent of

24        the crime--the housewife who accidentally pollutes

25        our water.   As a child I can still remember the

-------
                                 	2084

 1                       FLORENCE MURRAY


 2        ring  around  the dishpan because  we  used soap


 3        to  wash  dishes.  The  day detergents replaced


 4        soap  in  the  housewife's dishpan,  and in her


 5        washing  machine,  and  in her  scrubpail,  we


 6        eliminated the  ring around the sink and con-


 7        tributed to  the ring  around  the  lake.   Because


 g        detergents are  not biodegradable,  one  can hardly


 9        pass  a drainage ditch,  a stream  or  a river

                                                     *
10        where bubbles of foam do not testify that the


11        detergent has not been  dissolved and is foaming


12        away  adding  nutrients excessively to our fresh


13        water.


14                 Now,  if these nutrients were  nourishing


15        our lakes to produce  an acceptable  product like a


16        fisherman's  dream of  abundant trout, we would not


17        be  here  today.   But the alewife  propelled us, and


18        the detergents  have enriched the alewife and the


19        "seaweed."   There has been an unintentional assist,


20        you see,  by  the housewife to the alewife.  In-


21        creased  population means increased  use  of cleaning


22        products and therefore  an increase  in water pol-


23        lution because  grocers' shelves  are lined with


24 |       detergents and  offer  no biodegradable  product


25        for Madam Housewife's selection.

-------
                       	._	2085
 1                       FLORENCE MURRAY
 2                  If a solution is not found to eliminate
 3        the bubbles of foaming detergent, the last line
 4        in America, the Beautiful won't read, "Prom sea
 5        to shining sea,w but "From bubble to shining bubble
 6                  With so many experts attending this
 7        conference, I feel confident that this plea for
 8        detergent reform will result in the elimination
 9        of water pollution from this source.
10                  Our experience, the stenchy summer
11        of '6? on the beach of Lake Michigan, not only
12        involved water pollution but air pollution as
13        well with a nauseating, revolting wretched odor
14        that Secretary Udall himself described at a
15        press conference as a "tough, miserable problem."
16        Since we cannot legislate air pollution controls
17        over a lake that is unwittingly polluting the
18        air, we must eliminate water pollution.
19                  The purpose of this statement is to
20        present the plea of people Just like me, without
21        affiliation or position or influence, who want-
22        to know what the "little l" can do to help the
23        "^ig you."  Thank you.
24                  (Applause.)
25                  MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  Mr». Murray.

-------
                                                         2086
 1             FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 2                   I  believe  Mr.  Poston may have one short
 3         statement  from a participant who has been waiting
 4         here three days.
 5
 6             FEDERAL PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)
 7
 8                   MR.  POSTON:   Mr.  Donald Marshall,
          Regional Program Chief,  Water Supply and Sea
          Resources  Program of the Public Health Service,
          Department of Health,  Education and Welfare,
12         is  here.  He has been very patient.
13                   MR.  STEIN:  I  know.
14                   How long are you going to be, Don?
15                   MR.  MARSHALL:   Oh, less than 10 minutes,
          maybe.
17
18                STATEMENT OF  DONALD W. MARSHALL
19                     REGIONAL PROGRAM CHIEF
20            WATER  SUPPLY AND SEA RESOURCES PROGRAM
21                     PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
22          DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,  EDUCATION AND WELFARE
23
24                   MR.  MARSHALL:   Mr. Chairman,  Conferees,
25         ladies  and gentlemen.

-------
                       	2087
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2                  A brief message from the Secretary and
 3        from our Surgeon General, also Jerry Svore of the
 4        Center and Dr.  Farney of the Regional Office, who
 5        are  not able to attend the conference and I am
 6        filling in for  them.
 7                  The Department of Health, Education,
 8        and  Welfare  Region V serves five states,
 9        including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,  Ohio,
10        and  Wisconsin.   As Regional Program Chief of
11        the  Water Supply Program of the Public  Health
12        Service, I represent the Department of  Health,
13        Education, and  Welfare, and its regional re-
14        sponsibilities  and interests in domestic water
15        supplies and the public health aspects  of water
16        pollution control and water resources development.
17        These responsibilities  are further served in my
18        capacity as Commissioner representing the Depart-
19        ment on the recently created Great Lakes Basin
20        Commission.
21                  The Public Health Service is  the prin-
22        cipal Federal agency concerned with protection
23        of the public health.  The discharge of pollutants
24        and  disease-laden waste waters to a body of water
25        such as Lake Michigan and its watershed must

-------
   	         2088
 1                    DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        inevitably have  an adverse  effect  on the  health
 3        of people living in the watershed  and utilizing
 4        the water for  domestic  supply,  commercial and
 5        sports  fishing,  recreation  and  other purposes.
 6        The health threat associated with  water is  of
 7        three types—chemical,  biological  and radio-
 g        logical.
 9                 This statement  deals  with  the health
10        aspects of water pollution  control on the Lake
H        Michigan.  It  is made under the provisions  of the
12        Federal Water  Pollution Control Act    19^5
13        Amendments and the operational  and procedural
14        Agreement of September  3> 19^5*  between the
15        Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
16        and the Department of the Interior.   Subjects
17        of vital public  health  concern  regarding  which
18        the Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration
19        have agreed to consult  with the Public Health
20        Service are drinking water  supply, contact  with
21        water in recreation and work, contamination of
22        food sources,  and the breeding  of  insect  vectors.
23                 The  Public Health Service  has long  been
24        concerned about  the quality of  water in Lake
25        Michigan.  It was on the  basis  of  field

-------
                      	2089
                       DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        investigations and reports prepared by the

 3        Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,

 4        Public Health Service, and in accordance with

 6        Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control
 6
          Act (33 U.S.C.  466 et. Seq.) that Secretary
 -        A.  J.  Celebreeze of the Department of Health,

 8        Education,  and Welfare, on December 15,

 9        called a conference in the matter of pollution

10        of  the interstate waters of the Grand Calumet

          River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River,

12        Lower  Lake  Michigan,  Wolf Lake and their

13        tributaries (Ill.-Ind.)  The findings of this

14        conference  definitely established the fact that

15        the interstate waters of the previously mentioned

16        streams and lakes were indeed being polluted by
17        untreated and/or Inadequately treated municipal
18        and industrial wastes being discharged to these
          waters, and that these wastes from one State
20        were believed to endanger the health and welfare

2i        of  persons  in another State.

22                 At the request of the U. S. Department

23        of  Justice, the Public Health Service conducted

24        extensive  water quality studies in Lake Michigan

25        and provided the services of expert witnesses

-------
   	20QO
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        to interpret and explain their findings before

 3        Special Master Albert Maris of the U. S. Supreme

 4        Court in the recent reopening of the case of

 5        Wisconsin vs. Illinois, the Lake Michigan Di-

 6        version Case.  In his report  of December 8, 1966,

 7        to the Supreme Court, Judge Maris summarized

 8        these findings and their effect on the quality

 9        and use of the waters of Lake Michigan.  Among

10        the more serious effects of pollution are:

H        (1) the rapidly increasing quantities of algae

12        produced by nutrients in waste discharges.  These

13        minute aquatic forms reduce water treatment plant

14        capacities by clogging intake screens and filters,

15        produce tastes and odors in the finished water,

16        and interfere with recreation by forming long

17        windrows of odorous, decaying organic masses on

!g        bathing beaches (2) the discharge of phenols and

IQ        other taste-producing organics which require

20        treatment processes not normally utilized to

2i        produce a palatable water (3) the discharge of

22        waste waters to the lake containing pathogenic

23                  1  Report of Albert B. Maris, Special

24  j      Master, December 8, 1966, in the Supreme Court of

25        the United States.		

-------
                                                        2091
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        microorganisms  and viral agents.   Although normal
 3        treatment processes are capable of removing or
 4        destroying such organisms,  their  presence con-
 5        stitutes  a potential hazard because of the ever-
 6        present possibility of  human or mechanical failure.
 7        Such  discharges do constitute a hazard to those
 g        using bathing beaches or having chance contact
 9        with  the  lake waters.  Only by frequent monitoring
10        of  the bacteriological  quality of bathing beach
11        waters can their safe use be assured.
12                  For many years, the Public Health
13        Service has promulgated drinking  water standards
14        for water supplies used on  interstate  carriers
15        and has been responsible for the  certification
16        of  such water supplies.   These standards have
17        been  adopted or are used as the guidelines for
18        drinking  water  quality  in all 50  States.  The
19        Public Health Service also  has served  as con-
20        sultant and technical assistant to State and local
21         health departments in their programs of safe-
22         guarding  the quality of municipal-domestic water
23         supplies.  Lake Michigan and its  tributaries are
24         utilized  as a raw water source for domestic water
25         supplies  serving over 6.8 million persons.

-------
   	2092
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2                  These waters  are  also heavily used
 3        for  industrial water  supplies  and  water-borne
 4        commerce.   Many of the  lake and sea-going
 5        vessels  take  on water from  Lake Michigan for
 6        use  as a potable  water  supply.   Public  Health
 7        Service  regulations allow high quality  waters,
 3        such as  those generally found  in the  Great Lakes,
 9        to be used for drinking and culinary  purposes
10        with only  disinfection  treatment.   Recent
H        studies  (Report on Vessel Watering on the Great
12        Lakes, dated  December 30, 1966)  of pollution
13        of Great Lakes waters have  revealed contamination
14        in certain areas  which  exceed  recognized limits
15        for  such treatment.   Such contaminated  water
16        may  pose a hazard to  health.   In a recent Notice
11        to Mariners,  it was recommended that: confined
18        waters such as Green  Bay, water within  five miles
19        of shore,  and water within  twenty miles of metro-
20        politan  areas not be  taken  aboard for use as
21        potable  water if  it is  treated by disinfection
22        only, such as chlorination.
23                  Lake Michigan is  also heavily used for
24        recreational  activities such as swimming, boating,
25        water skiing, and fishing.   Protection  of water

-------
                                                        2093
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        quality for these uses is a very important
 3        aspect of this conference.  We are vitally
 4        interested in this feature of the conference
 5        and the progress of effective remedial programs.
 6                  In fulfilling our responsibilities
 7        regarding the health aspects of water pollution
 8        control, the Public Health Service has developed
 9        health guidelines for water resources development
10        including water quality for domestic and food
H        processing use, recreational development, and
12        vector control.  The conclusions and recommenda-
13        tions  of the Conferees of the previous conference
14        pertaining to Lower Lake Michigan and the Calumet
15        Area included the recommendation to establish a
16        technical committee for the purpose of evaluating
17        water  quality criteria and make recommendations
18        pertinent to these waters.  In their "Report of
19        Water  Quality Criteria, Calumet Area and Lower
20        Lake Michigan - January 1966,"  this Committee
21         submitted raw water quality criteria for Open
22         Water,  Inner Harbor Basins and Shore Water as
23         well as for the tributaries to the lake in this
24         area.   Constituents considered by the Committee
25         included bacteriological,  chemical, physical, and

-------
                                                        209^
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        radiological quality  limits in the  recommended
 3        criteria.  The recommendations of the  Committee
 4        appear satisfactory for  the protection of  these
 5        most important raw water sources and compare
 6        favorably to the Public  Health Service guidelines.
 7                  The States  of  Wisconsin,  Illinois,
 8        Indiana, and Michigan, have recently adopted
 9        water quality criteria for interstate  streams
!0        including Lake Michigan.  These water  quality
U        criteria also include bacteriological,  chemical,
12        physical, and radiological limits similar  to
13        those of the PHS Drinking Water Standards  - 1962.
!4                  Criteria alone cannot solve  the
15        problems of pollution.   Implementation,  action,
16        remedial measures must be initiated and carried
17        out.  The Department  and the  Public Health
18        Service urge that corrective  measures  with the
19        best of our technical know-how be taken to main-
20        tain and preserve the water quality of Lake Michi-
2i        gan, a most important source  of water,  for domestic
22        and industrial uses,  recreation and other  water-
23        related activities.
24                  I am pleased to represent the Department
25        of Health, Education, and Welfare at this  meeting.

-------
   	2095
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        We  in the Public Health Service are ready to do
 3        whatever we can to cooperate and assist in the
 4        job of safeguarding and improving the quality of
 5        Lake Michigan water which is an important raw
 0        water source for a large percentage of the persons
 7        in  the Lake Michigan area.  The work and accom-
 g        plishments of the Conferees are commendable /and we
 9        are pleased to join you in this xindertaking.
10                  Thank you .
11                  Mr. Chairman, I have a copy of the
12        notice to the mariners that was written by Jerry
13        Svore, our Director of the Center.  I also have
14         a  copy of the report on which this notice was
15        based.  I have preliminary drafts of three of
16        the guidelines for health aspects of water
17        pollution.  I want you to recognize they are
18        preliminary in nature and they have been sub-
19        mitted to our headquarters for approval, but
20        they can be introduced for the record.
21                  MR. STEIN:  We would be delighted to
22        have those, Mr. Marshall.  And give Jerry my
23        regards.
24                  (Which said documents are as follows:)
25

-------
                                  	2096

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2

 3       DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

 4                   PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE


 5
    National Center for
 6  Urban and Industrial Health             Refer  to:

 7                     November  3, 19&7


 8
    NOTICE TO MARINERS
 9

10       Gentlemen:

11                 Public Health Service regulations allow

12       high quality waters, such .as those generally  found

13       in the Great Lakes,  to  be used for drinking and

14       culinary purposes with  only disinfection  treatment.

15       Studies of pollution of Great Lakes waters have

16       revealed contamination  in certain areas which

17       exceed recognized limits for such treatment.   Such

18       contaminated water may  pose a hazard to health.

10                 ¥e wish to advise you of this and re-

20       quest that water not be taken from these  areas

21       for use as potable water if it is treated by

22       disinfection only, such as chlorination.

23                 These areas are:

24            a.   Lake Erie west of Pelee Point;

25            b.   Lake Erie  east of the Pennsylvania-
                   New York State boundary;

-------
           	2097

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2             c.   Confined waters such as Green
                    Bay and Saginaw Bay;
 3
               d.   Water within five miles of
 4                  shore;

 5             e.   Water within 20 miles of metro-
                    politan areas.
 6

 7                  It is recognized that water of quality

 g        acceptable for use as drinking water with dis-

 9        infection only can generally be found in portions

10        of the listed areas.  However, because of the

11        hazard which may exist and with the wide choice

12        of locations in the Great Lakes where water is

13        consistently of acceptable quality, there should

14        be no need to take water from the designated areas

15                  Information concerning onboard treatment

16        of water and the location of approved shore water-

17        ing points at Great Lakes ports can be obtained

18        from our Regional Offices at 433 West Van Buren

19        Street, Chicago, or 42 Broadway, New York.   In-

20        formation will also be available during the annual

21         inspections of interstate carrier vessels.

22                               Sincerely yours,

23                               (Signed) Jerome H. Svore

24                               Jerome H. Svore
                                Director
25                            - - -

-------
   	20Q8

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL


 2


 3             VESSEL WATERING  ON THE  GREAT  LAKES


 4                       Henning  Eklund


 5            Chief, Interstate Carrier Activities


 6                 Region V, Chicago," Illinois


 7                      December  30*  1966


 8
         Summary

 9

IQ                  The waters  of the  Great  Lakes are


H        generally satisfactory  as a  source of  water  for


12        vessels with chlorination as the only  treatment.


13        There are areas, however, where coliform  densities


14        are higher than permissible  for chlorination only.


15        Areas where watering  should  not be permitted are


16        listed.


17
         Introduction

18

19                  The Interstate Quarantine Regulations(1)


20        state that "The treatment of water aboard convey-


21        ances shall be approved by the Surgeon General  if


22        the apparatus used is of such design and  is  so


23        operated as to be capable of producing and in fact


24        down produce potable water.... Overboard  water


25        treated on vessels shall be  from areas relatively

-------
   	2099
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        free  of contamination and pollution."
 3                  The waters of the Great Lakes have
 4        been  considered Group II waters which require
 5        treatment only by simple chlorination or its
 6        equivalent.   The Manual of Recommended Water-
 7        Sanitation Practice(2)  defines Group II waters
 g        as  "....both underground and surface waters
 9        subject to a low degree of contamination,  and
10        meeting the  requirements of the Public Health
ll        Service Drinking Water  Standards(3)  in all
12        respects except as  to coliform bacterial content,
13        which should average not more than 50 per
14        100 ml in any month."
15                  On October 10,  1966 Mr.  C.  T.  Armstrong,
16        President of Great  Lakes  Seamen Local 5000 of the
17        United Steelworkers of  America,  filed a complaint
18        with  the  Surgeon General(4).   He questioned the
19        practice  of  vessels that  take water  from Lake Erie
20        and treat it by chlorination  only.   He considered
21        this  practice  to be insanitary,  and  detrimental
22        to the  seamen  who use this  water.  He  requested
23        that  immediate  action be  taken to  stop this  prac-
24        tice.
25                  On October 25 I  talked  to Mr.  Armstrong

-------
   	2100
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        and learned  that  most of the vessels that he was
 3        concerned  about were in the  coal trade in western

 4        Lake Erie, and that the specific complaint came

 5        from the Crispin  Oglebay of  the Oglebay Norton
 6        fleet.

          Field Study
 8
 9                  Eighteen  vessels were boarded to in-

10        vestigate  the source and condition of the drinking
11        water aboard.  The  vessels were selected to repre-

12        sent vessels  in the coal trade  on Lake Erie and

13        vessels of the Oglebay  Norton fleet.  A few other

14        vessels were  boarded also for comparison.  The
15        Captain and Chief Engineer or their representatives
16        were interviewed  to determine the source of the
17        drinking water aboard,  if they  ever watered in
lg        Lake Erie, and if so, where.  Samples of water
19        were taken from the galley for  determination of
20        coliform bacteria,  threshold odor,  color, and

21        turbidity.  These samples were  analyzed by the
22        water supply  laboratories of Detroit, Toledo,

23        and  Chicago.  Whi"1** these samples were being taken,
24        the  concentration of residual chlorine in the

25        drinking water was  determined.   Two samples of

-------
                                                         2101


 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL


 2        drinking water that had been taken aboard in Lake


 3        Erie were sent to SEC in Cincinnati for chemical


 4        analysis.  The Ashland had taken on water three


 5        miles off Long Point, and the Crispin Oglebay


 6        had taken on water near Middle Sister Island.


 7                  The Public Health Service Hospital in


 8        Detroit and the Outpatient Clinic in Chicago were


 9        contacted to determine the occurrence of gastro-


10        enteritis among merchant seamen.


11                  In addition to the above, information


12        on the  occurrence of coliform bacteria in the


13        open waters of the Great Lakes,  except Lake


I4        Superior,  was obtained from the  Great Lakes


15        Project of the Water Pollution Control Adminis-


16        tration.

17

          Results
18


19                  Interviews with  the  officers of'the ves-


20        sels  about source  of water  aboard yielded the fol-


21         lowing  information.   Nine had  taken water in  the


22         Upper Lakes  (Lakes Superior, Huron, and  Michigan),


23         five had  taken water from approved  shore  watering


24         points, and  four had taken water  directly  from
25
         Lake Erie.  When questioned about the frequency

-------
                        	2102
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        of watering in Lake Erie, four reported  that
 3        they watered regularly in Lake Erie, two watered
 4        there occasionally, and eleven reported  either
 5        that they never watered in Lake Erie or  that  they
 6        had not watered there this year.  One vessel
 7        master was not asked this question.  All masters
 8        reported that they disinfect lake water  before
 9        use, as required by regulation.  Of the  six vessels
10        that reported taking Lake Erie water regularly or
11        occasionally, four said that they watered off Long
12        Point in eastern Lake Erie, near the deepest  part
13        of the lake.  One said he watered about  30 miles
14        offshore, but did not specify where.  One, the
15        Crispin Oglebay, to which Mr. Armstrong  referred,
16        regularly watered in western Lake Erie.  The
17        master said he sometimes watered south of Detroit
18        Light.  On this particular trip he had watered
19        near Middle Sister Island enroute from Cleveland
20        to Toledo.  Other masters who do not water in Lake
21        Erie were asked where they would water in Lake
22        Erie if it were necessary to do so.  All replied
23        that they would water off Long Point.  The pre-
24        ceding information is summarized in Table I.
25                  The Public Health Service Hospital  in

-------
                                                         2103
 1                     DONALD W, MARSHALL
 2        Detroit and the Outpatient Clinic in Chicago
 3        were contacted to determine if any effects on
 4        seamen had "been noted as a result of drinking
 5        lake water.  It was learned that the medical
 6        experience of seamen treated at the hospital
 7        gives no conclusive evidence of epidemic or
 8        multiple attacks of gastroenteritis from one
 9        vessel or vessels of one company sailing the
10        Great Lakes.   The Outpatient Clinic reported
11        that the observed incidence of gastroenteritis
12        among merchant seamen is less than that in the
13        general population.
14                  As  previously stated, samples of
15        drinking water were taken from the vessels to
16        determine if  they met the 1962 Drinking Water
17        Standards. The analytical results are shown
18        in  Tables II  and III.  All 18 samples were
19        negative for  coliform bacteria.  The data in
20        Table II also show that color, odor, and turbidity
21        were acceptable except for turbidity aboard the
22        Ben E.  Tate.   Since this water had been taken from
23        a shore supply, it is likely that the high turbiditjy
24        resulted from sediment in the tank.
25                  Table III shows the results of chemical

-------
   	2104
 1                     DONALD ¥.  MARSHALL
 2        analysis  of water from  the Ashland  and the
 3        Crispin Oglebay.  The Ashland had taken water
 4        from Lake Erie  three miles off  Long Point,
 5        and the Crispin Oglebay had  taken water from
 6        Lake Erie near  Middle Sister Island.   Since
 7        no analyses were made for chloride,  carbon
 g        chloroform extract, sulfate, and total dissolved
 9        solids, appropriate values were taken  from the
10        Buffalo station of the  Water Pollution Surveil-
11        lance Sys.tem(5) •  The value  for nitrate was
12        obtained  from the City  of Toledo(6).   It is  seen
13        that all  values are within the  Drinking Water
14        Standards.
15                   It is concluded from  the  data presented
16        that water taken from Lake Erie and chlorinated
17        met the 1962 Drinking Water  Standards  in every
18        respect.   It is also concluded  that the unchlori-
19        nated surface water also met the Drinking Water
20        Standards  in every respect except as to bacterial
21        content.   It was for the purpose of determining
22        where Group II  waters,  those with an average coli-
23        form bacterial  content  of not more  than 50 per  100
24        ml, exist in the Great  Lakes that the  records of
25        the Federal Water Pollution  Control Administration

-------
   	2105

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        were consulted.

 3
                            Lake Erie
 4

 5                  Data from studies by the Detroit River-

 6        Lake Erie Project(7) have shown that the Michig-*.

 7        waters of Lake Erie cannot be considered as Group

 8        II waters.  The geometric mean of coliform deter-

 9        minations in about one-half of this area is great-

10        er than 100 per 100 ml.  The geometric mean values

11        below the Detroit River Light lie between 2^00 and

12        5000 per 100 ml.   When it is remembered that the

13        geometric mean is usually a much smaller number

14        than the arithmetic mean, there is considerable

15        doubt that any part of Michigan waters meets the

16        criterion of 50 per 100 ml arithmetic average.

17        Such a conclusion is supported by the fact that

18        the sampling station showing the lowest maximum

19        coliform concentration showed 140 per 100 ml.   The

20        next lowest maximum was 100 per 100 ml.  It is

21        also concluded that the immediately adjacent waters

22        in Ohio and Canada do not meet the criterion.

23                  Records  of the Lake Erie Program Office,
                                                             !
24        FWPCA,  indicate that the open waters  of Lake Erie

25        meet the  coliform  criterion for Group II waters

-------
   	2106
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        with  three  exceptions.   One  area  is  Michigan
 3        waters  previously  discussed.   Another area is
 4        immediately west of Pelee  Point and  north of
 5        Pelee Island on shipping lanes where consistently
 Q        high  coliform  counts  are found.   Other isolated
 7        high  values are found in the  area west of Pelee
 g        Point.  The influence of the  Detroit River and
 9        the vagaries of lake  currents are such that it
10        appears inadvisable to  take  drinking water from
11        any part  of Lake Erie west of Pelee  Point and
12        treat it  with  chlorination only.
13                  The  third area in  Lake  Erie that is  of
14        questionable quality  is east  of the  Pennslyvania-
15        New York  State boundary, where median values
16        ranging between 10 and  100 coliform  bacteria per
17        100 ml  have been found. In  contrast to western
18        Lake  Erie,  there is no  immediately apparent
19        reason  why  high coliform counts should be found
20        here.   On the  basis of  the data,  however, it would
21        appear  inadvisable for  vessels to water in this
22        portion of  Lake Erie.
23                  Except for  these areas,  the main body
24        of Lake Erie,  including the  area  off Long Point,
25        appears to  meet the criterion of  Group II waters,

-------
   	2107
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        and  chlorlnation only should be acceptable treat-
 3        ment.   Median coliform values are consistently
 4        less than  1  per 100 ml  in half of this region,
 5        and  less  than 10 per 100 ml in the other half
 6        of the  region.
 7                  This  conclusion has been supported
 8        by documents by the Federal Water Pollution Con-
 9        trol Administration.  In March.  1965 >  it was
10        stated:   "Much  of the American shoreline of Lake
11        Erie out  one to two miles is a polluted zone.
12        Coliform  counts decrease rapidly as one proceeds
13        out  into  the lake so that when one gets beyond
14        the  two-mile zone counts are frequently near
15        zero."(8}  Again in June 1965 it was stated
16        about  the  Cleveland area:  "studies show that
17        the  most  seriously polluted zone is an area
18        extending  to only about one-half mile  into the
19        lake under normal conditions.  From the one-half
20        mile zone  on out to about three to four miles the
21        transition in quality is gradual until it reaches
22        the  background  of the lake waters.  The Cleveland
23        water  intakes are well  beyond the polluted zone."(9)
24         The  FWPCA  Enforcement Conference Report on Lake
25         Erie(10) did not state  that the open waters of

-------
                                 	2108

 1                      DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2         Lake  Erie exhibited high numbers of coliform

 3         bacteria.

 4
                          Lake Ontario
 5

 6                   Records  of the Lake Ontario Program

 7         Office  show high coliform concentrations near

 8         metropolitan centers.  If,  however, one excludes

 9         waters  within a 20-mile radius of the mouth of

10         the Niagara River,  within 20 miles of Toronto and

11         Hamilton  in Ontario, and within 20 miles of

12         Rochester and Oswego in New York, the remaining

13         open  waters are found to meet the coliform re-

14         quirements of Group II  waters.

15
                           Lake Huron
16

17                   Records  of the Lake Huron Program Office

18         show  that all open waters in Lake Huron, except

19         near  the  mouth of  the Saginaw River, meet the

20         coliform  requirements of Group II waters.

21
                         Lake Michigan
22

23                   Data of  the Great Lakes-Illinois River

24         Basins  Project(ll)  indicate that the waters of

25         Green Bay, in places, do not meet the coliform

-------
   	210Q

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        requirements of Group II waters.  The open waters

 3        of Lake Michigan 20 miles away from metropolitan

 4        centers do, however, meet the requirements for

 5        Group II waters.

 6
                          Lake Superior
 7

 8                  There are as yet no coliform data avail-

 9        able on the open waters of Lake Superior.  Records

10        of the Water Pollution Surveillance System (12)

11        show an average coliform density of 35 per 100 ml

12        at the Duluth water supply intake and 22 at Sault

13        Ste. Marie.  It is therefore inferred that the

14        open waters of Lake Superior meet the requirements

15        for Group II waters.

16
          Proposed Policy Statement
17

18                  The information heretofore prese ited

19        in this report shows that the bulk of the water

20        in the Great Lakes meets the requirements for

21         Group II waters,  for which disinfection is the

22         only required treatment.  There are certain areas,

23         however, from which drinking water should not be

24         taken.   It is recognized that acceptable water

25         may be  found in some of these areas,  but the areas

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2110
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

DONALD W. MARSHALL
of acceptable water are so large that there is
no reason to take water in the questionable areas.
In order
simple,
proposed
to keep instructions to Ships' Masters
five rules for open lake watering are
Water covered by these rules should
not be used for drinking water supply if the
only treatment provided is chlorination. The
restricted waters are as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.









Lake Erie west of Pelee Point.
Lake Erie east of the Pennsly-
vania-New York State boundary.
Confined waters such as Saglnaw
Bay and Green Bay.
Water within 5 miles of shore.
Water within 20 miles of major
metropolitan areas and tributary
streams.










-------
                                         	2111
 I                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2
 3                         References
 4        1.    Interstate Quarantine Regulations,
 5             Para.  72.103
 6        2.    DREW,  Public Health Service, "Manual
 7             of recommended Water-Sanitation Prac-
 8             tice," 1946
 9        3.    Public Health Service Drinking Water
10             Standards, publication Ho. 956, 1962
n        4.    Letter dated October 10, 1966 from
12             Mr.  C, T.  Armstrong, President, Local
13             5000,  United Steelworkers of America,
14             Cleveland, Ohio,  to the Surgeon General
15        5«    Water  Pollution Surveillance System,
ig             PWPCA, October 1,  1962-September 30,
17             1963
18        6.    The  1965 Annual Report, Division of
19             Water, Toledo, Ohio
20        7.    R. D.  Vaughan and  G. L. Harlow,
21             "Report on Pollution of the Detroit
22             River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie,
23             and  their  Tributaries," FWPCA,  April
24             1965.
25        8.    C. W.  Northlngton,  "Lake Erie - Sick

-------
   	2112
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             Dying,  or Well," FWPCA,  March 1965
 3        9.    C.  W. Northington,  "Water Pollution
 4             Aspects of the Lake Erie Shoreline,"
 5             FWPCA,  June 1965
 6       10.    Report  on Pollution of Lake Erie
 7             and its Tributaries,  FWPCA, July
 8             1965
 9       11.    "A  Comprehensive Water Pollution
10             Control Program, Lake Michigan
11             Basin,  Green Bay Area,"  FWPCA,
12             June 1966
13       12.    Water Pollution Surveillance System,
I4             FWPCA,  October 1,  1963-September 30,
15             1964.
16                           - -  -
17           HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR  WATER RESOURCE
18             AND RELATED LAND USE MANAGEMENT
19           PART 1:    WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC
20                 AND FOOD PROCESSING USES
21
                                            PRELIMINARY DRAFT
22                                             USPHS,  DHEW
                                              November 1967
23
24                        INTRODUCTION
25

-------
                      	2113
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2                  Health guidelines for water resource
 3        management are being prepared for the guidance
 4        of Federal and other agencies concerned with
 5        the development of the  Nation's water resources
 6        and related land uses.   The guidelines entitled
 7        "Part 1:   Water Quality for Domestic and Food
 8        Processing Uses" are the initial issuance of the
 9        health guidelines.  Future guidelines will be
10        prepared  to cover all other health aspects of
11        water and related land  uses.
12                  Part 1 also fulfills a portion of DHEW1s
13        commitment to  the Federal Water Pollution Control
14        Administration, Department of the Interior, pur-
15        suant to  section 5 (a)  of the DHEW-Interior
16        Interdepartmental Agreement "Health Aspects of
17        Water Pollution Control," dated September 2,
18        1966, which states as follows:
19             "5.   Under the terms of this Inter-
20             departmental Agreement the Department
21             of Health, Education, and Welfare will
22             provide advice to  the Department of the
23             Interior  as follows:
24                  (a)   Recommendations on criteria
25                  for  water quality standard setting

-------
   	2114



 1                    DONALD ¥. MARSHALL



 2                 based on health aspects  of



 3                 intended water use for drink-



 4                 inter water supplies, shellfish



 5                 and other marine food produc-



 6                 tion, bathing, and other water



 7                 contact activities.  Recomraenda-



 8                 tions will be provided and



 9                 modified as new supporting  data



10                 are developed."



11                 In considering these guidelines it  must



12       be noted  that they are based upon  available in-



13       formation and are subject to review and modifica-



14       tion as new information becomes available.  It



15       should also be recognized that guideline contami-



16       nant levels constitute only one of several health



17       protection tools.  Before waters in any one geo-



18       graphic location can be considered safe for any



19       of the various human uses at least two additional



20       facets should be considered:



21            1.   Sanitary Survey:  As examples,



22            low  contaminant levels can mask  an



23            intermittent but potentially  hazardous



24            pollution source; or special  geologic



25            features can provide a short-circuit

-------
   	2115
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             pathway for quick  pollution travel
 3             from source to wells  used for com-
 4             munity purposes.   A sanitary survey
 5             made by qualified  public  health
 6             authorities is needed to  reveal
 7             these and other hazardous possibilities
 8             in the health consideration of specific
 9             waters.
10             2.   Epidemiology:   As a third facet
11             in the trilogy of  health  checks,
12             epidemiology will  indicate whether
13             identifiable disease  occurrences
14             have been associated  with specific
15             waters.   Initially such an assess-
16             ment will depend upon existing
17             records.   Plans should be made how-
18             ever for  the systematic recording
19             of  pertinent data  and the epidemi-
20             ological  assessment should be of  a
21             continuing or periodic nature routinely
22             done by health authorities.
23                  For  waters to be considered  safe  from  a
24       health  standpoint,  a satisfactory finding must be
25       made  on  water  quality levels;  and the  sanitary

-------
                                                        2116

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2         survey and epidemiology must reveal no  serious

 3         hazards or disease occurrence.   On the  other hand,

 4         negative findings on any one of  the three  aspects

 5         would raise serious health questions with  regard

 6         to the use of specific waters for human purposes.

 7
                  WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC
 8
                   AND FOOD PROCESSING USES
 9

10                  To be considered safe  from a  health

11         standpoint, the subject waters should meet indi-

12         cated cirteria for quality, and  be Judged  safe

13         on the basis of a sanitary survey and an epi-

14         demiological assessment.  Water  for food processing

15         should meet the same requirements as water for

16         domestic use; however, where food processing

17         may concentrate contaminants or  otherwise  change

18         the nature of contaminants, additional  and

19         stricter requirements may be needed as  deter-

20         mined by health authorities.

21
          A.  Public Health Service Drinking Water
22
             Standards - 1962
23

24                  As part of its responsibilities  under

25         the Public Health Service Act, the Public  Health

-------
   	;	2117

 1                     DONALD V. MARSHALL


 2        Service has developed over the years and kept


 3        up to -date the subject standards for potable


 4        water used by carriers subject to the Federal


 5        Quarantine Regulations.   These standards


 6        constitute the essential baseline for health


 7        criteria with respect to water quality for


 g        domestic and food processing uses.  They also


 9        serve as an important reference point for health


10        criteria with respect to water quality for other


11        uses.


12
          B.  Quality of Untreated Raw Ground Water for

13
              Domestic and Food Processing Uses
14

is             a)  Bacteriological:  Should meet


16             Public Health Service Drinking Water


17             Standards

18             b)  Physical:  Should meet Public

19             Health Service Drinking Water Standards


20             c)  Chemical:  Chemical present should


21              not exceed the following concentrations:


22         Substance                      Concentration (mg/1)


23         Arsenic (As)                            0.01


24         Barium (Ba)                              1.0


25         Boron (B)                                1.0

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1
2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
DONALD W. MARSHALL
	 • • i I. ..-..i. i, ..,.._, _^»— ••—^•.j^
Substance Concentration (m«/l)
Cadmium (Cd)
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE)
Chloride (Cl)
Chromium (Hexavalent, Cr*^)
Copper
Cyanide (CN)
Detergents (Methylene Blue
Active Substances)
Fluoride (P)
50.0-58.3*°F
58.4-70.6*°F
70.7-90.5*°F
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Nitrogen (in nitrate or
nitrite form)
Phenols
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Sulfate (SO^)
Total Dissolved Solids
Uranyl ion (U02++)
Zinc (Zn)

Substances not included
0.01
0.2
250
0.05
1.0
.01

0.5

1.8
1.5
1.2
0.3
0.05
0.05

10.0
0.001
0.01
0.05
250
500
5.0
5.0

in the above
table which may have deleterious physiological
effect or which may be excessively
the water supply system should not
in the raw water supply.
corrosive to
be permitted

d) Radioactivity: Should meet Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards
e) Pesticides: Should not exceed
limits:
* Annual average of maximum daily

the following

air temperatures

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2119
1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15
16

17
18

19

20
21
22
23
24

25

DONALD W. MARSHALL

Maximum Permissible
Pesticide Concentration *mg/l

1. Endrin

2. Aldrin

3. Dieldrin

4. Lindane

5. Toxaphene

6. Heptachlor

7. Heptachlor Epoxide

8. DDT

9. Chlordane

10. Methoxychlor

11. Total Organophosphorous and
Carbamate Compounds (expressed
in terms of Parathion Equivalent
Cholinesterase inhibitions)
12. 2,4,5-TP Individual limits = 0
13. 2,4,5-T of any combination of

0.001

0.017

0.017

0.056

0.005

0.018

0.018

0.042

0.003

0.035




0.1
. 1 mg/1. Sum
chlorinated
14. 2,4-D** phenoxy alkyl pesticides - 0.1 mg/1.

C. Quality of Raw Water, Treatment


by Disinfectio

Only, For Domestic and Food Processing Uses

a) This water should meet all
the requirements for Physical,
* For long-term exposure

** Short period limit only--two to

more than once or twice a year.

of



three days, no



-------
                        	2120
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             Chemical,  Radioactivity,  and
 3             Pesticides as  shown for untreated
 4             raw ground water in Sections B. b,
 5             B.  c,  B.  d,  and B.  e respectively.
 6             b)   Bacteriological:
 7                  1)  Coliform Group: Less than
 g                  100/100 ml. as measured by a
 9                  monthly arithmetic mean.
10                  2)  Fecal  Coliform:  If fecal
11                  coliform  density is  measured,
12                  the  above total coliform
13                  density may be exceeded, but
14                  fecal coliform density should
15                  not  exceel 20/100 ml.  as
16                  measured  by a  monthly arith-
17                  metic mean.
18        D.   Quality of  Raw  Water, Treatment by Complete
19            Conventional  Means  Including Coagulation,
20            Sedimentation,  Rapid Sand Filtration,  and
21            Disinfection, for Domestic and Food Processing
22            Uses
23            a)   Bacteriological:
24                  1)  Total  Coliform Density: Less
25                  than  20,000/100 ml,  as measured

-------
   	         2121

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2                  by a monthly geometric mean

 3                  or,

 4                  2) Fecal Coliform Density:

 5                  If fecal coliform density is

 6                  measured, the above total

 7                  coliform density may be ex-

 g                  ceeded but fecal coliform

 9                  should not exceed 4,000/100

10                  ml • as measured by a monthly

11                  geometric mean.

12             b)  Physical:  Elements of Color,

13             Odor, and Turbidity contribute

14             significantly to the treatability

15             and potability of the water.

16                  Color	75 color units

17             (This limit applies only to non-

18             industrial sources; industrial

19             concentrations of color should be

20             handled on a case-by-case basis and

21              should not exceed levels which are

22              treatable by complete conventional

23              means.)

24                   Odor	5 threshold numbers
                    Turbidity.  . .Variable
25

-------
   	2122
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2              (Factors of nature,  size, and
 3              electrical charge for  the dif-
 4              ferent particles causing turbidity
 5              require a variable limit.   Tur-
 5              bldity should remain within a
 7              range which is readily treatable
 8              by complete conventional means; it
 9              should not overload  the water treat-
10              ment works; and it should not change
H              rapidly either in nature or in con-
12              centratipn where such  rapid shifts
13              would upset normal treatment opera-
14              tions.)
15              c)  Chemical:
16                  1)  Since complete conventional
17                  treatment generally produces
18                  little reduction  in chemical
19                  constituents, raw water should
20                  meet the limits given  in section
21                  B. c of this Guideline.
22              d)  Radioactivity:   Should  meet Public
23              Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
24              e)  Pesticides:  Should meet require-
25              ments for Pesticides as shown for

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                                          	2123

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL


 2             untreated raw ground water in


 3             section B. e.


 4


 5
              HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR WATER RESOURCE

 6
                AND RELATED LAND USE MANAGEMENT

 7
              PART II:  RECREATION AREA DEVELOPMENT

 8

 9                                         PRELIMINARY DRAFT
                                              USPHS, DHEW
10                                           November 1967


11
          CONTENTS                                     PAGE

12
          Introduction
13
          Site Selection

14
          Watershed Management

15
          Water Supply,

16
          Sewage Disposal 	  *

17
          Plumbing
18
          Building and Housing Hygiene

19
          Milk and Food Sanitation
20
          Solid Waste Disposal
21
          Compatibility of Recreation
22        and Water Supply,


23        Water Contact Recreation Water Quality.  .  .  .


24        Swimming Pools and Outdoor
          Bathing Places
25
          Bathing Load for Outdoor Beaches

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                                         	2124

 1                      DONALD  W.  MARSHALL


 2         CONTENTS                                      PAGE


 3
          Travel  Trailer  Parking,
 4
          Boating

 5
          Fish  Cleaning Facilities

 6
          Insect  and Rodent  Control

 7
          Campgrounds,  Playgrounds,
 8         and Picnic Areas
 9        Stable  Sanitation

10        Conclusion


11
             HEALTH  GUIDELINES  FOR  WATER  RESOURCE
12
               AND RELATED  LAND USE MANAGEMENT
13
             PART II:  RECREATION AREA  DEVELOPMENT
14

15                  The conservation,  development, and wise

16        use of  outdoor  recreational resources are of great

17        Importance  in satisfying the social  and  health

18        goals of our population.   Expanding  leisure time,

19        growing interest in  outdoor recreation,  increased

20        mobility of people,  and a  rising standard of

21        living  make it  possible for more people  to seek

22        and utilize recreation areas.

23                  The term "recreation area" refers to

24        land and water  areas dedicated to the enjoyment

25        of the  public.  These  developments generally

-------
                                                         2125
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2        involve facilities operated by a public agency,
 3        concessionaire,  voluntary or private groups,
 4        or  individuals  and include parks, campgrounds,
 5        shelters,  picnic areas,  travel trailer parking
 6        areas,  resorts,  motels,  hotels, cabin camps,
 7        organizational  camps,  marinas, and other facili-
 g        ties  relating to a variety of activities—swimming,
 9        fishing, hunting,  boating, sailing,  hiking,  pic-
10        nicking, camping,  touring, and sightseeing.
11                  In many instances the planning,  pro-
12        vision,  and maintenance  of facilities in recrea-
13        tion  areas have  not kept pace with the rapidly
14        increasing visitor load.  As a result optimum
15        use of  such areas  is not possible and deterior-
16        ation of overtaxed facilities is frequently  en-
17        countered.  Where  facilities such as water supply,
18        sewage  disposal,  and refuse handling are inadequate
19        or  lacking,  the  visitors will fend for themsevles,
20        often creating  conditions which are  aesthetically
21        offensive  as well  as serious environmental health
22        hazards  for themselves and neighboring community
23        residents  or visitors.   Available recreation
24        facilities will  need to  be at least  tripled  by
25        the year 2000 to meet  the needs of the Nation's

-------
   	2126
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        exploding population and leisure time.   Estimates
 3        are that adequate environmental health safeguards
 4        comprise approximately 30 percent of development
 5        costs of new recreation areas.  Since these safe-
 6        guards represent such an appreciable investment
 7        care should be taken in properly planning, con-
 8        structing, and maintaining adequate facilities.
 9                  Experience has demonstrated that when
10        a large number of persons gather in one place
11        health problems are accentuated.  The increasing
12        number of visitors to recreation areas has
13        created a need for planning and constructing
14        adequate health-related facilities and for
15        education of the public to observe good sanitary
16        and personal hygiene practices under primitive
17        conditions.  Continuing research and studies to
18        develop improved standards and solutions to
19        environmental health problems peculiar to recrea-
20        tion areas and activities need public support.
21                  In recognition of the stated relation-
22        ships between recreation and public health interest^
23        and in order to obtain maximum health protection
24        of the population from environmental health
25        hazards in recreation areas, all Federal, State,

-------
                     	2127
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        and local public or private agencies, groups,
 3        or individuals having responsibility for the
 4        planning, development, design,  operation,  or
 5        maintenance of recreation areas are urged to
 6        apply high standards of public  health in the
 7        administration of and supervision of their
 g        programs.  A high level of performance in this
 9        regard can be facilitated by maintaining close
10        cooperation and consultation with concerned
11        health authorities and can be realized by
12        following applicable environmental health
13        standards and criteria.
14                  There are many important considerations
15        which must be included in the overall planning,
16        development,  and operation of recreation areas to
17        insure  that proper health protection of individuals
18        visiting  or residing in such areas will be pro-
ID        vided and maintained.   Among the  requisities for
20        a  safe  and healthful environment  in such areas
21        are  the following:
22             (I)   Site  selection based  on health
23             and  safety considerations  as well as
24             convenience,  economy,  and  scenic beauty.
25             (2)   Development  of sources,  treatment,

-------
   	2128
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2             and distribution of water supply
 3             to meet quality and quantity
 4             standards for domestic use.
 5             (3)  Proper collection, treatment,
 6             and disposal of sewage wastes to
 7             prevent pollution hazards.
 8             (4)  Proper storage, collection,
 9             and disposal of garbage and other
10             refuse.
11             (5)  Design of kitchen, dining,
12             and other facilities to insure
13             that safe handling and serving of
14             food and drink to the public can
.15             be accomplished.  Certification
16             of sources of food, frozen desserts,
17             and milk and milk products during
18             operation.
19             (6)  Adequate and safe housing,
20             including campsites, cabins,
21             dormitories, and other public use
22             buildings.
23             (7)  Control of insects and rodents.
24             (8)  Elimination of accident hazards
25             and promotion of safety.

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                                                         2129

 1                     DONALD ¥. MARSHALL


 2             (9)   Properly designed and operated


 3             outdoor bathing areas and swimming


 4             pools.


 5                  The most effective means to insure


 6        consideration of these requisites and to insure


 7        assessment of their present and future signifi-


 8        cance is  by active cooperation between health


 9        and recreation agencies.   The development and


10        review of plans of proposed developments and


11        facilities by qualified public health engineers


12        is  essential.  A program of periodic surveys


13        and inspection of facilities and their operation


14        in  recreation areas should be established by


15        public health and recreation authorities.


16                  As an introduction to the factors of


17        concern to health authorities in the development


18        of  recreation areas a brief discussion is pre-


19        sented regarding specific problem areas in the


20        following text.  The format and much of the text


21        of  this Guideline were taken from Environmental

                                                2
22        Health Practice in Recreational Areas.

23

                         SITE SELECTION
24


25                  Sites selected  for recreation areas

-------
   	2130
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        should be well drained, gently sloping,  fj?ee
 3        from topographical or geological hindrances,
 4        and accessible to proposed  sources  of  water
 5        supply and sewage disposal  works.   Sites should
 6        be free from heavy traffic, air pollution sources,
 7        and noise sources.  To be most acceptable and
 8        efficient, sites should not encroach on  the
 9        natural, scenic, esthetic,  scientific, or his-
10        toric values of the recreation area.   Avoiding
11        locations near swamps and marshes,  where insects
12        such as mosquitoes may breed  and cause severe
13        annoyance and discomfort, will enable  full enjoy-
14        ment and utilization of the area by the  visiting
15        public.
16                  Other considerations of  importance
17        are:
18             (1)  Hazard-free entrance to  and
19             exit  from the recreation area.
20             (2)  Surfaced and looped roadways.
21             (3)  Availability of an  entomologi-
22             cal survey of the area.
23             (4)  preclusion of flooding of the
24             recreation area.
25             (5)  Control and removal of undergrowth

-------
   	2131

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             in  developed places.

 3             (6)   Availability  of  an adequate

 4             water supply and sewerage system.


 5
                      WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
 6

 1                  Watershed management involves the super-


 g        vision,  regulation,  maintenance, and wise use of


 9        the  aggregate resources of a drainage basin to


10        provide  an optimum yield of water of desirable


11        quality,  including the  control of erosion,  pol-


12        lution,  and floods.   The condition of the soil

13        and  the  growth it supports have a marked influence


14        on the quality and quantity of water contributed


15        by a watershed.   The use of various control

16        measures  and management practices in the watershed


17        is essential to  conserve water resources and to

18        prevent  economic losses to municipal,  industrial,

19        and  agricultural water  supplies, fisheries,  and


20        recreation.   In  carrying out the various functional

21        activities  on watersned lands,  including grazing


22        of livestock and game,  logging,  roadbuilding,  fire


23        control,  sewage  disposal,  and recreation,  it is


24        essential  that satisfactory watershed  conditions

25        be preserved.

-------
     	2132

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             Of particular concern  are:

 3             (1)  Erosion control both during

 4             and following construction.

 5             (2)  Controlled  cutting  of  timber

 6             in logging  areas.

 7             (3)  Controlled  grazing  to  prevent

 8             overgrazing by livestock and game.

 9             (4)  Control of  the disposal of

10             domestic  and industrial  liquid and

ll             solid wastes in  and adjacent to

12             recreation  areas and. watercourses.

13             (5)  Control of  mining and  ore-

14             processing  operations  to prevent

15             pollution of the recreation waters.

16             (6)  Evaluation  of potential health

17             hazards  through  consideration of the

18             toxicity, persistence, and  exposure

19             factors  of  pesticides  to be used.

20             (7)  Prohibition of uncontrolled

21             camping  in  areas without proper

22             facilities.

23
                          WATER SUPPLY
24

25                  An  adequate supply  of  water under

-------
   	2133
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        pressure  which meets the source and protection,
 3        bacteriological,  chemical,  physical, and radio-
 4        logical requirements of the Public Health Service
 5        Drinking  Water Standards-^ or equivalent is
 6        essential for the convenience, comfort, safety,
 7        and health of visitors and  resident staffs at
 g        outdoor recreation areas.
 9             Points which should be considered
10             are:
11             (1)   Extension to the  recreation area
12             of any State-approved  public water
13             supply within a reasonable distance.
14             (2)   Quality and quantity of water
15             supplies available.
16             (3)   Degree  of treatment necessary
17             to provide water meeting the USPHS
18             Drinking Water Standards.
19             (4)   Appropriate steps to provide
20             disinfection as well as to prevent
21             chance contamination of hauled water.
22             (5)   Completion of a sanitary survey
23             by a  qualified person  as part of the
24             collection of  initial  engineering data
25             on the development of  the water supply

-------
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL


 2              source and  Its capacity.


 3              (6)  Design,  construction,  and


 4              supervision of the  proposed water


 5              facilities  to minimize  potential


 6              vandalism.


 7              (7)  Qualified supervision  and


 g              maintenance of the  water  treatment


 9              equipment.


10              (8)  Protection  of  the  water quality


H              through the design,  construction, and


12              maintenance of the  distribution system.


13
                        SEWAGE DISPOSAL

14

15                  Safe disposal  of human and domestic


16        wastes in recreation  areas is  necessary  for the

17        preservation of  the surface  and  ground waters


18        and the restoration of such  waters to the best

19        possible condition consistent  with the public


20        health and welfare.   Proper  sewage disposal pre-


21        vents damage caused by sewage  to the propagation


22        and preservation of fish and wildlife, and is


23        essential to protect  the visiting public,  employees


24        and nearby communities from  diseases transmitted


25        through sewage.

-------
                                               	 2135

 I                     DONALD V.  MARSHALL

 2             Some important health-related

 3             factors are:

 4             (1)   Provision of  a properly de-

 5             signed, constructed, and super-

 6             vised water-carriage sewage-

 7             disposal system.   (Pit toilets

 8             are  unsatisfactory.)

 9             (2)   Locating outfalls to minimize

10             the  potential effects of effluent

ll             sewage.

12             (3)   Proximity of  septic tanks

13             and  subsurface disposal systems

14             to buildings, beaches, camping and

15             picnic areas, and  water supply

16             ays terns.

17             (4)   Properly planned sludge dls-

18             posal.

w
                            PLUMBING
20


21                  Plumbing includes "the practice,

22        materials, and fixtures used in the Installation,

23        maintenance, extension, and alterations of all

24        piping, fixtures,  appliances, and appurtenances

25        in connection with any  of the following: sanitary

-------
   	2136

 1                     DONALD W,  MARSHALL

 2        drainage  or  storm drainage  facilities,  the

 3        venting system,  and the public  or private water

 4        supply systems within or adjacent to any

 5        building  structure, or conveyance]  also the

 6        practice  and materials  used in  the installation,

 7        maintenance,  extension, or  alteration of storm-

 8        water,  liquid waste, or sewage, and water supply

 9        systems of any premises to  their connection with

10        the  public sewer system or  other acceptable dis-

11        posal  facility.H^

12            In planning, the following  should

13            be considered:

14             (1)   Provision of at least a minimum

15            number  of plumbing fixtures based

16            upon peak visitor day  use  (see Table 1)

17             (2)   Conformance of materials used

18            and  installation to local  and State

19            codes and the minimum  standards of

20            the  National Plumbing  Code (as re-

21            vised).

22
                 BUILDING AND HOUSING HYGIENE
23

24                  Housing of a healthful quality must pro-

25        vide for  fulfillment of the physiological needs of

-------
                    	2137

 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL

 2       man, which include:   a  thermal  environment that

 3       not only  is  conducive to  good health but is

 4       comfortable  and  promotes  efficiency of  livingj

 5       air that  is  chemically  pure  and free from ob-

 6       Jectionable  odors; humidity  that is healthful

 7       and comfortable;  and air  movement that  will

 8       assist  in maintaining the desired thermal

 9       conditions and air purity and will provide

10       for necessary air changes.   Housing should be

11       free of noise that may  impair health.   Lighting

12       should  be quantitatively  and qualitatively ade-

13       quate including  both natural and artificial

14       sources.

15                  All buildings and  dwelling units should

16       be constructed in accordance with the minimum

17       requirements  of  the  "Proposed Housing Ordinance"

18       prepared  by  the  Committee on the Hygiene of Housing

19       of the  American  Public Health Association or

20       requirements  that are substantially equivalent.
                                                      7
21       The "Basic Principles of  Healthful Housing,"

22       prepared  by  the  same committee,  is another good

23       reference in  the  field of housing.   Those con-

24       cerned  with  the  design, operation,  and  maintenance

25       of public buildings  should consult these references

-------
  2138



























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-------
   	.     	2139
 1                    DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2       for more complete coverage  of this  subject.
 3       Plans and specifications convering  housing,
 4       dormitories, camps, hotels, restaurants,  and
 5       similar facilities should be submitted  to the
 6       appropriate authorities having jurisdiction
 7       for review and recommendations.   Some of  the
 8       more important aspects of housing not covered
 9       elsewhere in this Guideline are  outlined  below:
10            (1)  Provision of adequate  openable
11            w.indow area for habitable rooms.
12            (2)  Provision of adequate  outlets
13            where electric service is available.
14            (3)  Provision of adequate  safe
15            heating facilities.
16            (4)  Provision of screens for  doors
17            and openable windows during seasons
18            when it is necessary to protect
19            against mosquitoes, flies,  and other
20            insects.
21            (5)  Protection of buildings against
22            rodent entry.
23            (6)  Construction of water  closet
24            compartment and bathroom floor surfaces
25            of material impervious to water.

-------
   	2140

 1                     DONAH)  ¥.  MARSHALL

 2             (7)   Minimum spacing of buildings

 3             as  defined in Table II.

 4                  Table II.   Spacing and Location
                               of Buildings5
 5
                                                  Feet*
 6
               Apartment Buildings                 40
 7
               Bunkhouses                          40
 8
               Dormitories                         40
 9
               Duplex residences                    30
10
               Multifamily dwellings               40
11
               Quarters                            30
12
               Ranger station                       30
13
               Unit for seasonal  occupancy         40
14

15                  MILK AND POOD SANITATION

16
                    Despite the progress which has been
17
          achieved in food protection programs, foodborne
18	
           *Minimum spacing between various housing units and
19 I
          any other building regardless of construction type.
20
          All buildings in this group should be so located thjat
21
          the side facing the  a ccess road is not less than 25
22
          feet back from the inside line of the sidewalk or
23
          road curb where no sidewalk occurs. Each building i|n
24
          this group should have one side, other than the one
25
          facing the access road, not less than 60 feet from j

-------
                                                         21*1-1


                       DONALD W. MARSHALL



 2        any other building.



 3        illness continues to be a major public health



          problem.   The incidence of such illness can be



          reduced by the application of the basic prin-



          ciples of food protection.  However, to achieve



 _        this on a day-to-day basis, better understanding



 8        on the part of many food-service employees and



          employers must be developed, and this in turn



          will necessitate a maximum of cooperation between



          public health agencies and the food service



12        industry.  The need for ever greater attention



          to this problem ii. recreation areas is due to the



14        seasonal  operation of many areas and the widely



15        fluctuating visitor load that must be accommo-



          dated by  food service facilities provided.



          Seasonal  employees who lack adequate training in



lg        good food-handling practices introduce additional



19        hazards.



20                  The applicable State and local milk



2i        sanitation laws and regulations and the Public



22        Health Service "Grade 'A1   Pastuerized Milk


                   •i 8
23        Ordinance   should be followed for the dispensing



24        of milk and milk products.  The "Pood Service



25        Sanitation Manual"^ including "A Model Food

-------
   	2142

 1                      DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        Service Sanitation Ordinance and Code,  1962

 3        Recommendations of the Public Health Service"

 4        is a basic reference in the field of food

 5        sanitation.  Where ice is produced for  public

 6        use the "Sanitary Standard for Manufactured

 7        Ice - 1964 Recommendations of the Public Health

                nlO
 8        Service    should be applied.  A basic  reference

 9        for the dispensing of foods and beverages  is

10        "The Vending of Poods and Beverages' ^  a sani-

ll        tation ordinance and code recommended by the

12        Public Health Service.  When a rood service

13        establishment is constructed, properly  prepared

14        plans and specifications, showing layout, arrange-

15        ment, and construction materials and the location,

16        size, and type of fixed equipment and facilities

17        should be submitted to the health authority having

18        jurisdiction for approval before work is initiated.

19
                    SOLID WASTE 'DISPOSAL
20

21                  Public health problems are often

22        associated with improper storage, collection,

23        and disposal of solid waste in recreation  areas.

24        Experience has shown that the application  of  the

25        basic principles of sanitation to solid waste

-------
   	2143
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        handling results in substantial reductions in
 3        fly*  rodent,  and other insect problems. ^
 4        In addition,  there are significant relationships
 5        between the incidence of certain diseases in
 6        humans  and animals and improper solid waste
 7        disposal.m~>^-5   Many hazards and nuisances, such
 8        as fire,  smoke,  odors, and unsightliness, are
 9        also  created  by  poor solid waste handling prac-
10        tices.   The full appreciation of recreation area
11        values  by the public is often diminished by the
12        disorder  of accumulated solid waste.
13            Among the principles  to be planned
14            for  are:
15             (1)   Collection of solid waste  in
16            durable, watertight,  rust-resistant,
17            nonabsorbent,  and easily washable
18            covered  containers.
19            (2)   Sufficient solid waste collec-
20            tion  plans  (number of containers,
21            size  of  containers, and frequency of
22            collection)  to  prevent unsightliness
23            and fly  and  rodent problems.
24            (3)   Disposal of  trash and garbage.
25                  a)  by  sanitary landfill

-------
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2                  b) by incineration

 3                  c) by garbage grinding
                      (to sewage system)
 4
                   d) by feeding cooked garbage
 5                     to swine and/or

 6                  e) by modified sanitary
                      landfill
 7
               (4)  Prohibition of open burning
 8
               other than camp fires.
 9

10                    THE COMPATIBILITY OP
                  RECREATION AND WATER SUPPLY
11

12                  The competition among multiple uses  of

13        our land and water resources demands assessment

14        of the compatibility of uses such as recreation

15        and domestic water supply.  There is no doubt

16        that  recreation comprises one of the major uses

17        of water resources, representing major economic

18        and social benefits.  Domestic use  is also of

19        major benefit and may often be the  most exacting

20        use of the water resources.  When various uses

21        are not compatible and conflicts exist, compromise

22        is necessary.  Where multiple compromises between

23        the two uses should be considered and adopted.

24        The following factors concern these compromises.

25              (1)  Present physical, chemical,

-------
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL


               and  bacteriological  quality of
 2

               the  water  resource.
 3

               (2)   Comparison of the probable


               degree  of  contamination of the
 5

               water resulting from recreational
 6

               and  other  uses to  water quality
 7

               guidelines or State  or Federal
 O

               standards  for recreational and water
 9

               supply  use,


               (3)   Degree  of toxicological con-


               tamination and deterioration of
12

               water quality by wasted oils,  motor
13

               fuels,  pesticides, and other chemi-
14

               cals used  to maintain and operate
15

,.             recreation facilities and equipment.
lo

               (4)   Interference  with the drinking


10             water use  resulting  from increased
lo


               turbidities  caused by boating, water
20
               contact  sports,  and erosion from
21              roads  and  cleared recreation areas.


22              (5)  Control  of  taste,  odor, and


23              color  producing  algal growth.


24              (6)  Proposed degree  of water treat-


25              ment for the  drinking water use

-------
   	2146
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             (7)   Adequacy of  the  proposed
 3             water treatment to handle antici-
 4             pated pollution loads with a
 5             proper safety factor  for producing
 6             water meeting the  PHS Drinking
 7             Water Standards.
 8             (8)   Provision of  a multiple
 9             elevation withdrawal  tower as
10             the water supply  intake  to allow
11             the advantage of  planned withdrawal
12             of the highest quality of water
13             under varying conditions of water
14             quality in  the reservoir.
15-             (9)   Designation  of a restricted
16             area  around the water supply intake
17             in which recreational use is pro-
18             hibited.
19             (10)   Assurance of a  minimum holding
20             time  of 30-45 days in the restricted
21             area  before transmission to the water
22             treatment plant.
23             (11)   Complete clearance of the re-
24             stricted area of  vegetation, buildings,
25             manure deposits,  swamp debris, and

-------
   	2147

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             other sources of organic matter.

 3             (12)  Monitoring of the water

 4             quality on a regular basis.

 5                  Only where these factors have been con-

 6        sidered in some detail  and resolved to the satis-

 7        faction of the concerned health authorities can

 g        the simultaneous use of reservoirs for water

 9        supply and recreation be considered satisfactory.

10
                    WATER CONTACT RECREATION
11
                          WATER QUALITY
12

13                  These guidelines include biological,

14        chemical,  and physical  quality criteria.  Final

15        Judgment on the acceptability of the use of any

16        water classified under  these guidelines should

17        also include consideration of the significance

18        of the findings of a complete sanitary survey

19        and continuous surveillance of possible hazards

20        as well as appropriate  safety considerations.

21             Biological (To be  reevaluated for
                          inclusion of sample size
22                        and sampling frequency)

23                  The fecal coliform density should not

24        exceed a geometric mean of 200/100 ml  with a

25        sampling frequency of 5 samples per month taken

-------
   	2148

 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL

 2        during  peak  recreational  use.   Not  more  than 10

 3        percent of the  samples  fecal  coliform  densities

 4        should  exceed 4-00/100 ml.

 5             Chemical

 6                 The water  should  contain  no chemical

 7        which could  cause  toxic reaction if ingested

 8        or  irritation to  the skin or  eyes.   The  water

 9        pH  should be within  the range  6.5-8.3'

10             Physical

11                 The water   color should  not exceed

12        15  standard  units  and its turbidity should not

13        exceed  30 standard units.   Maximum  water tempera-

14        tures should not  exceed 85°F  (30°G).

15
           SWIMMING POOLS  AND OUTDOOR  BATHING PLACES
16

17                 Public  health authorities have been

18        concerned with  sanitation and safety problems

19        involving swimming and  bathing for  many years.

20        While the problem of accidents and  drownings

21        are the most dramatic statistics relating to

22        swimming, the communicable  disease  aspects must

23        be  given proper attention.

24             The following factors  should be

25             considered:

-------
                                                         2149


 1                      DONALD W.  MARSHALL



 2              (1)  Design,  construction,  and



 3              operation of proposed swimming



 4              pools  in accordance  with require-



 5              ments  of the health  authority



 6              having jurisdiction  or in  accordance



 7              with the standards outlined in the



 8              "Suggested Ordinance and Regulations



 9              Covering Public Swimming Pools"'



10              and  "Environmental Health  Practice


                                     ,,2
11              in Recreational Areas.



12              (2)  Acceptability to health



13              authorities  of the proposed water



14              supply as a  potable  water  source.



15              (3)  Discharge of  the swimming pool



16              water  through an air gap to the waste



17              water  receiver and recharge of the



18              swimming pool through an air gap.



19              (4)  Proper  design for "user loading."



20              (5)  Practice of continuous disinfec-



21              tion of  pool water.



22              (6)  Routine examination of bacterio-



23              logical  samples  taken from outdoor



24              bathing  places.
25
(7)   Decisions on the use of natural

-------
   	2150

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2             bathing areas based upon  the


 3             results of  chemical analyses,  bac-

 4             teriological examinations,  and a


 5             sanitary  survey  of the  proposed


 6             natural bathing  area.

 7             (8)  Elimination of possible  gross


 g             animal pollution of the bathing area.


 9             (9)  Evaluation  of the  effects of


10             peak visitor days on water  quality

11             and recreational use.


12
               BATHING  LOAD FOR OUTDOOR BEACHES
13

14                  In a swimming pool whose water  is  de-

15         rived from a public or other supply of drinking

16         water quality, it may be assumed that the presence

17         of  organisms of  the coli-aerogenes group  indicates

18         pollution by fecal matter.   The  presence  of  such

19         bacteria in outdoor bathing  places, however,  may


20         be  largely due to generally  harmless soil bacteria.


21         The portion of the total coliforms of fecal  origin


22         vary radically in surface waters.   Routine bac-


23         teriologic tests can  differentiate between harmful

24         and harmless contamination by  determining the


25         degree  of fecal  contamination  present through

-------
   	2151


 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL


 2        fecal  coliform density  determinations.   Where


 3        outdoor  teaches are used,  harmful  contamination,


 4        defined  as  the fecal coliform density,  may be


 6        caused by sewage from boats,  individual dwellings,


 6        hotels,  factories or other establishments,


 7        public sewerage systems,  refuse dumping,


 8        warm-blooded animals, and bathers  themselves.


 9                  Where water is  proposed  for beach use


10        and will be dependent upon stream  flow or lake


11        circulation for cleansing and dilution, the
          ^

12        maintenance of a constant and appreciable flow


13        of water past the beach or impounding dam during


14        beach  use should be ascertained.  Any small


15        stagnant pool patronized  by a number of bathers


16        is certain to show bacteriologic pollution in


17        considerable amounts unless disinfection is


18        provided.  While no specific amount of diluting


19        water  for outdoor beaches can be recommended,  it


20        is probably fair to say that less  than 500 gallons


21        per bather per day is too small a  diluting volume


22        without  disinfection.  APHA and CSSE Recommended

                  i 8
23        Practice   states "the  total number of bathers


24        using  a  fill and draw swimming pool shall not


25        exceed one person for each 500 gallons of water

-------
   	2132

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL


 2         in  the  pool between complete  changes  of  pool


 3         water without  disinfection."


 4                   The "Becker" formula has  been used in


 5         New York State1"  as a practical  guide in deter-


 6         minding necessary volumes  of  diluting water.

                                  o
 7         This formula is Q s 6.25T  where Q =  quantity of


 8         water per  bather  and T = replacement  period in


 9         hours.  By this formula if the water  circulation


10         is  such that the  pool volume  will  be  replaced


11         in  8 hours, Q  = 400 and the number of bathers


12         permitted  in 8 hours would be the  capacity of


13         the pool divided  by 400.


14                   Whether or not disinfection is employed


15         every effort should be made to eliminate all


16         sources of sewage pollution on small  streams


17         or  lakes used  for bathing  and careful sanitary


18         surveys of the watershed are  recommended.  It is,


19         of  course, desirable that  bathing  be  limited  to


20         clear bodies of water  and  that muddy  bottoms


21         which will cause  turbid water be avoided.


22                   From the  foregoing  discussion, a


23         derivation of  bathing  load to be used as a "rule


24         of  thumb"  can  be  formulated with the  following


25         assumptions.

-------
   ^___	  2133
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             a)  Where  the replacement period
 3             has not and  cannot be  determined

 4             500 gallons  of water per bather

 6             per bathing  period will be  con-

 6             sidered adequate dilution volume

 7             without disinfection.

 8             b)  The bathing period will be

 9             considered to be 8 hours  (from
10             11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.)

11             c)  Pool volume will be calculated

12             as shown by  the cross-sectioned

13             area below.
14             d)  The minimum value  for the
15             average bottom slope  (g) will be

16             0.03.
17             e)  Where  the beach curvature
18             varies from  a straight line
19             radically, the responsible  engineer
20             may, according to  his  best  Judgment,

21             use more complicated calculations
22             in determining the pool volume.

23             f)  Where  the replacement period  (T)

24             is known the pool  volume per bather

25             per bathing  period (v) will be determined
   	by the simple calculation v=500x-g	

-------
                                                                     2154
r>  i  .1 i     /u\
Pool  Volume (V) -
                  Average

                 (perpendicular to beach line)


                    (3.4.i) » 7.5
                                             / / ,  ,N
                                           * ((lx3)
V (gallons) « ^^ G x 7.^8 = 50 i
                                u
Maximum Bather Load


People •--- ^ B   x ^  r= o.ll |

-------
   	2155

 I                     DONALD ¥.  MARSHALL


 2
                     TRAVEL TRAILER PARKING

 3

 4                  The great increase in the number of

 5        travel  trailers  on the  highways during the

 6        vacationing months is quite evident to the

 7        motoring public  and reflects the increasing

 8        amount  of leisure time  and extra spending power

 9        being enjoyed by more people each year.  It

10        also  points out  the need to keep pace by the

n        development of adequate travel trailer parking

12        areas and related facilities each year which

13        meet  accepted standards of health and safety.

14                  Considerations involving accepted

15        standards of health and safety are:

16             (1)   Design of parking facilities

17             for both self-contained and non-

18             self-contained travel trailers.

19             (2)   Provision of  a sanitary

20             station for the disposal of holding

21             tank wastes.

22             (3)   Design of travel trailer parking

23             areas for overnight or destination

24             use.

25             (4)   Availability  of adequate water

-------
   	2136
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2              supply  and  satisfactory means
 3              of  sewage disposal.
 4              (5)  Design of approach roads
 5              for trailer traffic.
 6              (6)  Conformance of the spacing
 7              of  trailers to the minimum 15
 8              foot separation specified  by the
 9              National Fire Protection Asso-
1(T              ciatlon.
11              (7)  Remoteness of the  water tank
12              filling station and the sanitary
13              station from one another.
14              (8)  Special provisions for the
15              disposal of sink wastes.
16              (9)  Development of detailed plans
17              for refuse  disposal.
18              (10)  Convenience  and adequacy of
19              service buildings  anticipated use.
20              (11)  Provision of electrical
21              service by  underground  cable.
22              (12)  Submission of detailed plans
23              and specifications of the  travel
24              trailer parking areas to the health
25              authority having   jurisdiction

-------
                                                         2157

 I                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             for review and approval.

 3
                             BOATING
 4

 5                  The outdoor boating  industry reported

 6        in 1962  that there are  more than 8 million

 7        pleasure "boats being used for  recreation in

 8        U. S.  waters and the trend is  increasing upward.

 9        More  and more of these  boats are being equipped

10        with  a galley and toilet facility.  Therefore,

11        body  wastes, galley wastes, and other debris

12        are being discharged into our  watercourses to

13        threaten or damage the  recreational values of

14        swimming,  fishing, and  other aquatic sports.

15        The dredging of boat basins and the construction

16        of small craft harbors,  marinas, boat launching

17        ramps, and docking floats are  but a few of the

18        projects being constructed or  planned for

19        recreation areas.   Such new developments which

20        attract  and serve boating enthusiasts may create

21        water pollution and related health problems of

22        concern  to public health and recreation authorities

23        For this reason it is most important that the

24        planning of such developments  consider the

25        environmental health aspects involved as

-------
   	2138
 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL
 2        demonstrated  In  the  following:
 3             (1)   Inclusion  of  adequate separate
 4             facilities  for  collection  and dis-
 5             posal of domestic  sewage,  waste
 6             oils  and fuel    and solid  wastes
 7             in  the planning and design of pro-
 8             posed marinas.
 9             (2)   Location of a permanent comfort
10             station  with sanitary facilities  for
11             both  sexes  near the piers.
12             (3)   Provision  of  a water  carriage
13             sewage disposal system.
14             (4)   Provision  of  a paved  ramp for
15             launching boats at both  high and
16             low water levels.
17             (5)   Provision  for land  disposal
18             of  wastes from  floating  facilities.
19             (6)   Provisions to eliminate waste
20             and spillage during storage and dis-
21             pensing  of  gasoline from floating
22             facilities.
23             (7)   Regulation of construction and
24             use of boats with  marine toilets.
25             (8)   Inclusion  of  refuse disposal

-------
   	2159.



 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL



 2             practice,  designation of re-



 3             stricted areas.,  safety require-



 *             ments  as recommended by the U.S.



 5             Coast  Guard,  and the control of



 6             health and accident hazards in



 7             boating requirements.



 8

                   FISH-CLEANING FACILITIES

 9




10                 Fishing  is an activity many visitors



11        enjoy while visiting recreation areas, especially



!2        where natural reproduction and stocking of local



13        waters is accomplished.  Where fishing is pro-



14        ductive,  consideration  should be given to the



15        installation of fish-cleaning facilities near



16        boat  docking and launching areas.  These facili-



17        ties  are  essential to control nuisances, odor,



18        and pollution from the  indiscriminate  cleaning



19        of fish and the disposal of these wastes into



20        lakes, reservoirs, and  along shorelines.



21                 In planning these units consideration


22
          should be given to the  following factors:


23
               (1)  Screening  or  full enclosure  of



24             the  facility.



25             (2)  Provision  of  tables having

-------
   B	2160
    I

 1  I                   DONALD W.  MARSHALL



 2              Impervious, nonabsorbent  surfaces



 3              sloping to  central drains.



 4              (3)  Provision of  potable water



 5              under pressure.



 6              (4)  Provision of  adequate  disposal



 7              of collected wastes and maintenance



 8              of the facility in a  clean  condition.



 9

                   INSECT AND RODENT CONTROL

10



ll                  Several groups of arthropods and  rodents



12        may create serious public  health and nuisance



13        problems at recreation  areas.  These include



14        species that are vectors of human disease organisms



15        or which serve as reservoirs of  these organisms



16        or otherwise interfere  with man's health, welfare,



17        and comfort.  A number  of  aquatic insects may



18        be encountered at recreation areas located  along



19        the shores of impoundments.  Mosquitoes are un-



20        doubtedly the most important of  these insects,



21        since several species serve as vectors of



22        encephalitis and malaria,  and others create



23        public health problems  because of their vicious


                       19
24        biting habits.    Other groups of aquatic insects
25
such as deer flies, horseflies, black flies, and

-------
   ^________	2161
 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL
 2        biting midges  are  vicious  biters  of man and
 3        sometimes  are  involved  in  transmission of disease.
 4        In addition  to the aquatic insects, people who
 5        visit water-related  and other  recreation areas
 6        are  often  exposed  to terrestrial  arthropods such
 7        as ticks,  mites, fleas,  and flies,  and rodents
 g        including  ground squirrels,  rats, mice,  and
                    20 21
 9        chipmunks.   '    The public health  importance
10        of these arthropods  and rodents involves a
11        number of  human diseases including  Rocky Mountain
12        spotted fever,  Colorado tick fever, tularemia,
13        relapsing  fever, tick paralysis,  typhus,  plague,
14        bacillary  dysentery,  and typhoid  fever.   Irri-
15        tation, discomfort,  and annoyance caused by bites
16        of the arthropods  can seriously reduce the use
17        of an otherwise attractive recreation  area.  Thus
18        it becomes most important  that measures  be taken
19        to eliminate or reduce  such insect  population.
20             These measures  can be considered
21             as follows :
22             (1)   Contact  with  State and Federal
23             health  agencies  for technical  assis-
24             tance in  preparing control programs.
25             (2)   Utilization of naturalistic

-------
   	2162


 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL



 2             and  source  reduction measures.



 3             (3)   Delineation of  low mosquito



 4             production  potential areas.



 5             (Jj-)   Implementation  of mosquito



 6             control  practices  in preparation



 7             of  the reservoir basin prior to



 8             impoundage.



 9             (5)   Planning for  maintenance



10             practices  to control mosquito



11             production  within  flight range



12             of  recreational and  inhabited




13             areas.



14             (6)   Steps  to be taken to control



15             terrestrial arthropods and rodents.



16             (7)   Hazards to humans and animals



17             posed by proposed chemical control



18             measures against insects and rodents.




19 I                                                  22
           CAMPGROUNDS, PLAYGROUNDS, AND PICNIC AREAS"

20 I




21                  Camping is often a necessary part of



22        any outdoor recreation outing that extends beyond



23        one day.   Many vacationers stay in motels and



24        hotels;  however, tents, travel trailers, and



25        pickup campers have  loomed larger and larger on

-------
   ^__	2163

 1                     DONALD ¥.  MARSHALL


 2        the  camping scene  in recent years.   Camping in


 3        the  1960's  is increasing at a faster rate than


 4        the  provision of  sites  and facilities for


 5        camping.  Increases in  camping will most


 6        certainly accompany increases in travel, for


 7        camping makes it  possible for families to enjoy


 g        weekends  and vacations  economically far from


 9        home.   Camping facilitates other outdoor activi-


10        ties,  such  as fishing and hunting.   When resources


11        are  developed for  such  purposes, adequate facili-


12        ties for  camping  also should be provided.  A


13        survey of participation in outdoor  recreation


14        conducted in 1959  and 1960 showed that about one-


15        third  of  the campers enjoy camping  in remote


16        areas  removed from other people, while about


17        the  same  proportion enjoy camping in an area

                                                  O-3
18        where  they  can visit with outer campers. J  Con-


19        sequently both types of camping areas are needed,


20        with proper consideration given for environmental


21        health factors relating to this mode of recreation.


22        Campgrounds and picnic  areas should be located in


23        such a manner as  to protect the areas that are


24        needed for  watershed, timber,  range and other


25        basic  resources insofar as physically possible.

-------
   	2164

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             Other factors  of importance are:

 3             (1)   Provision of  level and well

 4             drained tent areas.

 5             (2)   Plans  for regular maintenance

 6             of  the grounds (cleaned,  mowed, and

 7             poisonous plants removed.)

 8             (3)   Remoteness of playgrounds from

 9             traffic areas, hazardous  topographic

10             features and hazardous land uses.

11             (4)   Convenient location  of a water

12             supply and  comfort station in the

13             area.

14             (5)   Provision of  a  car parking space,

15             a tent or vacation trailer area, a

16             table  and bench combination,  and a

17             fireplace for  each campsite.

18
                       STABLE SANITATION
19

20                  The primary environmental health concern

21       associated  with  the use of  horses  is the stabling

22       of these animals  and related manure disposal.

23       Accumulations of  such wastes afford breeding places

24       for flies,  and unless controlled,  will  invariably

25       produce large numbers of  flies.  Public health

-------
                                                         2165

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL


 2        officials recognize that flies constitute a


 3        public health hazard and that the abatement of


 4        fly populations is essential to the control of


 5        certain communicable diseases.


 6             These principles should be applied:


 7             (1)   Stables convenient to recrea-


 8             tion areas,  but located to minimize


 9             potential odor and nuisance problems.


10             (2)   Provision of water outlets for


11             hosing down  feed and tack rooms.


12             (3)   Provision of adequate water


13             supply and drainage lines.


14             (4)   Implementation of insect and


15             rodent control practices.


16             (5)   Application of a technique


17             of manure disposal preventing the

18             breeding of  flies therein.

19
                           CONCLUSION
20


21                  If  these factors  or principles have  been


22        considered and properly resolved then  adequate


23       health  considerations  have  probably been included


24       in  the  project development.   If,  however,  many


25       health  factors  are unfamiliar or have  not received

-------
                    	       2166

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2        qualified attention then health  considerations

 3        have not been  adequately provided  for  in the

 4        project development.  Inadequate consideration

 5        of the health  aspects inherent in  water  resource

 6        and related  land use development projects will

 7        mean the probable incorporation  of health hazards

 8        in the project and a neglect  of  optimal  resource

 9        development  and optimal use of development funds.

10        Health agencies at the local, State, and Federal

11        level can be of considerable  assistance  in pro-

12        viding the technical direction necessary to

13        ensure the Inclusion of a healthful  environment

14        in the development of water resources.

15
                          REFERENCES
16

17                  1.   Outdoor Recreation Resources Review

18        Commission,  Outdoor Recreation for America, a

19        Report to the  President and to the Congress,

20        245 pp.

21                  2.   Environmental Health Practice in

22        Recreational Areas, US DHEW,  PHS,  Publication

23        No. 1195, 1965.

24                  3.   U. S. Department of  Health, Education

25        and Welfare, Public Health Service:  Public Health

-------
                                                         2167


 1                    DONALD W.  MARSHALL


 2       Service Drinking Water  Standards  1962.  Publication


 3       No. 956, Washington, D. C.,  1962.


                   4.  The American Society  of Mechanical


 5       Engineers: National Plumbing Code.  ASA-A40.8-1955.


 6       (27 West 39th St., New  York,  18,  N.Y.)  1955.


 7                 5.  U.S. Department of  the Interior,


 8       National Park Service:  National Park Service


 9       Building Construction Handbook, Washington, D.C.,


10       1958.


                   6.  American  Public Health Association,


12       Inc.  "A Proposed Housing Ordinance." (1790  Broad-


13       way,  New York 19, N.Y.) 1967,  (Draft.)


14                 7.  American  Public  Health Association,
15
          "Basic Principles of Healthful Housing."  (1790
16        Broadway, New York 19, N.Y.) 1954.

17
                   8.  U. S. Department  of Health, Edu-


         cation, and Welfare, Public Health Service:  Grade


19        "A" Pastuerized Milk Ordinance.  Publication No.

20
         229, Washington, D.C., 1965.

21
                   9.  U. S. Department  of Health, Edu-

22
         cation, and Welfare, Public Health Service:  Food

23
         Service Sanitation Manual.  Publication No.  93^,


         Washington, D.C., 1962.

25
                   10.  U. S. Department of Health, Education,

-------
                                                         2168
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2         and  Welfare, Public Health  Service:  Sanitary
 3         Standard  for Manufactured Ice.   1964 Reeommenda-
 4         tions  of  the Public Health  Service.
 5                   11.   U.  S.  Department  of Health,  Edu-
 6         cation, and Welfare,  Public Health Service:  The
 7         Vending of Foods and  Beverages  (A Sanitation
 8         Ordinance and  Code).  Washington, D.C.,  1965.
 9                   12.   Pacific  Southwest Inter-Agency
10         Committee and  Columbia  Basin Inter-Agency Committee
11         "Refuse Storage, Collection and  Disposal in
12         Recreational Areas."  1961..
13                   13•   Weaver,  L.,Refuse and Litter  Control
14         in Recreation  Areas,  Public Works Magazine,  April
15         1967.
16                   14.   Anderson, R.  J.   Public Health
17         Aspects of Solid Waste  Disposal.  Public Health
18         Reports,  Vol.  79,  No. 2, February 1964,  pp  93-100.
19                   15.   Solid  Waste/Disease Relationships -
20         A Literature Survey.  US DHEW, PHS,  Publication
21         No.  999-U1H-6,  1967.
22                   16.   "Recreational Use of  Domestic
23         Water  Supply Reservoirs."   Journal American  Water
24         Works  Association, Vol. 50,  No.  5, pp. 579-580.
25         May  1958.

-------
   	2169


 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL


 2                  17 •   Joint Committee  on  Swimming Pools


 3        and  Bathing Places,  the American Public  Health


 4        Association,  Conference of  State Sanitary


 5        Engineers  and Conference of Municipal  Public


 6        Health  Engineers  in  Cooperation with the Public


 7        Health  Service, Suggested Ordinance  and  Regula-


 8        tions Covering Public Swimming  Pools,  19^3•


 9                  18.   American Public  Health  Association,


10        Inc., "Recommended Practice for Design,  Equipment


U        and  Operation of  Swimming Pools and  Other Public


12        Bathing Places."   (1790 Broadway,  New  York 19,


13        N. Y.)  1957.


14                  19.   Hess, A. D.:  "Vector Problems


15        Associated with the  Development and  Utilization


16        of Water Resources in the United States."  Pro-


l7        ceedings 10th International Congress Entomology


18        (1956)  3:595-601,  1958.


19                  20.   U. S. Department of Health, Edu-


20        cation,  and Welfare, Communicable  Disease Center:


21        Household  and Stored-Food Insects  of Public  Health


22        Importance, Atlanta, 1960.

oo
   [                 21.   U. S. Department of Health, Edu-


24        cation  and Welfare,  Communicable Disease Center:
25
          Control  of Domestic  Rats  and  Mice,  Atlanta,  1960.

-------
                                         	2170

 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2                  22.  U. S* Department of  the Interior,

 3        National Park Service, National Park Service  Hand-

 4        book - Special Park Uses.  Washington, D.C.,  1961.

 5                  23.  Mueller, Eva and Gurin, Gerald:

 6        "Participation in Outdoor Recreation Factors

 7        Affecting Demand Among American Adults."   Outdoor

 8        Recreation Resources Review Commission Report 20,

 9        1962.

10

11
             HEALTH GUIDELINE^ FOR WATER RESOURCE
12
               AND RELATED LAND USE MANAGEMENT
13
                   PART IV:  VECTOR CONTROL
14'  "

15                                        PRELIMINARY DRAFT
                                             USPHS,  DHEW
16                                          November 196?

17
         CONTENTS                                      PAGE
18
19        Introduction.  .  «  «
20        Practices for the Prevention
         and Control of Vector Problems
ai
              A.  Impoundments
22
              B.  Terrestrial Arthropods and
23                 Rodents at Recreational Areas
24             c.  Waterfowl Refuges

25             D.  Irrigation  .  .  .

-------
2171
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

DONALD W. MARSHALL
CONTENTS PAGE
Piel
S.urv
I.

are

P. Channel Improvements and
G. Waterways, Terraces, Ploodways,
Diversion Channels, and Drainage
H. Supplemental Chemical Control
d Survey and Epidemiological
Introduction

Health Guidelines for Vector Control
intended for the use of public health agencies,
water resource construction and operation agencies,
and
the
lems
for others. The Guidelines should assist in
study and evaluation of vector control prob-
and in the prevention and control of disease
vectors and pests which may be associated with
water and related land resources.





The Guidelines may be broken down
into two categories:
1. Principles and Practices for
the Prevention and Control of Vector
Problems

-------
                                                  , _ 217P
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2             2.  Field Survey and Epidemio-

 3             logical Surveillance.

 4                  Major vectors considered include mos-

 5        quitoes from the water resource  and  terrestrial

 6        arthropods and rodents from  the  related  land  re-

 7        source

 8
              Practices for  the  Prevention  and  Control
 9
              of Vector Problems
10

                    In  the prevention and  control  of  vector

12        problems,  special emphasis must  be placed upon  the

13        prevention of physical  conditions  which  may result

14        in increased vector populations  and upon the estab-

15        lishment of physical  conditions  which  will  minimize

16        or eliminate existing vector problems; attention

17        must also  be given  to factors  such as  the main-

18        tenance of basic sanitation standards, programs

19        for the application of  insecticides, location of

20        habitable  areas away  from potential mosquito pro-

21        duction areas, and  so forth.   The  following prln-

22        ciples and practices  for prevention and  control of

23        vector problems should  be followed in  the planning,

24        design, construction, operation, and maintenance of

25        water and  related land  resource  projects

-------
 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL
 2       A.    Impoundments
 3                  Practices  leading to the prevention and
 4       source  reduction  of  mosquito and other aquatic
 5       insect  "breeding sites  include the following:
 6             1.   All  borrow  pits  and other potential
 7             ponding  areas associated with construc-
 8             tion of  the  dam,  relocation of highways
 9             or roads, etc., which are located above
10             maximum  pool level should be made self-
11             draining.
12             2.   Prior to impoundage, the reservoir
13             basin should be prepared as follows:
14                  a.  The normal  summer fluctuation
15                  zone of the  permanent pool should
16                  be  completely cleared except for
17                  isolated trees  and sparse vegetation
18                  along abrupt  shorelines which will
19                  be  exposed to wave action.
20                  b.  Dense  stands of timber rooted
21                  below the  normal summer minimum
22                  pool level but extending above that
23                  level should  be cleared.  In some
24                  situations,  such timber may be
25                  felled and securely tied down in

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                      	217.4
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2                   lieu  of  disposal.
 3                   c.  Borrow  pits,  depressions,
 4                   marshes, and  sloughs  which will
 5                   be flooded  by the  reservoir at
 6                   maximum  pool  level and  which would
 7                   retain water  at  lower pool levels
 8                   should be provided with drains to
 9                   insure complete  drainage or fluc-
10                   tuation  of  water levels.
11                   d.  If the  summer  fluctuation  zone
12                   of the permanent pool is limited to
13                   a few feet, consideration should be
14                   given to "building out" mosquito-
15                   producing areas  located within
16                   flight range  of  population groups
17                   or recreation areas through the  use
18                   of measures such as deepening  and/or
19                   filling.  This would  minimize  the
20                   need  for repetitious  measures  for
21                   controlling vegetation  and mosquito
22                   production.
23             3.  After  impoundage,  the  following main-
24             tenance measures should be carried  out  in
25             all potential mosquito "-producing areas

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   	2175,


 1                      DONALD  W.  MARSHALL



 2              located  within  flight  range  of



 3              human  population groups  or recrea-



 4              tion areas  frequented  by significant



 5              numbers  of  persons:



 6                  a.  All  dense vegetation should
 w                             i


 7                  be  removed periodically from



 g                  flat,  protected areas within  the



 9                  normal summer fluctuation  zone



10                  of  the permanent  pool.



11                  b.  Vegetation,debris,  and



12                  flotage  should be removed



13                  periodically  from all drains  to



14                  insure free flows.



15              ^-.  Water level management to minimize



16              conditions  favorable for mosquito  pro-



17              duction  should  be  used to the maximum



18              degree permitted by the  primary pur-



19              poses  of the  reservoir.   This will



20              minimize the  need  for  repetitious



21              measures for  controlling vegetation



22              and mosquito  production.



23              5.  As a general principle,  waterside



24              recreation  areas,  particularly  those



25              which have  facilities  for overnight

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   	2176
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             human  occupancy, should be located
 3             along  sections of  the  reservoir
 4             which  have  a  low production poten-
 5             tial for  mosquitoes  and other
 6             aquatic insects of public  health
 7             importance.
 8             6.  Biological control measures
 9             such as maintaining  populations
lO             of mosquito larva  predators should
H             be exercised  as needed.
12         B•  Terrestrial Arthropods and Rodents at
13            Recreational Areas
14             1.  Proper  storage,  collection,  and
15             disposal  of solid  wastes should  be
16             practiced in  order to  prevent and
17             control flies, wasps,  other noxious
18             insects,  rats, wild  rodents,  and
19             other  small mammals.
20             2.  All buildings  should be rodent
21             proofed at  recreation  areas where
22             rodents which may  create public
23             health hazards are prevalent.
24             3.  Debris, rubbish, and other
25             materials which may  serve  as

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   	2177
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2            harborage  for  rodents  and other
 3            small  mammals  should be  removed
 4            periodically.   At  least  twice  a
 5            week removal of garbage  is neces-
 6            sary to  minimize fly production
 7            during the  summer  months.   Where
 8            pit privies are provided,  they
 9            should be  fly  tight and  constructed
10            to minimize  the  possibility of  rodent
11            harborage.  Where  possible such
12            unsatisfactory  facilities  should
13            be replaced with modern water
14            carriage sewage disposal  systems.
15            4.  Brush  and weeds along  paths,
16            trails,  roadways,  and  other areas
17            frequently used by visitors should
18            be treated with herbicides or  re-
19            moved  in order  to  reduce  the likeli-
20            hood of  tick and chigger infestation.
21            Insecticides should also be applied
22            along  paths or  roadsides to control
23            tick and chigger infestations  but
24            only in accordance with recommenda-
25            tions  of appropriate Federal or State

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   n	:	2178
    v
 1                    DONALD W. MARSHALL

 2            agencies.

 3       C. Waterfowl Refuges

 4            l.  Whenever possible, waterfowl

 5            habitat developments should be con-

 6            structed so as to minimize mosquito

 7            problems.

 g            2.  Waterfowl areas which are to be

 9            flooded during the mosquito season

10            should be diked or otherwise prepared

11            with steep shorelines to preclude

12            shallow water areas favorable for

13            mosquito production.

14            3.  Provision should be made for water

15            level management in waterfowl areas

16            which will minimize mosquito produc-

17            tion.

18       D.   Irrigation

19            1.  Project Conveyance and Distribu-

20            tlon Systems

21                 a.  Lining or other satisfactory

22                 seepage control measures should

23                 be provided for all sections  of

24                 canals and laterals located  in

25                 porous soil where excessive

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   	2179
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2                  leakage would result in water-
 3                  logged areas, seeps, and ponds.
 4                  b.   Drains should be installed
 5                  to  prevent ponding of excess
 6                  irrigation water and natural
 7                  runoff along  the upper side of
 8                  canals and laterals.  All
 9                  drainage crossing or inlet
10                  structures should be placed on
11                  grade  to prevent ponding.
12                  c.   Borrow areas should be made
13                  self-draining to prevent the
14                  retention of  ponded water.
15                  d.   Where possible, provision
l<>                  should be made to prevent idle
17                  turn-outs and other hydraulic
18                  structures from retaining residual ,
19                  water.
20                  e.   Effective measures should be
21                  provided to prevent ponding of
22                  leakage from  water control struc-
23                  tures.
24                  f.   Every effort should be made
25                  to  establish  delivery schedules

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                                                        2180
 1                     DONALD  W.  MARSHALL
 2                  which will provide  farmers
 3                  with adequate but not exces-
 4                  sive amounts  of  water at proper
 5                  intervals  to  insure efficient
 6                  irrigation of the crops concerned.
 7                  g.  Vegetation and  debris which
 8                  would retard  normal flows should
 9                  be  periodically  removed from
10                  conveyance channels, water  con-
11                  trol structures, and drains.
12             2.   Project  Drainage  Systems
13                  a.  Trunk  drainage  systems  should
14                  be  installed  to  insure complete
15                  removal and proper  disposal of
16                  excess  irrigation water, natural
17                  runoff, and seepage from both
18                  irrigable  and nonirrigable  lands
19                  affected by the  distribution and
20                  use of  irrigation water on the
21                  project.
22                  b.   Drainage  ditches should be
23                  designed,  constructed, and main-
24                  tained  so as  to  minimize ponding
25                  in the  channels  and to insure free

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                                                         2181



 1                      DONALD W.  MARSHALL



 2                   flows  at all  times.



 3                   c.   Provision should be made to



 4                   prevent water from ponding be-



 5                   hind spoil banks.



 K                   d.   Underdrains,  culverts, inlets,



 7                   etc.,  should  be  placed on grade to



 8                   prevent ponding.



 9              3.   Irrigated Farms



10                   a.   The sponsoring agency and other



11                   organizations concerned with irri-



12                   gation agriculture or mosquito



13                   control should encourage irrigation



14                   farmers to use the following irri-



15                   gation and drainage  practices which



16                   will prevent  or  minimize mosquito



17                   sources:



18                    1)   The farm supply system,



19                    drainage system,  and field lay-



20                    outs should be properly fitted



21                    to the  topography,  soil, water



22                    supply,  crops  to be grown,  and



23                    irrigation  methods  to be used.



24                    2)   All surface  irrigated fields



25                    should  be properly  leveled or

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   	2182
 I                      DONALD  W.  MARSHALL
 2                     graded to provide  for effi-
 3                     cient water application and
 4                     removal  of  excess  water with-
 5                     out  ponding.
 6                     3)   An adequate  drainage
 7                     system should  be provided
 8                     for  removal of excess water
 9                     from all portions  of  the farm.
10                     JJ-)   Irrigation methods should
11                     be used  which  will provide
12                     optimum  irrigation efficiencies.
13                     5)   Application  of irrigation
14                     water should be  limited to  the
15                     amount required  to fill the
16                     crop root zone plus water to
17                     cover unavoidable  losses and
18                     excess water needed to prevent
19                     upward movement  of salts.
20        E.  Farm  Ponds
21              i.   The pond basins should be cleared
22              of trees, brush, and  other dense vege-
23              tation  prior to impoundage.
24              2.   Ponds should be constructed with
25              steep banks to  discourage growth of

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   	2183
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             vegetation.
 3            3.   All dense vegetation should be

 4            removed periodically from shallow

 5            water areas.

 6        F»   Channel Improvements and Drainage
 7             1.   Borrow areas resulting from con-

 g             struction of the project -should be

 9             made self-draining.

10             2.   Material excavated from channels
H             should be disposed of in such a way

12             that it will not cause ponding of

13             water.
14             3.   Adequate drains should be installed

15             to  prevent ponding of water on berms

16             or  behind spoil banks, levees, and

17             dikes.
18             4.   Drainage ditches should be designed,
19             constructed, and maintained to concen-
20             trate low flows and reduce silt depo-
21             sition and subsequent ponding, thereby

22             insuring free flows at all times.

23             5.   Underdrains, culverts, inlets, etc.,

24             should be placed on grade to prevent

25             ponding.

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   	2184
 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL
 2             6.   Collection sumps  should be con-
 3             structed with steep side slopes,
 4             and any emergent vegetation should
 5             be  removed periodically.
 6             7.   Sections  of natural  channels
 7             that are cut  off or bypassed by new
 8             channels should be filled or provided
 9             with adequate drains.
10             8.   Interior  drainage  facilities  should
11             be  well maintained to  avoid excessive
12             ponding.
13             9«   The use of biological control
14             measures such as stocking with the
15             mosquito fish,Qambusia Affinis, should
16             be  used where feasible.
17        G.  Waterways,  Terraces, Floodways,  Diversion
18           Channels, and Drainage  Ditches
19             1.   Waterways,  terraces, floodways,
20             diversion channels,  and  drainage
21             ditches should be  designed, con-
22             structed and  maintained  to prevent
23             the retention of ponded  water or  the
24             creation of ponded areas which would
25             be  suitable for mosquito production.

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                                                         2185

 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL

 2             2.   Biological control  measures

 3             should be  used where  feasible.

 4        H.   Supplemental  Chemical  Control Measures

 5             1.   In situations  where adequate

 6             vector control is  not obtained

 7             through prevention and  source re-

 8             duction measures)  provision should

 9             be  made for  supplemental use of

10             insecticides and rodenticides to

11             achieve the  desired level of control.

12
          III.  Field Survey and  Epidemiological Surveillance
13

14                  In order to insure that good principles

15        and  practices are actually being implemented,  that

16        vectors  are being controlled,  and that disease and

17        nuisance is being prevented,  arrangements should be

18        made  for routine  field  surveys and for epidemic-

19        logical  surveillance.   The routine field surveys

20        should include  not only inspections for implemen-

21        tation of  physical measures,  but also inspections

22        for  the  presence  of adult  and  larval  mosquitoes

23        and  other  vectors.   Regular  information on vector

24        populations or  disease  occurrence is  essential in

25        guiding  control programs or  instituting new  programls

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                                                         2186



 1                     DONALD W.  MARSHALL



 2        to  cope with  existing vector  problems  as  well  as



 3        unforeseen  or emergency situations.



 4                 Approximately one-half  of  the States



 6        now maintain  full-time  vector control  specialists



 6        usually within the organization of State  health



 7        departments.   The Public Health Service also main-



 8        tains vector  control programs within the  National



 9        Communicable  Disease Center.   Both State  and Public



^        Health Service vector control specialists can  pro-



11        vide technical assistance  in  determining  proper



12        vector control measures- which should be applied in



13        the implementation of specific projects.   For



14        information regarding such technical assistance



15        the State health department or appropriate region-



16        al  office of  the Public Health Service should  be



17        contacted.


18                          _ _  _




19                 MR.  STEIN:  I hate  to put  you on after



          Mrs. Murray,  because I  know she   is  a  terribly



21        difficult one to follow.


22
                   MR.  MARSHALL: I know,  that  was a tough


23
          one.



24                 MR.  STEIN:  But  Poole fooled us. He



25        saved his trump card for last and we really had

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                                          	2187
 1                     DONALD W. MARSHALL
 2        nowhere to go.
 3                  MR. MARSHALL:  That was  a real rough
 4        one to follow, too.
 5                  MR. STEIN:  Before we recess,  tomorrow
 6        will be Michigan's day.  However,  it is  expected
 7        that Governor Knowles of Wisconsin will  be here
 g        and President John Egan of  the  Sanitary  District
 9        of Chicago.  And when President Egan and the
10        Governor come, they will be given  an opportunity
11        to present statements
12                  With that, we will  stand recessed until
13        9:30 tomorrow morning.
14                  (Whereupon, at 5:00 p.m., an adjourn-
15        ment was taken.)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                        t U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . 1968 0—312-667 (VOU 4)

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6060 if

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