Storm and Combined Sewer Demonstration Projects
January 1970
William A. Rosenkranz, Chief
Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Division of Applied Science and Technology
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.
-------
CONTENTS
SECTION
1
2
3
TITLE PAGE
Introduction .. „.. 1
Completed Report Abstracts 19
Information Sheets—Active Projects.. 33
a. 1102--Combined Sewer Overflows. 33
b. 1103--Storm Water Discharges... 9?
c. 110U--Non-Sewered Runoff „.. 101
d. 1503--Control of Pollution from
Construction 103
Pertinent Areas.. „ 105
Urban Drainage, Research, and Develop-
ment, FWPCA 113
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Program Background
A brief outline of the background relating to the authorization and
implementation of the current storm and combined sewer pollution
control program of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
is desirable to orient the reader to the need for research and
development activities in this difficult technical area.
In 196^ the U.S. Public Health Service studied the combined sewer
problem and published a report, "Pollutional Effects of Stormwater
and Overflows from Combined Sewer Systems - A Preliminary- Appraisal".
This report concluded that pollution stemming from combined sewer
overflows is a significant part of the total water pollution problem
and that the cost of separating sanitary sewage from stormwaters
would cost nationally about $30 billion. The report also recommended
that alternative solutions be investigated to determine if means of
control other than sewer separation could be found for application at
lower cost.
The American Public Works Association Research Foundation conducted
a stody of combined sewer problems in 196? by contract for the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration. Its report,w"Problems of
Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows - 1967", submitted to FWPCA
in December 1967 indicates that separating the Nation's combined sewers
would cost about $^-8 billion, including the necessary plumbing changes
on private property.
The report also contains several additional findings that help in
describing the type and magnitude of combined sewer problems. Some
of the more significant are:
1. There are an estimated 1,329 jurisdictions in the United
States with a population of 5^- million served in whole or
in part by combined sewers. The sewer systems of an estimated
36 million persons are wholly the combined sewer type.
The association further estimated that the use of alternative
corrective measures could reduce the cost of control or
treatment to $15 billion.
1
-------
2. The area served by combined sewers in the 6hl jurisdictions
surveyed by AFWA is 2,557,000 acres.
3. In the jurisdictions surveyed, the population served by
separate sanitary sewers is approximately one-half that
served by combined sewers - 15,^25,000 and 3*1,080,000,
respectively.
k. Of the 6^1 jurisdictions surveyed, ^93 reported 9,860 combined
sewer overflows. Sanitary sewer pumping station overflows,
treatment plant by-passes and other overflow sources bring
the grand total of reported overflows to lU,212.
5. Jurisdictions surveyed reported the existence of 10,025
regulators at combined sewer overflow structures. The
most commonly reported types were perpendicular weirs and
others of nonmecheni^al type. Least commonly used are
mechanical types.
6. Cost of regulator maintenance varied widely, but averaged
$52? per regulator per year. Twenty-two percent of the
jurisdictions interviewed reported no regular inspection of
regulators.
7. Fifty-three percent of the jurisdictions reported infiltration
problems during wet weather.
8. Ninety-six jurisdictions reported combined sewer overflows
during dry weather.
These are but a few of the survey's 29 itemized findings.
Examination of those 29 listings can only lead to the con-
clusion that the discharge of untreated sewage from combined
sewers--even during dry weather--is a significant factor in
the total pollution picture. Improved techniques for dealing
with the problem must be diligently sought.
The Demonstration Program
The Water Quality Act of 1965, now a part of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, authorized the Secretary of the Interior "...to
make grants to any State, municipality or intermunicipal or interstate
agency for the purpose of assisting in the development of any project
which will demonstrate a new or improved method of controlling the
discharge into any waters of untreated to inadequately treated sewage
or other waste from sewers which carry stormwater or both stormwater
and sewage or other wastes...". The act authorized grants up to
50 percent of the estimated eligible cost of the project up to $1 million.
-------
The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, also now a part of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, amended the original authorization
slightly so as to remove the $1 million ceiling and authorize the
demonstration grants to be made in amounts up to 75 percent rather
than the original 50 percent of the estimated project cost. Contracts
can also be utilized to implement worthwhile projects. Since it is
sometimes overlooked, it should be emphasized that projects not involving
combined sewage, but planned for the purpose of controlling pollution
resulting from stormwater discharges, are eligible for participation.
During the early stages of the program, which actually was implemented
early in 1966, it became apparent that early control and treatment
methods applied to limited extent in the United States and other countries
should be among the first to be explored, with the objective of incorporating
as many new techniques and applications as might be feasible. There are
three basic approaches that can be utilized to solve combined sewage or
stormwater pollution problems: (l) control, (2) treatment, and (3) combina-
tions of the two.
Progress to date indicates that the development of a single control or
treatment method to solve combined sewer or stormwater pollution problems
is not likely. Instead, those methods which are found to provide whole
or partial solutions under specific circumstances will have their place
in the planning of any combined sewer or stormwater project.
The methods to be utilized must be chosen only after the specifics of the
area in question are defined. The sewer hydraulics, topography, land
use patterns, availability of construction sites, rainfall and runoff
characteristics, location of overflow points, capabilities of the municipal
sewage treatment facilities, water quality standards for the receiving
waters, and other factors must be thoroughly evaluated.
The Underlying Problem
Combined sewers have "build-in" inefficiencies. They are designed to
carry only specific quantities of stormwater, in addition to sewage.
Such a system, therefore, of necessity incorporates planned (and unplanned)
overflow points to relieve it of excess flows when runoff exceeds system
design. These overflow points include trunk sewer regulators, pump
stations, siphons, relief sewers, and wastewater treatment plant bypasses.
Untreated sewage discharged from combined sewers and from overloaded,
nominally separate, sanitary sewers has proved to be a substantial
pollution source in terms of its effects on water quality in the receiving
stream—even though the percentage of total flow lost from the system by
overflow may be small. The flow characteristics of combined sewers are
relatively poor during dry weather when sanitary wastes alone are carried;
-------
certain of these wastes remain in the system until a rainstorm purges
the system. As a result, a large pollution load, over and above that
normally carried, is discharged from this type of sewer. Thus
research and development must correct this situation if we are to
avoid frequent treatment plant bypassing.
Consideration of the history and function of sewerage systems leads to
the immediate conclusion that control and/or treatment of combined
sewer overflows or stormwater discharges are directly related to the
system's efficiency. Overflows would not occur if the system were
completely effective as a transport media. Federal research and
development to resolve the storm and combined sewer problem, therefore,
has as its main thrust, the development and demonstration of techniques
and hardware which will improve system efficiency and minimize, if not
completely control, untreated discharges from the system.
Development of Ideas and Application of New Or Improved Methods
Some of the approaches that have been or could be considered as parts
of the solution to the problem are worthy of discussion. They can be
considered under the three basic categories mentioned, the first being
control methods.
Control related to the physical aspects of routing, diversion and
containment of either stormwater or combined sewage. Within this broad
area are:
Reduction and regulation of stormwater input to sewers, utilizing
short-term surface or underground storage, land treatment measures,
irrigation or percolation to groundwater, treatment and injection to
groundwater, infiltration control, elimination of illicit sewer connections,
and the use of special conveyance systems such as presure or vacuum
sewers for the purpose of separating sanitary sewage from stormwater.
Brief descriptions of one or two projects that fall within the control
category will serve to illustrate approaches now being implemented.
The City of Chicago's Lawrence Avenue underflow sewer system now
under construction will demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility of
utilizing large-diameter tunnels for temporary storage of combined
sewage during storm periods. About 3-1^ miles of 12-foot tunnel and
1.76 miles of 17-foot tunnel will be used. Combined sewage will be
lifted from storage after the storm and discharged to the North Side
Treatment Works for treatment.
The Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, Detroit, and Seattle
are installing systems for maximizing control within the sewerage systems
to eliminate as much overflow from the systems as possible. Regulators
are being redesigned, rebuilt or replaced; overflow points monitored
-------
with data transmitted to central logging points, and remote control
of regulators installed. Based on conditions within the critical points
of the system, positive control of overflows can be effected. Sub-
stantial computer capability is an integral and key factor in the workability
of this approach in.large metropolitan areas.
Treatment includes all potential methods of treating combined
sewage or stormwater. Physical, chemical and bio'logical methods are
being evaluated as a part of the Program. Physical treatment includes
screening and straining, filtration, sedimentation, and hydraulic solids
separation. Chemical treatment methods might include chemical oxidation,
use of polymers to improve sedimentation rates, and new or improved
disinfection techniques or methods.
A project being conducted by the Dow Chemical Company for the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration is an example of chemical
treatment. Polymers are being screened and evaluated toward improving
the effectiveness of sedimentation as a solids removal method utilizing
short detention periods. The Dow Chemical people will also attempt to
optimize high-rate sedimentation tank design by comparison of tank
configurations and other design aspects.
Allis Chalmers has developed a new biological treatment method
which may have promise for use with combined sewage. The system is
termed the BIO-DISC system. A series of disks mounted on individually
powered shafts are rotated through the waste to be treated. Biological
growth attaches to the disks, which can be rotated from 15 to 30
revolutions per minute. Under steady loading rates, efficiencies ex-
ceeding those of trickling filters have been obtained. Testing the
system under the loads peculiar to combined sewers is being undertaken.
Biological treatment methods are, of course, difficult to apply to
combined sewer overflow because of the variable waste constitutent
concentrations and the extreme variability in flows. Biological systems
function best under conditions as close to "steady-state" as possible,
which is almost impossible to achieve during storm periods.
Combinations of control and treatment should be discussed since no
one method is likely to provide "the answer" to combined sewer or stormwater
pollution problems. Any combination of the methods mentioned—or others —
has the potential for solving a given pollution situation. Some combinations
might be: in-system or off-system storage for subsequent treatment in
specially designed facilities (physical, chemical or biological), temporary
or short-term storage of collected stormwater, followed by treatment and
utilization for groundwater recharge, and retention of minor storm flows
with pumpback to the collection system.
-------
The Metropolitan District Commission (Boston) demonstration grant
project utilizes a facility providing a minimum sedimentation period
of 10 minutes with an influent flow rate of 233 MGD. Chlorinated
effluent will be discharged through a 96 inch outfall to the Charles
River. Solids removed in the sedimentation tank will be returned to
the sewerage system for transport to the sewage treatment plant.
Somersworth, New Hampshire is implementing a project similar in
basic concept to the Metropolitan District Commission project, but of
different design. This project will also evaluate the use of polymers
to increase the carrying capacity of the main interceptor. This feature
may be of some interest as a new concept. Prior work done by the
Western Company of Richardson, Texas under contract to FWPCA (°) indicates
that high molecular weight polymers can increase the flow in a sewer to
as much as 2.^ times the flow without polymer addition--at a constant .,
head. This phenomenon is being investigated further and will be subjected
to additional evaluation at Somersworth and at Dallas, Texas.
Mt. Clemens, Michigan is proceeding with a project which will utilize
a combination of control and treatment techniques. Combined sewage will
be discharged into three small lakes or "lakelets". The lakelets will
operate in series and will be aerated with surface aerators. Effluent
from the first two ponds will pass through microstrainers. The effluent
from the third pond will be chlorinated after microstraining and discharged
to the Clinton River. The potential of the lakelets for recreational uses
such as boating and fishing will be explored as a part of park operation.
Many other techniques or methods are being evaluated in active
projects. Use of stabilization ponds, various treatment tank designs,
reduction of infiltration, improved overflow regulators, high rate
trickling filters, filtration, pressure sewer systems, sewer flushing,
dissolved air flotation, ultrasonic filtration, several screening techniques
and other technologies are being applied and evaluated.
Other Areas of Need
There are many other areas which need thorough exploration by means of
active demonstration and evaluation. Some of these are discussed below
to illustrate the broad scope of interest involved in the program.
INFILTRATION
Research is also underway to find new and improved sewer sealants
for infiltration control. Many of the problems associated with existing
sealants, such as shrinkage upon drying, or structural weakness probably
can be overcome by using modified polymeric and other plastic materials.
Methods of application in both new construction and repair work are also
being considered. Control of infiltration could substantially reduce dry
weather flows in many cases, thereby eliminating, or at least delaying,
the need for increased capacity.
6
-------
A definite need exists to establish guidelines for infiltration
control, including allowable volumes, types of sealants and application
methods, construction materials and procedures, etc. Such guidelines
would serve to upgrade the quality of original construction and help
in judging the need for corrective action in existing sewers.
Building connections to street sewers are a major source of
infiltration. Municipal officials and firms specializing in sewer
sealing say that as much as 70-80 percent of the infiltration load
occurs in these lines. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
is, therefore, seeking practicable methods, to control this.
ILLICIT CONNECTIONS
It is well known that illicit connections can cause serious local
overload problems. A recent municipal u) program demonstrated that,
when a community takes the time to program the removal of illicit connec-
tions, benefits are realized in reduced storm peak flows as well as
average flows.
Through a concerted effort, utilizing a public relations campaign,
questionnaires, individual building inspections and a good follow-up
program the Springfield, Illinois Sanitary District was able to substan-
tially reduce the number of downspounts connected to its sewers. In
combined sewer areas the reduction in connections was 88.1 percent. In
areas having some separate and some combined sewers, a 90-^ percent
reduction was obtained. An 89.5 percent reduction was achieved in areas
where sanitary and storm sewers were completely separated. The real
significance, however, was in the reduced number of public complaints.
Before the campaign the Springfield Sanitary District received as
many as 300 complaints of basement flooding in a single day. After the
campaign, such complaints were virtually non-existent. No such reduction
in complaints occurred in adjacent areas under jurisdiction of the City
of Springfield.
The effort was also successful from a cost standpoint. The Sanitary
District has conservatively estimated that the cost of removing the roof
leaders from the sewerage system will be returned in terms of reduced
operation and maintenance costs in 16 months. While the campaign required
a substantial effort over a two-year period, its effectiveness is evident
in improved sewerage system efficiency.
Other communities should eliminate illicit sanitary connections to
separate storm sewers since wastes from this source seldom receive treatment.
7
-------
FRICTION REDUCERS
Local flooding and system bottlenecks are very obvious to the
public and troublesome to routine operation and maintenance. If lack
of capacity is the problem, several solutions other than replacement or
relief sewers may be possible. Recent research (°) has shown that
polymeric fluid friction reducers can increase the flow capacity of
pipes at constant head as much as 2.k times. These results, obtained
in test-stand experiments, are now being tested under actual field
conditions. A 2^--inch, constantly surcharged sewer in Dallas, Texas
is being used for this purpose. If proved effective, many cities will
find this increased pipe-carrying capacity useful in their overloaded
sewers. As with other methods, the economics will have to be evaluated
for specific projects.
OVERFLOW REGULATORS
/o \
Another major problem ^ ' in combined sewer operations is in the
area of overflow regulator devices. A first step in improving the
functional efficiency of combined sewers should involve a vigorous and
active regulator maintenance program since malfunctioning devices are
frequently sources of trouble.
(g)
For example, Cincinnati^' uses telemetered monitoring to/detect
unusual or improper overflows. A more sophisticated approach ^ ' is taken
by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District (MSSD) in its storm and
combined sewer demonstration grant project. A computer-assisted regulator
control system affords positive control of the overflow structures. Based
upon rainfall and wastewater level measurements, storm flows can be diverted
to the interceptor to most efficiently use the interceptor capacity. MSSD
uses a helicopter for surveillance of overflow points after a rainfall.
The Cities of Detroit and Seattle also are using Federal grants to
develop computer-assisted regulator control systems.
New types of regulators promise increased efficiency in sewer systems.
As part of its demonstration project MSSD has gone to positive control
gates and inflated rubberized-fabric dams as regulator devices.
Research is being pursued on a new type of overflow regulator that
uses fluidic technology. It appears from other fluidic applications that
this principle can work effectively with regulators. Again,no moving parts
or electrical components are required. Improved regulator and control
capability, as well as reduced operation and maintenance costs, are anticipated.
The fluidic principle has also been successfully demonstrated in the control
and regulation of irrigation flows.
-------
SEWER FLUSHING
Until recently the quality of combined sewer overflows has bee.n
inadequately delineated. Current studies appear to substantiate the
results of investigations (11,12,13,1*0 conducted during the last five
to ten years. Still not firmly determined, however, are the specific
causes of the very wide fluctuations in overflow quality. The "first
flush" phenomenon has not been observed with any degree of regularity;
perhaps we have not determined all of the factors involved.
This phenomenon is the very high pollution load that occurs during
the initial stages of overflow. The pollutional concentration subsequently
decreases as the storm continues, and finally reaches a steady level.
Several variables undoubtedly contribute to the character of the "first
flush". Solids which have settled out during dry weather flows probably
are resuspended.
In an attempt to confirm the cause of the "first flush" phenomenon,
work under a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration research
contract is now investigating the effects of programmed sewer flushing.
The effects of sewer flushing during dry weather periods, types of equip-
ment required, and the economics of this approach are being determined.
SURFACE ENVmONMENTAL POLLUTION
A second source of pollution load which may influence the "first , .
flush" is "surface environmental pollution". The recently completed study^ '
by the American Public Works Association reveals that a considerable solids
and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) load is present on the streets and
adjacent land areas. Land use, air pollution, street sweeping schedules
and efficiency, and catch basin cleaning affect the quality of the surface
runoff.
Improved and conscientious "housekeeping" would reduce street litter
and hence the stormwater pollution load. Street litter has been estimated
to have a pollution potential equal to one percent of the raw sewage pollution
load.
Materials flushed off city streets to catch basins pose another serious
problem. Preliminary investigations indicate that catch basins contain a
strong waste which is displaced in a ratio of one-half the catch basin volume
for each equal volume of added surface runoff water. The role of the catch
basin and its relative importance as a contributor of waste loads versus the
associated maintenance problems needs further investigation.
STORAGE FACILITIES
Obviously, over-all sewerage system efficiency is reduced when
combined sewer overflows occur. Some ways to increase the collection system
9
-------
efficiency have been discussed. When overflows occur, what additional
methods can be used to reduce either or both the quanity and quality of
wastes lost, to further improve system efficiency? A primary concern
is control of the total volume. An obvious technique, in-system (15)
storage, can be utilized by taking advantage of excess capacity in the
trunk or the interceptor sewers.
Holding tanks are frequently considered as a means of controlling
overflows. These are used in Europe (l6,17,l8) and have been applied
to a limited extent in the United States. Concrete and steel tanks are
commonly used for this type of facility. Classic examples ^9) can be
found in Michigan's McComb and ¥ayne Counties north of Detroit. The
stormwater tanks of Columbus, Ohio, constructed in 1932, perhaps the
first in the United States, have been recently modernized. Assisted
by an FWPCA demonstration grant, the City will, for the first time,
comprehensively evaluate its holding tanks to determine optimum operating
procedures and facility effectiveness.
The City of Milwaukee has under construction a similar type of
facility designed to utilize a mathematical model to determine the over-all
size and projected efficiency. This project will include a new sludge
removal technique (resuspension by agitators), and will evaluate in
detail the facility's effects on water quality in the receiving Milwaukee
River.
Sewerage systems are generally gravity flow, utilizing lift stations
where necessary. New type of systems are needed. Vacuum and pressure
type systems may prove technically and economically attractive and should
therefore be considered when seeking answers to specific sewage treatment
problems. By reducing the amount of water used to convey the wastes and
by utilizing small transport conduits, added capacity and cost saving
in the existing system may be realized.
TREATMENT FACILITIES
Converse to the concept of storing and subsequently returning
wastewaters to a municipal treatment facility, is treatment at individual,
remotely located outfalls. In considering these, it is important to
recognize that combined sewer overflows and stormwater discharges differ
in character from the sewage normally treated in sewage treatment plants.
In general, it can be assumed that dry-weather sewage flows approximate
steady-state conditions, while wet weather flows are completely random,
as evidence by the rainfall-runoff phenomenon. Both the quality and
quantity of storm flows have extreme variations. For example, the flows
are from 1 to 100 or more times greater than dry weather flows, and the
suspended solids content may range from 10 to 5,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/l). Obviously any treatment facility must have special features to
handle the wide variations and unpredictables of stormwater flows.
These same wide variations also affect storage facilities, though
here it is a matter of available space. Economic considerations are just
as important as technical feasibility for any corrective measure since
the former is the ultimate factor in the planning and decision-making
processes.
10
-------
(23)
The treatment methods under investigation include:
1. Microstraining
2. Dissolved air flotation (total and partial)
3. Rotating biological contactor
h. High rate plastic trickling filters
5. Ultrasonic filtration
6. High rate sand filtration
7. Cyclones
8. Oxidants
9- Chlorination and ozonization
10. Polymer additives
Results to date indicate that a combination of both storage
and treatment will most likely be required in many combined sewer
systems, based upon the characteristics of the sewerage system, its
overflow location, the receiving body of water, available land, and
many other factors.
MU1HCIPAL TREATMENT PLAITS
Our discussion would not be complete without covering briefly
the effects of collection system efficiency on municipal wastewater
treatment plants. With regard to problems associated with excess
storm flows, it would usually accomplish little to contain the flow
within the collection system and then bypass it at the treatment plant.
This merely moves the discharges and concentrates the effects in one
location.
Consequently, it appears that auxiliary stormwater treatment units
will be required to maintain continuously high levels of treatment
efficiency.
THE "PLACE" OF COMBINED SEWER AM) STORMWATER POLLUTION CONTROL
THE TOTAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PICTURE
The public is demanding that we, as a nation, preserve and protect
our environment. Water pollution control has top priority in achieving
that end. Nature does her part to assist man in maintaining desired
levels of water quality standards, as each body of water has a maximum
waste assimilative capacity. For example, in the Delaware River and
Estuary, it has become necessary to assign waste load allocations to
each of the waste sources. Based upon today's loads, the desired water
quality can be maintained by providing specified degrees of treatment.
11
-------
Even as the population grows and industry expands, the discharge
waste load must be maintained within the assimilative capacity of the
receiving waters. As the waste loads increase, the "marginal" waste
loads or sources assume greater importance. The combined sewer overflow
load may amount to 5 percent of the raw'load, but when you remove by
secondary treatment methods 85 percent of the raw waste load received
at the treatment plant, then the untreated combined sewer overflows
represent a load equivalent to 33 percent of the effluent load, or 25
percent of the total load discharged. As more advanced treatment is
provided, the percent of total discharged waste load representing
untreated overflows can only increase, and we must not forget the many
other waste sources which are seldom considered in calculating the
magnitude of raw waste loadings.
Problems associated with "marginal" pollution, such as uncontrolled
overflows, must be recognized now and planning initiated to improve
sewerage system efficiencies so as to bring wastewater flows under control.
Municipal programs with this objective cannot begin too soon because
corrective action is time-consuming. Effort devoted to improving sewerage
systems will pay dividends in complete control of metropolitan wastewater
problems and pollution abatement.
Research and development currently undertaken cooperatively by
Federal, State and local entities, including industry, will assist in
finding the more efficient and less costly control and treatment methods
needed to restore and maintain our water resources for maximum usefulness
to man.
The tables and figures which follow illustrate the extent and
impact of the combined sewer overflow problem from a national standpoint.
12
-------
REFERENCES
(l) Federal Water' Pollution Control Act, as amended by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961 - (PL&7-88), the
Water Quality Act of 1965 - (PL89-23^), and the Clean Water
Restoration Act of 1966 - (PL89-753).
(2) Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Pertinent Areas for
Research and Development, Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control,
July 1968.
(3) Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Storm and Combined
Sewer Pollution Control Projects, March 1, 1968.
(U) Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Division of Engineering
Development. Research and Development Programs, August 1, 1968.
(5) American Public Works Association -Research Foundation. Problems of
Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows - 19&7- Contract report for the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, December 1, 1967.
(6) Overfield, J.K., Baxter, J.K., Crawford, H.R., Santry, I.W., Increasing
Sewage Flow Velocity by Using Chemical Additives, July 1968, presented
at WPCF Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois, September 22-27, 1968.
(7) Peters, Gerald L. and Troemper, A.P., Reduction of Hydraulic Sewer
Loadings by Downspout Removal, Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Central States Water Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minnesota, June 12, 1968.
(8) American Public Works Association-Research Foundation. The Causes
and Remedies of Water Pollution from Surface Drainage of Urban Areas,
Contract Report for the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
June 28, 1968.
(9) Caster, A.C., Monitoring Stormwater Overflows, Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation, Volume 37, No. 9, September 1969.
(10) Real-Time Computer Control of Urban Runoff, James J. Anderson, presented
at ASCE Hydraulics Division Conference, August 23, 1968.
(ll) Burn, R.J. and Vaughn, R.D., Bacteriological Comparisons Between Combined
and Separate Sewer Discharges in Southeastern Michigan, Journal Water
Pollution Control Federaltion, Vol. 38, No. 3, March 1966.
(12) Burn, R.J., Krawczyk, D.F., and Harlow, G.L., Chemical and Physical
Comparison of Combined and Separate Sewer Discharges, Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. Uo, No. 1, January 1968.
13
-------
(13) Weibel, S.R., Anderson, R.J., and Woodward, R.L., Urban Land Runoff
as a Factor in Stream Pollution, Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 36, No. 7, July 1964.
(lU) Benzie, W.J. and Courchaine, R.J., Discharges from Separate Storm
Sewers and Combined Sewers, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 38, No. 3, March 1966.
(15) Weller, L.W., and Nelson, M.K., Diversion and Treatment of Extraneous
Flows in Sanitary Sewers, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1965.
(l6) Institution of Civil Engineers, Symposium on Storm Sewage Overflows.
Advance papers, May 4, 1967.
(17) Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Technical Committee on Storm
Overflows and the Disposal of Storm Sewage - Interim Report. Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963.
(l8) Cohrs, Albert. Storm Water Tanks in the Combined Sewerage System in
Berlin. Gus and Wasserfach, Vol. 103, No. 36, September 7, 1962.
(19) Hubbell, George E. Effect of Storage and Skimming on Combined Sewage
Overflows. Presented at the 39"th Annual Conference of the Water
Pollution Control Federation. September 25-30, 1966.
(20) Devenis, K.P., Charles A. Maguire Associates, Boston University Bridge
Storm Water Detention and Chlorination Station. Presented at New
England Water Pollution Control Association, Spring Meeting, June 11,
1968.
(21) Anon., Tunnels Will Store Storm Runoff, Engineering News Record,
November 30, 1967-
(22) Pikarsky, Milton, and Keifer, Clint, Underflow Sewers for Chicago,
Civil Engineering - ASCE, May 1967.
(23) Report on Improvements to the Boston Main Drainage System, Camp Dresser
and McKee, Consulting Engineers, September 1967.
Rosenkranz, William A., Developments in Storm and Combined Sewer
Pollution Control. Presented at New England Water Pollution Control
Association Spring Meeting, June 11,
-------
TABLE I. —ESTIMATED COST OF COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION*
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Now Jersey
New Mexico
Now York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Complnte
Separation of
Combined Sowers
(Public)
e
8,350,000
25,700,000
712,000,000
35,400,000
373,000,000
81,300,000
334,000,000
3,720,000
317,000,000
15,750,000
4,270,000,000
1,710,000,000
326,000,000
109,500,000
490,000,000
243,000,000
19,500,000
1,425,000,000
2,430,000,000
423,000,000
1,335,000
972,000,000
20,950,000
263,000,000
33,000,000
196,000,000
990,000,000
7,100,000,000
6,320,000
64,300,000
2,410,000,000
372,000,000
2,300,000,000
231,000,000
16,600,000
173,000,000
69,000,000
116,500,000
228,000,000
610,000,000
280,000,000
585,000,000
1,420,000
Plumbing Changes
to Affected
Buildings
_
3,950,000
23,300,000
547,000,000
17,000,000
146,000,000
52,600,000
119,000,000
1,490,000
191,900,000
300,000
2,420,000,000
872,400,000
188,800,000
46,000,000
264,390,000
116,500,000
4,520,000
926,330,000
1,548,500,000
189,600,000
52,000
605,000,000
7,450,000
96,700,000
6,770,000
106,450,000
753,500,000
4,366,000,000
1,360,000
17,400,000
1,532,800,000
219,000,000
1,396,500,000
204,700,000
8,240,000
111,700,000
42,800,000
28,220,000
128,400,000
478,000,000
179,080,000
408,000,000
557,000
Total
Separation
*
T 12,300,000
49,000,000
1,259,000,000
52,400,000
519,000,000
133,900,000
453,000,000
5,210,000
508,900,000
16,050,000
6,690,000,000
2,582,400,000
514,800,000
155,500,000
754,390,000
359,500,000
24,020,000
2,351,330,000
3,978,500,000
612,600,000
1,387,000
1,577,000,000
28,400,000
359,700,000
39,770,000
302,450,000
1,743,500,000
.11,466,000,000
7,680,000
81,700,000
3,942,800,000
591,000,000
3,696,500,000
435,700,000
24,840,000
284,700,000
111,800,000
144,720,000
356,400,000
1,088,000,000
459,080,000
993,000,000
1,977,000
$30,391,645,000 *18,378,259,000
Note: (—) Indicates no evidence available that combined sewers are used in state.
$48,769,904,000
*From the American Public Works Association Research Foundation Report,
"Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows - 1967".
-------
FIG. I. COMPARISON OF METHODS OF CONTROL AND/OR
TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS: NUMBER OF
JURISDICTIONS REPORTED USING, PLANNINGCONSTRUCTION
AND BELIEVING METHODS APPLICABLE. *
Disinfection Sedimentation In-system
Storage
Automated Sewer Separa
Regulator tion
the American Public Works Association Research Foundation Report,
"Problems of Combined Sower Facilities and Overflows - 196?".
16
-------
FIG.IE. RELATIVE USE OF COMBINED SEWERS COMPARED TO
TOTAL SEWERED POPULATION^ BY STATES
Ratio projected population1
sewered by combined sewer
to total sewered population
51-75%
Over
(1) Source—Statistical Summary 1962 Inventory, Municipal Wastes Facilities in the United
States
17
-------
F1GJII RELATIVE COST OF COMPLETE SEWER SEPARATION
BY STATES.*
Key:
Estimated State Cost
0-$10,000,000
to $500,000,000
to $1,000,000,000 '/////////////
*Fron the American Public Works Association Research Foundation Report,
"Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows - 196?".
18
-------
SECTION 2
COMPLETED PROJECT REPORT ABSTRACTS
CONTRACT OR
GRANT NO.
lU-12-23
lA-12-46?
.T.14--12-27
114-12-20
29-IDA-2
111 _12-314-
CONTRACTOR OR
GRANTEE
Acoustica
Associates
llj-12-214- Alii s-Chalmers
ll4—12-65 American Public
Works Association
114-12-19 FMC Corporation
114--12-17 FRAM Corporation
The Franklin
Research Institute
Havens and Emerson
lU-12-39 Hercules, Inc.
Hittman Associates
Meridian, Idaho
The Western Co.
The Western Co.
TITLE OF FINAL REPORT
"Demonstrate Feasibility of
the Use of Ultrasonic Fil-
tration in Treating the
Overflows from Combined and/or
Storm Sewers", September 1967
"Municipal Sewage Treatment
with a Rotating Biological
Contactor", May 1969
"Problems of Combined Sewer
Facilities and Overflows--
1967", December 1967
"Phase I—Feasibility of a
Periodic Flushing System
for Combined Sewer Cleaning",
August 1967
Strainer/Filter Treatment of
Combined £
July 1969
Combined Sewer Overflows",
REPORT NO.
(If Any)
"Selected Urban Storm Water
Runoff Abstracts", June 1969
"Feasibility of a Stabilization-
Retention Basin in Lake Erie at
Cleveland, Ohio", May .1968
"Crazed Resin Filtration of
Combined Sewer Overflows",
October 1968
"The Beneficial Use of Storm
Water", August 1968
"Sewer Infiltration Reduction
by Zone Pumping", June 1969
"Polymers for Sewer Flow Control",
August 1969
WP-20-11
WP-20-16
WP-20-21
DAST-U
DAST-9
WP-20-22
"Improved Sealants for Infiltration WP-20-18
Control", June 1969
19
-------
CONTRACT OR CONTRACTOR REPORT NO.
GRANT NO. OR GRANTEE TITLE OF FINAL REPORT (if Any)
lU-12-14-86 Bowles Engineering "Design of a Combined Sewer DAST-13
Corporation Fluidic Regulator", October
1969
lU-12-29 American Society of "Combined Sewer Separation ORD-U
Civil Engineers Using Pressure Sewers", October
1969
20
-------
A. PPB 1102 - COMBINED SEWER Discharges
DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY OF THE USE OF ULTRASONIC FILTRATION IN
TREATING THE OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED AND/OR STORM SEWERS
Acoustica Associates, Incorporated
Contract Number lU-12-23, September 1967
The feasibility of employing ultrasonic filtration for treating
overflows from combined and/or storm sewers has been demonstrated
in a three-month laboratory test program. This new technique
involves the use of permanent-type low-head filter elements which
are mounted within canisters into which ultrasonic energy is
applied on a programmed basis. The beneficial effect of the
ultrasonic energy is manifested in three significant ways:
(l) the total quantity of influent filtered between backwash
cycles increased by factors of from four to 18 times; (2) length
of filter runs between required backwashing was extended from
four to ten times; and (3) 'ultrasonic energy used during back-
washing can restore the filter elements to "like-new" condition
without necessitating frequent filter replacements or maintenance
work of any kind.
Reductions in BOD and suspended solids averaging between 40% and
70% were obtained in a selected number of tests with raw sewage
diluted in varying degree with water using 20 and 50 micron ele-
ments at filtration rates approximating 10 gpm/sq. ft. and at
a head loss of from 1 to U psi. Based upon the tests conducted
with simulated "combined" sewage, it is concluded that the
ultrasonic filtration system is technically and economically
feasible for full-scale waste water treatment use.
MIMICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT WITH A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR
Aliis-Chalmers
Contract Number lU-12-2^, May 1969
A Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) was installed at the Milwaukee
Metropolitan Sewerage Commission treatment plant at Jones Island to
demonstrate the feasibility of treating municipal waste with an
RBC system.
The RBC system effectively treated domestic sewage at high loading
rates. Ninety percent COD removal was attained at a loading of
350 to UOO pounds of COD per day per thousand cubic feet of disc
volume. Pounds of COD removed increased with pounds of COD applied.
Efficiency of treatment improved with increased retention time.
Percent BOD removal was approximately five percent greater than
percent COD removal. Lower disc speed resulted in a slightly
lower efficiency. Lower strength wastes are not as efficiently
treated as higher strength wastes at the same organic loading.
Recovery from high hydraulic loading is rapid.
21
-------
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 1U-12-2U
Modification 2 between the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration and Aliis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company.
PROBLEM? OF COMBINED SEWER FACILITIES AMD OVERFLOWS -- 1967
American Public Works Association
WP-20-11, December ±967
The effects and means of correcting combined sewer overflows and
separate storm and sanitary sewer discharges were inventoried on
a national basis in 196? and compiled in this report. On-site
personal interviews with the public officials of approximately
900 communities in the United States collected over 250,000
pieces of data which have been analysed and grouped by State,
river basin, and population group to define the problems of com-
bined sewer facilities and overflows. Nationwide projections
were made for major items of interest including, area and popu-
lation served by combined sewers, overflow locations, type and
number of regulators, associated land and water uses, estimates
of costs for sewer separation by States, alternate control and/
or treatment methods and consideration of other aspects of the
overall problem. Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
are presented in summary form.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract Wo. 1^-12-65
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the American Public Works Association -- Research Foundation.
PHASE I—FEASIBILITY OF A PERIODIC FLUSHING SYSTEM FOR COMBINED
SEWER CLEANING
FMC Corporation
Contract No. lU-12-19, August 196?
Published literature has shown that one of the causes of pollution
from stormwater overflow of combined sewers is the deposition of
pollutional solids during dry weather flow followed by pick up
of the pollutional material during storm flow when the flow must
be bypassed. As a solution to this problem it has been proposed
that a flushing system be used to periodically cleanse the sewers
during dry weather and convey the solids to the treatment plant.
This is a final report of the work done by FMC Corporation, Central
Engineering Laboratories under a six month contract, Contract lU-12-19,
from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to study
the Feasibility of a Periodic Flushing System for Combined Sewer
Cleansing.
22
-------
Under this Phase 1 contract a study was made of sewer flushing
practices, application requirements and hydraulic theory, an
investigation was made of sampling methods and equipment, and
flushing test equipment was designed for use in Phase II and
the cost of Phase II was estimated.
In the course of the various background studies it was confirmed
that additional detailed information is needed in order to apply
a periodic flushing system to actual combined sewers. It was
also concluded that the existing information on sewer flushing
indicated a good possibility that a periodic flushing system
would be feasible for reducing pollution from combined sewer
stormwater overflow.
The detailed information needed to apply a sewer flushing system
must be determined by a large number of controlled experiments
of flushing effectiveness.
The design of flushing evaluation equipment for use in Phase II
has been carried to the point that cost estimates can be made for
construction of the equipment. A description of the design and
the cost estimates are included in this report.
It is recommended that this program be continued into Phase II
in order to determine the effectiveness of flushing under various
conditions. The work in Phase II should also include the integration
of the test results into a design procedure, the design and develop-
ment of flush station equipment and control systems, the selection
and approval of a demonstration location for Phase II, and the
preliminary design and cost estimation for the Phase III demonstration.
STRAINER/FILTER TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Fram Corporation
WP-20-16, July 1969
The primary objective of this feasibility study was to evaluate
the principle of a 'self-cleaning strainer, self-cleaning filter'
concept for the treatment of combined sewer overflows. The antici-
pated goal was to design and construct a prototype system capable
of handling up to 1000 gallons per minute with a B.O.D. reduction
near 60 percent, and with the capability of automatic operation in
remote locations.
A combined sewer overflow in Providence, Rhode Island, was sampled
and analyzed to determine the type and amount of contaminant dis-
charged into the receiving stream. The average concentration was
determined to be nearly equal to pure domestic sewage. It was
also determined that the analysis reported for overflows is very
dependent on the exact sampling method used. Automatic sampling
23
-------
devices utilizing small diameter tubing do not take a representative
sample since the suspended solids distribution is not uniform over
the cross-sectional area of the discharging stream. Based on over-
flow sample analysis data (samples taken manually), a synthetic
substrate solution was prepared to evaluate a forced flow self-
cleaning strainer for significant operating variables.
The strainer and filter systems were evaluated using the synthetic
substrate, primary influent to two separate municipal treatment
plants, fresh sewage solids and actual combined sewer flow. It
was demonstrated that the strainer model produced consistent sus-
pended solids removal rates near 35 percent under highly varying
load conditions, at a flux of 25 gallons per minute per square
foot.
The diatomite study showed operational success could be achieved at
a 50 percent organic reduction rate at U gallons per minute per
square foot of area, but at a minimum estimated operating cost
of $1.50 per 1000 gallons.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract lU-12-17
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the Fram Corporation.
SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RIMOFF ABSTRACTS
The Franklin Research Institute
WP-20-21, June 1969
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts is a compilation of
abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of technical publi-
cations, covering the subjects of urban runoff, storm water
discharge, storm sewers, and combined sewers--together constituting
"the problem of urban drainage". Articles on more general subjects,
such as "sewerage" or "sanitary engineering", and topics not closely
related to storm water, such as "agricultural runoff", have been
excluded.
The present work represents an effort to index, expand and update
the annotated bibliography, Storm Water Runoff from Urban Areas,
issued in April 1966 by the Cincinnati Water Research Laboratory
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Among
the 573 abstracts presented are 386 not previously included, which
summarize articles dated both earlier and later than 1966, so that
the present compilation represents as complete a bibliographic
record as possible of storm water articles, up to--and to some
extent including--1968. The 187 abstracts from the 1966 edition
were indexed, but not otherwise edited or re-evaluated. For
convenience, the abstracts are classed in eleven sub-topic
categories, and arranged by abstract number within each category.
-------
Since most of the papers fit into more than one category, the
cumulative subject index at the end of the volume provides the
necessary access to individual concepts by referring to each
pertinent abstract number. Each item includes a bibliographic
citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing descriptors (subject
terms listed in the Water Resources Thesaurus, November 1966
edition) and identifiers(newly suggested subject terms). The
most important index terms are marked by an asterisk. The format
of abstract presentation follows the one used by the Department
of the Interior's Water Resources Scientific Information Center
for its periodical, Selected Water Resources Abstracts.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract lU-12-467
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
The Franklin Research Institute.
FEASIBILITY OF A STABILIZATION-RETENTION BASIN IN LAKE ERIE AT
CLEVELAND, OHIO
Havens and Emerson
Contract No. 1^-12-27, May 1968
A feasibility study was conducted of a large stabilization-
retention basin to be constructed in Lake Erie at Cleveland,
Ohio. The stabilization is viewed as a possible alternative to
separation of a combined sewer system. The proposed basin would
treat flows from a number of large combined sewer overflows,
from several polluted streams, and effluent from a large secondary
wastewater treatment plant. Treatment would consist of bio-
oxidation, sedimentation, stabilization and disinfection. A
shoreline collection system is included to convey flows to the
basin.
The chemical, biological, physical and structural aspects of
the proposed basin were studied, and the probable benefits to
water quality and the effectiveness of the basin as a treatment
device were evaluated. Estimates of cost of the basin and
collection system were prepared, and it was concluded that the
stabilization basin would provide a higher degree of pollution
abatement than would separation of sanitary and storm sewers,
at about one-third the cost.
CRAZED RESIN FILTRATION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Hercules, Incorporated
DAST-U, October 1968
The feasibility of developing a self-cleaning, self-adjusting
filtering device constructed of cylindrical structure of fibers
-------
laid down in predetermined patterns by a winding process and bonded
in place by resins was investigated. The permeability of the
structure is imparted by a mechanical cracking or carzing of the
resin. The tube would act as a normal pipe under open channel
flow. Surcharging or pressurization to h psig would cause the
walls to become permeable. Filtration runs indicated a 62.%
reduction of suspended solids in the filtrate. However, sustained
runs could not be realized. The self-cleaning aspect was not
demonstrated. This report was submitted in fulfillment of
Contract No. 1^-12-39 between the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration and Hercules Incorporated.
SEWER INFILTRATION REDUCTION BY ZONE PUMPING
Meridian, Idaho
DAST-9, June 1969
The intent of this project was to field demonstrate the reduction
of ground water infiltration into sanitary sewers by pumped draw
down of the water table in the sewer area assuming the geology
precipitation and local irrigation practices were amenable to
rapid and wide enough zones of influence. It was demonstrated
that the water table was lowered and the volume of flow to the
treatment plant was reduced. Previously, wet basements were
dried. The water table was not lowered uniformly, nor were
the characteristics of the relevant geology as uniform as
expected. For 1^0 square blocks, 70 pump units would be required
at an average cost of $UO,000 per unit and a total power bill
of $122.50 per day. This is not economically favorable when
compared with other corrective measures available at this location.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Wo. 29-IDA-2
from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to the
City of Meridian, Idaho.
POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL
The Western Company
WP-20-22
Six water-soluble polymers were investigated to determine their
effects upon aquatic flora and fauna, flow characteristics of
wastewater, and the operation of a wastewater treatment plant.
It was found that the polymers and gels, in the magnitudes tested,
were not toxic to bacteria, algae, or fish, and did not act as a
nutrient for algae growth.
Based upon calculations obtained from flow test data, a maximum
flow increase of 2.*+ times the flow prior to injection could be
obtained if a constant head was maintained. Laboratory flow test
data indicated that if flow rates were held almost constant prior
to and during polymer injection, a reduction in the static head
occurred as a result of friction reduction within the fluid.
26
-------
The most effective polymers in providing energy reduction were
Polyox Coagulant-701, WSR-301, and AP-30; however, AP-30 required
higher polymer concentrations to obtain equivalent flow character-
istics.
In field tests on a 2^-inch diameter line, it was found that
polymer concentrations of between 35 and 100 mg/1, decreased
frictional flow resistance sufficiently to eliminate surcharges
of more than six feet.
Based upon an economic analysis, the average annual cost of new
construction was approximately five times the cost of using polymers
during peak storm-flow periods.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract lU-12-3^ between
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and The Western
Company.
IMPROVED SEALANTS FOR INFILTRATION CONTROL
The Western Company
WP-20-18, June 1969
The objective of this program was to develop new, more effective
sealants for sewer line leaks (leaking joints, cracks and large
holes). This purpose was achieved, and all equipments and
materials investigated, tested or compared are presented, along
with test results, supporting data, conclusions and recommendations.
A wide range of candidate materials was surveyed, and weaknesses
of rejected materials were noted. Meanwhile, specific properties
of acceptable materials were ascertained and materials having
these properties were identified. These latter materials were
subjected to tests designed to demonstrate their effectiveness
as sealants. Cost/effectiveness of the new sealant materials was
compared with that of present sealant materials. It was concluded
that infiltration adversely influences sewer system operating
costs and effectiveness, and that leakage repair systems are
limited in their effectiveness. Several sealants developed
during the program were demonstrated to be able to effect strong,
permanent repairs. Wo significant cost increase beyond that
experience with present sealers was indicated. Some present
sealant application equipment can be modified for use with the
new materials, but new equipment designs are described and
recommended. Too, long-term field tests of the materials are
recommended.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract lU-1
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration .and
The Western Company of North America.
27
-------
DESIGN OF A COMBINED SEWER FLUIDIC REGULATOR
Bowles Engineering Corporation
DAST-13, October 1969
The objective of this program was to demonstrate feasibility, and
to develop a workable configuration for a combined sewer Fluidic
regulator, whose purpose is to minimize combined sewer discharge
while protecting interceptor sewers from overloading during storm
flows. A second objective was to develop design procedures and
criteria for the general application of this concept to municipal
sewer diversion requirements, including preliminary investigations
of construction methods, costs, and maintenance requirements. A
third objective was to establish a plan and location for an
operational demonstration of the concept with a cooperating
municipality.
All objectives were successfully met. A generic Fluidic Regulator
configuration was evolved which diverts 0 to 75^o of the combined
sewer flow away from the interceptor as a function of water level
sensed in the interceptor sewer, or combined sewer, in either an
analog or digital operational mode. Application design criteria
were evolved for a range of small to medium sized municipal sewers,
in terms of a few basic parameters. Projected installation costs
are only slightly more than for conventional diversion structures;
while the anticipated construction and maintenance requirements
are simple and minimal.
The City of Philadelphia was established as the demonstration
site, and a demonstration unit should become operational in late
1970. Recommendations were made for experimental activity to
improve regulation linearity; expand application size limit,
and to better definitize construction methods and costs.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 1^-12-^86,
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the Bowles Engineering Corporation.
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION USING PRESSURE SEWERS
American Society of Civil Engineers
ORD-4, October 1969
This report is concerned with the separation of community waste-
waters and runoff from rainfall and snowmelt in areas presently
served by combined and intercepting sewers. Separation is
accomplished by withdrawing the wastewater fraction of flows from
existing plumbing systems and passing it through a sequence of
added systems components as follows: (l) a storage, grinding and
pumping building; (2) pressure tubing fished from the unit through
each existing building sewer into the existing combined sewer;
and (3) pressure piping inserted in that sewer and extending to
the existing intercepting sewers that carry the wastewaters to
treatment and disposal works. Runoff from rainfall and snowmelt,
28
-------
thus unencumbered by wastewaters, is removed from the community
through the residual passageways of the one-time combined sewer
system, which has thus become a combination of a new pressure
conduit system within an old gravity conduit system.
The feasibility of this scheme of separation, the selection of
available systems components and the development of required new
systems components are described in this report on the basis of
information drawn from 25 project reports and technical memoranda.
The feasibility of storing, grinding and pumping sewage from
individual residences has been established; and standard commi-
nuting and pumping equipment will be satisfactory for serving
larger buildings. Acceptable types of pressure tubing are
available that can be pushed and pulled through existing building
drains and sewers. Pressure conduits can be suspended inside
combined sewers that can be entered by workmen. There are
combined sewer areas that can be separated most effectively by
a version of the method investigated, but generally pressure
systems will cost more than new gravity systems. New capabilities
developed appear to be of potentially greater use for applications
other than separation, such as new construction including utility
corridors, and introduce viable alternatives for design of waste-
water sewerage.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract Number lA-12-29
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, and the
American Society of Civil Engineers.
29
-------
B. PPB 1102 - STORM WATEE RUNOFF
WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF URBAN RUMOFF
American Public Works Association
WP-20-15, January 1969
A study was conducted to determine the factors in the urban environ-
ment which contribute to the pollution of 'urban storm water runoff
and to determine methods to limit this source of water pollution.
It was found that street refuse--litter--could be a significant
factor when the nature of the shock discharge of the pollution is
considered.
An evaluation was made of the efficiency of street cleaning methods
and limitations of commonly used equipment explored.
Catch basins in conjunction with street inlets to the storm water
disposal system were also determined to be a potential major source
of pollution as large quantities of septic liquid are released
during periods of storm water runoff.
Other potential sources of pollution considered included air
pollution, roof discharges, and chemicals used in the urban environ-
ment. Surveys were made to determine national patterns, a compre-
hensive set of "typical" ordinances governing a wide sampling of
possible sources of urban storm water runoff pollution were compiled
and are included in the report.
Findings and Recommendations are included in summary form.
This report is submitted in fulfillment of Contract WA-66-23
between the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and
the American Public Works Association.
THE BENEFICIAL USE OF STORM WATER
Hittman Associates
Contract No. 1^-12-20, August 1968
This report contains a discussion of the work performed in the
analysis and optimization of the system; the conceptual designs
of potable, sub-potable, and pollution control systems; the con-
ceptual design of a system for controlling pollution using a
"conventional design" approach, the results of the system evalu-
ation and plans for the demonstration of the local storage, treatment,
and reuse of storm. The appendices to this report include the
derivations of the hydrology equations, survey reports on water
usage and the public acceptance and legal aspects of reuse,
design reports on the "conventional" and demonstration system,
detailed estim tes on the cost of the demonstration program,
and descriptive information on packaged water treatment plants.
30
-------
Storm water runoff from local areas is normally considered to be
a form of waste-water. Use of storm water from surface water supplies
normally occurs only after the runoff has undergone natural treat-
ment processes and becomes a concentrated source. In this report,
the local utilization of storm water runoff is referred to as "reuse"
based on the normal classification as wastewater and to distinguish
the type of usage from the normal use of surface water supplies.
This final report covers the work performed by Hittman Associates,
Incorporated, in cooperation with the Rouse Company and the "new
city" of Columbia, Maryland, on the collection, storage, treatment,
and reuse of storm water as a means of pollution control and water
supply augmentation. This work was performed for the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior,
under Contract lU-12-20.
31
-------
SECTION 3
ACTIVE PROJECT INFORMATION SHEETS
a. 1102 Combined Sewer Discharges
GRANTEE
Minneapolis-St.
Paul Sanitary
District, 11022 FAQ
Springfield Sani-
tary District,
3-ILL-l
Metropolitan Dis-
trict Commission,
Boston, Mass.,
11023 FAT
City of Detroit,
11022 FAX
City of Milwaukee,
11023 FAU
PROJECT OFFICER
Louis Breimhurst
Ralph Christensen
Allyn Richardson
Lawrence O'Leary
Clifford Risley
Sewerage and Water George Putnicki
Board of New Orleans,
11023 FAS
City of Chippewa
Falls, Wisconsin,
11023 FIY
Louis Breimhurst
East Chicago Sani- Clifford Risley
tary District, Ind.,
11023 FAV
METRO, Seattle,
Wash., 11022 ELK
City of Columbus,
Ohio, 11023 FAL
William Clothier
Robert Feder
City of Shelbyville, Ralph Christensen
111., 11023 FAM
Department of Public Albert Bromberg
Works, City of New
York, 25-NY-l
City of Chicago,
111., 11022 EMD
Clifford Risley
33
PROJECT MANAGER
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
George Kirkpatrick
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
George Kirkpatrick
Francis Condon
Darwin Wright
George Kirkpatrick
Francis Condon
PAGE
38
39
in
1*3
hh
50
51
52
-------
GRANTEE
New Providence,
N.J., 11023 FAN
City of Somersworth,
N.H. , 11023 FAP
City of New York,
N.Y., 11023 FAO
City of Mount
Clemens, Mich. ,
11023 FAR
City of Cleveland,
Ohio, 11023 EZW
City of Dallas,
PROJECT OFFICER
Albert Bromberg
Edward Struzeski
Thomas Murphy
Lawrence O'Leary
George Harlow
George Putnicki
PROJECT MANAGER
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
Francis Condon
Francis Condon
William Rosenkranz
George Kirkpatrick
PAGE
53
58
62
6h
65
66
Texas, 11023 FAW
City and County
of San Francisco,
Calif., 11023 DXC
Board of County
Commissioners,
Montgomery Co.
Ohio, 11022 DHQ
William Bishop
Eugene Harris
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
Merrimack College, Warren Oldaker
1102U DOK
New York State Richard Keppler
Department of Health,
Albany, N.Y.,
11022 DQI
City of Dallas,
Texas, 11022 DZU
City of Akron,
Ohio, 11022 DXH
University of
Cincinnati,
1102U DQU
George Putnicki
George Harlow
Robert Feder
Lehigh University, Richard Dewling
110214- EKD
Francis Condon
George Kirkpatrick
George Kirkpatrick
Francis Condon
Darwin Wright
George Kirkpatrick
75
87
90
91
-------
GRANTEE
PROJECT OFFICER
PROJECT MANAGER
PAGE
City of Kenosha,
Wisconsin,
11023 EKC
Tulane University,
11022 DEI
City of Rohnert
Park, Calif.,
11023 DSX
CONTRACTOR
Rand Development
Corporation,
WA 67-2
Rhodes Corporation,
114-12-11
Dow Chemical Co.,
1^-12-9
Cornell, Howland,
Hayes, and Merry-
field, 114-12-121
Allis Chalmers,
Clifford Risley, Jr. Francis Condon
George Putnicki
William Bishop
CONTRACTS
PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Feder
George Putnicki
Ralph Christensen
William Clothier
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
George Kirkpatrick
Rex Chainbelt, Inc., Clifford Risley, Jr.
1U-12-UO
Underwater Storage, George Kirkpatrick
Inc., 114-12-139
PROJECT MANAGER
William Rosenkranz
William Rosenkranz
William A. Rosenkranz
Francis Condon
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
George Kirkpatrick
Melpar, Inc.,
1^-12-133
George Kirkpatrick George Kirkpatrick
Karl R. Rohrer George Kirkpatrick
Assoc., ll4-12-ll4-3
Glenfield & Kennedy Allyn Richardson
Inc., 114-12-136
Aerojet-General John Merrell, Jr.
Corp., Il4-12-l80
George Kirkpatrick
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
93
9k
95
PAGE
Uo
55
56
57
59
60
6l
63
67
35
-------
CONTRACTOR
PROJECT OFFICER
PROJECT MANAGER
PAGE
American Process
Equipment Corp.,
3J4-12-195
Burgess & Niple,
lU- 12-401
Henningson, Durham
and Richardson,
114-12-1402
Aerojet-General
Corp., 114-12-197
Metcalf & Eddy,
Inc., 1^-12-14-07
Roy F. Weston,
114-12-403
Hayes, Seay,
Mat tern, &
Mattern, lU-12-200
American Public
Works Assoc.,
lU-12-14-56
Black, Crow &
Eidsness,
Darwin Wright
Alfred Smith
FMC Corporation,
1^-12-14-66
Ionics Inc.,
114-12-^90
Water Resources
Engineers, Inc.,
114-12-501
John Merrell, Jr.
William Bishop
H. R. Thacker
H. R. Thacker
Darwin Wright
Asa Foster
George Kirkpatrick
Allyaa Richardson
Darwin Wright
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Darwin Wright
114-12-502
University of Darwin Wright
Florida, lU-12-503
American Standard, Allyn Richardson
Inc., lk-IZ
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
Ralph Christensen Darwin Wright
George Kirkpatrick
George Kirkpatrick
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Francis Condon
George Kirkpatrick
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Darwin Wright
Allyn Richardson
70
71
72
73
76
77
78
79
81
82
83
85
36
-------
CONTRACTOR PROJECT OFFICER PROJECT MANAGER PAGE
American Public Darwin Wright Darwin Wright 86
Works Assoc.,
114-12-550
Battelle Memorial William Clothier Francis Condon 92
Institute,
114-12-519
Roy F. Weston, Darwin Wright Darwin Wright 9^
1^-12-829
37
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tki& &he.et deAc/Ltfaea b^it^ty an R 6 V Giant auaaJided undeA. Sec. 6,
fede/uuL Mate*. Pollution. Control Ac-tlCdeon Wo£e* RutoxaUon Act) .
GRANTEE: Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, St. Paul, Minnesota
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Dispatching System for Control of Combined Sewer Losses"
PROJECT SITE: Minneapolis-St. Paul, PATE AWARPEP; May 25, 1966
Minnesota
FEDERAL GRANT; $870,750 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $1,71*1,500
PROJECT NUMBER; 11022 FAQ PPBS MO. 1102
PESCRIPTIOM OF PROJECT; Dispatching system for control of combined sewer
losses. The project includes preliminary studies to update historic data,
a four phase construction project consisting of installation of a gauging
system, a data logger, five river monitors, telemetering rain gages,
regulator modifications, and a post-construction program evaluation to
include special studies by the University of Minnesota. Existing regulators
will be replaced with modern power operated gates at 18 key diversion
locations. A supervisory system will be provided to telemeter gate positions,
flows and levels in sewers to be controlled by the new regulators. This
information will be transmitted to a central point where a dispatching
operator can observe conditions and regulate flow accordingly. Maximum
utilization of interceptor sewer capacity would be assured and overflow
to the river will be minimized.
INQUIRIES: Contact tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-cce 0(( ReaeotcJt and Pevelopneitt
fedviat (totte* Pottotton Con&tot Mmvti&&ui£Lon.
U.S. Pepo/idnen* otf the. Intvuon.
633 Indiana. Ave. M.W.
Wa&hington, P. C. 20242
38
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tku> 4fieet deAc/utbea bfu.t^ty an R £ P Gtiant awarded unde* Sec. 6,
Wa*e/i Pot&ttuw Con&iol AcxtfCdean Wate* Re^o-tatum Act).
GRANTEE; Springfield Sanitary District
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Evaluation of a Stabilization Pond for Treatment of
Combined Sewer Overflows"
PROJECT SITE: Springfield, Illinois PATE Atl/ARPEP; June lk, 1966
FEDERAL GRANT; $86,570 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $199,1^0
PROJECT NUMBER; 3-ILL-l PPBS HO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT; The goal of this project is to determine the
effectiveness of a stabilization pond as an overflow treatment device
for combined sewage. A twelve-acre stabilization pond will receive the
flow by-passed at an existing pumping station during periods of precipi-
tation. This pond will intercept short duration, high intensity rainfalls,
The system will provide both temporary storage and treatment of the over-
flow.
Evaluation of the facility will not only include routine sampling of
influent and effluent, but will also include biological sampling of the
pond and the receiving stream.
INQUIRIES: Contact, tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Fede/ia£ WcvteA Pottwtton Control
U.S. Vqpawtmtnt o£ the. Intvuoi
633 Indiana. Ave. N.OI.
P. C. 20242
39
-------
INFORMATION SHEET—
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Th.it> &he.nt duc.fu.bu bui^ty an R6V Contract auXLide.d undvi Sec. 6,
Ftdvial WateA Pollution Control Ac* {Clean WateA Re t -Ttion Ac*).
CON/TRACTOR; ^^^ Development Corporation
Cleveland, Ohio
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Rapid Flow Combustible Filter"
PROJECT SITE: Cleveland, Ohio
FEDERAL CONTRACT; $1^,850 PATE AK/ARPEP: August 8, 1966
PROJECT A/UMBER: WA 67_2 PPBS AfO; jj.02
11023 DPI
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
This project includes the design, construction, operation and evaluation
of a rapid flow combustible filter. This filter, which will utilize
combustible materials — primarily coal, will be installed at a combined
sewer overflow in Cleveland, Ohio. Overflowing waste will percolate through
a basket containing a relatively shallow bed of coal before discharge.
Removal of coarser materials by mechanical filtration is the anticipated
result. Upon exhaustion of the filter, the coal-solids mixture will be
incinerated.
The investigators, in addition to designing and building the unit, will
develop design criteria for future, similar installations. Evaluation of
the process will include not only treatment efficiency, but also information
on operating costs and procedures. Difficulties encountered in incinerating
the coal after use will also be investigated.
INQUIRIES: Contact the.
O^ice. OfJ ReAeaJich and Ve.velopme.nt
ftdeAol WateA Pollution Con&iol AdminiAtxation
U.S. Ve.pantmejfit ojj the.
633 Indiana Avenue, N.W.
Wa&hington, V. C. 20242
G.\f:
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
i& &he.et ducAibtA bfu.^ly an R S P Gnant awarded ande*. Sec. 6,
federal WateA. Pollution Control Ae£(C£ean WateA Rea-to.'uttuM Act).
GRAAfTEE; Metropolitan District Commission
20 Somerset Street
Boston, Massachusetts
TITLE Of PROJECT; "Boston University Bridge Storm Water Detention and
Chlorination Station"
PROJECT SITE: Cambridge, Mass. PATE AWARPEP; September 2, 1966
FEPERAL GRANT; $1,000,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST: $U, 3*^,650
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAT PPBS MO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
A detention basin will be constructed to intercept peak flows and to
chlorinate waste water, as a means of reducing combined sewage overflows
into the Charles River.
The project includes the construction and evaluation of a combined sewer
overflow facility, designed to provide a 10-minute minimum sedimentation-
detention time with an influent of 233 MGD. The chlorinated effluent will
flow by gravity from the detention tanks through a 96 inch outfall pipe into
the Charles River. Sludge deposits in the detention tanks will be returned
to the sewer system to be treated at the sewage treatment plant. All settled
materials will be flushed out of the tanks and into the sewer system after
the storm subsides.
INQUIRIES; Contact tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce 0(J ReJ&fidi and Development
federal Watesi. Pollution Control
U.S. Pepo/Ument orf the. Intvuon.
633 Indiana. Ave. N.W.
Utukington, V. C. 20242
GWerdig 10256?
in
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tki& 4/ieet deAvUbu fa/tte££y an R 6 V GMMt auwided andm Sec. 6,
federal. Ukttvi Pollution Control Act[Clean Watvt. Rtt>to>uvUon Act) .
GRANTEE: City of Detroit, Board of Water Commissioners
735 Randolph Street, Detroit, Michigan
TITLE OF PROJECT; "System Monitoring and Remote Control"
PROJECT SITE; Detroit, Michigan PATE AtMRPEP: September 1^, 1966
FEPERAL GRAMT: $1,000,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST: $2,113,000
PROJECT MUMBER: 11022 FAX PPBS HO.
DESCRIPTION Of PROJECT: Reduction in stream pollution caused by combined
sewer overflows by installation of modern control equipment for sewage
flows thereby maximizing the use of storage within the existing sewer
system. The project consists of installation of new power operated ^
diversionary overflow structures and automatic control instrumentation.
The instrumentation includes devices for determination of waste water
quality, flow measurement, rainfall data, conduit liquid level sensing,
and remote operation of diversion gates. Telemetering will be provided
to transmit and record data collected by the instruments and to provide
feed back data relative to status of the remote controlled units. Investi-
gations will be made to observe the modifications and additions to the system,
to analyze and evaluate the data collected, and to determine the overall
effectiveness of the demonstration.
INQUIRIES: Contact the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-cce of, ReAeaAc.h and Development
federal blaten. Pollution Control
U.S. PeptfUment of, the
633 Indiana. Aue. N.lt).
Washington, D. C. 20242
GWerdig 1286? k2.
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
4fiee/t deAc/u.fae6 bfu.t,{,ty an R 6 V Giant awarded urtde/L Sec. 6,
Wa-te/i Pottwtlon Control ActlCdain WateA Reito/uUxon Act).
GRANTEE: City of Milwaukee, 8^1 North Broadway, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Humbolt Avenue Overflow Detention and Chlorination Facility"
PROJECT SITE; Milwaukee, Wisconsin PATE AO/ARPEP; October 15, 1966
FEPERAL GRANT: $1,1*68,589 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $2,368,118
PROJECT NUMBER: 11023 FAU PPBS HO. H°2
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: The project will demonstrate the effectiveness of
a detention tank including chlorination facilities for the treatment of
combined sewer overflows from a 570 acre urban area. The tank influent will
be screened. The tank will be designed to provide a minimum of 15 minutes
detention time for sedimentation and chlorination. After an overflow the
sludge deposits and remaining wastewater will be pumped to a nearby inter-
ceptor sewer for treatment at an existing treatment plant.
Because of the complex nature of the combined sewer system, eight in-system
monitoring stations will record flows and sample the overflows.
The overflows presently discharge to the Milwaukee River, seriously impairing
most beneficial water uses. Three river monitoring stations will record the
dissolved oxygen and temperature, and provide for the collection of river
samples to determine the effects of the proposed project on the river water
quality.
All data will be analyzed to relate the effectiveness with operation and
costs, inclusive of benefits received. Results will be utilized to develop
a method for optimizing the design of such facilities and establish relation-
ships to other approaches for achieving comparable results.
INQUIRIES: Contact thf. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
& Rejeo/idi and Development
UlatUi Pollution Conftot
U.S. Pep&ttotent orf the.
633 Indiana. Ave.. A/.bl.
Wa&hington, V. C. 20242
GWerdig 12?6? ,
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tkit> A/ieet ducfubu b^U^ly an. R 6 V Gfutnt auxuided undM. Sec. 6,
federal Wote/t Pollution Control Act(C£ean WoteA. ReAtcvuttton Act).
GRANTEE: Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Chlorination and Hypochlorination of Polluted Storm
Water Pumpage"
PROJECT SITE: New Orleans, La. PATE AWARPEP:December 2, 1966
FEDERAL GRAMT: $1,03^,250 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST;$1,^9,OOP
PROJECT MUMBER: 11023 FAS PPBS NO. H02
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
To control bacteriological pollution in Lake Pontchartrain the project
will demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and economics of
using open drainage canals as treatment facilities; the effectiveness
of chlorine and hypochlorite disinfection on intermittent high flow
discharges; and the optimization of various feeding rates, multiple
points of application, and contact time. Facilities for disinfection
will be placed and operated in the St. Charles Canal, the London Avenue
Canal and the Orleans Avenue Canal. A sodium hypochlorite blending
plant will be constructed and a chlorine alarm system installed. The
project will include the provision of appropriate instrumentation for
the generation of quantitative and qualitative data necessary for a
comprehensive evaluation.
INQUIRIES: Conta&t tkt Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
044
-------
INFORMATION SHEET ~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tki& *hztt duuUbu bftit^ly an. R 6 V G^ant auwided undvi Sec. 6,
fed vial (fate* Pollution Control AetlCteon WateA RutotuttLon Act).
GRANTEE: City of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
TITLE Of PROJECT: "Utilization of a Storage Pond with Treatment for
Combined Sewer Overflows"
PROJECT SITE: Chippewa Falls, Wis. PATE AO/ARPEP; December 23, 1966
FEDERAL GRANT;$289,685 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $773,98U
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FIY PPBS NO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
Project includes construction of a combined storm water pumping station
and storage pond, increased interceptor pumping capacity, increased
interceptor pumping conduit, and final settling tank capacity, combined
relief sewer and some separation. It will demonstrate the control and
elimination of stormwater by passes by diverting to a storage pond for
sedimentation with subsequent discharge to the waste water treatment
works for both primary and secondary treatment with chlorination. The
design, operation procedures, and treatment efficiency will be evaluated.
Comparison with separation of storm and sanitary sewers will also be
evaluated.
INquiRIES; Contact the.
0^>cce 0(J Rejea&cfo and Pevetopneitt
federal Watui Pollution Contol AcfoottA-futtum
U.S. Pepatdneat o£ the.
633 Indiana Ave. N.bl.
Washington, P. C. 20242
GWerdig lU68
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tki& thevt ducrUbu bUi^ty an R 6 V Giant auxvtded undesi Sec. 6,
titotvi PoltuuUon Contiot Act(C£eon Watvi Rutoxation Act) .
GRAA/TEE: East Chicago Sanitary District, East Chicago, Indiana
TITLE Of PROJECT: "East Chicago Treatment Lagoon"
PROJECT SITE: East Chicago, Indiana PATE Aft/ARPEP: December 23, 1966
FEPERAL GRANT: $1,0^,120 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $2,179,110
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAV PPBS NO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: Project will evaluate the effectiveness of
treating combined sewer overflows in a very deep detention basin having
aerobic and anaerobic levels of treatment. The aerobic treatment is
accomplished by large oxygen transfer units suspended on surface of basin
waters. The prime objective of the project is to demonstrate a control
method to optimize the quality of treatment to storm water and combined
sewage mixed with industrial waste water. This treatment will render a
more acceptable discharge to the recieving waters. The demonstration
will assess design criteria for detention basins to provide storage and
treatment to storm water and combined sewer overflows; design requirements
for large oxygen transfer units in relation to volumes of waste water and
quality of effluent.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce o£ Reifcotdt and Development
Fedetol Mate* Pollution Con&iol \dntin4AtAatLon
U.S. Pepa/idnent ofi tkt Intvuon.
633 Indiana. Aue. N.ttl.
OJcukJjigton, V. C. 20242
GWerdig 1286? 1^6
-------
INFORMATION SHEET—
RESEARCH ft DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Thit> &he.et deAc.ni.bu bfu.e.^ly an RSP Contact awwided undet Sec. 6,
Fedetod WateA Pollution Control Ac* {Clean Wo£et Re. t -ition Ac*).
CONTRACTOR; Bhodes Corporation
Oklahoma City, Okla.
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Use of a New Technique for Waste Treatment"
PROJECT SITE: Fort Smith, Arkansas
FEPERAL CONTRACT; $317,733 PATE AO/ARPEP: December 28, 1966
PROJECT NUMBER; iU-12-11 PPBS MO.- 1102
PESCRIPTION Of PROJECT:
This project includes the design, construction, operation and evaluation of
a prototype high capacity treatment facility designed to handle excessive
flows received at a treatment plant during period of storm runoff. The
treatment system to be investigated consists of cyclones for removal of
coarse solids followed by a high rate dissolved air flotation system for
removal of finer solids. Detention in the flotation unit will "be less
than 10 minutes.
The demonstration unit will "be designed to handle 500,QOO gallons daily.
A portion of the flow at a treatment plant receiving flow from a combined
sewerage system is to "be diverted through the facility. For purposes of
the demonstration, "both wet and dry weather flow -will be treated. Discreet
data will be kept for storm events.
In addition to treatment efficiency of the facility and its components,
the investigators will determine design criteria, operating and maintenance
problems and costs. Recommendations will include suggestions for use at
remote locations.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0f5f5-i.ce 0($ Re4eo*.cA and Pevedopment
TzdeAat Watvi Poilution Con&iot
U.S. Ve.pasutonent OfJ the.
633 Indiana Avenue, N.W.
Washington, P. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET ~ ~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
TkiA 4/teet deAOUbe* b^U^ly an R 6 V Giant awarded undvi Sec. 6,
Watui Pott&tLon Control Act (Clean Mate* Re6£04atum Act).
GRANTEE: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
^4-00 West Harrison Street
Seattle, Washington 98119
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Duwamish River— Elliott Bay Storm Water Control System"
PROJECT SITE; Seattle, Washington PATE AU/ARPEP; December 29, 1966
FEPERAL GRAAfT; $1,1+00,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $3,891,900
PROJECT MUMBER; 11022 ELK PPBS HO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
A sewerage System Control Scheme designed to regulate and program system
flows thru the use of overflow regulators operation-programmed by use of
computers. Flows to the waste treatment facilities will be controlled to
improve efficiency of plant operation during rainfall periods and to
provide selective controlled discharging of storm-water overflow at
different points in a manner which will minimize the effect of waste
discharges in the receiving waters. Automatic water quality monitors will
be utilized as control devices in tirggering discharges to surface water
from the regulator stations. Functions of the system for controlling
pollution caused by storm water overloading of treatment facilities
and sewerage system overflows will be evaluated.
INQUIRIES; Contact tke. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
046-cce o^ ReAeefidi and VeveJtopntnt
Fedetol WoteA Pollution. Con&tot
U.S. Pepo/itment orf the.
633 IncUana Ave. N.W.
dla&hington, V. C. 20242
GWerdig 10256?
i+8
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tfat& 4/ieCxt dt&csu.bu btu.t£ly an R 6 V Giant auxwded undeA Sec. 6,
fedvuit Watvi PottutLon Control Ac*(C£ean WcuteA ReAtoMuUon Act).
GRANTEE: City of Columbus, Ohio
TITLE Of PROJECT: "Modification of Whittier Street Storm Standby
Tanks"
PROJECT SITE; Columbus, Ohio PATE AOJARPEP; March 30, 1967
FEPERAL GRANT: $300,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $1,231,519
PROJECT MUMBER; 11023 FAL PPBS MO. 1102
PESCRIPTIOM OF PROJECT;
This project consists of an evaluation of the pollution reduction
effectiveness of storm overflow tanks modernized "by installation
of automated sluice gates and other equipment.
Physical features of the project consist of the renovation of three
existing combined sewer overflow tanks having a capacity of 1.3 fflg
each. The renovation includes automatic controls for the tank influent
sluice-gates, new travelling bridge type sludge collectors and new
pumps. One objective of the automation is to keep sludge levels low
by continuously removing it from the tanks and thereby preventing
anaerobic decomposition and its resultant odors. Another objective
is to control flows at the treatment plant "by proper use of the
automatically operated sluice gates. The improvements in tank
efficiencies are expected to reduce bacterial contamination of the
receiving stream, the Scioto River.
Evaluation will include studies of the efficiency of the tanks as
treatment units as well as studies of the effect of the system on
the river.
INQUIRIES; Contact the.
Of^-tce 0(( ReAeotdi and Pevelopneitt
Fedviat Watvi ?ottwtian Control
U.S. Vipcwtinejit o£ the. Inte/uo*
633 Indiana. Avt. N.W.
(i/aAfung&m, P. C. 20242
GWerdig lU68
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
4/ieet ducJLibeA bfUt^ty an R 6 V Giant auwided undeA Sec. 6,
federal. Mate*. Pollution Con&iol Ac£(Cdeon WateA Re*to>uition Act).
GRAA/TEE; City of Shelbyville, Illinois
TITLE Of PROJECT; "Systems Approach to Combined Sewer Storm Water
Overflow Pollution Abatement"
PROJECT SITE: Shelbyville, Illinois PATE AO/ARPEP; March 30, 196?
FEPERAL GRANT: $HO,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $2,295,077
PROJECT DUMBER; 11023 FAM PPBS HO. HO2
PESCRIPTION Of PROJECT:
A demonstration of a systems approach to pollution abatement is the goal
of this project. The effectiveness of treating combined sewer overflows
from gpi^n drainage areas in three types of detention and treatment units
will "be evaluated. These individual units will "be coordinated into a
total control system for the community.
Ifaits to be installed and evaluated under the grant include:
(l) A storm overflow lagoon, designed for 5-day detention
of a 10-year storm, foSULowed by primary and secondary
stabilization lagoons will receive flow from 95# of the
drainage area.
A storm overflow lagoon designed for 600# of dry weather flow.
A-primary storm holding tank for 600$ of dry weathe r flow for
2-hr detention and equipped with a chlorinator, coraminutor
solids collecting facilities and a lift station to pump
sludge to the treatment plant.
Contact the.
0^-Lc.e. o£ Re^ea/idi arid Development
fed.uutt Watesi Pollution Control
U.S. Ve-pewtment o& the. Intesuox.
633 Indiana Ave.. A/.Ol.
Washington, V. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET ~ >-
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
JkiA Akeet dt&cAJUo&t, bfu.t^Lg an R & P Giant moulded unde* Sec. 6,
Wote/i Pollution Contto£. ActlCdeon Wote* RfcA-to/uttton Act) .
GRANTEE: City of New York, Department of Public Works
Municipal Building
New York, New York 10007
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant Ponsar
Flow Regulating Siphon"
PROJECT SITE: New York City PATE Aft/ARPEP: March 30, 196?
FEPERAL GRANT: $167,250 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $223,000
PROJECT NUMBER: 25-NY-l PPBS A/0. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
A unique flow regulating device, called the Ponsar Regulator, will be
installed and evaluated in the New York Sewerage System. The function
of the regulator is to deliver a predetermined maximum volume of combined
sewage to the interceptor sewer from the drainage area collector system,
with the objective of evening-out the hydraulic load on the sewage
treatment plant for increased operating efficiency and to decrease the
possibility that, during high flows, inadequately treated sewage would
"overflow" the plant and discharge directly into streams. The function
and capabilities of the device to contribute to improved sewerage system
flow control will be evaluated.
The regulator operates on a siphon principle wherein the flow is pro-
portional to the sum of the hydrostatic and differential pressure heads.
The device is constructed so that the total pressure difference will
remain constant after a predetermined hydrostatic head has been reached
and surpassed.
Also, an adjacent existing conventional regulator will be monitored for
direct comparison of performance under similar conditions.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
OtfjJ-tce 0({ ReA&ficfo and Peve£0pnen£
Fede/utfc WateA. Pollution Control
U.S. Pepat&neat o& tke.
633 Indiana. Ave. N.U/.
P. C. 20242
GWerdig 102567 51
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Ahe.et dt&cjubu bUt^ly an R 6 V Quint auxuided undui Sec. 6,
feduial lilatvi Pottwtion Control Act (Clean WatM. Rutoiation Act).
GRANTEE: City of Chicago, Department of Public Works, Chicago, Illinois
TITLE Of PROJECT: "The Lawrence Avenue Underflow Sewer System"
PROJECT SITE; Chicago, Illinois PATE AWARPEP; March 30, 196?
FEPERAL GRANT: $1,500,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST: $20,021,067
PROJECT NUMBER: 11022 EMD PP8S NO.
PESCRIPTION Of PROJECT: This project will evaluate the effectiveness of
employing a deep tunnel system within a highly developed urban area to
temporarily store excess combined sewer flows for return to the sewage
treatment plant during off-peak hours. This demonstration will reduce
the discharge of untreated combined sewage to the receiving stream and
minimize overloading the waste treatment plant. Should this method of
control prove to be economically feasible through the use of advanced
tunneling equipment, present plans in the Chicago Metropolitan Area
envisions a vast network of deep tunnels for ultimate control of all
waters in excess of that which can be conducted by the existing drainage
systems.
INQUIRIES: Contact tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce o£ RueafiiC.lt and Development
FerfeAfcfc Watt*. Pottutwn Contol
U.S. Pepo/Umeat orf tht
633 Indiana Aue. N.df.
Ua&kington, V. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
TJU4 Aheet deA&ttbeA btUt^ty an R 6 V &um£ auxvided undvi Sec. 6,
Fede/utd afctte* Pollution Contnol AcilCdean WateA. Re&t04a£um Act) .
GRAWTEE: Borough of New Providence, New Jersey
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Utilization of High Rate Trickling Filters for
:Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows"
PROJECT SITE: New Providence, N.J. PATE Aft/ARPEP; June l6, 196?
FEPERAL GRANT; $1+7^,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $1,187,680
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAN PPBS HO. 1102
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
Two high rate trickling filters will be installed to accommodate and
treat the extremely wide range in volume of overflows which occur
during periods of rainfall. Overflows are presently discharged
untreated to the receiving waters, causing organic and bacterial
pollution. Adaptation of this conventional treatment method to
adverse operating conditions to achieve treatment of combined sewage
prior to discharge will be demonstrated. One trickling filter will
be constructed with a plastic filter medium; the other, with conventional
trap rock or stone filter medium. Following the filters, facilities
will be provided to add polyelectrolytes and other chemicals to improve
sedimentation efficiency in the final settling tank, also as a part of
this project. Chlorination facilities will disinfect the final effluent.
The facilities will be operated so as to maintain biological growth on
the filters during dry weather periods, making the filters effective
during periods of overflow. A monitoring program will thoroughly evaluate
the operation and effectiveness of the separate treatment units as well
as the overall effectiveness of the entire installation. The system
operation will be varied so as to develop the most effective and economi-
cal plant operation to achieve the desired results.
INQUIRIES; Contact tke. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce o£ Rejeatcfi and Pevelopnent
Fedetol Itlatvi Pottuutton Control
U.S. Pepo/ttmeitt o£ the, Intvuai
633 Indiana Aue. A/.U/.
Wcuhington, P. C. 20242
53
-------
INFORMATION SHEET —
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
* the.et. duc.fu.bu fattest/ an Rgp Contract awarded unde*. Sec. 6
fzdvi&t DJateA Pollution Contact Ac* IC£ean Wtttet Re t -a£uw Ac*) '.
CON/TRACTOR; j^ Chemical Company
Midland, Michigan
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Demonstration and Evaluation of Polymeric Additives
in the Treatment of Storm Water Overflow"
PROJECT SITE; Detroit, Michigan
FEDERAL CONTRACT; $700,000 PATE AWARPEP; August 8, 1967
PROJECT NUMBER; 1^12-9 PPBS NO; 1102
11023 FDB
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
This project involves a two year study of the use of polymeric chemicals
to control pollution from combined sever overflows. The project will be
carried out at Milk River Pump Station in suburban Detroit, Michigan. This
installation, which serves an area of about 3700 acres, includes a 3-5 MG
detention basin. The project will include complete development of
hydrological information for the demonstration area.
Flocculant studies will be carried out on both laboratory and full scale
to demonstrate the effect of the use of polymeric flocculants. A demon-
stration of the effectlveneas of disinfectants, both with and without
polymers, will be completed on both pilot plant and laboratory scales.
A major part of the project will be the fabrication of a model of the
existing basin. This model will be tested concurrently with the full
scale basin to validate its use for model extrapolation. An optimized
model will be conceived, built and tested as a design for sedimentation
basins incorporating chemical flocculation.
INQUIRIES; Contact the.
0^-ic.e. o& ReAeoAch and Ve.veZopme.nt
Fe.deAat Wate*. Potfation Contfiot
U.S. Ve.paAtment ofi the. InteAioi
633 Indiana. Avenue, N.W.
Wa&hington, P. C. 20242
G.I i
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH Ik DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Thi* .Ahee-t de.6cij.beA bfu.e.^ty an R6V Contract awaide.d undeA Sec. 6,
fedeAal WateA Pollution Contact Act \Ctzan WateA Re 1 *ition Act).
CONTRACTOR; Cornell, Rowland, Hayes and Merryfield, Engineers and Planners
1600 Western Avenue
Corvallis, Oregon
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Primary Treatment of Storm Water Overflow from Combined
Sewers by High Rate Fine Mesh Screens"
PROJECT SITE; Portland, Oregon
FEPERAi. CONTRACT; $139,331 PATE AO/ARPEP; August 1?, 196?
PROJECT NUMBER; lU-12-121 PPBS NO; 1102
11023 FDB
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: This project will include the design, construction,
demonstration and evaluation of the performance of high rate, fine mesh
vibrating screens for removal of solids from combined sewage.
Various attempts have been made to use vibratory screens in sewage treatment
in the past. Grease formation and varying rates of flow were persistent
problems. The contractor has several innovations in screen configuration
and combinations to be constructed and demonstrated which may reduce these
operating difficulties. If the demonstration is successful, the device will
be used in normal sewage and at some industrial treatment plants as well
as overflow points in combined collection systems.
Development of such devices, which are compact and adaptable, are needed
for primary treatment of excess combined sewage under the constraints urban
land use and low initial cost.
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-ice. OjJ ReAeaAch and Ve.veJtopme.nt
ffLdeAat WateA Votlution Contiot
U.S. Ve.pavtme.nt o$ the.
633 Indiana. Avenue, N.W.
Wa&kington, V. C. 20242
G.<: 55
-------
INiXWiATION SHEET
Date to bo Rolcaccd
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Contract , under Section6a(l) }
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR; Allis Chalmers
"{Name and Address) Milwaukee, Wisconsin
PROJECT DIRECTOR;
(Name and Address)
TITLr] OF PROJECT:
Dr. Egbert K. A. Guth
Allis Chalmers
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
"Design, Construction, Operation and Evaluation of a
Demonstration Waste Treatment Device Termed the
'Rotating Biological Contactor' "
PROJECT SITE: Milwaukee,- Wisconsin
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 9/28/67
Thru: 2/28/70
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 388,526
FWPCA Gyfcnt
or Contract
Amount
$ 388,526
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER;
1U-12-2U
DATE OFFERED:
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED);
September 28, 196?
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
This project will demonstrate the applicability of a new concept of
biological treatment to be applied within the sewage system. The
contractor has spent several years in developing a biological treat-
ment method related to trickling filters and activated sludge processes;
the method uses power driven rotating disks as the "housing media"
for biological growths. Laboratory results have indicated that
greatly shortened detention periods can accomplish treatment equivalent,
as compared to more conventional methods. This technique offers
the potential for biological treatment of flows of greater than
normal magnitude, an important factor in treating combined sewer
overflows.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
56
-------
):
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tklt> Ahttt ducJuJbu bfu-t^lg an R 6 V Giant auxwded andvi Sec. 6,
fedvuat W&tVL Pottution Con&iot Act (Clean WateA Rt&totation Act) .
GRANTEE: City of Somersworth, New Hampshire
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Somersworth Combined Sewage Overflow Treatment Project"
PROJECT SITE: Somersworth, N. H. PATE AWARPEP; December 1, 196?
FEPERAL GRANT; $559, 080 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST: $931,800
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAP PPBS HO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
Construction and evaluation of the applicability of two one-million gallon
combined sewage treatment and storage tanks. Pollution of receiving waters
caused by discharge of untreated combined sewage during wet weather periods
will be abated by providing facilities which will accomplish (a) short-term
detention chlorination and pump-back to the sewerage system and (b) variable
sedimentation times, chlorination, long-term detention and discharge to
receiving waters. Effects of treatment on the receiving stream and sewage
stabilization pond, technical and economic benefits will be evaluated.
Potential benefits of polymers to increase carrying capacity of the inter-
ceptor will be explored.
INQUIRIES; Contact tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-cce 0(5 ReAeotcft and Peve£opnen£
Fede/ut£ WateA Pollution ConViol
U.S. V&pavtment orf the.
633 Indiana Ave. N.W.
OJatkington, V. C. 20242
58
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Thti Afteet ducJuibu bJu.e.£ty an RSP Contfiact auWidzd undtn Sec. 6,
WateA Pottution Control Act IClean WattA Re^,"ratuw Ac*) .
CONTRACTOR; Underwater Storage, Inc.
1028 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, B.C. 20036
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Pilot Demonstration Underwater Storage Facility for
Storm Water Overflow"
PROJECT SITE; Washington, B.C.
FEPERAL CONTRACT: $658,763 PATE AO/ARPEP: December ik, 196?
PROJECT NUMBER: lU-12-139 PP8S A/0; 1102
- 11022 DWF -
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The project includes the design, construction, operation and evaluation
and removal of a pilot plant underwater facility for temporary storage
of storm overflows from a combined sewer. Pollution of the Anacostia
River due to such discharges will be controlled by capturing and
temporarily storing the combined sewage in flexible underwater
containers until the storm causing overflow has ended.
Storage will be completely under water in two 100,000 gallon containers
of flexible rubberized nylor material. These will be anchored to the
bed of the Anacostia River. The combined sewage will pass through an
automatic bar screen and grinder and through a grit chamber and then flow
to the storage containers by gravity. Pumps of a non-clogging type
will be used to remove the untreated sewage from the storage containers
and return it to the sewerage system for subsequent treatment.
The system will be treated with water pumped from the river during
periods when there is no natural storm water overflow.
"INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
$ KueaAch and Veuttopmuit
WateA Pollution Contact
U.S. Dtparubnent otf the. IntvUox.
633 Indiana Avenue, N.W.
Wa&kington, P. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET ~ ~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
4hee£ dz&cAibu b^U.e.^ly an R5P Contract asaaJuLed undeA Sec. 6,
WateA Potdutton Contact Ac* ICCean Wa*e/i R^.-f."ration Act).
CON/TRACTOR: Melpar, Inc.
7700 Arlington Boulevard
Falls Church, Virginia
TITLE Of PROJECT: "Pilot Plant for Underwater Storage of Combined Sewer
Overflow"
PROJECT SITE; Cambridge, Maryland
FEPERAL CON/TRACT; $^10,386
PROJECT NUMBER: 14-12-133
11022 DPP
PESCRIPTION Of PROJECT:
PATE AWARPEP; December lU, 1968
PP8S WO; 1102
Based on preliminary plans and specifications, the contractor will
design, construct, operate and evaluate, and be prepared to remove,
a pilot plant underwater facility to provide temporary storage of
storm overflows from a combined sewer. Pollution of the Anacostia
River due to such discharges will be controlled by capturing and
temporarily storing the combined sewage in flexible underwater con-
tainers until the storm causing overflow has ended.
Storage will be completely under water in a single container having a
maximum capacity of 200,000 gallons. The bottom of the tank will be
of vinyl coated steel, placed in a depression excavated in Choptank
River. The upper half of the storage container will be of flexible
neoprene coated nylon material. Two, two speed (600 - 1,000 gpm)
pumps will be used to pump the combined sewage to storage, and to
remove the untreated sewage from the storage container and return
it to the sewerage system for subsequent treatment.
The system will be tested with fresh water during periods when there
is no natural storm water overflow.
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
>tf RfcAfc&tch and Ve.vttopnG.nt
WateA Pottution Control
U.S. Ve.pavbnejnt o^ the.
633 Indiana Avenue, W.W.
Washington, V. C. 20242
60
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
t>he.tt duc.tu.bu bfUe.f,ty an RSV Contract auntJed undeA Sec. 6,
fe.de.ictl WateA PottwUon Contact Act IC£ean Wa-tet Re ( -ttion Act).
CONTRACTOR; Karl R. Rohrer Associates
529 Grant Street
Akron, Ohio M+311
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Construction of a Facility to Demonstrate Offshore
Underwater Temporary Storage of Storm Overflow from
a Combined Sewer"
PROJECT SITE: Sandusky, Ohio
FEPERAL CONTRACT; $559,895 PATE AWARPEP; December lh, 196?
PROJECT NUMBER; lU-12-1^3 PPBS W; 1102
11022 ECV
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: A pilot plant underwater facility will be designed,
constructed., operated and evaluated as a method of temporarily storing storm
overflows from a combined sewer0
Storage will be completely under water in two 100,000-gallon containers of
flexible rubber nylon material,, These will be attached to a nearly square
2U" pipe frame and anchored to the bed of Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie. After
passing through a bar screen, the combined sewage will flow by gravity to
the storage containers. An 1,800 G-IM pump of a non-clogging type will be
used to remove the untreated sewage from the storage containers and return
it to the sewerage system for subsequent treatment„
Provision will be made for testing the system with fresh water during periods
when there is no natural storm water overflow.
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce of, RweflAdt and Ve.vttopne.nt
Ftideiai Wat^n. Poliation Contiot
U.S. Ve.paAtme.rA 05 tke. 1nteAi.oi
633 Indiana Avenue, N.W.
taa&lungton, V. C. 20242
C-.-/: 61
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tkit> *httt duvU.hu bfUt^ly an R. 6 V Giant auwuiuL wndvi Sec. 6,
fedvtat lilatvi Pollution Control Ac-t(C£ean WateA RutoMtion Act].
GRANTEE: City of Few York
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Evaluation of Spring Creek Auxiliary Pollution Control
'Project"
PROJECT SITE: New York City, New YorkgATE AWARPEP; December 26, 1967
FEDERAL GRANT; $8^3,750 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $1,126,000
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAO PPBS NO. 1102
VESCtmiOH Of PROJECT:
Overflows from combined sewers contribute significantly to the pollution
of Jamaica Bay, New York City in constructing a major combined sewage
treatment facility "Spring Creek Auxiliary Pollution Control Project"
specifically designed to provide sedimentation and chlorination treat-
ment to combined sewage. The demonstration project will establish
pre-construction water quality conditions in Jamaica Bay, Spring Creek
area, and location of all sources contributing to pollution of the
Bay. Characterization of parameters that measure the effects of combined
sewers will be apart of the investigations. Following construction the
effectiveness of the combined sewage treatment facilities will be evaluated.
It is anticipated that the Spring Creek facility will serve as a prototype
for additional projects leading to an upgrading of the quality of Jamaica
Bay waters.
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
O^^ce o£ ReAtcuich and VtveJtopntnt
Fede/utt Wotet Pottuution Con&iot
U.S. Vtpevubntnt o$ the.
635 Indiana. Ave. N.W.
WoAkington, V. C. 20242
GWerdig 101767
-------
INFORMATION SHEET —
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Thu> &hz&t ducnibu bui^iij an R6V Con&iatt am.ide.d undeA Sec. 6,
WattA Pollution Contnol Act IC£ean Wo^e/t Re t "ition Ac-t).
CONTRACTOR; Glenfield & Kennedy, Inc.
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Microstraining, Ozonization & Chlorination Pilot Tests
on Combined Sewer Overflows"
PROJECT SITE: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
FEPERAL CONTRACT; $180,086 PATE AWARPEP; December 27, 196?
PROJECT NUMBER; 1^-12-136 PP8S NO; 1102
11023 EVO
PESCRIPTIOM OF PROJECT: The project will involve the construction, operation,
and evaluation of the use of microstrainers for treating combined sewer over-
flows. Microstrainers are currently used in raw water supply treatment and
for polishing sewage treatment plant effluent. The demonstration site will
"be on part property in the City of Philadelphia, Pa.
The applicability of ozone to disinfect flows will also be evaluated. Improved
techniques for disinfection are also desired. Ozone is used fairly extensively
in Europe for water supply disinfection, but has had only limited use in this
country.
Evaluation of screening and filtration methods is a very important facet of
the total Storm/Combined Sewer Program since such treatment has the potential
for removing large amounts of organic and inorganic solids contained in the
overflows. Such solids are major pollutants during storm periods.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
|< R&seoAch and V^itopmunt
Ucutzi Poiiation Cotitloi
U.S. Ve.r&ifrnzn£ 03 iha Inte/txoi
633 Indiana. Avenue, W.W.
V. C. 20242
63
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tfou Ahe.et deAuUbe* bUt^ly an R 6 V Quint auxvuLed undeJi Sec. 6,
Fede/tofc Uktte/i Pot&ttuw Control Ac*(C£eon WateA. RutotuuUon Act).
GRANTEE; City of Mt. Clemens, Michigan
TITLE OF PROJECT; "A Combined Sewerage Collection and Treatment Facility"
PROJECT SITE: Mt. Clemens, Michigan PATE Atl/ARPEP; February 28, 1968
FEDERAL GRANT; $631,989 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $918,500
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 FAR PPBS NO. 1102
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
Overflows from combined sewers cause pollution of the Clinton River during
wet-weather periods. The project is designed to demonstrate the feasibility
of controlling such pollution by constructing three aerated "Lakelets" to
serve as treatment units. The "Lakelets" will be equipped with surface
aerators and operated in series. Effluent from the first two ponds will be
subjected to chemical treatment and microstraining, with the final effluent
from the third pond receiving similar treatment and chlorination prior to
discharge to the Clinton River. The project will explore the potential of
the Lakelets as recreation facilities for boating and fishing as a part of
park operation.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
O^-tce o£ ReAeotcfi and Vevtlopntnt
fedvtat Mate* Pottutton Control
U.S. Pepafedneitt orf the. Intvuoi
633 Indiana Ave. H.W.
Uatkington, V. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET--
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tfe£& Akee* du>cju.bu t^U.tf,ty on R 6 P G/um£ awarded andeA Sec. 6,
Fedetad Wa*e/i Po-ttatuw Control ActlCdotn Wo£a* RutonjtUon Act).
GRAA/TEE; City of Cleveland
City Ball, 601 Lakeside Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio ¥m^
TITLE OF PROJECT; "A Program for Demonstrating Combined Sewer Overflows
Control Techniques for Water Quality Improvement and Beach Protection"
PROJECT SITE: Cleveland, Ohio PATE AWARPEP; May 3, 1968
FEPERAL GRANT; $325,162 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $1,030,000
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 EZW PPBS MO. H02
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
The project consists of the immediate application of several control
and treatment methods designed to abate pollution from combined sewer
overflows and control of water quality at the Edgewater and White City
bathing beaches on Lake Erie in the City of Cleveland. Control and
treatment measures to be applied include:
(l) Bypochlorination of combined sewer overflows and local streams
contributing to pollution of beach areas,
(2) Use of polymers to reduce overflows by increasing interceptor
flow capacity.
(3) Initiation of a sewer flushing program to reduce solids discharged
from the drainage area tributary to the Edgewater overflow.
(k) Screening of overflows and streams.
(5) Construction of sheet piling and flexible barriers to enclose beach
areas.
Control of water quality within enclosed beach areas.
Collection of debris and coarse solids.
Miscellaneous sewerage system improvements.
INQUIRIES; Contact tht Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-Lc.t o£ ReAeotck and Vevttopmtnt
feJdeAat Mate*. PotCutcon Con&wl
U.S. Pepne*t orf the. Intvuo*.
633 Indiana. Ave. N.W.
Washington, P. C. 20242
65
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
du>cJtib&> bru.£ity an R £ P Gnmt ca&Lfidzd ttndVL Sec. 6,
?oiiu£wn Con&ioi ActlCCcoK fc'a-tet Re^c/uxtion A
GRANTEE: City of Dallas
210 City Hall, Main and Harwood
Dallas, Texas 75201
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Stormwater Treatment Facilities"
PROJECT SITE; Dallas, Texas PATE AWARPEP; May 21, 1968
: $1,093,360 TOTAL ESj'.JgOJ. COST; $1,^88,732
: H023 FAW F6S W. 1.102
OF PROJECT;
The project consists of the 4^sign, construction and evaluation of a
facility to treat overflows from sewers carrying a mixture of domestic
wastewater and infiltration stormwater. Physical features include a
diversion structure, pumping station, flocculation and sedimentation
basins, chemical feed facilities, and a pipeline for conveyance of
waste lime sludge from the municipal water treatment plant to the
overflow treatment facility.
Treatment Unit #1 will include flocculation, sedimentation and polishing
treatment with tube-type clarifiers; Unit #2. will include flocculation
and sedimentation; Unit #3 will include high-rate sedimentation. Effluent
from the facility will be chlorinated.- Design flow rate will be 28 million
gallons per day.
The facility will be operated and evaluated as a demonstration project for
a period of one year following completion of construction.
Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Peve£op/ie*i£
U.S.
633 IndJuLna Aue.. W.W.
, P. C. 20242
66
-------
I N I'O R M A T ION SIJ !• E T '
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
ij an ?J>V Con&iact aiWidtd undvi. Sec. 6t
Fc.dtfial Wat&i Potiut4.cn ContAoi Act lCido.ii Wot&i Rv-tsivLLon Ac-t).
CONTRACTOR; Aerojet-General Corporation
9200 East Flair Drive
El Monte, (Jalifornia 91734
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Role of Solids in Combined Sewage Pollution"
PROJECT SITE; San Francisco, California
FEPcRAf. Ccy/TRACT; $92,605.00 PATE /.{(/ARPEP: June 20, 1968
PROJECT DUMBER: 14-12-180 PPBS NO* 1102
Q.V OF ?>RQJECT;
The piarpose of the twelve -month field investigation and evaluation is
directed toward determination of the feasibility and potential
benefits that may be obtained through the removal of solids utilizing
in-sewer screening devices. Sufficient data to permit a reasonable
assessment of the anticipated removals of floatables anid solid
material will be obtained. The effect on chlorinattion requirements
resulting from £he solids removals will be investigated,. The contractor
will evaluate the relationship between the aesthetic water quality
considerations and proposed State Water Quality Standards for those
bodies of water receiving combined sewer overflows.
7//OUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-tce o^ RuWitk and Ve.ve.iopnc.nt
fcdeiai WatcA Voiiution Contnoi Adr/
U.S. P£pO/ti!i»ni 0|J tilt
633 Jj-mar.a AV£;JUC, W.W.
WoAWngCon, P. C.
67
G.-J:
-------
I N 1' O R M A T ION S11 )•: K T
RESEARCH S DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
T/;a 4/ic.ci duansibu b.'i.ic.fciy CM K£P Cou-t'aic.i e.iWidtd undeA Sec.
d Aa-t
-' American Process Equipment Corporation
2015 Lisenby Avenue
Panama City, Florida 32401
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Fabrication and Evaluation of an Ultresjonic Filtration
System for Treating Combined Sewer Overflows"
PROJECT SITE: Panama City, Florida
_F£PcRAf. CO/.'TIMCT; $248,500.00 PATE AWAKPEP; June 25, 1968
PROJECT MUBUK: 14-12-195 PPSS W; 1102
11023 DZF
PESCRIPTIOM OF PROJECT;
This fourteen month investigation will design, fabricate and demonstrate
an ultrasonic filtration system of field size with a maximum capacity
of 160 gpm. The potential effectiveness of this syfetem was demon-
strated in a three month feasibility study, in which a laboratory
unit achieved BOD and Suspended Solids reductions of approximately
65% for a 50 micron element treating raw sewage which had only
been subjected to coarse bar screens and a detritor. Ultrasonic
energy can restore the filter elements to "like new" condition
without necessitating frequent filter element replacements. The
testing program would provide definitive quality and quantity data on
system performance, reliability and cost. Pretreatment requirements
will be determined and automatic operating procedures will be
established. Included as a part of this proposal is a one month test
program to determine the applicability of the proposed "field unit"
for removal of algae from oxidation pond effluents.
Contact, -t/ie Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Congrol Branch
/i and
Pollution ContAot
U.S. Vej-;a;Ujn& t'nc.
633 Indiana Avenue., W.W.
, P. C. 20242-
68
C-.V:
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Sec. 6,
Vc.d2.nal £'.Y(/£ CA PotCu^ian Coivfoot Ae£ lCte.au WtUeA R^-C.-iatcon Ac-t) .
CMTRACTOR; Burgess & Niple, Limited
Consulting Engineers
2015 West Fifth Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43212
TI TIE Of PROJECT; "Engineering Investigation of Storm and Combined
Sewer Pollution at Bucyrus, Ohio"
PROJECT SITE; Bucyrus, Ohio
FEPcRA/. CQ.TrKACT; $136,665.00 PATE AWARPEP; June 27, 1968
PROJECT NUMBER; 14-12-401 PPSS MO; 1102
PESCRIPT70M OF PROJECT;
A thirteen (13) month study to investigate the combined sewer problems
and evaluate the benefits, economics and feasibility of collection
and treatment of overflows in Bucyrus, Ohio. The problems encountered
are considered to be typical of combined sewer systnms in small communities
with flat terrain. Plans will be formulated for solutions of the
problems pinpointed during the field investigations. Development of the
corrective plans will consider several storage concepts,, physical
and chemical treatment, partial separation of sewers where appropriate
and possible sewage treatment plant modifications.
Field investigations will include monitoring of principal overflow
locations, rainfall measurements, and stream gaging.
Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-ic.o. OjJ Re4e/(*c/i and Ve.ve.Lop wit
ftdznat WoicA PoMution Con&iot Adr.iuiut nation
U.S. Pc.po/ti?;»n-t o£ the.
633 lnd4M.ua AvtJiue, W.W.
to ii, P. C. 20242-
69
G.-/:
-------
I N FORM AT 10 N S H E E T
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
TkU Ah&zt duc.ni.bti, bnlz&ly an RSD Coii&iact avxifide.d imde/i Sec. 6,
I'JateA Pollution Control Ac* !C£ean WateA Re.>Is*.action Act).
CONTRACTOR; Henningson, Durham & Richardson
3555 Fornam Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68131
TITLE Of PROJECT: "An Engineering Investigation of Storm and Combined
Sewer Problems"
PROJECT_SITE: Des Moines, Iowa
FEPERAL CONTRACT; $301,200.00 PATE Aft/ARPEP; June 28, 1968
PROJECT WI/M8ER: 14-12-402 PPBS A/0; MOB
110214. FEJ
PESCRIPTIQM OF PROJECT:
This fifteen month study pertains to engineering investigations
necessary to assess combined sewer overflow and stormwater discharge
problems in Des Moines, Iowa with the development of recommended
applicable solution. Field investigation will be utilized to pinpoint
and assess existing problems. Recommended solutions will be selected
from a number of alternate approaches based on cost and expected
effectiveness in controlling and/or treating the discharges. Alternate
solutions to be included are surge or retention basins, percolation
basins, mechanical clarification facilities, utilization of flood
control facilities and existing open surface channels. Preliminary
estimates for sewer separation will be developed.
The contractor will conduct a stream and combined sewer sampling apd
analysis program, coupled with a rainfall network for development of
rainfall-runoff-quality relationships<,
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
O^-cce 0({ Re^eoAc/i and Peue/optiani
fade-fiat Woiet. Pollution Control
U.S. Pepcw-ftrietti o£ the. InteA+on
633 Indiana. AveKtte, A/.W.
Washington, P. C. 20242
G.V: 70
-------
1 N 1' () K iN • A TIC) N SI i
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
PotCc^-can C
^ Act ICtcau
CC''jrK.'.Ci P.'!.'
Aerojet-General Corporation
Environmental Systems Division
El Monte California
Or' PROJECT: "
A Method for Assessing the Extent of Pollution from
Stormwater Runoff from an Urban Area"
Sacramento, California
$402,594.00 PATE
?: PROJECT:
V: June 29, 1968
H02
This 15 month study will investigate the combined sewer problems in
Sacramento, California. Seven potential control and/or treatment
systems will be explored to determine applicability as solutions to
the problems defined by field investigation. They include: high
rate cyclone and air flotation treatment, rapid flow combustible filter,
pressure sewers, temporary storage, deep tunnel system, stabilization
ponds, and sewer separation. Preliminary plans and specifications will
be prepared for each of the systems with a cost/effectiveness evaluation
to measure the capability of each system to correct the pollution
problems resulting from combined sewer overflows. Economic and social
impact studies will be included.
A combined sewer overflow data collection and analysis program, including
rainfall-runoff-quality relationships will be established at several
locations.
INQUIRIES:
Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Oj^-tce o£ Reie/tAc/i and
Fe.d&nat WatcA Poitution
U.S. Pcp-.vi-tfi2.ni 0({ -t/ie
633 Indiana Avenue, W.W.
n, V. C. 20142-
71
-------
IN'FOR MAT ION SHEET
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
T/ita A/tcci duvuhtt, b'LLti-itj an TtfP COK&ULCJ. aiWidad undeA Sec. 6,
Rc-.^."t,v^o;t Ac-C).
CONTRACTOR; Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Engineers
1029 Corporation Way
Palo Alto, California 94303
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Engineering Investigation of the East Bay Municipal
Utility District of the San Francisco Bay Area (Oakland)
PROJECT SITE: Oakland, California
FEPcRAL CO.'.TRACT: $141,300.00 PATE AWARPEP: June 29, 1968
PROJECT MMBER: 14-12-407 PPBS M0; 1102
11024 EQG
PESCRIPTIO.V OF ?>ROJ£CT:
A fifteen (15) month study to conduct an engineering investigation
of sewer infiltration problems in the East Bay Municipal Utility
District of the San Francisco Bay Area (Oakland). At the present
time, (due to infiltration) the sanitary sewage system functions
as a combined storm-sanitary system during wet weather. Sewage treat-
ment plant flows rise to 5 times dry weather flow resulting in a
great deal of by-passing. Problem areas and causes will be delineated
and alternative engineering solutions will be developed, including
determination of both technical and economic feasibility. Generalized
cost curves will be developed for the alternates. Applicability of
solutions to other areas with similar problems will be considered.
A representative data collection program will be conducted. Approxi-
mately twenty flow gaging stations, five sampling sites and a rain
gage network will be utilized.
INQUIRIES: Contact tkz. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
and
PolLution Con&ioi
U.S. Ve.pa/Ujnwt OjJ the.
IncU&r.a AVCJIUC, W.W.
n, P. C. 20242-
72
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
b'u.e.&ty an R5P Contract awttictecf unde/t Sec. 6,
ContAol Ac-t
CONTRACTOR: R. F. Weston
Environmental Science & Engineering Consultants
1426 Lewis Lane
West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Develop and Demonstrate a Method for Assessing
the Extent of Pollution from Storm Water Runoff in
an Urban Area"
l^2^L^]IL: Washington, D. C.
FEPERAL CONTRACT; $229,525 PATE AWARPEP: June 29, 1968
PROJECT NUMBER; 14-12-403 PPSS NO; 1102
11024 EXF
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
Roy F. Weston will conduct a twelve month study to investigate the
combined sewer problems in the District of Columbia. Twenty-five square
miles served by combined sewers would be included in the project area.
Several alternate approaches to solution of the overflow problem will
be investigated, with emphasis on chemical flocculation coupled with
high-rate filtration. The "deep tunnel" storage concept will also
be considered.
The Contractor will gage major streams and major overflows within the
demonstration area, in conjunction with a overflow quality sampling
and analysis program at selected locations.
A laboratory research program will be conducted to determine the
efficiency of removing flocculated solids and associated BOD by high
rate filtration of combined sewer overflows. Filtration rates of
15 or more gallons per minute per square foot are anticipated.
INQUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^4,c.
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
ty a>: R £ V G
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
>; R $
Board of County Commissioners
Montgomery County, Ohio
TITLE OF PROJECT: "The Determination of Ground Water Infiltration
' and the Effects of Internal Chemical Sealing of
Sanitary Sewers"
KetterinS> Onio PATE Mt\RDcQ: August 8, 1968
FEPcRAL G.^H"; $96,570 TOTAL EST. PZOJ. COST; $137,000
PROJECT HLf;.:55R; 11022 DHQ PP3S NO. 1102
;.' OF
A demonstration program is to be carried out which will precisely
identify the cause and degree of infiltration of surface and ground
water into selected sewer sections. After establishing the cause
and affects of this surcharging remedial action will be taken
utilizing internal sewer sealing with chemicals and pressure
grouting. New techniques for ehcmical application will be developed
as the work progresses. After and during the sealing program
effectiveness and cost data will be analyzed to establish the most
effective technique and material with respect to solution of the
problem and cost.
INQUIRIES: Contact thi Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
¥ed.&ia£ l>!c..t&i PoLb^tLor. Con&iot hcLtuJUAfria^ion
Washington, V. C. 20242
75
-------
I N F O R M A T I O N S H E E T
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
ia 4/iee£ duc.nj.bo,>> bfU.q.^JLy an RS'D Contract aw>ide.d undue Sec. 6t
ttatcA Pollution Conftat Act lC.ie.an WateA KM*nation Aci).
CONTRACTOR: Hayes, Seay, Mattern and Mattern
Roanoke, Virginia
TI7LF OF PROJECT: "Engineering Investigation of Combined Sewer Overflow
Problem"
Roanoke , Virginia
^£[; $10^»19l PATE Ati'ARPEP; August 16, 1968
l; 1^-12-200 PPBS MO; 1102
1102U DMS
?£§£I: -A twelve (.12) month study to investigate
overloaded sewer problems in Roanoke, Virginia. Storm waters enter
the sanitary sewer system causing overloading of both the collection
system and the sewage treatment facilities. By-passes enter the Roanoke
River and reach Smith Mountain Lake, a hydro-electric power development
which is also used extensively for water-oriented recreation. The
overflow problems of the area will be subjected to a detailed engineering
evaluation. Preliminary plans with cost estimates for remedial measures
will be prepared.
_T_MOUTR_7ES: Contact -t/ie Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
~ 0^-tce otf ReAM-tc/i and Vzv&iopr.e.nt
fe.de.nat WatcA PotlutLon ContnoL
U.S. Pc.po'Ldiis.ni of, the.
Wcttkington, V. C. 20242
76
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Tfi-66 4/tee.t ducn^LbsJ, bfu.s.^iy an R5P Contract avxL>idc.d una'e-t Sec. 6,
federal OteteA Po££u£ixm Contnot Act \Ciaan d'ate-i Re.^.^atcon Act).
CONTRACTOR; American Public Works Association
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Analysis of Regulator Facilities, Their Application
and Maintenance Practices"
PROJECT SITE; Chicago, Illinois
FEPERAL CONTRACT: $65,000 PATE AWARPEP; August 30, 1968
PROJECT NUMBER: lU- 12-^56 PPSS WO; 1102
11022 DMU
A seventeen month analysis of combined sewer overflow regulator facilities
to determine what improvements are needed to increase the efficacy, resulting
in reduced pollution. The final report will serve as a community working
guide as it will establish the state of the art by (l) providing practical
and useful information concerning design criteria and operational and
maintenance practices, (2) stressing the application of newly developed
or improved materials and technology presently available, and (3) identi-
fying areas for future research and development. The APWA Research
Foundation will finance up to 25$> of the total cost through financial
participation by public agencies such as cities and counties at the local
level.
INQUIRIES: Contact the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Ojf^ce 0($ Re^e^Ac/i and
Fecte-u-i a'otet PoltutLoa CoiitioL
U.S. Pcjra-'Uttent o the.
, V. C. 20242
77
-------
I N F O R M A T ION SII E E T
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
ib 4fteet dzAcx+boA b'Uc.&f.y an RBV Con-t>Mct ai'.wtde.d undeA Sec. <5,(&2)
federal Mate*. PoitwUon Con&iat Act ICte&n Mate* Ritejuo
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
an R£P CoyttA.ac.-i aautderf undeA Sec. 6,
PoltwUc-n ContAoi Aa£ I Clean Mate* R £.>.*•> ration Act).
CONTRACTOR.- FMC Corporation
Central Engineering Laboratories
1185 Colemstn Avenue
Santa Clara, California 95052
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Evaluation' of a Periodic Flushing System for
Combined Sewer Cleaning"
Santa Clara, California
l: $323,600 PATE AWARPEP: October 9,
PROJECT NUMBER: 1H-12-U66 ppBS NO; H02
11022 DNO
gESCRTPriaV OF PROJECT;
The objective of this 13-month project is to perform Phase II of a three-
phase program to demonstrate the feasibility of reducing pollution from
combined sewer storm overflows by means of periodic flushing during
dry weather. Included in the total program are study of the theoretical
basis for correlating flushing requirements for various sewer conditions,
verification of the hydraulic requirements for flushing by test, and
installation and systematic operation of flushing equipment in a signifi-
cant area of an actual combined sewer system.
The test equipment to be built in Phase II consists of 12" and 18" diameter
test sewers about 800 feet long, supported above ground so the slope can
be adjusted. Flush tanks will be provided at three points along the
test sewers.
Based on extensive tests with this facility, system design procedures
and criteria for application of sewer flushing systems will be determined.
Flushing equipment for use in an actual field environment will be designed
and built.
Cottfii-t tkc. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
and Ve.vs.topne.nt
?ol£uti.on Contfiot hdx\iruj>t nation
U.S. r"ipci.fjjr>&it GO tkz Int&uo'c
, P. C. 20242
79
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
Tki& 4/ieet ducAi.ba& b^Ui^ty an R £ V Gfwjnt tmuidiLd undeA Sec. 5 ,
WatM. Pollution Cont/iol Act(C£eon WcuteA Rutoiation Act).
GRANTEE: Merrimack College
Turnpike Road
North Andover, Massachusetts 018^5
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Controlling Pollution from Combined Sewer Overflows
and Storm Water by Electrode Potential"
PROJECT SITE: North Andover, Mass. PATE AWARPEP: December 22, 1^;8
FEPERAL GRA.VT; $21 . 63 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $4.5, tf <
PROJECT WAfBER; 1102^ DDK PP8S NO. 1102
PESCRIPTIffl OF PROJECT;
To investigate and demonstrate at the laboratory level the feasibility
of utilizing electrode potential measuring systems to indicate the
strength of combined sewage. A secondary objective of this demonstration
will be determining the feasibility of the incorpation of such an
electrolytic circuit in a control scheme to regulate the flow of
combined or other sewage by mechanical means.
INQUIRIES; Contact tht
0^ic.t o$ Re^eo^ch cud t?eve£opnent
Fe5e/ut£ (fate* Po-t&ttcon ConUiol
U.S. PeaA^jient o t'nz
Washington, V. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET - - -
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
This sheet describes briefly an R & D Contract awarded under Sec. 6,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
CONTRACTOR; Ionics Incorporated
65 Grove Street
Watertown, Massachusetts 02172
TITLE OF PROJECT: Feasibility of High Current Density Hypochlorite
Generation
PROJECT SITE; Watertown, Mass. DATE AWARDED; Fgb _ ^
FEDERAL CONTRACT: l!+_ 12-^90 TOTAL PROJ. COST:
PROJECT NUMBER; 11023 DM PPBS NO;
BRANCH CHIEF; William Rosenkranz, Chief PROJECT OFFICER: Allyn Richardson
& Combined Sewer Pollution Control Br. Northeast Region
L i J- -L\»/ii \jr JT t\\J
-------
I N F O R M A T I 0 N S11 E E T
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
b.-U.e.tiy CM RSV CoiitM.c.£ auXL'idzd undeA Sec. 6,
Woti>A PoiiLisUon Contnot
CPA/TRACTOR; Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
1900 Olympic Boulevard
Walnut Creek, California 9^596
TITLE Or PROJECT: TRIUMVIRATE., Storm Water Pollution Control Management
PROJECT SITE: Walnut Creek, California
FEPcRAL CONTRACT: $11^,860 PATF Afl'ARPEP; March U, 1969
PROJECT /.'q'.!S£R: 1^-12-501 PP8S .VO; 1102
V OF PROJECT: An eighteen (l8) month program to develop a
comprehensive mathematical model capable of representing urban storm
water runoff phenomena, both quantity and quality, from the onset of
precipitation on the basin, through collection, conveyance, storage,
and treatment systems, to points downstream from outfalls which are
significantly affected by storm discharges. The validity of the model
for simulating existing situations will be demonstrated by applying
it to several storm and combined sewer drainage basins: (l) Storm
sewers: 1 large and 1 small basin; (2) Combined sewers: 1 large and
1 small basin.
Development of the model is scheduled for twelve months and demonstration
is for a period of six (6) months.
The Triumvirate of University of Florida, Water Resources Engineers, Inc.,
and Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. have joined together (under the overall
coordination of Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.) to develop this working tool to
assist municipalities in the management and* control for storm water
pollution abatement. Total project cost is $513,650.
Contact £/ie Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
i/i and
Pollution Cor^tot
U.S. PcjL\tt£>ia»:.£ o£ tin
533 iKctcaua Avenue, W.W.
P. C. 2 0242
82
C-,-/:
-------
I N F O R M A T I O N S11 E E T
RESEARCH X DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
T/;<'.5 -i/iee-t dc.>u.b&i> b-U.n^ty a.;: R£P Cojo£>uie£ awxvuiec/ undent Se
£ Act
CONTRACTOR; Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.
1029 Corporation Way
Palo Alto, California 9^303
TITLE Or PROJECT: TRIUMVIRATE, Storm Water Pollution Control Management
PROJECT SITE: Palo Alto, California
FEDERAL CONTRACT; $253,800 PATF Ah'ARPEP; March k, 1969
PROJECT KU.'.!BER; lU-12-502 P?BS MO; 1102
(1102UDOC)
PESCRIFfl0,'J OF PROJECT: An eighteen (18) month program to develop a
comprehensive mathematical model capable of representing "urban storm water
runoff phenomena, both quantity and quality, from the onset of precipi-
tation on the basin, through collection, conveyance, storage, and treatment
systems, to points downstream from outfalls which are significantly
affected by storm discharges. The validity of the model for simulating
existing situations will be demonstrated by applying it to several storm
and combined sewer drainage basins: (l) Storm sewers: 1 large and 1
small basin; (2) Combined sewers: 1 large and 1 small basin.
Development of the model is scheduled for twelve months and demonstration
is for a period of six (6) months.
The Triumvirate of University of Florida, Water Resources Engineers,
Inc. and Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. have joined together (under the overall
coordination of Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.) to develop this working tool
to assist municipalities in the management and control for storm water
pollution abatement. Total project cost is $513j650.
INCH/TRIES; Contact tkt Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-ice, 0(5 Reieaxie/t r^icf Ve.vs.topne.tiX.
Fc.de.tiat U'oieA Pottution Contiot A.dnu^Utnation
U.S. Pef>oAxj)ietvt o^ ike. I
633 Ind-tano. Avenue, W.W.
WoA/'unf^ou, V. C. 20242
83
C-//:
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
&ke.e.t deAc.ij.bu b'l.i.e.&ly an R5P Contract auxt.ide.d undvi Sec. 6,
Fec/e/tnX fc'ateA Pottution ContKot Act {Cfean t'-'o/Cw Re.^.'iatum Aci) .
CONTRACTOR; University of Florida
Department of Environmental Engineering
Gainesville, Florida 32601
TITLE Of FHOJfcCT: TRIUMVIRATE, Storm Water Pollution Control Management
. Gainesville, Florida
FEPERAL CO^'RACT; $1^,990 PATE Afr'ARPEP; March 11, 1969
PROJECT M.WBER: 1^-12-503 PPRS WO; 1102
" (11024EBJ)
gFSCR'/ KnO,V OF roOJECT : ^ eighteen (l8) month program to develop a
comprehensive matehmatical model capable of representing urban storm
water runoff phenomena, both quantity and quality, from the onset of
precipitation on the basin, through collection, conveyance, storage, and
treatment systems, to points downstream from outfalls which are significantly
affected by storm discharges. The validity of the model for simulating
existing situations will be demonstrated by applying it to several storm
and combined sewer drainage basins: (l) Storm sewers: 1 large and 1
small basin; (2) Combined sewers: 1 large and 1 small basin.
Development of the model is scheduled for twelve months and demonstration
is for a period of six (6) months.
The Triumvirate of University of Florida, Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
and Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. have joined together (under the overall coordi-
nation of Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.) to develop this working tool to assist
municipalities in the management and control for storm water pollution
abatement. Total project cost is $513,650.
Contact, the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Oi^-ice o{> Rg.5c.a-'tc/i and Vz.vtiop-;i°nt
fzd&iat (t'oicA Pollution Co)i£>iot
U.S. VtfXVLtiMnt 0|J the. I
633 Indiana. Avenue, N.l'J,
Wa&hington, V. C. 20242
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
iij an RSV Cont>ia.c£ autt'tc/ed undnt Sec. 6t
UateA PolfaUon Control ktt \Cium Wat&i Re.^.'i&ttott Ac*).
CONTRACTOR; American Standard Incorporated
P.O. Box 2003
New Brunswick, New Jersey
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Develop a Suspended Solids Monitor"
PROJKT SITE: New Brunswick, New Jersey
FEPHRAL CONTRACT; $121,91*6 PATE Aft/ARPEP; March 28, 1969
PROJECT MUMBER; i^-ie-l^ PPBS MO; 1102
1102U DZB
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
A suspended solids monitor for use in continuously measuring suspended
solids in sewage will be developed and evaluated. A new principal for
such measurement, based on the measurement of light depolarization, will
be utilized. Phase I of the project will determine feasibility of the
technique, Phase II will accomplish design of the prototype instrument,
Phase III will involve selection and bench-scale testing of optical
components, and electronic components will be selected in Phase IV.
Phase V will consist of field standardization and calibration of the
prototype in a sewage environment.
lA/QUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
~ O^ice. o^ ReAeoAch and Ve\>e.t.opn
-------
I N FO R M AT I O N S11 F, E T ~
RESEARCH K DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
Thti 4/icc/t 1969
PROJECT MAI8ER: 1^-12-550 PPBS NO; 1102
11022 EFF
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
A 15 month study of the causes and control of storm and ground water
infiltration into sanitary and combined sewers — including investigation
of sewer design, construction, testing and inspection, and grouting
practices. Specific objectives include: (l) catalog the extent and
causes, (2) delineate the relative importance of various sources,
(3) investigate present design criteria and practices, (U) review present
construction, testing and inspection practices and techniques, (5) investi-
gate present infiltration detection, leak location and grouting techniques
and practices, (6) identify future research, development and demonstration
needs and (7) prepare a "Manual of Recommended Practice".
INQUIRIES: Contact £hz Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0^-U'ce OQ RfcAa/W.c/1 and Vivc.topn;iotc
U.S. Pcpcytxi»ie>:-4 OQ the. In-tc/'u^o-t
533 Indiana. Averse, A/.W.
WatliinQton, P. C. 20242
86
C-//:
-------
INFORMATION GI1EET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Demonstration Grantunder sc.Cfu,n
Federal Wator Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRAT-;TEE OR CONTRACTOR: New York State Department of Health
(Name and Address)8U Holland Avenue
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
Albany, New York 12208
Leo J. Hetling
(Address same as above)
TlTLi OF PROJECT: "A Pressure Sewer System Demonstration"
PROJECT SITE: Albany, New York
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: h/ 16/69
Thru: 12/70
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$311,800
FWPCA G. url
or Contract
Amount
$ 200,800
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER:
11022DQJ
DATE_ OFFERED:
March 2k, 1969
DATE, ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
April 16, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The New York State Department of Health proposes a 21 month investigation to
install, demonstrate and evaluate a pressure sewer system which could be utilized
to separate sanitary sewage from combined sanitary sewage and storm water. A
pilot-scale system will be designed to serve 11-12 houses in a redevelopment
area in Albany, New York, presently served by combined sewers. Prototype
pump-grinder units developed by the General Electric Company as a part of the
ASCE Contract (1^-12-29) would be utilized to convey sewage from the home to
the pressure sewer in the street.
Four principal objectives are incorporated in the project: (l) monitoring,
evaluation of the prototype pump-grinder units to determine reliability and
need for modification or redesign. (2) test durability of the units operating
singly and in concern (manifolded to common pressure sewer). (3) provide
proof of the field suitability of the assemblage, which should be considered
a module of a larger pressure system. (U) provide new data which would be
invaluable in subsequent pressure system applications.
Four principal investigating entities would be involved in conducting the
project, each with assigned responsibilities: New York State Department of Health,
New York State Pure Waters Authority, American Society of Civil Engineers and the
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination Environmental Technology, Inc.
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
8?
-------
INFORMATION GIIEET
April 30, 1969
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Demonstration Grantunder Suction 6al ,
JVdrral Watjr Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
City of Dallas
GRAKIEE OR CONTRACTOR: 500 South Ervay Street
(Name and Address) Dallas, Texas 75201
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
A. E. Holcomb
TlTLi OF PROJECT: "Use of Polymers to Reduce or Eliminate Sewer Overflow in
the Bachman Creek Sewer"
PROJECT SITE: Dallas, Texas
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 5/23/69
Thru: 6/23/71
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ Mu,6U?
FWPCA <;• ^.'\
or Contract
Amount
$ 331,233
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER:
11022DZU
DATE OFFERED;
April 23, 1969
DATL ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
May 23, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The project consists of the design, construction and evaluation of a
permanent polymer injection station on the Bachman Creek Sewer in
Dallas, Texas. The project will further demonstrate and evaluate a
technique developed earlier for FWPCA by contract which utilizes
injection of polymers into a sewer for the purpose of increasing
the carrying capacity of the pipe.
During periods of wet weather the Bachman Creek sewer receives excess
quantities of ground or storm water due to infiltration. The flow
then exceeds its carrying capacity and untreated wastes overflow in
at least 10 locations, causing pollution of Bachman Creek. The
project will seek to eliminate or greatly reduce the number and volume
of untreated overflows by increasing the flow capacity of the Bachman
Creek Sewer through the addition of polymers. Design criteria,
operating techniques, optimum polymer concentration and other
pertinent data critical to the intended use will be evaluated.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of tho Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
88
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Grant
under Section
6al Demonstration
Federal Water Pollution Control Act(Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRAKZEE OR CONTRACTOR: City of Akron
166 South High Street
Akron, Ohio Ml-308
(Name and Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR: C. E. Susong
(Name and Address) City Engineer
166 South High Street
Akron, Ohio M+308
TTTLi OF PROJECT: "Demonstration of Void Space Storage with Treatment and Flow
Regulation"
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 5/23/69
Thru: 5/23/72
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 750,000
FWPCA >•>• '^'*
or Contract
Amount
$ 562,500
PROJECT SITE: Akron, Ohio
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER:
11020DXH
DATE OFFERED;
April 24, 1969
"DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
May 23, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The project is to construct, operate and evaluate an underground storage/
treatment facility for excess combined sewage. The facility will include
novel concepts in construction and operation. It will be an excavated
hopper shaped cavity, lined with an impermeable membrane, filled with an
inert material covered with soil and the surface made useable. Storage
will be in the void space of the fill. The flow regulation of influent
will be a new and improved device, probably a fluidic regulator. The.
sewage will be pre-treated prior to entry to the storage facility. Tube
clarifiers will be utilized to compare results with an on-going project
where these units are being used for the first time at an operational
level on combined sewage.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of tho Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
-------
INFORMATION GREET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Research Grant under Section 5a2
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRAKTEE OR CONTRACTOR: University of Cincinnati
(Name and Address)Cincinnati, Ohio ^5221
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Herbert C. Preul, Ph.D., Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Name and Address) University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio ^5221
TITL, OF PROJECT: "Urban Runoff Characteristics"
PROJECT SITE: Cincinnati, Ohio
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER:
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 6/23/69
Thru: 6/23/70
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 55,690
FWPCA ';• '^\
or Contract
Amount
$ 52,905
first year)
DATE OFFERED;
May 28, 1969
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
June 23, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The intent of this first year of a proposed three year research project is
to collect, for the first time, detailed information defining the physical
characteristics of an urban drainage area tributary to a combined sewer
drainage system and detailed data relating to the quantity and quality of
various sources of pollution within the combined sewer drainage area.
Generally in the past, data have been collected only at the actual overflow
location from a drainage area. The collection and evaluation of data, from
within the tributary drainage area will provide valuable insights regarding
methods for controlling the strength and volume of combined sewer overflows.
A comprehensive storm water management mathematical model is presently
under development for predicting the quantity and quality of combined sewer
overflows. The detailed data collected will be utilized for verification
and utilization of this model by communities needing a working tool for
development of combined sewer overflow abatement programs.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202U2
90
-------
INi'OKMATION SHEET
Date to be Rolcacc.d
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Re search Grant , under Section 5a(2) ,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR; Lehigh University
(Name and Address)Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
PROJECT DIRECTOR;
(Name and Address)
TITL£ OF PROJECT:
W. H. Graf, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
"Transport of Solid Suspension in Conduits"
PROJECT SITE:
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 7/1/69
Thru: 6/30/70
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ Ul,095
(1969-70)
FWPCA Grstnt
or Contract
Amount
$ 37,000
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER;
11024 EKD
DATE OFFEREDi
June 12, 1969
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED);
June 19, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The objectives of this two-part project are:
1. To continue the investigation and determination of design
criteria for minimum transport velocities of non-depositing
solid-liquid mixtures in pipe lines.
2. To further develop a modified Venturi meter to measure mixture
flow rate and concentration simultaneously.
The benefits would include improved design and operation of pressure
lines for the transport of ground sanitary sewage. Such pressure
lines would be used for combined sewer separation and control of
overflows of combined sewage to streams, as developed by the
combined sewer separation project of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (FWPCA contract no. lU-12-29).
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
91
-------
INFORMATION G11EET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Contract ; under Sect ion 6al ,
Federal Watjr Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRATMEE OR CONTRACTOR: Battelle Memorial Institute
(Nameand Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
TITLi OF PROJECT:
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
P.O. BOX 999
Richland, Washington 99352
Allen J. Shuckrow
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Battelle Memorial Institute
Richland, Washington 99352
"Development, Demonstration and Evaluation of Physical-
Chemical Treatment of Combined Storm-Sanitary Sewage"
PROJECT SITE: Richland, Washington, and selected field sites
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 6/23/69
Thru: 12/23/72
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 391,310
FWPCA ')"ur
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Demonstration Gran,t under Section Sal ,
l Wat or Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRAT-:TEE OR CONTRACTOR:
(Name and Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
City of Kenosha
100-51st Place
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Mr. 0. Fred Nelson
Rex-Chainbelt Technical Center
5101 West Beloit Road
West Milwaukee, Wisconsin 532lU
TiTLi OF PROJECT: "Demonstration Project of Biological Absorption of Pollutants
from Combined Storm Water Runoff and Sanitary Sewage"
PROJECT SITE: Kenosha, Wisconsin
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER: H023EKC
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 9/10/69
Thru: 6/10/72
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 730,000
FWPCA '}• ur't
or Contract
Amount
$5^500
DATE OFFERED; July 23,
DATE, ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
September 5, 19&9
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The project objective is to provide a means for high rate biological treatment
of combined sewage by the utilization of viable, activated sludge, clarification
and disinfection. The method will be to store sludge in a biosolids reservoir
and maintain a contact tank and solids stabilization tank in an empty and ready
condition at the sewage treatment plant.
When a rain event occurs the excess combined sewage will be directed to the
contact tank and the activated sludge proportionally introduced. The tank
will be designed to have 15-30 min contact time. From the contact tank the
flow will be directed to a clarifier for solids separation. The effluent
will be disinfected and discharged to Lake Michigan with solids returned
to the solids stabilization tank and reused or wasted to the digesters.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
93
-------
INrOIiMATION SHEET
Date to be Roleaced
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is aDempnstration Gratifr under Section 5 ,
Federal Water Ttollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration ActJ.
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: Tulane University
(Name and Address)New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
TITLr] OF PROJECT:
Dr. Frank W. Macdonald
Professor of Civil Engineering & Public Health
Tulane University
"Bedding and Infiltration Studies of Sanitary
Sewers in the Gulf Cost Area"
PROJECT SITE:
New Orleans, Louisiana
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 9/18/69
Thru: 2/lU/Tl
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 31,385
FWPCA G.-ant
or Contract
Amount
$ 23,538
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER;
11022 DEI
DATE OFFERED;
August 25, 1969
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED);
September 18, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
This is a continuation grant for the fifth and final year of a
Demonstration grant. The objectives are to determine the best
type of bedding arrangements and the most suitable materials to
be used in laying sewer pipes in the Gulf Coast Area. Investi-
gations will also be conducted on the performance of manholes,
tees and other appurtenances. Infiltration studies will continue
of three in-use sections of sewer lines. This final year will be
used in filling voids in the needed data, and the preparation of
the final report which will contain a "Manual" section of recommended
materials and practices.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
-------
;•,, j; CATION SliEET
Date t.r, L-. Rc'lrar:- d
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
is a Demonstration Grantunder Sectional)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act(Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: City of Rohnert Park, California
1+35 Southwest Boulevard
Rohnert Park, California 91+928
(Nameand Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Nairn and Address)
TITLi. OF PROJECT:
PROJECT SITE:
John A. Voegtle, P.E.
Yoder/Orlob Associates
1900 Olympic Boulevard
Walnut Creek, California 91+596
"Treatment of Peak Wet Weather Wastewater Flows,
and Rate Control of All Wastewater Discharges
to Interceptor Sewers"
Rohnert Park, California
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 10/10/69
Thru: 7/10/72
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
$ 1+01,300
FWPCA 0' unt
or Contract
Amount
$299,500
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER-.
11023 DSX
DATE OFFERED;
September 18, 1969
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
October 10, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
Inflow of storm water to the City of Rohnert Park sanitary sewer
system causes peak wet weather flow of up to 10 times the average
dry weather flow. As a result, the treatment plant becomes
ineffective for a period of several weeks.
A new combined sedimentation and flow equalization pond would be
constructed to include an unique sludge collection system for use
during wet weather and an aerator for dry weather use only. All
excess wet weather overflow from this pond would be delivered to
a storage and chlorination pond (the existing oxidation pond), and
would be released to the receiving stream after about two days
detention and chlorine contact. Dry weather flow and solids collected
in the equalization pond would underflow to the existing primary
sedimentation basin and sludge digester. Achievement of a nearly
constant underflow would serve to demonstrate its effect on operation
of the existing facility, and to demonstrate the feasibility of
designing a less costly interceptor sewer for later transport of
the underflow to a Regional treatment plant. Extension of this
system to other plants in the area could serve to reduce the cost
of a Regional plant.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Re1 search and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 20?'+2
-------
INi'OiiMATION SHEET
Date tn b« RoJcaccd
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Contract , under Section 6a(l) ,
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR; Roy F. Weston
(Name and Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR;
(Name and Address)
TITLK OF PROJECT:
Environmental Scientists and Engineers
Lewis Lane
West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
Micheal Neijna
Roy F. Weston
Lewis Lane
West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380
"Kingman Lake Recreational Area - Phase One
Engineering Investigation"
PROJECT SITE:
Washington, D.C.
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 12/69
Thru: ^ or 5/-J
(21 weeks)
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
Q$ 137,750
FWPCA Grant
or Contract
.Amount
$137,750
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER;
11023 FIX
Contract No. 1^-12-829
DATE OFFERED:
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED);
December 29, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
This 21 week, $137,750 project will be an engineering investigation
to develop design parameters and preliminary costs for the design
of a combined sewer overflow treatment facility, including soils
information necessary for construction. Basic quality and quantity
information on the combined sewer overflows from the Northeast
Boundary Trunk sewer, Washington, D.C., will be defined. Overflows
from this outfall will be treated and used for recreational purposes
in the Kingman Lake Recreational Area.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
96
-------
GRANTEE
City of South
St. Paul, Minn.,
11031 DSL
City of LaSalle,
111., 11032 DTI
t>. Storm Water Discharges
GRANTS
PROJECT OFFICER PROJECT MANAGER
Clarence Oster
George Kirkpatrick
Clifford Risley, Jr. Francis Condon
PAGE
99
100
CONTRACTOR
AVCO - Economic
Systems Corp.,
lU-12-18?
CONTRACTS
PROJECT OFFICER
George Putnicki
PROJECT MANAGER
Darwin Wright
PAGE
97
-------
I N F O R M A T ION S H E E T
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
ThU, 4/ieei ducM.bu fruity an KSV Contract auoa.nde.ct undeA Sec. 6t
t KattiL PottwUon Control Act ICtuui WatM. Re.\*.»TatuM Act).
AVCO-Economic Systems Corporation
1701 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
; "Develop the Relation between Land-Use Practices
and Influence of Pollution in Urban Storm Water"
Tulsa, Oklahoma
L: $11^,300.00 PATE AWARPHP; June is, 1968
: W-12-187 8SWO; "03
AVCO proposes to develop the relationship between land-use practices
and incidence of pollution in urban stormwater runoff. Means of
analyzing and evaluating the extent and degree of pollution resulting
from urban areas of varying land-use patterns will be developed
utilizing Tulsa, Oklahoma as the subject area. Based on the findings
of field investigations, a recommended program for corrective measures
emphasizing regulatory controls of the area, such as improved urban
planning, zoning and regulations of land-use will be developed.
During the 18 month study, AVCO will monitor the storm water runoff
from fifteen sampling sites. The data will be stored in STORET and
subsequently used in the mathematical model along with the land-use data.
An IBM Sytem /360 will be used for the mathematical model for pollu-
tion incidence determinations. Mathematical relationships will make
use of a regression technique and principal component analysis.
INQUIRIES: Con-tact -t/ie Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
0(5 Rese/tAc/i and
W
-------
INFORMATION SHEET~~
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
A A/iee£ dtf>cju.bi& bntt^ty an R S V Giant cua&Adejd undeA Sec. 6,
W&tvi Pollution Control Ac£(C£ean Wate& Rea-toiotuw
GRANTEE; City of South St. Paul, Minnesota
TITLE OF PROJECT; Demonstration Project for Temporary Detention of
Storm and Combined Sewage in Natural Underground
Formations
PROJECT SITE: South St. Paul, Minn. PATE AWAKPEP: July 22, 1968
FEPERAL GRANT; $385,000 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $380,000
PROJECT ffl/HBER: 11031 DSL PPBS NO. 11Q3
PESCRIPTION OF PROJECT;
Natural permeable underground strata in the South St. Paul area will be used to demonstrate
their capacity for the temporary storage of both storm water and combined storm water and
sewage during periods of storm runoff. Deposits of alluvium, or gravel, which are
approximately 100 feet in depth are to be located for this purpose by drilling in
favorable locations.
Prior to introduction of the waste waters into the ground, they must be treated by
removal of suspended solids, and will be chlorinated, if necessary, to eliminate danger
of contaminating adjacent sources of water supply. The capacity for rapid pre-treatment
and movement of large volumes of waste water into the ground must be demonstrated if
the system is to prove feasible.
Waste water thus entering the ground during storms will be pumped out over a period of
several months. If the quality of this water meets the required standards, it can be
returned directly to the streams. Otherwise, it will be transported'to the sewage
treatment plant.
Prior to introduction of waste water into the underground formation, city water will
be used to test the direction, rate of movement, and quality of water in the ground
through use of observation wells.
INQUIRIES; Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
federal WateA Pollution Contfiot
U.S. VepaAtrnznt o& the.
Wtuhindtan, V. C. 20242
99
-------
INFORMATION GIIEET
Date to be Released
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Project is a Grant , under Sc-ctiun6al
Fodrral Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Restoration Act).
GRAKTEE OR CONTRACTOR: The City of LaSalle, Illinois
(Name and Address)
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
(Name and Address)
TITLi OF PROJECT:
Chamlin and Associates
3017 Fifth Street
Peru, Illinois 6l35^
"The Construction and Technical Evaluation of the
Various Aspects of an Aluminum Storm Sewer System"
PROJECT SITE: LaSalle, Illinois
Grant or
Contract
Period
From: 6/23/69
Thru: 11/23/72
Eligible
Grant
Period Costs
Total $958,068
Eligible$^76,368
FWPCA '/• ur't
or Contract
Amount
$1+32,276
PROGRAM (PROJECT) NUMBER:
11032DTI
DATE OFFERED;
June 13, 1969
DATE ACCEPTED (AWARDED):
June 23, 1969
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT:
The City of LaSalle will demonstrate the correction of combined sewer overflow
problems by constructing a separate storm drainage system for a portion of the
city. Engineering study indicates that this is the most economical solution
for LaSalle. The development and demonstration aspects will be:
(a) The installation and evaluation of performance, durability and dependability
of various size corrugated aluminum pipe, (b) prototype development and
evaluation of improved joint couplers, tapping saddles, catch basins and
manholes, (c) a detailed cost analysis to" allow comparison of aluminum
pipe with commonly used sewer material, and (d) a construction practice
evaluation for future installation guidance.
INQUIRIES: Contact Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C. 202^2
100
-------
c. IIOU Non-Sewered Runoff
GRANTS
GRANTEE PROJECT OFFICER PROJECT MANAGER PAGE
University of Robert Buckley George Kirkpatrick 102
Michigan,
110^4-1 DRS
101
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
T/u,4 Aiitvt rfodcJtt.6p.-A bvlcl^t/ an R 6 V &wjtt otwirfed (inrfe*. Sec. 6,
Pot£n£uw Cvutkat Ac£(C£aan Wote/t Re-a-toAotion Act).
The Regents of the University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
TITLE OF PROJECT; "Rainfall-Runoff Relations on Urban (and Rural)
Areas"
1
PROJECT SITE: Detroit, Michigan PATE AWARPEP;
FEERALGAfT: $18,986 TOTAL EST. PROJ. COST; $20,085 (1968-69)
PROJECT K'(MBER: iio^l DRS PS HO.
OF
Objectives of the project are to gain a better understanding of the factors
which control the relationship between storm rainfall, or snow melt, and
the resulting st«rm runoff, and to determine the effect of urbanization
on this runoff process. The benefits would include prevention of flo»d
damage by means »f improved design of storm sewers and waterways, and
would provide data needed- for the improved design and operation of
facilities f»r control of pollution due to storm water and/ or combined
sewage.
INUIRIES: Contact the. Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
Wcut&i Poilmtwn Contnot
U.S. Vt£-&itrt\2jijt o^ the.
633 7:-''>.^ Ave. H.W.
-ion, V. C. 20242
102
-------
d. 1503 Control of Pollution from Construction
GHAUTS
GRANTEE PROJECT OFFICER PROJECT MANAGER PAGE
National Association Darwin Wright Darwin Wright
of Counties,
15030DTL
103
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GRANT
4/tc.e^: doatyuJbea bfu.ti.fity an R 6 V Gmcjit cwwidzd undeA Sec, 6,
at&i Pot&tticn Control Aei{C££0.;i W&t&i tt&>£o?i&£,ion Act).
GRAMTEE: National Association of Counties - Research Foundation
1001 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, B.C. 20036
TITLE OF PROJECT: "Community Action Guide for Erosion and Sedimentation
Control"
PROJECT SITE: Washington, B.C. PATE AOIARPEP: February 11, 1969
$56,5^3
: 15030DTL ™- 15°3
PJESCRI TTlQl{_01r PRO JegT :
The National Association of Counties-Research Foundation will develop a
"Community Action Guide for Erosion and Sedimentation Control" to impress
on local officials by providing comprehensive information on all aspects
of planning, operations, financing, staffing and management of such
programs. Successful case studies will be reviewed and evaluated. In
addition, the grantee will prepare a preliminary State-of-the-Art report
on erosion and sediment at i'on control for urban and rural problems based
upon knowledge gained during interviews for the "Guide" . Specific
Research and Development needs will be defined.
INQUIRIES: Contact tkt Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control Branch
~ LC.h.axd Vtvztopnmt.
PoUtuZLon Confjiol
U.S. Vz
633 Zfottona Ava. W.W.
,n, V. C. 20242
-------
SECTION 14
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
PERTINENT AREAS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION CONTROL
JULY, 1968
105
-------
The problem of pollution from storm and combined sewers is one
which has only recently begun to receive proper emphasis as a signi-
ficant pollution source. There are in the United States over 1900
communities with combined or partially combined sewerage systems
serving some 59 million people.
The discharge of polluting wastes from storm drainage systems
and overflows from combined sewers serves as a distinct challenge to
the ingenuity of minicipal officials, consulting engineers, universities
and corporations engaged in research and development, as well as equip-
ment manufacturers. Polluting discharges from combined storm and
sanitary sewers occur during wet-weather periods when the carrying
capacity of the sewers is exceeded due to the large amounts of storm
water entering the sewers. The normal, or dry weather flow is prevented
from overflowing continuously by means of overflow weirs, mechanical
regulators, valves and other devices. They permit overflows to occur
when sewer flows reach a predetermined level.
Separation of the storm water from the sanitary sewage can be
at least a partial answer to the problem since if the systems are
completely separated the most concentrated waste load can be conveyed
to and treated at the waste treatment plant. We have come to recognize
in recent years, however, that surface runoff also contains significant
amounts of pollutants - some cases nearly as much as sewage - so
that separation of sanitary wastes is now believed to be only a partial
solution to the total problem.
Congress had these factors in mind when the current storm and
combined sewer pollution control demonstration grants were authorized.
Section 6 (a) (l) of the Federal Water Pollution Act authorizes "
grants to any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate
agency for the purpose of assisting in the development of any project
which will demonstrate a new or improved method of controlling the dis-
charge into any waters of untreated or inadequately treated sewage or
other wastes from sewers which carry storm water or both storm water
and sewage or other wastes ." The Federal Government can provide
up to 75 percent of the estimated reasonable cost of individual research,
development and demonstration projects. The applicant must provide
assurances that local funds are or will be available to pay for the
remainder of the cost. Application for contract support for pertinent
research and development projects will also be considered.
The necessary application forms and more detailed information
concerning the Program can be obtained by writing to:
Office of Research and Development
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
633 Indiana Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 202^2
106
-------
By way of assisting those who wish to participate in the task
of controlling or abating pollution- from storm and combined sewers
the following outline of technical areas for which applications
are desired is provided:
A. DRAINAGE AREA CONTROL
1. Reduce and regulate stormwater input to sanitary sewers
a. Diversion of surface runoff to the ground water by
altering and controlling land use to increase infiltration
1. Reduction of impervious areas - increasing open spaces
2. Terracing and otherwise reducing land slopes through
landscaping
3. Planting grasses, trees and shrubbery
^. Reducing extent and time of exposure of bare earth
during land development and construction
To. Shallow pervious basins for percolation to ground water
or use sprinklers
c. Ground water disposal wells (injection & others)
d. Reduction of ground water infiltration to sewers
1. Development of better methods of determining location
and extent of sewer infiltration
2. Development of better sewer Joints, lateral connections,
etc.
3. Development of better methods of repairing existing
lines, making new installations and closing of abandoned
connections
e. Storage of stormwater runoff
1. Temporary storage of stormwater at building or immediate
area through use of holding tanks, seepage pits, roof-
tops, or backyard storage (detention) facilities. Regu-
lated discharge from storage to the groundwater, a
watercourse, or sewer system
2. Stormwater collection sumps (neighborhood) with regulated
discharge to sewer system (includes storage facility •under
streets)
3. "Upstream" storage or other control methods to decrease
runoff effect on lower portions of the system
U. Stormwater storage in urban area surface lakes, ponds,
caverns, for subsequent discharge to watercourse or
sewer systems
5. Storage and operating characteristics necessary for
snowmelt runoff
6. Reuse of stored water for irrigation, street cleaning,
sewer flushing and other purposes
107
-------
2. Eliminate discharge of sanitary sewage and other wastes
to storm sewers
a. Eliminate illicit connections of sanitary sewers where
separate sewers exist
b. Reduce groundwater infiltration to storm sewers
c. Separation and collection of concentrated waste materials
on the surface for discharge to sanitary or industrial
waste sewers. (Animal waste, industrial materials and
waste projects, sludges, etc.)
3. Reduce solids in storm runoff
a. Soil erosion control
1. Highway, street, and utility construction methods
and practices changes
2. Use of solids retaining pond, basin, or other type
unit with necessary treatment
3. Grass seeding and other type plant coverage of exposed
earth
b. Improved street cleaning and urban "housekeeping" methods
to prevent solids from reaching the sewers
!+. Pre-treatment of water entering storm sewers
a. Disinfection only
b. Primary clarification with modifications (with and
without chlorination or other type disinfectants)
c. Lagoons, ponds, tanks with solids holding capacity
for given period
d. Filtration
e. Treatment for nutrient removals
f. Treatment or storage in catch basins
g. Other treatment methods and processes or combinations
of the above including chemical treatment
B. COLLECTION SYSTEM CONTROL
1. Improvements in gravity sewer system
108
-------
a. Catch basin improvements including operation and
maintenance practices
b. Sewer planning and controls to regulate time of flow
during heavy starmwater periods, including sewer
flood flow routing techniques, travel time, etc.
c. Improved sewer shapes and materials to improve flow
conditions, (lower' "n") better sewer connections and
manhole flow channels
d. Increase trunk and interceptor design capacity
e. Improved system design methods utilizing best hydro-
logical practices
2. Special conveyance systems
a. Limited separation of combined sewers with express
sewer construction for sanitary waste
b. Partial separation
1. Separate drains for streets, yards, parking lots,
new buildings, etc.
2. Phased separation of sewer systems in all new areas
to be sewered and redeveloped. While this method
could have significant long-range beneficial effects,
demonstration grants for separation of sewers are not
envisioned
3. Preventing stormwater flows in separate systems from
being discharged to combined sewers
c. Separation of sanitary sewage and use of separate sewer
inside larger sewers where available to convey sewage
to treatment plant
d. Use of vacuum conveyance systems for sanitary sewage
& solid wastes
e. Others
3. Reduce peak flows
a. Diversion of excess flow from combined sewer to external
facilities for storage and regulated feed back to system
for treatment
b. In-line treatment to improve flow conditions
c. In-line detention through use of enlarged segment of
sewer
d. In-system detention of waste and stormwater through
telemetering or other type signaling systems with
remote control on flow.
e. Reduction in water use through improvements in plumbing
fixtures
109
-------
k. Reduce infiltration and exfiltration
a. Development of improved methods of locating sewer
•leaks} checking out new sewers, laterals and house
lines
b. Development of new and better methods and materials
for making sewer repairs, closing abandoned openings
and construction in general
c. Development of methods of sealing sewers in place,
internally and externally, to reduce infiltration
d. Improved means of implementing control of illicit
"clearwater" connections to sewers
5. Systems analysis and control methods
a. In-line (internal) storage with telemetering and
remote or automatic flow control
b. External storage in tanks, ponds, etc. for feed back
with automatic control system
c. In-system routing of stormwaters to utilize full storage
capacity of system and subsequent treatment
d. Others and combinations of (a), (b), (c) (including
periodic dry weather flushing to move solids deposited
in sewers, and better sewer maintenance in general)
C. EXTRANEOUS (EXTERNAL) DISCHARGE CONTROL
1, Treatment of combined sewer overflow
a. Treatment at or near point of overflow through use
of conventional type primary treatment units or ponds,
tanks, lagoons with chemical treatment and chlorination.
Other types of treatment facilities or processes.
b. Use of subterranean holding basins with treatment
facilities
c. Expansion or additions to existing treatment plants to
treat excess flow
d. Nutrient removal
e. Treatment with return of concentrate to interceptor for
further treatment at sewage treatment plant
110
-------
2. Treatment of stormwater runoff
a. Small drainage area plants vs. central plant utilizing
" new or improved methods of treatment
b. Utilization of upstream storage to cut peaks and
control plant input
c. Pre-treatment and direct ground water replacement
d. Irrigation by spreading, spray or other methods
e. Treatment and use as supplement to raw water supply
f. In-line treatment
g. Others
D. MISCELLANEOUS
1. Determination of economic feasibility study of separation
vs. combined sewer system and local vs. central treatment
facilities for overflow and stormwater.
2. Development and demonstration of new or Improved accurate
instruments for flow measurement and water quality monitoring.
3. Development and demonstration of improved techniques of hydro-
logic analyses, to determine reasonable accurate rainfall -
runoff relationships. Compilation of sources of existing
data and development of improved statistical methods.
k. Management techniques geared to optimize control and/or
treatment through utilization of new methods.
5. Development of improved construction materials and methods
6. Development of performance criteria needed in relationship
to stream water quality standards
It should be noted that the above outline is not considered to be
all-inclusive, since there may be numerous completely original ideas
which could be added — some of which may be more significant than any
of those listed. Submission of such ideas to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration is strongly encouraged.
Some of the technical areas outlined are currently under evaluation
by means of either grant or contract projects, for example: Most of the
111
-------
more conventional storage techniques including the use of tanks with
pump-back to the interceptor, surface storage ponds, treatment lagoons
are underway. More unique applications of storage principals such as
localized "upstream" storage to prevent overloading of "downstream"
sewers need further development. The use of chlorine to disinfect
storm and combined sewer discharges is included in several projects,
therefore new disinfection techniques suitable for application to
high volume — short duration flows need exploration. Similar
examples can be found in any of the major technical areas listed.
The brief descriptions of existing demonstration projects will
serve as additional examples of work being done. Any further duplication
of these control methods will be minimized as much as possible to permit
activation of projects designed to explore technical areas not now being
evaluated. Some duplication will be in order so as to provide evaluation
of function under a suitable variety of hydrological conditions.
GPO 881-412
112
-------
SECTION 5
URBAN DRAINAGE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
IN THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Program Plan for Urban Drainage Projects in the Storm and Combined Sewer
Pollution Control Branch, Division of Engineering Development
Outline of Requirements for
Equipment, Data, Methods, and Criteria
113
-------
I. Instrumentation - Equipment for obtaining hydrologic measurements and
chronologic records
A. Measurement of individual parameters
1. Precipitation—rain and snow
2. Flow in sewers and streams
a. Very low flows
b. Flash floods
c. Sand channels
3. Time of travel in sewers and streams
k. Fluid turbulence and dispersion
5. Chemical and bacterial quality, sediments, and bed load
6. Soil moisture
7. Other
B. Time - synchronous measurements of parameters, such as synchronized
measurement of rainfall and flow at short time intervals for
rainfall-runoff analyses in small basins
C. Transmission of data
D. Adaptation of equipment to automatic data processing, particularly
the development of equipment to collect rainfall records and to
transfer them automatically to a machine input media
II. Data Collection
A. Compilation of existing rainfall and flow data of sufficient
geographic distribution, length of record, and temporal and
quantitative accuracy for deriving useful rainfall-runoff
relationships
B. Compilation of existing data on quality of flows in combined sewers
and streams. Include data on quality of low flows and distribution
of quality with time and discharge during periods of storm flow
C. Classification and selection of urban areas for the collection of
basic hydrologic data
D. Development of theory for the design of hydrologic data networks
E. Implementation of pilot programs for the collection of basic
hydrologic data
Ilk
-------
F. Nationwide inventories of existing drainage systems. These may
include complete descriptions of the systems, data on construction
costs, including design and engineering, evaluation of performance,
flood damage experience, outstanding deficiencies, methods of
financing, esthetic characteristics, public understanding and
acceptance, public health hazards, recreational aspects, legislation
and ordinances affecting the system, and administrative and opera-
tional experience.
III. Rainfall Studies and Analyses
A. Determination of basin rainfall from point gage readings
B. Temporal distribution of rainfall
C. Synthesis of rainfall data
D. Storm models and techniques for estimating probable maximum floods
in areas of limited data
IV. Hydrology and Hydraulics of
A. Surface Runoff and Combined Sewers
1. Rainfall-runoff relationships
a. Consideration of rainfall patterns in estimating runoff
from rainfall
b. Estimation of losses from rainfall on small watersheds
c. Geometry and morphology of a stream basin in relation to
hydrologic characteristics
d. Methods for estimating peak rates of runoff and for
development of runoff hydrographs from small areas
(l) Parametric methods
(a) Correlation analysis
(b) Partial system synthesis with linear analysis
(c) General system synthesis
(d) General non-linear analysis
(2) Stochastic methods
(a) Markov chains
(b) Monte Carlo methods
115
-------
e. Spectral properties of rainfall-runoff relationships
f. Surface treatment of small watersheds to modify runoff
g. Effects of frozen ground on flood runoff
h. Soil-moisture effects
2. Runoff from snow melt
3. Frequency of flows
a. Methods for determining the frequency of peak flows and
storm volumes in small streams, combined sewers, and
combined sewer overflows
b. Methods for determining the frequency of low flows in small
streams
U. Flood routing
a. Improved methods of flood routing, including a procedure
for reproduction of the rapidly rising stages that often
occur during floods
b. Overland sheet flow--a routing problem
5. Travel time
a. Use of fluorescent and radioactive tracers in measuring
the time of travel of flows in streams and combined sewers
b. Use of tracers to study time of concentration of flood flows
6. Turbulence, dispersion
a. Development of techniques for measuring turbulence in
streams
b. Use of tracers in studying dispersion
c. Determination of regional patterns of dispersion
d. Effect of stream inlets on main stream or reservoir
7. Radioactive and chemical tracers
a. Relating the movement of soluble tracers in streams to
the movement of water
b. Determining the physical characteristics of fluorescent
tracers in streams
116
-------
c. Effects of chemical and radioactive tracers on biota in
streams
d. Determining absorption characteristics of radioactive
tracers
e. Determining the effect of large-scale channel features
on dispersion of soluble tracers in streams
8. Estimating the magnitude of diurnal fluctuation in stream
flow
9. Effect of transported materials on the estimate of flood
discharges
10. Measurement of unsteady flow in streams and channels
11. Mathematical representation of hydrographs
12. Erosion, sedimentation
a. Shear distribution on stream boundaries
b. Eswsion and sediment yield from land surfaces by
precipitation
c. Land sources of solutes and sediments
d. Physics of sediment transport in overland and channel flow
e. Sediment routing through channel and flood plains
f. Data on minimum transport velocities in combined sewers
g. Effects of manholes, junctions, inlets, bends, drops, etc.
on the transport of solids in combined sewers
h. Methods for the control of erosion
13. Improvement of flow characteristics
a. Use of additives such as long-chain polymers
b. Control of aquatic growth
c. Improved structural design of drains and combined sewers
d. Methods of sewer inspection and maintenance
e. Alteration of combined sewer routing to reduce downstream
flow variability
f. Diversion of flood flows from urban areas through bypass channels
117
-------
ik. Water quality studies
a. Developing a general model for determining oxygen profiles
in streams and estuaries
b. Chemical and physical processes affecting water quality
c. Biologic processes affecting water quality
d. Mechanical processes affecting water quality
B. Surface Storage
1. Use of flood volume - duration - frequency analyses to determine
flood storage requirements
2. Storage requirements to maintain selected flows
3. Evaluation of ecological and limnological characteristics of
lakes and ponds
U. Optimum procedures of reservoir and pond control for reduction
of sediment and temperatures
5. Effect of streamflow regulation on downstream channel losses
6. Effect of ponding behind a series of dams on water quality
7. Streamflow regulation for quality control
8. Study of unique storge space, such as on roof tops
C. Ground - Water Storage
1. Determining the feasibility of methods of directing stormwater
flow to underground aquifers
2. Investigating the feasibility of water spreading for conservation
of water
3. Determining efficient techniques for recharging groundwater
from surface runoff
h. Developing the mechanics of flow in unsaturated porous media
5. Study of surface water - groundwater interrelations
6. Study of sewer flow and groundwater interrelations
7. Investigating the retention and movement of water in fine-
grained material
8. Analysis of th~ •' ~ioal properties of porous media that
influence ihu u^c •• ^» storage, and movement of water
118
-------
9- Study of changes occurlng in the properties of porous media
as water moves through the media
V. Development of Statistical Methods
A. Characterization of univariate hydrologic series-time series
analysis
B, Statistical identification of hydrologic characteristics and
relationships
C. Hydrologic systems analysis using stochastic methods—mathematical
simulation and modeling, optimization, and decision theory
VI. Systems Studies
A. Experimental watersheds (A.G.U. definition)
B. Representative watersheds (A.G.U. definition)
C. Use of physical models
D. Use of mathematical models
VII. Organization for Urban Drainage Management
A. A study of the feasibility and means by which public agencies
responsible for urban drainage in large metropolitan areas could
coordinate their activities to attain greater efficiency and economy
1. Identification of items which could be included in agreements
between existing public agencies in a region
2. Management patterns inherent in organizational alternatives
B. Preparation of a summary of State enabling legislation establishing
drainage districts and authorities
C. Research to determine the proper level of organization for drainage
management
VIII. Economics of Urban Drainage
A. Economic systems analysis of the urban drainage complex
B. A program of research into the area of benefits and cost sharing
between various levels of government and private land developers
C. Development of methods for evaluating and quantifying intangible
>•• rits, or alternate solutions for attaining realistic cost-
119
-------
benefit analyses in urban storm drain design
D. A study of the comparative costs and benefits of developing multi-
purpose impoundments to control runoff, versus the loss of land to
flood plains when no such impoundments are provided
E. Compile data on cost of constructing storm drains
F. Record data on flood damage caused by inadequate storm drains
G. A critical study of the economics of research into improved
hydrologic methods as compared with continued use of present
practices
IX. Planning Urban Drainage
A. An analysis of master plans prepared and adapted in many communities
for drainage control with a summary of the major considerations
which must be included in the preparation of a good master plan
B. Compilation and analysis of typical zoning plans as they relate
to flood plains and drainage
C. Factors to be considered in the preparation of zoning plans
D. A study of methods used to coordinate plans and programs for storm
drainage between the various public agencies of the metropolitan
area
E. Study how planning for storm water drainage can be integrated with
comprehensive planning for urban areas
X. Financing Capital Improvement of Urban Drainage
A. A study of alternate methods of financing storm drainage improvements
B. An analysis and summary of federal aid financing programs
XI. Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Urban Drainage
A. A compilation and analysis of typical drainage control ordinances
of counties, cities, and towns including the preparation of model
ordinances which may be applicable to the needs of various levels
of governments and agencies
B. A compilation and analysis of erosion and siltation control
ordinances including the preparation of model ordinances
C. Regulatory measures for pollution control
D. Flood insurance provisions
120
-------
E. Legal devices for control of water and related land rights
XII. Ksthetics of Urban Drainage
A. Landscaping, park development along the drainage system
B. Appropriate and attractive design of structures
C. Elimination of polluted open waterways
D. Use of drainage water for development of recreational lakes and
ponds
XIII. Public Support for Improved Facilities - Psychological and social
research in methods of understanding public attitudes and gaining
public support
XIV. Information Storage and Retrieval
A. Development of systems similar to the Storet system for handling
various kinds of data
B. Development of schemes for transferring various systems to ft
common format
121
* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1970 O - 375-920
------- |