PROCEEDING
Volume 3
MINNESOTA
May 13-14-15, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Executive Session
September 3O-October 1, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
Pollution of Lake Superior and
its Tributary Basin, Minnesota-
Wisconsin-Michigan
U.S. Department of the Interior • Federal Water Poll ution Control Administration
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(May 15, 1969, Morning Session)
STATEMENT OF:
William G. Turney
Joseph Bal
Cletus Courchaine
Dr« Ralph A. MacMullan (Read by Asa Wright)
B. Dale Ball (Read by Ralph Purdy)
Ralph Purdy
Honorable Thomas Schweigert (Read by Ralph Purdy)
J0 Lo Rouman (Read by Ralph Purdy)
White Pine Copper Company (Read by Ralph Purdy)
National Audubon Society (Read by Ralph Purdy)
William L» Robinson (Read by Ralph Purdy)
G. G. Mallinson
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Read by David
Dominick)
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (Read by David Dominick)
Verne M. Bathurst
U. So Department of Agriculture and Soil Conservation Service
(Read by David Dominick)
National Park Service, B. J. Miller (Read by David Dominick)
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, R. W0 Sharp
Ernest D0 Premetz
Dr0 Graham Walton
Donald W. Marshall (Read by Dr0 Graham Walton)
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May 15, 1969
MR. DOMINICK: Ladies and gentlemen, I believe the clock
on the wall is slow so we will get started now« Will you take your
seats, please.
I will repeat the wish of the Chairman of the conferees
that we complete all of the testimony for this first Lake Superior
conference today, and that all testimony which we receive be as brief
and as original in nature as possible.
We will proceed first on our agenda with the State of
Michigan.
MR. PURDY: Mr0 Chairman, I would like to call on
Mr. William Turney to present the statements Mr. Turney will not
read the report in its entirety, but we ask that it be placed in its
entirety in the record. He will briefly go through it.
MR. DOMINICK: Without objection, that will be done.
STATEMENT OF WILLIAM G. TURNEY,
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION,
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
LANSING, MICHIGAN,,
MR. TURNEY: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentle-
men:
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W. G. Turney
The report is entitled "Report on Water Pollution Control
in the Michigan Portion of the Lake Superior Basin and Its Tributaries,
Prepared and Published by the Michigan Water Resources Commission, of
Department of Natural Resources and the Michigan Department of Public
Health," at the Conference Called by the Secretary of the Interior on
Pollution of Waters of Lake Superior and Its Tributary Basin.
This report contains information on the municipal and
industrial waste disposal situation in the Michigan portion of the
interstate waters of Lake Superior and in the tributaries to Lake
Superior in Michigan. It delineates the statutes that provide the
local units of government authority to build, own, and operate waste
treatment facilities. It delineates the accomplishments that have
been made in controlling pollution and the measures that are being
taken to provide improved control. It also describes the uses being
made of these waters and water quality conditions.
The report was prepared for presentation to the conferees
at the Federal conference called by the Secretary of the Interior for
their consideration and appraisal in (1) arriving at conclusions as
to whether waste discharges originating from Michigan sources are
endangering the health or welfare of persons in a State other than
that in which the discharge or discharges originate, (2) determining
the adequacy of measures that have been taken for abatement of
pollution, and (3) determining the nature of delays, if any, being
encountered in abating pollution.
The area encompassed by the report includes all of the
Michigan portion of Lake Superior and its tributaries.
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All sources of municipal sewage and industrial waste
discharges to surface waters are covered. The nature of waste treat-
ment or control measures in effect are described and the State agency
action to control pollution and evaluate accomplishments is related.
The files and records of the Michigan Water Resources
Commission and the Michigan Department of Public Health are the sources
of information contained in the report. The employed staffs of both
agencies collaborated in assembling the material and preparing the
report.
Chapter I, Statutory Authority, Michigan Law Relating to
Water Pollution Control
List A includes 19 State acts,, A. Authority for local
units of government to build, own, and operate waste treatment facili-
ties.
List B contains 25 State acts giving authority for the
control of water pollution.
Michigan's Clean Water Bond Program
In November 1968 Michigan electors, by a three-to-one
margin, authorized the sale of $335 million worth of bonds for purposes
of assisting communities in improving existing and constructing new
waste treatment plants; $50 million of this total bond program is to
be used for sewer construction assistance for communities without
sewers which are contributing to an existing pollution problem and
have low property valuation.
Implementing legislation is now being developed by the
legislature and proposed bills have been introduced. One would amend
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Act 329, Public Acts of 1966, to provide a State grant of 25 percent
of the cost of construction of treatment works eligible for Federal
participation under Public Law 84-660 and to advance one-half of the
Federal grant if Federal funds are not available. A second bill
provides State grants to assist local agencies in the construction of
collecting sewers. This grant would be for 50 percent of the cost of
construction of collecting sewers in excess of 10 percent of the State
equalized value of all taxable property within the political boundaries
of the unit served.
Also on Page 6 is an abstract of the Attorney General's
Opinion No. 4590 on authority of the Water Resources Commission to
regulate copper and iron mining operations.
The 1965 amendments to Michigan's basic pollution control
law, Act 249 of 1925, cast a cloud over our Water Resources Commission's
authority to regulate copper and iron mine tailing resources. The
Attorney General's opinion included, among other things, a statement
that copper and iron mining operations are subject to the protective
provisions of the Water Resources Act.
Chapter II, State of Michigan Pollution Control Program
Administration of water pollution control functions in
Michigan necessarily follows the division of statutory responsibility
set forth in the previously cited statutes subject to correlation,
wherever possible, of member department interests and objectives with
those of the Water Resources Commission. The Water Resources Commission
and the Department of Public Health and their respective staffs carry
the principal burden of water pollution control in Michigan at the
State level.
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Water Resources Commission Pollution Control Program
Goal:
The objective of the Michigan Water Resources Commission
is to bring all existing unlawful pollution under continuing effective
control and prevent the development of unlawful pollution from new
sources, population growths, or increased industrial expansion and,
where such incidents occur, limit their duration and intensity to
the fullest extent consistent with requirements of the Water Resources
Commission statute. Under the Michigan statute (Appendix A) it is
unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to discharge into the
waters of the State any substance which is or may be injurious to the
public health, safety, or welfare/ or which is or may be injurious to
domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other
uses which are being or may be made of such waters, or which is or may
become injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands/ or which
is or may become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish,
aquatic life or plants, or the growth or propagation thereof be pre-
vented or injuriously affected/ or whereby the value of fish and game
is or may be destroyed or impaired,, The discharge of any raw sewage
of human origin, directly or indirectly into any waters of the State,
is prima facie evidence of a violation of the statute unless such
discharge is permitted by an order, rule, or regulation of the Water
Resources Commission,
Action Regarding Inadequacies
Where inadequacies in control of waste discharges are
determined to exist, and opportunity is provided for establishment of
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W. G. Turney
voluntary corrective action. When it appears to the Michigan Water
Resources Commission that a voluntary program will not be successful
or may not be accomplished within a reasonable time period, statutory
procedures are initiated. Orders adopted contain specific effluent
restrictions and specific dates for approval of construction plans and
specifications, awarding of construction contracts and commencement
of construction, and the completion of construction and attainment of
pollution abatement as required by the order.
Combined Sewerage Systems
New sewerage systems must be developed on the basis of
separate sewers for storm water and sanitary wastewater. When at all
feasible, separated sanitary wastewater systems shall not be discharged
into combined systems. If such discharge does occur, control facilities
must be developed on the combined system so as to protect present and
future water uses of the receiving waters consistent with the requirements
of the Water Resources Commission statute. Problems associated with the
overflow of storm and sanitary waste from existing combined public waters
must be corrected on or before June 1, 1977.
Nutrients in Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges
Nutrient discharges, particularly with respect to phosphates,
to public waters must be controlled. Persons proposing to make a new
or increased use of waters of the State for waste disposal purposes are
required, coincident with the new or increased use, to utilize such
technology and processes which are known for the removal of phosphorus
compounds and as a long-term objective, all existing waste dischargers
will be required to provide facilities for the removal of phosphorus
compounds by June 1, 1977. See Page 17 for further discussion.
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Watercrgft Pollution Control
The discharge of sanitary waste from recreational water-
craft will be controlled by rules and regulations adopted by the
Water Resources Commission on February 22, 1968, with an effective date
of January 1, 1970. Complete rules are contained in Appendix B of the
report,
Control of New Waste Discharges
The Michigan Water Resources Commission will prevent the
development of new problems by continued implementation of Section 8 (b)
of its statute which required the filing of a statement of use by any
person proposing to make a new or substantial increase in use of waters
of the State for waste disposal purposes. The Commission, upon receipt
of a statement, makes an order stating such minimum restrictions as
may be necessary to guard adequately against unlawful uses of waters
of the State,
Water Quality Standards
Water quality standards and use designations for all inter-
Appendix C) and intrastate (Appendix D) waters have been adopted.
Water us -designations, together with a plan of implementation and
enforcement of the standards, were adopted for interstate waters on
June 28, 1967, while the intrastate water standards were adopted on
January 4, 1968. The use designations for intrastate waters were
established on March 20, 1969. A series of five water and related
land resource inventory reports were compiled by the staff of the
Water Resources Commission and were used, along with other supporting
data, as background material for determining use designations.
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Certain intrastate waters are not at present designated
for specific uses. The Water Resources Commission did not designate
uses for waters receiving discharges from the copper and iron mining
industries pending an Attorney General's opinion as to the authority
of the Commission to regulate mining wastes. This opinion has now
been received and, consistent with the Commission rules, a public
hearing is scheduled in August 1969 at Escanaba, at which time use
designations will be considered for these waters. Adoption of use
designations by the Commission is expected within 60 to 90 days
following the hearing.
On interstate waters, where noncompliance with the standards
is determined to exist as the result of a discharge from an existing
municipal wastewater treatment plant, treatment facilities adequate
for meeting established water quality standards must be provided no
later than June 1, 1972. Secondary treatment is required as a
minimum unless it can be demonstrated that a lesser degree of treat-
ment or control will provide for water quality enhancement commensurate
with present and future water uses. Industrial waste discharges must
meet the same treatment requirements as municipal waste effluents, and
industrial waste problems identified in the interstate plan reports
must, no later than June 1, 1970, have adequate treatment or control
facilities.
Inspection and Facility Approval
The Water Resources Commission staff inspects each incipient
pollution problem regularly. All orders now adopted by the Commission
to both industries and municipalities require routine analysis and
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reporting of the quality of wastes discharged to public waters. In
addition, surface water quality and waste effluents are monitored so
as to identify the approach of pollutional conditions in time to
initiate appropriate corrective action prior to the development of a
statutory injury. The Water Resources Commission staff reviews and
approves or rejects plans for industrial waste treatment or control
facilities and counsels with management on industrial waste treatment
or disposal problems. It develops appropriate restrictions and time
schedules for Commission approval to correct or prevent pollution
problems, and participates in enforcement procedures initiated by the
Commission through statutory hearings and enforcement of Commission
orders in court when voluntary compliance is not forthcoming.
Mandatory Certification of Industrial Treatment Plant
Operators
Act 209, Public Acts of 1968, requires that all industrial
or commercial establishments discharging liquid wastes into the waters
of the State shall have waste treatment facilities under the specific
supervision of persons who have been certified by the Water Resources
Commission as properly qualified to operated the facilities. It
further requires that monthly operating reports shall be filed with
the Commission, showing the effectiveness of the treatment facility
operation and the quantity of the wastes discharged.
Implementation of this program is now under formulation
by the Commission with assistance by an industrial management advisory
committee.
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Data Processing
The Michigan Water Resources Commission is now developing
data storage and retrieval systems. Full consideration is being given
to the systems now employed by the Ontario Water Resources Commission
and the United States Government so as to afford easy exchange of data
and cooperative use of the three systems. Reporting forms are in the
final stages of preparation and the entire system will hopefully be
operational in about 3 years.
Department of Public Health Pollution Control Program
The Department of Public Health, acting through its
Division of Engineering, exercises supervisory control over all public
sewerage systems. The director of the department is required by
statute, Act 98, Public Acts of 1913, as amended, to "exercise due care
to see that all sewerage systems are properly planned, constructed,
and operated so as to prevent unlawful pollution of the streams, lakes,
and other water resources of the State." The companion statute,
Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended, defines unlawful pollution
and authorizes the Water Resources Commission to "establish such pol-
lution standards for lakes, rivers, streams, and other waters of the
State in relation to the public use to which they are or may be put,
as it shall deem necessary." Such pollution standards and the water
quality criteria relating to the public uses, recently approved for
both interstate and intrastate streams, provide the framework upon
which decisions are made and actions taken in relation to the planning,
design, construction, and operation of all sewer systems and treatment
works. Elements of this supervisory program include the following:
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Facilities Planning and Approval
1. Review engineering reports establishing the basis of
design for projects involving collection and treatment of wastewater
and consult with the engineers and municipal officials on elements of
the proposed design prior to development of plans and specifications
for the project, require modification of proposed design where appro-
priate and, when found to be satisfactory, approve same.
2. Review, approve, or reject and secure changes in plans
and specifications submitted for new municipal systems or for changes
in existing systems, both for collection and treatment.
3. Conducts inspections to determine that construction of
public sewerage systems conforms to approved plans and specifications.
4. Require reduction of overflows from existing combined
sewer systems. Adoption of accelerated programs for effective control
of overflows from such systems is strongly urged. Progress has been
made in several communities such as Houghton, Munising, and Marquette.
5. Require municipal rather than private ownership of
all sewerage systems serving the public.
6. Counsels with officials of municipalities and their
consulting engineering agents as to the need and methods for collection
and treatment of wastewater.
7. Strongly encourage and, where appropriate, require the
development of multicommunity area planning to provide effective
services and pollution control facilities utilizing sound management
principles. Many such areas are currently served by an integrated
system of sewers, interceptors, and treatment works. Others are being
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so planned in several areas. Examples are Houghton, Hancock, and
Marquette.
8. Encourage the admission of industrial wastes in
municipal sewerage systems where such wastes will not adversely affect
the system and its performance in relation to effective pollution
control.
9. Foster, encourage, and assist communities in the
adoption of effective and practical sewer use ordinances for the
control of industrial wastes to be admitted to the sewerage system.
10. Encourage and, where appropriate, require communities
to conduct studies, pilot or plant scale, to provide a dependable
basis of design for unusual combinations of industrial and municipal
wastes to be treated where sufficient information is not available for
design purposes.
11. Encourage and assist communities to conduct studies to
establish effective methods for removal of phosphates from their wastes
at existing treatment works. In the last year, several communities
have purchased spectronic equipment and are obtaining background data
on phosphates in their wastes, some are doing bench scale tests on
phosphate removal with iron and aluminum salts. These plants include
Ironwood, Ontonagon, Houghton-Hancock, and Marquette.
12. Require facilities for removal of phosphates in the
design of new treatment works, consistent with the adopted policy of
the Water Resources Commission.
13. Require expansion and improvements of municipal facili-
ties, both for collection and treatment as present capacity is approached,
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rather than wait until the facilities are overloaded before taking
action. Approval of sewer extensions is withheld where additional
loadings would exceed the capacity of the system until an acceptable
program for relief is officially adopted. "Sewer bans" have been
imposed in such circumstances, such as at Laurium. Authority for
such action has been tested and upheld in the courts.
14. Order changes in facilities or their operation when
requirements of the statutes have not been met. Alternatively, cases
involving deficiency in facilities are referred to the Water Resources
Commission for action.
15. As agent for the Water Resources Commission, review,
approve or reject plans submitted for new sewer systems, other than
municipal.
16. Assist and encourage local health departments to
effectively direct and control the installation of private sewage dis-
posal systems where public sewer systems are not available for connec-
tion.
17. Require construction of separate sanitary sewers for
new community systems.
Facility Operation - Supervison, Visitation
1. Require the effective operation of all treatment works,
including pumping stations and sewer system appurtenances.
2. Require all municipalities to submit reports monthly
on the operation of treatment works.
3. Supervise operation by on-site inspection, instruction
and consultation with plant operating personnel. Adequate services of
this nature require visitation once during each 3 months on the average.
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Privately-Owned Public Sewerage System Policy
1. Require private developers of public sewerage facilities
to obtain authorization and approval from the township board as to all
related matters as required by the constitution, applicable laws, and
local ordinance.
2. Require a plan for the effective and continuous
operation of the facilities by the owner.
3. Require a resolution by the township board that it will
assume complete responsibility for the effective operation and mainte-
nance and make any necessary repairs, replacements, extensions, or
improvements to the facilities which are required in the public interest
if the private owner should fail to do so. (Complete text of the policy
is in Appendix F).
Operator Certification and Training
1. Require all municipalities to employ operators whose
competency has been certified by the Department. Over 600 operators
have been so certified on the basis of education, experience, and
written examinations.
2. Conduct formal group training sessions to impart specific
information related to effective operational control, to provide oppor-
tunity for exchange of information and experience, and to provide
incentives for self-study and development. Over 325 operators attend
a 2—day meeting each year conducted by Department engineers and chemists.
A series of four 5-day sessions in laboratory procedures involving
chemical and bacteriologial analyses have been conducted concurrently
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with four 5-day sessions in colorimetry by the Department staff during
January and February the past 2 years; 225 operators who presently
perform such tests at their plants registered for these short courses.
Evening courses are held throughout the State for a 12 week period in
mathematics, chemistry or hydraulics as applied to wastewater works
operation, in a cooperative program with other agencies and organiza-
tions. Special courses in process control safety, and related areas
are sponsored with other groups.
3. Encourage operators to meet on a regular schedule,
usually about once monthly, on their own initiative to exchange infor-
mation on plant operational problems and experiences.
Disinfection Policy and Practice
1. Require all municipalities to disinfect the plant
effluent on a year-round basis before discharge to the surface waters
of the State. This policy was ,adopted in January 1967 (Appendix G).
Virtually all communities in the State are conforming to this policy.
2. Require the provision of adequate facilities and their
operation, monitoring and testing in such a manner as to assure
continuous effective disinfection.
3. Require regular reporting on forms furnished by the
Department of chlorine used daily, results of chlorine residual readings,
and related information. Most communities are performing bacteriological
analyses on the chlorinated effluent as a check on the chlorine dosage
and chlorine residual regimens. Other small communities are currently
planning to apply additional refinements in control this year.
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Studies on Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater at
Municipal Treatment Plants
During the past 2 years studies have been made by several
Michigan municipalities on removal of phosphorus from the wastewater
collected in their community sewer systems. Two general methods were
utilized: one involving the addition of metal salts either to the raw
sewage or activated sludge with or without the addition of polymers;
the other involving management of the activated sludge process without
chemical additions.
A variety of study methods and procedures were followed.
Some involved bench studies only, using jar tests on the wastes under-
going treatment at the plant/ others included full-scale plant operation
applying the knowledge acquired in the bench work; and others were
conducted at pilot plants built to establish a basis of design for
facilities to be added.
The first of these studies was conducted at Grayling, a
resort community of less than 2,000 resident population. Bench studies
indicated that 80 percent or more of total phosphorus could be removed
from the raw wastes by plain sedimentation with the addition of 15-30
mg/1 of ferrous chloride as iron, 30-50 mg/1 of sodium hydroxide as
equivalent calcium carbonate, and about 0.5 mg/1 of an anionic polymer.
Work of a similar nature, both in bench studies with jar
tests and full-scale plant operation, was performed at the Village of
Lake Odessa. Here the municipal treatment facilities include trickling
filters and sludge digestion facilities. The same chemicals were
applied to the raw sewage as at Grayling in about the same concentration,
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except that the dosage rates of the ferrous chloride were less
effectively controlled, resulting in rather widely fluctuating dosage
rates, ranging from daily averages of about 15 mg/1 to 60 mg/1. No
mixing or flocculation equipment was installed. Wastes varied widely
from day to day and week to week in strength and quantities by reason
of changing admixtures of wastes from a food processing plant. Total
period of the paint scale study, both with and without chemical treat-
ment, was 86 days, including 33 days when valid operating data were
obtained under controlled chemical feeding conditions. These date
generally confirmed Grayling observations, although removal of total
phosphorus, 5-day BOD and suspended solids by primary sedimentation
was somewhat lower.
Other work involving use of ferrous chloride and polymers
was performed in 1967 at the Village of Whitehall and the city of
Traverse City. The studies thus far have been bench scale, employing
jar tests similar to those at Grayling and Lake Odessa. Results have
generally confirmed the earlier findings at the other two plants.
Rather extensive studies of phosphorus removal by metallic
ion precipitation in a biological system have been conducted since
September 1967 at the municipal activated sludge plant of the city of
Warren. A pilot plant was installed as the first step in a study to
establish a basis of design for extending the present capabilities of
the plant to meet an effluent requirement of 8 mg/1 20-day BOD and
80 percent removal of total phosphorus.
It has been demonstrated in daily operation and testing
that:
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10 Total phosphorus precipitated by metallic ions were
removed by activated sludge in the order of 70 percent or higher con-
sistently, and an additional 10 percent or more was removed by the
rapid sand fliters.
2C The addition of iron or aluminum directly in the mixed
liquor for phosphorus removal is compatible with the activated sludge
process when operated for high-degree BOD removal.
Other work of a pilot nature has been conducted by the
cities of Detroit and Trenton for the past year and a half under
demonstration grants from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion. Both projects utilize activated sludge and Detroit also is
investigating trickling filters. Data obtained will be used for the
design of formal facilities to be added to the existing primary plants
for improved treatment, including phosphorus removal,;
At the Benton Harbor-St. Joseph activated sludge plant, a
30-day study on full plant operation indicated removal of about 90
percent total phosphorus using ferrous chloride and a polymer, both
applied ahead of primary sedimentation„
Studies have been made at the Lansing activated sludge
plant of the effect of varying concentrations of pickling liquors in
the raw sewage on removal of phosphorus in the system. Similar studies
are in progress at the Jackson activated sludge plant.
Water Resources Commission's Policy on Phosphate Removal
The Water Resources Commission's pollution control program
concerning phosphate removal was established in October 1967 when the
following policy was adopted:
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Whereas, nutrients released to our water environment are
a contributing factor to an accelerated rate of aging of inland lakes
and streams, including the Great Lakes, as evidenced by growths of
aquatic weeds and algae; and
Whereas, phosphorus is an essential element to such growth/
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that persons proposing to make
a new or increased use of waters of the State of waste disposal purposes
will be required, coincident with the new or increased use, to utilize
such technology and processes which are known for the removal of
phosphorus compounds and that as a long-term objective, all existing
waste discharges will be required to provide facilities for the removal
of phosphorus compounds by June 1, 1977,
Construction Grant Program
The Commission maintains a grant administrator whose
responsibilities include assisting municipalities in all phases of the
construction grant program. Prospective applicants are advised of
State and Federal grant programs currently in effect for sewage treat-
ment works, are advised where to obtain and file applications, and are
kept advised of all program developments of importance. Under adminis-
trative rules of the Commission, grants are allocated by the administrator
according to priority points assignment. The administrator also certi-
fies projects to the State Treasurer, serves as intermediary between the
city and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration for Federal
grants, and makes inspections of grant projects.
No financial assistance for maintenance of pollution control
facilitites is provided by the State. Technical assistance is provided
by the Department of Public Health, Division of Engineering. Instruction
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W. G. Turney
in maintenance of specific pieces of treatment plant equipment is
provided through the Department's operator training program.
The State also provides for the exemption of water pollution
control facilities from certain taxes.
Chapter III, Discharges to Surface Waters
Industries
The Water Resources Commission staff has under surveillance
21 industries which discharge wastewater to public waters in the
Lake Superior Basin. The 21 industries that discharge waste effluents
to surface waters are listed in Appendix I, together with their pol-
lution status rating, type of treatment provided, waste effluent data,
where such is available, and formal abatement action taken by the
Commission. The pollution status ratings are updated annually and
represent the Water Resources Commission's staff effort to fairly
appraise each incipient pollution problem as indicated by a review of
operating reports, observations, inspections or surveys during the
preceding calendar year. The ratings are by letter code as follows,
ranging from A to E. You may notice this adds up to 27 instead of 21,
some industries having more than one outlet and being rated more than
once.
A. Control adequate
B. Control provided - adequacy not established
C. No control - need not established
D. Control provided - protection unreliable
E. Control inadequate
(Table 1 and Table 2 follow:)
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TABLE 1
Pollution
Status
Rating
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Type of
Industry
Electric
Chemical Paper Power
1 1
1 1
4*
4
Total
4
2
6
* This figure represents two power companies, each with two ratings.
As shown by the table, all four industries have either an A or B
rating.
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W. G. Turney
There are four industries which have effluent discharges
directly to Lake Superior, 18 have effluent discharges to inland
surface waters tributary to Lake Superior (Marquette Board of Power
and Light discharges to both Lake Superior and the Dead River). The
pollution status ratings for these industries are summarized by tributary
river basins in Table 2. As shown in the table, three have E ratings.
Governmental Units
The 41 governmental units that discharge waste effluents
to public waters are listed in Table 1, Appendix J, together with the
type of treatment provided, waste effluent data where such is available,
abatement action taken, and present status. The data was obtained from
records of the Michigan Department of Public Health and the files of
the Water Resources Commission0 Nearly all of the waste effluent data
reflect averages for the month of September 1968,, Only one municipality,
Baraga, discharges wastewater directly into Lake Superior. The remaining
39 discharge to various tributaries inland from the lake.
The 41 municipalities in the basin had a 1964 estimated
population of 98,945 people. Ten of these municipalities, with 40.4
percent of the total population, are serviced by secondary biological
processes. The remainder of this paragraph is modified. Twenty-three
municipalities are considered to be discharging improperly treated
sewage into the waters of the State. Of these 15 have engineering
studies or plans under preparation. Eight communities have been
notified that approved treatment is required and voluntary performance
schedules and programs are now being formulated for these eight com-
munities. Of the 23 communities, 14 have populations between 50 and
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W. G. Turney
500 people. Eight have populations between 500 and 1,500. There is
one community with a population of 3,000. These are all relatively
small communities.
Interstate River Basins
The Michigan portion of the Lake Superior Basin has only
one interstate stream, the Montreal River. Industrial and municipal
waste discharges within the Montreal watershed are listed below and
in Appendices I and J,
MUNICIPALITY INDUSTRY
Erwin Twp. Superior Packing Co.
Ironwood William E. Maki Slaughterhouse
Ironwood Twp.
The three municipalities had an estimated population of
10, 780 people in 1964, all of which are served by secondary waste
treatment facilities. In keeping with the Michigan Department of
Public Health policy on disinfection of sewage treatment plant effluents
(Appendix G), Ironwood and Ironwood Twp. provide year-round chlorination.
Erwin Twp., however, being served by septic tanks and tile filters,
does not disinfect their sewage effluent. Flow data and waste character-
istics are not available for the two industries in the basin/ however,
both are served by primary waste treatment facilities.
Federal Installations
There are 12 Federal installations which discharge waste
effluents into surface water in the Michigan portion of the Lake
Superior Basin (see Appendix K). In keeping with Commission's require-
ments on phosphorus removal, staff has recommended that facilities to
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W. G. Turney
meet this requirement be provided at the two major Air Force Bases
(Kincheloe and K. I. Sawyer) in the basin. Four of the installations
are light stations (one is a former light station) with raw or semi-
treated sewage discharges directly into Lake Superior. The Michigan
Water Resources Commission has recommended and is currently awaiting
alleviation of these problems. Treatment is considered adequate at
the other six Federal units in the basin.
I would also like the record to show, as has been mentioned
earlier, Michigan receives monthly operating reports from its waste-
water treatment plants. Although the Department of Public Health has
requested that it be furnished operational reports from the Federal
waste treatment plants, the Federal Government has not seen fit to
comply with these requests. For this reason we have not been able to
fully evaluate the effectiveness of these facilities or to give the
degree of professional guidance that is afforded to other municipalities
and industrial waste disposal treatment plants in Michigan.
Periodically, visits located within the Lake Superior
Basin indicate varying degrees of operational deficiencies and plant
malfunctions.
There are a number of Federal campgrounds, lifeboat stations,
ranger stations, etc., which discharge to ground waters in the watershed.
These are not included in this report.
I will not cover any of the material in Chapter IV, the
Lake Superior Basin Description and Water Uses.
Going, then, to Chapter V on Page 35, Water Quality
Monitoring and Special Studies
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843
W. G. Turney
Part 1, Bacteriological Monitoring of Waters Along
Lake Superior Shoreline
The Michigan Water Resources Commission maintains an annual
summer sampling program of Michigan's Great Lakes coastline surface
waters. Samples collected along the Lake Superior coastline are
analyzed for total coliforms by the multiple tube method and results
are presented as most probable number (MPN) of total coliform present
in the water sample. Bacteriological data presented in Appendix L
were obtained in 1967 and 1968„ Only the minimum, maximum, and
geometric mean values for each sampling location are expressed in this
table, however, results for all samples collected and referred to are
on file in the Lansing office of the Water Resources Commission,
Of the 14 locations along Michigan's Lake Superior shore-
line for which there are 1967 and 1968 data available only one had a
geometric mean value for total coliform over 1,000 organisms per
100 ml. in 1968, while in 1967 there were no such locations.
Chapter V, Part 2, Tributary and Lake Superior Monitoring
Programs
Water quality monitoring of Great Lakes tributary streams
was initiated by the Water Resources Commission in May 1955 to obtain
background radioactivity information. The monitoring program has
since been expanded to its present level of 41 stations located through-
out the State, including a station in Lake Superior at Marquette.
Results of sampling at this station from 1959 to 1968 are presented in
Table 1 of Appendix M.
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W. G. Turney
Beginning in 1963 the monitoring program was expanded
to obtain a variety of background data on the quality of water flowing
into the Great Lakes and connecting waters via the principal watersheds
in Michigan's Lower Peninsula. Seven principal watersheds were sampled
once in 1967 and three times in 1968. As of this year, 1969, five
Lake Superior tributaries are being sampled monthly. These five tribu-
taries are the Montreal, Presque Isle, Ontonagon, Sturgeon, and
Tahquamenon rivers.
The specific objectives of the program are to determine
long-term trends in the chemical, physical, and bacteriological
characteristics of tributary streams to the Great Lakes in Michigan.
The monitoring stations are located as close as possible to the mouths
of the drainage basins and below all known sources of waste.
In addition to the regular monitoring of Lake Superior
tributaries, the Commission staff has inaugurated a program of sampling
of raw water from the Great Lakes. This is done at 10 water treatment
plants along the shoreline of Lake Superior. The intent of the program
is to establish existing water quality at the various intakes and
indicate any trends which occur in the quality. These samples are
currently collected annually. The first series was collected in 1967
and these results, along with the 1968 results, are shown in Tables 1
and 2 of Appendix 0. Sampling locations are presented on Map 1.
In addition to the program conducted by the Water Resources
Commission, the Michigan Department of Public Health requires that
each water treatment plant submit monthly operating reports which
contain results of physical, chemical, and bacteriological tests which
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W. G. Turney
are made on the raw water supply. The two programs supplement each
other and furnish fairly complete documentation of the water quality
at water intakes in Lake Superior.
The staff of the Water Resources Commission conducts
various surveys throughout the State in accordance with its program
of pollution prevention and abatement. One such program is a yearly
surveillance of Michigan's interstate rivers. This program was initiated
in 1967 with a series of 89 stations located throughout the State.
Samples were collected at approximately 4-hour intervals for a 24-hour
period at each station. Six of these stations are located on the
Montreal River, and the 1967 results of this program are presented in
Appendix P.
Chapter V, Part 3, Water Quality Survey of Lake Superior
in the Marquette Vicinity, August 8-11, 1968
On August 8-11, 1968, a water quality survey was conducted
to determine the effects of various wastewater discharges on the biota
of Lake Superior and its major tributaries in the Marquette vicinity.
The water quality of Presque Isle and Marquette harbors
was slightly impaired in small, scattered, localized areas. The
overall water quality of Lake Superior in this vicinity was not
adversely affected by natural or artificial sources. (The complete
survey is contained in Appendix Q). This report covered both the
intrastate and interstate waters of the Marquette area.
Go to Page 40, Chapter V, Part 4, Biological Survey of
the Ontonagon River and Lake Superior, in the Vicinity of Ontonagon,
Michigan, August 15, 1968
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W. G. Turney
On August 15, 1968, a biological survey was conducted on
the Ontonagon River and Lake Superior in the vicinity of Ontonagon,
Michigan. The two major sources of waste discharge to these waters
were the Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation paper mill and the Ontonagon
Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Chapter Vy Part 5, Biological Reconnaissance Survey of
the Freda Copper Mill Discharge to Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Freda, Michigan, August 24 and 27, 1966
On August 24 and 27, 1966, a biological survey was con-
ducted on Lake Superior in the vicinity of the Freda Copper Mill
tailings discharge at Freda, Michigan. An effort was made to determine
the effects of this stamp sand discharge upon the benthic fauna and to
determine the extent of discoloration of Lake Superior waters by these
wastes.
Benthic animal samples collected in the Freda-Redridge
vicinity of Lake Superior failed to reveal any useful information con-
cerning the effects of this discharge on the aquatic environment. The
shifting sand bottom provided a very poor benthic habitat and a single
midge larva was the only benthic animal found in the survey. Plankton
samples collected during this survey showed that there were no discernible
differences in the various plankton communities sampled.
Operations at this mill were permanently discontinued in
December 1966. The company has no plans for reactivating this mill.
(Complete survey is contained in Appendix S).
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W. G. Turney
Chapter V, Part 6, A Biological Survey of South Bay/
Lake Superior and observations on the Anna River, Munising, Alger
County, Michigan, August 6, 1968
In 1957 a biological survey established that the benthic
area of South Bay, Lake Superior in close proximity to Munising was
biologically depressed. On August 6, 1968, a biological survey was
conducted on South Bay and its major tributary, the Anna River, to
determine present water quality conditions and detect any changes in
the benthic macrofaunal community that may have occurred since the
1957 survey.
The major sources of wastewater discharge to South Bay
are: The Kimberly-Clark Corporation paper mill discharging directly
to South Bay; the Munising Wastewater Treatment Plant discharging to
the Anna River; and a small community domestic sewage septic tank
discharging directly to South Bay,
It appears that the principal source of degradation of
South Bay, Lake Superior, arises from previously deposited woody
materials which are still exerting a considerable influence upon the
benthic ecology. This is substantiated by data showing almost no
change in the benthic community between 1957 and 1968, even though
marked improvements were made in paper mill waste control and municipal
sewage treatment during that period. (Complete survey is contained
in Appendix T).
This completes my summary of Michigan's technical report.
I would be happy to answer any questions that the conferees
may have at this time.
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W. G. Turney
MR. FURDY: Mr. Chairman, are there any questions'?
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Frangos?
Mr. Badalich?
Mr. Stein?
(No response.)
MR. PURDY: There are no questions.
We ask that the report in its entirety be placed in the
re co rd.
MR. DOMINICK: Very well.
(The Report on Water Pollution Control in the Michigan
Portion of the Lake Superior Basin and Its Tributaries follows.)
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849
REPORT
on
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
in the
MICHIGAN PORTION
of the
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
Prepared and Published
by the
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
and
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
State of Michigan
May 1, 1969
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850
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
John E. Vogt, Chairman, Representing Director, Department of Public Health
Stanley Quackenbush, Representing Director of Agriculture
Gerald E. Eddy, Representing Director of Natural Resources
John P. Woodford, Representing State Highway Commission
Lynn F. Baldwin, Representing Conservation Groups
Jim Gilmore, Representing Industrial Groups
George F. Liddle, Representing Municipal Groups
Ralph W. Purdy, Executive Secretary
F0 Bo Frost, Chief Engineer
Michigan Department of Public Health, Dr. R. G. Rice, M.D., Director
John E. Vogt, Chief, Division of Engineering
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851
Report
on
Water Pollution Control
in the
Michigan Portion
of the
Lake Superior Basin and its Tributaries
Prepared for Presentation on Behalf of the
Michigan Water Resources Commission
of the
Department of Natural Resources
and
Michigan Department of Public Health
at the
Conference Called by the
Secretary of the Interior
on
Pollution of the Waters of Lake Superior
and
Its Tributary Basin
(Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin)
May 1, 1969
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; 852
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS „ ........... vii
PREFACE . xi
I. STATUTORY AUTHORITY ....... . . I
Michigan Law Relating-to Water Pollution Control . 1
A. Authority for local units of government to build,
own, and operate waste treatment facilities . 1
B. Authority for the control of water pollution . 3
Michigans Clean Water Bond Program .... 6
Abstract of the Attorney General's Opinion
No. ^590 on Authority of Water Resources Commission
to Regulate Copper and Iron Mining Operations ......... 6
II. STATE OF MICHIGAN POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM ........ 7
Water Resources Commission Pollution Control Program . . 7
Department of Public Health Pollution Control Program ....... 10
Studies on Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater at Municipal
Treatment Plants ....... 14
Water Resources Commission's Policy on Phosphate Removal '7
Construction Grant Program . 18
II. DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS ......... ..... 21
Industries „ 21
Governmental Units . ........... 23
Interstate River Basins ............. 23
Federal Installations. 24
IV. LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN DESCRIPTION AND WATER USES ............. 25
Basin Description 25
Water Uses 29
V. WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SPECIAL STUDIES 35
Part 1 - Bacteriological Monitoring of waters along Lake
Superior Shoreline ......... 35
Part 2 - Tributary and Lake Superior Monitoring Programs 36
Part 3 - Water Quality Survey of Lake Superior in the Marquette
Vicinity 38
Part 4 - Biological Survey of the Ontonagon River and Lake
Superior, in the Vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan ....... 4o
i i i
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853
Part 5 - Biological Reconnaissance Survey of the Freda Copper
Mill Discharge to Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Freda, Michigan ......... .........
Part 6 - A Biological Survey of South Bay, Lake Superior and
Observations on the Anna River, Munising, Alger County,
Michigan ... ......... ........
VI CONCLUSIONS ............................ ... ^5
APPENDIX A - Act 2^5, Public Acts of 1929, as amended ........ ..... kj
APPENDIX B - Pollution From Watercraft ....... ............. 53
APPENDIX C - Michigan's Interstate Water Quality Standards .......... 57
APPENDIX D - Michigan's Intrastate Water Quality Standards . . ........ 63
APPENDIX E - Standard Forms for Waste Water Treatment Plant Reporting and
Frequency of Analysts .... ............ ...... e>9
APPENDIX F - Policy on Privately Owned Sewerage Systems Serving the Public . . 73
APPENDIX G - Chtorination Policy ... ........... . ........ 79
APPENDIX H - Bacteriological Quality - Municipal Waste Dischargers ...... 83
APPENDIX I - Industrial Surface Water Discharges in the Lake Superior
Basin ... ................ . .......... 87
APPENDIX J - Municipal Surface Water Discharges in the Lake Superior
Basin ....... .... ................... 93
APPENDIX K - Federal Surface Water Discharges in the Lake Superior
Basin .............................. 97
APPENDIX L - Bacteriological Data for Lake Superior Waters Along Michigan's
Coastline ... ..... .................... 101
APPENDIX M - Radioactivity Sample Results ............ ....... 107
APPENDIX N - Water Quality Monitoring Program ...... ...... ..... Ill
APPENDIX 0 - Domestic Water Intakes ............ ......... ' 25
APPENDIX P - Montreal River Basin ........... .... ........ ' 29
APPENDIX Q - Water Quality Survey of Lake Superior in the Marquette
Vicinity ...... ..... . ...... ........... 135
iv
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854
APPENDIX R - Biological Survey of the Ontonagon River and Lake Superior,
in the Vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan 17'
APPENDIX S - Biological Survey of the Freda Copper Mill Discharge to
Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Freda, Michigan 181
APPENDIX T - Biological Survey of South Bay, Lake Superior and Observations
on the Anna River, Munising, Alger County, Michigan ...... 19'
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855
LIST OF JLUSTRATIONS
MAPS
No. Title Page
1 Recreational harbor facilities 32
L-l Beach sampling locations 103
N-l Stations in water quality monitoring program ll*t
0-1 Sampling locations - raw water intakes 127
P-l Sampling locations - Montreal River basin 131
v i i
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856
TABLES
No. Ti tie Page
I Summary of direct industrial discharges to Lake Superior ... 21
2 Summary of industrial discharges in the Lake Superior
basin 22
3 Average annual fish production ......... 30
H-l Bacteriological quality, municipal waste dischargers 85
1-1 Direct industrial dischargers to Lake Superior 89
1-2 Industrial surface water discharges in the Lake Superior
basin 90
J-l Municipal surface water discharges in the Lake Superior
basin 95
K-l Federal installation surface water discharges in the Lake
Superior basin 99
L-l Summary of bacteriological data for Lake Superior waters along
Michigan's coastline ..... 105
M-l Radioactivity sample results, Marquette water intake 109
N-I Tributary water quality station descriptions 113
N-2 Water quality monitoring program coliform counts 124
0 Sample results, raw water intakes . 128
(I & 2)
P-l Montreal River grab sample results 132
P-2 Montreal River composite sample results 133
Q Miscellaneous tables related to "Water Quality Survey 148-158
(1-11) of Lake Superior in the Marquette Vicinity
R Miscellaneous tables related to "Biological Survey of the
(1 & 2) Ontonagon River and Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Ontonagon, Michigan 179-180
S Miscellaneous tables related to "Biological Survey of the
(1 & 2) Freda Copper Mill Discharge to Lake Superior in the
Vicinity of Freda, Michigan 188-189
T Miscellaneous tables related to "Biological Survey of South
(1-11) Bay, Lake Superior and Observations on the Anna River,
Munising, Alger County, Michigan . 204-219
vl i i
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857
FIGURES
No. _ Title _ Page
1 Lake Superior water circulation ........... . ..... 27
L-l Bacteriological data for Lake Superior waters along Michigan's
coastline .......................... 104
N Selected water quality parameters, tributary monitoring
(1-9) program ........................... llj-123
Q. Miscellaneous figures related to "Water Quality Survey of
(1-10) Lake Superior in the Marquette Vicinity" ........ ... 160-169
R Miscellaneous figures related to "Biological Survey of the
(1 & 2) Ontonagon River and Lake Superior, in the Vicinity of
Ontonagon, Michigan" ................... . . 177-178
S Miscellaneous figures related to "Biological Survey of the Freda
(1-3) Copper Mill Discharge to Lake Superior in the Vicinity of
Freda, Michigan" ..................... . . 185-187
T Miscellaneous figures related to "Biological Survey of South Bay,
(1-7) Lake Superior and Observations on the Anna River, Munising
Alger County, Michigan" ......... „ ......... . 203-220
IX
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858
Preface
This report contains information on the municipal and industrial waste
disposal situation in the Michigan portion of the interstate waters of Lake
Superior and in the tributaries to Lake Superior in Michigan. It delineates
the statutes that provide the local units of government authority to build,
own and operate waste treatment facilities. It delineates the State statutes
for control of water pollution. It delineates the accomplishments that have
been made in controlling pollution and the measures that are being taken
to provide improved control. It also describes the uses being made of these
waters and water quality conditions.
The report was prepared for presentation to the conferees at the Federal
conference called by the Secretary of the Interior for their consideration and
appraisal in (1) arriving at conclusions as to whether waste discharges
originating from Michigan sources are endangering the health or welfare of persons
in a state other than that in which the discharge or discharges originate,
(2) determing the adequacy of measures that have been taken for abatement of
pollution, and (3) determining the nature of delays, if any, being encountered
in abating pollution.
The area encompassed by the report includes all of the Michigan portion
of Lake Superior and its tributaries.
All sources of municipal sewage and industrial waste discharges to surface
waters are covered. The nature of waste treatment or control measures in effect
are described and the state agency action to control pollution and evaluate
accomplishments is related.
The files and records of the Michigan Water Resources Commission and
Michigan Department of Public Health are the sources of information contained
in the report. The employed staffs of both agencies collaborated in
assembling the material and preparing the report.
x i
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859
CHAPTER I
STATUTORY AUTHORITY
MICHIGAN LAW RELATING TO WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
A. Authority for local units of government to build, own, and operate waste
treatment facilities:
I. Act 107, Public Acts of 19*+ 1 - An act to authorize township water
supply and sewage disposal systems, and the issuance of revenue
bonds or notes therefor.
2. Act 116, Public Acts of 1923 - An act to authorize townships to
establish and maintain garbage systems or plants for the
collection and disposal of garbage or contracting therefor,
constructing or acquiring and maintaining sanitary sewers
and sewage disposal plants; to provide for making, levying
and collecting of special assessment bonds.
3. Act 3k2j Public Acts of 1939 - An act to authorize counties to
establish and provide connecting water, sewer and/or sewage
disposal improvements and services within or between cities,
villages, townships and township improvement districts
including disposal facilities and services and to provide
methods for obtaining money for the aforesaid purposes.
k. Act 3, Public Acts of 1895 - An act to provide for the
incorporation of villages and to define their powers and
duties.
5. Act 215. Public Acts of 1895 - An act to provide for the
incorporation of cities of the fourth class and to define
the powers and duties of such cities.
Act 279? Public Acts of 1909 ~ An act to provide for the
incorporation of cities and for revising and amending
6.
their
charters.
7- Act 312, Public Acts of 1929 - An act to provide for the
incorporation by any two or more cities, villages or townships,
or any combination or parts of same for supplying sewage
disposal .
8. Act 245, Publ ic Acts of 19^7 - An act to regulate the ownership,
extension, improvement and operation of public water and sewage
disposal systems lying within two or more public corporations;
and to provide for the payment and security of revenue bonds
issued for the construction, acquisition, extension and
improvement of such systems.
1
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860
9. Act 82, 3ublic Acts of 1955 - An act to provide for the acquirement
by a city of the water supply system and/or sewage disposal
system of a metropolitan district and to permit such a city to
own, maintain, operate, improve, enlarge and extend such systems
either within or without its limits.
10. Act 76, Public Acts of 1965 - An act to authorize counties, townships,
villages, cities and any other governmental unit to construct
waste disposal systems by agreements or contracts with governmental
units or agencies of another state.
11. Act 185, Public Acts of 1957 - An act to authorize the establishment
of a department and board of public works in counties; to
authorize the issuance and payment of bonds; and to prescribe
a procedure for special assessments and condemnation.
12. Act 233, Public Acts of 1955 - An act to provide for the incorporation
of certain municipal authorities to acquire, own, extend, improve
and operate sewage disposal systems and to provide for the
issuance of bonds to acquire, construct, extend or improve
sewage disposal systems.
13. Act 320, Public Actsof 192? - An act to authorize legislative
bodies of municipalities to issue and sell bonds necessary for
the construction of sewage disposal plants whenever a court of
competent jurisdiction shall have ordered same,
1^. Act 373, Public Acts of 1925 - An act to authorize legislative
bodies of municipalities to issue and sell bonds necessary for
the construction of storm and sanitary sewers whenever a court
of competent jurisdiction shall have ordered same.
15. Act 94, Public Acts of 1933 - An act to authorize public corporations
to purchase, acquire, construct, improve, enlarge, extend or
repair public improvements within or without their corporate
limits, and to own, operate and maintain the same; to provide
for the issuance of bonds and refunding bonds payable solely
from the revenues of public improvements; to provide for the
imposition of special assessments against properties
benefited by such public improvements, and for the issuing
of special assessment bonds for the purpose of refunding
outstanding revenue bonds.
16. Act 278. Public Acts of 1909 - An act to provide for the
incorporation of villages and for changing their boundaries; to
provide for acquiring by purchase, land without its corporate
limits necessary for the disposal of sewage and garbage. . .
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861
17. Act 188, Public Acts of 195^ - An act to provide for the making of
certain public improvements by townships; to provide for
assessing the whole or a part of the cost thereof against
property benefited; and to provide for the issuance of bonds
in anticipation of the collection of such special assessments,
and for the obligation of the township thereon.
Improvements which can be made under this act include
construction and maintenance of sewers.
18. Act 339, Public Acts of 19^7 - An act to authorize the incorporation
of charter townships; to provide a municipal charter therefor;
and to prescribe the powers and functions thereof including the
installation of garbage disposal systems, the laying of storm
and sanitary sewers and the installation of water systems.
19. Act 202, Public Acts of 19^3 - An act relative to the borrowing of
money by municipalities, and the issuance of bonds, notes and
certificates of indebtedness; to provide for tax levies and
sinking funds; to create the municipal finance commission; and
to prescribe its powers and duties.
B. Authority for the control of water pollution:
1. Act 28, Public Acts of 1955 - Great Lakes Basin Compact. An act
providing for cooperation of agencies of the state with the
great lakes commission.
2. Act 2k3, Public Acts of 1959 - An act to regulate trailer coach
parks; to prescribe the powers and duties of the director of
the department of public health; and to provide remedies and
penalties for violations.
3. Act kO, Public Acts of 1956 - An act to codify the laws relating
to drains, and such structures and mechanical devices as will
properly purify the flow of such drains; and to provide for
'the assessment and collection of taxes.
k. Act 20. Public Acts of 1964 - An act to regulate the impoundment
and utilization of surplus water and to prescribe certain
powers and duties of the water resources commission.
5. Act 291, Public Acts of 1965 - An act to protect riparian rights
and of the public trust in navigable inland lakes and streams;
to regulate the uses thereof including dredging and placing
spoil on bottom lands; and to prescribe the duties and powers
of the department of conservation.
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862
6. Act 17, Public Acts of 1921 - An act to provide for the protection and
conservation of the natural resources oi the state and to create a
department of conservation.
7. Act 247. Public Acts of 1955 - An act to authorize the department of
conservation to regulate the filling in of submerged patented
1ands.
8. Act 209, Public Acts of 1968 - An act requiring certification of
the supervisors of industrial and commercial waste treatment
facilities and providing for a measure of control of operation
of these facilities by the water resources commission.
9= Act 2k5, Public Acts of 1929 - An act to create a water resources
commission to protect and conserve the water resources of the state,
to have control over the pollution of any waters of the state and
the great lakes, with power to make rules and regulations governing
the same and to provide penalties for the violation of the act.
10. Act 222, Public Acts of 19^9 - An act to authorize public corporations
to accept grants and other aid from the U.S. Government and from
industries for the construction of pollution abatement facilities;
and to authorize public corporations to enter into contracts with
industries for the use of disposal facilities.
11. Act 329, Public Acts of 1966 - An act to provide state grants for
sewage treatment facilites and to provide for administration of
the grants by the water resources commission.
12. Act 75, Public Acts of 1968 - An act to allow state grants for municipal
sewage treatment works on a matching basis with the federal grant anc
to require that local agencies shall not receive a state grant
until a comprehensive pollution control plan is approved by the
water resources commission.
13. Act 76? Public Acts of 1968 - An act to authorize the issuance of
general obligation bonds of the state of Michigan for the making of
grants to municipalities of the state to be used in the construction
and reconstruction of sewage treatment facilities; and to provide
for the submission of the question of the issuance of said bonds
to the electors of Michigan.
]k. Act 211, Public Acts of 1956 - An act to prescribe certain powers
and duties of the water resources commission in making studies
and investigations in the establishment of sewage disposal
districts.
15. Act 253, Public Acts of 196*f - An act to enable local units of
government to cooperate in planning and carrying out a coordinated
water management program in a watershed, and to prescribe certain
powers and duties of the water resources commission.
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863
16. Act 222, Public Acts of 1966^ - An act to provide for the exemption of
industrial water pollution control facilities from certain taxes.
17. Act 98, Public Acts of 1913 - An act providing for the supervision
and control by the director of the department of public health
over sewerage systems, and providing penalties for violations.
18. Act 8?> Public Acts of 1965 ~ An act to license and regulate garbage
and refuse disposal and to provide penalties for violation.
19. Act 196, Public Acts of 1963 - An act to control and prohibit the
littering of public and private property and waters.
20. Act 288, Public Acts of 196? - An act to regulate the subdivision
of land; and to promote the public health by providing authority
to the department of public health to approve subdivisions not
served by public sewers on basis of suitability of soils.
21. Act 167, Public Acts of 1968 - An act to regulate and control the
obstruction of the stream beds and channels, and flood plains
of tne waters of the state.
22. Act 218. Public Acts of 196? - An act to protect the public health
by providing for the supervision and control of bathing beaches
open to the public; and to prescribe the functions of health
agencies.
23. Act 61, Public Acts of 1939 - An act to provide for a supervisor of
wells; to provide for the prevention of waste and for the control
over certain matters, persons and things relating to the
conservation of oil and gas and for the making and promulgation
of rules, regulations and orders relative therefor; to provide
for the plugging of wells and for the entry on private property
for that purpose; to provide for the enforcement of such rules,
regulations and orders and of the provisions of this act and to
provide penalties for the violations thereof; to prevent damage
to or destruction of fresh water supplies and valuable brines by
oil, gas, or other wastes; to require the disposal of salt water
and brines and oily wastes produced incidental to oil and gas
operations, in such a manner and by such methods and means that
no unnecessary damage or danger to or destruction of surface or
underground resources shall result.
2k. Act 306. Public Acts of 192? - An act to provide for county and
district health departments; to prescribe their powers and
duties; to provide for the apportioning of funds appropriated
by the state, for aid to city, county and district health
departments.
25- Act 350, Public Acts of 1865 - An act to protect fish and to preserve the
fisheries by preventing the unlawful dumping into the waters of
certain materials.
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MICHIGAN'S CLEAN WATER BOND PROGRAM
In November 1968 Michigan electors, by a three to one margin, authorized
the sale of $335 million worth of bonds for purposes of assisting communities
in improving existing and constructing new waste treatment plants; $50
million of this total bond program is to be used for sewer construction
assistance for communities without sewers which are contributing to an
existing pollution problem and have low property valuation.
Implementing legislation is now being developed by the legislature
and proposed bills have been introduced. One would amend Act 329, Public
Acts of 1966 to provide a state grant of 25 percent of the cost of
construction of treatment works eligible for Federal participation under
Public Law 84-660 and to advance one-half of the Federal grant if Federal
funds are not available. A second bill provides state grants to assist
local agencies in the construction of collecting sewers. This grant would be
for 50 percent of the cost of construction of collecting sewers in excess
of 10 percent of the state equalized value of all taxable property within
the political boundaries of the unit served.
ABSTRACT OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S OPINION NO. 4590
ON AUTHORITY OF WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION TO
REGULATE COPPER AND IRON MINING OPERATIONS
1. Art. 4, Sec. 52, Constitution of 1963, declares State's public policy
is that the air, water and other natural resources of the State are
to be protected from pollution, impairment and destruction and to
this extent it prohibits the legislature from enacting any law
which would violate the constitutionally declared public policy.
2. Statutes governing Water Resources Commission are not to be construed
to permit destructive pollution of streams in the State.
3» Copper and iron mining operations are subject to the protective
provisions of the water resources act.
k. Water Resources Commission is not authorized to issue order allowing
destruction of fish and game habitat.
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CHAPTER I I
STATE OF MICHIGAN
POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
Administration of water pollution control functions in Michigan
necessarily follows the division of statutory responsibility set forth in
the previously cited statutes subject to correlation, wherever possible, of
member department interests and objectives with those of the Water Resources
Commission, The Water Resources Commission and the Department of Public
Health and their respective staffs carry the principal burden of water pollution
control in Michigan at the state level.
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
Goal
The objective of the Michigan Water Resources Commission is to bring
all existing unlawful pollution under continuing effective control and prevent
the development of unlawful pollution from new sources, population growths, or
increased industrial expansion and, where such incidents occur, limit their
duration and intensity to the fullest extent consistent with requirements
of the Water Resources Commission statute. Under the Michigan statute (Appendix
A), it is unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to discharge into
the waters of the state any substance which is or may become injurious to the
public health, safety or welfare; or which is or may become injurious to
domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational or other uses
which are being or may be made of such waters, or which is or may become
injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or which is or may become
injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life or plants,
or the growth or propagation thereof be prevented or injuriously affected; or
whereby the value of fish and game is or may be destroyed or impaired. The
discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or indirectly into any
waters of the state is prima facie evidence of a violation of the statute unless
such discharge is permitted by an Order, rule, or regulation of the Water
Resources Commission.
Action Regarding Inadequacies
Where inadequacies in control of waste discharges are determined to exist,
an opportunity is provided for establishment of voluntary corrective action.
When it appears to the Michigan Water Resources Commission that a voluntary
program will not be successful or may not be accomplished within a reasonable
time period, statutory procedures are initiated. Orders adopted contain
specific effluent restrictions and specific dates for approval of construction
plans and specifications, awarding of construction contracts and commencement
of construction, and the completion of construction and attainment of pollution
abatement as required by the Order.
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Combined Sewerage Systems
New sewerage systems must be developed on the basis of separate sewers
for storm water and sanitary waste water. When at all feasible, separated
sanitary wastewater systems shall not be discharged into combined systems. If
such discharge does occur control facilities must be developed on the combined system
so as to protect present and future water uses of the receiving waters consistent
with the requirements of the Water Resources Commission statute. Problems
associated with the overflow of storm and sanitary waste from existing combined
public waters must be corrected on or before June 1, 1977°
Nutrients in Municipal and Industrial Waste Discharges
Nutrient discharges, particularly with respect to phosphates, to public
waters must be controlled. Persons proposing to make a new or increased use
of waters of the state for waste disposal purposes are required, coincident
with the new or increased use, to utilize such technology and processes which
are known for the removal of phosphorus compounds and as a long-term objective,
all existing waste dischargers will be required to provide facilities for
the removal of phosphorus compounds by June 1, 1977- See page 17 for further
discussion. ^
Watercraft Pollution Control
The discharge of sanitary waste from recreational watercraft will be
controlled by rules and regulations adopted by the Water Resources Commission
on February 22, 1968, with an effective date of January 1, 1970 (Apendix B) .
Control of New Waste Discharges
The Michigan Water Resources Commission will prevent the development of
new problems by continued implementation of Section 8 (b) of its statute which
requires the filing of a statement of use by any person proposing to make a
new or substantial increase in use of waters of the state for waste disposal
purposes. The Commission, upon receipt of a statement, makes an Order stating
such minimum restrictions as may be necessary to guard adequately against
unlawful uses of waters of the state.
Water Quality Standards
Water quality standards and use designations for all inter- (Appendix C)
and intrastate (Appendix D) waters have been adopted. Water use designations,
together with a plan of implementation and enforcement of the standards were
adopted for interstate waters on June 28, 1967, while the intrastate water
standards were adopted on January k, 1968. The use designations for intra-
state waters were established on March 20, 1969. A series of five water and
related land resource inventory reports were compiled by the staff of the
Water Resources Commission and were used, along with other supporting data,
as background material for determining use designations.
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Certain intrastate waters are not at present designated for specific
uses. The Water Resources Commission did not designate uses for waters
receiving discharges from the copper and iron mining industries pending an
Attorney General's opinion as to the authority of the Commission to regulate
mining wastes. This opinion has now been received and, consistent with the
Commission rules, a public hearing is scheduled in August 19&9 at Escanaba,
at which time use designations will be considered for these waters. Adoption
of use designations by the Commission is expected within 60 to 90 days
following the hearing.
On interstate waters, where noncompliance with the standards is determined
to exist as the result of a discharge from an existing municipal wastewater
treatment plant, treatment facilities adequate for meeting established water
quality standards must be provided no later than June 1, 1972. Secondary treatment
is required as a minimum unless it can be demonstrated that a lesser degree
of treatment or control will provide for water quality enhancement commensurate
with present and future water uses. Exception to the requirement for at
least secondary treatment must be justified to the satisfaction of the Michigan
Water Resources Commission and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Presently identified existing discharges of raw sewage of human origin to public
waters must be corrected by June 1, 1§72. Year-rcund disinfection of all final
effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants is required. Industrial waste
discharges must meet the same treatment requirements as municipal waste effluents
and industrial waste problems identified in the interstate plan reports must,
no later than June 1, 1970, have adequate treatment or control facilities.
Inspection and Facility Approval
The Water Resources Commission staff inspects each incipient pollution
problem regularly. All Orders now adopted by the Commission to both industries
and municipalities, require routine analysis and reporting of the quality of wastes
discharged to public waters. In addition, surface water quality and waste
effluents are monitored so as to identify the need for corrective action to
abate existing problems and whenever possible so as to detect and identify the
approach of pollutional conditions in time to initiate appropriate corrective
action prior to the development of a statutory injury. The Water Resources
Commission staff reviews and approves or rejects plans for industrial waste
treatment or control facilities and counsels with management on industrial waste
treatment or disposal problems. It develops appropriate restrictions and time
schedules for Commission approval to correct or prevent pollution problems, and
participates in enforcement procedures initiated by the Commission through
statutory hearings and enforcement of Commission Orders in court when voluntary
compliance is not forthcoming.
Mandatory Certification of Industrial Treatment Plant Operators
Act 209, Public Acts of 1968, requires that all industrial or commercial
establishments discharging liquid wastes into the waters of the state shall
have waste treatment facilities under the specific supervision of persons who
have been certified by the Water Resources Commission as properly qualified to
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operate the facilities. It further requires that monthly operating reports
shall be filed with the Commission showing the effectiveness of; the treatment
facility operation and the quantity of the wastes discharged, implementation
of this program is now under formulation by the Commission with assistance
by an industriil management advisory committee.
Data Processing
The Michigan Water Resources Commission is now developing data storage and
retrieval systems. Full consideration is being given to the systems now
employed by the Ontario Water Resources Commission and the United States
Government so as to afford easy exchange of data and cooperative use of the
three systems. Reporting forms are in the final stages of preparation and
the entire system will hopefully be operational in about three years.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
The Department of Public Health, acting through its Division of Engineering,
exercises supervisory control over all public sewerage systems. The Director
of the Department is required by statute, Act 98, Public Acts of 1913, as
amended, to "exercise due care to see that all sewerage systems are properly
planned, constructed and operated so as to prevent unlawful pollution of the
streams, lakes, and other water resources of the state". The companion
statute, Act 2^5, Public Acts of 1929, as amended, defines unlawful pollution
and authorizes the Water Resources Commission to "establish such pollution
standards for lakes, rivers, streams, and other waters of the state in relation
to the public use to which they are or may be put, as it shall deem necessary".
Such pollution standards and the water quality criteria relating to the
public uses, recently approved for both interstate and intrastate
streams, provide the framework upon which decisions are made and actions taken
in relation to the planning, design, construction and operation of all sewer
systems and treatment works. Elements of this supervisory program include the
fol1owi ng:
Facilities Planning and Approval
1. Review engineering reports establishing the basis of design for projects
involving collection and treatment of wastewater and consult with the
engineers and municipal officials on elements of the proposed design prior
to development of plans and specifications for the project, require
modification of proposed design where appropriate and, when found to be
satisfactory, approve same.
2. Review, approve or reject and secure changes in plans and specifications
submitted for new municipal systems or for changes in existing systems,
both for collection and treatment. No public sewerage system may be
built or altered without specific approval by construction permit.
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3. Conducts inspections to determine that construction of public sewerage
systems conforms to approved plans and specifications.
k. Require reduction of overflows from existing combined sewer systems. Adoption
of accelerated programs for effective control of overflows from such systems
is strongly urged. Progress has been made in several communities such as
Houghton, Murising, and Marquette.
5. Require municipal rather than private ownership of all sewerage systems
serving the public in the belief that more dependable and effective
operation and overall pollution control is thereby assured.
6. Counsels with officials of municipalities and their consulting engineering
agents as to the need and methods for collection and treatment of wastewater.
7. Strongly encourage and, where appropriate, require the development of
multicommunity area planning to provide effective services and pollution
control facilities utilizing sound management principles. Many such areas
are currently served by an integrated system of sewers, interceptors, and
treatment works. Others are being so planned in several areas. Examples
are Houghton, Hancock, and Marquette.
8. Encourage the admission of industrial wastes in municipal sewerage systems
where such wastes will not adversely affect the system and its performance
in relation to effective pollution control.
9. Foster, encourage and assist communities in the adoption of effective and
practical sewer use ordinances for the control of industrial wastes
to be admitted to the sewerage system. In many instances, technical assistance
and counsel is provided in the location, analyses, evaluation, and pretreatment
of wastes, particularly those detrimental to biological treatment processes
and in the development of effective corrective measures and controls.
Examples are paper board and paint wastes at L'Anse and mineral research
wastes at Houghton.
10. Encourage, and where appropriate, require communities to conduct studies,
pilot or plant scale, to provide a dependable basis of design for unusual
combinations of industrial and municipal wastes to be treated where
sufficient information is not available for design purposes.
11. Encourage and assist communities to conduct studies to establish effective
methods for removal of phosphates from their wastes at existing treatment
works. In the last year, several communities have purchased spectronic
equipment and are obtaining background data on phosphates in their wastes.
Some are doing bench scale tests on phosphate removal with iron and aluminum
salts. These plants include Ironwood, Ontonagon, Houghton-Hancock, and
Marquette.
12. Require facilities for removal of phosphates in the design of new treatment
works, consistent with the adopted policy of the Water Resources Commission.
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13. Require expansion and improvements of municipal facilities, both for collection
and treatment as present capacity is approached, rather than wait until
the facilities are overloaded before taking action. Approval of sewer extensions
is withheld where additional loadings would exceed the capacity of the
system until an acceptable program for relief is officially adopted. "Sewer
bans" have been imposed in such circumstances, such as at Laurium. Authority
for such action has been tested and upheld in the courts.
14. Order changes in facilities or their operation when requirements of the
statutes have not been met. Alternatively, cases involving deficiency in
facilities are referred to the Water Resources Commission for action.
15. As agent for the Water Resources Commission, review, approve or reject plans
submitted for new sewer systems, other than municipal, or for changes in
existing ones.
16. Assist and encourage local health departments to effectively direct and
control the installation of private sewage disposal systems where public
sewer systems are not available for connection.
17- Require construction of separate sanitary sewers for new community systems.
Facility Operation - Supervision, Visitation
1. Require the effective operation of all treatment works, including pumping
stations and sewer system appurtenances.
2. Require all municipalities to submit reports monthly on the operation of
treatment works. Standard report forms are provided by the Department
and each municipality is advised as to the minimum information to be reported
and the frequency (number of days per week) of reporting. Included are
both physical data and laboratory analyses to establish loadings on the plant,
performance of plant units, and the volume and characteristics of the plant
effluent. Report forms are presently being revised to include chemical
analyses, incliding phosphorus data (Appendix E). Such information is used
to determine effectiveness of overall plant performance, deficiencies of
component facilities, capacity reserves for additional loadings, and operational
problems and shortcomings. Action is taken to assist in corrective measures
and to require correction.
3. Supervise operation by on-site inspection, instruction and consultation with
plant operating personnel. Adequate services of this nature requires
visitation once during each three months on the average.
Privately-Owned Publ ic Sewerage System Policy
1. Require private developers of public sewerage facilities to obtain authorization
and approval from the township board as to all related matters as required by
the constitution, applicable laws, and local ordinance.
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2. Require a. plan for the effective and continuous operation of the facilities
by the owner.
3. Require a resolution by the township board that it will assume complete
responsibility for the effective operation and maintenance and make any
necessary repairs, replacements, extensions or improvements to ths
facilities which are required in the public interest if the private owner
should fail to do so. (Complete text of the policy is in Appendix F).
Operator Certification and Training
1. Require all municipalities to employ operators whose competency has been
certified by the Department. By statute, it is mandatory that the person in
charge of the plant be so certified. Over 600 operators have been so certified
on the basis oF education, experience, and written examinations. About
200 operators with plant experience are examined each year. A high percentage
of applicants are certified operators seeking to establish qualifications
for a higher plant classification.
2. Conduct formal group training sessions to impart specific information related
to effective operational control, to provide opportunity for exchange of
information and experience and to provide incentives for self-study and
development. Over 325 operators attend a 2-day meeting each year conducted
by Department engineers and chemists. A series of four 5-day sessions in
laboratory procedures involving chemical and bacteriological analyses have
been conducted concurrently with four 5-day sessions in colorimetry by the
Department staff during January and February the past two years; 225 operators
who presently perform such tests at their plants registered for these short
courses. Evening courses are held throughout the state for a 12-week period
in mathematics, chemistry or hydraulics as applied to wastewater works
operation, in a cooperative program with other agencies and organizations.
Special courses in process control, safety, and related areas are sponsored
with other groups.
3. Encourage operators to meet on a regular schedule, usually about once
monthly, on their own initiative to exchange information on plant operational
problems and experiences and to invite speakers to discuss selected subjects
related to facilities design and maintenance, laboratory equipment, etc.
About ten such groups meet regularly with about 200 operators participating.
One such group is the Upper Peninsula Section of MWPCA.
Disinfection Policy and Practice
1. Require all municipalities to disinfect the plant effluent before discharge
to the surface waters of the state. This policy was adopted in January 196?
(Appendix G). Virtually all communities in the state are conforming to this
policy.
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2. Require the provision of adequate facilities and their operation, monitoring,
and testing in such a manner as to assure continuous effective disinfection.
3. Require regular reporting on forms furnished by the Department of chlorine
used daily, resu.l ts of chlorine residual readings, and related information.
Most communities are performing bacteriological analyses on the chlorinated
effluent as a check on the chlorine dosage and chlorine residual regimens.
(Appendix H, Tab^e 1). Other small communities are currently planning to
apply additional refinements in control this year.
STUDIES ON REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM
WASTEWATER AT MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS
During the past two years studies have been made by several Michigan
municipalities on removal of phosphorus from the wastewater collected in their
community sewer systems. Two general methods were utilized: One involving
the addition of metal salts either to the raw sewage or activated sludge with or
without the addition of polymers; the other involving management of the activated
sludge process without chemical additions. The central objectives of these studies
were:
1. To determine phosphorus concentrations and loadings at several municipal
treatment plants.
2. To detent ine the amenability of wastes at various locations to phosphorus
removal by one or more methods in relation to primary sedimentation,
trickling filters and activated sludge.
3. To explore the effect of chemical additions for phosphorus removal on
the removal of BOD and suspended matter at primary, trickling filter
and activated sludge installations.
k. To study the degree of compatibility of metal salts with biological and
chemical (polymer) treatment systems, when added for phosphorus removal.
5. To furnish information upon which design of facilities for phosphorus
removal may reasonably be predicated.
A variety of study methods and procedures were followed. Some involved
bench studies only, using jar tests on the wastes undergoing treatment at the
plant; others included full-scale plant operation applying the knowledge acquired
in the bench work; and others were conducted at pilot plants built to establish a
basis of design for facilities to be added.
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The first of these studies was conducted at Grayling, a resort community
of less than 2,000 resident population. Bench studies indicated that 90 percent
or more of total phosphorus could be removed from the raw wastes by plain
sedimentation with the addition of 15-30 mg/1 of ferrous chloride as iron,
30-50 mg/1 of sodium hydroxide as equivalent calcium carbonate and about 0.5
mg/1 of an anionic polymer. It was indicated that the caustic could be added
a few seconds following quick mix of the iron salt with the raw sewage and
that a selected polymer, if added following an interval of about five mintues,
would form a gocd floe after a short period of slow flocculation and would
effectively remove the phosphorus. A very low order of removal of total phosphorus
was experienced when no polymer was added. These principles were applied
to full-plant scale operation within the limitations of the facilities. The
iron and caustic were added to the sewage at the lift station with no formal
mixing facilities and the polymer was added at the entrance to the settling
tank with crude and temporarily rigged mixing equipment. During the period of
plant scale application the plant was grossly overloaded hydraulical1y by reason
of seasonal influx of tourists and National Guard encampment. In spite of
these adverse circumstances total phosphorus removal ranged between 60 percent
and 80 percent with a most probable mean value of 12 percent. Correspondingly,
suspended solids removal ranged from 60 percent to 87 percent with a mean
value of 78 percent representing an increase of about 27 percent compared with
performance when chemicals were not added. Removal of five-day BOD increased
from a mean value of about kO percent before and after the study to about 58
percent during the study. It should be noted here that the raw sludge was
hauled to a land disposal site.
Work of a similar nature, both in bench studies with jar tests and full-
scale plant operation, was performed at the Village of Lake Odessa. Here the
municipal treatment facilities include trickling filters and sludge digestion
facilities. The same chemicals were applied to the raw sewage as at Grayling
in about the same concentration except that the dosage rates of the ferrous
chloride were less effectively controlled, resulting in rather widely fluctuating
dosage rates, ranging from daily averages of about 15 mg/1 to 60 mg/1. No
mixing or flocculation equipment was installed. Wastes varied widely from
day to day and week to week in strenth and quantities by reason of changing
admixtures of wastes from a food processing plant. Total period of the plant
scale study both with and without chemical treatment was 87 days including
33 days when valid operating data were obtained under controlled chemical
feeding conditions. These data generally confirmed Grayling observations
although removal of total phosphorus, five-day BOD and suspended solids by primary
sedimentation was somewhat lower. It was further indicated that:
1. Trickling filter performance is enhanced, as measured by five-day
BOD and suspended solids removal, by this regime of chemical
additions to the raw sewage. Most probable mean values for over-all
plant suspended solids removal increased from about 78 percent without
chemical additives to about 89 percent with chemicals. Correspondingly,
BOD removal increased from about 60 percent to about 80 percent.
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2. Over-all plant reduction of total phosphorus was quite stable with
values generally between 75 percent and 92 percent removal and a
mean value of 82 percent.
3. Total phosphorus in the digester supernatant were quite low with
most values below 75 mg/1. This appears to confirm the findings of
E.A. Thomas as reported in his published work conducted at the
treatment plant for the community of Uster in Zurich, Switzerland.
Other work involving use of ferrous chloride and polymers was performed
in 1967 at the Village of Whitehall and the City of Traverse City. The studies
thus far have been bench scale, employing jar tests similar to those at
Grayling and Lake Odessa. Results have generally confirmed the earlier
findings at the other two plants. At Traverse City it is planned to explore
further, by pilot plant studies, how to most effectively remove phosphorus
from their peculiar wastes in a oiological treatment process requiring a
high order of removal of BOD and suspended matter. The municipal sewage includes
substantial quantities of wastes from cherry processing operations.
Rather extensive studies of phosphorus removal by metallic ion precipitation
in a biological system have been conducted since September 1967 at the municipal
activated sludge plant of the City of Warren. A pilot plant was installed as the
first step in a study to establish a basis of design for extending the present
capabilities of the plant to meet an effluent requirement of 8 mg/1 20-day
BOD and 80 percent removal of total phosphorus. Pilot plant components consist
of activated sludge units followed by rapid sand filters. Ferrous chloride
or aluminum sulfate were fed into the aeration tanks near'their point of overflow
at about 15 mg/1. No polymers were added. It has been demonstrated in daily
operation and testing that:
1. Total phosphorus precipitated by metallic ions were removed by activated
sludge in the order of 70 percent or higher consistently and an
additional 10 percent or more was removed by the rapid sand filters.
2. The addition of iron or aluminum directly in the mixed liquor for
phospho'us removal is compatible with the activated sludge process
when operated for high degree BOD removal.
Other work of a pilot nature has been conducted by the cities of Detroit
and Trenton for :he past year and a half under demonstration grants from the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Both projects utilize activated
sludge and Detroit also is investigating trickling filters. Data obtained will
be used, hopefully, for the design of formal facilities to be added to the existing
primary plants for improved treatment, including phosphorus removal. The
pilot plants for activated sludge and trickling filters at Detroit have a
combined nominal capacity well in excess of 100 gpm and are very flexible and
adaptable to a wide variety of control patterns and methods. The pilot plant
studies at the city of Trenton utilized two separate activated sludge plants.
One was used essentially as a test control on the unit in which phosphorus removal
was under study. Studies were made on removal of phosphorus in the activated
sludge with addi:ion of metal salts, and also by "acid stripping" of the activated
sludge. While both apparently are successful, a decision as to which of these
procedures will be used in the Trenton plant has not yet been announced.
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At the Benton Harbor - St. Joseph activated sludge plant, a thirty day
study on full plant operation indicated removal of about 90 percent total
phosphorus using ferrous chloride and a polymer, both applied ahead of primary
sed imentat ion.
Studies have been made at the Lansing activated sludge plant of the
effect of varying concentrations of pickling liquors in the raw sewage on
removal of phosphorus in the system. Similar studies are in progress at
the Jackson activated sludge plant.
In addition to the specific installations which we have discussed here,
there are many treatment plants in Michigan where tests have been performed to
establish the level of phosphorus in the municipal wastes, their variations
and some of their specific characterists. In some of these plants, jar tests
have been tiade in the laboratory using chemical additives to determine amenability
of the wastes and dosage rates required for phosphorus removal. In others,
preliminary jar test studies have been made on activated sludge without chemical
additives. These studies have demonstrated that methods are available, using
conventional wastewater treatment facilities, with supplemental equipment for
the removal of phosphorus from wastewater. It is also established that
phosphorus concentrations in wastewaters vary quite widely from town to
town.
It seems apparent that laboratory bench scale testing is essential to the
establishment of a facility design. In many cases, pilot plant studies will
be necessary. In all cases, flexibility must be designed into phosphorus
removal systems to permit optimum control and achievement of results.
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION'S POLICY ON PHOSPHATE REMOVAL
The Water Resources Commission's pollution control program concerning
phosphate removal was established in October, 19&7 when the following policy
was adopted:
"WHEREAS, NJtrients released to our water environment are a contributing
factor to an accelerated rate of aging of inland lakes and
streams, including the Great Lakes, as evidenced by growths
of aquatic weeds and algae; and
WHEREAS, phosphorus is an essential element to such growths;
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that persons proposing to make a new or
increased use of waters of the state for waste disposal
pjrposes will be required, coincident with the new or increased
use, to utilize such technology and processes which are
known for the removal of phosphorus compounds and that as
a long-term objective, all existing waste dischargers will be
required to provide facilities for the removal of phosphorus
compounds by June 1, 1977".
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The nutrient policy as applied to stabilization lagoons was adopted at the
November-December meeting of the same year and reads as follows:
"Generally, these requirements may be reasonably met by waste
stabilization lagoons in small communities and others where
the lagoons will provide equal or greater assurance of meeting
established water quality objectives for the receiving waters
(other than nutrients) than may be provided by other types 01
treatment facilities for such conditions.
The waste stabilization lagoon process does not provide a high
degree of removal of phosphates, therefore, such installations
may not be adequate for discharge of the effluent at certain
locations such as inland lakes and impoundments.
When practical methods are developed for effective removal of
phosphates in the lagoon process by modification of design
features or by process control methods, owners of any such
facilities will be required to incorporate and utilize
such features and methods."
CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
The Commission maintains a grant administrator whose responsibilities
include assisting municipalities in all phases of the construction grant
program. Prospective applicants are advised of state and federal grant
programs currently in effect for sewage treatment works, where to obtain
and file applications, and are kept advised of all program developments
of importance. Under administrative rules of the Commission, grants
are allocated by the administrator according to priority points assignment.
The administrator also certifies projects to the State Treasurer, serves as
intermediary between the city and the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration for federal grants and makes inspections of grant projects.
No financial assistance for maintenance of pollution control facilities
is provided by the state. Technical assistance is provided by the Department
of Public Health, Division of Engineering. Instruction in maintenance of
specific pieces of treatment plant equipment is provided through the Department's
operator training program.
The state a'so provides for the exemption of water pollution control
facilities from certain taxes.
All applications for water pollution control tax certificates are
filed with the State Tax Commission, but are referred to the Water Resources
Commission for approval. If the Water Resources Commission finds that the
facilitiy is designed and operated primarily for the control, capture and
removal of industrial wastes from the waters, and is suitable, reasonably
adequate and meets the intent and purposes of the Water Resources Commission
statute, it so notifies the State Tax Commission who then issues the certificate.
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A facility covered by a tax certificate is exempt from personal
property taxes, and tangible personal property which becomes affixed and made
a structural part of the real estate of such facility is exempt from sales
and use taxes.
Provisions are made in the Act for modification or revocation of the
certificate under certain conditions.
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CHAPTER I I I
DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS
Industries
The Water Resources Commission staff has under surveillance 21 industries
which discharge wastewater to public waters in the Lake Superior Basin. The
21 industries that discharge waste effluents to surface waters are listed in
Appendix I, together with their pollution status rating, type of treatment
provided, waste effluent data where such is available and formal abatement
action taken by the Commission. The pollution status ratings are updated
annually and represent the Water Resources Commission's staff effort to
fairly appraise each incipient pollution problem as indicated by a review
of operating reports, observations, inspections or surveys during the preceding
calendar year. The ratings are by letter code as follows:
A. Control adequate
B. Control provided - adequacy not established
C. No control - need not established
D. Control provided - protection unreliable
E. Control inadequate
Table 1 sumnarizes the pollution status ratings of the four industries
which have effluent discharges directly to Lake Superior.
Table I
Pol lut ion
Status
Rating
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Type of Industry
E
Chemical Paper
1 1
1 1
lee trie
Power Total
k* k
2
k 6
-'•• This figure represents two power companies, each with two ratings.
As shown by the table, all four industries have either an A or B rating.
21
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In addition to the four industries which have effluent discharges directly
to Lake Superior, 18 have effluent discharges to inland surface waters tributary
to Lake Superior (Marquette Board of Power and Light discharges to both Lake
Superior and the Dead River). The pollution status ratings for these industries
are summarized by tributary river basins in Table 2. As shown in the table,
three have E ratings.
Governmental Units
The 41 governmental units that discharge waste effluents to public waters
are listed in Table 1 Appendix j, together with the type of treatment
provided, waste effluent data where such is available, abatement action taken
and present status. The data was obtained from records of the Michigan
Department of Public Health and the files of the Water Resources Commission.
Nearly all of the waste effluent data reflect averages for the month of
September, 1968. Only one municipality, Baraga, discharges wastewater directly
into Lake Superior. The remaining 39 discharge to various tributaries inland
from the lake.
The 41 municipalities in the basin had a 1964 estimated population of
98,945 people. Ten of these municipalities, with 4Q.4 percent of the total
population, are serviced by secondary biological processes. Sixteen communities
with 10 percent of the total population, have partial collection systems but
no treatment facilities. Of the 16, however, 13 have engineering studies
underway to correct existing problems. Eight municipalities, representing
2.7 percent of the total popluation, are considered to be discharging improperly
treated sewage to the waters of the state.
Interstate River Basins
The Michigan portion cf the Lake Superior basin has only one interstate
Stream, the Montreal River. Industrial and municipal waste discharges
within the Montreal watershed are listed below and in Appendices | and j.
Munic ipali ty Industry
Erwin Twp. Superior Packing Co.
Ironwood William E. Maki Slaughterhouse
Ironwood Twp.
The three municipalities had an estimated population of 10,780 people
in 1964, all of which are served by secondary waste-treatment facilities. In
keeping with the Michigan Department of Public Health policy on disinfection
of sewage treatment plant effluents (Appendix G), Ironwood and Ironwood Twp.
provide year around chlorination. Erwin Twp., however, being served by septic
tanks and sand filters, does not disinfect their sewage effluent. Flow data
and waste characteristics are not available for the two industries in the
basin, however both are served by primary waste-treatment facilities.
23
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881
Federal Installations
There are twelve Federal installations which discharge waste effluents
into surface waters in the Michigan portion of the Lake Superior basin
(see Appendix K). In keeping with Commission's requirements on phosphorus
removal (see page 17) staff has recommended that facilities to meet this
requirement be provided at the two major Air Force Bases (Kincheloe and
Sawyer) in the basin. Four of the installations are light stations (one
is a former light station) with raw or semi-treated sewage discharges directly
into Lake Super'or. The Michigan Water Resources Commission lias recommended and
is currently awaiting alleviation of these problems. Treatment is considered
adequate at the other six Federal units in the basin.
There are a number of Federal campgrounds, lifeboat stations, ranger
station, etc., which discharge to ground waters in the watershed; these
are not included in this report.
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882
CHAPTER IV
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN DESCRIPTION AND WATER USES
BASIN DESCRIPTION
Introduct ion
Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes and the second largest
fresh water lake in the world. It has 31,820 square miles of surface area
(16,231 square miles in Michigan), and is 350 miles long, 160 miles wide and
1,333 feet deep (maximum). The Lake has a total volume of approximately 3,000
cub ic mi les.
The surface of Lake Superior averages slightly over 600 feet above sea
level--21.67 feet above Lake Huron into which it drains, and the deepest
point is 733 feet below sea level. The land drainage area of Lake Superior
is 48,200 square miles of which 16 percent (7,700 square miles) is in Michigan (the
area above the locks at Sault Ste. Marie). Lake Superior discharges to the
lower Great Lakes through the St. Marys River. The mean discharge from the
lake since 1900 has been 73,^00 cubic feet per second (cfs.)-
Lake Superior lies almost wholly within the Precambrian Canadian shield
and the northwestern shore of Michigan's Upper Peninsula is part of this
shield. The Precambrian rocks were formed approximately half a billion years
ago and contain essentially all the mineral wealth of the peninsula. This
wealth includes iron and copper deposits as well as a limited number of
precious minerals. The Cambrian epoch (185-500 million years ago) left its
mark along the northcentral and northeastern shore of the Upper Peninsula
as demonstrated by the sand stones of the Pictured Rocks and the ledge rock
of Tahquamenon Falls. The existing Lake Superior basin is of relatively recent
origin, the present water level having been reached only about 2,500 years ago.
Lake Superior is more irregular in outline than the other Great Lakes.
With the exception of the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the lake is
surrounded by an escarpment ranging from kOO to 800 feet high. In most areas
the highland is either immediately adjacent to the shoreline or close to it.
Approximately 30 percent (9!3 miles) of the Lake Superior shoreline
is within Michigan's boundaries. This 30 percent contains some of the Nations
most unique and scenic shoreline. The wide sand beaches of Whitefish Bay;
the great perched dunes near Grand Marais; the sheer cliffs of the Pictured
Rocks; the remote Huron Mountains and the many miles of primeval wilderness
constitute a valuable recreational and aesthetic resource.
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883
Lake Levels
The level of Lake Superior and the discharge of the St. Marys River are
maintained by the portion of the precipitation that falls directly on the
lake surface, drainage from the watershed, and very limited outseeping of
groundwater. Evaporation from the lake surface is generally considered to be
approximately equal to the precipitation upon it.
Precipitation on the lake and its drainage basin is well distributed
throughout the ysar. A majority of the precipitation which falls during the
winter months occurs as snow. For example, one hundred and fifteen inches
of snow fell in Calumet, Michigan, in the month of January, 1950. In
severe winters snow accumulation approaches four feet along the south shore
of Lake Superior. The 6? year (1900-196?) average annual precipitation is
30.00 inches with extremes being a low of 22.81 inches in 1905 and a high
of 38.25 inches in 1951.
In addition to precipitation and runoff, Lake Superior receives water
by direct diversion via the Long Lake-Ogoki projects located along the north
shore. This diversion averages nearly 5,000 cfs. of water which formerly
flowed north to Hudson Bay. Because of the regulatory works at Sault St.
Marie, this diversion has not affected the level of Lake Superior. Without
the works, the level would have been raised one-quarter of a foot.
Since i860, the level of Lake Superior has varied between a high monthly
average elevation of 60^.05 feet (August 1876) to a low of 599.88 feet
(April 1926), a range of k,\l feet. The lake level normally fluctuates about
1.2 feet per year with the low in March and the high in September.
Since 1922, the outflow from Lake Superior into the St. Marys River has
been controlled by regulatory works above the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie.
These works were built as a condition of an order of the International Joint
Commission granting a permit to divert water around the rapids for power
generation. The same order also created an International Lake Superior Board
of Control composed of the Officer of the Corps of Engineers, charged with
the improvements of the falls of the St. Marys River, and an officer
appointed by the Canadian Government.
It is the function of the Board to determine the amount of water
available for power generation and to maintain as nearly as possible the level
of Lake Superior between 602.1 feet and 603.6 feet. Since 1922, the high
limit has been maintained within 0.03 feet, and the low limit within approximately
2 feet.
26
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884
Lake Currents
Surface currents and their patterns in the Great Lakes have been studied
for almost a century. As a result, a rather general picture of the circulation
is known. That of Lake Superior is shown in Figure 1. This representation
is based on work by Harrington (1895) who was the first to undertake a
thorough study of the currents of the Great Lakes. While further studies
indicate some modification this interpretation is considered valid in its
general concept.
FIGURE I — LAKE SUPERIOR WATER CIRCULATION
Since Lake Superior has no flow-through, current patterns result primarily
fromwind action. The wind-driven current is modified by the rotation of the
earth, density differences (temperatures in Lake Superior) and the shape
of the basin. In Lake Superior the forces create a cyclonic or counter-clockwise
movement--generally an east-west flow along the southern shore and westward
flow along the north shore. Millar reports further information in his
paper, "Surface Temperatures of the Great Lakes", in the Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada (1952). "Two cyclonic whirls in the
east end of the lake, especially the more southerly one, are areas of
convergence, and the arm near Duluth is an area of strong convergence. The
compensating upwelling is distributed broadly south of a bent line from
Devils Isle to Passage Island, then to Marquette, Michigan."
Populat ion
The Michigan portion of the Lake Superior basin contains a population of
approximately 165,000 people (I960 census). Of this number 79,715 live in
17 municipalities which had a population of 1,000 or more in I960. There are
two cities in the Michigan portion of the basin which had a I960 population
of more than 10,000 people—Ironwood and Marquette. Based on historical growth
rates the population of the area will be approximately 175,000 in 1980.
The I960 population density was less than 20 people per square mile for this area.
27
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885
Economy
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which includes the Lake Superior Basin,
has a history of a highly specialized economy. This economy is based on the
use of natural resources which provide the raw materials and generate the
capital to provide a significant influence on Michigan regional as well
as national industrial development. As an example, 850,031,000 long tons
of iron ore were produced in Michigan from 1854 to 1964. This concentration
of high-value and accessible natural resources, also served by a magnificent
water-transportation facility, is unique in the United States. Through
the many generations of discovery, exploration, and development of these
resources, water transportation on Lake Superior played a major role—and
is still providing the link to buying and manufacturing centers.
In 1910, Hojghton and Keweenaw counties had more than double their
present populations. Many of the mining communities that were thriving at
the turn of the century are now virtually ghost towns, as are several former
lumbering centers. The decline of mining and logging activities was followed
by a decline in wood products industries and, in certain areas, farming,
Populations decreased as did the level of the economy. Traditional types
of resource development such as shaft mining, sawlog lumbering, unrestrained
commercial fishHg, and family farming were no longer adequate or profitable.
However, the still-great reserve of natural resources was sufficient incentive
to encourage the development of new techniques and new methods which are
providing a renewed vigor to the economy of Michigan's Lake Superior drainage
area. In 196?, 14,033,891 long tons of iron ore were shipped from Michigan
mines—almost three million more tons than in 1930. This substantial increase
is due mostly to beneficiation (or concentration) of low grade ores. In 1966,
70 percent of the Michigan shipments were concentrates. Further, 75 percent of
the ore mined was from open-pit mining operations. In 1967, 58,595 short tons
of copper were produced in Michigan—13,000 tons more than in 1940.
The modern economy of the Michigan portion of the Lake Superior drainage
area is still dominantly natural resource oriented. The manufacturing
activity of the area is in the cities. There are a few locally important
agricultural areas. The nine counties in the Michigan portion of the Lake
Superior drainage area represent 47 percent of the land area of the Upper
Peninsula and 14 percent of the land area of the State of Michigan. This
area contained 55 percent of the Upper Peninsula population and 2 percent of
the State of Michigan's population in I960. The "Value Added by Manufacture"
in 1964 for this area was 34 percent of the value added by the Upper Peninsula
and 0.3 percent of the value added by the entire state. "Retail Trade Sales" in
1964 for this area were 50 percent that of the entire Upper Peninsula and 2
percent that of the entire state. "Wholesale Trade Sales" in 1964 for this area
were 40 percent of the sales for the Upper Peninsula and 0.6 percent of sales
for the entire state. The amount of "Selected Services" in 1964 for this area
was 43 percent that of the Upper Peninsula and 0.9 percent that of the state.
The "Value of Farm Products Sold" in 1964 for this area was 40 percent that of
the Upper Peninsula and 1 percent that of the state.
An important segment of the economy of the Northern Peninsula of
Michigan is that contributed by tourism and recreation. The recent report by the
Upper Peninsula Committee on Area Progress Guidelines for Tourism-Recreation
in Michigan's Upper Peninsula gives a total figure for tourism activity in
1964 at $118 mill ion.
28
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886
Agriculture
The fact t'nat agriculture is only locally Important in the Michigan portion
of the Lake Superior basin is shown by the fact that the "Value of Farm Products
Sold" in this area was only $8,093,000 in 1964 as compared to $8,888,000
in 195^, a decrease of 9 percent during a period when the "Value of Farm
Products Sold" increased by 10 percent in the Upper Peninsula and by k1
percent in the entire State of Michigan. Dairying was the most important
agricultural activity in seven of the nine Michigan counties in the Lake
Superior basin. Potato raising was the most important agricultural activity
in Marquette County while the production of hay was the most important in
Luce County.
Land Use
Land use of the Lake Superior basin ranges from intensive use in the
urban areas, such as Marquette, to the use of the forests. Of the nine
counties in this area, five are more than 9' percent forested and all of them
are over 70 percent forested. Most of the existing forest is of the Maple-
Beech-Birch type. Because large acreages of this area are relatively low-
value forest land, much of it is publicly owned.
Only a fraction of the land is in farms. Chippewa County with 12.8
percent of its land in farms had the highest percentage of farm land in the
nine counties in 1964. Keweenaw County had only 0.2 percent of its land
in farms.
WATER USES
The waters of the Lake Superior basin serve a multiplicity of uses. They
are used for public and industrial water supply, commercial fishing, commercial
navigation, recreation, waste assimilation and cooling.
Public Water Supply
One of the most important uses of Lake Superior water is for public water
supply. The waters of Lake Superior are of excellent quality for this purpose,
being low in hardness, turbidity, chlorides and temperacure and showing no
evidence of change from year to year. There are a total ot 10 public water
supply withdrawals from Lake Superior. These 10 withdrawals serve a total of
18 governmental units with a I960 population of 51,^69. These communities
withdraw an average of 6.532 million gallons a day.
Industrial Water Supply
There are six industries which withdraw water from Lake Superior, primarily
for process water. These industries withdraw an average of k3 million gallons
a day.
29
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887
Commercial Fishing
One of the principal factors in the location of Indian settlements along the
rugged Lake Superior shoreline was the availability of food fishes. Accounts of
early explorers carry repeated and enthusiastic observations of the fine quality
of Lake Superior fish. The early settlers and traders used fish extensively and
it became apparent at an early date that there were possibilities for a commercial
fishery. By 1850, westward migration, the beginning of the copper and iron
industry and the very rapid growth of mid-western cities created an increasing
demand for Lake Superior fish. This demand continued to grow during the rest of
the century. In 1885, 4 1/2 million pounds of whitefish were taken but by the
turn of the centjry lake trout were becoming the dominant species. The Lake
Superior fishery remained stable for many years. Lake trout, whitefish, chubs,
herring, walleye and burbot were the major species. About 1950 the effects of
the predaceous sea lamprey began to be felt and in 1962 the fishery was closed
to lake trout. Table 1 shows average annual production for selected periods.
TABLE 1
AVERAGE ANNUAL FISH PRODUCTION
WHITEFISH
PERIOD
1890-1899
1900-1919
1920-1939
1940-1959
1960-1966
AVERAGE
CATCH/YEAR (LBS.)
1,727,900
554,630
259,050
401,800
299,571
GREATEST
ANNUAL
CATCH (LBS.)
X 3,848,000
1,513,000
442,000
665,000
379,000
X Highest re-
corded year
1891
LEAST
ANNUAL
CATCH (LBS.)
1 ,058,000
93,000
X 79,000
198,000
156,000
X Lowest re-
corded year
1923
LAKE TROUT
1890-1899
1900-1919
1920-1939
19^0-1956
1957-1962
1963-1966
2,462,400
2,612,511
1,932,500
2,050,294
484,833
64,750
2,729,000
4,331,000
2,
2,
849,000
67,000
,596,000
,700,000
X Highest re-
corded year
1904
1 ,998,000
776,000
1,165,000
1,224,000
135,000
X 62,000
X Lowest re-
corded year
1963
30
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888
Table 1 continued
TOTAL CATCH
1920-1929 2,855,500 3,812,000 X 1,6^8,000
1930-1939 k, 969,100 6,5^7,000 3J79.COO
W-19^9 7,051,700 x 8,*»38,000 5,868,000
1950-1959 5,751,500 7,558,000 ^,6^7,000
1960-1966 6,603,^29 8,352,000 k,587,000
X Highest re- X Lowest re-
corded year corded year
1923
Sport Fishing and Hunting
The Lake Superior sport fishery is supported mainly by the variety of fish
1=sted below:
Brook Trout Lake Trout Walleyed Pike
Northern Pike Rainbow Trout Brown Trout
Smelt Perch
The fall of 1966 was a bonus for Lake Superior fishermen, for this was
when the first coho salmon was taken. This new species, introduced by the
Michigan Department of Conservation in the spring of 1966, is being most
enthusiastically received by Michigan sportsmen. First Lake Superior plantings
were in the Big Huron River of Baraga County. In April of 19^7, 600 of the
cohos were reported caught in Marquette Harbor and others in Munising Bay.
This first success indicates a new and valuable sport fish for Lake Superior.
The waters of Lake Superior and adjacent Michigan land formations provide
an appealing flyway route for myriads of North American waterfowl. Opportunities
are readily available for both study and hunting since nearly two dozen
species of ducks and three species of geese migrate through the area.
Recreation
Information extrapolated from Report #k to the Outdoor Recreation Resources
Review Commissior. entitled "Shoreline Recreation Resources of the United States"
specifies that Lake Superior has a total of 730 miles of recreational shoreline
in Michigan. Various categories which make up this total include 692 miles
of bluff shoreline, 22 miles of marsh shoreline and 16 miles of beach. Tv^o
hundred fifty-two miles or 3^.5 percent of this shoreline are in public recreation
areas.
31
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889
A well known recreational facility found in Lake Superior is the Isle
Royale National Park. The island is unique among national parks in its
wilderness setting, cut off from the mainland by many miles of water and
associated with more than 200 small islands and countless minor rocks. Isle
Royale is the largest island in Lake Superior, being U5 miles long, nine
miles wide and covering 210 square miles.
There dre 7 state parks and thousands of acres of publicly owned land
along Michigan's shore of Lake Superior. These state parks attracted a totat
of 1,I5S,58) visitors in 1968. In addition to the state parks there are
7 local parks and beach areas and the recently established Pictured Rocks
National Shoreline between Munising and Au Sable Point.
Boat ing
Pleasure boating has changed from the luxurious cruise vessels of the
early 1900's to the many thousands of recreational watercraft of today.
The State of Michigan had a total of ^38,000 motor-powered craft registered
in 1968. In addition, non-motor-powered craft were estimated at 52,000.
There are a considerable number of boats registered in other states that use
Michigan waters. In order to serve the increasing numbers of watercraft
using Lake Superior waters there are a number of marinas, launching sites
and harbors of refuge as shown on Map 1.
LEGEND:
ALAUNCHING SITE OR MARINA
AREFUGE HARBOR
MAP I-RECREATIONAL HARBOR FACILITIES
32
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890
Commerical Navigation
Commercial navigation is of great significance to the past, present, and
future economy of the Great Lakes region. In the past, settlement patterns
and the location of cities and industrial complexes were either determined
by proximity to "ake commerce or strongly influenced by it. Much of today's
commercial and industrial activity in the Great Lakes region is geared to
lake shipments. The potential of the St. Lawrence Seaway is being fulfilled
and promises to provide even closer links between the Great Lakes and world
markets. With each shipping season there are increases in direct foreign
shipments, both to and from Lake ports.
Lake Superior is endowed with more natural good harbors than the other
Great Lakes. The north shore and Isle Royale are characterized by many
deep water bays and inlets. The south shore has a smoother coast line and is
deficient in natural harbors, particularly in the east.
Improvement of navigation facilities paralleled that of the development
of the commercial capabilities. Some harbors were developed and docks built
at an early date. These were adequate for the type of commerce of the time,,
As vessel size and craft increased, local capabilities were often not adequat
to assume the cost of the improvements. At the direction of Congress, the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers eventually assumed responsibility for harbor and
channel improvements.
The amount of freight moved across Lake Superior is great. Mute
reports that by 1935 nearly 2.4 billion tons were moved through the Soo
locks. Sixty percent of the tonnage was iron ore. In addition there were
9 billion bushels of grain, over 2k billion board feet of lumber and over
kO million tons of general merchandise.
Since 1935 an additional 3 billion tons of freight have been moved through
the locks. The total since the opening of the locks in 1855 through 1966 has
been 5 1/2 billion tons, equivalent to over 500,000 ship loads (using average
capacity of pre-second World War fleet — approximately 10,500 tons),
Waste Water Discharges
There are only two municipalities, Baraga and L'Anse, and two industries
which discharge wastewater directly to Lake Superior. The two industries are
Royal Oak Charcoal Company, Marquette and Kimberly Clark Corporation, Munising
Mill in Mun is ing
Cool inq
The City of Marquette Board of Power and Light is the only Michigan
municipally owned facility utilizing Lake Superior for cooling water withdrawals
and discharge. There are two industrial users, the U.P. Generating Company
at Marquette and the U.P. Power Company at L'Anse.
33
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.891
CHAPTER V
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND SPECIAL STUDIES
Part 1
BACTERIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF WATERS ALONG
LAKE SUPERIOR SHORELINE
The Michigan Water Resources Commission maintains an annual summer
sampling program of Michigan's Great Lakes coastline surface waters.
Samples collected along the Lake Superior coastline are analyzed for
total colifoms by the multiple tube method and results are presented
as most probable number (MPN) of total coliform present in the water
sample. Bacteriological data presented in Appendix L were obtained
in 1967 and 1968. Only the minimum, maximum, and geometric mean values
for each sampling location are expressed in this table, however,
results for all samples collected and referred to are on file in the
Lansing office of the Water Resources Commission.
Of the 14 locations along Michigan's Lake Superior shoreline for
which there are 19&7 ancl 1968 data available only one had a geometric
mean value for total coliform over 1000 organisms per 100 ml. in 1968
while in 196? there were no such locations. The data, when examined in
detail, reveals a definite rise to peak coliform concentrations and
then a decline for each location during the sampling period of June
through August.
35
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892
CHAPTER V
Part 2
TRIBUTARY AND LAKE SUPERIOR MONITORING
PROGRAMS
Water quality monitoring of Great Lakes tributary streams was
initiated by the Water Resources Commission in May, 1955 to obtain
background radioactivity information. The monitoring program has since
been expanded to its present level of 41 stations located throughout the
state including a station in Lake Superior at Marquette. Results of
sampling at this station from 1959 to 1968 are presented in Table 1
of Appendix M.
Beginning in 1963 the monitoring program was expanded to obtain a
variety of background data on the quality of water flowing into the
Great Lakes and connecting waters via the principal watersheds in Michigan's
Lower Peninsula. Seven principal watersheds were sampled once in 1967 and
three times in 1968. As of this year (1969) five Lake Superior tributaries
are being sampled monthly. These five tributaries are the Montreal.,
Presque Isle, Ontonagon, Sturgeon and Tahquamenon rivers.
The specific objectives of the program are to determine long-term
trends in the chemical, physical and bacteriological characteristics of
tributary streams to the Great Lakes in Michigan. The monitoring stations
are located as close as possible to the mouths of the drainage basins
and below all known sources of waste.
Seven wa;er quality parameters were selected as being indicative of
the chemical water quality of the Lake Superior tributaries; dissolved
oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, soluble orthophosphate nitrate
nitrogen, chlorides and suspended solids. The data collected during
1967, 1968 and the first two months of 1969 are presented in Figures 1
through 9 of Appendix N. Bacteriological data for 1968 and the first
two months of 1969 are shown in Table 2. The monitored tributaries
are shown on Map 1.
In addition to the regular monitoring of Lake Superior tributaries
the Commission staff has inaugurated a program of sampling of raw
water from the Great Lakes. This is done at 10 water treatment plants
along the sho.-eline of Lake Superior. The intent of the program
is to establish existing water quality at the various intakes and
indicate any trends which occur in the quality. These samples are
currently collected annually. The first series was collected in 1967
and these results, along with the 1968 results are shown in Tables 1
and 2 of Appendix 0. Sampling locations are presented on Map 10
36
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893
In addition to the program conducted by the Water Resources Commission,
the Michigan Department of Public Health requires that each water
treatment plant submit monthly operating reports which contain results
of physical, chemical and bacteriological tests which are made on
the raw water supply. The two programs supplement each other and furnish
fairly complete documentation of the water quality at water intakes
in Lake Superior.
The staff of the Water Resources Commission conducts various surveys
throughout the state in accordance with its program of pollution prevention
and abatement. One such program is a yearly surveillance of Michigan's
interstate rivers. This program was initiated in 1967 with a series of
89 stations located throughout the state. Samples were collected at
approximately k hour intervals for a 24-hour period at each station.
Six of these stations are located on the Montreal River and the 1967 results
of this program are presented in Appendix P.
37
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894
CHAPTER V
Part 3
WATER QUALITY SURVEY OF LAKE SUPERIOR
IN THE MARQUETTE VICINITY
August 8-11, 1968
On August 8-11, 1968, a water quality survey was conducted to
determine the effects of various wastewater discharges on the biota of
Lake Superior and its major tributaries in the Marquette vicinity.
Stream studies found well balanced, clean-water benthic animal
communities at all Dead River stations and at the Carp River control
station above the Marquette Wastewater Treatment Plant. A very
restricted pol1ution-tolerant benthic community was found below this
outfall where profuse slime growths, septic odors and turbid waters
were evident.
Productivity of benthic animal life in the sand, sand-rock substrates
of Lake Superior was generally low. The shallower inshore areas with
unstable substrates supported even lower numbers of benthic animals than
the deeper ofrshore waters.
Some modification of the physical environment and biological
community structure of Lake Superior was evident at scattered locations
near Marquette. The Upper Peninsula Generating Company cooling water
discharge warmed approximately 80 acres of Lake Superior by more th.'.n
10°F and approximately 2kO acres by more than 5P°F. No adverse biological
effects from this heated discharge were evident.
However, the entire Dead River flow is cycled through this generating
plant for coo - ing purposes and these waters contribute a natural organic
loading to Lake Superior. This natural enrichment has increased the
benthic productivity of small offshore area as indicated by an increase
in pollution ;olerant organisms.
The Roya" Oak Charcoal Company, a destructive wood distillation
plant, discha'ges phenolic wastes to Lake Superior. No complaints have
been received concerning taste or odors in the Marquette water supply
nor are there any records of off flavored fish from the area. No adverse
biological ef :ects to benthic animal communities in close proximity to
these discharges were detected.
Thin organic sedimentation, evident in the Marquette Harbor vicinity,
was enhanced by the quiet protected harbor waters, intensive shoreline
development,
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895
: The Marquette Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge, via the Carp
R:ver, has produced a benthic community alteration in the inshore
waters of Lake Superior. This alteration is not pronounced but does
suggest a lessening of overall water quality of the environment. This
decline in water quality was further substantiated by increased turbidity,
sewage odors, and blue-green algae growths in the immediate vicinity
of the Carp River mouth.
The wat2.- quality of Presque Isle and Marquette Harbors was slightly
impaired in snail, scattered, localized areas. The overall water
quality of Lake Superior in this vicinity was not adversely affected by
natural or artificial sources (complete survey is contained in Appendix 0.)
39
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896
CHAPTER
Part
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ONTONAGON R IVER AND
LAKE SUPERIOR, IN THE VICINITY OF ONTONAGON, MICHIGAN
August 15, 1968
On August 15, 1968 a biological survey was conducted on the Ontonagon
River and Lake Superior in the vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan. The two major
sources of waste discharge to these waters were the Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation
paper mill and the Ontonagon Wastewater Treatment Plant,
The Ontonagon River receives large quantities of red day from its
watershed which results in extremely turbid river waters. Transparency
of river wate- during this study ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 feet. This red
clay is transported to Lake Superior where significant reductions in
water transparency were measured in the immediate offshore waters.
The Ontonagon Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge did not have any
appreciable effect upon benthic animal life in the Ontonagon River. A
slight enrichment immediately downstream was expressed in a moderate
increase in siudgeworm populations, but the basic benthic community structure
at this location was not altered.
A small bay-like area immediately off the Hoerner-Waldorf discharge
contained bottom sediments of paper fibers, muck, and oils. No aquatic
life was found in this area. However, the papermill effluent exerts
little influence, if any, upon the benthos of the Ontonagon River. The
wastewater is warmer than the river water and tends to stay near the river's
surface while being transported downstream to Lake Superior.
Red clay plant debris, and other such river transport materials
settling to the bottom have enriched the benthos of a small area of Lake
Superior off the Ontonagon River mouth. The scope of this enrichment
did not appear to be extensive. Organic settleable solids arising from
the Ontonagon Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Hoerner-Waldorf paper
mill may add somewhat to this condition, but decomposing plant materials
from the Ontonagon River were the largest factor (complete survey is contained
i n Append ix R).
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897
CHAPTER V
Part 5
BIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF THE FREDA COPPER MILL DISCHARGE
TO LAKE SUPERIOR IN THE VICINITY OF
FREDA, MICHIGAN
August 2k and 27, 1966
On August 2k and 27, 1966 a biological survey was conducted on
Lake Superior in the vicinity of the Freda Copper Mill tailings discharge
at Freda, Michigan. An effort was made to determine the effects of this
stamp sand discharge upon the benthic fauna and to determine the extent
of discoloration of Lake Superior waters by these wastes.
Benthic animal samples collected in the Freda-Redridge vicinity of
Lake Superior failed to reveal any useful information concerning the effects
of this discharge on the aquatic environment. The shifting sand bottom
provided a very poor benthic habitat and a single midge larva was the
only benthic animal found in the survey. Plankton samples collected
during this survey showed that there were no discernible differences in
the various plankton communities sampled.
Considerable discoloration of Lake Superior waters by this stamp
sand discharge was evident. Secchi disk readings off the point of
discharge were: 6 inches at 10 yards; 2 feet at 30 yards; and 25 feet
at 300 yards. A visual red-brown discoloration was observed in Lake
Superior for 3/k miles offshore in the vicinity of Redridge and for five
or more miles along the shoreline to the northeast.
Operations at this mill were permanently discontinued in December,
1966. The Company has no plans for reactivating this mill (complete survey
is contained in Appendix S).
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898
CHAPTER V
Part 6
A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR
AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANNA RIVER,
MUNISING, ALGER COUNTY, MICHIGAN
August 6, 1968
In 1957 -3 biological survey established that the benthic area of
South Bay, Lake Superior in close proximity to Munising was biologically
depressed. On August 6, 1968 a biological survey was conducted on South
Bay and its major tributary the Anna River to determine present water
quality conditions and detect any changes in the benthic macrofaunal
community that may have occurred since the 1957 survey.
The majo~ sources of wastewater discharge to South Bay are: The
Kimberly-Clark Corporation paper mill discharging directly to South
Bay; the Munising Wastewater Treatment Plantdischarging to the Anna River;
and a small community domestic sewage septic tank discharging directly
to South Bay.
Studies on fish and benthic animal communities in the Anna River show
clean water populations upstream and limited populations downstream from
the Munising Wastewater Treatment Plant. The downstream populations
are in a very delicate balance with many species barely represented in
the fauna. The extremely cold water of the Anna River prevents the
organic loading from exerting its full effect upon the biological populations.
A cone-shaped area of degradation was identified in the southern
portion of South Bay. This area encompassed approximately one mile of
shoreline and extended nearly ^,000 feet into the bay. The benthic
community within this area was severly limited and was comprised mainly
of pollution tolerant sludgewtorms and midges. The remaining portion of
South Bay supported a diversified benthic community structure. However,
the littoral communities found in the extreme outer bay were much more
diverse than those found in the littoral area of the inner bay.
Most bottom sediments of South Bay contained large quantities of
bark, wood chips, and woody frass. These materials generally decreased
in quantity w:th increased distance from the southern end of South Bay.
Two stations just offshore from Kimberly-Clark contained completely
artificial substrates, one entirely of wood chips, the other entirely
of paper-mache.
Plankton samples, dissolved oxygen profiles, and inshore measurements
of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids show no adverse water
quality conditions in the water column of South Bay.
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899
It appears that the principal source of degradation of South Bay,
Lake Superior, arises from previously deposited woody materials which
are still exerting a considerable influence upon the benthic ecology.
This is substantiated by data showing almost no change in the benthic
community between 1957 and 1968, even though marked improvements were
made in paper mill waste control and municipal sewage treatment during
that period (complete survey is contained in Appendix T).
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900
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS
The citizens and government of Michigan are very keenly aware of the
value of clean water, both in Lake Superior and in inland lakes and streams.
The people have supported, and State government has developed, broad-scale
and fast moving programs of pollution control.
Michigan law provides a full and effective statutory basis for
preventing and controlling pollution. The State Legislature has repeatedly
shown its willingness to enact additional laws as the need for them
emerges.
Through its Water Resources Commission, its Department of Public
Health and its Geological Survey, Michigan has an aggressive, effective and
large-scale program of water pollution control in active operation. The
Michigan plan for effectuating this program in 1968-69 has been fully
approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
The State has an ongoing and appropriately expanding program of waste
disposal surveillance and water quality monitoring which is fully responsive
to the needs for detecting and identifying its pollution problems.
The Water Resources Commission and Department of Public Health have
amply demonstrated that when pollution problems are identified they
can and do take proper corrective action.
The State Legislature has responded to Executive requests for
successive increases in State expenditures for pollution control.
Michigan's $335 million clean water bond proposal was approved in
November 1§68 by Michigan voters by a 2 to 1 margin. This bond program
when fully implemented will provide substantial grant assistance to
municipalities and townships for the construction of sewage treatment
works and for construction of sewer systems to correct improper sewage
discharges.
The Water Resources Commission has adopted water quality standards for
all waters together with a plan for implementation and enforcement of the
interstate standards. >
Michigan has only one small municipal wastewater discharge and one
industrial and two electric power generating plants which make a direct
discharge of wastewaters to Lake Superior. These discharges have only a
minor effect on water quality in the immediate area of discharge and with
the exception of the municipal discharge are considered to have no
pollutional effect on the waters of Lake Superior.
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901
In accordance with the Commission's plan of implementation of its
interstate water quality standards, correction of the municipal discharge
will be accomplished on or before June 1, 1972.
There are four coastal communities with a combined i960 population of
approximately 29,000 which discharge primary treated and chlorinated effluent
into intrastate waters. Again, with the exception of minor effects on
water quality in the immediate river mouth areas, these discharges have
not been determined to have a pollutional effect on the waters of Lake
Superior, except for the phosphorus nutrients added to the lake waters.
One industrial discharge into intrastate waters, near the mouth, has
been determined to result in occasional taste and odor problems in a
Lake Superior community water supply. A corrective program is being pursued
with this industry and it is fully expected that a timely schedule will
be developed for an early solution to the problem.
The Michigan agencies recognize the pollution problems on waters
tributary to Lake Superior and have in operation aggressive programs for
their full and timely correction. The present deficiencies in waste
treatment at inland locations do not contribute to pollutional conditions in
Lake Superior except as a residual phosphorus loading carries on down to
the lake.
The Water Resources Commission recognizes the phosphorus problem in
accelerating stream and lake water enrichment, and has adopted a state-wide
policy and comprehensive program for phosphate removal from waste discharges,
w'th scheduled early completion dates.
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902
APPENDIX A
ACT 245, PUBLIC ACTS OF 1929, AS AMENDED
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903
State of Michigan
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Act 21*5, Public Acts of 1929, as amended *
An act to create a water resources commission to protect and conserve the water resources
of the state, to have control over the pollution of any waters of the state and the Great
Lakes, to have control over the alteration of the watercourses and the flood plains of all
rivers and streams, with powers to make rules and regulations governing the same, qnd to pr^-
scribe the powers and duties of such commission; to prohibit the pollution of any waters of
the state and the Great Lakes; and to prohibit the obstruction of the floodways of the rlv<--r.o
and streams of the state; to designate the commission as the state agency to coop^r-jte -md ne-
gotiate with other governments and agencies in matters concerning the water resources of th^
state; and to provide penalties for the violation of this act.
Sec. 1, For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, there is hereby
created a water resources commission, hereinafter referred to as the commission, which '-.hall
consist of the director of conservation, the commissioner of health, the highway commissioner,
the director of agriculture, and 3 citizens of the state to be appointed by the governor, by
and with the advice and consent of the senate, 1 from groups representative of industrial
management, 1 from groups representative of municipalities, and 1 from groups representative of
conservation associations or interests, for terms of J, years each except that of the members
first appointed, 1 shall be appointed for a term of 1 year, 1 for a term of 2 years, and 1 for
a term of 3 years. Vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term in the same manner is
original appointments. Members of the commission shall be entitled to actual and necessary
expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. It shall be the duty of the d=-nartner.t
of administration to provide suitable office facilities for the use of the commission.
Each of the aforesaid state officers is hereby authorized to designate a reDre:;ent,-jt,ive
from his department to serve in his stead as a member of the commission for 1 or more meetings.
Sec. 2. The commission shall organize and make its own rules and regulations 2nd pro-
cedure and shall meet at least once each month and shall keep a record of its proceedings. The
commission shall protect and conserve the water resources of the state and shall hive control
of the pollution of surface or underground waters of the state of Michigan and the great lakes,
which are or may be affected by waste disposal of municipalities, industries, public or private
corporations, individuals, partnership associations, or any other entity. The commission is
empowered to make or cause to be made surveys, studies and investigations of the uses of waters
of the state, both surface and underground, and to cooperate with other governments, govern-
mental units and agencies thereof in making such surveys, studies and investigations. The
commission shall assist in an advisory capacity any flood control district which may b-^ author-
ized by the legislature of this state. The commission in the public interest shalJ have the
right and duty to appear and present evidence, reports and other testimony during the hearing:,,
involving the creation and organization of flood control districts. It shall also be the duty
and responsibility of the commission to advise and consult with the legislature on the obliga-
tion of the state to participate in the costs of construction and maintenance as provided for
in the official plans of any flood control district or intercounty drainage district. The
commission shall have authority to, and shall enforce the provisions of this act and shall make
and promulgate such rules and regulations as shall be deemed necessary to carry out the pro-
visions of this act. The rules and regulations of the commission shall be promulgated in con-
formity with the provisions of Act No. 88 of the Public Acts of 19^3, as amended, being
sections 2k.?1 to 2^.82, inclusive, of the Compiled Laws of 19*4-8.
Sec. 2a. The water resources commission is designated the state agency to cooperate arid
negotiate with other governments, governmental units and agencies thereof in matters concerning
the water resources of the state, including but not limited to flood control and beach p-roruon
control. The commission shall have control over the alterations of natural or present, water-
courses of all rivers and streams in the state to assure that the channels and the nortiorir, of
Amended by Act 11?, P.A. 19*4-9, effective May 18, 19^9; Act 165, P.A. 1963, effective Septem-
ber 6, 1963; Act U05, P.A. 1965, effective October 29, 1965; Act 16?, P.A. 1968,
effective June 1?, 1968; and Act 209, p.A. 1968, effective July 1, 1969 (Sec. 6a.).
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904
nxi plain:, that arc; the floodways are not irihabi tad rmd are kopt free and
; or obstruct!or which will causo any undur: ros LrJ cti on of the e-jrneity
•imission 1:; further authorized to take .such steps -a. may bo necessary t
ol' any act of congress heretofore or hereafter enacted which may bo of a-,s i:, I
out the purposes of I his act.
The commission shall report to the governor and to the legislature at le^t <-,r.ce in o-,ch
year any plans or projects being carried on or considered and shall include in cracr. r'.r-ort re-
quests for any legislation needed to carry out any proposed projects or agreements made neces-
sary thereby, together with any requests for appropriations.
Sec. 3. The commission shall be authorized to bring any appropriate action in the name of
the people of the state of Michigan, either at law or in chancery as may be necessary to carry
out the provisions of this act, and to enforce any and all laws relating to the pollution of
the waters and the obstruction of the floodways of the reivers and streams of this state. When-
ever the attorney general deems it necessary, he shall take charge of and prosecute ill cr'. r>i-
nal cases arising under the provisions of this act.
Sec. if-. The commission or any agent duly appointed by it shall have the right to enter -;t
all reasonable times in or upon any private or public property for the purpose of inspecting
and investigating conditions relating to the pollution of any waters and the obstruction of the
floodways of the rivers and streams of this state. The commission shall have the right to call
upon any officer, board, department, school, university, or other state institution "jnd th»
officers or employees thereof for any assistance deemed necessary to the carrying out of this
act.
Sec. 5. The commission shall establish such pollution standards for lakes, rivers,
streams and other waters of the state in relation to the public use to which they are or may v>e
put, as it shall deem necessary. It shall have the authority to ascertain and determine for
record and in making its order what volume of water actually flows in all streams, and *he high
and low water marks of lakes and other waters of the state, affected by the waste disposal or
pollution of municipalities, industries, public and private corporations, individuals, partner-
ship associations, or any other entity. It shall have authority to make regulations and orders
restricting the polluting content of any waste material or polluting substance discharged or
sought to be discharged into any lake, river, stream, or other waters of the state. It shall
have the authority to take all appropriate step's to prevent any pollution which is deemed by
the commission to be unreasonable and against public interest in view of the existing condi-
tions in any lake, r^ver, stream, or other waters of the state.
Sec. 5a. The commission shall have the authority to make regulations and orders for the
prevention of harmful interference with the discharge and stage characteristics of streams. It
shall have the authority to ascertain and determine for record and in making its order the lo-
cation and extent of f_ood plains, stream beds and channels and the discharge and stage charac-
teristics of streams at various times and circumstances.
Sec. 5b. It shall be unlawful for any person to occupy or permit the occupation, for
residential, commercial or industrial purposes of lands or to fill or grade or permit the
filling or grading for any purposes other than agricultural, of lands in the flood nlains,
stream bed or channel of any stream, as ascertained and determined for record by the commission,
or to undertake or engf.ge in any activity on or with respect to the lands which is determined
by the commission to hr.rmfully interfere with the discharge or stage characteristics of a
stream, unless the occupation, filling, grading, or other activity shall have been permitted by
an ordor or rule of the commission, or by a valid permit issued therefor by the department of
conservation under the provisions of law.
Sec. 6. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to discharge into
the waters of the state any substance which is or may become injurious to the public health,
safety or welfare; or which is or may become injurious to domestic, commercial, industrial,
if'ricultural, recreational or other uses which are being or may be made of such waters; or
which is or may become injurious to the value or utility of riparian lands; or which is or may
become injurious to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life or plants or the growth
or propagation thereof be prevented or injuriously affected; or whereby the value of fish and
{'line i s or may be destroyed or impaired,,
(b) The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or indirectly into any of
the waters of the state shall be considered prima facie evidence of the violation of section
50
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905
6 (a) of this act unless said discharge shall have been permitted by an order, rule or regula-
tion of the commission. Any city, village or township which permits, allows or suffers the
discharge of such raw sewage of human origin into any of the waters of the state by any of its
inhabitants or persons occupying lands from which said raw sewage originates, shall be subject
only to the remedies provided for in section 7 of this act.
(c) Whenever a court of competent jurisdiction 'in this slate shall have ordered the in-
';l-il J.'ttion of :i sewage disposal system in any township, and I he pi,'inn therefor shall have been
prepared, and approved by tho state health commi;,.',inner, t.he township shall have authority to
issue and sell the necessary bonds for the construction and installation thereof, including the
disposal plant and such intercepting and other sewers as may be necessary to permit the effec-
tive operation of such system. Such bonds shall be issued in the same manner as provided for in
Act No. 320 of the Public Acts of 1927, being sections 123.241 to 123.253 of the Compiled Laws
of 1948, or any other act providing for the issuance of bonds in townships.
(d) Any violation of any provision of section 6 shall be prima facie evidence of the
existence of a public nuisance and in addition to the remedies provided for in this act may be
abated according to law in an action brought by the attorney general in a court of competent
jurisdiction.
Sec. 6a. On and after July 1, 1969, or such subsequent date as the commission may desig-
nate, every industrial or commercial entity which discharges liquid wastes into any public lake
or stream shall have waste treatment facilities under the specific supervision and control of
persons who have been certified by the commission as properly qualified to operate the facili-
ties. The commission shall examine all supervisory personnel having supervision and control of
the facilities and certify the persons properly qualified to operate or supervise the facili-
ties. Such a certified person shall file monthly, or at such longer intervals as the commission
may designate, on forms provided by the commission, reports showing the effectiveness of the
treatment facility operation and the quantity and quality of liquid wastes discharged into the
public lake or stream. A person who knowingly makes a false statement in such report may have
his certificate as an approved treatment facility operator revoked.
Sec. 7. Whenever in the opinion of the commission any person shall violate or is about to
violate the provisions of this act, or fails to control the polluting content or substance dis-
charged or to be discharged into any waters of the state, the commission may notify the alleged
offender of such determination by the commission. Said notice shall contain in addition to a
statement of the specific violation which the commission believes to exist, a proposed form of
order or other action which it deems appropriate to assure correction of said problem within a
reasonable period of time and shall set a date for a hearing on the facts and proposed action
involved, said hearing to be scheduled not less than 4 weeks or more than 8 weeks from the date
of said notice of determination. Extensions of the date of hearing may be granted by the com-
mission or on request. At such hearing any interested party may appear, present witnesses and
submit evidence. Following such hearing, the final order of determination of the commission
upon such matter shall be conclusive, unless reviewed in accordance with the provisions of the
administrative procedures of Act No. 197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as amended, being sections
24.101 to 2i4-.HO of the Compiled Laws of 1948, or any amendment thereto in the circuit court
for the county of Ingham, in or for the county in which such person resides, or for the county
in which the violation occurred, upon petition therefor filed within 15 days after the service
upon said person of the final order of determination.
Sec. 8. (a) Whenever any person shall feel himself aggrieved by the restriction of pol-
luting content, waste or pollution, or any other order of the commission, he shall have a right
to file a. sworn petition with the commission, setting forth the grounds and reasons for his
complaint and asking for a hearing of the matter involved. The commission shall thereupon fix
the time and place for such hearing and shall notify the petitioner thereof. At such hearing
the petitioner and any other interested party may appear, present witnesses and submit evidence.
Following such hearing, the final order of determination of the commission upon such matter
shall be conducive unless reviewed in accordance with the provisions of the administrative
procedures of Act No. 197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as amended, being sections 24.101 to
24.110 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, or any amendment thereto in the circuit court for the
county of Ingham, or for the county in which such person resides, or for the county in which
the alleged violation occurred„
(ta) On and after May 18, 1949, any person requiring a new or substantial increase over
and above the present use now made of the waters of the state for sewage or waste disposal pur-
poses shall file with the commission a written statement setting forth the nature of the enter-
51
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906
prise or development contemplated, the amount of water required to be used, its source, the
proposed point of discharge of the wastes into the waters of the state, the estimated amount so
to be discharged, and a fair statement setting forth the expected bacterial, physical, chemical
and other known characteristics of the wastes. Within 60 days of receipt of the statement, the
commission shall make an order stating such minimum restrictions as in the judgment of the com-
mission may be necessary to guard adequately against such unlawful uses of the waters of the
state -ir> are sot forth in section 6. If the order is not acceptable to the user, he may request
a hearing on the matter involved, following which the commission's final order of determination
in this connection shall be conclusive unless reviewed in accordance with the provisions of the
admin Intrative procedures of Act No. 197 of the Public Acts of 1932, as amended, being sections
P'l-.lOl to 2'j-.HO of the Compiled Laws of 19^8, or any amendment thereto in the circuit court
for the county of Ingham, in or for the county in which the user resides, or for the county in
which the use is contemplated, upon petition therefor filed within 15 days after service
upon said user of the final order of determination.
Sec. 9. Any duly appointed agent of the commission shall have authority to enforce the
provisions of this act and may make criminal complaint against any person violating the name.
After service of a written notice of determination, setting forth specifically any violation of
this act, any person who shall fail to comply with the order rf the commission .shall be subject
to the penalties of this act.
Sec. 10. Any person, except a municipality, who discharges any substance into the waters
of the state contrary to the provisions of section 6 or who fails to comply with any restric-
tion, regulation or final order of determination of the commission made under the provisions of
this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a
fine of not less than $500.00 and in the discretion of the court it may impose an additional
fine of not lost; than $500.00 per day for any number of days during which such violation
occurred: Provided, however, That such person shall not be subject to the penalties of this
section if the discharge of the effluent is in conformance with and obedient to a rulo, regula-
tion or order of the commission. In addition to the minimum fine herein specified, the attorney
general, at the request of the department of conservation, is authorized to file a suit in any
court of competent .jurisdiction to recover the full value of the injuries done to the natural
resources of the state by such violation.
Sec. 11. Wherever the word "person" is used in this act, it shall be construed to include
any municipality, industry, public or private corporation, co-partnership, firm or any other
entity whatsoever. Wherever the words "waters of the state" shall be used in this act, they
shall be construed to include lakes, rivers and streams and all other water courses and waters
within the confines of the state and also the great lakes bordering thereon.
Sec. 12. This act shall not be construed as repealing any of the provisions of the Law
governing the pollution of lakes and streams, but shall be held and construed as ancillary to
and supplementing the same and in addition to the lawn now in force, except as the same may be
in direct conflict herewith. This act shall not be construed as applying to copper or iron
mining operations, whereby such operations result in the placement, removal, use or processing
of copper or iron mineral tailings or copper or iron mineral deposits from such operations
bning placed in inland waters on bottom lands owned by or under the control of the mining com-
pany "jnd only water which may contain a minimal amount of residue as determined by the water
resources commission resulting from such placement, removal, use or processing being allowed or
permitted to escape into public waters; or applying to the discharge of water from underground
iron or copper mining operations subject to a determination by the water resources commission.
Sec. l?a. The provisions of this act shall be construed as supplemental to and in addi-
tion to the provisions of Act No. 316 of the Public Acts of 1923, as amended, being sections
?6l.l to 277.10, inclusive, of the Compiled Laws of 19U-8; and nothing in this act shall be
construed to amend or repeal any law of the state of Michigan relating to the public service
commission, the department of conservation and the department of health relating to waters and
water structures, or any act or parts of acts not inconsistent with the provisions of this act.
52
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907
APPENDIX B
POLLUTION FROM WATERCRAFT
53
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908
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
POLLUTION FROM WATERCRAFT
Filed with Secretary of State, April 22, 1968
(By authority conferred on the water resources commission by sections 2 and
5 of Act No. 245 of the Public Acts of 1929, as amended, being sections
323.2 and 323.5 of the Compiled Laws of 1948.)
R 323.501. Definitions.
Rule 501. (1) "Act" means Act No. 245 of the Public Acts of 1929, as
amended, being sections 323.1 to 323.12a of the Compiled Laws of 1948, and
the act which these rules implement.
(2) "Commission" means the Water Resources Commission of the Department
of Conservation.
(3) "Litter" means bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap metal, junk,
paper, plastic, garbage, rubbish or similar refuse discarded as no longer
useful or usable.
(4) "Marine toilet" means a toilet on or in a watercraft.
(5) "Nonpollutional" means incapable of causing unlawful pollution as
defined in section 6 of the act, as amended.
(6) "Sewage" means human body wastes, treated or untreated.
(7) "Watercraft" means a contrivance used or capable of being used
for navigation upon water whether or not capable of self-propulsion, except
a passenger or cargo-carrying vessel including those subject to the Inter-
state Quarantine Regulations of the United States Public Health Service
adopted pursuant to sections 241, 243, 252 and 262 to 272 of Title 42 of the
United States Code.
R 323.502. Sewage; use of pollution control devices and disposal facilities.
Rule 502. (1) No person shall operate a marine toilet on a watercraft
on the waters of this state so as to discharge sewage into such waters unless
the sewage has been rendered nonpollutional by passage through a device
approved by the commission.
(2) No person owning or operating a watercraft having a marine toilet
shall use or permit the use of such toilet on the waters of this state unless
the toilet is equipped with 1 of the following pollution control devices:
55
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909
(a) A holding tank which will retain all sewage produced on the
wa tercraf t .
(b) An incinerating device which will reduce to ash all sewage
produced on the watercraft.
(c) A device determined by the commission to be capable of rendering
the sewage discharges nonpol lutional in accordance with the requirements
of the act.
(3) No person shall dispose of sewage accumulated in a holding tank
or any other container on a watercraft in such manner that the sewage
reaches or may reach the waters of this state except through a sewage dis-
posal facility approved by the state Department of Public Health or its
designated representative.
R 323.503. Watercraft registration; marine toilet information.
Rule 503. An applicant for a certificate of number for a watercraft
pursuant to section 33 of Act No. 303 of the Public Acts of 1967, being
section 281.1033 of the Compiled Laws of iS'tS, shall disclose at such time
to the commission whether the watercraft has in or on it a marine toilet,
and if so, whether the toilet is equipped with a pollution control device
as required by these rules. The commission may request the secretary of
state to provide it with the name of an applicant whose application indicates
the absence of such pollution control device on a marine toilet.
R 323.50^. Litter disposal.
Rule 50^. Disposal of litter is subject to the provisions of Act No.
106 of the Public Acts of 1963, as amended, being sections 752.901 to
752.906 of the Compiled Laws of
R 323.509. Effective date.
Rule 509. These rules are effective January 1, 1970.
56
-------
910
APPENDIX C
HIGH(CAN'S INTERSTATE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
57
-------
911
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
FOR
MICHIGAN'S INTERSTATE WATERS
State of Michigan
Water Resources Commission
Department of Natural Resources
Adopted June 1967
59
-------
CWHISSIW OBJECTIVE:
WATERS IN WHICH THE EXISTING QUALITY IS BETTEfl THAN THE ESTABLISHED STANDARDS ON THE DATE WHEN SUCH STANDARDS
SECOKE EFFECTIVE WILL NOT BE LOWERED IN QUALITY 8V ACTION OF THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION UNLESS AND UNTIL IT HAS
BEEN AFFIRMATIVELY DEMONSTRATED TO THE HI CHI CAB WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THAT
THE CHANGE IN QUALITY WILL NOT BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE PUBLIC HCALTH. SAFETY OR WELFARE OR BEOME INJURIOUS TO
DOMESTIC. COMMERICAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RECREATIONAL OR OTHER USES WHICH ARE BEING MADE OF SUCH WATERS, 1»
BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE VALUE OR UTILITY OF RIPARIAN LANDS: OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO LIVESTOCK. WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS,
FISH, AQUATIC LIFE OR PLANTS. OR THE GROWTH OH PROPAGATION THEREOF BE PREVENTED OR INJURIOUSLY AFFECTED: OR WHEREBY
THE VALUE OF FISH AND CAME MAY BE DESTROYED OR IMPAIRED, AND THAT SUCH LOWER INC IN QUALITY WILL NOT BE UNREASONABLE
AND AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST IN VIEW OF THE EXISTING CONDITIONS IN ANY INTERSTATE WATERS OF MICHIGAN.
U«T£R WHICH DOCS NOT MEET THE STANDARDS WILL fl£ IMPROVED TO MEET THE STANDARDS.
912
WATER
*&,
A\ A
'!fc,
\
A
WATER SUPPLY
(1) DOMESTIC
(2 ) INDUSTRIAL
,-. <•
B
RECREATION
CONTACT
(2) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACJ
>»' i' '
FISH. WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
( , . " -1 I. 0 r.)
D
AGRICULTURAL
COMMERCIAL
Such as nav igal Ion,
hydroelectric arid
atearn generated
electric paw*r.
I
COLIFORM
GROUP
(or gam *"i»/l 00ml
Of HPN)
For Great Late* t, Conneci.nq
?CK of the sample* enammed
e-cerJ 2000
For Inland Wate/s The -norttMy
ffff-J 20,000 -n -wire [han 5/
of the sanDle*
,,r tt» • .mplrs ,...,->,nef1 MCred
i ol ' 1 01 -i ilens i ty f iti ! h< *m?
IQi imsf, :,[ . „( simp|( sh.H I
n,,' , .ccc-rt 1000
Th ' f
IH n, |..,PI, hill
n,.t . . . , ,1 1000 rvit <,h^l 1 ?fJ!
10 ons. ! ul i v< - imp IP . h*\ 1
n.,1 , -« r, d 100 S,-,' , ppf-nrl-H
A, S. , r ,.„, B
m , v. .,.01., h,.il
n, ,H, „,„„,.,, ,»*n.n.Ml r..*...
) n . on^.< , .it i -i tmp\r .hill
",ll < K t |..| 1 000 '.I . Hp[).'ll'1 i X
'•' -!.--—
i h,> ^,imc 10 tnn- ,-> ut i ;.
r-,,1 x, , f,\ SOOi) no. sf- ,1 ] ?{J
Hl.Oijfl Ttn ,t ., . *.)' 1^ ..1
I ) r 1 , vi IFI . .1
10 coniecutlv* t ample* sh«tl
of the iwriple* examlnetd a*c**<'
col ' form density for the *#me
10 consecutive samples shall
not exceed 1000.
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
H/o
Pr--.«nt »l dll n«ies i r.
pirl^M^n^n"1, ""
loll. >w.nt, 00 vrfUK-s -,h,.ll h.
>P.«-f «o. 1— '— 6 'I'
. t i e
^-^-~ »•"-" -;; "°
'ol n t i -.h - w ir-n U i i
,?P" ' ' """><)' °° "«'
s,n,,l.. vjlu,, he lo. . ,-an j
Al dicltpr tlntv^ 1 he DO sh^ll
'<• in eKf pss ul 1 ht-sp « ll i ( s
N.»i tes^ |t> vi 3 I »n i ' -v
-' "> .|..»n....r. ...
3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
N<> db^C! < nn*hlf
^, ;:,//„,/ r
1,nn,,,1.,, ,ll^,,llt..
(1,,,n(l,,es (J«, (Mlt
N .^, |, , t ill,
, nl M , ,. 1«.|->"-. i [ s n
', , 1.11 r . ^ - ,t t ,, ,.„,
«.. .1 • ,.n i.' .
- -"
,»!. .'r,r «.tr. the
No ofcj«ction«*t«
quantities sufficient to
interfere wi th the
detonated u»«.
— - «-• ...
• - "< '..
4
RESIDUES
(Dehr >, ,,nd m*terUl
of unn* t ur,* 1 fir 1 q 1 n
*nd O1 I*)
Flo»l "i<] Sol ' ds ' Non*
v i s , ble i , Im of o- 1 ,
o' qreasp
„-,- „„„,?„„(•• „,,„.
v ' • ' hie til* of Oil,
"i ner .aU No a lobules
->' . re, iso
Ft i i ds N
R, , , ,tut No rvtd^ncr
,1 SIM - Ml(" «*l PKtept
r , , 1 •!, .,1 - , 1 Jtl ri
it , i , .1 Nr (|lnh,,lP.
Tr7i7Th~Matpr id) . «cppl
",^tfr ,.l , N(, L|l.lh,,ll*.
^n^7/T:77rT7,Q1n
clna^.To^pln^^o'
^;iS^7TT7(qinNo"'
r>( natur il o- . t(.n No
. , S 1 bit t 1 1m Of "i 1 ,
VI It- II ( 1.1 r,l (> 1 ,
t] isnl , m 1.1 i t 1 >l. (1
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Conform to cm rent US PH$
upper limit of 0 2 mq/l
upppr 1 ,m, t of 0 OS fq/l
Phenol ' Limitation* e$
defined under A-8
11 ii
or -i, be, omr ,n,,,- , ous to
hr rie^qnateH use
less than those w^.rh „, n-
d»"> i fjna t rrl use
96-hour ^,n ,0.0,^,
«here the d.lu.-on wale, an^
rene-d except th.t "tK,r
DP (0 ^10 v ^P
justified on Ihe has i s of
jqenrv
Conform to « ll( rent USPHS
sh,jl 1 h > !(.',', I h tn thnsi
';.:;' :„,„", ;,:;:;'^;" r. „,
.1, s.nn^lfl ,,^
60
-------
913
QUALITY STANDARDS
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(-,,,/ 1)
r* (••") 200
10
exceed 750 *i any om*
-!» _ _ - -
I2S
1 !"„"?,'" .ni'"h,'..,',
;;;,;;';;^",;,,""'
,,„„. ,„,,„,
dc^ i qn.it*-!! u«,f
deUt.-f • >..s fnf, I
ffirn,,trt fNl « 100}
(h**Ct*Hff*v>
-:n:. ';„ „;":: T-.
"•• "n'"rt • ••
NUTRIENTS
I i"" \t.
'"•""' '" "" "'""
^,:rErl::;:;
^,ir,?r',r,"L,.. , ,
- .., ,„ ,», ...,,n,
i , .,' '!,'!'".. „ i ""!™\"
"•"" '• '" ih" •"•••"•
a
TASTE a ODOR
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
..Vb.,™ „,.,„„.. ,0
™-»"brr^ ^,'*,^' °o
•-' ""•
t
„, „„„,«„-„,
n,r,:^™ ::::",:,; ;„
, ,„ ,nq or -,,, CU1C
'"K '" «"»
'•'•'"'" "' "»""»'"
"" b"°"' '"I"' '°"S '°
","""',«,;";" li"!
.., herom, ,„ ,,,,ous ,,.
* 9
TEMPERATURE^
("ti
"""'"'" ^ J2r ^ „,,, ,„,, ;00
"" ' s»""- ' ,_ 5
T^ f rani f , . h - p" ,, ^*,*
Rafl,-" i un r
-------
91.
APPENDIX D
MICHIGAN'S INTRASTATE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
63
-------
915
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
FOR
MICHIGAN'S INTRASTATE WATERS
State of Michigan
Water Resources Commission
Department of Natural Resources
Adopted January 1, 1968
65
-------
WAT! !'
IM I OMI I I t
Hi Hi I | vi
IN Will I H Mil
' 1 IVF. Will Hi
M1VH Y »IMt)l
l JfJIJ' 10 IMF
u M'AUIAN I Afll
nt' cw]PAf,Ari<
11 UP IMPAIH! (
IMS UISTIW.
.JHIfH 001 ', N'
f XT. I I fir, QUAI IIY IS BfTTFP THAN THI (T.
i m mum n IN QUAI IIY HY At IION or in
ifATFfi TO IMI MICHIGAN UAHR KFMUJRCI",
i'0111 1C HfALTH, SAflTY, OH rfllF AHI . f)R 1
Al OP OIHFK USES UHlfU ARF fUJNf- M
Of> HfrOME INJURIOUS TO I IVESlOf
'HI PlOf BF PIUVFNTFP OR INJURIOUSI A
Aftll'iHM) STANDARD', ON lilt 0AM Wilt*. SiJfM STANDARDS
WMIP CI'.OUHIf'. (PMMISMON UNI ( ',' AND l INT 11 II MA',
(iJHMISSIfW 1HAI THI t HANI,! IN (tUAU'V Wilt NOT
fOHF JNlllRintr. in noMISIlf, rOMMfPCIAl , INOUSIRIAI ,
MICH WAIIF'S, '-R HKOMF INJURIOUS TO THI VAIUI OR
U ANIMAL'), BIROS, FISH. AQUATIC I IFl OR PlANTs. OR
FICTFD OR WHIHGY Tilt VAUH 'if Fp,H AM) (,AMF MAv
NTTBfST
. ANT THAT MJCH LOWERING IN QUA! ITY Hill NOT Rl UNRIASONABU ANH Ar,flINr.T Pl'RL
nNnntONs IN ANY INTRASTATE WATERS OF MICHIGAN
' MFFT THt STANDARDS WILl 8E IMPROVED TO MEFI THE STANOARDS
916
WATER
*V P
A
WATER SUPPLY '
(1) OOWESTIC I
c':;';,";,/',^;^
(2 ) INDUSTRIAL
B
RECREATION
(1) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
(Z) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT
FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
<,.-.'" -"'„, „„,.,,,,,„,
D
AGRICULTURAL
E
COMMERCIAL ;
hv rc-l*t tr(r v H
%' ««i gpr^rtte-I |
el c t r i ( DCM«' ac rt
u^ s not i til 1 uH^rl
1
COLIFORM
GROUP
0' MPN)
^'« """tMv n^r^.r^r atf*.r,, ,.
Thr ^.jftn-rr , sve-^rjr f,f ctny
xir .h^ 1 1 20/ lit i hp samp les
pijmim ' ^,cr»-d 10 000 The
f^ai ,,,1,1 ,rn- rjr^ei,,-
s-, i.,i , vr samp 1 f • •,(-,* 1 1 no!
r,, ,-p IflOO
^Mes^^n'^'e^Kd 1000
r. tm, netl ..«, e^if S 000 fhe
... ,-M 1 100
i I J. hd M M ,t , , *-(.,i SUOO
,::;;;";IM.7''- '
, i '• < > i 10 000 Th-
-1 " ' ' ' ''"'
.'. ;',;,",,,/"):;
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
(-I/,)
prevent nu< sance
Fol 1 O* i r>q 00 v^ 1 uC% shaM bp
/1,'^d^ter i|efT^
specTet Tb^i . 'pTke p^n-
:s:-tin';'T,^:" rjr
LM?'DO not 'ess lh*r. 1* **
>e less rhrtri ) r*r_j_rit t D^ 1
less th^n 5 di.rrno
flr (jre^t*" flows 'he DO
' • 1 ik,. r,' },- , r ,
* ' '" "'" ' '' 'r'v ' •
a ,, r i ,.• 'i ' i i ' ' 1
3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
No ob(ect i rmab'e
No ob ie< l , nnAb IP
,u^.,... ,u.,,,,cn,
«<-.'1"»"l «-'
Nil Ob ic. I . nn^blf
'•' "-'"''-"
No Ah,,, , ,„„,„,,
*\1^;,iwt [
ioln,"'',; He'oo^'.s'n
l-T.qnatrcJ*..^ ' "
No ob ;ec I i nnahlp
i.Mq^tert .<*«•
Nn OIMP< 1 , onahle
.nnalt r-Al t iirb , rt i ! y ,
::';„':;:,",:; ""
4
RESIDUES
of jr>n,i r ur^i 1 or i q i n
:;°"7^77rc7 , re
oY%uc- ^,,r,., .«,p,
|o-^^77i4?,q,re
of s,-r* ^,pr,,l «KCep,
v.s.ble f ,1- of 0,1.
m*lpr al i No qlotlules
of uona ( u'a 1 Or , q, n
of suc*> material except
ni.irer ials No globules
*>0a[inq so' ids None
VHiblp f , 1m of 0. 1 .
qasol , ie or -e lated
mater i a I s No qlobules
;i,"du«ur"io%-^.c«
vi s i b'e f i In of oil
n^ie' ' i 1 s No ql ibulrs
" loj t ' n g so 1 i ds No«e
„,„.,„,., ^-.J.n | .„
mater , dl s No qlobules
Tf ires'.?
rTrfrTnT^r1^,,,"0"'
,,,^,u,,liOM,.n | »„
""- '
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Conform to current USPHS
£y»n i de Normal 1 y ot
Ch^mium* Normall "not
upper limit o' 0 OS mq/l
.h, di,,,.,.- u»
iiited to roncentrat i cms
he des i qnated use
i mi ted to ^or>cei-t rai ions
lot to earned I/ 0 o' the
<""t obtained from C0n-
O* i i an t ar« on t i nuous 1 y
enewed e«C#P that other
ppMtatiCtn f tlor* may be
sed ,n sp*ci ,i caie". when
Pprovert by the appropr.ate
r.nk.ng Wafer St ndards as
whlth are o. r-«v become
t;:;1:^0,^;*:::::1;:; Of
66
-------
QUALITY STANDARDS
917
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(™,/0
;,<••
, -»,n,hl» ,,,„,.„ no,
125
,,„„, !,„ ,h.n ,hos.
(1*S (ln*''d USf
iles i qna trd u*c
,,^«hen M,fo,m.,,on
-Vl- " i kir - ou4 to
fro™ ,„„„„'. il.
the S L imol ift i 00 t>f
gr ow' hs of fll q*e , weeds
and slimes »*i i c h are O<"
the designated u'-f
?^'"L"::.:" oq
1 i "I > r rd I o the e» t «nt
qrovilh", of *' <)Je , weeds
nnil v 1 ifnes wh i c^ are or
the de<. i gn^ted g*c
frc^.nd^.rj,.
the st.mi.lai.on o»
<)-(!«, hs ,,f jlqae , Mreds
mdy het (ime ' n p ur i Ouv to
1 he de>. P t|oai ed u'-e
1 r«n led lo the e«te"t
qrowis<, Ot alqae, Merd*
nd s 1 iries wh . ch -iie 0'
he des • qna t r cf use
"..|p.r.™;.>
F owt h", ij< J 1 ^ae . ^eeds
4-t hefome >n)u' i 'JijS to
)ni.., a, to U^PHS Orlnkinq
-i/il • fjnrr^s sh il 1 be
i ' > ,J'(^ fji Tljy t>r< (W
i L ' i in I ') i ''i1 (lei i q-
TASTE 8 ODOI
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
""""°1,;71;"1
0 002 «iq/ 1 - ma» >mum
(.oncent i *t >on limited t
0 OOS tig/ 1 for j s.nqle
-,ampl»
siAncev o' uon«t ur *l
"lAy become t n | or t Oki-i IO
It antes of unnaturjl
*t*nceN of unn*tur 4!
,,„„,„„..
Mdnces of uf>nJ!u'4*
or i !)• n shAl 1 b* 1*1 s
i' i qm -.hal 1 be 1 r^S
9
TEMPERATURE
(°f)
not be .ntr,*s«d by -ore rK4n IV*
90°F »a-."iix«
90°F m«K.*u«
,f wn(..,M.«, *-b-.«. ,«-«« ..-I
co'ld-'/te! - ^ t?*» ,„ njl .0° ^
ntolerjfu f^h^ i?n in U° l b°
_o|e£^m f isj^, !J" m 'j^' ' 5'1
''- '"•'' "- '-''' "
( 1
Ot he nne«-.o'l by "»» e> 1 han 1 0"F
10
HYDROGEN
ION
tpM
fl% « resu' t M
ranqe 6 S-B 8 «> th ^
~,a» .T-U" "idui_ed
r ^n(ic fc S -H 8 w ' l ^ i
s jn^r
"£'"' ^ v^'"" '"" n'
r,:.0"/,:1':"! ,
^l,,e - si h. 'nwar.1
resi , , ,,f nnr,, , ,,
,,r tj,- (, S-8 S v. hi
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
ft- ppn t « t 'l 1.m
Spp, < vl MM ,i 1,1,'
h, ,^-p lei • t-4 L , -
( „ l I h ,, hf , ,inr^r,i )
I ,in 1 - 1 rfe". - t 1 r< •
a i,> it . r r<^ r-( , t
h,,m«, ,.., ^, ,-
' -'
c1''1*'" ^ f ' '« ' -
r, i^e*. ^v^ 1 jhU- ,»•
rlr.r- . ,-•-
1 d 1 Dh , - • e , '
' \ ~ < • y', y '•
"'",',' ',''"""" '.' ,' '
-•"< --" y •'
67
-------
918
APPENDIX E
STANDARD FORKS FM
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PUKf
AND FREQUENCY OF ANALYSE
-------
919
WASTEWATER TREATMENT - STANDARD FORMS
All municipalities are required to submit reports monthly on the operation
of treatment works. Standard report forms are provided by the Department
and each municipality is advised as to the minimum information to be reported
and the frequency (number of days per week) of reporting. Included are
both physical data and laboratory analyses to establish loadings on the plant,
performance of plant units, and the volume and characteristics of the plant
effluent. Report forms are presently being revised to include chemical
analyses, including phosphorus data. Such information is used to determine
effectiveness of overall plant performance, deficiencies of component facilities,
capacity reserves for additional loadings, and operational problems and
shortcomings. Action is taken to assist in corrective measures and to require
correction. The following is a listing of standard forms provided by the
department.
Chlorination Record Wastewater Treatment Plant
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Miscellaneous Data
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Primary Treatment Data
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Trickling Filter Data
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Activated Sludge Data
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Intermittent Sand Filter Data
Operation Report of Wastewater Treatment Plant - Chemical Analyses
Operation Report of Sewage Treatment Plant - Digester and Sludge Data
Operation Report of Sewage Treatment Plant - Vacuum Filter and Incineration
Data
Operation Report of Waste Stabilization Lagoons
Operation Report of Waste Stabilization Lagoons - Laboratory Data
Waste Stabilization Lagoons - Supplemental Remarks Sheet
71
-------
920
APPENDIX F
POLICY ON PRIVATELY-OWNED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SERVING THE PUBLIC
73
-------
OEOtOE ROMNEY,
R. GERALD RICE, M.D., Director
921
STATE Oh M,(II3*N
DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC HEALTH
3SOO N lOGAI", lANil *"5. MICHIGAN 48914
December 4, 1968
TO :
FROM :
SUBJECT :
DEPARTMENT LETTER NO. 35-3
Bureau Chi< i -
Directors of JL.OO..U Health Departments
Consulting fviginoors
John E. Vogt (Jh.^r
Division of Sij; Lneering
Privately-Ow iod Sewerage Systems Serving the Public
Today virtually all sewer sys'iim; serving residenti.i L developments in Michigan
are owned and operated by a mu-iic'.pal Lty, village, city, township, county or
authority. Recently requests liavi: boon received from private corporations for
approval of sewer systems and vas i;own;:er treatment works in certain unincorporated
areas of the State. Question.-; havo been raised as to the conditions and
requirements governing the ovimevshJ.p and operation of such systems by a private
corporation.
The authority and duties of the Director of the Department in matters relating
to the design, construction ane operation of ail sewer systems and related treat-
ment works are clearly set forlii La Act 98, Public Acts of 1913 as amended.
Requirements for the submission o/ plans and specifications for the proposed
facilities, the examination thereof by the Department, the issuance of construction
permits, the supervisory and visitorid 1 powers, the certification of operators of
treatment works as to competency and che issuance of recommendations and orders
all are for the declared purpose 01 protecting the public health and to see that
the systems and works are "prooeri-/ planned, constructed and operated so as to
prevent unlawful pollution 01 '.ho :;' '.-cams, lakes and other water resources of the
State.1' A companion statute, ACL 'V:'">, Public Acts of 1929 as amended, prescribes
the powers and duties of the Writer Resources Commission, defines unlawful pollution
and, among other things, authorize!.-, the establishment of pollution standards.
The 1965 amendment (Act 405, Public: Acts of 1965) to this statute places the
responsibility upon townships, villages and cities for pollution caused by the
discharge of raw sewage of hum^n origin by inhabitants or persons who occupy
lands from which said raw sewago o\-ig i.nates „
Effective administration requi,:o:; -.li.it the provisions of these two statutes be
considered together arid so e ffc <_, uii.iu d .
-------
922
Department Letter No. 35-3 December 4, 1968
Page 2
It is inherent in the provisions of both statutes and a well established
principle in Michigan that both the sewer system and treatment works serving
the public be operated and maintained in an effective manner continuously at
all times and that adequate provision be made for continuity of operation.
Act 98, Public Acts of 1913, requires that the applicant for the construction
permit submit "a full and fair statement of how the same is to be operated."
Consistent with the statutory provisions and long established principles relating
to the public interest, the following policies and procedures are hereby
adopted for the planning, construction and operation of sewer systems and related
treatment works proposed by private corporations to serve the public:
A. The PRIVATE CORPORATION planning to construct, own and operate
such facilities shall:
1. Submit evidence to the Director of the Department of Public
Health, when applying for a permit to construct, that the
township board of the township in which the facilities are
to be located has given its authorization and approval in
all related matters as required by the Constitution,
applicable laws and local ordinance.
2. Submit a statement of its plan for the effective and
continuous operation and maintenance of the facilities.
3. Indicate for what period of time the corporation plans to
continue to retain ownership of the facilities under any and
all circumstances.
4. Indicate whether and under what conditions ownership of the
facilities may be transferred to or otherwise acquired by
the township or other local unit of government.
B. The TOWNSHIP BOARD of the township in which the facilities are to
be located shall:
1. Submit a statement to the Director of the Department of Public
Health indicating its willingness and intention to assume
responsibility for continuity of effective operation and
maintenance of the proposed facilities at any and all times
upon failure of the private corporation owning the facilities
to do so. Statement to be in form of resolution adopted by Board.
C. The DIRECTOR of the DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH will:
1. Issue permits for construction only when all information as
outlined in A and B above is received.
76
-------
923
Department Letter No. 35-3 December 4, 1968
Page 3
2. Hold the township fully responsible for the effective operation
and maintenance of the approved facilities at any and all times
the owner fails to do so.
3. Require the township to make promptly any necessary repairs,
replacements, extensions or improvements to such facilities
upon failure of the owner to do so as such needs are determined
to be required in the public interest.
APPROVED:
77
-------
924
APPENDIX G
CHLORINATION POLICY
79
-------
GEORGE ROMNEY, Governor
ALBERT E HEUSTIS, M.D., Dir.clor
January 4, 1967
925
STATE OF MICHIGAN
DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC HEALTH
3500 N. LOGAN, LANSING, MICHIGAN 48914
DEPARTMENT LETTER NO. 35-1
TO: Municipalities Operating Sewage Treatment Plants
Bureau Chiefs
Division Chiefs
Directors of Full-Time Local Health Departments
FROM: John E. Vogt, Chief
Division of Engineering
SUBJECT: Disinfection of Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents
For many years most communities and others operating sewage treatment plants
have chlorinated their treated wastewaters before discharging them into our
streams and lakes. This practice has provided a large measure of protection
of the public health. Present trends in public need for higher water quality
to permit increased use of our public waters for all forms of aquatic recrea-
tion and other uses involving intimate human contact require refinements in
present practices for bacteriological control of treated sewage effluents
and greater vigilance by those responsible for the operation of the facilities
involved. Greater concentrations of people living close to lakes and streams
coupled with year-round recreation including fishing in late fall, winter and
early spring requires continuous bacteriological control whenever sewage is
discharged to the public waters. Seasonal chlorination during the summer
recreation season no longer can be depended upon to provide a full measure
of protection to the public health.
It therefore is the declared and established policy that:
All municipalities and others discharging treated sewage from
sewage treatment plants to the public waters of the state be
required to provide effective bacteriological control over the
effluent therefrom by the continuous application each day of the
year of chlorine or other effective chemicals in facilities approved
by the State Department of Public Health. Effective control requires
sufficient testing at approved points of sample collection to assure
the maintenance of an adequate residual of chlorine or other disinfecting
agents, supplemented by occasional tests for organisms of the coliform
group. Adequate disinfection should reduce consistently the concen-
tration of coliform organisms to 1000 or less per 100 ml.
Approved:
'Equal Health Opportunity for Air
81
-------
926
APPENDIX H
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY
MUNICIPAL WASTE DISCHARGERS
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
MICHIGAN PORTION
83
-------
927
Table 1
Bacteriological Quality
Municipal Waste Dischargers
Lake Superior Basin
Michigan Portion
MPN per 100 ml
Town
Houghton-Hancock
1 ronwood
Ishpeming
Ishpeming Twp. A
Ispheming Twp. B
L'Anse
Marquette
Muni sing
Ontonagon
White Pine
Receiving
Waters
Portage Lake
Montreal River
Carp River
Carp River
Carp River
Linden Creek to
Keweenaw Bay
Carp River
Anna River
Ontonagon River
Mineral River
No. Samples
per Month*
7
6
7
3
3
11
15
7
k
8
Arith.
Mean
7
317
75
kio
360
6150
1100
250
18
18
Median
3.6
200
91
kio
150
12
1500
92
19
1.5
Test
MT
MF
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
MT
'''Nearly all data is from month of September 1968.
85
-------
928
APPENDIX I
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
IN
THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
87
-------
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3
-------
MICHIGAN'S
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
930
_Prodii_y Loc.it ion Sir.
ronwood Ground
- - - No do la available - - - -
tronwood Ground
Sept it Irink
Ground
Mo m^ior induMr
'< Hi IK. 11 Ri
River ,,nd - ,-1
Argent i
Creeks
Hofrncr-W.itdDi I , I nc Pop<"
On t fin ii|()n Mill Di v i s ion
Onlonagon Ontonagon
5.5 U.OOO
1 • p')r.j_!_T_JVv''r B'"l
Bo-.rli Brewing Co.
Bruce
Crossinq
Houghton
- - No dota available
• - - No data availobtc
Ground
water
Portage Settling screens
Lake S«ni lary-bept ic
tank and t> le
field
585
March
196?
(Ahnivi-k Hill)
Copper Hubbell
Copper ore Calumet
Torch Lake None
Ha>nmeM None
Creek and
Torch Lake
tons tailings per day
U.P Powtr Company Eloctricity L'Ans
Ground
Laqoon and O.UOO
spray
Cooling W.iter-
Ash disposal-
none
ird of Ehctrlcuy M,irquette Bead River Hone
Milk and Marquette
d,i i ry produc is
Creek and Septic tank ,050
Dead River
Sept
'956
Auq
1958
90
-------
Vil ly (Mill ',i.l Ml , M n ii Oi il< i "I
U.-./.l.iy |_Ll/^ 'i ILl'JIiJ llr U I'lini U i
Sri I I n
pond-,
S. I 1 I i oq
pomls
931
C i) unit 11 H< t I i, IriL Copper (>i c Calumet
(Ccni.nnujl //3 M.nc)
f.iluimi r. He. I), In.. Copper ore Calumet
(Untcnm '1 "6 Mine)
Copper ore Ahmeek Hilt Creek Underground - - - - No data available - - - -
settling
Copper ore Ahmeek Hill Creek Underground - - - - No data available - - - -
91
-------
932
APPENDIX J
MUNICIPAL SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
IN
THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
93
-------
MICHIGAN'S
MUNICIPAL SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
933
rxJ Hoi
SF
100
Secondary 10.260
AS
Sctnnd.iry k20
TF
75 P
250 66
. 6B
96 I 5^ Current I ric r I i
69 0 02 Current f.it i I i
nHiry 3,100
I , 100
md.lry } , ZJO
No Pita AvaiIJbI
90 0 (+7 Fn
Lohe
Gogebic
S Branch No<
Onton.iqon R
950 79
100
500
^,350
500 200 90
78 "I
No D.H.i Available-
NO DdtJ Available
NO D.lt.-S Av.l liabl
100 ft 5 35 80 ^3 <+7 0 28
Pi lt|i im R ST
No Octi j AVJI J )b)e
No D.ii.i Availabl
• No D ii A Av,3i l.ihl.
) (1,1 t 1 AVrH !.,hl
95
-------
934
it«| Tr< ,i\ in.' n(
!>-rt.iy I
Ptiiint ,1 ion tnlUlri
.lly.ll .-.I 1 »J/I
I,000 166
llOO 215
21.200 176
'.,000 105
103
131
37
3fl
6H
80
'53
73?
6C
93
ri5 0 OT
60 00?
Slipneck Noi
• No Data Avallablc
Ahn« i k
Al louc/
Bi>| B,ty
r.i I nun,1 1
G.iy
Houtjhl On-
H.inc otk
Huljbc. 1 1
L ike L tndcn
L 'Aribe
Moh.iwk
Mun i s i no
RIVCI
Hills None
Crr-k
H i II - None
CruO
L ike Pr im.iry
IrwU-pend- ST
Ground Soconrf.iry
waters SI
Tobjcco Primary
R^er ST
L ikt AS
Torch None
Lake
Torch Nom>
Lake
Linden Secondary
Creek AS
Hills None
CrteK
Anna Pr.marv
5,075 I&7 MO
265
175 ,..-.
225
1 , |l*0
2kQ
12,U20 122 10
I ,i,oO -.,....-.--.
1,300
2,390 111 *»
5t*5
k tno 102 b >r JO
^1966. correct, vc proqr*., un,(,-
- - 66
Water CO
f>B
90 1 81 Served by Pottacje Like w-u i i
flid Sc?w.iqc Authority
. Enompers employed
1966, correct ive proqr.im
underway
96 0.78 Current facilities sansf.xiory
Pre-enqineenng repnn nctiv.d
52 1 03 Current fictlit.cs <,.i 1 . b( it. i ->, y
- Tr ick I me] Fi I tei
. - S md Fi I tor
- Liqoons
- Seepage L^qoons
- Imhoff Tank
- St-pi ic Tank
be i f>g sought
96
-------
935
APPENDIX K
FEDERAL SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
IN
THE LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
97
-------
936
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100
-------
938
APPENDIX L
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA FOR
LAKE SUPERIOR WATERS
ALONG MICHIGAN'S COASTLINE
101
-------
939
Z
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103
-------
940
<
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cr,
LU
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LU z
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104
-------
TABLE i
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR WATERS
ALONG MICHIGAN'S UPPER PENINSULA COASTLINE
941
1967 Results
1968 Results
Sampl i ng
Locat i on
1. Little Girls
Pt. Park
2. Black River
Park
3. Porcupine Mts.
State Park
4. Ontonagon Twp.
Park
5. Stanford Twp.
Park
6. McLain State
Park
7. Ft. Wilkins
State Park
8. Baraga State
Park
9. Arvon Twp.
Park
10. Marquette
1 1 . Mun i s i ng
12. Grand Marais
13. Lake Superior
Min.
230
230
230
230
230
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
91
91
Max.
930
230
930
230
230
230
210
930
1,500
9,300
91
91
430
Geo.
Mean
462
230
385
230
230
4,
52
206
212
527
51*
91
I9F
No. of
Samples
2
2
5
2
2
7
6
4
2
2
2
1
2
Min.
36
1,500
36
<30
<30
<30
<30
230
430
73
<30
<30
<30
Max.
1,500
24,000
2,300
2,300
430
1,500
930
2,300
2,300
2,300
24,000
<30
360
Geo.
Mean
246
^,337
287
313
130
110
42
822
994
237
684
30
63
No. of
Samples
4
4
8
4
4
8
12
4
2
8
8
3
6
Camp Grounds
14. Bay View
<30
91
<30
750
80
Note: Results expressed as MPN per 100 mi.
105
-------
942
APPENDIX M
RADIOACTIVITY SAMPLE RESULTS
107
-------
CO
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APPENDIX N
WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM
11
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949
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118
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951
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119
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952
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< viva ON
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121
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954
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955
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956
TABLE 2
WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM
COLIFORM COUNTS 1968-1969
LAKE SUPERIOR TRIBUTARIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
Station
No.
Montreal
Black
Presque
Isle
Ontonagon
Portage
Sturgeon
Carp
Tahquamenon
June
Total Fecal
9,300
3,900
2,100
930
210
2,300
700-'- 1 00*
1S68
July
Total Fecal
2,300
930
200
it, 300
91
—
30
1,500 20
1969
August January
Total
7,500
430
73
930
30
—
91
230
Fecal Total Fecal
24,000
150
230
— — —
430
— — —
30
February
Total
1 1 , 000
100
35,000
—
1,300
—
930
Fecal
100
100
100
—
100
___
—
--'-Membrane filter method, org/100 ml. All other values are MPN/100 ml.
124
-------
957
APPENDIX 0
DOMESTIC WATER INTAKES
125
-------
958
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127
-------
959
STATE OF MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN PORTION
LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN
SAMPLE INFORMATION-RAW WATER INTAKES
MPN/IOO n.»_l DO BODc
fopp. t
& 'V
P. MU ,,i
(( L 'Ai
9 Mir,
10 Mun
< 30
36
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< 30
^30
< 30
< 30
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< 30
<30
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2.2
2.2
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82
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62
63
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6.5 0 70
7 3 0.25
7.k 0.70
6.8 0.25
7.3 0.20
7.2 0.20
7,3 0.20
73 0 25
7."> 0.20
7.2 0 27
JlJIS
0 0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0
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SOP014
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0.22
0.00
0 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
IP°i. ££ .
0 00 00
0 23 00
0.00 0 0
0.00 1.7
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0.00 01
0 00 0.0
0.00 01
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1,
7
5
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1 ? 0 'i
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1 (' 0 5
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1 <» 0 5
1 Of h
-------
96
APPENDIX P
MONTREAL RIVER BASIN
129
-------
961
SAMPLING LOCATIONS
MONTREAL RIVER BASIN
WISCONSIN
LOCATION MAP
131
-------
TABLE i
Interstate Water Quality Monitoring
Montreal River
Chemical, Physical and Bacteriological Measurements on Grab Samples
Sampled on July 27-28, 1967
962
Sampling Location
1. County Road 505 Bridge 1/2 mile
upstream from mouth
2. County Road Bridge west side of
Section 5, five miles N.W. of Ironwood
3. U. S. 2 Bridge, Ironwood
'I. County Road Bridge between Ironwood
and Hurley
5. County Road Bridge south edge of
Ironwood
County Road Bridge to VanBuskirk,
Wisconsin
Date
7/27
1 111
7/27
7/28
7/28
7/27
7/27
7 /27
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/27
7/27
i in
7/28
7/28
7/28
7/27
7/27
7/27
7/28
7/28
.7/28
"I in
7/27
7/27
7/28
7/28
7/28
Time
1105
1415
1840
0430
0745
Average
Median
1038
1400
1805
0045
0410
0730
Average
Median
1028
1350
1755
0037
0400
0725
Average
1020
1340
1745
0030
0355
0720
Average
Median
1011
1330
1732
0020
0350
0710
Average
Median
1000
1320
1720
0005
0335
0700
Average
Mod ian
Temp.
°C
•19.
21
21
18
17
19.
17.
20
21
19
17
16
18.
18
19
21
21
17
16
18.
18
20
21
19
17
16
18.
18
19
20
19
16
16
18
16.
19
20
19
17
16
17.
5
3
-
5
4
7
5
-
4
"9"
DO
mg/_l
8.0
8.0
8.6
8.2
9.0
8.4
3.8
8.2
7.4
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.4
6.8
6.2
7.2
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.4
7.4
7.0
6.8
7.1
7.6
7.6
7.2
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.4
6.6
6.6
Y .0
6 .6
7 .'l
MFN
Total ColLform
Concentre!ion
2,300
46 ,000
4 ,300
4,300
4,300
4,017
4,300
110,000
110,000
110,000
24,000
46,000
15,000
69,167
78 ,000
110,000
140 ,000
140,000
110 ,000
46 ,000
9,300
92,550
110 ,000
2 ,300
4 ,300
9 ,300
7,500
7 ,500
24,000
9,150
7,500
4,300
2,300
24,000
4,300
4,300
4 ,300
7,250
4,300
4,300
36
930
132
-------
963
LJ, ;
1 iJ tJ V C
~ TI c: 3 O
O O O O
133
-------
APPENDIX Q.
WATER QUALITY SURVEY OF
LAKE SUPERIOR IN
THE MARQ.UETTE VICINITY
135
-------
965
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Water Quality Survey of Lake Superior in
the Marquette Vicinity
August 8-11, 1968
A water quality survey of the Marquette area was requested by District Engineer
Joseph Bal to determine the effects of various waste discharges on the aquatic
life of Lake Superior. Observations and surveys were made on benthic macroinver-
tebrate communities, aquatic habitat conditions and water quality conditions with
respect to industrial and municipal waste discharges and an electrical power
plant thermal discharge. Observations on water quality were made on rivers
tributary to this vicinity of Lake Superior.
Macrofauna Survey Methods
Quantitative collections of bottom dwelling macroinvertebrates were made with
Ponar dredge hauls in Lake Superior. A U. S. Standard #30-mesh bucket sieve was
used for sieving the samples. Thirty man-minute qualitative macroinvertebrate
collections were made at each Carp River station by hand picking and with a
long-handled dip net. Qualitative collections at each Dead River station
consisted of several partial Ekman dredge hauls. All samples were preserved
with formalin and labeled in the field. Organisms were washed, sorted,
identified, and tabulated in the Lansing laboratory. Animals were assigned a
tolerance status according to published accounts and the past experience of
the biology staff of the Water Resources Commission.
Tolerance status may be generally defined as:
To!erant-organisms that can grow and develop within a wide range of environmental
conditions. They are often found in water of poor quality. These species are
generally insensitive to a variety of environmental stresses.
Intolerant-organisms whose growth and development are dependent upon a narrow
range of optimum environmental conditions. They are rarely found in areas of
organic enrichment. They cannot adapt to adverse situations and are replaced
by less sensitive organisms if the quality of their environment is degraded.
Facultative-organisms with the ability to survive over a wide range of conditions.
They possess "medium" tolerance and often respond positively to moderate organic
enrichment but cannot tolerate severe environmental stresses.
In addition to tolerance status, the diversity of animals present in a given
benthic community is significant. In general, pollutional communities are
characterized by very low species diversity, while normal undisturbed communities
contain many different species.
137
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966
Bottom Sampling and Observations
Interrelationships between the benthic animals and their environment based on the
sampling detailed below are tabulated, summarized, and depicted in Figure 1 and
Tables 1 through 9( all figures are in Appendix Q-A and all tables are in Appendix Q-B),
These graphs and summaries show a well balanced clean water benthic community in
the Dead River, most of the areas sampled in Lake Superior and above the Marquette
Wastewater Treatment Plant(WWTP) outfall in the Carp River. An unbalanced pollution
tolerant community inhabited the lower reaches of the Carp River and a small area
in Lake Superior off the Carp River mouth.
TRIBUTARIES
Dead River - Stations 1,2 and 3
Qualitative biological samples were collected with an Ekman dredge at 5 foot
depths in the Dead River(Figure 2). Bottom sediments consisted of wood, bark,
plant detritus, and silty sand. Dominant animals were oligochaetes, midges and
leeches. However, pollution-sensitive mayflies and caddisflies were present at
all stations. A well balanced clean-water community was found at all three
stations.
Carp River - Stations 1 and 2
Station 1 was located 500 feet above the Marquette WWTP. The sample was collected
from the stream margin out to a 2^ foot depth. The bottom sediments consisted
of small rocks and gravel. This area had the appearence of a productive clean
water stream. Dominant animals were mayflies, caddisflies and midge larvae.
This station supported a diversified fauna typical of a clean stream. Of the
28 species found 4 were tolerant, 18 were facultative, and 6 were intolerant.
Station 2 was located 500 feet below the Marquette WWTP outfall. The sample was
collected from the stream margin out to a 2^ foot depth. The substrate consisted
of small rocks and gravel covered with sewage fungus. A strong sewage odor was
emitted from the turbid waters. Animal species were found to be severely reduced
in both numbers and quality from those found at station 1. Sludgeworms were
extremely abundant followed by flatworms and midge larvae. Only 6 species were
found of which 3 were tolerant and 3 were facultative. None of the intolerant
clean-water types were found. This area supported an unbalanced pollution-
tolerant community.
LAKE SUPERIOR
For purpose of illustration and comparison the study area was divided into seven
areas(Figure 3).
138
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967
Area I
A total of 8 stations were sampled in this area at depths between 11 and 35 feet
(Figure 4). However, no sample was obtained at station 4 because the bottom was
bedrock. The bottom sediments at the remaining stations consisted of sand, small
stones, red clay, iron ore pellets and a small amount of organic detritus(the
latter was found only at station 5). Dominant animals found in this area were
oligochaetes, midges and the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis(Tab1e 3). The highest
number of species found was at station 1 where 13 were present. The largest
population of oligochaetes(mostly Tubifex tubifex) found in the Lake Superior samples
was found at station 5. This station had a thin organic detritus layer covering
the bottom sediments.
The Upper Peninsula Power Company uses the entire flow of the Dead River along
with Lake Superior water for cooling purposes. These heated waters are then
discharged to Lake Superior just north of the Dead River mouth. The natural
sediment load transported to Lake Superior from this river has a slight enriching
effect on the benthos in area I. Temperature observations in this area show
a deflection of these heated waters to the south because of the ore dock.
Stations 1 and 5, which were affected by these waters, had a relatively larqe
number of tolerant s1udgeworms(Tubifex tubifex). At station 1, 1 of the 13
species found were tolerant and 6 facultative. No intolerant animals were found
at this station. Four of 6 species found at station 5 were tolerant. The benthos
at stations 6 and 8 were also influenced to a much lesser degree by the Dead River
waters.
Other stations(2,3, and 7) which were apparently outside the influence of the
river had no tolerant sludgeworms and only small numbers of facultative worms.
A more normal community was found at these stations.
Area II
Six stations were sampled in this area at depths between 21 and 37 feet(Figure 4).
The bottom sediments consisted of coarse to fine sand, coarse gravel, red clay,
iron ore pellets, and a small amount of organic detritus at station 2. Dominant
animals were oligochaetes, midges, and amphipods(Table 4).
The Royal Oak Charcoal Company, a destructive wood distillation company, discharges
wastewater to the northern half of area II. The limited data obtained in this
vicinity indicated that this discharge had little if any effect on the bottom fauna.
139
-------
968
The shallow inshore waters(stations 1,2 and 3) were less productive in both
species and number of individuals than were the deeper offshore waters(stations
4,5 and 6). Increased numbers of facultative organisms were inhabiting the
deeper waters(Figure 1). Intolerant scuds(Pontoporeia affinis) were found at
all stations, but were abundant in the deeper waters. Shallow, sandy, shoreline
areas subjected to wave action provide an unstable habitat for bottom dwelling
animals.
The restricted macro-faunal community found at station 1 was probably the result
of poor habitat(iron ore pellets). In contrast to area I all stations in this
area contained very limited populations of sludgeworms.
Area III
Bottom samples were collected from 4 of the 6 stations in this area(Figure 5).
No samples could be obtained at stations 4 and 5 where the bottom was bedrock.
The 4 stations sampled had a sand bottom with depth range from 10 to 26 feet.
Dominant animals were midges, oligochaetes and amphipods(Table 5). The highest
number of species was found at station 6 where 11 were present.
Area III does not receive any wastewater discharges. There was no indication
of any water quality impairment in this area. The three samples(stations 1,2, and
3) taken in shallow water were low in productivity because of shifting sand, as
were those in area II. However, station 6, which was in deeper water, was
relatively productive(Figure 1). Normal populations of scuds(Pontoporeia affinis)
were found at 3 of the 4 stations sampled. Sludgeworms were not abundant.
Area IV
Six stations were sampled in this harbor area at depths between 7 and 25 feet
(Figure 5). The bottom sediments at stations 1 through 5 consisted of sand
covered by a thin layer of organic detritus. Detritus deposition is probably
natural in quiet harbor waters. Sandy sediments at station 6 were not covered
by organic detritus.
Animals found in this area were predominately oligochaetes, midges, amphipods,
and aquatic sow bugs(Table 6).
The presence of sewage-fungus, toilet tissue, and sewage-odor at the mouth of
Orianna Brook indicated that small amounts of sewage were reaching the lake
from this source(Figure 5). A cutting oil odor was observed in the sandy sediments
at station 6 which was near this tributary mouth. The bottom-dwelling animals
at this station were adversely affected by these wastes. Sixty-nine of the 75
animals found here were tolerant. Numbers of facultative animals were greatly
depressed and intolerant animals were entirely absent(Figure 1). In contrast to
this, stations 1 through 5 had greater variety and larger populations of animals
than areas I, II, and III. Organic detritus encourage such aquatic production.
-------
969
Area V
Three of the seven samples taken in this area were collected at 15 foot
depths(Stations 1,2, and 3). Samples at the other four locations(stations
4,5,6 and 7) were taken at depths ranging from 25 to 34 feet. Bottom
sediments consisted of sand. However, at station 7 the sand was covered
with a layer of organic detritus. Dominant animals found were oligochaetes
amphipods and midges.
The only wastewater discharge in this area is the cooling water from a small
electrical power station. This small heated plume follows the shoreline for
a short distance to the south.
The three inshore samples had benthic communities low in productivity similar
to those found in the inshore waters of areas II and III(Table 7). As found
elsewhere the offshore communities had higher populations. They were
different however, in that they contained a higher percentage of sludgeworms.
These higher populations were significantly lower than those usually found
in enriched waters. All offshore samples contained large populations of
scuds(Pontoporeia affinis) and a variety of facultative midaes.
Area VI
The ten stations in this area were sampled at depths between 5 and 35 feet
(Figure 6). Sandy sediments were found at all stations. A thin layer of
algal or organic detritus covered the sand at stations 1, 2 and 3. A
sewage odor was detected in the sediments at all stations except station 7
and 10.
The Marquette WWTP discharges to the Carp River approximately 500 feet above
the river's entrance to Lake Superior. The aquatic biota in the lower
reaches of the Carp River has been reduced to a pollution-tolerant community
because of this discharge. However, the effects in the lake are not as severe.
There were unusually turbid waters present at the three stations(Stations 1,
2 and 3) nearest the Carp River. The sediments here imparted a strong sewage
odor. The benthic communities found here included the same species composition
as the offshore samples but, had a marked reduction in number of clean-water
scuds(Pontoporeia affinis) and included tolerant midges(Tendipes riparius and T.
anthracinus) in unusually large numbers(Table 8). Offshore sameles(Stations 4,
5,6,7,8,9 and 10) contained lower numbers of clean-water scuds(Pontoporeia
affinis) than other offshore areas.
Midges were dominant in area VI and were twice as abundant as found elsewhere.
This was true both in number of individuals and variety of species(Figure 1).
This is undoubtably caused by slight enrichment introduced by the Carp River.
Area VII
The depth range for the 7 stations sampled in this area was 14 to 35 feet
(Figure 6). Clean sand was found at all stations except 1 and 4 where a thin
algal and detritus layer covered the sand.
-------
970
The benthic animal population was much lower in this area than in the other
areas. The average number of organisms per square foot for the entire survey was:
112 at 5 to 16 foot depths; 158 at 17 to 25 foot depths; and 125 at 26 to 35
foot depths. For area VII however, the averages were only 28 at 5 to 16 foot
depths; 51 at 17 to 25 foot depths; and 63 at 26 to 35 foot depths. Larger benthic
populations were found in the deeper waters similar to the other areas.
The tolerant midge(Tendipes riparius) was found at all stations except station 7
and the clean-water scud(Pontoporeia affinis) population was almost eliminated
(Table 9). This indicates that the wastewater from the Marquette WWTP has had
a slight effect on this area. This was indicated by the biotic index for this
area which was the second lowest for the seven areas(Table 9). Only area 1 had
a lower index value.
Algae sampling and observations
Attached algae was scraped from hard substrates such as rocks, cement slabs and
old pilings along the Marquette vicinity shoreline. Planktom'c algae were collected
either in a 3 minute net tow or by grab sampling. Algae samples were collected at
13 locations between Presque Isle Point and the ChocoTay River(Figure 7). The
attached or planktonic algae composition which occurred at the various locations
are presented in Table 10. Sedgwick-Rafter cell counts were made on all quantitative
samples. These counts were all low with a range of 17 to 140 cells/ml. The dominant
forms of attached filamentous algae were Ulothrix, Stigeoclonium, and Cladophora.
The bulk of the planktonic algae were diatoms. However, planktonic blue-green
algae were found at stations 9 and 10 which bracket the Carp River mouth. Station
9 was 50 yards north of the river and station 10 was 50 yards south of the river.
water Chemistry
Water samples collected from 11 stations in Lake Superior were analyzed for their
phenolic content(Figure 8 and Table 11). Laboratory results showed that the
phenolic concentrations of the surface waters ranged from 0 to 12 ppb while samples
near the bottom contained 0 to 4 ppb. This type of phenol has been reported to
cause fish taint when concentrations exceed 20 to 100 ppb. Reports also show that
toxicity to fish occurs between 200 and 20,000 ppb depending upon the particular
phenolic compound. The Royal Oak Charcoal Company boiler and condenser water
discharge located along the Lake Superior shoreline in front of the plant had
a phenolic concentration of 800 ppb while Hawley ditch which receives the overflow
from their settling ponds had a concentration of 1200 ppb. This ditch had a very
strong creosote odor. A Michigan Water Resources Commission wastewater survey
conducted August 27-29, 1968 reported a substantial reduction in the phenolic
load to Lake Superior since their 1959 survey. No complaints have been received
concerning taste or odor problems in the Marquette City water supply from Lake
Superior nor have complaints been received of off-flavored fish from this area.
142
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971
Thermal discharge investigation
A temperature survey was conducted on August 8, 1968 in Lake Superior in the vicinity
of the Upper Peninsula Power Company fossil fuel plant. This plant, located north
of Marquette at the mouth of the Dead River, operates at a capacity of 180 megawatts
electrical. The condenser cooling water is taken from the Dead River and is dis-
charged to the shoreline of Lake Superior just north of the Dead River.
On the day of this survey 76,500 gallons of water per minute(170 cfs) were being
used for cooling purposes. The intake water temperature was 73° F and the discharge
temperature was 94° F. This plant does not experience diurnal fluctuations in
electrical demand as often occurs in plants serving municipalities because its main
consumer is the mining industry. This industry operates twenty-four hours per day.
Chlorine is added to the intake water each day in the months of June, July and
August to discourage algal growths in the condensers.
The water temperature survey was conducted between 1:00 PM and 3:00 PM. The
wind was from the northwest at 0-5 mph.
Surface temperatures found in the vicinity of the plant are shown on Figure 9.
Temperature profiles taken at six locations in the offshore waters are shown in
Figure 10.
Within 100 feet of its entrance to Lake Superior the warm water floated at the
surface.
The plume was diverted north, along the shoreline, for a short distance by a sand
bar near the mouth of the discharge, before moving into offshore waters. When the
plume finally encounters actual lake water, approximately 300 feet to the north,
it occupies only the upper two feet of water. The temperature was 82° F in the
upper two feet and only 66° F in the bottom two feet. Four hundred feet further
offshore the temperature declined to 75° F at the surface,66° F at two and one-half
foot depth and 64° F between five foot depth and the bottom. The four additional
sampling stations within a one mile radius of the discharge showed the same trend.
Water temperatures in the heated plume dropped rapidly fr0m 93° F to 73° F in
the first 1,000 feet of travel. Beyond this point tne plume lost its identity and
became intermixed with the cooler lake water. Occasional warm areas, remnants
of the original plume, were detected 2,000 feet offshore. The heated water traveled
approximately 4,000 feet to the SE before it dropped to within three degrees of
the ambient temperature of 63° F. Since warm water masses were scattered among
cooler waters it is difficult to determine the area warmed by the plant discharge.
A rough estimate indicates that 80 acres of surface water were raised more than
10° F and 240 acres were raised more than 5° F.
This small thermal load to Lake Superior appears to be benificial to water use.
The immediate area of the discharge is widely used for swimming. Lake Superior
waters are generally too cold for most swimmers.
-------
972
Fishermen use the open water area created by this discharge during ice cover to
good advantage.
DISCUSSION OF LAKE SUPERIOR DATA
This water quality survey was conducted to determine if wastewater discharges in
the Marquette area have had any adverse affects on the biota of Lake Superior.
Bottom-dwelling macroinvertebrates were collected along seven miles of shoreline
out to depths of 35 feet. For purposes of illustration and comparison, the study
area was divided into seven sub-areas(Figure 1).
In general, the chemical and biological findings indicate that the effects of
wastewater discharges in these areas were very limited.
Alterations of the benthic communities studied were limited to scattered inshore
areas and were difficult to define. The bottom-dwelling communities along the
sandy shores of Lake Superior are characterized by low numbers of individuals and
the presence of the clean-water scud(Pontoporeia affinis). The clean shifting
sand bottom is an unstable habitat which does not support a large community.
Deeper water habitats tend to support more animals, especially P_. affinis. Both
of these areas support only a small number of aquatic worms(01igochaeta) and midges
(Tendepedidae). The benthic communities in areas II and III are examples of
this phenomenon.
Small quantities of organic sediments found in the inshore protected harbor waters
of area I apparently originate from the Dead River.
Organic sediments were found at most stations in area IV. Quiet harbor waters,
intensive shoreline development and high boating and shipping use are factors
involved in this sedimentation. Orianna Brook also contributes some organic
sediments to this area.
A thin layer of organic sediments was found in areas VI and VII. These sediments
originate from the Carp River. «
The bottom-dwelling communities in the areas where organic sediments have accumulated
are characterized by increased numbers of individuals, including larger sludgeworm
populations. These organic sediments modify the habitat and provide an increased
food source, thus supporting larger benthic communities.
The two harbors(areas I and IV) and areas VI and VII(off the Carp River mouth) had
some organic sediment accumulations. Larger benthic commumities were found in
these areas. These increases were largely reflected in numbers of individuals
(mostly sludgeworms) in areas I and IV and species diversity(mostly midges) in
areas VI and VII.
Bottom fauna community changes in areas VI and VII are the result of the Marquette
WWTP discharge to Lake Superior, via the Carp River. These changes are not pronounced,
but do suggest a lessening of the overall quality of the environment. This decrease
in quality was further substantiated by increased turbidity and blue-green algal
growths in the immediate vicinity of the Carp River mouth.
-------
973
The biota in area I was not adversely affected by the Upper Peninsula Power Company
thermal discharge to Lake Superior. Changes in the biota of this area are attributed
entirely to the contribution of materials from the Dead River.
The Royal Oak Charcoal Company wastewater outfalls are located along the Lake
Superior shoreline in area II. No adverse environmental affects were attributed
to this discharge. The benthic community structure in this area was very similar
to the unproductive clean water community found in area III.
SUMMARY
1) On August 8-11, 1968 a water quality survey was conducted to determine the
effects of various wastewater discharges on the biota of Lake Superior and
its major tributaries in the Marquette vicinity.
2) A well balanced clean-water benthic community was found at all Dead River
stations.
3) A well balanced clean-water benthic community was found above the Marquette
WWTP in the Carp River. A very restricted pollution-tolerant community was
found below this outfall. Profuse slime growths, septic odors and turbid
waters were evident in the lower river reach.
4) Productivity of benthic animal life in the sand, sand-rock substrates of
nutrient-poor Lake Superior was generally low. The shallower inshore areas
with unstable substrates supported even lower numbers of benthic animals than
the deeper offshore waters.
5) Some modification of the physical environment and biological community structure
of Lake Superior was evident at scattered locations near Marquette.
6) The Upper Peninsula Generating Company had a 21° F temperature differential
between intake and discharge waters. Their heated discharge warmed approximately
80 acres of Lake Superior surface waters by more than 10° F and approximately
240 acres by more than 5 F. No adverse biological effects from increased
temperatures were evident in this survey.
7) The Dead River water, cycled through the U. P. Generating Company, contributes
a natural organic loading to Lake Superior. This natural enrichment has
increased the benthic productivity of a small offshore area. This increased
productivity is primarily reflected in pollution tolerant organisms.
8) The Royal Oak Charcoal Company, a destructive wood distillation plant, discharges
phenolic wastes to Lake Superior. During this survey phenols in their two
discharges were measured at 800 and 1200 ppb. Phenolic concentrations in Lake
Superior ranged from 0-12 ppb in surface waters and 0-4 ppb in bottom waters.
No complaints have been received concerning taste or odor problems in the
Marquette City water supply from Lake Superior and no complaints have been
received of off-flavored fish from this area. No adverse effects to benthic
animal communities in close proximity to these discharges were detected.
-------
974
9) Thin organic sedimentation was evident in the Marquette Harbor vicinity.
Sedimentation was enhanced by the quiet protected harbor waters, intensive
shoreline development and intensive boating and shipping use. Orianna
Brook, an apparent recipient of sewage wastes, enters this harbor. Benthic
studies found greater numbers of both species and individuals with no apparent
increase in pollution-tolerant forms. This increased productivity is
characteristic of an environment enriched by organic sedimentation.
10) The Marquette WWTP discharge to Lake Superior, via the Carp River, has resulted
in benthic animal community alterations. These changes were not pronounced,
but did suggest a lessening of the overall quality of the environment. This
decrease in quality was further substantiated by increased turbidity, sewage
odors, and blue-green algal growths in the immediate vicinity of the Carp River
mouth.
11) The water quality of Presque Isle and Marquette Harbors were slightly impaired
in small, scattered, localized areas. The overall water quality of Lake
Superior in this vicinity was not adversely affected by natural or artifical
sources.
Field and laboratory work
supervised by: D. James Seeburger, Aquatic Biologist
Report by: D. James Seeburger
John G. Robinson, Aquatic Biologist
Ronald B. Willson, Aquatic Biologist
-------
975
APPENDIX Q-A
-------
976
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Table 11. Phenolic concentrations at selected stations in Presque Isle Harbor,
Marquette County, Michigan, August 8, 1968.
Station No.
Surface
Bottom
Maximum depth
Phenolic concentrations in ppb.
1 2
0 6
0 0
3
4
0
25'
4
10
0
34'
5
10
0
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6
12
0
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8
0
0
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9
4
4
49'
10
4
4
43'
11
4
4
68'
158
-------
987
APPENDIX Q-B
159
-------
Figure 1. Number of suecies according to their tolerance status found ;n quantitative
samoles from i.akp SuDerior, vicinity of Marquette, Michigan, Auqust ^-ll,i~nth 2! 71 "I j'l V4 37
10
0 _ _
Sta. I 23^567
Depth 15 15 16 2rj 25 25 3^
ARtA V
.0
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Sta.
Denth 5 1
15
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Depth 10 16 2) 27
AREA ! I !
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Flguro '}. Benthir marroinvertebrate sampling areas,
vicinity, August 8-11, 1968.
,ake Superior, Marque tit
LAKE
SUPERIOR
MARQUETTE
Scale in Miles
I
162
-------
PRESQUE ISLE
~H~A~R~B~OR
County, Michigan, August 8-11, 1968.
Royal Oak
Charcoal
Co
991
LAKE
SUPERIOR
-------
992
Figure 5. Biological sampling stations
in Marquette Bay, Areas III, IV and V,
Marquette County, Michigan August 8-11,
1968.
Scale in Feet
1000 3000 3000
J| Jl IjRidge || 51.
MARQUE TTE
3 A Y
LAKE
\
\
SU P^RIOR
2-7-1,1
-------
993
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165
-------
994
Figure 7. Attached and pLanktonic algae sampling stations in Lake Superior,
vicinity of Marquette, Michigan, August 8-11, 1968.
\
N
LAKE
SUPERIOR
MARQUETTE
Scale in Miles
I 2
166
3-/7-C? <£<•/tfl'i)
-------
995
Figure 8. Location of phenolic sampling stations in Lake Superior, Marquettc
County, Michigan, August 8--11, 1968.
Scale in Feet
0 1000 3000 3000
P R ES QUE ISLE
HARBOR
LAKE
S U P E R I O R
O
10
167
-------
996
Figure 9. Surface water temperatures of Lake Superior near the Upper Peninsula
Power Plant, Marquette County, Michigan, August 8, 1968.
Royal Oak
Charcoal
Co. ,
PRESQUE
ISLE
HARBOR
LAKE
SUPERIOR
Scale in Feet
1000 2000
3000
innnnrir~\
-------
997
Figure 10. Water temperature depth profiles in Lake Superior near the Upper
Peninsula Power Plant, Marquette, Michigan, August 8, 1968. (Temperature in °F
and depth in feet. S refers to surface temperatures)
PRESQUE
ISLE
HARBOR
SUPERIOR
169
-------
99
APPENDIX R
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE
ONTONAGON RIVER AND LAKE SUPERIOR
IN THE VICINITY OF ONTONAGON, MICHIGAN
171
-------
999
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Biological Survey of the Ontonagon River
and Lake Superior, in the Vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan
August 15, 1968
On August 15, 1968 a biological survey was conducted on the Ontonagon River and
Lake Superior in the vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan. The Hoerner-Waldorf Cor-
poration paper mill and the Ontonagon Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluents
provide the major sources of influence on the waters of this area.
MACROFAUNA SURVEY
Methods
Ouantitative collections of bottom-dwelling tnacroinvertebrates were made by
single Ponar dredge hauls at each river and lake station (Figure 1). A U.S.
Standard #30 - mesh bucket sieve was used for sieving the samples which were
then preserved with formalin and labeled. Organisms were washed, sorted,
identified, and tabulated in the Lansing laboratory. Animals were assigned
a tolerance status according to published accounts and the past experience
of the biology staff of the Michigan Water Resources Commission (Table 1).
Tolerance status may be generally defined as:
Tolerant - organisms that can grow and develop within a wide range of environ-
mental conditions. They are often found in water of poor quality. These species
are generally insensitive to a variety of environmental stresses.
Intolerant - organisms whose growth and development are dependent upon a narrow
range of optimum environmental conditions. They are rarely found in areas of
organic enrichment. They cannot adapt to adverse situations and are replaced
by less sensitive organisms if the quality of their environment is degraded.
Facultative - organisms with the ability to survive over a wide range of con-
ditions. They possess "medium" tolerance and often respond positively to
moderate organic enrichment but cannot tolerate severe environmental stresses.
In addition to tolerance status, the diversity of animals in a given benthic
community is significant. In general, pollutional communities are characterized
by very low species diversity, while normal undisturbed communities contain many
different species.
Biological Observations
Locations of the seventeen sampling stations are shown in Figure 1. In order to
facilitate interpretation of the macroinvertebrate findings of this survey, the
benthic sampling stations have been divided into lake and river stations. A
condensation of the biological data is listed in Table 1. Figure 2 graphically
portrays the total number of species collected as well as the number of species
173
-------
1000
In raeh of trhc tolerance groups (intolerant, facultative, and tolerant) for
e.icb slat Ion.
Orilorvirjon River Stations 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
The Ontonagon River carries a heavy load of naturally introdjced suspended solids
which consist mainly of red clay particles. This natural turbidity results in
very low water transparency. During this study river transparencies, measured
by Secchi disk, ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 feet.
Bottom fauna collections were taken in the Ontonagon River from a point 1,000
feet above the Ontonagon WWTP discharge to a point 200 feet above the lake
end of the breakwater. Bottom deposits were sand, red clay, and organic
detritus at all stations except station 11 where the sediments were woody
fibers and black muck. When the deposits at station 11 were disturbed they
emitted gas bubbles and oil. These deposits were found only in the small bay-
like area in front of the Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation paper mill discharge
ditch. Stations 10 through 16 were sampled at 4 to 16 foot depths. Dominant
animals were midges, oligochaetes and mayflies. The range in number of species
was 5-9 while the range in number of animals per square foot was 24-208. The
above figures do not include the findings at station 11 where no animals were
present.
The Ontonagon WWTP outfall did not appear to have any appreciable effect upon
the downstream aquatic communities. An increase in sludgeworms at station 12
(127/ sq. ft.) was indicative of some enrichment. However, a balanced benthic
fauna, including sensitive mayflies, was found at stations 15 and 12, which
were 150 and 1200 feet below the outfall, respectively.
Station 13R, off the mouth of the small diversion channel along the right
bank, also contained larger numbers of sludgeworms (172/sq. ft,). This may
indicate some source of organic enrichment entering the river at this location.
Station 10 is unique in this survey in that it is characteristic of both lake
and river. The colder Lake Superior water extends up the breakwater channel
while the warmer river water passes downstream overhead. Tha fauna is most
characteristic of the upstream river, containing riffle beetles, mayflies, and
similar midge species. However, the intolerant lake scud Pontojoreia affinis
was also found at this location. This was the most < iverse and well balanced
station found in the entire survey.
The Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation mill effluent flows out on the surface of the
Ontonagon River where it is almost immediately transported down the breakwater
channel to Lake Superior. The warmer effluent tends to stay near the surface
and thus exerts very little effect upon the benthos of the Ontonagon River before
entering the lake. This was substantiated by the clean water fauna found down-
stream at station 10.
-------
1001
r ior - Shi t ions 1 -0
By observing the discolored Ontonagon River plume it was apparent that consider-
able quantities of red clay are transported to Lake Superior. Secchi disk
transparency measurements showed significant reductions of light penetration
in the offshore waters. This turbidity has at least two effects upon the lake.
Reduced light penetration results in a reduction of primary productivity which
is already limited in Lake Superior by extremely low nutrient concentrations.
These clay particles eventually settle to the bottom and alter the benthic
environment.
Bottom samples from Lake Superior were separated into two areas based mainly
upon bottom sediment compositions. Area 1 (stations 1, 2, 3, and 4) contained
bottom sediments of clean fine to coarse sand at depths of 18 to 25 feet. Area
II (stations 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) contained bottom sediments of sand, red clay,
and organic detritus (plant material) at depths of 22 to 45 feet. The red clay
and organic detritus are river transport materials and indicate the area of
river influence on Lake Superior benthos in the offshore vicinity of the Onton-
agon River mouth. Completely different benthic faunas inhabited these areas as
indicated by summary data provided in Table 2.
Area I ~ stations 1, 2, 3, and 4
Productivity in this area was extremely low with an average of only 19 animals
per square foot of substrate. Facultative midges were dominant, with Chironomus
sp. B and Colopsftctra dives predominant. The intolerant scud Pontoporeia
af finis was found at two stations. Tolerant sludgeworms were found only at
station 2. The clean sand substrate of this area offers very little food for
maintaining benthic animal life.
Area II - stations 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
The bottom fauna composition found in this area was in sharp contrast to that
of area I. The average number of animals per square foot of substrate was 62,
more than three times that of area I. Tolerant sludgeworms dominated this
community. The midges Polyp edilum, Metriocnemus lundbecki, and Tendipes riparius
were also numerous. Intolerant species were absent from all stations.
The red clay, organic detritus and other river associated materials settling to
the bottom have enriched this area. The scope of this enrichment does not appear
to be extensive. However, the decomposing organic material may exert a consid-
erable effect at the substrate-water interface, but this was not studied.
Organic materials as settleable solids arising from the Ontonagon WWTP and Hoerner-
Waldorf paper mill may add somewhat to this condition, but the decomposing plant
materials were the largest factor.
Summary
1. On August 15, 1968 a biological survey was conducted on the Ontonagon River
and Lake Superior in the vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan.
2. The two major sources of waste discharge to the Ontonagon River were the
Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation paper mill and the Ontonagon Wastewater Treatment
Plant.
175
-------
1002
3. The Ontonagon River carries a heavy load of naturally introduced suspended
soils which consist mainly of red clay particles. This natural turbidity re-
sults in very low water transparency. During this study river transparency
measured by Secchi disk ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 feet.
4. Bottom deposits in the Ontonagon River were sand, red clay, and organic
plant detritus at all stations except station 11 where the sediments were
woody fibers and black muck containing considerable oils and gas.
5. The Ontonagon WWTP outfall did not appear to have any appreciable effect
upon the downstream aquatic communities. An increase in sludgeworms at station
12 (127/sq. ft.) was indicative of some enrichment. However, a balanced benthic
fauna, including sensitive mayflies, was found at stations 15 and 12, which
were 150 and 1200 feet below the outfall, respectively.
6. The Hoerner-Waldorf Corporation mill effluent flows out on the surface of
the Ontonagon River where it is almost immediately transported down the break-
water channel to Lake Superior. The warmer effluent tends to stay near the
surface and thus exerts very little effect upon the benthos of the Ontonagon
River before entering the lake. This was substantiated by the clean water
fauna found downstream at station 10.
7. By observing the discolored Ontonagon River plume it was apparent that
considerable quantities of red clay are transported to Lake Superior. Secchi
disk transparency measurements showed significant reductions of light penetration
in the offshore waters.
8. Benthic stations from Lake Superior were separated into two areas based
mainly upon bottom sediment composition. Area I contained bottom sediments
of clean fine to coarse sand in contrast to area II which contained bottom
sediments of sand, red clay, and organic detritus (Plant material).
9. Productivity in area I was extremely low with an average of only 19 animals
per square foot. Facultative midge larvae were the dominant animals. The
bottom fauna composition found in area II was in sharp contrast to that of area
I. The average number of animals per square foot of substrate was 62, more than
three times that of area I. Tolerant sludgworms dominated the benthic community
in area II.
10. The red clay, organic detritus and other river associated materials settling
to the bottom have enriched area II. The scope of this enrichment did not appear
to be extensive. Organic materials, as settleable solids, arising from the Onton-
agon WWTP and Hoerner-Waldorf paper mill may add somewhat to this condition, but
the decomposing plant materials were the largest factor.
Field and Laboratory work
supervised by:
Report by:
jeh
March 1969
D. James Seeburger, Aquatic Biologist
D. James Seeburger
Water Quality Appraisal Unit
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
176
-------
1003
Finure 1. Bottom fauna sannlinn stations in the Ontonanon vicinity, Auqust 15, 1968.
ONTONAGON
Scale in Feet
0 1000 2000
Boat Ramp
177
-------
1004
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1006
Table 2. A comparison of summary biological data from the benthos of areas I
and II in Lake Superior, vicinity of Ontonagon, Michigan, August 15, 1968
Parameter Area I Area H
Average species / station 3.5 5.2
Average tolerant species / station 0.5 2.8
Average facultative species / station 2.5 2.4
Average intolerant species / station 0.5 0.0
Average animals / station 19.2 61.8
Average tolerant animals / station 3.5 43.0
Average facultative animals / station 11.7 18.8
Average intolerant animals / station 4.0 0.0
180
-------
1007
APPENDIX S
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FREDA
COPPER MILL DISCHARGE TO LAKE SUPERIOR
IN THE VICINITY OF FREDA, MICHIGAN
18]
-------
1008
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Biological Reconnaissance Survey of the Freda Copper Mill Discharge
to Lake Superior in the Vicinity of Freda, Michigan
August 24th and 2?th, 1966
This survey was conducted at the request of Mr. Joseph Bal, District Engineer,
Michigan Water Resources Commission. The objectives of this investigation were
1) to determine the effects of the Freda Copper Mill tailings discharge on
the benthic fauna of Lake Superior, and 2) to determine the extent of the
discoloration caused by the tailing wastes.
Methods
Eight quantitative macroinvertebrate bottom fauna samples were collected with a
Ponar dredge (Figure 1). The bottom sediments from the dredge hauls were washed
through a U.S. Standard #30 mesh soil sieve and the residues were placed in
pint jars. Qualitative plankton samples were collected at several locations
(Figure 2) with a standard plankton net (#25 silk bolting cloth). All samples
were preserved with formalin and returned to the Water Resources Commission
laboratory in Lansing for analysis. The extent of discoloration was determined
by taking water transparency readings with a standard Seechi disk.
Results and Discussion
One benthic animal was found in the eight bottom samples collected during this
survey (Table 1). This scarcity of benthic animals reflects the poor environment
afforded by a shifting sand bottom. Sandy shoreline areas subjected to wave
action provide an unstable habitat for macroinvertebrate animals. The entire
shoreline sediments were stamp sand in the Freda-Redridge area. Therefore, it
is difficult to evaluate the effects of suspended tailing materials from the
Freda Copper Mill on the basis of benthic macroinvertebrates in this area.
Plankton samples were also of little help, if any, in evaluating the areas that
were adversely affected. Table 2 shows no discernible differences in the
various plankton communities sampled.
The shore waters in the Freda-Redridge area were rusty red-brown in color. The
extent of the discoloration is shown in Figure 3- The discoloration was the
result of the Freda mill tailings discharge which consists of 100 tons/day of
very finely ground rock, commonly called stamp sand (99% will pass through a
#30 U.S standard soil sieve). Seechi disk readings off the point of discharge
were: 6" at 10 yards; 2' at 30 yards; and 25' at 300 yards. The surface waters
were clear but the turbid wastewater was very apparent underneath. The turbid
waters followed the shoreline for a short distance, then broadened out. The
finely ground materials were suspended in the surface waters along a discrete
inshore water mass. This area was red-brown in color. Beyond this red-brown
streak was a distinct fringe area of gray color. The gray color was a result
of the sediments being at a greater depth. Beyond the gray fringe area was the
normal clear blue color of Lake Superior. The demarkation between the red-brown,
gray and blue waters was very sharp and distinct. Lake Superior was visually
183
-------
1009
discolored for 3/^ miles offshore in the vicinity of Redridge and for 5 or more
miles along shore to the NE towards the Portage Lake shipping canal. Mr. Joseph
Bal has observed this discoloration previously and stated that on occasion that
it has extended to the Portage Lake shipping canal which is 12 miles NE of
Freda.
Summary
1. Benthic macro!nvertebrate samples were collected in the Freda-Redridge
vicinity. Analyses of these samples failed to reveal useful information
concerning the effects of the Freda Copper Mill tailing wastes on the aquatic
envi ronment.
2. Plankton samples collected during this survey showed that there were no
discernible differences in the various plankton communities sampled.
3. Visual observations and Secchi disk readings showed that finely ground rock
materials discharged from the Freda Copper Mill were discoloring the inshore
water mass in the Freda-Redridge area.
Report by: D. James Seeburger, Aquatic Biologist
Water Quality Appraisal Unit
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
dd
March 1969
-------
Figure 1. Bottom fauna sampling locations in Lake Superior, vicinity of the
Freda Copper Mill, Freda, Michigan, August 2k and 27, 1966.
1010
185
-------
Figure 2. Plankton sampling locations in Lake Superior, vicinity of the Freda
Copper Mill, Freda, Michigan; August 2k and 27, 1966.
1011
-------
Fiqure 3 Extent of Lake Superior waters discolored by the Freda Copper Mill
clischarqe, Freda, Michiqan, Auqust 2k and 27, 1966
1012
187
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1015
APPENDIX T
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOUTH BAY,
LAKE SUPERIOR AND OBSERVATIONS
ON THE ANNA RIVER
MUNI SING, ALGER COUNTY MICHIGAN
191
-------
1016
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
A Biological Survey of
SOUTH BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR
and Observations on
THE ANNA RIVER
Munising, Alger County, Michigan
August 6, 1968
On August 6, 1968 a biological survey was conducted on South Bay, Lake Superior
and its major tributary, the Anna River. In 1957 a Water Resources biological
survey established that the benthic area of South Bay in close proximity to
Munising was biologically depressed. The present study is designed to determine
water quality conditions and detect any changes in the benthic macrofaunal
community that may have occurred since the 1957 survey.
In 1957 the principal water quality problem appeared to arise from the Kimberly-
Clark Corporation Munising Mill (paper) discharges. This company has since
made a tremendous effort to correct these problems in their wastewater discharge
to South Bay. A 1951 Water Resources Commission industrial survey determined
sulfite waste liquor releases amounting to 95,000 pounds of biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) per day. In 1959 a Water Resources Commission industrial survey
found this loading reduced to 31,000 pounds of BOD per day. A large part of
this reduction was due to the use of waste sulfite liquor as a road binding
material by Schoolcraft and Alger counties.
In 1951, approximately 1,200 cubic feet of bark was discharged to South Bay
during every 2^- hours of wood room operation. This was measured by a 5- inch
mesh screen bucket. In 1959 no losses could be measured by this method.
In 1951 fiber losses amounted to 4.73 to 5-5 percent of production. This was
reduced to 3.^9 percent in 1959.
In February, 1962 Kimberly-Clark closed its local pulp mill. This halted all
bark and sulfite liquor losses to South Bay. Continued production is based
upon pulp supplied by other Kimberly-Clark mills. In 1962, two Sveen-Peterson
save-alls were installed on the paper machines to further reduce fiber losses.
Also in 1962, the discharge of sanitary sewage to the bay was halted.
Thus, at present, only boiler blow-down and mill white water is being discharged.
These wastes are treated with alum and ponded before release. Inorganic dyes
are discharged to the bay periodically. A filled portion of shoreline behind
the plant is used for a dump and considerable burning occurs there. The mill
and the City of Munising are jointly planning to provide a sanitary landfill
for solid waste disposal.
193
-------
1017
Prior to I960, sewage from the City of Munising was discharged to South Bay
either directly or through the Anna River. The Munising primary wastewater
treatment plant was placed in operation in October, I960 and discharges to the
Anna River approximately one mile above South Bay. The sewer system is combined
storm and sanitary sewers so that stormwater runoff passes through the plant.
Several ground springs are connected to the sewer system. This plant services
approximately 4,220 people.
A municipal septic tank services an area along the west shore of South Bay.
This system is directly connected to the bay and is chlorinated. Storm sewers
were connected to the septic tank until 19&7-
The Kimberly-Clark discharge channel lies approximately 1,000 feet due west of
the Anna River mouth. Both are on the extreme south end of the bay.
METHODS
Quantitative (areal) collections and qualitative samples of the benthic animal
life of South Bay and vicinity were taken with Ekmanand Ponar dredges at 22
stations (Figure 1). Qualitative collections were made at two locations in the
Anna River, above and below the Munising WWTP (Figure 1). These samples were
sieved with a U.S. Standard #30 brass bucket sieve,labeled and preserved.
Samples were washed, sorted, identified, and tabulated in the Lansing laboratory.
Animals were assigned a tolerance status according to published accounts and the
past experience of Water Resources staff biologists. Tolerance status refers
to the animal's relative ability to withstand and/or respond to adverse environ-
mental conditions. Individual tolerances are generally derived from an animal's
reaction to organic wastes and attendant oxygen depletion or modification of
bottom deposits.
Tolerance status may be generally defined as:
Tolerant - organisms that can grow and develop within a wide range of environ-
mental conditions. They are often found in water of poor quality. These species
are generally insensitive to a variety of environmental stresses.
Intolerant - organisms whose growth and development are dependent upon a narrow
range of optimum environmental conditions. They are rarely found in areas of
organic enrichment. They cannot adapt to adverse situations and are replaced by
less sensitive organisms if the quality of their environment is degraded.
Facultat i ve - organisms with the ability to survive over a wide range of conditions.
They possess "medium" tolerance and often respond positively to moderate organic
enrichment but cannot tolerate severe environmental stresses.
In addition to tolerance status, the diversity of animals present in a given
benthic community is significant. In general, pollutional communities are
characterized by a very low species diversity, while normal undisturbed communities
contain many different species.
-------
1018
Water samples were collected from the Anna River and South Bay and analyzed by
the operator of the Muni sing Wastewater Treatment Plant.
ANNA RIVER
The Anna River arises in Section 7 of T46N, R19W with Anna Lake as its headwater.
The Anna River is 15 miles long, flowing east and north, entering Lake Superior
at Munising. The flow is through hilly wooded terrain. The Anna is a clear
coldwater stream with a number of small spring fed tributaries. The highest
summer temperature on record is 57 °F.
The Anna River has long been a good brook trout stream, and also contains rainbow
and brown trout. Coho salmon were planted in the spring of 1968.
Fish Survey
On October 16, 1967 Fish Division personnel conducted a fish survey of the
lower Anna River. The three downstream stations provide information on fish
populations both above and below the Munising WWTP outfall.
Stat ion 1. Upstream for 200 feet from the M-28 bridge. The water was clear.
Cover was considered poor for larger trout.
4 Brown trout 1.4 - 2.2 inches
21 Rainbow trout 1.8 - 5.0 inches
22 Mottled sculpins 2.0 - 4.2 inches
3 Central mudminnows 2.5 - 3.8 inches
Large numbers of rainbow fingerlings were seen but not collected.
Station 2. From a point 400 feet north of the M-28 bridge, upstream for 200 feet.
Habitat was excellent for trout. The water was clear. Efficiency was poor due
to swift current and deep pools.
5 Brown trout 4.8 - 17.0 inches
8 Rainbow trout 1.6 - 8.0 inches
1 Mottled sculpins 2.5 inches
Numerous fingerling trout and sculpins escaped through the large net.
Station 3. From a point 50 feet above the M-94 bridge, downstream 180 feet.
The water smelled of sewage and was turbid. Habitat was excellent for trout.
Efficiency poor due to swift turbid water. Pollution suspected.
1 Brook trout 6.1 inches
2 Rainbow trout 6.2 - 8.2 inches
3 Mottled sculpins 3.0 inches
1 Burbot 6.6 inches
The Munising WWTP outfall is located between stations 2 and 3 and is the source
of turbidity, sewage odors, and the notation "pollution suspected" found on the
fish survey forms. Station 3, downstream from the WWTP outfall, contained much
lower numbers of trout than did stations 1 and 2 above the outfall.
195
-------
1019
Biological Survey
On August 6, 1968 qualitative collections of benthic animal life were taken
above and below the Munising WWTP outfall. The species found at these stations
are tabulated in Table 1. The community structures are depicted according
to tolerance to pollution in Figure 2.
Stat ion AR-I. Upstream from the M-28 bridge. The clear water was flowing over
a sandy bottom. No rocky substrate was exposed. The bank was undercut, containing
some submerged branches. The aquatic moss Drepanocladus was scattered. No
algal growths were observed.
The branches along the bank were heavily populated with mayflies (Baet i s) and-
blackflies (Simulium). The intolerant scud Gammarus was very abundant. Intolerant
stoneflies (Nemoura), mayflies (Ameletus), and caddisflies (Trenton Jus,
Brachycentrus, Pycnopsyche) were represented. Certain midges were abundant
(Cricotopus Prodi amesa,, Metriocnemus) and aquatic worms (Naididae, Stylodrilus)
were occasional. Other animals included beetles, midges, dipterans, clams, and
fish.
The fauna of this river reach was diverse and balanced, characteristic of clean-
water conditions. Of the 2k species found in qualitative collections, six were
intolerant, 15 facultative, and three tolerant.
Station AR-2. Approximately 500 feet downstream from the WWTP outfall. The
water was swiftly flowing, turbid, and contained considerable sewage solids.
Toilet paper was common streaming on snags and floating in the water. Both
water and sediments emitted strong sewage odors. The sandy substrate was much
like that of station AR-1 except for a black sludge deposited along both margins.
Tolerant sowbugs (Asellus) were dominant in this river reach. Certain midges
(Hydrobaenus. Prodiamesa) were very abundant. The intolerant scud (Gammarus)
and caddisfly (Pycnopsyche) were found in very low numbers. The condition of the
habitat strongly suggests that these intolerant forms were the result of drift
from upstream by the extremely swift current. Animals found in low numbers
included other midges, clams, snails, and beetles.
The benthic community in this river reach is much more restricted than that found
upstream. Of the 18 species represented in collections, two were intolerant,
11 facultative, and five tolerant.
Discussion of Anna River Data
Fish survey stations 1 and 3 correspond generally with biological survey stations
AR-] and AR-2. Both surveys found cleanwater populations upstream and limited
populations downstream. Stream habitat was degraded by the accumulation of
black organic sludge and increased turbidity of sewage origin.
-------
1020
The normal action of an organic waste load in a river or stream is the exertion
of considerable stress upon dissolved oxygen concentrations. This is not so in
the Anna River. Because of the extremely low temperature (57 °F) and swift
flow, there is little effect upon dissolved oxygen before these wastes reach
South Bay. As a result the biological populations found downstream were of
an extremely limited nature, with many species barely represented by only one or
a very few individuals. In warmer receiving waters this discharge would most
probably result in a virtual destruction of the downstream fish and benthic animal
popu1 at ions.
SOUTH BAY
South Bay is the southern extension of Grand Island Harbor, located centrally
along the Michigan Lake Superior shoreline. It is a natural bay, approximately
2.5 miles long and 1.5 miles wide, surrounded by high rocky hills. Grand
Island lies directly offshore to the north providing excellent protection from
the strong Lake Superior winds. The water is deep, 50-80 feet in the inner bay
gradually increasing to over 200 feet in the outer bay. Numerous small tributary
streams enter along the eastern shoreline and the Anna River enters in the southern
extremity. The City of Munising borders the southeastern, southern, and south-
western shorelines. The outer bay maintains a good population of lake trout,
whitefish, and smelt. Yellow perch, herring, burbot, suckers, and bloaters are
also represented. The 22 benthic sampling stations in South Bay are located
in Figure 1. To facilitate interpretation of the macroinvertebrate findings of
this survey stations have been separated into two zones, the littoral and
profundal. This separation is necessary since shallow water samples cannot be
compared directly to deep water samples in a valid manner.
Littoral jone - Stations 1,2, 3, V*a, 5,6,1 3,1'V 8.19,21 , 22, 23
Fourteen bottom samples were taken at distances between kQO and 17,600 feet
from the river mouth at depths between 25 and 37 feet. Description of bottom
materials and sampling depths are presented in Table 2. In general the bottom
deposits of the littoral zone contained large quantities of bark, wood chips,
and woody frass. Wood chips made up the entire substrate sample at station 3-
Paper mache was the only substrate found at station k. The outer bay samples
(stations 19,21,22) contained considerable bark and wood buried deep in the red
c 1 ay.
Identifications and tabulations of the benthic fauna samples are presented in
Table 3, graphically illustrated in Figures 3 and k, and summarized in Table k.
With the exception of stations 3,^,^a, and 5, the littoral zone of South Bay
supported a diversified fauna, including many animals associated with clean
water environments. Intolerant animals included mayflies (Hexagenia limbata),
caddisflies (Psychomyiidae, Oecetis, Hystacides), scuds (Pontoporeia, Gammarus),
and midges (Hydrobaenus nivorundus, Diamesa campestris). Species representation
in the samples ranged from 9 to 27 species. The outer bay stations 18,19,21, and
22 contained exceptionally diverse benthic communities. Station 2 appeared to
be of marginal character.
197
-------
1021
Stations 3,^,^3, and 5 are at the extreme south end of South Bay in the vicinity
of the Kimberly-Clark discharge and the mouth of the Anna River. These stations
were found to contain very limited benthic commumities of pollution tolerant
midges (Proc lad ius, Prod i amesa) and sludgeworms (L imnodrilus). No animal life
was detected in the paper mache substrate of station k.
Profundal Zone - Stations 7.8.9,10,11,15,16,17
Eight Bottom samples were taken at distances of 2,000 to 7,^00 feet from the
Anna River mouth at depths between 53 and 90 feet (Table 2). Bottom materials
were generally a reddish-brown silt with considerable quantities of associated
bark, wood chips, and woody frass.
Identifications and tabulations of the benthic fauna samples are presented in
Table 5, graphically illustrated in Figure 5, and summarized in Table 6. These
data indicate conditions of degradation in the benthic communities at stations
7,10, and 11. Pollution tolerant midges (Proclad ius) and sludgeworms (L imnodr ilus)
dominate the limited community structure. Tolerant animals comprised 78 to 100
percent of the individuals collected at these locations.
The remaining profundal stations (8,9,15,16,17) contained reasonably diversified
faunas when considering the limiting factor of increased depth. The intolerant
scud Pontoporei a aff i n i s was the dominant animal, comprising 35 to 72 percent
of the individuals. Tolerant animals comprised only 9 to 27 percent of the
samples.
Littoral Zone - 1957 and 1968
Seven locations along the littoral zone were sampled both in 1957 and 1968 (1968
stations 1,2,3,6,19,22,23). A comparison of summary data from these two collection
dates is provided in Table 7 and the number of species by tolerance status is
depicted in Figure 6. These data show very little change occurring in the
benthic community structure of South Bay in the eleven years between measurements.
The similarities between sampling dates are remarkably close. Only at station
2 is there a difference and it is quite sharp. The number of species dropped
from 19 in 1957 to 9 in 1968. Most of the loss was in the facultative portion
of the community. As was mentioned earlier, station 2 is of marginal condition.
This decline from 1957 may be due to increased usage of the municipal dock for
boating activities.
Plankton Samples
Plankton samples of surface waters were taken at two locations in South Bay.
Analysis of these samples (Table 8) show the phytop]ankton to consist of very
low numbers of diatoms (Tabel1ar i a, Navicula, Cymbel1 a, Frag i1ar i a, and Aster ionel1 a)
both in the inshore and mid bay waters. Seechi disk readings were in excess of
20 feet throughout the whole bay.
-------
1022
Water Chemi stry
Water grab samples for chemical analysis were collected from southern inshore
waters of South Bay in the vicinity of the Kimberly-Clark discharge and the
Anna River mouth (Table 9)- At the time these samples were taken, Kimberly-
Clark was releasing red dye to the bay. Observations on the discolored waters
of South Bay determined that Kimberly-C1 ark1s wastewaters move northeast and east
into the bay. The wastewater was 20 °F warmer than the bay waters (66 °F)
and stayed at the surface. The cold (57 °F) Anna River water sunk underneath the
warmer bay waters and apparently moved straight out into the bay. Kimberly-
Clark's discharge contained a BOD of >20 mg/1 and suspended solids of 21 mg/1.
The Anna River water contributed a BOD of 7 mg/1 and suspended solids at 14.8 mg/1.
Dissolved oxygen profiles were taken at two locations, 900 feet north of the Kimberly-
Clark discharge and at mid bay south of benthic sample station 15(Table 10) . The
dissolved oxygen levels were at least 100% of the saturation value at the surface
and bottom for both profiles. More than sufficient dissolved oxygen was found
at all depths in both profiles.
Discussion of South Bay Data
The quantitative collections were used to closely evaluate the benthic macro-
invertebrate community of South Bay. Differences were found with respect to the
number of species capable of inhabiting the benthos; the type or quality of
organisms found; and conditions of balance within the benthic community structure
as shown by the number of species - number of animals relationship (Tables k and 6).
Generally, a natural, unpolluted aquatic environment will support many different
kinds of organisms but relatively few individuals of a given species because of
predation and competition for food and living space. The converse most often
exists in waters polluted with organic wastes. In such an environment, most
predators are eliminated by water quality or substrate changes. Living space
presents no problem because remaining organisms must be well adapted to live in
organic sludge and food is seemingly inexhaustable. Thus, as the environment
is degraded, the number of species that can tolerate this degradation becomes
smaller.
The type, or tolerance status, of species inhabiting a given environment provides
information as to the pollutional status of that environment. A biotic index
was used to evaluate those species found according to their ability to withstand
degraded environmental conditions. The formula B.I. = 2(l) + F was used, where
I = the number of intolerant species and F = the number of facultative species.
This weights the intolerants, includes the facultatives, and disregards the
tolerant forms. Lower values indicate reduced representation of the more sensftive
intolerant-facultative portion of the benthic community.
199
-------
1023
Margalef (195') determined that a diversity (d) measured by d = s-l/lnN (where
s = number of species, tnN = natural logarithm of number of individuals) could be
used to relate number of species to number of animals. Thus, when this method
is applied to aquatic communities, the higher values indicate greater diversity
or increased balance of the benthic community. These higher diversity values
indicate clean water conditions where many different kinds of organisms are
found, but few individuals. As conditions are degraded, fewer species and increased
numbers of individuals are found, resulting in an unbalanced benthic community.
This imbalance is reflected by low diversity values.
Differences between various portions of South Bay with respect to total numbers
of species, biotic index, and diversity index is presented in Table II. These
data show a cone-shaped zone of degradation encompassing approximately one mile
of shoreline and extending roughly 4,000 feet into South Bay (Figure 7)- In
addition the littoral community of the inner bay (Stations 1,2,6,13,and 14,
outside the zone of degradation) is less characteristic of clean water conditions
than that of the outer bay (Stations 18,19,21,22,and 23) and may be considered
as a zone of influence and the zone of clean water, respectively. Profundal
stations 8,9,15,16, and 17 are not classified.
It is impossible, with the data available, to define or separate the effects of
the individual discharges from the Munising WWTP and Kimberly-Clark upon the
benthic ecology of South Bay. It is obvious that past deposits of fiber and
wood are still exerting a considerable influence upon the benthic community of the
entire inner bay. Deposits of cellulose materials such as fibers, bark, and
wood chips are extremely resistant to biodegradation and retain their influence
upon the benthos for exceptionally long time spans.
The discharges from the Kimberly-Clark Corporation Munising Mill wood room and
production operations contributed large quantities of woody materials prior to
1959- Other sources of these woody deposits include: a veneer mill that once
operated at the south.end of the bay; a large Ford sawmill that once operated
along the west shore; the past practice of rafting logs in South Bay in which
considerable debarking occurred; and a small sawmill presently in operation just
south of the old Ford sawmill.
These deposits tend to mask any adverse effects that may result from the present
discharges by the WWTP and paper mill. Of the adverse conditions found within the
zone Of degradation, however, none could be attributed as a direct result of the
present discharges, although there is undoubtly a degree of influence exerted in
the close shoreline vicinities.
A comparison of seven stations sampled both in 1957 and 1968 shows virtually no
change in benthic community structure in the 11 years between measurements.
During this period marked improvements were made in paper mill waste control
and municipal sewage treatment.
Water chemistry of the extreme southern inshore waters shows a small increase
in suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand, but is of a very limited nature.
Dissolved oxygen in the mid bay and offshore waters was more than adequate (at
least 100 percent of the saturation value) at all depths. Planktonic algae
200
-------
1024
populations were comprised of very low numbers of diatoms. Seechi disk readings
were in excess of 20 feet throughout the bay. These data show no indications
of any adverse water quality existing in the water column of South Bay.
The benthic community measured in close proximity to the community septic tank
at the west side of South Bay was well balanced and provides no evidence of
adverse effects arising from that facility.
The benthic community just off the municipal dock was of marginal character. A
sharp decline from the species numbers present in 1957 was detected in 1968.
This may be due to increased pleasure boating activities in the vicinity and
the resulting losses to the bay of oils, sewage, and other materials.
Contribution of materials from the Anna River watershed above Munising should
be very limited and of no consequence to water quality.
SUMMARY
1. A biological survey was conducted on South Bay, Lake Superior, in the vicinity
of Munising, Michigan on August 6, 1968. Observations on the Anna River,
South Bay's major tributary, were made at the same time.
2. Studies on fish and benthic animal communities in the Anna River show clean
water populations upstream and limited populations downstream from the Munising
Wastewater Treatment Plant. The downstream populations are in a very delicate
balance with many species barely represented in the fauna. The extremely cold
water of the Anna River prevents the organic loading from exerting its full
effect upon the biological populations.
3. Most bottom sediments of South Bay contained large quantities of bark, wood
chips, and woody frass. These materials generally decreased in quantity
with increased distance from the southern end of South Bay. Two stations just
offshore from Kimberly-Clark contained completely artifical substrates, one
entirely of wood chips, the other entirely of paper -mache.
k. A cone-shaped area of degradation was identified in the southern portion of
Siouth Bay. This area encompassed approximately one mile of shoreline and
extended nearly ^,000 feet into the bay. The benthic community within this
area was severely limited, comprised mainly of pollution tolerant sludgeworms
and midges.
5. The remaining portion of South Bay supported a diversified benthic community
structure However the littoral communities found in the extreme outer bay
were much more diverse than those found in the littoral area of the inner
bay.
6. A comparison of benthic stations sampled in 1957 and 1968 showed remarkably
close community structures, indicating almost no changes during the 11 years
between measurements.
201
-------
1025
7. Plankton samples, dissolved oxygen profiles, and inshore measurements of
biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids show no adverse water quality
conditions in the water column of South Bay.
8. It appears that the principal source of degradation of South Bay, Lake
Superior, arises from previously deposited woody materials which are still
exerting a considerable influence upon the benthic ecology. This is
substantiated by data showing almost no change in the benthic community
between 1957 and 1968, even though marked improvements were made in paper
mill waste control and municipal sewage treatment during that period.
Field and laboratory work
supervised by: Ronald B. Willson, Aquatic Biologist
Report by: Ronald B. Willson
Water Quality Appraisal Unit
WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
References
1. Margalef, R. 1951. Diversidad de especies en las comunidades naturales.
Proc. Inst. Biol., Apl . 9, 5. J_n_Wilhm, Jerry, 1967. Comparison of some diversity
indices applied to populations of benthic macroinvertebrates in a stream receiving
organic wastes Jour. FPCF Vol. 39, No.10, Part 1:1673-1683.
2. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fish Division, Technical Records.
3. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Commission, Records.
dd
March 1969
202
-------
1026
Figure I. South Bay , Lake Superior Biological Sampling Locations
August 6 , 1968
f JhB 3 FL W
"N4 U e.u
Munlsing Mill
Div. Kimberly
N
MUNISING
EAST
MUNISING
Scale in Feat
0 1000 2OOO 30004000
203
-------
1027
Table 1. Benthic animals found in qualitative collections during a biological investigation
of the Anna River, Munising, Alger County, Michigan, August 6, 1968. Relative abundance
of organisms is indicated by VA(very abundant ,> 25) , A(abundant, \\~2k) C (common, 6-10),
0(occasional, 2-5), and P(present, 1).
Tolerance
Stotus
F
T
F
T
T
F
T
T
1
F
F
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
!
1
F
F
F
1
F
1
F
F
F
Station
Stat ion
Scientific name Location
Stylodrilus herinqianus
Asel lus mi 1 i tar i s
Hydrobaenus sp.
Prodiamesa sp.
Prodiamesa olivacea
Metriocnemus lundbecki
Physa sp.
P i s id ium sp
Gammarus fasciatus
Smittia ephemerae
Calopsectra
Pycnopsyche sp.
Hydaticus sp.
Anatopyn i a sp.
Odontomesa fulva
Tanytarsus sp.
Glyptotend ipes lobiferus
Naid idae
Anacaena 1 imbata
Chrysops sp.
Nemoura sp.
Amcletus ludens7
Baet is sp .
Stenelmi s sp .
S imu 1 i um sp.
Trentonius distinctus
Hydropsych idae
Brachycentrus americanus
Cot tus bai rdii
Cricotopus trifasciatus
01 igochaeta(aquat ic earthworms)
Total number of species
Number of intolerant species(l)
Number of facultative species(F)
Number of tolerant species(T)
AR-1
M-28 bridge above
Muni sine] WWTP
0
A
P
A
P
A
P
0
A
P
P
P
P
0
0
VA
P
C
C
0
0
0
C
0
2k
6
15
3
AR-I
500' above
Munisinq WWTP
0
VA
VA
VA
A
C
0
0
0
0
0
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
18
2
1 1
5
20k
-------
1028
Figure 2. Number of animal species found in qualitative samples depicted according
to their tolerance status, Anna River, Munising, Alger County, Michigan, August 6,
1968.
25
20
o
0)
CL
0)
XI
13
10
AR-
AR-2
WWTP
Stat ions
-------
1029
I .000
'.00
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Fiqure 5- Number of benthic animal species and individuals and their tolerance
status for ciqht quantitative profundal samples from South Ray, Lake Superior,
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1041
Table 10. Dissolved oxygen profiles of South Bay, Lake Superior, Munising, Michigan
August 6, 1968.
Inshore
900' north of
K-C discharge
Mi dbay
vicini ty of
benthie station
Depth(feet)
Dissolved Dissolved
oxygen Temperature oxygen Temperature
mq/1 C mq/1 C
Surface
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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10.4
11.0
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10.8
66
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218
-------
1042
Table 11. Average biotic index, diversity index, and number of species found in portions
of South Bay, Lake Superior, Munising, Michigan, August 6, 1968.
X >C JT
Biotic Diversity Number
index index of species
Littoral zone of degradation
(Stations 3,4,4a,5) 0.25 0.375 2.75
Inner bay-littoral zone
(Stations 1,2,6,13,1'*) 9-80 2.028 13.20
Outer bay-littoral zone
(Stations 18,19,21,22,23) 17-^0 3.188 21.00
Profundal zone of degradation
(Stations 7,10,11) 1.33 0.768 4.33
Profundal zone
(Stations 8,9,15,16,17) 5.20 U29 6.80
219
-------
1043
Figure 7. South Bay , Lake Superior Zone of Benthic Degradation
August 6, 1968
MUNISING
Til
EAST
MUNISING
N
Scale m Feat
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_Munismg Mill
^ Div. Kimberly
•Ne Clark Corp.
220
, a Jl /. /
-------
1044 '
Joseph Bctl
MR. PURDY: I would like to call on Joseph Bal, our Upper
Peninsula District Engineer, to present information on matters relating
to the Montreal River and waste discharges from Michigan sources that
might contribute to pollution of the Montreal River»
STATEMENT OF JOSEPH BAL, UPPER PENINSULA
DISTRICT ENGINEER, STATE OF MICHIGAN,
LANSING, MICHIGAN
MR. BAL: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentlemen:
I have personally made a sanitary survey of the Montreal
River from a point above the cities of Ironwood and Hurley to a point
below the city of Ironwood and Hurley at the Ironwood sewage treatment
facility.
To the best of my knowledge, the only discharge to the
Montreal River from the Michigan side of the river is the effluent from
the secondary sewage treatment plant operated by the City of Ironwood,,
We have listed in our summary that Mr. Turney gave you
the Superior Packing Company and the William E. Maki Slaughterhouse.
These are 1-day-a-week operations that are in the basin. These waste
discharges do not reach the Montreal River0 Ironwood Township and the
discharges to its tributary, the City of Ironwood discharges directly
to the river; Erwin Township had a septic tank with a drain field.
MR. PURDY: I will call on Mr. Courchaine to give informa-
tion with respect to the quality of the discharge from the Ironwood
wastewater treatment plant.
-------
1045
Cletus Courchaine
Do we have any questions of Mr. Bal?
MR. DOMTNICK: Mr« Frangos.
MR. FRANGOS: Mr. Bal, were you able to reach any conclusions
with respect to any pollution sources from the Wisconsin side of the
Montreal River?
MR. BAL: No, sir, I did noto This was a sanitary survey
merely to find out what was being discharged from our side of the
river.
MR. FRANGOS: Thank you.
MR. PURDY: I would like to call on Mr. Cletus Courchaine
of the Upper Michigan Office of the Michigan Department of Public
Health„
STATEMENT OF CLETUS COURCHAINE,
UPPER MICHIGAN OFFICE, MICHIGAN
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH,
ESCANABA, MICHIGAN
MR. PURDY: Mr, Courchaine, in your capacity in charge of
the Upper Peninsula office of the Michigan Department of Public Health
you receive operating reports from the City of Ironwood with respect
to the operation of their wastewater treatment facility. On the basis
of this report, could you describe the degree of treatment and effluent
quality from this treatment plant?
MR. COURCHAINE: Yes, I will.
I would like to call your attention to Appendix H and
Appendix J.
-------
1046
Cletus Courchaine
Appendix J, first, presents typical data on the activated
sludge plant at Ironwood. This is the only plant that discharges
directly into the Montreal River. The plant is operated by a person
certified as to competency by our Department„ He is a Class B
operator, which is the class of this plant.
Approximately 90 percent of the BOD is removed on a year-
round basis from this facility.
In Appendix H I have data, bacteriological data. This
is on Page 85. The arithmetic average for the data presented is
317, and the tests are by the Millipore method,,
Mr« Chairman, I have additional information on bacterio-
logical quality from this plant and if it is satisfactory, I would
like to present this.
I have additional bacteriological data from this plant,
Mr. Chairman, and I would like to present it if it is satisfactory.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be accepted for the record.
(The above-mentioned table follows:)
-------
et
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O p O Q Q O
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I I I I I I
1047
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-------
1048
Dr. Ralph MacMullan
MR. COURCHAINE: To summarize this data, it is a year's
bacteriological data, and it shows 69 samples. The samples range
between 100 and 2,500, and there are just five over 1,000 coliform
per 100 ml. The arithmetic average of those is 490 coliform per 100 ml.
I would be happy to answer any questions if you have any.
I consider this a very well operated activated sludge
plant.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Are there any questions?
(No response«, )
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you very much.
MR. PURDY: At this time I would like to call upon
Asa Wright for a statement on behalf of Dr. Ralph MacMullan, the
Director of the Department of Natural Resources.
STATEMENT OF DR. RALPH A. MACMULLAN,
DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES, STATE OF MICHIGAN,
LANSING, MICHIGAN, (READ BY MR. ASA WRIGHT)
MR. WRIGHT: Mr. Chairman, conferees:
On behalf of Di". Ralph MacMullan I would like to read the
following statement and have it recorded in the minutes of this
conference.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be received.
-------
1049
Dr. Ralph MacMullan
MR. WRIGHT: The statement reads as follows:
The waters of Lake Superior are believed to be as pristine
in nature as any waters might be in this age of technological advance
and human population explosion. We deplore any form of effluent dis-
charge into these waters, or any discharge of foreign materials that
result in shoreline changes or bottom deposits that are, or may become,
injurious to water quality or aquatic life.
Some of the problems we have seen in the past have been:
(1) discharges of brines, and suspended and settleable solids from
mine operations; (2) inputs of persistent pesticides, deposition of
fibrous organic mats, discharges of toxic liquors and highly colored
wastes from a variety of agricultural and industrial operations;
(3) releases of heated wastewater from manufacturing and electric
power generating plants; and (4) discharges of untreated or inadequately
treated human wastes.
Interstate water quality standards have been proposed and
adopted by the State of Michigan for the waters of Lake Superior. We
believe that all water control agencies would be derelict to permit
degradation of Lake Superior waters, even down to these standards. The
State of Michigan has a fine pollution control law and a strong Water
Resources Commission, and I am confident that this Commission, working
with the Department of Natural Resources, will fully implement our
water quality program and enforce the provisions of our Water Resources
Commission Act. To this and, the electorate of Michigan have indicated
their concern for clean water through the passage of a $335 million
bonding program to assist in financing municipal waste treatment facili-
ties.
-------
1050
B. Dale Ball
Rehabilitation of the sport and commercial fisheries of
Lake Superior is currently under way, at considerable expense to the
bordering States, the Province of Ontario, and the Canadian and
United States Governments. This expense will be justified by the
tangible and intangible benefits which are even now being realized.
Any activities which tend to depreciate water quality or have a harmful
effect upon the aquatic environment must be held to be improper and in
conflict with the public trust in the waters of Lake Superior, and in
violation of the Michigan Water Resources Act.
That concludes the statement.
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
MR. FRANCOS: Mr. Chairman, may we have copies of that
statement? Are they available?
MR. PURDY: We will make copies and distribute them to
the conferees later in the day.
MR. WRIGHT: There were copies made.
MR. PURDY: Fine. Thank you.
I now have a statement to present on behalf of B. Dale Ball,
Director, of the Department of Agriculture. Again, we will make copies
and have them available for the conferees and the reporter.
STATEMENT OF B. DALE BALL, DIRECTOR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, STATE OF
MICHIGAN, LANSING, MICHIGAN, (READ
BY RALPH PURDY.)
-------
1051
B. Dale Ball
MR. PURDY: It is addressed to The Honorable Walter J.
Hickel.
Gentlemen: May 6, 1969
The Michigan Department of Agriculture is very much
involved in the management of Michigan Natural Resources, including
the resource which is the subject of this conference.
The Director of Agriculture is a member of the Michigan
Water Resources Commission, the Air Pollution Control Commission,
and is the Chairman of the State Soil Conservation Committee. The
Director of Agriculture is also Chairman of the Drainage Boards for
the more than 1,000 established intercounty drains within the State.
I cite this to illustrate the extent of the Department's responsibility
and commitment to the management of the State's natural resources.
In considering the subject of this conference and its
relation to agriculture', it must be recognized that agriculture, as
an industry within the Michigan portion of the Lake Superior Basin,
is very limited.
There are three aspects of agriculture which may be of
concern in the matter of water pollution. They are, sedimentation,
nutrients from fertilizers and animal wastes, and agricultural
pesticides. We are not aware that any of these constitute a pollu-
tion problem in the Michigan waters of Lake Superior as a result of
agriculture in the Michigan portion of the Lake Superior Basin.
Agriculture has repeatedly demonstrated an eager willing-
ness to accept newly developed materials and techniques scientifically
tested for the control of soil erosion, plant and insect pests, and
-------
1052
B. Dale Ball
the efficient use of crop nutrients.
The facts are conclusive that Michigan is taking aggres-
sive action in the conservation of our water resources.
Our pesticide research facilities are among rhe most
advanced in th 2 wor^d.
The Michigan Department of Agriculture has taken timely
action to reduce the unnecessary use of the hard pesticides.
I might amplify on this, in that Mr. Ball is speaking on
the action taken by the Department of Agriculture to ban the sale of
DDT in the State of Michigan.
(Continued reading.)
Soil Conservation districts are carrying out an active
program in soil and water management throughout the State.
Legislation is now being enacted in the State to implement
a $335 million bond issue for public waste disposal facilities.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission is now carrying
out, and will continue to carry out, a comprehensive program of
pollution abatement to protect and preserve the quality of water of
Lake Superior.
We are of the opinion that the State of Michigan is
undertaking measures that are wholly adequate to abate and prevent
the pollution of the waters of Lake Superior and its tributary basin
and that there are no delays being encountered in the measures being
undertaken by the State of Michigan.
This n'tw couplstes the statements to be presented by
State agencies, and I would now like to present the conclusions from
-------
R. W. Purdy
Page 45 of our report.
STATEMENT OF RALPH W. PURDY, EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY, MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES
COMMISSION, LANSING, MICHIGAN
MR. PURDY: The citizens and government of Michigan are
very keenly aware of the value of clean water, both in Lake Superior
and in inland lakes and streams. The people have supported and the
State government has developed broadscale and fast-moving programs
of pollution control.
Michigan law provides a full and effective statutory basis
for preventing and controlling pollution. The State Legislature has
repeatedly shown its willingness to enact additional laws as the need
for them emerges.
Through its Water Resources Commission, its Department of
Public Health and its Geological Survey, Michigan has an aggressive,
effective and large-scale program of water pollution control in
active operation. The Michigan plan for effectuating this program
in 1968-1969 has been fully approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
The State has an ongoing and appropriately expanding
program of waste disposal surveillance and water quality monitoring
which is fully responsive to the needs for detecting and identifying
its pollution problems.
The Water Resources Commission and Department of Public
Health have amply demonstrated that when pollution problems are
-------
1054
R. W. Purdy
identified they can and do take proper corrective action.
The State Legislature has responded to Executive requests
for successive increases in State expenditures for pollution control.
Michigan's $355 million clean water bond proposal was
approved in November 1968 by Michigan voters by a 2 to 1 margin.
This bond program when fully implemented will provide substantial
grant assistance to municipalities and townships for the construction
of sewage treatment works and for construction of sewer systems to
correct improper sewage discharges.
The Water Resources Commission has adopted water quality
standards for all waters, together with a plan for implementation
and enforcement of the interstate standards.
Michigan has only one small municipal wastewater discharge
and one industrial and two electirc power generating plants which
make a direct discharge of wastewaters to Lake Superior. These
discharges have only a minor effect on water quality in the immediate
area of discharge and, with the exception of the municipal discharge,
are considered to have no pollutional effect on the waters of Lake
Superior.
In accordance with the Commission's plan of implementation
of its interstate water quality standards, correction of the municipal
discharge will be accomplished on or before June 1, 1972.
There are four coastal communities with a combined 1960
population of approximately 29,000 which discharge primary treated
and chlorinated effluent into intrastate waters. Again, with the
exception of minor effects on water quality in the immediate river
-------
1055
R. W. Purdy
river mouth areas, these discharges have not been determined to
have a pollutional effect on the waters of Lake Superior, except for
the phosphorus nutrients added to the lake waters.
One industrial discharge into intrastate waters, near the
mouth, has been determined to result in occasional taste and odor
problems in a Lake Superior community water supply. A corrective
program is being pursued with this industry and it is fully expected
that a timely schedule will be developed for an early solution to the
problem.
The Michigan agencies recognize the pollution problems
on waters tributary to Lake Superior and have in operation aggressive
programs for their full and timely correction. The present deficiencies
in waste treatment at inland locations do not contribute to pollutional
conditions in Lake Superior except as a residual phosphorus loading
carries on down to the lake.
The Water Resources Commission recognizes the phosphorus
problem in accelerating stream and lake water enrichment and has
adopted a State-wide policy and comprehensive program for phosphate
removal from waste discharges, with scheduled early completion dates.
In addition to the conclusions that we have presented
as a part of the report, we have presented additional information
with respect to waste discharges to the Montreal River from Michigan
sources. We believe that the additional information substantiates
our conclusions that Michigan sources have provided adequate treat-
ment of waste discharges to this interstate river.
The details of the report also show the action that the
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1056
R. W. Purdy
Michigan Water Resources Commission has taken to prevent the discharge
of tailings into inter- or intrastate waters. This will show that one
mill that disposes of approximately 25,000 tons per day of tailings
discharges these tailings to on-land disposal site with overflow
water. The other tailings disposal operation within the Lake Superior
Basin has an entirely closed system.
Do you have any questions on the statement of our
conclusions?
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any questions?
MR. BADALICH: Mr. Chairman, Mr. Purdy, referring to
Page 46, what is the degree of removal of phosphates that you referred
to in your last paragraph?
MR. PURDY: We have asked for a minimum of 80 percent
total phosphorus removal.
MR. BADALICH: Thank you.
MR. PURDY: The outside date is June 1, 1977. If a new
plant is constructed or an existing plant is expanded, phosphorus
removal facilities must be constructed as a part of the construction
program.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Stein.
MR. STEIN: Mr. Purdy, you talk about your programs for
the full and timely corrections. Do I assume that you do, as you
have in other parts of the State, have orders issued against sources
of pollution and stipulations on file with the Commission to secure
remedial action?
MR. PURDY: We do not have this in all cases at the
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1057
R. W. Purdy
present time, but if those are not received, such action will be
taken by the Commission.
MR. STEIN: The question is you don't have orders on it
as yet?
MR. PURDY: No.
MR. DOMINICK: I think that Mr. Stein is reading from the
second to the last paragraph in your conclusions. Have you set out
in your report anywhere in the index a listing of your correction
schedules and a listing of those instances where orders are now
outstanding?
MR. PURDY: Yes, the appendices to the report include
all formal actions. In addition to that we have included outside
dates for correction, i.e. the municipal problems to be corrected by
June 1, 1972; the industrial problems to be corrected by 1970; and,
if we do not have programs established in advance of those dates,
the Commission will take action to establish them.
MR. DOMINICK: Very good. Thank you.
Are there any other questions?
(No response.)
MR. PURDY: I now have a statement to present on behalf
of Senator Thomas Schweigert, President of the Michigan State Senate.
MR. DOMINICK: It will be made a part of the record.
(The above-mentioned letter was read and follows.)
MR. PURDY: I have a statement on behalf of the Michigan
United Conservation Clubs, by James L. Rouman, Executive Director.
I have copies that I can distribute to the conferees and
-------
1058
THE .SENATE
LANSIKZ3CHIGAN
THIRTY-BtVIMTH DISTRICT «£SS«n£X PRESIDENT
THOMAS F. BCHWEIGERT
92D CABT MITCHELL
PETOBKEY, 4977D
\ •' :'
To: Mr. Ralph Purdy [:;,,' 'j . *bo9
Water Resources Commission
Date: May 9, 1969 ' . ''"
Statement of Senator Thomas F. Schweigert, President of the Michigan State
Senate:
Alerted by longtime pollution which has rendered Lake Erie a "dead lake" and
more recent evidences of growing serious pollution problems of Lake Michigan,
residents of Michigan last November approved a $335 million bond issue with
which to combat pollution.
Of that amount, $285 million will be used to construct sewage treatment plants
around the State.
The Legislature has just completed determining how the money should be allocated-.
Primarily, it will be handled under the direction of the Water Resources Com-
mission.
We were disappointed because the Federal government did not come through with
what had been expected in matching funds and it appears we are going to have
to bear most of our burden alone even though use of the five Great Lakes trans-
cends Michigan's problems.
Up to now, we have not been greatly perturbed about pollution in Lake Superior.
But we have learned from Lake Erie, which appears beyond redemption, and Lake
Michigan, which is rapidly approaching a point where it will be impossible to
reverse the encroachment of pollution.
So, while we fully recognize the economic importance of the mining industry to
Minnesota and Michigan, we stand ready to do all in our power to prevent damage
to the magnificent Lake Superior.
We sincerely hope that the mining companies and other industrial users of Lake
Superior can be encouraged to speed up pollution controls in their operations
to insure Lake Superior against the same fate that has struck Lake Erie and
that is rapidly polluting Lake Superior.
TFS:mes
-------
1059
J. L. Roumon
to the reporter, and I ask that it be placed in the record.
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
MR. STEIN: Mr. Purdy, while you are doing that, I
wonder if I would go back to the original statement.
You talk about phosphate removal. What percent are you--
MR. PURDY (interrupting): Eighty percent total as a
minimum.
MR. STEIN: As a minimum?
MR. PURDY: Yes.
MR. STEIN: The control conference recommended well over
90 percent.
MR. PURDY: Yes, sir.
I have a statement of White Pine Copper Company by E. R.
Bingham, Director of Quality Control. I would like to read this
statement into the record because it points out the waste control
operations of a very important mining operation in Michigan.
(The above-mentioned statement was read and follows.)
MR. PURDY: I also have a statement by the National
Audubon Society, Edward M. Brigham III, Regional Representative.
(The above-mentioned statement was read and follows.)
I have an additional statement by Mr. W. L. Robinson, a
member of the Steering Committee of the Citizens to Save the
Superior Shoreline.
(The above-mentioned statement was read and follows.)
I have a request from George G. Mallinson, Dean, Western
Michigan University School of Graduate Studies, to present a
statement.
-------
1060
MUCC
MICHIGAN U N i T E D C O N S E R V A ISO N C L U 8 S 1
1120 East Oakland Avenue
PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENTS
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J3CI S,•-,<•> '/lO'.'.-i-o 1(^1.
TREASURER
G Go'^on rio^Li Jt 4
N W.F. REPRESENTATIVE AND ALTERNATE
Jone^L Gc^oro,.,, I I3i7 Co^-i-bu Dun,,' M,, i 1t)21 •
Jo,scr P ~^a.' .1- PO 8o»2i; ) ,»:„" MI.-I 1
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STATEMENT OF MICHIGAN UNITED CONSERVATION CLUBS
By: James L. Rouman, Executive Director
Federal Conference on Pollution of Lake Superior and Tributary Basin
Duluth, Minnesota - May 13, 1969
Michigan United Conservation Clubs is a statewide citizens'
organization of 350 affiliate clubs with total membership of 106,000.
State headquarters are at 1120 East Oakland Avenue, Lansing, Michigan.
MUCC publishes a monthly tabloid magazine, MICHIGAN OUT-OF-DOORS, which
is mailed to all members.
We in MUCC are concerned with all aspects of natural resources
management, environmental quality, conservation education and outdoor
recreation. Therefore we welcome this opportunity to present our statement
in regard to pollution of Lake Superior and its tributary basin.
MUCC has for many years been concerned with the control of all
forms of pollution. We recognize that Lake Superior is a very unique
part of the Great Lakes system and we are hopeful that every effort will
be made to eliminate sources of pollution so that no degradation will
take place.
"STATE WIDE"
"To Further and Advance Conservation in All of Its Phases"
-------
1061
-2-
MUCC has enjoyed an exceptionally fine cooperative relationship
with the Michigan Water Resources Commission, particularly during the
past several years when this State has been involved in the setting of
inter and intra-state water quality standards. We also are keenly
interested in legislative efforts to provide for financing of pollution
control measures, and accordingly played a major role in promotion of the
$335 million clean water bonding program and the $100 million recreation
bonding program approved by Michigan voters in November, 1968.
Another significant item of anti-pollution effort as far as
Michigan is concerned involves the efforts of several legislators to allow
Upper Peninsula mining companies to dewater mines in the Upper Peninsula.
A recent session of the legislature had amended the Water Resources Act
in such a way as to exclude copper and iron mining operations from its
provisions. Subsequently the Water Resources Commission received an
application to permit the use of Hill Creek — a small but fairly important
trout strean in the Upper Peninsula — by the Calumet and Hecla Mining
Company for the disposal of waters ccitaining extremely high concentrations
of chloride from its mine in Houghton County. If permitted, this dewatering
would have completely destroyed for many years the fish and wildlife
abounding in this stream which flows into Lake Superior. In an opinion
issued on January 27, 1969, Attorney General Frank J. Kelley made the
fullest use of Art. 4, Sec. 52 of the Constitution of 1963, which declared
the state's public policy to be that the air, water and other natural
resources of the state were to be protected from pollution, impairment and
-------
1062
-3-
destruction, and enjoined the legislature to pass laws to that effect.
Consequently, Attorney General Kelley ruled that the legislature could
not by exclusion of particular industries in effect permit pollution of
the waters of the state and thus violate the mandate of the Constitution.
Michigan United Conservation Clubs had been in communication
both with the Attorney General Department and the Water Resources
Commission in regard to this situation and we were much gratified by
the opinion which upheld our position that the waters of Hill Creek and
ultimately Lake Superior should not be degraded by the disposal of mining
wasters. On February 9, 1969 the MUCC Board of Directors passed a resolu-
tion commending Attorney General Kelley "for his courage in approving the
recent opinion regarding prohibiting use of the waters of Hill Creek for
the disposal of liquid mine wastes."
We in MUCC believe that due to the joint cooperative efforts of
our state agencies and alert citizens' organizations, Lake Superior has
thus far been fairly well protected from pollution emanating from sources
in this state. It is our sincere hope that efforts by all agencies and
organizations will continue to improve and additional anti-pollution
measures will be taken to keep Lake Superior as clean as possible.
MUCC as the leader of citizens' conservation organizations in
this State will continue its active interest to this end.
We respectfully request that this statement be made a part of
the official conference record.
James L. Rouman
Executive Director
-------
1063
WHITE PINE COPPER COMPANY
A SUBSIDIARY OF COPPER RANGE COMPANY
May 13, 1969
VVH(T6 PINE, MICHIGAN
4D971
MS-SI It
AREA COOS «0«
Statement on behalf of the White Pine Copper Company, White Pine, Ontonagon
County, Michigan, at the Conference on Pollution of Lake Superior, Duluth,
Minnesota, May 13, 1969. By: E. R. Bingham, Director of Quality Control,
White Pine Copper Company. ;
Gentlemen:
White Pine Copper Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Copper
Range Company, New York City, operates a copper mine, mill and smelter
in Ontonagon County in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The minesite is located
about five miles from Lake Superior, mostly in Section 4, T 50 N, R 42 W.
As an integrated primary copper producer, the plant generates the
following wastes that could conceivably affect the quality of the designated re-
ceiving water, the Mineral River.
1. Approximately 24, 000 TPD of finely ground silicious mill flotation
tailings.
2. Sewage and waste water from the adjacent townsite and the plant
in a quantity representing a total population of about 2,500 persons.
3. Miscellaneous wastes from the operation including ash blowdown
from a coal-fired steam power plant, accidental oil spills, tail-
ings spills resulting from equipment malfunction., and. storm run-
off water from the plantsite area.
Control and Treatment
1. Mill Tailings - This material is pumped to an impoundment area
where the solids are settled out prior to decanting the carrier
water to the natural drainage.
This discharge has been regulated by an Order of Determination
from the Michigan Water Resources Commission, first issued on
October 26, 1955, under the authority of Michigan PA245 - 1929.
-------
1064
Statement on behalf of the White Pine Copper Company
Page 2
May 13, 1969
This Order designates the Mineral River as the receiving water, .
limits the discharge to 16, 000 GPM maxi.num, and sets specific
limits on turbidity (30 ppm), suspended salids (25 ppm), and pH
(7.5 to 10.4). Further, the Order contains a general prohibition
against any chemical substance which would render the waters un-
suitable Cor domestic, commercial or industrial water supply uses,
or would be toxic to humans, animal, fish, or other aquatic life
forma.
In implementing the water quality standards set in 1967 under U,S.
PL 84-660, the Mineral River was further protected for intolerant
fish, warm water species, and for anadromous fish migration.
The clarified water is decanted from a single point inside the tail-
ings impoundment. A simple wierboard arrangement allows the
flow to be shut off when wind conditions cause roiling to the point
where the turbidity limit is approached. The outflow remains
closed until the water clarifies.
Because of the control measures used on this effluent and the very
high inherent purity of the tailings water decanted, the company has
always received a Class "A" rating in the Michigan Water Resource
Commission's annual review of the state's industries.
Sewage and Waste Water - The main plant and townsite sewage
effluent has secondary treatment pi .s chlorination, in a plant
designed for a. 900, 000 GPD input. The average flow through the
plant is 300, 000 GPD. As with the tailings effluent, the Mineral
River is the designated receiving water.
Secondary treatment is also provided at two outlying mine shafts
by means of appropriately sized package treatment plants.
These plants, maintained by two licensed operators plus other per-
sonnel, meet the present state requirements in every way.
In accordance with a directive received from the Michigan Water
Resources Commission on 2/5/68, plans are in progress for the
removal of phosphorous compounds from the main sewage plant
affluent. At present, analytical data and flow rates are being com-
piled for the engineering and design to follow. The target date for
installation of a system is the summer of 1971.
-------
1065
Statement on behalf of the White Pine Copper Company
Page 3
May 13, 1969
3. Miscellaneous Waste Water System - The drainage from the
immediate plant site area empties into Bedell Creek which
flow north two miles to its confluence with the Mineral River.
A check dam holding 5 million gallons has been placed just
downstream from the plant with a system designed to lift sub-
standard water to the main tailings dam one-half mile away,
and to skim and retain any oil accidently'spilled in the plant
site. The system's primary purpose is to prevent tailings
spills from reaching the natural drainage.
Ash blowdown material is directed into the tailings sumps
and pumped with the tails to the main impoundment where it
settles out with the other solids.
Periodic inspections are made of the various facilities in
the plant site, and strict directives are in force concerning
the disposal of waste lubricants, toxic chemicals, boiler
washdown water, and any other toxic or deleterious materials
that could reach the natural drainage,
4. Water Quality Monitoring - A systematic program of sampling
and analysis is in force on all of the effluents from the plant
site. Truck-mounted equipment is used for field measurement
and sampling, and modern analytical instruments and methods are
utilized in both the water treatment laboratory and in the process
control laboratory.
Reports on the various effluents are submitted tc the appropriate
state agencies where required.
5. Future Abatement Practice - In addition to the removal of phos-
phate from the sewage effluent, the following projects are current:
1. Construction of a new tailings impoundment of 2, 400 acres
just north of the existing structure. The latter will be full
in the fall of 1970.
2c A feasibility study on the use of a polymer type settling
agent in place of the lime currently used to clarify tailings
water.
6. Conclusion - Insofar as we know, using the best analytical methods
and measurement techniques known to us at this time, the White Pine
Operation is complying with all state and federal water quality stan-
dards for Lake Superior.
n
-------
1066
NORTH MIDWEST REGIONAL OFFICE
P.O. Box 125 • Atlas, Michigan 48411 • 313-436-2778
May JA, 1969
A statement by Edward M. Brlgham, III, Regional Represent-
ative, National Audubon Society to the Lake Superior En-
forcement Conference, Duluth, Minnesota, May 13-lA, 1969.
*#«•*******•#**#*
Mr. Chairman, distinguished experts in the field of -water
quality. I come not as an expert witness on water pollu-
tion; but as a concerned citizen representing the Nation-
al Audubon Society. My region includes the three Lake
Superior states.
Water pollution is really a misnomer, it is really people
pollution; and since none of us, I dare say, arrived at
this conference by horse and carriage, we all are polluters,
even though indirectly so. People pollute and people are
going to have to un-pollute. This is the reason for this
important conference.
It appears that not all are in agreement as to Just how
much taconite, what level of waste heat, or the precise
number of parts per million of DDT constitute a threat to
water quality. What happens when knowledgeable people
disagree? Dare we accept the counsel of the optimist?
What if he is wrong? Must we not decide on that course
of action that will preserve the greatest number of options
for the future?
An ecologically based decision—one which tends to preserve
the natural variability within an ecosystem—is more
likely to insure more environmental options than a de-
cision based on economic considerations alone.
Today fish eating birds of prey are in a precarious posi-
tion because of DDT compounds which interfere with the
enzyme/hormone system of these birds. Such interference
leads to catastrophically thin egg shells, hence to break-
age and reduced hatching success. DDT should have been
banned a decade or more ago. Efforts to do so now are
being fought by the agri-Industrial complex, which has
for years cried that proof of damage was lacking or in-
conclusive. What evidence would they have? What proof
would be enough?
-------
1067
Lake Superior Conf. Page 2 Brigham
It appears from the record that there are technological
alternatives which would eliminate or alleviate the
major pollution problems being discussed at this con-
ference. The oft heard argument that some alternatives
are not economically feasible is Indefensible when a
continuation of the present course promises ecological
detriment. We are beginning to realize that economic
wellbeing ultimately depends on the ecological health
of the biosphere.
I urge this conference to call for a halt to the danger-
ous "ecological brinksmanship11 that sa.ys, "let's wait,
there is not enough evidence yet." Our system of law
says that a man is innocent until guilt is established
beyond reasonable doubt. This same code cannot apply
to pollutants and polluters; with these we need to in-
voke the Napoleonic code* guilty until proven innocent.
With Lake Superior there will be no second chance for
a millenium.
** A footnote to the matter of eggshell thinness: Nation-
al Audubon Society's Research Department has recently re-
ported finding the ultimate in thin egg shells in the nest
of a bald eagle in northern Michigan: an egg with no
shell whatsoeverI
-------
1068
UJkU ,- K^t,0^vC<^ ND'-v
o .? c. •-<. 1 1- ' <•,
.
\<-. .J .- ^ - ^c «_ o^ t o' W Vv'i »— o( .VO.VCL -^^.OCric^ '.
A group of over fifty people in Marquette County, Michigan,
located on the south shore of Lake Superior have recently formed
an organization called Citizens to Save the Superior Shoreline.
As a member of the steering committee of this group I have been
asked by vote at a meeting of May 5, 1969, to submit for your
consideration the following statement;
Citizens to Save the Superior Shoreline strongly believe that
the long-term benefits of maintaining the high quality and
purity of the water of Lake Superior far outweigh any
advantages of poorly-planned industrial development. We urge
that appropriate Federal action be taken against any industry
or agency found guilty of violating the Federal Pollution
Control Act.
Respectfully submitted,
William L. Robinson
Member, Steering Committee
Citizens to Save the Superior
Shoreline
-------
1069
G. G. Mallinson
STATEMENT OF DR. GEORGE G. MALLINSON,
DEAN, WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL
OF GRADUATE STUDIES, KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN
DR. MALLINSON: Thank you, Mr. Purely,
I am George G, Mallinson, Dean of the School of
Graduate Studies of Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,
Michigan, My home address is 535 Kendall Avenue, Kalamazoo,
Michigan, but I am a property owner in Silver Bay, Minnesota,
I am here today in several capacities„ One is
as President-Elect of the Michigan Academy of Science, which
has corporate headquarters in Ann Arbor; President-Elect of the
Central States Universities, Inc., which uses the facilities of
Argonne National Laboratory, which has corporate headquarters
in Argonne, Illinois; the School of Science and Mathematics, which
has corporate headquarters in Bloomington, Indiana; also Ohio
University; Kent State University; Toledo University; Miami
University; Bowling Green State University; "Western Michigan
University; Ball State University; DePaul University; University
of Northern Iowa; Northern Michigan University; Southern Illinois
University; University of Detroit; Northern Illinois University.
I want to make it clear for the record that I do not
consider myself today an official representative of any of these
groups. This was done at my request, since I did not wish to prepare
a report or a statement for an endorsement by any of these groups
-------
1070
G. G. Mallinson
until I had the opportunity to listen to some of the statements that
were made by others that were not availed to me prior to my being here.
I have a prepared statement. I request of Mr. Purdy
that it be submitted as a matter of record.
Within the next two weeks this statement that I have
prepared and that is being submitted will go to the Executive Board
of the Michigan Academy, the Board of Directors of the Central States
Universities, Inc.; provided it is not privileged, it will appear as
the editorial in the School of Science and Mathematics in the forth-
coming issue.
Mr. Dominick, may I request whether this may be done?
MR. DOMINICK: Yes, that may be done.
DR. MALLINSON: In deference to the Chairman's request,
I will not read the whole statement today, but I will read several
comments which I think are relevant.
The first thing I would like to point out is that
there is no question whatsoever in terms of scientific definition
that Reserve Mining Company, to which this statement is directed,
does pollute Lake Superior.
Several years ago when a science advisor from a textile
company was working with the United States Public Health Service,
which was then involved in water quality, persons in the Sanitary
Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, were developing a series of
film strips for water quality and pollution. These are just being
published. Pollution represents any intrusion of foreign matter or
energy into a natural ecological system.
-------
1071
G. G. Mdllinson
In order to determine the validity of this definition,
it was submitted to all members of the Cooperative Committee for the
American Association for the Advancement of Science. I might say the
original definition was changed only in one way, to put the term
"natural ecological system." The word "natural" was intorduced. So,
in a sense, on the basis of this definition, there is no argument that
the intrusion of taconite tailings into Lake Superior is a form of
pollution.
As a scientist this will be accepted. I am sure
scientists will take that definition. We cannot equate pollution with
deleterious effect, these are two different things. Deleterious effect
speaks for itself.
The next two points I should like to read are directly
in the statement.
Reserve Mining Company admits that only 45 percent of
the tailings it dumps in the delta at Silver Bay remain there. Fifty-
five percent move from the delta and enter the open waters of Lake
Superior. Again, I don't want to debate any more than Dr. Mount what
open water means. The only pertinent question is, what happens to
the tailings when they leave the delta, and does the migration of the
tailings produce deleterious effects. This is getting to the objective
heart of the matter.
Dr. Mount's presentation, as well as his collegues,
have proved--and I said this as a matter of my own opinion and I am
sure that any rational scientific analysis of any of my peers would
go along with this--beyond a shadow of a doubt tailings 2 microns and
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G. G. Mallinson
less in diameter do move down the shore and are found in the "green
water" phenomenon. Some may choose to argue that this phenomenon is
a response to other environmental conditions. Without question,
green water does exist without other conditions, but one cannot deny
that this green water, that which migrates down the shore with the
tracer cummingtonite as the identifier, does contain taconite tailings.
The X-ray diffraction studies reported by Dr. Mount have placed an
unequivocal brand on the presence of tailings in that green water.
Again, I suppose it is quite possible, and this is a
parenthetical statement, to become evasive, quibble and argue, but
were these data placed in front of any of the colleagues with whom I
have dealt in the last 20 years, there would be no question whatsoever
that this is beyond a shadow of a doubt.
Since I have been here I have not heard one shred of
evidence presented by anyone--perhaps it may be in reports that may
not be available to me--factual evidence to refute the data presented
by the laboratory. I haven't heard one shred of evidence. There have
only been general statements from which one may infer that the findings
just ain't so. We haven't any data which would in any sense on a
scientific analysis refute what the laboratory provides us. Here,
again, I refer to Dr. Mount's colleagues.
I am quite sure that Reserve Mining Company or any
other industry in the United States would give its right arm to have
a market analysis which was as extensive and as objective as that.
On Point IV, I will merely make a few statements. The
conclusions 4, 7, 8, and 9 on pages 27 and 28 of "An Appraisal of
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1073
G. G. Mallinson
Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin" certainly clarifies, as
everyone knows, that there will be increased absorption of solar energy,
the part of the food web in which the fish in Lake Superior survive.
I will not expand on this point in deference to our Chairman.
Certainly there is evidence in the reduction in the reduction of the
abundance of fish food. Again, may I say there is every evidence and
every reasonable evidence that there will be an increased solution
of metallic compounds including, among others, those of zinc, copper,
and chromium, which are toxic to fish.
I was disturbed a little bit about one statement in
the report which said--I am bringing this up: In conclusion 10 on
Page 28, it is stated that, "the chemical state of these metals was
not assessed and it would be presumptuous to say at this time what
portion of the elements enter into solution." Again, these are the
ones I am referring to that entered the water.
I say quite honestly, without an assessment, this
statement is proper and appropriate and defensible. However, it is
an established scientific fact that when large masses of material,
such as taconite, are reduced to particulate size, their rates of
solubility increase exponentially.
I wish to make it clear at this point that the taconite
tailings are pure sand, they are inert and are insoluble. This is
irrelevant; they are not pure sand. I don't want to go into the
details of that here. There is no such thing as insoluble materials;
there are those that are relatively insoluble. The question is, does
that extent of solubility have a deleterious effect.
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G. G. Mallinson
Going to some of the final items now in summary and
conclusions, there were two presented, Nos. 9 and 16, which I will
read here, and I believe that these are completely confirmed by the
evidence that we have.
"The discharge of taconite tailings to Lake Superior
from the Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works, has a deleterious
effect on the ecology of a portion of the lake by reducing organisms
necessary to support fish life.
"A persistent pollutant entering directly into the
waters of Lake Superior or dissolved in the water that feeds the lake
mixes with and becomes an integral part of a significant portion of
the lake water."
Presented to any rational person, at least those among
my peers, these would not be argued. We might nitpick, but arguments
are difficult to bring up, at least objective arguments. Certainly,
these statements are painfully conservative and noninflammatory.
From facts provided earlier and other information from that cited in
the bibliography more could be defended. However, one is then faced
with the following recommendation on Page 48:
"The FWPCA and the States keep the discharge of
taconite tailings to Lake Superior from the Reserve Mining Company,
E. W. Davis Works, under continuing surveillance and report to the
conferees at 6 month intervals on any findings that interstate
pollution is occurring or is likely to occur, and the State of
Minnesota is urged to take such regulatory actions as necessary to
control the intrastate pollution resulting from these discharges, if
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G. G. Mallinson
any."
One is reminded of the recent recommendation of the
Federal Power Commission that Consolidated Edison be allowed to build
a new power facility in the Storm King Recreational Area on the Hudson
River in New York State and afterward carry out a study to determine
if the expected thermal pollution produced the predicted ecological
damage in the river. This is exactly what the recommendation does to
the problem of Silver Bay. I must regretfully say that the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration—Great Lakes Region, had
ammunition to kill an elephant in this issue and succeeded only in
bagging an anemic squirrel. If this be the limit of the recommendations
in the disposal by the Reserve Mining Company, then any discussion
about the alleged suppression of the report is academic. There is
nothing worth suppressing. Besides, the conferees will meet regularly
and have the opportunity to participate in this continuous surveillance.
This, again, is a rhetorical question. I do not know to what extent
this will be possible.
The facts about the pollution of Lake Superior by
Reserve Mining Company have been established. If political considera-
tions are to continue to dictate what happens to Lake Superior, then
there is little to do but watch it degenerate, but if integrity is to
dictate what happens, there is only one unequivocal recommendation
that can emerge, namely, the following:
The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers shall not (and under-
line that) revalidate the permit to Reserve Mining Company to dispose
of taconite tailings into Lake Superior. The Reserve Mining Company
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1076
G. G. Mallinson
shall immediately take steps to develop with the appropriate Federal
and State agencies alternate methods of disposal that do not produce
deleterious effects, and, within 2 years, shall be using these alter-
nate methods of disposal.
Mr, Chairman, I request that the report be modified to
say 3 years. Since this was brought up by Mr. Stoddard, I think in
fairness I certainly should go along with it.
If anyone wishes to obfuscate what is obviously desirable
action, the means are readily available. Arguments of little substance
can be raised about the interstate nature of the pollution. At best
they will do little but delay and perhaps prevent what obviously needs
to be done.
If a recommendation with substance, such as the one
just proposed, does not emerge from the conference, followed immediately
by measures for implementation, then all of us present wasted our time
by being here.
Thank you. (Applause.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you for a very fine and forthright
statement. Needless to say, I do not agree with all of your points,
but I appreciate the fact you have come forward with such a vigorous
statement.
(The statement of Dr. George G. Mallinson in its
entirety follows.)
To: Conferees at the Federal-State Conference on Pollution of Lake
Superior and its Tributary Basin, held at the Hotel Duluth,
-------
1077
G. G. Mallinson
May 13-15, 1969
Re: Views concerning the pollution of Lake Superior by disposition
of taconite tailings in said lake by the E. W. Davis Works,
Reserve Mining Company, Silver Bay, Minnesota
By: Dr. George G. Mallinson, Dean, School of Graduate Studies,
Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
Home Addresses:
535 Kendall Avenue Box 3 A, Star Route
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007 and Silver Bay, Minnesota
Gentlemen:
My comments will be directed mainly at the pollution
of Lake Superior by the disposition of taconite tailings in said lake
by the E. W. Davis Works, Reserve Mining Company, Silver Bay, Minnesota.
This should not suggest to any of those attending the Conference that
there is no need for concern about other forms of pollution that affect
Lake Superior, since they are indeed of great import. However, anyone
of sound mind can recognize the colossus of pollution from the
Reserve Mining Company, and hence it will be my focus of attention
here.
I had assumed, perhaps optimistically, when I accepted
the opportunity to "speak for Michigan" at the Conference that a
serious attempt was finally afoot to save Lake Superior from the
current demise of Lake Erie and the incipient demise of Lake Michigan.
I must confess an error of judgment. I have been subjected to what
may best be described as a lengthy campaign speech, and a series of
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G. G. Mallinson
emasculated recommendations for future action. I trust the points
that follow will clarify my position.
I. Despite the emphasis placed on the fact-finding nature of the
Conference by Mr. Klein, Assistant Secretary of the Depart-
ment of the Interior and by Congressman Blatnik, such view-
points must be rejected. While I do not wish to raise a
semantic issue, facts are not created or found on conference
floors. This can only be accomplished by much previous
research and staff work. Facts can be revealed, they can be
faced, and their relevance can be determined. An attempt to
restrict the deliberations to what is referred to as "fact-
finding" is a subterfuge for inaction.
II. Reserve Mining Company admits that only 45 percent of the
tailings it dumps in the delta at Silver Bay remain there.
Fifty-five percent move from the delta and enter the open
waters of Lake Superior. Thus, the only pertinent questions
at the moment are:
A. What happens to the tailings once they leave the
delta?
B. Does the migration of the tailings produce
deleterious effects?
III. Dr. Mount's presentation, as well as those of his colleagues
at the National Water Quality Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota
have proved beyond a shadow of a doubt that tailings 2 microns
and less in diameter do move down the shore and are found in
the "green water" phenomenon. Some may choose to argue that
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Go G. Mallinson
this phenomenon is a response to other environmental conditions.
Without question, green water does result from other conditions,
but one cannot deny that this green water does contain taconite
tailings. The X-ray diffraction studies reported by Dr0 Mount
have placed an unequivocal brand on the presence of tailings in
that "green water."
Despite Congressman Blatnik's statement, there is
no need for new tools and techniques to detect pollution in
Lake Superior of the variety described here. All that is needed
is implementation of the assertion that "we're going to stop it."
In summary, the westward movement of the tailings into
the Duluth-Superior harbor area has been established,
IV. Conclusions 4,7,8 and 9 on pages 27 and 28 of An Appraisal
of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin are clear evidence
of three types of pollution from the presence of tailings in
Lake Superior water.
These are:
A, Increased absorption of solar energy needed for the pro-
duction of phytoplankton that are an integral part of the
food web in which fish survive. This fact is part of the
typical course in high-school biology,
B, Reduction of the abundance of fish food organisms that
live on or just above the lake bottom and which are part
of the food web described in IV A above.
C. Increased solution of metallic compounds including,
among others, those of zinc, copper and chromium,
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1080
G. Go Mallinson
which are toxic to fish.
In conclusion 10 on page 28 it is stated that, "the
chemical state of these metals was not assessed and it would
be presumptuous to say at this time what portion of the
elements enter into solution." Technically, without such
assessment, this statement is defensible„ Nevertheless, it
is an established fact that when large masses of material
are reduced to particulate size, their rates of solubility
increase exponentially.,
In summary, unless one deliberately seeks to be evasive,
there is only one conclusion that can be drawn. The tailings
do have a deleterious effect on aquatic life, although the
extent of that effect has yet to be determined.
V. On pages 46 and 47 of An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the
Lake Superior Bas in, there appears these two items under "IV.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS:"
"9. The discharge of taconite tailings to Lake Superior
from the Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works,
has a deleterious effect on the ecology of a
portion of the lake by reducing organisms necessary
to support fish life."
"16. A persistent pollutant entering directly into the
waters of Lake Superior or dissolved in the water
that feeds the lake mixes with and becomes an
integral part of a significant portion of the
lake water."
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1081
G. G. Mallinson
Certainly the statements are painfully conservative
and noninflammatory. From the facts provided earlier and
from other information in the reports cited in the bibliog-
raphy, much broader and incisive conclusions could be
defended. However, one is then faced with the following
recommendation on page 48:
"2. The FWPCA and the States keep the discharge of
taconite tailings to Lake Superior from the
Reserve Mining Company, E. W. Davis Works, under
continuing surveillance and report to the conferees
at six month intervals on any findings that inter-
state pollution is occurring or is likely to
occur, and the State of Minnesota is urged to take
such regulatory actions as necessary to control
the intrastate pollution resulting from these
discharges, if any."
One is reminded of the recent recommendation of the
Federal Power Commission that Consolidated Edison be allowed
to build a new power facility in the Storm King Recreational
Area on the Hudson River in New York State and afterward
carry out a study to determine if the expected thermal
pollution produced the predicted ecological damage in the
river. I must regretfully say that the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration - Great Lakes Region had
ammunition to kill an elephant and succeeded only in bagging
an anemic squirrel. If this be the limit of the recommendations
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G0 G. Mallinson
with respect to the disposal of taconite tailings in Lake
Superior by the Reserve Mining Company, then any discussion
about the alleged suppression of the report is academic.
There is nothing worth suppressing. Besides, do the conferees
represent a standing committee that will meet regularly?
The facts about the pollution of Lake Superior by
Reserve Mining Company have been established. If political
considerations are to continue to dictate what happens to
Lake Superior, then there is little to do but watch it
degenerate. If integrity is to dictate what happens, there
is only one unequivocal recommendation that can emerge, namely
the following:
The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers shall not revalidate
the permit to Reserve Mining Company to dispose of taconite
tailings into Lake Superior. The Reserve Mining Company
shall immediately take steps to develop with the appropriate
Federal and State agencies, alternate methods of disposal
that do not produce "deleterious effects," and within two
years shall be using these alternate methods of disposal.
If anyone wishes to obfuscate what is obviously
desirable action, the means are readily available. Arguments
of little substance can be raised about the interstate nature
of the pollution. At best they will do little but delay, and
perhaps prevent what obviously needs to be done«
If a recommendation with substance, such as the one
just proposed, does not emerge from the Conference, followed
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1083
U.S. department of Agriculture, Forest Service
immediately by measures for implementation, then all of us
present wasted our time by being here.
In addition, speaking only for the State of Michigan,
there is every reason to believe that other mining companies
will build facilities on the shores of Lake Superior and the
other Great Lakes and will rightfully expect the privilege
of dumping taconite tailings into those lakes.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Purdy.
MR. PURDY: Mr. Chairman, that completes the
presentation on behalf of the State of Michigan.
MR. DOMINICK: Do we have any questions from the
conferees at this time for the State of Michigan?
(No response. )
MR. DOMINICK: We will proceed to hear from further
Federal witnesses.
I have a letter from the U. S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service signed by George S. James. Mr. James
indicated he will have a statement for the record of the conference.
If there is no objection, we will receive that statement.
Enter it into the record and be sure the conferees
all receive a copy.
(The above-mentioned statement follows.)
MR. DOMINICK: I would like to read into the record
a statement that has been provided by the U. S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recrereation. It reads as follows:
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1084
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
Eastern Region
633 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203
2500
May 8, 1969
r
Mr. H. W. Poston, Regional Director
Great Lake'. Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
33 East Congress Parkway, Room 410
, Chicago, Illinois 60605
Dear Mr. Poston:
Attached is a statement with respect to the conference in the
matter of pollution of Lake Superior and its tributary basin to
be held in Duluth, Minnesota, on May 13 as promised in our letter
to you of April 28.
As indicated in our April 28 letter we are iof a^kiig for time to
present this statement at the conference. We request, however,
that this statement be included in the records of the conference.
Sincerely,
/7 ' /??
GEORGE S . JAMES
Regional Forester
Enclosure
-------
1085
STATEMENT BY GEORGE S. JAMES, REGIONAL FORESTER
EASTERN REGION, U. S. FOREST SERVICE, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN
(For inclusion in the records of the conference in the Matter
of Pollution of Lake Superior and its Tributary Basin at
Duluth, Minnesota, May 13, 1969.)
-------
1086
The Eastern Region of the U. S. Forest Service consists of 17 National
Forests located in a 20-state area, spreading from Minnesota to Missouri
to the northeastern states. There are four National Forests located in
the Lake Superior watershed.
The Hiawatha National Forest, consisting of two separate units located
in upper Michigan, has approximately 15 miles of shoreline in Federal
ownership. Most of the streams draining into Lake Superior are quite
short. The Au Train River in the west unit is the only stream of any
length. Most of the soils in the Lake Superior watershed are quite
sandy. The forested watersheds yield a relatively stable flow. Water
quality is generally quite good.
The Ottawa National Forest, located in western upper Michigan, lies
largely within the Lake Superior drainage. Major rivers with headwaters
in the National Forest are the Ontonagon, Presque Isle, and Iron Rivers.
The soils on the Forest are quite varied ranging from sands through clay
to rock. Streamflow regimen reflects this diversity in soils. Further-
more, some water quality problems are evident. The Ontonagon River
carries quite a large suspended sediment load as a result of large
amounts of eroding clay banks. You are aware, of course, of the effect
of this sediment upon anadromous fisheries. We are implementing correc-
tive measures on National Forest lands as monies permit. Other streams
have sediment problems to a lesser degree.
Minor water quality problems are created as a result of the inflow of
sanitary systems to the streams of the Forest. Many of these systems
need to be updated. Nutrient input to streams is common.
In the western part of the Forest many of the streams carry large
amounts of dissolved organic materials from the large areas of swamp.
These dissolved organics impart a dark color to the water and cause
foaming at the many rapids and falls along the stream length. This
condition is not desirable from esthetic point of view.
The Chequamegon National Forest is located in northern Wisconsin. That
portion of the Forest lying within the Lake Superior watershed is large-
ly clay. Streamflow regimen tends to somewhat flashy. Flooding results
from heavy rains and spring thaws. The headwaters of the White and Bad
Rivers lie within the National Forest. These streams contain large
suspended sediment loads. However, most of this sediment is derived
downstream from National Forest lands. Other water quality problems
with the National Forest are minor.
The Superior National Forest is the only National Forest situated on
the north shore of Lake Superior. The streams are short and of steep
gradient. The soils range from clays to bedrock. Streamflow regimen
is fairly stable. Water quality is quite good except for some inland
lakes which have been subject to nutrient inputs and have aquatic nui-
sance conditions periodically. Major streams are the St. Louis, Poplar,
Pigeon, Brule, Temperance, and Cascade Rivers.
The dumping of taconite tailings into Lake Superior must be evaluated.
-------
1087
Any corrective action that is necessary should be taken. We are most
anxious to analyze the possible impact of this procedure on our recrea-
tional developments and programs.
The Organic Act of June 4, 1897, cites "securing favorable conditions
of water flows" as a principal purpose of National Forests. The Weeks
Act of March 1, 1911, further recommends for purchase such forested,
cutover, or depleted lands within the watersheds of navigable streams,
as may be necessary to the regulation of the flow of navigable streams.
Because those "favorable conditions of water flows" and "the regulation
for the flow of navigable streams" include quantity and timing, in
addition to quality, a great responsibility lies with the Forest Service
in the use, management, and administration of these key lands.
To meet Forest Service responsibilities in the water resource field,
there are established water resource objectives for all watersheds.
These objectives are determined by examining the total water resource
use and the related needs, both within National Forest boundaries and
for areas downstream, and both for National Forest and non-National
Forest purposes.
We consider all water uses including municipal, commercial and indus-
trial, agricultural, recreational (including esthetics), fish, and other
aquatic life, wildlife, and forest activities, both present and future.
Based on water needs, if the conditions of water flows are satisfactory
regarding the quality, quantity, and timing of flows, then water resource
objectives include protection requirements to insure that the present
satisfactory conditions are maintained. Other resource activities,
such as recreation use, timber harvesting, and road building must be
carried out in a manner which will prevent stream sedimentation and
other pollution. Timber harvesting contracts contain clauses directed
towards the prevention of stream sedimentation and other pollution.
We believe that managed timber harvesting causes little, if any,
sedimentation or other pollution.
Other water quality protection requirements include the proper design
of Forest Service sanitary systems to insure that the affected natural
waters meet the standards set for the various uses of that water.
Forest Service sanitary engineers, watershed scientists, soil scientists,
and geologists are all involved to insure adequate design of sanitary
systems. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration further
approves our sanitary system designs.
Of primary concern is the problem of excessive fertilization of surface
waters. This problem is of more immediate concern to smaller inland
lakes within the Lake Superior basin. Eutrophication of surface waters
is accelerated by excessive use of fertilizers and the dumping of
nutrients from sanitary systems into the waters. Various systems of
-------
1088
sewage treatment may be safe from a health standpoint and yet be respon-
sible for the addition of phosphates, nitrates, and other nutrients to
surface waters to the point where the waters become esthetically un-
pleasing with algae blooms and other weed growth. In extreme cases,
the biotic balance and fisheries of the waters may be harmed. Develop-
ments with septic systems in very permeable soils as well as impermeable
soils ringing small lakes can be responsible for accelerated eutrophi-
cation.
If there is a need to improve the quality, quantity or timing of the
water resource appropriate improvement objectives are established. We
may employ any reasonable action to meet these objectives. These land
management prescriptions may include such things as the restoration of
the eroding streambanks, the effective use of vegetation or engineering
structures to regulate the quantity and timing of waterflows, or the
proper redesign of faulty sanitary systems.
While the water resource is the prime factor in any land management
decision, other resource uses of these lands are, and must be, made.
Land management prescriptions to meet water resource objectives must
be in harmony with these other resource uses. This is in accordance
with the multiple use principle set forth in the Multiple Use Sustained
Yield Act of 1960. Multiple use is the management of all the lands so
that the renewable surface resources of the National Forests are utilized
in the combination that will best meet the needs of the American people.
In accepting our responsibilities, we have developed five Forest Service
policies related to water quality:
1. Insure that return flows, particularly those associated with recrea-
tion and other domestic use, do not impair natural waters for the other
purposes water is expected to serve.
2. Make certain that National Forest land management practices are
conducted in a manner which will insure a quality of water yield
suitable for its intended purposes.
3. Maintain a water quality satisfactory for other National Forest
resources uses, such as fish habitat, and swimming and related uses
whenever iC is within the capability of the Forest Service to do so.
All Forest Service swimming areas are now monitored to insure that
they are safe for swimming.
4. Insure biologically safe, suitable drinking water for use of the
public. All wells are monitored and tested on a planned basis.
5. Modernize sanitary systems at existing Forest Service installations
where necessary. An approved sanitary system at all new installations
is a basic part of the installation plan.
Compliance with these guidelines is no simple task. A large portion of
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1089
the gross area within National Forest boundaries in the Lake Superior
watershed is held in private ownership. We have no jurisdiction over
these private lands. A large proportion of this private land is located
along major streams or adjacent to lakes, constituting a potential
pollution source over which the Forest Service has no control.
The most obvious way, then, to make a meaningful contribution to the
water quality problem starts with cooperation with private landowners,
industry, and the various Federal, State, and local Government units.
One of our objectives is to cooperate with the various states in improv-
ing fisheries habitat. We are becoming increasingly involved in the
anadromous fisheries program in the Great Lakes. Good quality waters
are needed for salmon and trout fisheries. Water temperatures must be
maintained within acceptable limits. Chemical pollutants must be held
below certain limits. Siltation must also be maintained below certain
acceptable limits to prevent the filling of spawning beds with sediments
and the accompanying reduction of oxygen levels. Often what we do to
control erosion on National Forest lands is negated by the erosion that
is still taking place on other lands upstream.
Thus, we are not only concerned with the effect of our management on
water quality. We are also concerned with the effect of the quality of
waters beyond our control on our ability to provide needed services for
the American people. For instance, we now have recreation areas with
swimming facilities along Lake Superior shores. We are planning addi-
tional recreational facilities of this type. The water quality of Lake
Superior will, in part, determine the enjoyment that the people will
derive from these areas and the economic development of the surrounding
area associated with these recreational facilities.
Compared to the total impact of man on water quality in Lake Superior
and its tributary waters, the National Forests influence water quality
to a relatively small degree. Nevertheless, the Forest Service can
and does contribute to the water quality of the Lake Superior water-
shed. It is our sincere desire that our contributions to this very
important aspect of our total environment are meaningful and correct.
We will make every effort to insure that they are.
-------
1090
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION, U. S.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
During the last decade, the people of this country
have become increasingly conscious of the current and potential values
of outdoor recreation, and much of this interest has been centered
around the use and enjoyment of our water resources. All indications
point toward a future need to provide not only more but also a wider
variety of outdoor recreation opportunities.
Recent trends indicate a rapidly increasing interest
and participation in water-based recreation activities, especially
the water-dependent activities of swimming, boating, water-skiing,
and skin diving. There is also a growing interest in nature photo-
graphy and study, often involving the aquatic environment.
The availability of more leisure time and increased
use of leisure time for outdoor recreational activities will place
greater demand on our lakes and streams. The increase in leisure
time associated with a general higher disposable income will provide
the people in the Lake Superior Basin, as well as nonresident
vacationists, an opportunity to participate in outdoor recreation more
frequently and for longer periods of time. The number of occasions
in which people will engage in water-oriented outdoor recreation
activities in the Nation will increase about 160 percent during the
next 40 years, according to the latest Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
estimates.
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1091
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
The economics of outdoor recreation cannot be ignored.
Michigan and Wisconsin have both reported their tourist industry as
being in excess of $1 billion a year,, Minnesota indicates that
tourism is the third largest industry in that State. The basin it-
self contains about 190 Federal, State, and local recreation areas,
including such outstanding areas as Isle Royale National Park, the
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan's scenic copper country,
Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Porcupine Mountains State Park, and
Minnesota's Scenic North Shore, The development of these facilities,
along with the supporting facilities such as motels, gasoline stations,
and sporting goods manufacturing and sales, represents a considerable
private investment in the basin. The Bureau is or will participate
in several water resource studies involving all or portions of the
Lake Superior Basin, including the International Joint Commission
Great Lakes Water Levels study, Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins
Projects studies, Great Lakes Basin study, and estuarine studies.
The Lake Superior Basin is an area of outstanding
natural resources and great recreation potential. The basin
contains more than 3 million acres in public forest, parks, and
wildlife areas with only 0.2 percent of this developed for outdoor
recreation purposes. At present, however, only moderate demands are
being placed on the basin's recreation resources. The current
annual recreation demand is estimated about 16 million recreation
days, and, by the year 2000, this is expected to double. In 1964,
it was estimated that 1.4 million vacationists came to the Lake
Superior Basin for outdoor recreation. Vacationists account for
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1092
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
80 percent of the total basin recreations
The majority of recreation activities in the basin
are centered around or near water. These include such water-dependent
activities as boating and fishing, and water-enhanced activities such
as hiking, camping, and sightseeing,, Although it is recognized that
recreationists participate in all the other basic activities in
addition to sightseeing, it is the attraction of this latter activity
which draws most recreationists to the basin,,
Probably Lake Superior's greatest asset is its scenic
shoreline. Obviously any factor which tends to endanger or reduce
the amount or number of clean water areas and aesthetically attractive
streams, lakes, or shore areas suitable for recreation purposes should
be of great concern to everyone involved in managing our natural
resources for public benefit.
Water serves three basic needs of recreationists:
consumptive, that is, drinking and cooking supplies; surface and
volume for water contact activities, fishing and boating; and for
aesthetic enjoyment. Water areas also are vital to the preservation
of fish and wildlife, unique biotic communities and, in combination
with adjacent lands, the highly valued scenic natural character of
certain areas„
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is interested in
seeing quality recreational opportunities provided,, Polluted water
is not compatible with this goal „ It is not only undesirable for
boating, waterskiing, and swimming, but is unattractive for camping,
picniking, and may be a health hazard in connection with these and
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1093
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
other water-contact uses. The polluting of recreational waters
results in decreased use and can render areas totally unsuitable for
such use. Although progress in the abatement of pollution is
considerable, large amounts of pollutants still are being discharged
into our water courses.
The Bureau is vitally concerned about the maintenance
of the best possible water quality in Lake Superior, and has
particular concern for the quality of waters in the vicinity of
Duluth Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, Chequamegon Bay near
Ashland, Wisconsin, and those waters in the vicinity of Silver Bay,
Minnesota.,
Surveys have revealed that the Lake Superior Basin
is endowed with a wide variety of recreational, scenic, historical,
and natural values. Many of these values depend upon the quality
of water available.
Water-oriented outdoor recreation may be divided
into two categories--water-dependent and water-enhanced. The
former category includes swimming, waterskiing, boating, and fishing.
The water-enhanced category includes activities including the
aesthetic enjoyment of viewing water such as camping, picnicking,
and sightseeing. Water quality degradation not only threatens to
eliminate or seriously limit existing developments, but it also
precludes future or expanded developments at many desirable sites.
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1094
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Closely allied with water quality are other
environmental problems which set the tone of livability, particularly
in urban areas„ In many cases the solution of these problems is
interrelated with water quality. Social values are assuming greater
importance in resource allocation and development and cannot be
modeled to fit a clean-cut cost-to-benfit analysis. The social
revolution now in progress demands new thinking and new methods of
solving problems. The high cost of solving water and air pollution
as an initial step to improving livability may be minor when compared
to the social and sometimes irreparable damage of pollution.
Recreation opportunities will be increased substantially by a
coordinated multi-state pollution abatement program, but the greatest
beneficiaries to the program will be the people who live near and
use the lake. (Mr, Dominick continuing,)
The following Federal agencies have submitted
statements for the record:
The Great Lakes Basin Commission.
Will you distribute those statements at this time?
STATEMENT OF MR. VERNE M. BATHURST, ALTERNATE
CHAIRMAN, GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION
(The statement of Mr. Bathurst follows.)
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1095
STATEMENT BY MR. VERNE M. BATHURST, ALTERNATE CHAIRMAN,
GREAT LAKES BASIN COMMISSION, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN,
AT THE CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION
OF THE INTERSTATE WATERS OF LAKE SUPERIOR AND ITS
TRIBUTARY BASIN (MINNESOTA-WISCONSIN-MICHIGAN)
May 13, 1969
Duluth, Minnesota
While I am the Alternate Chairman of the Great Lakes Basin Commission,
I will be speaking from the standpoint of the Commission as a whole and not
necessarily representing the views of any individual Commission member.
Each of the States in the entire Great Lakes Basin (including Minnesota-
Wisconsin-Michigan) ,as well as every Federal Department having a role in
the water and related land resources of the basin, are members of the
Commission.
As a Commission, we are vitally interested in the water quality
aspects of Lake Superior. At the present time, we are sponsoring the on-
going Great Lakes Basin Framework Study which is to be concluded in 1972.
Lake Superior is an integral part of this Framework Study. This study, a
preliminary-type investigation, will (1) provide broad-scaled analyses of
water and related land resourcesneeds and problems, and (2) furnish estimates
of the probable nature, extent and timing of measures for their solution.
The Great Lakes.Basin Commission was established by Executive Order
on April 20, 1967 and in accord with the Water Resources Planning Act of
1965. The principal duties and responsibilities of the Great Lakes Basin
Commission, as stated in the Act, are:
The Commission shall, to the extent consistent with Section 3 of
the Act—
(1) serve as the principal agency for the coordination of Federal,
State, interstate, local, and nongovernmental plans for the
development .of water and related land resources in its area,
river basin, or group of river basins;
(2) prepare and keep up-to-date, to the extent practicable, a
comprehensive, coordinated, joint plan for Federal, State,
interstate, local and nongovernmental development of water
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1096
- 2 -
and related resources: Provided, that the plan shall include
an evaluation of all reasonable alternative means of achieving
optimum development of water and related land resources of the
basin or basins; and it may be prepared in stages, including
recommendations with respect to individual projects;
(3) recommend long-range schedules of priorities for the collection
and analysis of basic data and for investigation, planning, and
construction of projects; and
(4) foster and undertake such studies of water and related land
resources problems in its area, river basin, or group of river
basins as are necessary in the preparation of the plan
described in clause (2) above.
The river basin commission shall—engage in such activities and make
such studies and investigations as are necessary and desirable in
carrying out the policy set forth in Section 2 of the Act and in
accomplishing the purposes set forth in Section 201(b) of the Act.
We're here in conference in the matter of pollution because Lake
Superior is the victim of the people's success, not failure. Our population
and industrial growth have exploded. Increased leisure time and people
intent on using some of their time enjoying the Lake have put undreamed
recreational demands on Lake Superior.
Many of you with direct and official concern with water-quality
conditions have been alert to the problems caused by this success. And
because of such concern, our legislatures have worked overtime to change our
laws to meet these new conditions and problems. You know that these laws
h~ve been required by problems growing each year in geometric proportions.
This conference can help us decide how we can best use these laws, not
only to keep our water problems from getting worse, but to make some headway
in solving them.
As I see Lake Superior, and the entire Great Lakes Basin for that
matter, our activities concerning the Lake have been fragmented. But this is because
the problems appeared to be fragmented and our responses to them were fragmented. Lake
Superior and the other lakes are really a vast sea. As pockets of population
settled along the shores, communities could act independently. So as long
as you could take your drinking water upstream, empty your wastes downstream,
have your beaches far enough away from your water intakes and wastes, and
have your dishes and clothes washed in old-fashioned soap, you had little
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1097
- 3 -
concern for problems.
As our separate problems began running into other problems, we created
problem-solvers. The Great Lakes Basin Commission is now in the process
of preparing a report on "Great Lakes Institutions" which indicates that
there are over sixty-two (62) State, Federal and international agencies active
in water-related activities in the Great Lakes. In addition, many universi-
ties, local government and nongovernmental entities are also very active
in various aspects in evaluating problems and finding solutions.
Almost all of these agencies are overworked, understaffed, and just
beginning to get public recognition of the losses because of insufficient
action, as well as acceptance of the dollar-cost of action. Indeed, as we
add staff and increase the number of agencies, we find that, with the
population growth, we've gotten even further behind. And, as the problems
become critical in more places and more places spend money, they each find
themselves in agonizing competition for money, materials, and men.
Finally, we're finding, as usual, that some of our solutions become
bigger problems than the one resolved. Not only are the solutions in
conflict, but the agencies given problems to solve, find themselves in con-
flict with other agencies trying to carry out their own problem-solving
mission.
Well, one could go on, but you know all of this. Suffice it to say
that, in a very complex society, we've come to recognize that what happens
in Lake Superior affects what happens in the other Great Lakes; that the
solution to one problem has to be related to the solution for other problems;
and that what one unit of government does within its claim of sovereign
right must be related to what another unit of government does under its
claim of right. In other words, we have come to recognize that there must
be both coordination and comprehension.
Congress recognized these concepts when it enacted the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act under vhich this conference is being held. But it
has gone further and recognized that the coordinated and comprehensive
action to solve pollution problems must also be related to coordinated and
comprehensive programs in every other aspect of the water resource. And
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1098
- 4 -
hence the Water Resources Planning Act was passed in 1965.
The Framework Study now underway and the development of the more
detailed Comprehensive Coordinated Joint Plan will provide the means for
developing the coordinated, comprehensive, joint action programs in the
matter of water quality as well as all other aspects related to the water
resources of Lake Superior. The Work Groups organized for the development
of the Framework Study represent State, Federal and local governmental
units as well as some private firms with the Great Lakes Basin Commission
as the principal coordinating agency. These Work Groups are now assembling
data on the Great Lakes Basin and making preliminary evaluations. As
results are being developed, these will be coordinated with any plans being
developed by any governmental units or private areas for the conservation
and utilization of the water and related land resources of the Great Lakes
Basin.
In conclusion, let me state that the pollution control programs have
to be coordinated at all levels of government, industry and private aspects
to achieve both the immediate and long-range objectives to an optimum water
quality program. What I said relates primarily to better and more coordinated
institutional arrangements for fighting our water quality problems. We
need to recognize that at some point we have to find ways of making choices
between alternative uses of our water resources, including the enhancement
of the water quality environment. The function of the planning efforts is
to make these choices with knowledge and xjisdom, not alone with emotion.
We must not bring preconceived opinions into the planning process without
thoroughly testing such opinions against existing conditions and attitudes.
-------
1099
U. S. Department of Agriculture
and Soil Conservation Service
MR. DOMINICK: We have the statement of the United
States Department of Agriculture and Soil Conservation Service,
(The above-mentioned statement of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture and Soil Conservation Service follows,,)
-------
1100
STATEMENT ON SEDIMENT POLLUTION
LAKE SUPERIOR AND ITS TRIBUTARY BASINS
All of us are concerned about our growing population; the future need
for space; the wise and effective us of land and water resources and,
most of all, having a healthy and pleasant place to live and work.
Despite the progress we have made to conserve and improve our natural
resources, we still find our land being misused, erosion occurring, and
our streams being polluted. Serious sediment pollution is occurring in
the Lake Superior Basin.
Throughout the Basin, topography and soil development has been influenced
by glacial action. As the glaciers advanced and retreated, they sorted,
sifted, moved, and removed the soil parent materials; leaving behind a
great variety of soils and site conditions with many varied and complex
problems. Almost all of the glaciated soils have management problems.
Our environment is deteriorating from pollution in the form of dirty
water, foul air, and contaminated soil. Sediment from runoff is a de-
spoiler and a major threat to clean water. Runoff causes excess.!ve ero-
sion on mismanaged cropland, grassland, forest land, urban and recreation
areas; or any area where the vegetation is disturbed, sparse, or is lack-
ing. Unprotected land results in a scarred landscape with gullies and
with a reduced productivity.
Runoff causes not only soil particles, but also other pollutants, such as
sewage, infectious agents, plant nutrients, organic chemicals, salts,
mineral substances, and insecticides to be deposited in our lakes, creeks,
small streams, and rivers. Four million tons of soil material are trans-
loca.ted in the United States each year by flowing water. About one-fourth
of this sediment, or 100 million tons, reaches the major water bodies
annually. Although Lake Superior is not being contaminated as rapidly as
the other Great Lakes, the threat exists. Because of the nature of this
lake, it would take an untold number of years to purify itself. Preven-
tion, therefore, is the only route we can pursue.
The major sources of sediment in the Superior Basin are sheet erosion by
xvater; gullying by runoff; streambank erosion; flood erosion by scouring
low areas; erosion from urban, industrial, and other construction sites;
roadside erosion from cuts and fills; runoff from surface mined areas;
and pollutants from wastes of cities and industries.
Statement by Verne M. Bathurst, State Conservationist, U. S. Soil Conser-
vation Service, East Lansing, Michigan, for the Lake Superior Pollution
Conference, Duluth, Minnesota, May 13, 1969.
-------
1101
A smaller portion of the land in the Lake Superior Basin is in farms
than in other parts of the United States. Cropland, therefore, does
not contribute as much to the total problem as it does in other more
extensively farmed areas. Land being tilled produces the most soil
loss per acre when it is in row crops. There is a relatively small
acreage of cropland devoted to row crops in the Basin. The amount of
sediment production is dependent on the kinds of crops, tillage prac-
tices, slope, and climate.
While some agricultural and forest land produce significant amounts of
sediment, urban areas under construction may produce even more per acre.
Since many of these areas may be close to streams a large amount of sedi-
ment is introduced directly into the water. Cultivated agricultural
lands are widely scattered in this drainage area, and much sediment is
filtered out before it reaches a major water source.
Forest and grass lands generally contribute less sediment per acre, but
when disturbed and denuded of vegetation, these areas are difficult to
heal. When the Lake Superior Basin was first settled, forests were
cleared, and bare soil exposed, serious erosion resulted. Fires eliminated
natural vegetation. These conditions were aggravated through destructive
logging practices, improper construction., and inadequate mai'ntp'nrmr'e of
roads. nvn^-Tnrr Hiring strfJ?-TS Jlld i^tC'Cp jl^Lo C^puouu ej.woo.vv- o uj-j. >'. iLu
only average rainfall intensity. As a result, many denuded and mismanaged
forest and grass lands are still contributing to the pollution problem.
Highway and road construction has been a major source of sediment pro-
duction. Improvements have been made in controlling sediment, but con-
siderably more is urgently needed, particularly along county roads. Most
of the erosion comes from new or recent road grading or shaping. These
areas, because of soil and slope, may take years to stabilize under nat-
ural conditions.
Another source of sediment pollution is the land disturbed by surface
mining. These areas may erode enough to form rills and gullies, causing
a heavy sediment load that may drain into streams and lakes, destroying
fish and natural beauty. Sand and gravel pits also pose an erosion
problem, although not as extensive. It is difficult to establish vege-
tative cover on these areas. The uncovered soil materials are exposed to
wind and water erosion and their sediment is easily added to adjacent
streams.
Much of the sediment in many streams comes from erosion from the stream-
bank itself. This problem is widespread, particularly along the larger
streams. Some of this is due to soil conditions which are difficult to
stabilize. Significant amounts of the erosion is due to lack of cover.
The cover is removed by construction, animal grazing, or even excessive
human use in popular fishing and recreation sites'^ Because streams and
river banks are part of the water and sediment conveyance system, soil
eroded is immediately converted to damaging sediment.
-------
1102
This is also true of erosion on lake shores where tons of soil are de-
posited directly into lakes each year. In some areas, sand dunes cause
a problem. They are usually bar^ of vegetation and are continually
shifting and moving, covering roads, woodlands, and filling waterways.
Land use changes, since the early days of settlement in the Basin, have
accelerated the runoff. Hundreds of acres of highways and developed
areas cover the soil surface with impervious layers of concrete and
blacktop which prevent the precipitation from entering the soil. This
increases the volume and rate of runoff. The result is peak flows that
exceed channel capacities resulting in extensive flood damage. Excessive
runoff causes floodplairi scouring which adds to sediment pollution.
Water shortages may arise where flooding and sedimentation have made local
supplies uiiuseable.
The detrimental effects of soil erosion and sediment are infinite. Sedi-
mentation reduces storage capacity and makes water unfit for certain uses.
Sediment materials which are eroded and transported by water are later
deposited as sediment and cause downstream damages to waterways and fish
and wildlife habitat.
Each year this deposition in channels, in reservoirs, and in harbors au^o
up to tremendous losses in both water quantity and water quality. Sedi-
ment obstructs storm sewers and road ditches. It impedes navigation in
harbors and waterways and makes municipal and industrial water treatment
expensive. In some situations, sediment has clogged underground acuifers
and reduced the effectiveness of recharge areas.
The many salts and nutrients adsorbed on sediment particles lower the
water quality and speed the eutrophication of lakes. As an example, phos-
phates applied as fertilizers have a great affinity for soil particles
and are usually moved into streams only as soil moves. Keeping soil in
place reduces phosphate pollution.
The deposition of sediment on beaches detracts from their recreational
use and affects the aesthetic value as well. It also has a detrimental
influence on the recreation value of water for swimming, boating, skiing,
aid fishing.
The red clay soils of northwestern Wisconsin are particularly receptive
to erosion. The area contains 800,000 acres of unstable soils. An in-
teragency committee has indicated that sediment in streams and 'rivers is
the number one problem from this highly erodible araa. There ha^a been
catastrophic floods with accelerated erosion. Even minor precipitation
is accompanied by a great deal of soil loss. These kinds of soils also
exist in other areas within the Superior watershed.
-------
1103
In the past, erosion control on farms has received the most attention.
Conservation measures must be applied to all other land uses if the
sediment problem is to be reduced. The unwise use of any land filDs,
reservoirs with sediment, floods basements, pollutes water, damagf .
roads, and affects wildlife and recreation areas. With the further
concentration of industry and people in the Lake Superior watershed,
the problems of sediment pollution will be intensified. All segments
of society must lend their support to effective sediment control pro-
grams. Soil surveys which identify the location and extent of erosive
soils are a necessary part of a sediment pollution control program.
I have mentioned many of the sediment problems and how they are affect-
ing our environment. Effective solutions to these problems have been
developed.
A majority of the acres used for cropland need conservation treatment of
some kind. Erosion hazards are the dominant problem on agricultural land.
In general, the cropland in the Lake Superior Basin area would benefit by
stripcropping, contouring, terracing, and complementary cover and proper
rotations. The application of these measures would reduce runoff and
erosion significantly.
Pasture and grass lands need conservation treatment and improvement.
Establishment of cover on steep, erosive slopes and improving existing
cover on denuded areas are first courses of action. \\T"ter management
and protection from overgrazing are other types of treatment needed.
More than half of the acres of private forest and woodlands likewise need
treatment. These lands would benefit from protection from fire, irsoets.
disease, and animals. Tree planting and management would aid erosion
control.
Erosion and resultant sedimentation can be greatly reduced by proper soil
and water conservation practices on the many miles of road cuts and fills
in the wooded areas. This can be done by proper seeding and mulching of
exposed soil areas.
Gullying, streambed and streambank erosion can be controlled by use of
measures, such as check dams, drop structures, streambank protection work,
or gradient control structures. In addition, floodwater regarding struc-
tures, stream regulating reservoirs, and debris basins are needed for de-
tention of sediment that would otherwise reach downstream water courses and
harbors.
The cost of roadside erosion control varies. It may run from $200 a mile
to many times that amount for complete control with proper sloping, vege-
tation, drainage, and structures. Road builders, developers and other
land users can reduce erosion and subsequent deposition by:
-------
1104
(1) exposing the smallest amount of bare soil for the shortest
period of time
(2) using temporary ground cover and planting permanent sod
quickly
(3) using diversions, sediment basins, and terraces to trap
sediment that does erode away
(1) retaining and using natural vegetation whenever possible
(5) conforming to natural topography and land drainage where
possible.
The mining industry, soil conservation districts, and all levels of gov-
ernment need to work together to apply practical conservation principles
in reducing sediment pollution from surface mining. Before mining be-
gins, a plan should be worked out to prevent the heavy sediment loads
from moving into water courses. While mining is going on, steps need tn
be taken to control erosion on the site and on haul roads. Quick-growing
plants for immediate protection and permanent cover are needed when
''i"ing is Liiiished. Surface runoif I;; ^Lu^g areas must be controlled c,.
a watershed basis to fit stream capacities and prevent harmful deposition.
Drainage must be controlled to keep sediment out of streams. Lakes and
sediment ponds can be created on the excavated sites. The proper use of
vegetation and water management would control sediment, add beauty, and
permit wildlife habitat development in the area.
The quantity and quality of water that reaches the streams and lakes are
determined by land use and treatment upstream. The U. S. Soil Conserva-
tion Services now have the technical capabilities to deal with the problem.
It is, however, limited by legislative authorities and financial resources.
Local governments need further assistance to develop effective erosion and
sediment control programs in urban and industrial areas. This additional
financial and technical assistance could aid in the formulation of land
use and sediment control regulations.
Added emphasis on the control of erosion along highways, strcambaiiks,
lakes, and strip-mined areas is necessary. Controlling sediment has long
been an essential part of U. S. Department of Agriculture and Soil Con-
servation Service.U. S. Department of Agriculture offers a wide variety
of technical assistance, cost-sharing, research and credit assistance.
Its conservation programs serve all land users.
A large part of these services consist of helping individuals, communi-
ties, groups, organizations, and/or other Federal and state agencies
preserve and maintain the soil and water resources.
-------
1105
This directly relates to the reduction of sediment pollution of our
streams, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. Uncontrolled sediment may affect
every citizen with higher taxes,\higher electricity and water bills, plus
higher food and clothing prices. It is better to practice conservation
and hold the soil in place for a few cents a cubic yard rather than pay
in dollars a cubic yard to remove sediment from roads, harbors, rivers,
and reservoirs.
Much has been done to correct erosion problems. The U. S. Department of
Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service is the technical arm of action
with responsibility for soil and water conservation. It provides the
assistance of professional conservationists to all land users and land
use decision makers. These Include planning commissions, land use boards,
health officials, county governments, and others by providing soils In-
formation and technical assistance. This assistance Is generally given
through soil conservation districts who promote conservation programs for
all land users. Soil Conservation Service technical assistance Is pro-
vided in the application of conservation measures for erosion and water
control. This includes measures for retarding water flow and reduction
of sediment damage In streams and lakes and along highways.
The Soil Cuiiservation Service gives technical and financial aid to local
organizations under the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act .in
planning and carrying out watershed projects. The purpose 01' these water-
shed projects is flood prevention, watershed protection, agricultural
water management, recreation, municipal and industrial water supply, and
fish and wildlife development. These are small, community-size projects.
The Soil Conservation Service, through the watershed program, pays the
cost of engineering services and contructlon costs for flood prevention
and up to 50 percent of the construction costs for Irrigation, drainage,
recreation^ fishing, and wildlife developments-. All other costs are
paid by local organizations.
The Soil Conservation Service has leadership responsibilities In Re-
source Conservation and Development Projects. These projects stimulate
growth through acceleration of conservation activities and land use ad-
justments. Federal participation Includes technical assistance to help
landowners install conservation measures, cost-sharing assistance on
certain approved conservation and development measures, and credit to
he]p landowners and local sponsors finance Improvements of the soil and
water resources. Most U. S. Department of Agriculture agencies may be-
come involved in this total resource development effort which will
affect the sediment and deposition in streams and lakes over a multi-
county area. There are five Resource Conservation and Development Project?
In Minnesota^ Michigan9 and Wisconsin.
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1106
7
The Soil Conservation Service has U. S. Department of Agriculture loatk'r-
ship in river basin planning activities. This program defines problems
related to water and related land resources for which project type solu-
tions are necessary. Funds and legislation are needed to carry out the
necessary conservation measures. Cost-sharing, credit and research are
provided by the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, the
Farmers Home Administration, and the Agricultural Research Service. The
Forest Service carries out erosion control measures on Forest Service
land.
Conservation today encompasses the full sweep of all natural resources,
their development, preservation, and use. A narrow, piecemeal approach
toward conservation dealing with one resource, or one use, or one purpose
will not provide lasting benefits. There must be planning for management
and coordination of uses. These uses must blend harmoniously with our
natural environment if man is to survive.
The services available from the U. S. Department of Agriculture agencies
constitute the most important part of a sediment control tn^^m. n ^
through such programs can sediment pollution in Lake Sajjtii'iur be effec-
tively reduced. We welcome the opportunity to join with you in your
efforts to maintain and improve the quality of Lake Superior water. We
stand ready to do all within our resources to help in this Important pro-
gram. History will prove that our combined efforts to reduce pollution
in Lake Superior are honorable.
-------
1107
B. J. Miller
MR. DOMINICK: We also have the statement from the
U. So Department of Interior, National Park Service.
(The above-mentioned statement fallows„)
STATEMENT OF NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
PARTICIPATION IN POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON LAKE SUPERIOR
To Conferees, Lake Superior Water Pollution Conference,
Duluth, Minnesota, May 13, 1969
From Bruce J. Miller, Assistant to the Regional Director,
Great Lakes Area Office, National Park Service
"I regret not being able to present this statement
personally to your gathering, and since the subject of
pollution to Lake Superior is of extreme concern to the
National Park Service, I am taking this method of
explaining our stand on this important subject.
"The National Park Service has four operational
units bordering on Lake Superior, they are:
Grand Portage National Monument, Minnesota
Isle Royale National Park, Michigan
The Houghton Headquarters for Isle Royale,
Michigan
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Michigan
-------
1108
B. J. Miller
"Of greatest concern to us in the past was the
operation of the MV Ranger III,, a 125 passenger vessel,
transporting cargo and passengers between Houghton,
Michigan and Isle Royale. Due to lack of land facili-
ties, it was necessary to empty the holding tanks
midway between the island and the mainland„ This past
year, the village of Houghton was successful in
obtaining the necessary permit to install connecting
sewers under a railroad right-of-way, and make it
possible for us to tie in to the village system. We
are now able to empty our holding tank into a built-in
manhole on our Houghton dock. Thus, there will be no
more waste pollution into Lake Superior from the
operation of our vessel «
"At Isle Royale National Park, we have been
engaged in a program endeavoring to educate the private
cruiser operator in anti-pollution practices„ Each
boat that registers at the island, and we have nearly
100 percent registration each summer, is issued a card--
sample attached--informing the operator of our regulations,
Additionally, last summer the National Park Service
constructed a trailer mounted tank with pump capable
of pumping out holding tanks of cruisers„ This unit
will be in full operation this summer. The trailer
tank is emptied into the Mott Island septic tank, rather
-------
1109
B. J. Miller
than into the Lake. We believe this unit will receive
heavy use. At least two more of these units are
scheduled to be built; one for the Windigo dock in
Washington Harbor, and one for the Rock Harbor dock,,
"All heads on National Park Service boats have
been sealed, or made inoperative at Isle Royale.
"The Superintendent of Pictured Rocks reports
that all developments being planned for the National
Lakeshore will call for disposal lagoons located in
such fashion as to preclude any run off into water-
sheds leading into Lake Superior. He is personally
reviewing each master plan drawing to determine that
every possible precaution is being taken to avoid
pollution of Lake Superior.
"The Superintendent of Grand Portage reports
that sewage disposal at present, is by use of septic
tanks. He added that the U0 S. Public Health Service
is actively engaged in developing a new sewage system
for the 20-24 residences of Grand Portage, and that
the National Park Service anticipates connecting to
the new system when completed. It is hoped this
project will be started this summer.
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1110
R. W. Sharp
"I hope that this statement will verify the
positive action and interest in establishing anti-
pollution practices as undertaken by the National
Park Service. We consider this a continuing program,
and hope that strong recommendations, as well as
legislation that can be enforced, will be forthcoming
as a direct result of this meeting in Duluth."
MR. DOMINICK: We have heard previously from the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, the U. S.
Geological Survey and the U. S, Army Corps of Engineers. We
would like to hear now from Mr0 Robert Sharp, U. S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
STATEMENT OF R. W. SHARP, U. So DEPARTMENT
OF INTERIOR, BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND
WILDLIFE, TWIN CITIES, MINNESOTA
MR. SHARP: Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I am Robert W. Sharp, representing the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department of the Interior.
Mr. Chairman, we have a statement that I will render
for the record in total, but in the interest of time-saving I
will delete reading portions of it«
-------
1111
R. W. Sharp
The unique character of Lake Superior is well known to
most of this assembly, and indeed most of us are here because of our
interest in maintaining its unique qualities. When our forebearers
first came upon the scene, they found one of the best quality
fisheries the world has ever known, or is likely to know again.
Its lake trout and whitefish brought premium prices in the leading
fish markets of the Nation. Its unusual limnological features
attracted the interest of scientists the world over, and still
continues to do so. We in the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life believe this resource is worthy of a maximum conservation
effort to preserve.
Precise figures on the sport fishery use of Lake
Superior are not yet available, but are in preparation. Angling
pressure per acre is, of course, light in comparison with other
leading fishing waters, but fishermen coming to Lake Superior are
seeking an angling experience that can be duplicated in few other
waters. An estimated 1.4 million vacationists visited the basin
in 1964. We can assume that a substantial number of these visitors
came to fish.
The major fishery investigations of Lake Superior have
been conducted by our sister agency, the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, This agency will make its statement following my own.
-------
1112
R. W. Sharp t
Due to the interstate and international character of Lake Superior,
certain fishery responsibilities are vested in the Great Lakes
Fishery Commission and its various committeesc
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has since
the late 1950's made a major effort in the propagation phase of the
lake trout restoration program. Since that time the Bureau has
reared and stocked 11,993,000 lake trout fingerlings in Lake
Superior, from its hatcheries in Michigan.
The total magnitude of this fish-stocking effort can
be judged from the total stocking of lake trout from 1952 to 1968,
a total stocking of 21.8 million fish, a cooperative venture
between the three States here present, the Province of Ontario, and
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. This effort, along
with that in Lake Michigan, has been one of the most intensive
fish-stocking ventures ever attempted. The continuing success of
these efforts will depend to a considerable degree on the mainte-
nance of top quality water in Lake Superior.
Since 1966 the Bureau has worked closely with the three
States here present in the anadromous fish program, utilizing funds
available under the Anadromous Fish Act of 1965„
The major effort here has been in the area of facili-
ties to improve or establish runs of echo salmon, chinook salmon,
and rainbow trout. Since its inception, the three States involved
have planned expenditures of $2,160,000,, in measures and improve-
ments to aid the Lake Superior anadromous fishery, even in this
-------
1113
R. W, Sharp
day and age a substantial fishery budget. The phenomenal success of
the coho salmon fishery in Lake Michigan has given the Lake Superior
program additional impetus.
For many years prior to a formal anadromous fish pro-
gram the "steelhead" run in Lake Superior tributary streams has been
an important adjunct to the fisheries of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and
Michigan. The Minnesota "steelhead" fishery involves 56 streams
along the North Shore, a number of which flow into the area affected
by taconite tailings. Minnesota Department of Conservation data
indicate these streams provide opportunities for an average of
1,000 fishermen per mile during the angling season. Fish taken
average about 4 pounds in weight. Similar fisheries are found in
many of the Lake Superior tributary streams of Wisconsin and Michigan,
Typically, young "steelhead" spend 2 years in the stream
before migrating to the open lake where they grow to adult size in
about 2 more years and return to their home stream to spawn.
Although little is known of their lake life history, it is apparent
that they are fish of the more shallow waters from 6 to 60 feet in
depth. Along the North Shore the growing and maturing "steelhead"
are limited to a very narrow zone. The importance of this shallow
shore zone in the life history of Lake Superior fishes has been
stressed in other presentations.
The characteristics of the North Shore topology are well
demonstrated on the map to my left (indicating).
-------
1114
R. W. Sharp
1. Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to fingerling-
size coho salmon, rainbow trout, white suckers, black bullheads,
bluegills, and yellow perch in 96-hour, static bioassays.
2. Taconite wastes are not lethal to eyed eggs of
rainbow trout and apparently have no harmful effect on the hatch-
ability of the eggs.
3. High concentrations of taconite wastes cause mor-
talities among sac fry of rainbow trout in 4-day exposures.
4. Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to back-
swimmers, midge larvae, and water-fleas in 96-hour bioassays.
5. Taconite wastes should be bioassayed against sac
fry of lake trout and other salmonids which live and spawn in
Lake Superior.
6. Whereas strong concentrations of taconite have little
acute effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates, there are possi-
bilities for chronic and other effects. Long-term bioassays in
flowing systems would be required to demonstrate chronic toxicities
to aquatic life due to heavy metals, mechanical damage to gills by
particulate taconite, and repellency to fish.
Mr. Chairman, I will read the conclusions from Appendix
2 of the Fish Control Laboratory of La Crosse, Wisconsin, May 1969.
MR. DOMINICK: Appendix 2 will be included in the record
in its entirety.
-------
1115
R. W. Sharp
The basic productivity of Lake Superior is lower than
that of most other lakes and data have been presented to indicate
that tailings have a measurable detrimental effect on production of
basic fish food organisms„ It is conceivable, therefore, that
growth and production of "steelhead" southeast of the Reserve plant
will be affected. No information is available to permit a quanti-
tative estimate on the degree of damage to this fishery.
In connection with earlier studies of the effect of
taconite wastes on fish and other aquatic organisms, the Fish
Control Laboratory of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
at La Crosse, Wisconsin, conducted a series of bioassays involving
several species of test fish, and other aquatic organisms. The
results of these studies are set forth in Appendix 1 and 2.
Mr. Chairman, in the interest of time-saving, I will
read only the conclusions from these two appendices.
MR. DOMINICK: That will be fine, Mr0 Sharp. Do all of
the conferees have the appendices?
MR. SHARP: They are attached to the copy I gave to you.
MR. DOMINICK: The Appendices will be included in the
record in its entirety.
MR. SHARP: Appendix 1 is dated October 1968, in
La Crosse, Wisconsin. I will read only the conclusions.
-------
1116
R. W. Sharp
MR. SHARP: Conclusions:
1. High concentrations of taconite wastes cause mor-
talities among sac fry of rainbow trout and lake tiout in 4-day
exposures.
2. Sac fry of lake trout appear more susceptible than
sac fry of rainbow trout to taconite wastes, but the test conditions
were more conducive to the survival of rainbow trout.
3. Green and eyed lake trout eggs exposed to the
taconite waste died faster than controls in 20-day exposures.
Green and eyed rainbow trout eggs were less affected }y the taconite
effluent.
4. The rainbow trout sac fry died at concentrations of
taconite waste and exposures very similar to those reported in
previous tests, i.e. those included in Appendix 10
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Sharp, before you leave the studies
that you have discussed here, it appears that there are some incon-
sistencies between the summary of results of the studies contained
in Appendix 1 with those contained in Appendix 2. Is that only an
appearance or is that your conclusion as well?
MR. SHARP: Mr. Chairman, as I mentioned, I did not
conduct nor direct this work and these appendices are submitted
directly to me from our La Crosse Laboratory, I think the discrep-
ancies are based upon the fact that the bioassays are not complete,
as they point out.
-------
1117
R. W. Sharp
MR. DOMINICK: Turning to Appendix 1, Conclusion No. 3,
you say, "High concentrations of taconite wastes cause mortalities
among sac fry of rainbow trout in 4-day exposures." Do you have
backup material to show what is meant by "high concentrations"?
MR. SHARP: Yes. I think this is well explained in the
body of the report. If you will turn to Page 8, in general these
tests were conducted at levels of 10, 25, 50, and 75 percent con-
centrations of taconite, with the mortalities becoming relatively
higher as the amount of taconite in the solutions increased. I
think this is quite clearly set forth if you read the entire body of
the report,,
MR. DOMINICK: Are there any other questions on this
point?
MR. PURDY: Yes.
When you say taconite waste, is this the unsettled
taconite wastes, including the suspended solids and all?
MR. SHARP: Yes, the unsettled waste as it is issued
from the plant. A hundred percent solution came from the discharge.
MR. DOMINICK: Have you cooperated in any way with the
Water Quality Lab in carrying out these studies?
MR. SHARP: Dr. Mount, can you answer that question for
me, please?
He is out of the room.
Yes. In general, without having all of the details,
there was some level of cooperation between the two laboratories.
-------
1118
R. W. Sharp
MR. DOMINICK: I hope that will continue and we will
press on with trying to resolve any inconsistencies which may
appear he re.
MR. SHARP: Dr. Mount can give more details on this
than I can. He may, if he wishes, answer questions at a later time0
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Are there any other questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: You may proceed.
MR. SHARP: Pollution from some of the major tributaries
has been of some consequence and should be considered in these pro-
ceedings.
I will pass over this portion of our submission, Mr0
Chairman.
The system has been passed on by several previous
speakers, notably by Dr. Bartsch.
The importance of the high quality water being discharged
into the lower lakes should be considered in these deliberations.,
The rapid decline in the quality of Lake Erie over the past 20 years
has been widely documented. If there is any hope of restoring the
quality of Lake Erie, the waters to do so must come from Lake
Superior via the St. Marys River and subsequent discharge through
Lake Huron and Lake St. Clairc The average discharge of 73,100 CFS
from the St. Marys River has a marked effect on the ecology of the
lower lakes. Studies of Lake Superior water quality have not yet
-------
1119
R. W. Sharp
been sufficiently detailed to determine how far we may permit the
addition of heat, silt, nutrients, heavy metal salts, or other
pollutants, without sacrificing this important aspect of Lake
Superior in relation to the Great Lakes ecosystem.
In summary, then, we see subtle changes taking place in
Lake Superior that are not easy to document; locally, at least,
increased turbidity, pollution of some tributaries and estuaries,
and some indication of an increasing concentration of heavy metal
salts. The meaning of these changes should be documented and as
soon as possible. Our interest in the lake trout restoration, the
anadromous fish program, and the water quality necessary to support
them has been expressed.
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife strongly
supports the conclusions reached and the recommendations made in
the FWPCA report "An Appraisal of Water Pollution in the Lake
Superior Basin." The Bureau stands ready to aid in the implementa-
tion of these recommendations to the limit of our assigned authority.
In particular, we stress the need for the adoption and
enforcement of the proposed water quality criteria for the open
waters of Lake Superior, and for the continuing surveillance of the
taconite waste disposal operations of the Reserve Mining Company.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes the statement of the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you very much for your presentation.
-------
1120
R. W. Sharp
Are there any questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Sharp, I have noted in the news-
papers that planting of coho salmon has been or will be undertaken
in Superior waters near here in the very near future. Could you
describe these plantings?
MR. SHARP: Perhaps very briefly. This is, of course,
a State of Minnesota program,. As I understand it, the first plant
of coho salmon is being accomplished this week in French River with
subsequent stockings to take place over the next few weeks, reaching
a total figure of 80,000 cohos.
Some of the Minnesota Fisheries people are here0
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Badalich indicated this was today.
Is this the first time they have been introduced in Lake Superior?
MR0 SHARP: The first time on the North Shore; no, the
first introduction in Lake Superior.
The State of Michigan has made coho plants along their
South Shore streams.
MR. DOMINICK: What have been the results of plantings
in Lake Michigan? I understand that reproduction is not accomplished
and that replantings are required.
MR. SHARP: Mr. Chairman, this is a story in itself, as
most of the audience knows. The phenomenal success of the coho
introduction in Lake Michigan have been documented in the press,
popular publications, nation-wide«
-------
1121
R. W. Sharp
As I understand it, the State of Michigan is proceeding
with their coho introduction program. They are, I believe, prepared
to accept the lack of natural reproduction and consider this as
largely a hatcher program with a rather phenomenal return on the
level of 20 percent or more.
MR. DOMINICK: But there is lack of natural reproduction
in Michigan?
MR. SHARP: To some degree, I belie ve „ Again, I would
refer this question to the Michigan Department of Conservation,
Are any of their fishery people here to answer?
1*0?. PURDY: Mr. Chairman, it was never expected that
the natural reproduction would sustain the coho fisheries program
in Lake Michigan. It was anticipated in the beginning this would
be a hatcher program. Natural reproduction has occurred in excess
of what was originally anticipated, but the reproduction takes
place in the tributary streams and not in the lake itself.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Do you expect a high rate of reproduction in Lake
Superior?
MR. SHARP: I think that we might expect approximately
the same rate of reproduction that we are getting in Lake Michigan,
I have no other assumption,
MR. DOMINICK: So the critical factor here is the
availability of spawning grounds as opposed to water quality?
MR. SHARP: I am not sure I understand your question.
-------
1122
R. W. Sharp
MR. DOMINICK: As I understand it, the reproductive rates
are determined by the availability of spawning grounds in the
tributaries?
MR. SHARP: Yes, that is correct. If these fish are
to reproduce, it will be in the esturaries of the North Shore
streams which most of you know are limited by falls within the
first mile or two, so the total spawning sights available will be
limited.
I am advised that Minnesota is constructing bypass
feautres, at least on the French River, to get the coho beyond the
first area of falls which will materially increase the spawning
area available on the French River.
If I am wrong, will you correct me, Dr. Moyle?
j
DR. MOYLE: That is correct.
MR. SHARP: Thank you.
MR. PURDY: Again, this is primarily a hatchery program.
A critical part in this is the egg collection and then having eggs
that will hatch within the hatchery. It is not expected in Michigan
that natural reproduction will take place, but, to the extent
necessary to maintain the resources, in the fall of each year we
will have to go through an egg collection process. The critical
part is to have eggs that will hatch under controlled hatchery
conditions.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you for that educational interlude
for the Chairman.
(The statement of R. W. Sharp in its entirety follows:)
-------
1123
Statement
Presented By
THE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
at the Lake Superior Enforcement Conference
Duluth, Minnesota
May 13-16, 1969
Introduction
The unique character of Lake Superior has been well documented in earlier
presentations, is well known to most of this assembly and indeed most of
us are here because of our interest in maintaining its unique qualities.
When our forebearers first came upon the scene, they found one of the
best quality fisheries the world has ever known, or is likely to knoxv again.
Its lake trout and whitefish brought premium prices in the leading fish
markets of the nation. Its unusual limnological features attracted the
interest of scientists the world over, and still continues to do so. We
in the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife believe this resource is
worthy of a maximum conservation effort to preserve.
Sport Fishing Use - Precise figures on the sport fishery use of Lake
Superior are not yet available, but are in preparation. Angling pressure
per acre is light, in comparison with other leading fishing waters, but
fishermen coming to Lake Superior are seeking an angling experience that
can be duplicated in few other waters. An estimated 1.4 million vacationists
visited the basin in 1964. We can assume that a substantial number of these
visitors came to fish.
-------
1124
Bureau Interests
The major fishery investigations of Lake Superior have been conducted by
our sister agency, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and due to its
interstate and international character, certain fishery responsibilities
are vested in the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, and its various
committees.
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has, since the late 1950's,
made a major effort in the propagation phase of the lake trout restoration
program. Since that time, the Bureau has reared and stocked 11,933,000
lake trout fingerlings in Lake Superior, from its hatcheries in Michigan.
The total magnitude of this fish stocking effort can be judged from the
total stocking of lake trout from 1952 to 1968, 21,800,000 fish, a coop-
erative venture between the three States, the Province of Ontario, and
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. This effort, along with that
in Lake Michigan, has been one of the most intensive fish stocking ventures
ever attempted. The continuing success of these efforts will depend to
a considerable degree on che maintenance of top quality water in Lake
Superior.
Details of the Lake Superior stocking are presented in Table 1. (Page 3)
-2-
-------
1125
TABLE 1
LAKE TROUT PLANTINGS IN LAKE SUPERIOR
1952-1968
Year
1952-59
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Totals
GRAND TOTAL 21
Anadromous Fish
Bureau
500,000
451,575
855,000
1,265,000
1,196,000
910,000
2,073,249
2,242,057
2,501,000
11,993,881
,832,158
Program
State
1,900,497
549,800
253,000
490,000
569,000
963,000
616,000
778,800
289,000
6,409,097
Province
554,180
508,000
477,000
472,000
468,000
450,000
500,000
3,429,180
Since 1966, the Bureau has worked closely with the States of Minnesota,
Michigan and Wisconsin in the anadromous fish program, utilizing funds
available under the Anadromous Fish Act of 1965.
The major effort here has been in the area of facilities to improve or
establish runs of such anadromous fish as coho, and chinook salmon, and
the rainbow trout. Since its inception, the three States involved have
planned expenditure of $2,160,000 *, in measures and improvements to aid
the Lake Superior fishery, even in this day and age a substantial fishery
budget. The phenomenal success of the coho salmon project in Lake Michigan
has given the Lake Superior program additional impetus.
*Michigar $1,798,000
Wisconsin 218,000
Minnesota 144,000
$2,160,000
-3-
-------
1126
For many years, prior to a formal anadromous fish program, the "steelhead"
run in Lake Superior tributary streams has been an important adjunct to
the fisheries of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. The Minnesota
"steelhead" fishery involves 56 streams along the North Shore, a number
which flow into the area affected by taconite tailings. Minnesota
Department of Conservation data indicate these streams provide opportunities
for an average of 1,000 fishermen per mile during the angling season. Fish
taken average about four pounds. Similar fisheries are found in many of
the Lake Superior tributary streams of Wisconsin and Michigan.
Typically, young steelhead spend two years in the stream before migrating
to the open lake, where they grow to adult size in about two more years
and return to their home stream to spawn. Although little is known of
their lake life history, it is apparent that they are fish of the more
shallow waters from 6 to 60 feet in depth. Along the North Shore the
growing and maturing steelhead are limited to a very narrow zone. The
importance of this shallow shore zone in the life history of Lake Superior
fishes has been stressed in other presentations.
The basic productivity of Lake Superior is lower than that of most other
lakes and data have been presented to indicate that tailings have a
measurable detrimental effect on production of basic fish food organisms. *
It is conceivable, therefore, that growth and production of steelhead
southeast of the Reserve plant will be affected. No information is
available to permit a quantitative estimate on the degree of damage to
this fishery.
*Minnesota Conservation Dept. Ref. #54.
-4-
-------
1127
In connection with earlier studies of the effect of taconite wastes on
fish and other aquatic organisms, the Fish Control Laboratory of the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife conducted a series of bioassays
involving several species of test fish, and other aquatic organisms.
The results of these studies are set forth in Appendix 1 and 2.
Pollution from some of the major tributaries has been well documented by
other speakers, and I will pass over this portion of our submission.
Ecosystem Aspects of Lake Superior Pollution
These aspects have been touched on by Dr. Bartsch. The importance of the
high quality water being discharged into the lower lakes should be considered
in these deliberations. The rapid decline in the quality of Lake Erie
over the past 20 years has ,been widely documented. If there is any hope
of restoring the quality of Lake Erie, the waters to do so must come largely
from Lake Superior via the St. Marys River and subsequent discharge through
Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair. The average discharge of 73,100 CFS from
the St. Marys River has a marked effect on the ecology of the lower lakes.
Studies of Lake Superior water quality have not yet been sufficiently
detailed to determine how far we may permit the addition of heat, silt,
nutrients, heavy metals or other pollutants, without sacrificing this
important aspect of Lake Superior in relation to the Great Lakes ecosystem.
Summary
We see subtle changes taking place in Lake Superior that are not easy
to document; logically at least, increased turbidity, pollution of some
tributaries and estuaries, and some indication of an increasing
-5-
-------
1128
concentration of heavy metals. The meaning of these changes should
be documented, and as soon as possible. Our interest in the lake trout
restoration, the anadromous fish program and the water quality necessary
to support them has been expressed.
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife strongly supports the conclusions
reached and the recommendations made in the FWPCA report, "An Appraisal
of Water Pollution in the Lake Superior Basin". The Bureau stands ready
to aid in the implementation of these recommendations to the limit of
our assigned authority.
In particular, we stress the need for the adoption and enforcement of the
proposed water quality criteria for the open waters of Lake Superior, and
for the close continuing surveillance of the taconite waste disposal operations
of the Reserve Mining Company.
Robert W. Sharp
Attachments: (2)
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
-6-
-------
APPENDIX 1 H29
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTER8OP
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
BiOASSAYl OF TACON8TE WASTES AGAINST FISH
AND OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISMS
by
Le!f Lc Marking, Chemist
and
Robert E. Lennorv Director
FUh Centre- Laboratories
Lc Cre«sef Vf! scons 5n
October
-------
1130
2
INTRODUCTION
Taconite wastes from the Reserve Mining Company, Sliver Bay,
Minnesota, were tested for short-term toxic effects on fish, fish eggs,
sac fry, and several species of aquatic invertebrates at the request of
the USD I Taconite Study Group. The first samples of taconite waste ar-
rived at the Fish Control Laboratory in April 1963, and an attempt was
made to accomplish as much pertinent testing as possible before the
October (968 deadline. The brief period, however, limited the number
of species which could be included.
The waste is principally taconite rock and contains heavier
solids which settle out readily, finer particles which remain in sus-
pension, and water. The water fraction is pumped into the Plant and
used to transport taconite through an extraction process and carry
wastes out Into Lake Superior. The nature of the waste materials and
a description of the disposal site are fully detailed In reports by
other agencies In the Taconite Study Group.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Standard bioassay methods of the Fish Control Laboratory were
followed In performing the short-term, static tests on taconite wastes
(Lennon and Walker, 1964)-' at 12° C. Five-gallon samples of waste
Lennon, Robert E. and Charles R. Walker
Investigations in Fish Control. 1. Laboratories and methods
for screening fish-control chemicals. U.S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Circular 185: 15 p.
-------
1131
effluent were stirred thoroughly before they were proportioned and di-
luted with reconstituted, deionized water to obtain the desired concen-
trations and volumes.
Our analysis of an undiluted sample of taconite effluent on
April 29, 1968, disclosed the following: total alkalinity, **2.0 p.p.m.;
total hardness, ^8.0 p.p.m.; calcium hardness, 32.0 p.p.m.; total iron,
2.20 p.p.m.; manganese, Q.\k p.p.m.; calcium ion, 1.65 p.p.m.; magnesium
ion, 2.70 p.p.m.; copper ion, 0.11 p.p.m.; and zinc ion, 0.025 p.pm. The
ion analyses were done by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The seven species of fish, 1 to k inches long, and the rainbow
trout eggs were obtained from national and state fish hatcheries (table
N
1). The first fish eggs were In the eyed stage when introduced into the
bioassays, and they hatched several days later while the tests were in
progress. Another group of eggs was held until hatching, and the sac
fry were then used in bioassays.
The aquatic invertebrates were collected from our own holding
pools.
Several of the acute toxicity tests against fish and inverte-
brates, and all of the tests against eggs and sac fry were extended
beyond the normal, 96-hour observation period to detect any possible
effects. The extended bioassays were aerated, but no feed was furnished
to the fish during any of the tests. The high degree of turbidity in
the vessels required that the solutions be decanted daily so that mor-
talities could be observed and recorded.
-------
1132
Table 1:- A list of fish and aquatic Invertebrates used In bioassays
of taconlte wastes.
Common
name
Scientific
name
FISH
Coho salmon
Rainbow trout
Lake trout
White sucker
Black bullhead
Bluegill
Yellow perch
AdUATlC INSECTS
Backswimmer
Midge larva
CRUSTACEAN
Water-flea
Oncorhvnchus kisutch
Salmo gai rdneri
Salve!inus namaycush
Catpstpmus. commerson?
jctalurus. melas
Lepomls rnacrochirus
Perca flayescens.
Notonecta sp.
Chi ronomus sp.
Daphnla sp.
Fish
RESULTS
Small coho salmon, rainbow trout, lake trout, white suckers,
black bullheads, bluegiils and yellow perch exhibited no acute responses
during 96-hour exposures to undiluted taconite waste. This undiluted
-------
1133
medium was extremely turbfd. During the course of the tests, large
amounts of dense particulate matter settled to the bottom of bioassay
vessels, leaving gray colloidal material In suspension. The dissolved
oxygen was sufficient for the fish in the taconite medium, but higher
concentrations were measured in control media.
During extended bioassays, coho salmon and lake trout survived
in undiluted taconite effluent for three weeks, and the fish appeared to
be as healthy as controls maintained In clean water* On the other-hand, -
rainbow trout perished within the three weeks'rn media-contafning 75
percent and 100 percent of taconite effluent, whereas control rainbows -'
did not begin to die until after 25 days. The cause-of death of the
•rainbows was starvation, but those fish in taconite cnedla died sooner
because of added stress and/or lower dissolved oxygen.
Trout eggs and fry
..Eyed eggs of rainbow trout appeared unaffected In .solutions of
taconite waste, but the sac fry hatching from these eggs in the bioassay
media were sensitive to dilutions which contained 25 percent or more of
the waste (table 2). fn the first trial, the eggs were exposed for seven
days prior to hatching, and there was little mortality at all dilutions.
Th« newly-hatched sac fry from these eggs, however, died at dilutions of
10, 25* and 50 percent In one week.
in a confirming trial, the oggs hatched within four days In
th« bioassay media, and the sac fry succumbed within one weak In dilu-
tions of 25, 50, 75, and 100 parcant of ^aconite affluent.
-------
1134
o
0
OJ
4->
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-------
1135
The sac fry in the first trial appeared to be more sensitive to
the waste than those in the second trial. The fact that the eggs in the
first test were exposed longer to the taconite prior to hatching may have
been a contributing factor.
Sac fry approximately four days old were placed In dilutions of
taconite effluent. They responded more rapidly to dilutions of 50 percent
or more than sac fry emerging from eggs already in the test solutions
(table 3). Within two days, 2k out of 25 sac fry perished in undiluted
effluent, and the rate of mortality was high within four days in the 50-
and 75-percent dilutions. In contrast, there were only two mortalities
among controls in clean water in 20 days.
The cause of death of sac fry in taconite effluent is not
known. Starvation is not a principal factor because fry in this stage
of life obtain nourishment from the yolk sac.
Aouat ?c j nvertebrates
Backswimmers and midge larvae were exposed to undiluted efflu-
ent for 13 days. They survived as well as specimens in control vessels.
Water-fleas (Daphnia sp.) showed stress within one week in
undiluted effluent. They surfaced frequently in the thick suspension of
taconite waste and gradually became inactive. All disappeared within 20
to 2k days, but specimens in control vessels survived. The test indi-
cates no acute toxic!ty of the waste, but suggests a chronic effect.
-------
1136
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-------
1137
9
DISCUSSION
Sac fry of rainbow trout are more sensitive to the ore waste
than eyed eggs, fingerting salmon ids and other fish, and aquatic inver-
tebrates. Thus, from the standpoint of harmfulness, taconite may have
a direct and relatively acute effect on the sac fry of salmon Id fish.
Admittedly, rainbow trout spawn in streams, and their sac fry could not
be exposed to Reserve Mining Company's effluent. The rainbow was used
in these tests, however, because it is the only salmon id that we could
obtain In sac fry stage during the April-October period of the investi-
gation.
An attempt will be made this fall (1968) to detect the effects
of taconite effluent on sac fry of lake trout, a species which spawns in
Lake Superior. The results wilt be included in an Addendum to this re-
port to the Taconite Study Group. Tests of taconite should also be made
against sac fry of lake herring (Coregonus artediI) and the bloater
(Coregonus hovi) because these species spawn in areas of the Lake Superior
which may be exposed to taconite wastes.
The trout and salmon in the bioassays appeared to exhibit rest-
lessness and irritation in the presence of taconite waste. This behavior
suggests that salmonids would avoid water contaminated by the waste.
The fact that our short-term, static bioassays did not demon-
strate acute damage by taconite waste on finger I ing-size fish cannot be
construed to mean that taconite is harmless to fish. The 96-hour bio-
assay is only a first step In determining the effect of a substance on
-------
10 1138
fish. When warranted, as In the case of taconite disposal Into Lake
Superior, the short-term bioassay should be followed by long-term, flow-
ing-type bioassays to detect chronic effects of taconite waste on fish.
Whereas the long-term bioassays may produce better and more complete in-
formation, they are difficult and expensive to set up and maintain.
The reaction of water-fleas to taconite was inconclusive. The
mortality of organisms may have been due to toxicity, starvation, mechan-
ical damage, or other factors associated with over-extension of a short*8
term test.
L/ CONCLUSIONS
I. Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to fingerI ing-size coho salmon,
rainbow trout, white suckers, black bullheads, bluegills, and yellow
perch In 96-hour, static bioassays.
2. Taconite wastes are not lethal to eyed eggs of rainbow trout and
apparently have no harmful effect on the hatchability of the eggs.
3- High concentrations of taconite wastes cause mortalities among sac
fry of rainbow trout in ^-day exposures.
k. Taconite wastes are not acutely toxic to backswimmers, midge larvae,
and water-fleas in 96-hour bioassays.
5. Taconite wastes should be btoassayed against sac fry of lake trout
and other salmon ids which live and spawn in Lake Superior.
6. Whereas strong concentrations of taconite have little acute effects
on fish and aquatic invertebrates, there are possibilities for chronic
and other effects. Long-term bioassays In flowing systems would be
required to demonstrate chronic toxicities to aquatic life due to heavy
metals, mechanical damage to gills by part leuIate taconite, and repel-
lency to fish.
-------
1139
APPENDIX 2
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE IIJTEUIOK
FIJI! AND WILDLIFE 3EHVICK
BUREAU OF 3PORT FIGlffiRIES AND r,/ILDLIFE
TOXIC EFFECTS OF TACONITE WASTES AGAINST EGGS AND
SAC FRY OF RAINBOW AND LAKE TROUT
Leif L. Marking, Chemist
Fish Control Laboratory
La CrOGse, Wisconsin
May, 1069
-------
1140
INTRODUCTION
Taconite wastes from the Reserve Minining Company,
Silver Bay, Minnesota, were tested against several life stages of
rainbow trout and other aquatic organisms in static bioassays at
the Fish Control Laboratory, La Crosse, Wisconsin. The report^'
indicates no harmful effects on the hatchability of eggs and no
acutely toxic effects to fingerling fish or aquatic insects, How-
ever, the data surest that sac fry, an early life-stage of i'ioh,
die in high concentrations of the vaste solutions. The investiga-
tion; were limited to rainbow trout. This species is mos.t apt to
spawn in tributaries of Lake Superior and, therefore, the fry are
not likely to be present in the taconite disposal areas. For
this reason, we elected to expand our studies to include cgcs,
sac fry, and young fingerlings of lake trout which do inhabit
Lake Superior. In addition, eggs and fry of rainbow trout were
tested to confirm the original data.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Standard bioassay methods of the Fish Control Labora-
tory were followed in performing the short-term, static tests
—'Leif L. Marking and Robert E. Lennon
Bioassays of Taconite Wastes Against Fish and Other Aquatic
Organisms. Presented to the U.S.D.I. Taconite Study Group,
Duluth, Minnesota, October, 1968.
-------
1141
2/
on taconite wastes (Lennon and Walker, 196U)— at 12° C. Five-gallon
•
samples of waste effluent were stirred thoroughly before they were
oroportioned and diluted with reconstituted, deionized water to
obtain the desired concentrations.
Twenty-five eggs or fry of rainbow trout (galao gairdneri)
or lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were placed in each 1-gallon
jar containing 2.5 liters of diluted effluent. The effluent was
diluted with standard reconstituted water to obtain concentrations
lower than the pure effluent. The control organisms were tested in
reconstituted water. The bioassays were observed and the mortalities
recorded.every four days. Dead individuals were removed after each
observation. Green eggs of lake trout were disturbed less often
since they are more sensitive to handling. The data are reported
for 20-day exposures although some of the tests were extended
beyond this time. The supernatant was decanted in the highly tur-
bid bioassays in order to accurately record mortality.
The rainbow trout eggs were obtained from the National
Fish Hatchery, Manchester, Iowa, on the day of spawning. Green
lake trout eggs were furnished by the State Fish Hatchery, Westfield,
Wisconsin.
— Lennon, Robert E. and Charles R. Walker
Investigations in Fish Control. 1. Laboratories and
method:? for secreening fish-control chemicals. U.S. Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Circular 185: 15 p.
-------
1142
Green ?.md eye'l C;;w;-j of i-iinbo : trout .jurvived ;;novb
o. ..insures to all concentrations of taconitc waste (table l). Tne
son^rol eggs survived equally well. The eyed eggs appear raor~
.sensitive to the effluent during and shortly after the hatching
period. The eyed eggs began hatching 12 days after the beginning
of the bioassay. The sac fry resulting from the eggs in the pure
effluent were completely eliminated after 20 days of exposure.
Newly hatched sac fry of rainbow trout appear sensitive
to high concentrations of taconite effluent in1 U-day exposure:;
(table 1, trial 3). After 20 days of exposure, all of the controls
survived while concentrations of 50 percent and greater killed
tho jac fry.
Green and eyed lake trout eg;;,'.-, appear more susceptible
t.o laconite than rainbow trout c,;;go (table ?,, trial 1 and :^}t In
L.X) day exposures, all of the green eggs and mout of the eyed e ;gs
were eliminated at all concentrations. Fourteen of the control
eggs in trial 1, and 15 of the eggs in trial 2 also died during
this exposure.
Newly hatched fry of lake trout are quite sensitive to the
taconite effluent. All were destroyed within h days at concentra-
tions of 25 percent or greater (table 2, trial 3). After 20 days,
-------
1143
Table; 1.--Mortality nmonr; 25 c(;;j.~ or 25 sac fry of rainbow trout it.
dilutions of taconitc vastc at 12° C.
Accumulated mortality at concentrations of
E::po;jure
( clay 3 )
Trial 1,
i,
0
1?
16
-o
Tri-i] .:,
'i
3
12-/
To
20
Trial 32
1,
8
12
16
20
0
percent
Green e£gy
0
5
5
3
12
Plyod J';
-------
1144
.L' .)lc .--Mortality araon;; ..'5 '-•,;.,,; or J5
of taconibc waote at 12° C.
fry of lake
/J.ccVun\ilatcd mortality at concentration.-; of
XT
/iVi L] 1,
'
10
15
'0
Trial 2,
,,
o
u
12
16
20
Trial j,
H
o
12
16
L'O
Trial k,
h
o
12
16
20
0
percent
Green c,.;;jr.
0
5
10
I'l
Eyed c,'j£3
0
j
9
Ik
Ik
10
percent
0
5
10
25
0
0
10
ik
13
percent
0
0
Ik
25
0
25
25
25
25
50
percent
0
12
2k
25
0
5
20
22
23
75
0
11
17
25
0
13
2k
2k
25
^/n.
fj
P'l
<;5
2;.
0
c2
25
•-5
25
Newly hatched fry
j
3
3
8
15
Three week
0
0
0
0
0
o
6
o
(J
16
25
old Try
0
0
1
1
1
25
25
25
25
25
0
1
2
2
2
on:
25
25
25
25
1
2
2
2
2
25
25
25
25
25
1
•3
V
u
If
2y
25
-> -
25
25
5
7
7
7
7
-------
1145
mortality wa.; complete in the 10-percent concentration, but 1:.
of ':hc controls were still alive.
Thrce-vcek-old lake 'troub fry arc more resistant to the
taconitc effluent than any of the earlier life staler:;. The control;
and most fry'exposed to taconite survived for 20 days.
DIUCUG-'JION
The lake trout c-;r;s and fry appear more sensitive to
tjio taconite than rainbow trout ej(js and fry. In most cases, raor ;
tlian 50 percent of the control lake trout e;_:,";s or fry died. Tlie
temperature and other teat conditions may have influenced their
susceptibility. Usually lake trout are hatched in fresh water at
temperatures colder than 12 C. The slow maturing lake trout c;;:;s
were perhaps stressed under our static testing procedure.-;.
Many or the tests were extended to 30 days. The data
were not presented, however, because most of the lake trout e;;;r;s
or nealy hatched fry exposed to the taconite were eliminated prior
to this time. In the static bioassays longer than 20 days the
controls and any remaining exposed fish be^an dying at a faster
rate. Apparently lake trout are more difficult to rear in early
\
life stages and require special temperature and culturinc conditions,
-------
1146
CONCLUSIONS
/' 1. Hi;;h concentrations of baoonitc wastes cause mortalities
amonj sac fry of rainbow trout and lake trout in H-day
exposure's.
/ 2.. Sac fry of lake trout appear more susceptible than sac fry of
rainbow trout to taconite was bos} bub the test conditions v/ore
more conducive to the survival of rainbow trout.
^ 3. Green and eyed lake brout eggs exposed to the taconite waste
died faster than controls in 20 day exposures. Green and
eyed rainbow trout e^gs were less affected by the taconite
effluent.
I k. The rainbow trout sac fry died at concentrations of taconite
waste and exposures very similar to those reported in previous
tcota'~at thiu laboratory.
-------
1147
E. Do Premetz
MR. DOMINICK: The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Mr.
Ernest D0 Premetz„
STATEMENT OF ERNEST D. PREMETZ, DEPUTY
DIRECTOR, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, GREAT LAKES
AND CENTRAL REGION, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
MR. PREMETZ: Mr0 Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
My name is Ernest D. Premetz„ I am with the U0 S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
I am Deputy Regional Director for the Great Lakes and Central
Region.
Safeguarding and perpetuating the fishery resources of
the Great Lakes are major responsibilities of the U« S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and its Bureaus of Commercial Fisheries and Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife,, Any practice or series of events which
threatens the abundance of fish or a useful and productive balance
of fish species is of primary concern to us«
Scientists of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
have been working with the fisheries of the Great Lakes and their
environment over a period of almost 50 years. The Bureau has
been in a particularly advantageous position to observe the process
of change that has been taking place in this--the largest complex
of fresh-water resources in the world. BCF scientists were the
first to direct public attention to the now well-publicized
deterioration of Lake Erie. In fact, our scientists had a pretty
-------
1148
E. Do Premetz
tough time, but, when the visible signs of pollution showed up,
then everyone was on the bandwagon. You had hearings. You had
all sorts of groups interested in doing something about pollution.
I hope because you don't see the visible signs in Lake
Superior that you don't sit back and wait for them. Listen to the
scientists. They will tell you when the subtle signs appear and
when it is time to act.
Frankly, Lake Superior presents an entirely different
situation then Lake Erie and has its own unique fishery and ecological
framework. In this statement we would like to summarize our
position with regard to the water quality aspects of Lake Superior's
fish and aquatic life resources. We would like to do this both in
the context of Lake Superior itself and in terms of the entire
Great Lakes ecosystem.
We are very concerned with Lake Superior. In fact,
we have two field stations located on the lake -- one at Marquette,
Michigan, and one at Ashland, Wisconsin. We also have a research
vessel that plies this entire lake. Our station in Marquette is a
center for the field operations of our sea lamprey control program
which is carried on by the Bureau in U. S. waters of the Great Lakes
under contract from the Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Actually, at the present time we are getting the sea
lamprey under control in Lake Superior. You have already heard
that restocking is taking place. Much of the future depends, of
course, on the success we continue to maintain as far as lamprey
control and on water quality. In fact, all of these millions of
-------
1149
Eo D. Premetz
dollars have been spent in rehabilitation programs and the Great
Lakes can go down the drain if we don't do something about main-
taining water quality.
At our Ashland station we are conducting many various
monitoring studies on the lake trout restoration program, and
we are also looking into various aspects of the lake's biota and
its environment.
Fish and aquatic life play a unique role with respect
to water quality problems, particularly in large and complex eco-
systems as represented by the Great Lakes. As I mentioned before,
long before water quality changes are detectable in gross forms and
result in closed beaches and unacceptable domestic water supplies,
the interactions among life of the lake can reveal the significance
and rate of these changes, and can give early warning of the need
for remedial action. This is particularly the case in Lake Superior
where a huge volume of exceptionally high quality water has supported
an aquatic life complex dominated by high quality fish with exacting
environmental requirements. This complex, which is characterized
by lake trout, whitefish, and lake herring, has already declined in
other portions of the Great Lakes ecosystem, in significant part
due to environmental deterioration.
The open waters of Lake Superior at this time are of
exceptionally pure quality. Dissolved oxygen is normally near
saturation at all depths and at times reaches supersaturated
conditions. We have included in the report a table which shows
average chemical characteristics of the open waters of Lake
-------
1150
E. D. Premetz
Superior, illustrating both the high quality of these waters and
their present exceedance of the State Water Quality Standards
established as a result of the Water Quality Act of 1965.
The status of existing water quality is important
to fish and aquatic life. Of much greater importance, however,
is whether any trends may be discerned and what their direction
may be. You have two figures also in your report which show
concentrations of total dissolved solids and certain specific
dissolved solids in the lake since 1890. It is apparent that
change, if it has taken place, is almost undetectable. It should
be emphasized that trends can be demonstrated for only a few
parameters for which reliable data are available over a long
X
period of time and that these items are not necessarily the most
critical ones for fish and aquatic life.
I might add, as I mentioned earlier, we have been actively
involved in the lake for 15 years and it has taken this long to
get some feel for what happens to bodies of water of this type„
There has been no work really anywhere in the world of this type
to see how these subtle changes might blossom into full-scale
pollution problems. We have this experience from Lake Erie now.
We feel what we have learned there will stand us in good stead as
to what we will do in other lakes.
Pesticides, for example, exhibit a different situation
than dissolved solids. The work of BCF scientists shows that
pesticide concentrations in Lake Superior fish are the lowest in
the Great Lakes. The concentrations, however, are not inconse-
quential, and since they have accumulated over a relatively short
-------
1151
E. D. Premetz
span of time, projections are a cause for concern. The special
capacity of high quality fish, such as salmonids, to accumulate
these substances in their bodies, particularly as the fish develop
into the larger size classes, has many disturbing ramifications
for the future management of both commercial and sport fishing in
Lake Superior.
We have done a very comprehensive study in the Great
Lakes Basin during the past 3 years. We have a report which we
can support for the record, summarizing all that data for Lake
Superior.
MR. DOMINICK: We would be happy to receive that report
as an exhibit and distributed to the conferees when it is available.
MR. PREMETZ: All right.
(The above-mentioned report is on file at FWPCA
Headquarters, Washington, D. C., and the Great Lakes Regional
Office, Chicago, Illinois.)
One of the things we now have to be concerned about
pesticides is that it doesn't take much to cause an accumulation
in fish. In Lake Michigan, for example, we find measurements in
the lake in parts per trillion, and yet in some species of fish
we have come up with parts per million. Many, of course, feel that
they get this through their food chain; our scientists feel that
a good share of it is strained through their gills -- into their
bodies through their gills. So even minor quantities are cause
for concern.
Experience with the other Great Lakes has shown the
-------
1152
E. D. Premetz
critical importance of the inshore water and tributary stream
mouth zone from the standpoint of indicating actual or incipient
environmental change. The sheer volume of the open waters of the
Great Lakes can mask the accumulation of undesirable substances
until the process has reached a critical stage. In the estuarine
zone, indications of environmental deterioration tend to show up
much earlier. Apart from its indicator role, this zone is of
special importance in life histories of certain important species,
particularly anadromous fish such as smelt, rainbow, brown and
brook trout, coho and chinook salmon and inshore spawners such as
lake herring.
Unfortunately, limnological changes in the inshore
waters of Lake Superior have received relatively little study.
It appears, however, that many reaches in this estuarine zone,
like the open lake, presently exhibit exceptionally high water
quality. It is also apparent that there have been obvious changes
in localized sectors such as the Duluth-Superior area, Silver Bay,
and in the vicinity of scattered population centers. Pulp mill
wastes have degraded a portion of Nipigon Bay in the Canadian
section of the lake.
The dry weight of plankton per cubic meter in the Apostle
Island region is four to five times greater than sampled areas in
the western part of the lake. Other areas of high plankton
productivity are the region southeast of the Keweenaw Peninsula
and east of Grand Marais, Michigan, and the northwest shore of
the Keweenaw Peninsula. Information is lacking to establish
-------
1153
E. D. Premetz
causal relationships for these occurrences such as possible localized
higher concentrations of nutrients. There have, however, been
scattered reports of increased turbidity in the Apostle Islands
area.
Lake herring populations have declined in Lake Superior
from undetermined causes. Although once widely dispersed through-
out all the Great Lakes, this species has some exacting environmental
requirements. It was the first major fishery in Lake Erie to collapse
(in the 1920's) with a strong likelihood that environmental changes
were at least partially responsible for this collapse.
We found in Lake Erie , for example, over a 100-year
period we had a 2° warming in water temperature. This is the
fact that we believe caused the collapse of this particular species.
The lake herring is, therefore, a particularly important species
to watch in Lake Superior, and research on it should receive very
high priority.
From the standpoint of fish and wildlife, however, all
of these scattered signs of change in the inshore, estuarine zone
should be read for what they are -- symptoms and warnings that
decisions should be made now as to what levels of future water
quality are to be achieved and steps taken accordingly.
From the fish and aquatic life standpoint, what is
the proper stance with respect to Lake Superior water quality?
The present exceptionally high quality water that characterizes
all the open water environment and most of the estuarine zone
supports a low productivity -- high value fish and aquatic life
-------
1154
E. D. Premetz
complex on a scale unmatched in the Nation. The value of this
fishery complex, both commercial and sport, is high and likely to
go higher as human populations increase and its scarcity value
grows. It is possible to argue theoretically that carefully
controlled, selected inputs of nutrients and heat into a cold
oligotrophic lake could increase its productivity without
significantly altering the composition of its fishery base. Given
sufficient advance research and establishment of control mechanisms
this approach may have merit, but, I point out, if sufficient
advanced research and establishment is met.
It is the position of BCF, however, that in the present
state of knowledge there should be no tinkering with the system
until the research has been done and adequate provision made for
orderly control. There are more than enough low value fish stocks
in the lower lakes; the one thing that is not needed is increases
in these stocks, particularly in Lake Superior.
One example will illustrate the delicacy of the existing
ecological balance. Because of the very high clarity of Lake
Superior waters which permits maximum penetration of light, the
productivity of the benthic zone, the community of plant and
animal forms living on the bottom, is high at depths that
normally do not support such life in other lakes. This same high
degree of light penetration also partially compensates for the
low per unit phytoplanktonic productivity of Lake Superior waters
by increasing the volume of water involved. Thus turbidity becomes
a major controlling factor with a small increase being capable of
-------
1155
E, D, Premetz
eliminating a significant portion of the food chain base. This
adverse effect could be multiplied if the increase in turbidity
were caused by inert materials incapable of nourishing the
scanty existing phytoplankton base.
In addition to the necessity for preserving the Lake
Superior environment and improving its capacity to support its
unique, high quality fish stocks, there is a wider framework
that should be considered- High quality water from Lake Superior
now enters the rest of the system down the St. Mary's River at an
average rate of approximately 73,000 cfs. This major influx of
essentially clean, highly oxygenated water dilutes the concentra-
tions of dissolved solids and other substances entering from
Lake Michigan (average 55,000 cfs) and exerts the dominant
influence on the quality of the open waters of Lake Huron,, If
pollution inputs now entering Lake Erie are eventually abated,
this same huge reservoir of clean water will be the major source
for the flushing flows that may some day rehabilitate that lake
and its fisheries.
I might add that scientists feel that in Lake Erie,
if we clean up pollution, we can clean up the lake perhaps in
3 to 4 years. The flushing rate is very rapid because of the
clean water that we have in Lake Superior that flows down
through the system.
In Lake Michigan, we find, however, that the flush-
ing rate may run 100 years or so, so this is really a serious
problem.
From a systems standpoint, Lake Superior is the vital
-------
1156
E. D. Premetz
key to overall solution of a very complex problem. In this
conference's deliberations on Lake Superior, we urge that this
Great Lakes system perspective be kept in mind. Until adequate
research on the fish stocks and their environment can be carried
out and adequate control mechanisms established, there should be
no tinkering with Lake Superior. In the meantime, the existing
overall excellent water quality of the Lake should govern the
standards, not the reverse.
This is all I have, Mr. Chairman. I would be happy
to answer any questions.
MR. DOMINICK: Do we have any questions?
MR. FRANCOS: Yes, Mr. Chairman.
I am wondering, Mr. Premetz, if you might be able to
provide us some of the reports or data you may have on findings
of the Apostle Island area. I am referring to Page 7 of your
statement. You are talking about the plankton concentrations
4 or 5 times higher --
MR. PREMETZ (interrputing): Yes, we can provide
these data.
MR. FRANCOS: Can you also do this with respect to
your statement about the scattered reports of increased turbidity
in that same area?
MR. PREMETZ: Yes, we will provide that as well.
MR. FRANCOS: I am wondering, Mr. Premetz, could
you help us a little bit by giving us at least your opinion of
what you might consider activity that you could classify as
-------
1157
E. D. Premetz
tinkering?
MR. PREMETZ: I have heard a lot of people talk
about putting nuclear powerplants on Lake Superior with the hope
of creating bathing beaches. We feel that that sort of tinkering,
although it might be very desirable to create bathing beaches on
the shores of Lake Superior, would not be appropriate until the
actual ecological impact were actually known. What would happen
to our fish species that we now have in the lake?
MR,, FRANCOS: But you are not suggesting that we
would suspend all discharges to the lake at this time, are you?
MR. PREMETZ: No, I am not.
MR. FRANCOS: I have one other question for my own
education. On page 9 when you are talking about the delicacy of
the ecological balance, is it your implication here that, generally
speaking, Lake Superior has a very low concentration of food
materials to sustain the fishery?
MR. PREMETZ: Yes, it does. Actually, it is a
relatively unproductive lake , but it does support a unique complex
of fish species that don't exist elsewhere in the world.
MR. FRANCOS: Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Purdy?
MR. PURDY: Yes.
Mr. Premetz, in speaking of the lamprey eel control
program, you departed from your prepared text and made the
statement that lamprey is now under control in Lake Superior. I
seem to remember some recent information that indicated that
-------
1158
E. D. Prsmstz
last year there were some 200 percent increase in the scarring
incidence on the lake trout population by the lamprey. Would
you comment on that?
MR. PREMETZ: I was hoping what I said would trigger
some comments. One problem we are experiencing as far as control
of the lamprey in the Great Lakes is the fact that the U. S.
Government has not been in a position to fund the program to the
extent that the Canadian government has been willing to fund it,
and at the present time we are working on funds that we once were
using for one lake i.e., Lake Superior. So much of the information
we have, particularly survey-type data and the data you mentioned,
has been on a very spotty basis because we must try to keep
effective control with the fish stocking of predators in the lake.
So much of the research that should be done has not been done.
Another thing is because of the fact that the time
schedule has deteriorated on lamprey control because of lack of
funds and there has been reinfestation from Lake Huron, which is
now only partially controlled.
MR. PURDY: Would that be difficult to say -- that
the lamprey eeel is under control in Lake Superior at this time,
then?
MR. PREMETZ: I would say it is a question of degree
of control that you might ultimately achieve. It is under control
to the extent that lake trout are surviving in the lake and
reproduction is taking place in the lake, so it is a question of
degree of control. Whether we will ever be able to achieve
-------
1159
Graham Walton
100 percent control is a question.
MR. PURDY: You would like to see additional controls?
MR. PREMETZ: Yes, we certainly would.
MR. PURDY: O.K.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Premetz, on Page 3 you mentioned
experience with the other Great Lakes has shown the critical
importance of the inshore water and tributary stream mouth zone
from the standpoint of indicating actual or incipient environmental
change.
Are we gathering experience? Are we conducting any
studies in Lake Superior in those inshore waters and stream mouth
zones at the present time?
MR. PREMETZ: I believe the States are stepping up
their work in these areas. We are doing some as well= Actually,
with the introduction of the anadromous species in Lake Superior,
there has been greater and greater interest in the tributary
streams and in these particular zones.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you.
Are there any other questions?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you for a very good statement.
We will hear from the Bureau of Water Hygiene, U. S.
Public Health Service, Dr. Graham Walton.
DR. WALTON: Mr0 Chairman, conferees, ladies and
gentlemen:
I am Graham Walton, Chief, Technical Services Bureau
-------
1160
D. W. Marshall
of Water Hygiene, Environmental Control Administration, U. S.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
First I have a statement prepared by Donald W. Marshall,
Water Hygiene Representative, Environmental Control Administration,
Region V, Chicago, Illinois, and Commissioner representing DHEW
on the Great Lakes Commission. If I give this, it will take about
10 minutes. The statement that I have prepared is a separate
statement given to water supplies only. It will take a little
less than 10 minutes.
What is your desire , Mr. Chairman? I can put one in
the record if you wish and give my own statement.
MR. DOMINICK: I think you should be the judge on
this, Dr. Walton. Is there material in Donald W. Marshall's
statement which you think will be of value to the entire audience?
DR. WALTON: I think maybe I should give Donald
Marshall's statement»
MR. DOMINICK: Very well, go ahead, please.
STATEMENT OF DONALD W. MARSHALL, WATER
HYGIENE REPRESENTATIVE, REGION V, CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS, AND COMMISSIONER FOR DHEW ON THE
GREAT LAKES COMMISSION (read by Dr. Graham
Walton.)
DR. WALTON: This is a statement on health aspects of
water quality for the Conference in the Matter of Pollution of
Interstate Waters in the Lake Superior Basin, by Donald W. Marshall.
-------
1161
Statement on Health Aspects of Water Quality
for the
Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters in the Lake Superior Basin*
by
Donald W. Marshall**
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, acting under
the Public Health Service Act has primary Federal responsibility for
protecting the health of the people. The Public Health Service has
strong Interest in the protection and enhancement of community water
supplies, both as to adequacy and purity for water reaching the ultimate
consumer. Water as it is delivered at the tap should be potable and
should meet the recommended Public Health Service drinking water standards.
The discharge of pollutants and waste waters to a body of water such as
Lake Superior and its watershed constitutes a threat to the health of
people living in the watershed and utilizing these waters for domestic
supply, commercial and sports fishing, recreation, and other purposes.
The health threat associated with water is of three types: chemical, bio-
logical, and radiological.
The Public Health Service has long been concerned about the quality
of water. The discharge of inadequately treated municipal and industrial
wastes can cause impairment of water quality in the waters of Lake Superior
* To be presented at the Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of Lake Superior and Its Tributary Basin, May 13>
1969.
** Water Hygiene Representative, Environmental Control Administration,
Public Health Service, DHEW, Region V, Chicago, Illinois; and Com-
missioner representing DHEW on the Great Lakes Commission.
-------
1162
- 2 -
and Its tributary basin (Michigan-Minnesota-Wisconsin). The findings of
the conference report indicate that untreated and/or inadequately treated
municipal and industrial wastes are being discharged to localized areas of
i
these waters and that they could endanger the health and welfare of persons
In states other than those In which such discharges originate. While the
conventional water supply treatment processes are capable of removing or
destroying pathogenic organisms, the presence of pathogens in raw water
supplies constitutes a hazard potential which is dependent upon human or
mechanical failure. Also, polluted discharges constitute a direct hazard
to those using the waters for contact recreational purposes.
In 1914, the Public Health Service established and, with periodic
revisions, the last in 1962, has maintained and published drinking water
standards for water supplies used on interstate carriers and has respon-
sibility for the certification of such water supplies. These standards
have been adopted or are used as the guidelines for drinking water quality
in nearly all of the states. The Public Health Service has also served
as consultant and technical assistant to state and local health depart-
ments in their programs for safeguarding the quality of community water
supplies.
Lake Superior and its tributaries are utilized as a raw water source
for domestic water supplies serving approximately 200,000 persons with a
daily withdrawal of over 25 million gallons per day.
-------
1163
- 3 -
These waters are also heavily used for industrial water supplies
and water-borne commerce. An estimated 563 million gallons per day of
Lake Superior water is withdrawn for industrial purposes. Many of the
lake and sea-going vessels take on water from Lake Superior for use as
a potable water supply. Public Health Service regulations allow high
quality waters, such as those generally found in the Great Lakes, to be
used for drinking and culinary purposes with only disinfection treatment.
Studies (Report on Vessel Watering on the Great Lakes, dated December 30,
1966) of pollution of Great Lakes waters have revealed contamination In
certain areas which exceed recognized limits for such treatment. Such
contaminated water may pose a hazard to health. In a recent Notice to
Mariners, it was recommended that: waters within five(5) miles of shore,
and water within twenty(20) miles of metropolitan areas not be taken
aboard for use as potable water if it is treated by disinfection only,
such as chlorlnation.
Lake Superior is also heavily used for recreational activities
such as swimming, boating, water skiing, and fishing. Protection of
Lake Superior's excellent water quality for these uses is a very impor-
tant aspect of this Conference.
The Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin surface water quality cri-
teria were submitted to our agency for review and comments. In separate
letters pertaining to each state's criteria (Re: Michigan-dated 9/20/68;
-------
1164
- k -
Re: Minnesota and Wisconsin-dated 1/15/69), comments were transmitted
to the Federal Water Pollutional Administration. Each of the letters
contained a common introduction followed by a discussion of the criteria.
The Introductory remarks and comments pertaining to these states are as
follows:
"Under the provisions of the Interdepartmental
Agreement of September 2, 1966, we offer for your con-
sideration the following comments on the public health
aspects of the (name of state) Surface Water Quality
Criteria.
These comments are limited to those criteria con-
sidered Important to protection of the public health and
are primarily concerned with the following subjects:
Discussion of Criteria and Surface Water Quality Criteria,
relating to Public Water Supply and Recreation."
Discussion of Criteria (Michigan)
The Michigan Water Quality Standards are applied according to
present and future use as delineated for the primary interstate water
basins. The Public Health Service considers the Michigan Quality
Standards to be well written and finds them, with exceptions noted be-
low, to be consistent with Public Health Service recommendations.
Domestic Water Supply
The "acceptable treatment methods" required should be further de-
fined as a minimum of conventional treatment including coagulation,
sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection.
-------
1165
Standards for boron, carbon chloroform extract, iron, pesticides
and uranyl ion are omitted and should be Included in the Michigan Stan-
dards. The standard for cyanide is the mandatory Public Health Service
standard for finished drinking water rather than the recommended Stan-
dard. Radiological standards for Radium 226 and Strontium 90 are omit-
ted and should be added to the Michigan Standards. Public Health Service
recommendations for these chemical and radiological substances are in-
cluded in Section I of the "Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality."
Recreation
The recreation standards arjs considered adequate for the protection
of the public health.
Discussion of Criteria (Minnesota)
"Domestic Consumption" criteria should provide standards for
radioactivity in accordance with the recommendations contained in the
Public Health Service "Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality" previously
submitted to your office for review. All other Minnesota standards re-
lating to "Domestic Consumption" criteria are satisfactory.
The Minnesota standard relating to "Fisheries and Recreation,"
based on total coliforms, should protect the public health. On occasion,
however, the standard, 1,000 coliforms per 100 milllliters, will limit
recreational use of water when health hazards do not actually exist.
We believe that standards based on fecal coliforms would give a more re-
-------
1166
- 6 -
allstic guide for the evaluation of health hazards. Such standards are
recommended in Section II of the Public Health Service "Health Guide-
lines for Raw Water Quality" previously submitted to your office for
review.
Discussion of Criteria (Wisconsin)
These standards are well written and with limited additions to
those sections dealing with public water supply and recreation, they are
considered satisfactory with regard to public health protection.
Public Water Supply
Since food processing waters require water quality equal to that
of public water supplies, food processing waters should be included in
this class. For the bacterial quality specified, "appropriate treatment
and adequate safeguards' should be defined as conventional treatment in-
cluding coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection.
Limiting standards should be added for concentrations of boron,
pesticides, and uranyl ion as recommended by the Public Health Service
"Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality."
Recreational Use
The bacteriological standard pertaining to water contact recreation,
based on total conforms, should protect the public health. On occasion,
however, the standard of 1,000 coliforms per 100 milliliters will limit
recreational use of water when health hazards do not exist. A standard
-------
1167
- 1 -
based on fecal collforma would give a more realistic guide for the eval-
uation of health hazards. Such a standard is recommended in Section II
of the "Health Guidelines for Rav Water Quality."
The opportunity to present these reviews is appreciated.
You will note in these letters that we consider "appropriate
treatment and adequate safeguards" for public water supplies and food
processing waters, utilizing surface waters as their source, being de-
fined as a minimum of conventional treatment including coagulation, sed-
imentation, filtration, and disinfection. Also that fecal coliform cri-
teria for domestic water supplies and recreational uses should be in-
cluded in the state's criteria.
It should be further noted that we do not consider any degree of
waste treatment lees than secondary to be adequate where the downstream
waters are to be used for public water supply or whole body contact re-
creation. In our opinion, fecal coliform criteria is appropriate; these
criteria should not be modified even on the basis of findings from a
sanitary survey. The criteria to be used in these states should be no
less stringent than the limits placed in our publication, "Health Guide-
lines for Raw Water Quality." These guidelines provide standards for
water to be used for domestic and food processing uses, recreation, shell-
fish, agriculture, as well as for control measures when considering vec-
tors or the disposal of solid wastes. To cite a few of the standards,
-------
1168
- 8 -
we would like to emphasize that the total coliform density shall not
exceed 20,000 per 100 milllliters as measured by monthly geometric mean
or that the fecal coliform density shall not exceed U,000 per 100 mini-
liters as measured by monthly geometric mean for intake water to a water
treatment plant providing coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. For water contact recreational uses, the fecal coliform
density should not exceed the geometric mean of 200 per 100 mi111liters
with a sampling frequency of 5 samples per 30-day period taken during
peak recreational use. Not more than 10 percent of the samples' fecal
coliform densities during any 30-day period should exceed UOO per 100
mlllillters.
I am pleased to represent the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare at this conference. We in the Public Health Service are
ready to do whatever we can to cooperate and assist in the Job of safe-
guarding and maintaining the high quality of these waters.
-------
1169
Graham Walton
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, doctor. Will you please
pass on our thanks to Dr. Marshall.
DR. WALTON: I will do that.
I also have a statement on behalf of myself, that is,
in my title as Chief, Technical Services, Bureau of Water Hygiene,
U. S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
STATEMENT OF GRAHAM WALTON, CHIEF, TECHNICAL
SERVICES, BUREAU OF WATER HYGIENE, U. S.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, CINCINNATI, OHIO
DR. WALTON: The Public Health Service is concerned
with the health-related aspects of water pollution. Although the
water uses with which the Public Health Service is concerned
include natural waters used for bathing and for growing of shell-
fish, this presentation is limited to waters used for the
production of public water supplies.
Those concerned with the production of "biologically
safe" public water supplies generally accept the desirability of
erecting multiple barriers against water serving as the agent in
transmitting disease-producing organisms. These barriers include:
1. Effective treatment of sewage and other waste waters.
2. Natural purification processes which are active in
surface or ground waters receiving the wastes.
3. Water treatment processes - clarification and
-------
1170
Graham Walton
disinfection.
The city of Duluth, Minnesota, secures its water from
Lake Superior. This water is treated by chlorine disinfection
only. Continued production of "biologically safe" and
"aesthetically acceptable" water requires adequate protection of
the quality of Duluth's intake water„
In the manual "Public Drinking Water Supply Evaluation"
(In press), which will replace the "Manual of Water Sanitation
Practice" of 1946, the Public Health Service recommends permissible
quality criteria for surface waters that are treated by disinfection
only to produce a public water supply. This publication specifies
that the total coliform density of the intake water, as measured
by a monthly arithmetic mean, may not exceed 100 per 100 ml. unless
fecal coliform examinations are rbutinely made and their density,
as measured by a monthly arithmetic mean, does not exceed 20 per
100 ml.
The Minnesota Water Pollution Control Agency has
established an upper limit for total coliform bacteria of 50
per 100 ml. in the open waters of Lake Superior. Both the Michigan
Water Resources Commission and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources permit total coliform densities which do not exceed an
arithmetic average of 1,000 per 100 ml. The Michigan and Wisconsin
bacteriological standards would permit degradation of Lake Superior
water to the point where it is no longer treatable by disinfection
only to produce a public water supply.
Bacterial content of a water is not the only criteria
-------
1171
Graham Walton
by which the suitability of the water used to produce a public
water supply is determined. Each of the three involved States and
the U. S. Public Health Service specify additional criteria for
source waters receiving different degrees of treatment to produce
a public water supply. As the quality of Lake Superior water is
such that most of these criteria are not likely to be of concern
to this conference, it does not appear desirable to take the time
required to discuss these additional criteria. However, I wish
to submit for the record an excerpt from the Public Health Service
"Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies" (In press),
which gives quality characteristics for waters suitable with various
types of treatment for production of public water supplies.
May I ask that this excerpt from that publication,
which is included in the text, be included as part of the record.
MR. DOMINICK: We will receive the excerpt.
(The excerpt from the "Manual for Evaluating Public
Drinking Water Supplies/ A Manual of Practice Recommended by the
Public Health Service" follows. )
-------
1172
B. WATKH TMI-:\T\il-;,\T fiKOL'JfifiMl'M ^
1. (jenei.>! I'equ ! ! en,en r -.
The w-it^r qua !:!,)• requirements of the I']],S Drinking \\ater
Standards are mi r. i PIT', requirements, and good quality water
should hove physical and chemical characteristics con-
siderably better t,ha;; th<- J ir,,j 11 np values c.s tab! j shed in the
PI IS Di inking \\.-tor Standards (Sections I..?, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1,
and ft. J1 . For example, writer with turbid]t> o'' 5 units and
a color of i r> units rna\ he acceptable, hu L in a crn .s of the rrorals did not exc-r. d
i e C(.rt,;netMJf(] 1 i rr , t s. fn \vtll \\ater an inciease :n chlorides
over th< ri(jrfnd! arr.ount found in ground ,\ater.~ in the aift.j
rnav h'tj t,h' fir.si jnrlication of pollutjon.
The type ot t r ea tni-::; ! ri-q'iired depends on the c'uirac-
ter'si.ic.-i of the ^utershrd, tiie rav\ \\aler (|nalit';j ai.d the
desired tini:.h<-u water quality. I! poll.it on o t' the soiirc'>
water i •-• i n-.-'?.. s i M •_, p!,:nt lac~ lilies, vi'i.rli were adoqu;:!.e
foi t r e t .) U «, c'tfii j L a t 1 ) b'cu.T'es i nc reai> i n,'/,' v d-ifiic'ilt
uhen t li..> r-avi. 'AJI<:: has a h i ^'h and varying chlorine demand,
eon I ,< i n s J a ri*1' " 'iiM''e i's o i r.o ] i 1 o r PI ha c f e n a . e, r con t a i n s
h i t'h .jiiii' en > i a i j on b, o I dissolved so i i rK , toxic :- u}ys t anr^s ,
or L.I ' t •• at.d o.'-i; p ; oc'e'-: :,j) s;;!.-r. tanccs .
iViien e . a i •; 11 i ng t!',? ability of a water supply s/stein
to •'.•in? t. i'f> 11 y r>r'i','cce ;J safe ancJ satisfaetoix water, these
{cn'trr'j shrxi!«-! ii^ e:inside;ed:
(i!) thf1 ijUal.ty of v. ^ I e r producer! a* times of unusual
.'-;r,ie^s, sreo ,is during h'^wy run-offs, fA'-iio'Js of drought,
or pfiiud- 'if excessive dr.ic. >id a^ shown in the records;
Excerpt from "Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water
Supplies; A Manual of Practice Recommended by the Public
Health Service," PHS Publication No. 1820 (In Press).
-------
1173
(b) the quality of the raw arid fin is tied waters,' as
dete rtiij ncd by laboratory data and sanitary surveys, and any
trend.--- in impro v e.ven t or' deterioration;
(c) the purification processes, including the facilities
used to apply disinfectants at various locations in the
treatment process, and their capacities compared with the
capacities considered necessary to meet maximum anticipated
requi re.rnen r «;
(d) the treatment processes used and their reliability
in changing raw water characteristics to produce a fin-
ished water that continuously meets the PJiS Drinking Water
Standards;
(e) the minimum residual chlorine concentration in the
plant effluent water, when chlorine is used, together with
the time that this or greater chlorine levels were main-
tained.
(f) the qualifications of the operators and laboratory
personnel, as indicated by appropriate training, or certi-
fication, or both; and
(g) the laboratory facilities and analytical procedures.
frequency and extent of their use, and application of the
data to operational control.
2. Ex t en t o F Treatment
The Public Health Service recommends that all municipal
water supplies, whether they be ground water or surface
water, receive treatment by disinfection regardless of the
quality of the water. The benefits from the added protection
provided b\ disinfection far outweigh the increased cost and
the added maintenance incurred by the water utility, \\hen
coliform density is used as one criterion for judging treat-
ment requirements, raw waters can be divided into three
groups: clean, clear, and polluted waters. The coliform
dens1ties of the raw waters can be expressed in terms of the
most probable number (Mp,\) from the mul t ipl e- tube fermen-
tation technique, or actual coliform counts determined by
the membrane filter (Ml'') technique.
-------
1174
The requirements are given for three groups of wnter;
those usable without treatment, those needing disinfection
only, and those needing complete treatment.
Group I. Requirements for Water Usnble Without Treatment
A. Bacteriological Quality: shall meet PUS Drinking
. Water Standards.
B. Physical Quality: should meet PHS Drinking Wnter
Stan lards.
C. Chemical Quality: chemical concentrations should
not exceed the following:
Concentration,
Substance mg/liter
Arsenic (As) 0. 01
Barium (Ba) 1. Oa
Boron (B) 1.0-
Cadmium (Cd) 0. Ola
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE) 0.2
Chloride (Cl) 250
Chromium (hexavalent, Cr+6) 0. 05a
Copper (Cu) 1. 0
Cyanide (CN) 0. 01
Detergents (Methylene Blue Active
Substances) 0.5
Fluoride (F)b
^0. 0-S8. 9- 'F 1.8
58.4-70.6'F 1.5
70.7-90.5"F 1.2
Iron (FV) . 0. 3
'''Lead (Pb) 0. 05a
Mano;anrfo (Mn) 0.05
Nitrogen (nitrate plus nitrite) 10.0
Phenols 0.00)
Selenium (Se) 0. Ola
Silver (Ag) 0. 05a
Sulfate (SO4) 250
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 500
Uranyl ion (UO2++) 5.0
Zinc (Zn) 5. 0
aConcentrations in excess of values listed shall
constitute grounds for rejection of the supply.
b
Annual average of maximum daily air tempera-
turps .
-------
1175
Substances not included in the above table that may
have deleterious physiological effect or that may
be excessively corrosive to the water supply system
should not be permitted in the ra\\ water supply.
D. Radioactivity: should comply with the PUS Drinking
Water Standards.
E. Pesticides: should not exceed the following limits:
Maximum permissible
Pesticide concentration, mg/liter1*
Endrin 0.001
Aldrin 0.017
Dieldrin 0.017
Lindane - 0.056
Toxaphene 0.005
Heptachlor 0,018
Heptachlor epoxide 0.018
DDT 0. 042
Chlordane - 0. 003
Methoxychlor 0.035
Total organophosphorous and
carbamate compounds" 0. 1
2 4 5-TP
' ' i Individual limits = 0. 1 mg/liter; Sum of
' ' c , any combination of chlorinated phenoxy '
' ' ' aklyl pesticides = 0. 1 rng/liter I
aFor lon^ term exposure.
Expressed in terms of parathion equivalent cholines-
terase inhibition.
cShort period limit only: 2 to 3 days, no more than
"once or twice a year.
Group II.Requirements for Water Needing Disinfection Only
A. Physical, Chemical, Radioactivity, and Pesticide
Requi rements: the requirements as shown for un-
treated raw ground water (Groups I.B, I.C, I.D,
and I.E) should be met. If the water does not
consistently meet all these requirements, con-
sideration should be given to providing additional
treatment during periodic decreases in quality
that result from high turbidity, tastes, etc.
-------
1176
B Baeteriol ogical Quality:
1. Total CoLiform Density: Less than 100 per 100
milliliters as measured by a monthly arithmetic
mean.
2. Fecal Coliform Density: If fecal coliform density
is measured, the above total coliform density may
be exceeded, but fecal coliform density should not,
in any case, exceed 20 per 100 millilitcrs as
measured by a monthly arithmetic mean. When the
fecal coliform vs. total coliform criterion is
used for Group II water, the fecal coliform count
should never exceed the 20 per 100 milliliters
monthly arithmetic mean. This fecal coliform stand-
ard only applies when it is being measured on a
regular basis.
Group III. Requirements for Water Needing Treatment by
Complete Conventional Means Including Coagulation, Sedi-
mentation, Eapid Granular Filtration, and Disinfection
(Pre and Post)
A- Bacteriological Qua!ity:
1. Total Coliform Density: Less than '20,000 per 100
milliliters as measured by a monthly geometric
mean or.
2. Fecal Coliform Density: If fecal coliform density
is measured, the above total coliform density may
be exceeded, but fecal coliform should not exceed
4,000 per 100 milliliters as measured by a monthly
geometric mean.
The same rationale applies here as in the Group II
waters concerning the use of the fecal coliform vs.
total coliform criterion. In no case should the
fecal coliform count exceed the 4,000 per 100
milliliters monthly geometric mean.
The arithmetic mean is used with the Group II
waters because the bacteriological data from these
waters will be of lesser magnitude than that from
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1177
the Group III waters; this difference in magnitude
between the monthly means of the Group II and
Group III waters is best reflected by the arith-
metic and geometric means, respectively.
These bacteriological limits may possibly be ex-
ceeded if treatment (in addition to coagulation,
sedimentation, rapid granular filtration, and
disinfection) is provided and is shown to be doing
a satisfactory job of providing health protection.
B. Fliy si ca 1 Qu a 1 i l y : El emen ts of color, odo r , and
turbidity contribute significantly to the treat-
ability and potability of the water.
1. Color: A limit of 75 color units should not be
exceeded. This limit applies only to nonindustrial
souices; industrial concentrations of color should
be handled on a case-by-case basis and should not
exceed levels that are treatable by complete con-
ventional means.
2. Odor: A Limit of 5 threshold numbers should not
be exceeded.
3. Tuibidity: The limits for turbidity are variable.
Factois of nature, size, and electiical charge for
the dilferent particles causing turbidity require
a variable limit. Turbidity should remain within a
range that is readily treatable by complete con-
ventional means. It should not overload the v\aler
treatment works, and it should not change rapidly
either in nature or in concent i at ion when such.
rapid shifts would upset normal treatment opera-
tions.
C. Ch em i c.-' j^ Qua lily: Since there is little reduction
in chemical constituents with complete conventional
treatment, raw water should meet the limits given
for Group I.C.
D. H a dio a r ti v i t y : Should comply with PHS Drinking
Water St -mdards.
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1178
E. JPes t i ci des : Should comply \\ i t h requirements for
pesticides as shown for untreated raw ground water
in Group 1 .E.
Infectious material, the increasing diversity of chemi-
cal pollutants found in Group) III raw waters, and the many
different situations encountered in regional and local
problems make it impractical to prescribe a limited selec-
tion of facilities and processes that can effectively
handle all problems presented by raw water and its sources.
Future improvements in treatment technology cannot be
reasonably assisted or regulated by requiring the fixed
process steps considered good for today's technology.
Table 1 describes some factors that increase the diffi-
culty in securing disinfection, e.g., adequate disinfec-
tion with halogens depends on temperature, pH, contact
time, and concentration of disinfectant.
Table 1. CONDITIONS CREATING DIFFICULTIES AT THE WATER PLANT AND
IN THE WATER MAINS
Bacterial and biological
conditions
Irtcrea^ing numbers of
coli forms
Biological pollutitM ' •*. , algal
or fungal metabo'ic products
thnt effect chlorim- 'i m/iM.l
Filter clogging organ
effect chlorine de-n^p
that
Chemical condition?
Ammonia nitrogen
Toxic materials or taste and
odor requiring removal
Color or organic dispersing
agents (anticoagulants), li£^n
compounds
Chlorine demand
Iron and manganese
High organic content
-High or, organic-content
High or fluctuating pH
Physical and operational
conditions
Low temperature
Extended distribution sys-
t"ms
If i;hly variable water
C|LM ! ity
Rap''d variation in flow ana
turbidity of surf-»c^ ^ Al-^T
resource
Tidal effects
Types of disinfection other than chlon nation must be
demonstrate'1 'o function effectively in all compositions
of water li!"l\ t) be encountered from the source used.
If a di s> t ri I>M t ; on system is of any considerable length,
the disinfe1 l ion method should provide a residual pro-
tection that {-"I !"! easily measured.
10
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1179
Where water sources show continuing quality detrriora-
tion or the quality of water available is not adequate for
future demand, the \\ntor purveyor should he examining, al-
ternate or auxiliary sources of supply and should have
positive plans to procure adequate facilities and sources.
11
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1180
Graham Walton
The treatment of water by disinfection only, as practiced
by the city of Duluth, involves the use of chlorine or chlorine
compounds to destroy or inactivate pathogenic and other microorganisms,
The effectiveness of chlorine disinfection varies with the organisms
involved, the time of chlorine contact, the form and concentration
of residual chlorine, and the temperature, pH, and turbidity of the
water. With one exception, that of turbidity -- its amount and
composition -- the effects of these variables have been the subject
of numerous laboratory investigations. Chlorination, as shown by
laboratory studies, can, when properly performed, effectively
destroy or inactivate most pathogenic organisms. Most of these
studies, however, have been made using water essentially free from
turbidity.
Effective disinfection is more difficult if a water
contains appreciable turbidity; suspended inorganic and organic
materials may protect organisms adhering thereon or embedded
therein. Sanderson and Kelly in their discussion of the paper
"Human Enteric Viruses in Water: Source, Survival, and Removability"
(Clarke et al., 1964) noted that bacteriological examinations of
a water chlorinated to provide 0.1 to 0,5 mg/1 free residual
chlorine after not less than 30 minutes contact consistently
yielded confirmed coliform bacteria. They attributed the survival
of these bacteria to the bacteria being embedded in the turbidity-
producing particles in a manner protecting them against contact with
chlorine. Tracy et al. (1966) reported on the persistence of
coliform bacteria in San Francisco water. These authors attributed
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1181
Graham Walton
their findings -- the detection of coliform bacteria in water
chlorinated to provide substantial chlorine residuals after hours
of contact -- to the coliform bacteria surviving in the bodies of
Crustacea. Walton (1961) analyzed data from three waterworks
treating surface waters by chlorination only. It may be significant
that coliform bacteria were detected in the chlorinated water at
only one waterworks, which treated a Great Lakes water that
occasionally contained high turbidities.
The continued use of Lake Superior as a source for
production of public water supplies treated by chlorination, only
requires adequate control of its bacterial density, turbidity,
and other pollutants that would result in an unsatisfactory
domestic water supply.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clarke, N. A. Berg, G. , Kabler, P. W. and Chang S. L.
(1964). "Human Enteric Viruses in Water: Source, Survival and
Removability." International Conference on Water Pollution
Research, London, September, 1961. pp. 523-536. Pergamon Press.
Tracey, H. W. , Camarena, V. M. and Wing, Frederick (1966).
"Coliform Persistence in Highly Chlorinated Waters." Journal
American Water Works Association, 58:9, pp. 1151 - 1159.
Walton, Graham (1961). "Effectiveness of Water
Treatment Processes as Measured by Coliform Reduction." Public
Health Service Publication No. 898.
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1182
Graham Walton
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
MR. DOMINICK: Thank you, Dr. Walton.
I think we have some questions.
MR. PURDY: I have a question.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Frangos, do you have a question?
MR. FRANGOS: Let Mr. Purdy and then I will go.
MR. DOMINICK: Mr. Purdy.
MR. PURDY: Yes. You refer to the health bulletin
for raw water quality. Is that a part of the 1962 Drinking
Water Standards?
DR. WALTON: No, it is not, any more than the origi-
nal one.
MR. PURDY: I would also like to draw your attention
to Page 3 of your statement. It does not --
DR. WALTON: (interrupting): Of my statement or
Marshall's?
MR. PURDY: Page 3 of your statement.
It does not accurately reflect the standards that
have been adopted by the State of Michigan. I am sure that
Wisconsin and Michigan can speak to that point.
DR. WALTON: In what way, please?
MR. PURDY: "... Michigan and Wisconsin bacteriological
standards would permit degradation of Lake Superior water to the
point where it is no longer treatable by disinfection only to
produce a public water supply."
Michigan, along with the other States that have
approved interstate water quality standards, has adopted as a part
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1183
Graham Walton
of their standard -- a standard that has been approved -- a
statement to protect waters that are of higher quality than the
numerical designations of the standards. So I suggest that the
standards, as adopted by the State of Michigan, would not allow
a degradation of the Lake Superior water which would affect the
public water supply.
DR. WALTON: If I misinterpreted this it is because
you used the information in the release from the Federal Water
Pollution Control, the tables showing the control --
MR. PURDY (interrupting): All of the States there
have been required to adopt as a part of their standards program
a statement to protect high quality waters and those are not
shown in the tables.
That is all that I have.
MR. FRANCOS: Dr. Walton, I am trying to find in
Mr, Marshall's statement, I believe it is on Page 3, about the
notice to the mariners with respect to water that should be
taken onboard for drinking water. I am wondering if you can
tell us of any efforts of your Agency to cover the reverse of
this , and that is the potential threat to the public health that
is caused by navigation -- shipping in the Great Lakes -- when
they come into proximity of the public water supply intakes.
ER. WALTON: This has not been an area of my activity.
I do not feel that I am in a position to answer your question, I
am sorry.
MR. FRANCOS: But you do recognize that this is
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Graham Walton
certainly a problem?
DR. WALTON: There is no question, particularly with
the large boats and even with the small pleasure craft, it is a
problem, I am not too familiar with the activity of this kind on
the Great Lakes.
MR. BADALICH: I have one question, also.
Regarding the health guidelines for raw water
quality, I believe Mr. Purdy mentioned this also. On Page 5 are
these guidelines -- have they been adopted by the Public Health
Service or the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare?
DR. WALTON: They are essentially the same general
values that are appearing and I would be glad to leave these copies --
MR. BADALICH (interrupting): Are they of the same type
of regulation, 1962, No. 956 that we make reference to in our
Water Quality Standards?
DR. WALTON: I am not quite sure what that is. The
health guidelines are criteria that are established for various
types of waters receiving various types of treatment, and also
recommendation for future Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards.
MR. BADALICH: But it is not adopted as a regulation
at this time?
DR. WALTON: No, it has no official standing. It
is a recommendation, in a sense, but it has not received official
standing. You will find those same criteria in the publication
that I mentioned that I am inserting in the record, so it becomes
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1185
Graham Walton
a recommendation, I would say; you might say an official
recommendation. It is only a recommendation.
MR. BADALICH: So, I take it, the publication 956
contains no regulations with respect to radioactivity, because
we have adopted this regulation in its entirety, including all
amendments, revisions, etc.
MR. WALTON: Yes, I think you are probably right.
I am not sufficiently informed of that.
MR. BADALICH: Speaking of radioactivity, I think
the State of Minnesota is well versed in this subject.
MR. WALTON: O.K.
MR. DOMINICK: Dr. Walton, we will put your excerpt
from the "Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies"
into the record at the point that you offered it«
MR. WALTON: Thank you.
MR. DOMINICK: Do we have any other Federal, governmental
witnesses, any State or local witnesses who have not been heard
from?
(No response.)
MR0 DOMINICK: Do we have any other governmental
statements which might be submitted for the record?
(No response.)
MR. DOMINICK: Very well. We will adjourn and meet
here at 1:30 p.m.
(Whereupon, at 12:15 p.m. the conference recessed for
lunch.
' I', S. GOVIRMIENT PRIMING OFFICE 1170 O - IBO-Hil (Vol 1)
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