TD178.6
.N281
1977
TD1786N281
            r
                 ND
                 NATIONAL CONFERENCE
                 ON THE INTERAGENCY
                 ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT
                 R&D PROGRAM

                 JUNE 6 & 7, 1977
                 SHERATON PARK HOTEL
                 WASHINGTON, D.C.
         UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL FHOTECTION AGENCY

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     The Second National Conference
           On The Interagency
     Energy/Environment R&D Program
            June 6 and 7, 1977
Sponsored by EPA with:
• DOC
NBS
NOAA
• DOI
BOM
FWS
USGS

• ERDA


• HEW
NIEHS
NIOSH
• NASA

• TVA

• US DA
ARS
ERS
FS

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                                      CONTENTS


INTRODUCTION  	 vii

CHAPTER I:  FUEL PROCESSING

      Environmental Assessment of the Fluidized-Bed Combustion Process
      Mr.  D. Bruce Henschel, EPA	1


      Research and Development Programs for Pollution Control from Oil
      Shale Exploitation
      Mr.  Eugene F. Harris and Mr.  Thomas J. Powers, EPA	2

      Environmental Considerations of Synthetic Fuels
      Mr.  William J. Rhodes, EPA	3

      Pollution Abatement for Wastes-As-Fuel Processes
      Mr.  Robert A. Olexsey and Mr.  George L. Huffman, EPA	4

CHAPTER II:  UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL POWER

      Federal Interagency Flue Gas Desulfurization Program
      Mr.  Richard D. Stern, Mr. Michael A. Maxwell, EPA and
      Mr.  Gerald G. McGlamery, TVA	5

      Control of Fine Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources
      Mr.  James H. Abbott, Mr. Dale L. Harmon, Mr. Richard D. Stern
      and Mr. J. David Mobley, EPA	6

      Stationary Source Control Technology for NOX
      Dr.  Joshua S. Bowen, Jr., and Mr. George Blair Martin, EPA	7

      Environmental Management of Effluents and Solid Wastes from Steam
      Electric Generating Plants
      Mr.  Julian W. Jones, Mr. Theodore G. Brna, EPA and Mr. James L. Crowe,
      Dr.  Hollis B. Flora, II, Ms. Shirley S. Ray, TVA	8

CHAPTER III:  EXTRACTION AND BENEFICIATION

      Research and Development Programs for Pollution Control from Mining
      and Transportation of Solid Fuels
      Mr.  John F. Martin and Mr. Eugene F. Harris, EPA	9

      Coal Cleaning Program Status
      Mr.  James D. Kilgroe, EPA	10

      EPA Sponsored Research at the USBM
      Mr.  Albert W. Deurbrouck and Mr. Richard E. Hucko, USBM	11

                                         ii

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      CHAPTER III:   EXTRACTION AND BENEFICIATION (Cont.)

            Forest  Service Mining Reclamation Research
            Mr.  Grant Davis,  USDA	12

            Protection of Soil and Water Resources  on Land Disturbed by Mining
            Dr.  James F.  Power and Dr.  Orus L.  Bennett,  USDA	13

      CHAPTER IV:   INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

            Integrated Assessment of Energy Development  in the Western U.S.
            Mr.  Steven Plotkin,  EPA	14

            Electric Utility  Energy Systems ITA
            Mr.  Lowell Smith,  EPA	15

            Ohio River Basin  Energy Study
            Mr.  Lowell Smith,  EPA	16

            Integrated Assessment
            Dr.  H.  Russell Hickey and Mr.  Malcolm C.  Babb, TVA	17

f           Status  of Integrated Assessment of Coal Development
            Mr.  Joseph R. Barse and Dr.  John W.  Green, USDA	18

',,           Integrated Systems Simulation of Local  Community Impacts in the
^           Northern Great Plains
f           Dr.  Lloyd D.  Bender, USDA and Mr.  George S.  Temple, Montana State
f           University	19

            Methodology for the Analysis of the Impacts  of Electric Power
            Production in the West - A  Summary Report
            Dr.  Andrew Ford and Dr. H.  W.  Lorber, ERDA	20

      CHAPTER V: HEALTH EFFECTS

            Detection and Evaluation of Potential Health Effects Associated
            with Hazardous Agents from  Alternate Sources  of Energy
            Dr.  Stephen Nesnow,  Dr. Michael D.  Waters, EPA and
            Dr.  Heinrich V. Mailing, NIEHS  	 21

            Interagency Report on Animal Toxicology
            David L. Coffin,  V.M.D. , EPA,  and Dr. Robert  Dixon, NIEHS	22

            Contributions of  Interagency Energy/Environment Program to
            Understanding Metabolisms and Mechanisms in  Biological Systems
            Dr.  Murray Schulman and Dr.  George E. Stapleton, ERDA	23
                                               1X1

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CHAPTER V:   HEALTH EFFECTS (Cont.)

      Clinical and Epidemiological  Research Related to Energy
      John H.  Knelson,  M.D.,  EPA	24

      Current  Status of Extrapolation Research
      Dr.  Michael D. Hogan, NIEHS,  and Dr.  William C.  Nelson, EPA	25

CHAPTER VI: ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT  AND FATE

      Midwest  Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Transport
      Dr.  William E. Wilson,  EPA	26

      Aerosol  Formation/Transformation Processes in Plumes of Coal-fired
      Power Plants and their Climatic Effects
      Dr.  Rudolf F. Pueschel, NOAA	27

      Atmospheric Transport and Transformation of Emissions from
      Coal-Fired Power Plants
      Dr.  James F. Meagher and Dr.  Vinaya Sharma, TVA	28

      Sulfate  Regional Experiment
      Dr.  Ralph M. Perhac, EPRI	29

      Multi-State Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Program
      Dr.  Michael C. MacCracken, ERDA	30

CHAPTER VII:  MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING

      Western  Air Quality Monitoring
      Dr.  David N. McNelis, EPA	31

      Western  Water Quality Data Integration
      Dr.  David N. McNelis, EPA	32

      Water Monitoring in Energy Developing Areas
      Mr.  Frederick A. Kilpatrick,  USGS	33

      Western Coal and Oil Shale-Ground Water Quality Monitoring R & D
      Mr.  Leslie G. McMillion, EPA	34

      Western Energy Related Overhead Monitoring Project
      Mr.  Edward Lee Tilton, III, NASA and Mr. Robert W. Landers, EPA 	  35

      Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide Effects on Vegetation
      Mr.  C. Daniel Sapp and Dr. Herbert C. Jones, TVA	36

      Pollutant Measurement Method Development Supported by Energy Funds
      Mr.  Andrew E. O'Keeffe, EPA	37
                                         xv

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CHAPTER VII:  MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING (Cont.)

      Measurement Standards  for Air Pollution Monitoring and Control
      Associated with Energy Production and Use
      Dr.  William H.  Kirchhoff, NBS	38

      Energy  Related  Research in Air Monitoring  Methods
      Dr.  Paul A. Baron and  Dr. Laurence J.  Doemeny,  NIOSH	39

      Development and Evaluation of Improved Radiological Assessment
      Capabilities
      Dr.  Larry G. Kanipe, Dr.  Phillip H.  Jenkins,  Dr.  Dale W.  Nix,
      and  Dr.  Richard L. Doty,  TVA	40

      Chemical Constituents  Found in Wastes from Coal Conversions
      and  Oil-Shale Processing
      Dr.  Ann L.  Alford and  Mr. William T.  Donaldson, EPA	41

      ERDA Characterization  Measurement and Monitoring Program
      Dr.  Robert W. Wood, ERDA	42

      Measurement Standards  for Water Monitoring Associated with Energy
      Production and  Use
      Dr.  William H.  Kirchhoff, NBS	43

      Development of  Water Related Techniques and Instrumentation:
      U.  S. Geological Survey
      Mr.  Philip E. Greeson, USGS	44

      Standardization and Intercalibration Techniques for Marine Monitoring
      Mr.  Michael A.  Basileo, NOAA	45

      EPA/NASA Energy Related Remote and In Situ Sensing Instrument
      Development
      Mr.  John P. Mugler, Jr.,  NASA	46

      Lidar Techniques for Analyzing and Tracing Particulate Pollutants
      from Energy Production
      Dr.  Vernon E. Derr, NOAA	47

      Doppler Lidar for Measurement of Pollutant Transport
      Dr.  Ronald L. Schwiesow and Mr. Madison J. Post, NOAA	48

      Airborne Active Remote Sensing of Pollutants
      Dr.  Michael P.  F. Bristow and Mr. John A.  Eckert, EPA	49
                                         v

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CHAPTER VIII:   ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

      Xenobiotic Metabolism in Marine Species Exposed to Hydrocarbons
      Dr.  Margaret 0.  James and Dr.  John R.  Bend,  NIEHS	50

      Chemical Characterization and Aquatic Bioassays of Energy
      Development Process Effluents
      Dr.  Rodney Skogerboe and Dr.  David F.  S. Natusch, Colorado State
      University and Dr. Rosemary C. Russo and Dr. Robert V. Thurston,
      Montana State University  	 51

      Effects of Chemicals Used in Offshore Well-Drilling Operations
      Dr.  Norman L. Richards, EPA	52

      Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory:  A Facility for the
      Investigation of Effects and Fates of Pollutants
      Dr.  Michael E. Q. Pilson, University of Rhode Island  	 53

      Effects of Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions of Terrestrial Ecosystems
      Dr.  James M. Kelly, Dr. Norman L. LaCasse, Dr. JC Noggle and
      Dr.  Herbert C. Jones, TVA	  . 54

      Effects of Prudhoe Crude Oil Spills on Coastal Tundra Ponds
      Dr.  Michael C. Miller and Dr. J. Robie Vestal, University of
      Cincinnati, Dr. Samuel Mozley and Mr. Malcolm Butler, University
      of Michigan, Dr. John E. Hobbie, Woods Hole	 55

      Mechanisms of Resistance to Sulfur Dioxide in Green Plants
      Dr.  Philip Filner, ERDA - Michigan State University 	 56

      Ecosystem Characterization - An Approach to Coastal Natural
      Resource Planning and Management
      Dr.  A. William Palmisano, FWS	57

      Assessment of Instream Flow Needs
      Mr.  Robert P. Hayden, FWS	58
                                         VI

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                                    INTRODUCTION


     The abstracts included in this publication were written by the participating
authors for EPA's Second National Conference on the Interagency Energy/Environment
R&D Program.

     Each abstract has been provided to assist conference participants and guests
in following the context of material presented by the rapporteurs.  The full text
of each paper, as well as speeches and question/answer sessions, will be printed
in the Conference Proceedings.

     The abstracts are organized by chapters, which correspond to the conference
sessions.  In addition, the placement of authors corresponds to the author sequence
in your brochure.

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CHAPTER I:                  FUEL  PROCESSING
                           RAPPORTEUR
                           Mr. Marvin  I. Singer
                           Director  of the Division of Environmental
                           and Socioeconomic Programs,
                           Office of Fossil Energy
                           ERDA  - Washington, D.C.

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                                      ABSTRACT

          ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION PROCESS

                                    D. B. Henschel
                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                         Office of Research and Development
                        U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     In parallel with efforts  by the U.  S. Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion (ERDA)  to develop coal-fired fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) systems for heat,
steam and power generation, the U.  S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
conducting a contract research and development program aimed at complete environmental
characterization of the process.  The goal of the EPA program is early identification
of any potential environmental problems associated with the FBC process, and timely
and cost-effective development of any necessary control technology.

     To accomplish this goal,  the EPA program is divided into two major areas:
environmental assessment and control technology development.  Environmental
assessment—which is the primary subject of this paper—consists of six key steps,
including:  (1) identification of current process/environmental background;
(2) development of environmental emissions objectives for the process, based
ultimately on health and ecological effects of possible pollutants;  (3) comprehensive
analysis of emissions from operating FBC units, to enable comparison of actual
emissions with the goals;  (4)  assessment of the suitability of available/envisioned
control technology to reduce observed emissions to the goal levels,  where necessary;
(5)  analysis of environmental alternatives; i.e., the environmental and cost impact
of alternative combinations of control technologies on an FBC system;  and (6)
identification of control technology R&D needs, based upon the previous steps.  One
key output of this effort will be Standards of Practice Manuals, and the data base
to support New Source Performance Standards, effluent guidelines and hazardous
waste standards.

     Much effort is being devoted to development of the methodology for conducting
environmental assessments.   The status of the methodology development, and some
initial results of the FBC  assessment, are discussed.  The major outputs of the
control technology development part of the EPA FBC program are also outlined.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                   RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. PROGRAMS FOR POLLUTION
                         CONTROL FROM OIL SHALE EXPLOITATION

                        Eugene F. Harris and Thomas J.  Powers
                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Cincinnati, Ohio


     There are many areas of oil shale research and development in which the EPA
plays an active role.  In many cases the EPA shares funding responsibilities with
other agencies, a few examples of which are discussed in the paper.

     The EPA takes interest in other projects not funded by the EPA, projects whose
results can be used for environmental assessment and control technology development,
Duplication of effort is thus avoided.


     Present EPA research is discussed, and examples are given in the areas of
(1) Characterization, Measurement, and Monitoring; (2)  Environment Transport
Process; (3) Health Effects; and (4) Ecological Effects.

     Planned EPA oil shale research and expected outputs are noted.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                   ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SYNTHETIC FUELS

                                  William J. Rhodes
                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                         Office of Research and Development
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                         Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

     Synthetic fuels, while offering solutions to problems associated with the
utilization of coal, present some new environmental problems.  Within the Federal
government, these are primarily the responsibility of the Environmental Protection
Agency.  EPA's past efforts concerned with coal utilization and conversion (including
those under its predecessor's name) have spanned over a decade.  These earlier
programs were involved with historical surveys, pollution control problem definitions,
isolated research studies, and pioneering efforts.

     EPA's present synthetic fuels program comprises a much more comprehensive
approach which addresses the broad scope of high- and low-Btu gasification and
liquefaction.  The associated longer-term environmental assessment and control
technology development contractual arrangements emphasize data acquisition and are
supported by research grants to do fundamental studies.

     Interagency agreements (e.g. with ERDA) are now providing a more complimentary
mesh of environmental and energy concerns.  Multi-agency data acquisition and
analysis coordination will greatly enhance optimization:  best controls at lowest
costs and with greatest expediency to meet our Nation's energy requirements.

     Past EPA accomplishments included coal characterizations, projections of pol-
lutants, reports on numerous processes, field trips to overseas industrial sites,
annual symposia, and reports in such related areas as combined cycles and fuel
contaminant removal.

     Ongoing activities have produced:

     1)  Methodologies for accomplishing objectives such as multi-media environmental
         goals establishment and control approach categoriztion.

     2)  Initiation of test plans, especially field data acquisition, and analysis
         by prime contractors.

     3)  Design and construction of reactor and acid-gas cleanup experimental
         facilities.

     4)  An approach to data acquisition, from plant sampling through chemical and
         biological analyses.

     The future will include continued agreements with the public and private sector
and establishment of a research data base needed for responsible evaluation of
processes and setting of standards.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                  POLLUTION ABATEMENT FOR WASTES-AS-FUEL PROCESSES

                       Robert A. Olexsey and George L.  Huffman
                    Industrial Environmental Protection Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Cincinnati, Ohio


     Technology development in the wastes-as-fuel area has progressed to the point
that several full-scale systems are operational, under construction, or planned.   As
operational experience accumulates, the environmental aspects of waste-to-energy
processes are becoming more clearly defined.

     Pollutant sampling from waste co-firing with coal operations at Ames, Iowa,
St. Louis, Missouri, and Columbus, Ohio, have indicated that particulate emissions
from such plants increase while SOX and NO  emissions decrease.  Data on other air
emissions such as POM's, hydrocarbons, and trace metallic contaminants have so far
exhibited no conclusive trends.

     Pyrolysis plants, while less numerous than co-firing or mass-burning operations,
emit air pollutants which, even though they are lower in total quantity than those
from combustion plants, can be in forms and concentrations that are less easily
managed.

     In addition to air emissions, effluents such as sluice, quench, and condensate
liquid discharges from wastes-to-energy operations are of sufficient magnitude to
merit research attention.

     EPA (lERL-Cinn. the Fuels Technology Branch) is conducting a research program
that is addressing the needs for the abatement and control of air and liquid emis-
sions from wastes-as-fuel plants.  Pollutants at several federally- and privately-
sponsored plants are being characterized.  Through extensive extramural research
efforts, the adequacy of existing pollution control approaches is being investigated.
Finally, field testing of pilot-scale air and water pollution control processes will
be conducted at existing waste-to-energy plant sites to improve the control
efficiecy of existing technologies.

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CHAPTER II:                UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL POWER
                           RAPPORTEUR
                           Mr. Frank T. Princiotta
                           Director of Energy Processes
                           ORD/Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
                           EPA - Washington, D.C.

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                                      ABSTRACT

              THE FEDERAL INTERAGENCY FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION PROGRAM

                                 Gerald G. McGlamery
                   Office of Agricultural and Chemical Development
                             Tennessee Valley Authority
                               Muscle Shoals, Alabama

                       Richard D. Stern and Michael A. Maxwell
                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                        Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     One of our major energy-related environmental problems concerns the need to
control SOX emissions from stationary fuel combustion sources.  Application of flue
gas desulfurization (FGD) processes appears to present the major near-term control
strategy which will permit the environmentally acceptable use of our coal resources.

     For the past seven years, EPA and TVA have conducted a coordinated
comprehensive program directed toward the development and demonstration of
reliable, cost effective, and environmentally acceptable FGD technology.   In the
area of non-regenerable processes producing a throw away sludge, the advanced lime/
limestone prototype test program funded by EPA at TVA's Shawnee Steam Plant is
particularly important.  Supporting efforts by the pilot plant at EPA's Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory in RTF have made important contributions to the
program.  In addition to these efforts, extensive programs are underway for the
near-term commercialization of double alkali processes and to evaluate environmentally
sound alternatives for sludge disposal.  Regenerable FGD has been a major component
of this Interagency Program to develop S02 control technology for stationary
combustion sources.  These processes regenerate the sorbent and produce a marketable
by-product.  The program has focused primarily on large scale development/demonstation
of processes such as magnesium oxide scrubbing to produce sulfuric acid and Wellman-
Lord/Allied technology to produce elemental sulfur, in order to accelerate com-
mercialization of the technology.  Other activities include laboratory, bench, pilot,
and prototype scale evaluations.  The overall program has been supported by technical
evaluation studies, process and by-product marketing economic studies, monitoring
and analysis, and other related work.

     Significant non-regenerable and regenerable FGD activities related to utility
and industrial combustion source applications are described and status and results
are presented.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                        CONTROL OF FINE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
                               FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

                            J. H. Abbott and D. L. Harmon
                   Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                           Environmental Protection Agency
                      Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     The Environmental Protection Agency's R&D program for particulate control is
designed to establish engineering design techniques and performance models, and to
improve the collection capability and economics of control devices for particulate
matter.

     EPA is placing increased emphasis on the control of fine particulates which
persist in the atmosphere, comprise a variety of known toxic substances, and are
a major contributor to atmospheric haze and visibility problems.  The objective
is the development and demonstration of control technologies capable of effectively
removing large fractions of the under 3 micron diameter particles from effluents.
The technical approach is to identify capabilities of existing equipment (electrostatic
precipitators (ESPs), filters, scrubbers and proprietary devices), to determine
deficiencies in present design and operating procedures, and to pursue remedies for
the deficiencies through research and development.  New concepts and novel devices
will be applied as identified and evaluated, and successful advancements in removal
technology will be demonstrated.

     Actual source tests have shown that both ESPs and baghouses should be capable
of controlling fine particulate from a limited number of sources emitting fly ash.
It is quite possible that the applicability of ESPs to fine particulate control over
a broad range of sources can be extended by developing dust conditioning techniques
and by modifying the design of charging sections and collecting electrodes.  During
1975 a mathematical model for the design of ESPs was completed; this will allow
cost-effective ESP design for specific particulate control technology applications.
Also completed was the total characterization of seven ESPs operating on a number
of sources ranging from power plants to aluminum plants; results show that ESPs can
collect particles of all sizes with high efficiency when dust resistivity is not a
problem.

     The baghouse is rapidly becoming an important device for the control of
particulate from utility boilers burning low sulfur coal where ash resistivity is
such that ESPs are difficult and expensive to use.  A baghouse on a large utility
boiler will be demonstrated in the near future.

     Source and laboratory tests have shown that conventional scrubbers are not
very efficient collectors of fine particles.  Current EPA R&D efforts to improve
scrubbers are directed toward more efficient utilization of the energy applied to
a scrubber system, and toward taking increased advantage of condensation and other
physical phenomena.  The advantage of the condensation phenomenon has been
successfully demonstrated on the off-gas stream from a secondary metal recovery
furnace.

     An actual program of soliciting and testing emerging technology has resulted  in
demonstration of five novel devices and one new concept as good collectors of fine
particles.  About 40 novel devices and 40 novel concepts have been evaluated.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                    STATIONARY SOURCE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR NOX

              J. S. Bowen, G. B. Martin, R. D. Stern and J. D. Mobley
                       Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
                   Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-RTF
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency


     Nitrogen oxides (NOX) have been identified among the atmospheric pollutants
having the greatest potential for adverse effects on human health and welfare.  Since
passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970 the EPA has placed high priority on controlling
NOX emissions from both stationary and mobile sources to meet prescribed National
Ambient Air Quality Standards.  Estimates indicate that 11.6 million tons or about
50.4 percent of NOX emissions in the U. S. in 1974 came from a wide variety of fossil
fuel burning stationary combustion sources.  Therefore, as part of EPA's overall
plan to control this pollutant, a research and development program was established
in the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-RTP to develop and assess
improved control techniques for the abatement of NOX emissions from stationary
sources.  The objectives are to develop information to support regulatory groups
in preparing NOX standards and to develop control technology to assist equipment
operators and manufacturers in meeting future standards.

     Two main approaches for NOX control making up the program are:

     1)  Combustion modification (CM), which is based on alteration of
         combustion conditions to minimize formation of NOX, and

     2)  Flue gas treatment (FGT), which involves processes to remove NOX
         from the flue gas.

     Combustion modification has received primary emphasis in the program as the
most cost effective approach to achieving substantial NOX control for a wide variety
of sources.  Flue gas treatment is currently seen as a method to supplement combus-
tion modification where a high degree of control is required.

     This paper discusses the status of these program areas, updating technical
highlights of the past year's effort.  The primary conclusions are:  (1)  that,
based on recent studies, a large potential exists for significant reductions of
NOX emissions in the post-1980 period because of improved CM technology which will
become available for a wide variety of sources, and .(2) flue gas treatment
technology, based to a large extent on developments in Japan, is being extensively
characterized and should be available by 1985.

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                                      ABSTRACT

               ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF EFFLUENTS AND SOLID WASTES
                       FROM STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS

                             J.  W.  Jones and  T.  G.  Brna
                     Industrial  Environmental Research Laboratory
                       U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                       Research  Triangle Park, North Carolina

                    J.  L.  Crowe, H. B. Flora, II and S. S.  Ray
                            Tennessee Valley  Authority
                              Chattanooga, Tennessee


     Since 1975 the Federal program for the environmental management of effluents
and solid wastes from fossil-fueled power plants has focused  on:   flue gas
desulfurization (FGD) waste disposal and utilization; quantitative characterization
of effluents including ash; water concervation and treatment; conditioning  of
effluents to meet guidelines; impacts of intake  structures; advanced cooling system
technology; and waste heat utilization.  Numerous projects under  the EPA/TVA
Interagency Agreement contribute to this program.

     Progress in the program has been significant.   Many characteristics of FGD
wastes have been quantified.   Prolonged ponding  of FGD wastes poses potential
water pollution and land-use hazards; stabilization processes can reduce these by
lessening the permeability and solubility of  major coonstituents.   Waste disposal
costs, which can reach 20  percent of the FGD  system cost, can be  reduced with more
efficient and economical dewatering equipment and reduction of water volumes by
oxidation of wastes to gypsum.  A preliminary technical document,  potentially useful
for setting FGD waste disposal standards, has been prepared.   Coal ash character-
istics have been detailed  in a comprehensive  report.  Water recycle/reuse studies
have shown more efficient  water  use methods than conventional ones, often without
significant added expense.  Alternatives to chlorination for  bio-fouling control in
cooling systems, while in  some cases favorable ecologically,  tend to cost more.  A
system for treating blowdown operates with better heat transfer performance and less
energy input than corresponding  conventional  systems.  A state-of-the-art report on
intake technologies has been prepared.  The program to evaluate performance of a
series flow, wet/dry cooling tower has resumed after a landmark decision permitting
governmental acquisiton of the tower which is on non-governmental land.  The
optimized design of dry cooling  towers and water consumption  control in arid regions
and vapor plume emission control in humid regions with wet/dry towers  are described
in recent reports.  Soil heating to extend the crop growing season and enhanced
biological recycling of nutrients in manure for  accelerated algae and fish  produc-
tion are promising uses of waste heat.

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CHAPTER III:                EXTRACTION  AND  BENEFICIATION
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           Dr.  David  G.  Stephan
                           Director Of  Industrial  Environmental
                           Research Laboratory
                           EPA  - Cincinnati, OH

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                                      ABSTRACT
                        RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS FOR
            POLLUTION CONTROL FROM MINING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID FUELS

                                    John F. Martin
                                   Eugene F. Harris
                    Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                 Cincinnati, Ohio

     Mining operations of one form or another impact every part of the United States.
The environmental problems associated with extraction of the resources of this
Nation are likewise of national concern.  The Environmental Protection Agency has
active research and demonstration programs to deal with the problems associated
with both energy and nonenergy resource recovery.  This paper deals only with the
programs for mining and transporting fuel (coal and uranium) materials.

     Various cooperative efforts involving EPA, ERDA, USDA, USGS,  TVA, and the
Bureau of Mines are currently underway.  These are to assess mine  sites, study
groundwater, demonstrate haul road design, document reclamation, etc,  Final
reports published by EPA, such as the manual for "Erosion and Sediment Control" are
impacting environmental design and control techniques of both industry and government,
Even given the huge strides already accomplished in the field of controlling mining
pollution, there are still many problems to be overcome.  The results of present
R&D efforts will point out the direction of continuing research.

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                                          ABSTRACT

                                     CLEANING PROGRAM STATUS
X
                                      James D. Kilgroe
                           'ustrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                               Environmental Protection Agency
                           Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


         Physical and chemical coal cleaning are capable of removing major quantities of
    pollutant elements from coal prior to combustion.  Pollutants of concern include
    sulfur and a number of potentially hazardous accessory elements.  Sulfur exists in
    two principal forms:  organic sulfur which is bonded to the coal structure and
    inorganic sulfur, generally in the form of pyrite.  Similarly, potentially hazardous
    accessory elements are associated with the mineral and organic constituents of coal.

         EPA sponsored programs have identified the degree to which a number of physical
    and chemical cleaning techniques can be used to remove sulfur and accessory elements
    from coal.  Physical cleaning techniques are only effective in removing elements
    associated with mineral matter.  Chemical treatment is capable of removing the
    accessory elements associated with mineral matter and coal organic structure.

         The IERL-RTP coal cleaning program includes a wide range of activities from
    basic coal research to the demonstration of commercial coal preparation processes.
    This coal cleaning program contains three subprograms for (1) the assessment of
    pollution from coal cleaning, coal transportation and coal storage,  (2) the develop-
    ment of physical and chemical processes for removing contaminants from coal and
    (3) the development of pollution control technology for coal preparation processes.
    In addition to contract R&D directed by IERL-RTP, cooperative projects are conducted
    with the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Energy Research and
    Development Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Electric Power
    Research Institute.

         Basic studies on coal and coal wastes from the Illinois Basin have been
    established; the relative organic and inorganic affinities of major accessory elements;
    the mineralogy and associations between the major minerals and accessory elements;
    and the effects of coal properties and environmental factors in the leaching of
    accessory elements from coal residues.  An overview study on pollution from coal
    preparation processes is nearing completion and plans are being made for environmental
    tests at commercial coal preparation plants.

         Physical coal cleaning is widely used to remove ash from coal.  It has not been
    previously as an S02 emission control technique.  Chemical coal cleaning processes are
    all in the development stage.  Projects sponsored by EPA have identified the
    gravimetric sulfur reduction potential of over 500 U.S. coals.  The use of froth
    flotation, oil agglomeration, microwave treatment, high intensity magnetic separation,
    aqueous ferric salt leaching and Ca(OH)2/NaOH leaching for desulfurization have also
    been evaluated.  Projects to develop and demonstrate these desulfurization techniques
    are being supported.  Major projects are in progress to develop performance and cost
    data on commercially available coal and mineral beneficiation equipment which can be
    used for desulfurization.  Finally, a demonstration test program to evaluate the use
    of physical coal cleaning as a S02 emission control strategy has been started at the
    1600 MW Homer City Power Complex operated by the Pennsylvania Electric Co.

         The subprogram to develop coal cleaning pollution control technology is in its
    assessment phase.  Projects to evaluate and develop improved pollution control
    technology wil}. be initiated as the need for improved pollution control methods are
    identify

            >i~dL£4r
                                             10

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                                     ABSTRACT

                 EPA SPONSORED  RESEARCH AT THE U. S. BUREAU OF MINES

                      Richard E.  Hucko and Albert W. Deurbrouck
                                  Bureau  of Mines
                     Coal Preparation and Analysis Laboratory
                          U.  S. Department of the Interior
                             Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania
     Much of the coal preparation  research conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines
has been, and continues  to be,  sponsored by the EPA.  Today, the EPA funds the
sulfur reduction potential studies which have been ongoing since 1965.  Also, much
of the cost of the design of  a  new coal preparation process development facility
has been borne by the EPA.

     In addition to these Bureau in-house activities, many EPA funded contracts are
let through, and monitored by,  the Bureau of Mines.  There are presently nine such
outside contracts covering a  wide  spectrum of coal preparation research activities.
Included in this paper is a discussion of the current status of the Bureau's in-
house EPA funded research, and  a brief description of the outside contracts along
with the most recent developments  in  each.   i   Jl c4     '     *       //    (   ji
                                                                  ALSIJ*~M-*J^\

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     FOREST SERVICE MINING RECLAMATION RESEARCH

                                     Grant Davis
                       Surface Environment and Mining Program
                                   Forest Service
                           U.S. Department of Agriculture
                                  Billings, Montana
     The Forest Service is attempting to develop a revegetation technique on a regular
basis.  Experimental plots have been established in Appalachia, the Midwest,
Southwest, and Northern Great Plains.  Non-mining water products are also being
tested as amendments to improve coal and oil shale spoils for plant establishment.
Application of municipal sewage sludge to a large strip mine in Illinois is being
evaluated.  Although industry is beginning to use the revegetation technique
developed, there is some resistance to using sewage.

     The effect of mining on water quality is a major concern.  Water quality in
mining water shed is being investigated in Appalachia, and the suitability of ponds
as aquatic habitat for wildlife is being studied in the Northern Great Plains.

     Much of the impact of mining is associated with transporation systems.  Models
are being developed to predict the amount of run-off and sediment, yields for the
mine roads, and their effect on water quality.

     Information about quality of overburden is essential for planning proper spoil
placement for subsequent reclamation.  Effective core drilling designs for laboratory
techniques to evaluate overburden are being demonstrated in Wyoming.

     Successful reclamation depends on the chemical and physical characteristics of
overburden and proper redisposition of spoils.  Information on physical transformation
of overburden materials, design of mine waste dumps, erodability, of spoils by
wind and water, and a computer program to integrate environment constraints with
engineering components are being developed.

     A computer system to store and retrieve bibliographic references on mining
and reclamation have been established at the University of Arizona.  SEAMALgRT is a
computer produced literature citation bulletin published as part of this effort.
                                          12

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                                      ABSTRACT

                      PROTECT ICN-'OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES ON
                             LAND DISTURBED BY MINING

                           J. F.  Power and 0. L.  Bennett
                        North Central and Northeast Regions
                           Agricultural Research Service
                          U.  S.  Department of Agriculture
                 Mandan, North Dakota and Morgantown, West Virginia
     With partial support from EPA,  the Agricultural Research Service,  U.  S.  Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is conducting research to develop technology that  will enhance
vegetative growth and thereby greatly reduce runoff, erosion, sedimentation,  and
pollution problems.  This approach is particularly pertinent since almost  all land
disturbed by mining will be returned to some type of vegetative cover.

     Physical and chemical properties of spoils which are most restrictive to plant
growth have been identified.  In Appalachia these include acidity and related
problems, plant-nutrient deficiencies, coarse texture, and steep slopes.   In the
West, factors which reduce the efficiency of conservation and use of the  limited
precipitation received were most restrictive - high exchangeable sodium,  salinity,
nutrient deficiencies, and steep slopes.

     Environmental degradation resulting from mining is best reduced by careful
control of grades on reshaped spoils and by establishment of vegetative cover.   Several
studies have indicated relative adaptability of various plant species to  different
types of spoils and climates, and their nutritional and water requirements have
been assessed.  It is often practical to enhance vegetative cover by saving and
spreading the original soil material over spoils after shaping.  Runoff,  erosion,
and sedimentation problems on mined land are similar to those on unmined  land,
except freshly spread topsoil is more erosive.  The K-factor in the Universal Soil
Loss Equation often underestimates erosion on mined land.  Various amendments and
waste materials can be used in reclaiming mined land, but all have certain limita-
tions and restrictions.
                                         13

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CHAPTER IV:                INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           Dr.  Steven R.  Reznek
                           Associate Deputy Assistant Administrator
                           ORD/Office of  Energy, Minerals and Industry
                           EPA  -  Washington, D.C.

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                                      ABSTRACT

                 INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE
                                    WESTERN U.S.

                                   Steve Plotkin
                      Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Washington,  D. C.


     Large scale energy development in the Western U.S., while an integral part of
most plans for boosting this Nation's domestic energy production, will cause
significant environmental, economic and social problems in the development areas.
Prevention or reduction of these problems is hampered by an intricate, overlapping
and ill-coordinated policy system for dealing with development and its impact.

     The Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency is sponsoring a three year Technology Assessment of Western Energy Resource
Development to identify and evaluate the adverse impacts of large scale development
and policies for mitigating them.  The Assessment has substantially completed its
first phase, the impact evaluation, and has confirmed many previously held beliefs
and cast doubt on some others.   For instance,  it has tended to confirm the belief
that development would create severe air pollution problems in many areas, while
casting doubt on some of the previous high estimates of water usage associated with
synfuel development.

     The study will now concentrate on policy analysis.  A significant portion of
this work will involve parametric analysis to identify variables that control impacts,
and identification and evaluation of alternative means of controlling these
variables.  In addition, an ongoing effort at thoroughly understanding the policy
system - the political/institutional/economic system that dictates the rate and
pattern of development - will be continued.
                                         14

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                                      ABSTRACT

                         ELECTRIC UTILITY ENERGY SYSTEMS ITA

                                    Lowell Smith
                     ORD/Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
                           Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Washington, D. C.


     Environmental and financial models of the development, operation and associated
air quality impact of the U.S. electric utility system through the year 2000 have
been developed and applied in the first year of this multi-year program.  These
models reflect the financial decision-making processes which occur within utility
firms aggregated to the state level.  Scenarios which consist of selected environmental
constraints, national energy policies and economic climates are utilized in the
models to modify utilities' planning and operating behavior.  The financial and
environmental consequences of these scenarios are described and analyzed in some
depth.

     Potential problem areas which are either currently experiencing high concentration
of aerosol sulfates or are likely to experience high future sulfate concentrations
due to power plant emissions are identified.  This is accomplished by combining the
prediction of high emission counties or air quality control regions for sulfur and
nitrogen oxides with specialized meteorological analysis.  Extreme persistence wind
conditions, air parcel trajectories and average tracks of synoptic-scale stagnating
anticyclones are utilized to develop simple source-receptor relationships for
connecting emission sources with probable impacted areas.

     Lastly, a discussion of efforts to apply these models to current analysis
requirements is given, along with an indication of what directions future expansions
of the model will take.
                                         15

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                                      ABSTRACT

                            OHIO RIVER BASIN ENERGY STUDY

                                    Lowell Smith
                     ORD/Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry
                           Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Washington, D. C.


     EPA has been directed to conduct "an assessment of the potential environmental,
social and economic impacts of the proposed concentration of power plants in the
lower Ohio River Basin.  The study should be comprehensive in scope, investigating
the impacts from air, water and solid residues on the natural environment and
residents of the region."  The ORBES study is being performed through a unique
arrangement with six universities located in the four states of the lower basin.
Planning for the construction of power plants is proceeding at a rapid pace within
the basin with the result that interest in this study has been high since its
inception.

     Scenarios of alternative demand levels and technological responses have been
constructed.  The environmental, social and economic consequences, which fulfillment
of these hypothesized alternative futures might bring to the region, have been
identified and categorized regarding intensity of impact.  Breadth of analysis has
been emphasized over depth of analysis in the first year.

     Early results of these scoping studies are presented.  A selection of results
is discussed in terms of possible mitigation measures or other policy options which
may be necessary to avoid significant adverse consequences to specified localities
or the region as a whole.  Preliminary findings suggest that severe constraints on
power plant developments might be reached within the next twenty years if moderately
high growth rates are experienced over this time interval and a concentrated pattern
of development continues.

     A brief discussion is given of the challenges and opportunities that are
presented by the ORBES organizational structure.  Also included is a description of
the EPA/ORBES efforts to encourage a broad range of interest groups to interact with
the researchers throughout the project.  These experiences have been valuable in the
planning for ORBES-Phase II, which will continue for another two years.
                                         16

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                                      ABSTRACT

                                INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT

                             H. R.  Rickey and M.  C.  Babb
                             Tennessee Valley Authority
                               Chattanooga, Tennessee


     TVA's Integrated Assessment research program is designed to develop  metho-
dologies to improve and accelerate  the analysis processes for forecasting energy
needs, planning and designing energy systems and evaluating environmental and
socioeconomic impacts.  Three specific research tasks are underway.

     These include:

     a.  Development of a method for predicting how much, when and where  electric
         power will be needed;

     b.  Given alternative systems  implied by the above projections,  develop
         improved models for expressing the residuals produced from  each  alterna-
         tive;

     c.  Given the residuals, develop better methods for impact analysis  and rei-
         terative cost analysis —  in particular explore the use of  interactive
         computer graphics as a vehicle for expediting analysis procedures.

     A computer simulation model has been developed to make long range forecasts
of economic and demographic factors including population, labor force, households
and employment.  Recent improvements in the basic model consist of expanding the
model's ability to predict manufacturing conditions at the two-digit SIC  level of
detail and to account for changes in migration patterns.  The model  has been
applied successfully to TVA power service area covering all or part  of seven states.

     Potential difficulties arising from an attempt to predict residual production
using the output from TVA's Integrated Power Systems Planning Model  have  been
reviewed.  Transformation relationships for sulfur dioxide and gross particulates
have been developed which can be used to estimate residual production from specific
generating facilities based on fuel and equipment characteristics and the level of
power production.

     Several types of applications  have been developed which demonstrate  that
computer graphics can be used to reduce cost and time of analysis and improve  de-
cision making for impact assessment.  Applications include the display of environ-
mental data, the analysis of socioeconomic impact indicators, and the interactive
analysis of computer models which predict environmental transport and impact of
residuals.
                                         17

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                                      ABSTRACT

                         STATUS OF AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT
                                 OF COAL DEVELOPMENT
                          Joseph R.  Barse and John W.  Green
                           Economic  Research Service,  USDA
                     Washington, D.  C.  and Fort Collins,  Colorado
     The project "Economic and Social Consequences of Coal and Oil Shale Development"
assesses the effects of alternative public policies toward coal on the future loca-
tional patterns of coal mining,  transportation,  and usage throughout the U.S. and
the specific flows of coal involved.  Also assessed are the use of land and water
and economic activity such as agriculture.  Impacts on rural people and communities
and State revenue flows can be assessed by companion research in ERS,  once a loca-
tional pattern of coal activity is projected.

     A large linear programming model using about 90,000 bits of data is the inte-
grating mechanism.  Although it is an optimizing model, seeking a least-cost solu-
tion to combining all coal system resources, the project does not seek some
theoretical "best" pattern of coal development.   Rather, the objective is to compare
many public policy alternatives toward coal development and usage, given physical
and economic constraints.   These alternatives are to be compared under common ground
rules that the economy is  as efficient as possible in carrying out each hypothetical
alternative; hence the optimizing model.

     Each run of the model will yield a distinctive pattern and level of coal
activity by location in some future year for each alternative policy scenario and
set of constraints, given some projected level of total demand for coal.  Successive
model runs under alternative scenarios will yield other patterns.  Then, by compar-
ing these different patterns, certain effects can be attributed to a policy alter-
native.  Tradeoffs among effects on large and small regions—interregional trade-
offs—can be identified.  Policymakers would then be better informed in choosing
among alternative policies toward coal.

     The model is being developed region by region, and will then be assembled as
an interregional model.  The Western States regional model will be running early
this fall, with Interior,  Appalachian, and Gulf regional models to follow before
the national model is put  together.

     Alternative policies  to be assessed will concern such variables as sulfur
dioxide emission standards, reclamation requirements, and natural gas pricing, as
well as others.  Through consultation with EPA and other agencies, as well as
within USDA, we will assure that alternative policy scenarios to be assessed are
as realistic as possible.
                                         18

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                                      ABSTRACT

                          INTEGRATED SYSTEMS SIMULATION OF
                           LOCAL COMMUNITY IMPACTS IN THE
                               NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS

                                   Lloyd D. Bender
                            Economic Development Division
                           Economic Research Service, USDA

                                    George Temple
                              Montana State University


     The research is conducted by the Economic Development Division of the Economic
Research Service, USDA.  The focus is on application and evaluation of analytical
methods of estimating local economic impacts.  Of special interest are rapid growth
rural communities in the Northern Great Plains.  The final goal is the estimation
of elements affecting the net fiscal impacts on local government services in an
integrated simulation system.

     Computer models of the tax systems of Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota and South
Dakota are of immediate interest.  For a given project, these models calculate the
direct revenues and intergovernmental transfers flowing to schools, cities, counties,
and the State.  The practical applications of the tax models are for (a) prepara-
tion of environmental impact statements, (b) evaluation of the effect of each tax,
and (c) revision of laws by each State.

     The other part of the project is the estimation of employment, population,
and income.  Statistical techniques are applied to secondary data.  Results confirm
two important conclusions regarding rapid development.  First, local multipliers
for employment and income are different for each county.  The multipliers depend
upon (a) the type of basic activity, (b) the location in economic space, and (c)
the level of activity in adjacent counties.  The second major conclusion is that
wage levels must increase in order to attract and retain a larger labor force.
Local wage inflation can occur.  If it does, then the costs of local government
services increase.  Thus the two most important impact elements at the local level
deserving analytical study are the population change and the degree of local wage
inflation which accompany rapid development.
                                         19

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                                      ABSTRACT

                            METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS
                OF THE IMPACTS OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION IN THE WEST

                             Andrew Ford and H. W. Lorber
                            Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
                   Energy Research and Development Administration
                                  Los Almos, New Mexico


     This report describes the progress achieved in the first year of a project to
develop methodologies for analyzing the impacts of electric power production in the
West.  The project objective is to design a computer-based tool to help decision
makers analyze some of the crucial environmental, social, and economic impacts —
particularly the following impacts which involve conditions that are unique to the
West:

     1)  The boom town impacts that result from the construction and operation of
         power plants near small, isolated towns in the sparsely populated West;

     2)  The reduction in visibility caused by the fossil fuel emissions from power
         plants operating in the pristine West.

     Additional impacts that have been addressed include public health effects from
fossil fuel pollutants, occupational health and safety, and the risk of accidental
release of radioactive pollutants from nuclear power plants.  The scale along which
most of these varied impacts are compared is dollars.

     As an example, the report includes a demonstration showing how the methodologies
can be used to calculate impacts associated with the 1985 expansion plan of the
electric utilities belonging to the Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC).  The
report concludes with a discussion of the usefulness of the results and a descrip-
tion of the work to be undertaken later in the project.
This work supported by the Environmental Protection Agency,  LASL Project R260.
                                         20

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CHAPTER V:                 HEALTH EFFECTS
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           John F.  Finklea,  M.D.
                           Director,  National  Institute of Occupational
                           Safety and Health
                           HEW - Rockville,  MD

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                                      ABSTRACT

          DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED
               WITH HAZARDOUS AGENTS FROM ALTERNATE SOURCES OF ENERGY

                        Stephen Nesnow and Michael D. Waters
                         Health Effects Research Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

                                    H. V. Mailing
                      Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis
                 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     An integral part of energy-related health effects research is the development
and utilization of methods which facilitate the detection and evaluation of the
potential health effects associated with exposure to hazardous agents.  These
methods encompass the following King-Muir objective areas:  1.  To identify hazar-
dous agents associated with energy technologies; 2. To develop more, sensitive and
rapid biological methods to evaluate dose and damage to man; and 3. To determine the
processes of damage, repair, recovery, protection and amelioration in biological
systems exposed to hazardous agents.

     The human population exposed to energy effluents can be divided into two
classes:  those exposed to high concentrations of effluents due to their close pro-
ximity to energy production facilities and those exposed to low concentrations or
background levels of these effluents.  In the case of high exposure, both man and
environment must be closely monitored for changes in concentrations of pollutants
and the potential for inducing toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.  In the
case of low level exposure to pollutants the environment must also be constantly
monitored for chronic toxic and genotoxic effects, and then risk assessments made.

     The monitoring of both the human population and the environment requires the
use of sensitive and rapid test systems both in vitro and in vivo which can detect:
alterations in concentrations of pollutants; alterations in normally occurring bio-
logical and biochemical processes; and the appearance of genotoxic effects.

     This report will summarize health effects related research funded through OEMI
for FY 76 in terms of the program described above and make recommendations for future
emphasis.
                                         21

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                                      ABSTRACT

                      INTERAGENCY REPORT ON ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY

               David L. Coffin, V.M.D., Environmental Protection Agency
     Robert L. Dixon, Ph.D., National Institute of Environmental Health Services
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     The interagency program for in vivo toxicology was established for the purpose
of evaluating the toxicological hazards of effluents, waste streams and products of
extraction, processing conversion and utilization of the various energy technologies
by acute and chronic exposure of whole animal models by appropriate exposure
regimens.

     Progress during the past year has been accomplished by improvement of the
biological models for more precise dose response determination, and development of
greater sensitivity.

     Interaction studies are under way which will determine the influence of the
combined effect of pollutants and of interaction of pollutants and biological
disease factors.

     Closer integration between the toxicological program and the technologies
involved is evolving for the purpose of selection of test material from relevant
effluents, waste streams, etc. from the processes according to their priority
ranking and for getting the toxicological input back to the technologies.

     A more systematized biological plan is being evolved which will furnish
relevant data for evaluating the utility of ^.n vitro test systems in energy programs
as a whole and correlation with available clinical and epidemiological data.
                                        22

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                                      ABSTRACT

                            CONTRIBUTIONS OF INTERAGENCY
                             ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM
          TO UNDERSTANDING METABOLISMS AND MECHANISMS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

                                   Murray Schulman
                                 George E. Stapleton
                U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
                                  Washington, D.C.


     The major objectives of this segment of the Health Effects Program are three-fold.
First, to improve the capabilities of extrapolated dose-effect experimentally derived
information to predict critical results of health for man.  Second to provide
mechanically, data that can transcend species variation by establishment of
generalized mechanism of damage and repair at the cellular and molecular level.
Third, to develop the biological and biochemical methods and systems to accomplish
these objectives.  Underlying these objectives is the need to define the pattern of
deposition, distribution, and metabolism which determine chemical dose at the cellular
level of critical organic and biological and physical factors influencing toxicity.

     Effects involve all of the major classes of fossil energy-related pollutants
(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatics, and alicyclics), gases, particulates,
and trace and heavy metals.

     Since the thrust of this portion of the program is developmental in nature and
highly diversified in terms of methodology, it is difficult at present to summarize
in terms of the ultimate objective, namely, improvement of capability to predict
health risk to man.

     Nevertheless, some highlights can be reported:  1) it is clear that carcinogenic
hydrocarbons (polynuclear aromatic) bind to DNA and cells that have produced repair
enzymes can partially counteract the damage, 2) it is possible to evaluate repair
in vivo in critical organs as well as in vitro cell cultures, 3) data is becoming
available that suggest that similar types of molecular damage and repair are involved
that lead to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, 4) chelating agents that are effective
for therapy against deposition of trans uranic elements are also effective against
heavy metals such as Mercury and lead.


     Other interesting studies are under way and will be summarized.
                                         23

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                                      ABSTRACT

               CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH RELATED TO ENERGY

                                John H. Knelson, M.D.
                          Health Effects Research Laboratory
                            Environmental Protection Agency
                        Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     Since 1974, EPA's Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, has pursued a broad based, multidisciplinary research
program to identify and quantify potential health consequences of modified and
alternate energy production technology.  The program has been designed to determine
the specific effects of pollutants emitted from fossil fuel fired sources, served as
a vehicle suitable for gathering health intelligence as the basis for regulatory
standards, and help identify emerging energy technology having the fewest threats to
public health.

     Although animal and cellular oriented studies are a major part of the energy
related research effort, the main health contribution of HERL's energy program are
from clinical and epidemiological studies.  Both clinical and epidemiological work
conducted at HERL can be subdivided.  The first aspect of clinical studies is the
establishment of a research facility specifically designed to generate and access
the effects of hazardous substances.  The second part of the clinical program is the
use of the facility to determine if an effect will occur when humans are exposed to
a specific agent.

     With regard to epidemiological research, the first aspect of the HERL program
is the development of good statistical and data collection techniques.  The second
and most important part of the effort is the planned application of these techniques
on specific populations exposed to potentially harmful substances emitted from
energy sources.
                                         24

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                                      ABSTRACT

                      CURRENT STATUS OF EXTRAPOLATION RESEARCH

                                  Michael D.  Hogan
                 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
                        Research Triangle Park,  North Carolina

                                  William C.  Nelson
                           Environmental Protection Agency
                        Research Triangle Park,  North Carolina


     Two major problems  are encountered whenever human risk resulting from exposure
to environmental carcinogens is  estimated using  data generated in a laboratory
setting.  The first problem involves risk extrapolation to  low,  environmental dose
levels that lie well outside the experimental (observable)  range.  The second arises
because of the need to extrapolate from various  animal species to man.

     Guess and Crump have developed a new statistical model for extrapolating risk
estimates associated with high dose level animal experiments to the low environ-
mental levels likely to  be encountered by the general population.  They have used
their model to analyze data on known carcinogens as well as data from simulation
studies, and their research has  provided new  insight into the linear-nonlinear
debate about the shape of dose-response curves in the environmental exposure region.
Practical aspects of their studies have a direct bearing on the regulatory decision
making process.

     Research into the question of species-to-species extrapolation is also being
promoted under the inner agency agreement.  A review of the carcinogenesis litera-
ture has been initiated  for the purpose of quantifying species differences in re-
sponse to exposure to carcinogenic compounds  and for deciding how these differences
might best be taken into account in the extrapolation process.

     Support has also been given to the establishment of a  computerized catalogue
of published teratology  studies  (ETIC).  To date over 7500  references have been
entered into the system.  In addition,  preliminary steps have been taken to develop
a Teratology Data Bank.
                                        25

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CHAPTER VI:                ATMOSPHERIC  TRANSPORT  AND  FATE
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           Dr.  William  E.  Wilson
                           Environmental Science
                           Research  Laboratory
                           EPA  -  Research  Triangle  Park,  NC

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                                      ABSTRACT

                                    PROJECT MISTT
               MIDWEST INTERSTATE SULFUR TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSPORT

                                    W. E. Wilson
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                         Office of Research and Development
                     Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     Increasing energy needs will require additional combustion of  coal with the
resulting release of S02 into the atmosphere and subsequent conversion to sulfate.
Because of the adverse environmental effects of sulfates,  information is needed
relating anthropogenic emissions of S02 to atmospheric sulfate levels.  Reduction
in urban S02 emissions have been accompanied by an increase in rural S02 emissions,
mostly from power plants with tall stacks located outside  cities.   The Transforma-
tion-Transport Hypothesis holds that S02 emissions from these rural power plants
are transformed into sulfates in the atmosphere and transported over long distances
to urban areas.  Project MISTT was designed to test this hypothesis.

     The MISTT technical approach is to measure the transformation  of S02 to
sulfates in polluted air masses undergoing transport-power plant plumes, urban
plumes, and stagnating anticyclones.  This is done mainly  with aircraft.  The
experimental measurements are used to guide the development of models of the trans-
formation, transport, and removal processes and to test the Transformation-Transport
Hypothesis.

     The results of Project MISTT have confirmed the Transformation-Transport Hypo-
thesis for power plant and urban plumes which have been followed for 300 km.  Limits
have been set on the transformation rates and the critical parameters which control
the conversion rates identified.

     The rate of conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfate aerosol in the plume is
low near the point of emission, but increases to several percent per hour as ambient
air mixes with the plume.  Tall stacks reduce ground-level concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, resulting in a reduction of the amount removed by dry deposition.   Thus,
tall stacks increase the atmospheric residence time of sulfur dioxide, which leads
to an increase in atmospheric sulfate formation.  In urban plumes,  which are well-
mixed to the ground near the source, sulfur dioxide is removed more rapidly by dry
deposition.  These sulfate aerosols may be transported over distances of several
hundred kilometers and produce air pollution episodes far  from the  pollution source.
                                         26

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     AEROSOL FORMATION/TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES
                         IN PLUMES OF COAL-FIRED POWERPLANTS

                                 Rudolf F. Pueschel
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                         Environmental Research Laboratories
                    Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
                                  Boulder, Colorado


     Cloud nuclei within a supersaturation range 0.3 percent to 1.5 percent were
measured in coal-fixed powerplant plumes.  Two mechanisms of formation have been
identified.  First, subroicron flyash particles show a preferential surface
concentration of sulfur and chlorine in comparison to their matrix elements, e.g.,
aluminum and silicon.  The relationship between concentration of surface deposited
matter and inverse particle diameter suggests that S and Cl are absorbed and oxidized
on flyash particles after volatilization in the high-temperature zone of the boiler.
This leads to the formation of cloud nuclei even before a sulfur gas-to-particle
conversion takes place.  Second, a gas-to-particle conversion process takes place
after the effluents leave the stacks.  Rates of formation are of the order of 10
to 10   nuclei per second at distances from the stacks between 10 and 100 kilometers.
The measured rate of decrease of S02 with time, corrected for diffusional losses
based on empirical plume profiling, results in a conversion rate of S02 to SO^ of
less than one percent per hour.

     Ice nuclei were measured upwind and within the effluent plume of coal-fired
powerplants.  Results indicate that plume particles do not act as ice nuclei
between the temperatures of -10 and -20° C in the deposition and/or condensation-
followed-by-freezing mode, nor do combustion gases in the plume deactivate natural
ice nuclei.

     Radiometric measurements in the spectral window (8-14 ym) region resulted in a
transmissivity of 0.82±0.01, an extinction coefficient of 0.99±0.04 per kilometer,
and a cooling rate of 0.64±0.1 centigrade per hour.
                                          27

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                                      ABSTRACT

                    TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF SULFUR OXIDES
                           IN THE TENNESSEE VALLY REGION

                         James F. Meagher and Vinaya Sharma
                            Air Quality Research Section
                                  Air Quality Branch
                             Tennessee Valley Authority
                               Muscle Shoals, Alabama


     The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is conducting a study under the Federal
Interagency Energy/Environment Research and Development Program administered by the
Environmental Protection Agency, to evaluate the contribution of the TVA power
system to ambient concentrations of sulfate in the air.  Experiments are being
conducted (1) to determine the rate at which sulfur dioxide (S02> is converted to
sulfate aerosol (SOr)  within the plume of one power plant isolated from other
sources of atmospheric pollutants and (2) to determine the sulfur loading imposed by
the entire power system on airmasses that traverse the Tennessee Valley region.

     As part of this study, concentrations of S02 and SOr were measured in the plume
of a 2600-MW coal-fired power plant.  The ratio of S02 to SO^ was determined at the
stack and at distances from 10 to 105 km downwind from the plant.  No correlation was
found between values for this ratio and the time of plume travel.  The average
values for the ratio were 0.014 for samples from the plume and 0.0025 for samples
from the base of the stack.  Little (about 1 percent) atmospheric oxidation of SO^
was observed, and apparently most of this oxidation occurred in the immediate
vicinity of the power plant.

     An instrumented air craft and ground-based aerometric and meteorological
networks were used to measure S02 and SOj fluxes.  Several airmasses were sampled on
nine days in February and March of 1976 as they entered the 300- x 300-km study
region from the directions of the prevailing winds (south through west) and again as
they left the region.   High volume samplers at eight ground sites collected samples
for 9-hour average concentrations.

     In preliminary results, the sulfate flux in air entering the area averaged 31
ug m-2 sec--'-, and the sulfate flux in air leaving the area averaged 47 ug m-2 sec- .
However, additional studies, planned for the summer of 1977, must be completed before
any general conclusions can be drawn from these results.  The rate at which S02 is
converted to SOr will be determined for a wider variety of meteorological and
plant-operated conditions, and two aircraft will be used to measure simultansously
the sulfate flux in airmasses entering and leaving the region.
                                        28

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                                      ABSTRACT

                             SULFATE REGIONAL EXPERIMENT

                                   Ralph M. Perhac
                          Electric Power Research Institute
                                Palo Alto, California


     The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is supporting a research program
to define the relation between emitted primary pollutants (e.g., SC^) and regional,
ambient concentrations of secondary products (e.g. sulfates).  Emphasis will be
particularly on identifying the contribution of the electric power industry to
ambient sulfate levels in the northeastern United States.  This project, the SUlfate
Regional E_xperiment (SURE) will be conducted over three years at a cost of about
$5.5 million.

     Part of the stimulus for SURE is the concern that utilities may be required
to reduce S02 emissions in order to meet an ambient sulfate standard.  The relation-
ship, however, between S0£ emissions and ambient sulfate concentrations is obscure,
at best.  Present studies seem to indicate that the formation of sulfates is a
regional problem, tied not just to S0£,  hence no simple relation exists between SC-2
emissions and regional sulfate levels.  If so, a control on S02 emissions may not be
a realistic means of effecting sulfate reduction.

     The SURE program comprises four main elements:  (1) a ground monitoring network
of 54 randomly distributed stations throughout the Northeast; (2) a program of
measurements of air quality using airplanes; (3) a detailed emissions inventory;
and (4) a modeling program.  Nine ground stations will operate continuously over a
2-year period.  The remaining 45 will operate continuously for one month out of each
of the four seasons of the year.  At all ground stations, a wide range of chemical
and meteorological parameters will be measured.  Emphasis is on sulfur compounds;
however, measurements will also include nitrogen species, ozone, and trace metals
in suspended particles.  The airborne work will serve as a limited supplement to the
ground network in an attempt to give a 3-dimensional validity to any conclusions
drawn from the measurements made on the ground.  The emissions inventory will include
SOX, NOX, suspended particles, and hydrocarbons from power plants, other industry,
homes, and surface transportation.  Emissions will be reported as daily averages
for each season.  The modeling effort is designed to yield a. relation which predicts
ambient concentrations of pollutants in terms of local emissions.  Data for the
model will be drawn from SURE and also from other studies.
                                         29

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                                      ABSTRACT

                          THE MULTI-STATE ATMOSPHERIC POWER
                            PRODUCTION POLLUTION PROGRAM*

                                Michael C. MacCracken
                               MAP3S Project Director
                            Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
                                Livermore, California


     The Multi-State Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study (MAP3S) is a
major atmospheric research program of ERDA's Division of Biomedical and Environmental
Research (DBER).   The goal of the MAP3S program is to develop and demonstrate an
improved, verified capability to simulate the present and potential future changes in
pollutant concentration, atmospheric behavior and precipitation chemistry as a
result of pollutant releases to the atmosphere from large-scale power production
processes,  primarily coal combustion.  A major motivation of this program is to be
able to provide those agencies charged with the task of meeting the nation's energy
needs with the knowledge required to assess alternative strategies for generating
power while ensuring ample protection of human health and adequate preservation of
the natural environment.  Since coal is the most abundant domestic fossil energy
resource and since electric power production is a major and growing sector of our
energy economy, this study focuses on the effects of emissions from coal fired
electric power plants, particularly in the high population, energy intensive
northeastern quadrant of the United States.  Research projects are underway to
measure present sulfur oxide concentrations and composition to assess the potential
for long range transport, to investigate transformation processes in plumes from
point and urban sources, to sample precipitation chemistry and understand scavenging
mechanisms, and to develop numerical models that can simulate future air quality on
sub-continental scales given patterns of anticipated combustion emissions.
*Work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Energy Research and Development
 Administration under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.
                                        30

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CHAPTER VII:               MEASUREMENT AND  MONITORING
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           Mr.  George B. Morgan
                           Acting  Director of Environmental Monitoring
                           and  Support  Laboratory
                           EPA  - Las Vegas, NV

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                                      ABSTRACT

                 AIR QUALITY  DATA INTEGRATION IN  THE WESTERN  ENERGY
                           RESOURCE  DEVELOPMENT AREA  (WERDA)

                                  David N.  McNeils
                   Environmental Monitoring and  Support  Laboratory
                        U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency
                                  Las  Vegas, Nevada


     The vast energy reserves in the Western United States  coupled with the
projected demands through the end of the twentieth  century  have raised concern
regarding the potential  impact on the  environmental quality of  that area.   In
addition to low-sulfur coal,  other major resources  such  as  oil  shale,  uranium
and geotherms are in abundance in the  West. The  Federal Government in meeting
its responsibility for providing for energy resources  and in  environmental
planning must have available  an air  quality baseline  from which trends can be
assessed and impacts associated with energy development  activities identified.

     In response to this need for information, a  major interagency program has been
initiated to develop and integrate air quality data throughout  the western
region.  A network of existing monitoring stations  located  in rural areas  has been
selected to provide the  necessary air  quality baseline and  trend data.  Most
widely monitored is TSP  although recently an effort to obtain sulfate  and  nitrate
data from many of the stations has been initiated.  The  concept of a western
energy-related network is enhanced through  the uniform application of  a quality
assurance program on each of  the participating laboratories,  now numbering 17.
Also, the current and pending legislation restricting  the deterioration of visibility
in the nation and particularly in pristine  areas  has resulted in the initiation of
programs to develop methodology and  monitor visibility and  visibility-related
parameters in the West.

     The data developed  during these studies will assist Federal planners  in
assessing the environmental acceptability of the  various types, patterns and
magnitudes of energy resource development and production activities.
                                         31

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                                      ABSTRACT

                WATER QAULITY DATA INTEGRATION IN THE WESTERN  ENERGY
                           RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AREA (WERDA)

                                  David N.  McNeils
                   Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
                        U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
                                  Las Vegas, Nevada


     The objective of the water quality data integration program is  to  provide
uniformly validated environmental quality baseline and  trend data in those
geographical areas of the West potentially  to be impacted by energy  resource develop-
ment and production activities.  Participating with the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency in this effort are elements of  the U.S.  Geological Survey.   Several
other agencies of the Federal Government are cooperating in the study.

     Water quality over the entire WERDA is being assessed and intensive studies
of major basins and water systems where energy-related  impacts are likely have
commenced.  A network of strategically located stations reporting to  the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's national water quality data  base (STORET)  has been
identified.  A quality assurance program specifically designed for this energy
program has been initiated and includes each of the laboratories participating in
the study.

     These data will serve as a reference point from which future energy-related
(or any other) environmental degradation can be measured and upon which national
policy decisions and planning can be based.
                                         32

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     WATER MONITORING IN ENERGY DEVELOPING AREAS

                               Frederick A.  Kilpatrick
                               U.S. Geological Survey
                                   Reston, Virginia


     Presently the Water Resources Division  of the U.S.  Geological Survey operates
a network of 6200 water monitoring stations  nationwide of  which 590 are  in the
energy developing Rocky Mountain and Northern Great Plains States.   Of these, 73
are funded entirely or partially via EPA funds.  These water monitoring  stations
are establishing the baseline water quality, sediment and  flow conditions against
which future assessments of impacts can be made.   This paper will report on three of
the 22 projects involved in the Interagency  Energy/Environment R&D Program with the
USGS:  initial water quality data for the Chaco River basin, New  Mexico; oil shale
areas of Colorado and the southeastern area  of Ohio where  both surface and under-
ground mining are active.
                                         33

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     WESTERN COAL AND OIL SHALE - GROUNDWATER
                   QUALITY MONITORING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

                                 Leslie G.  McMillion
                     Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Las Vegas, Nevada


     An important concern of the Environmental Protection Agency is  the impact  of
Western coal and oil shale developments on groundwater quality and the manner in
which these impacts should be monitored.  A project to provide the answers  is being
conducted under a research contract.  Two field areas, one relating to each resource,
are being intensively studied.  Results are to be presented in documented form
suitable for adaption to other Western areas.

     The project has been underway about six months.  Significant progress  has  been
made on the first task, which relates to collection and evaluation of data  on
hydrology, geology, and potential pollutant sources.

     An additional research need which concerns the oil shale aspect of the project
has been identified.  At the time of contract execution, it appeared oil shale  would
be developed by conventional mining methods followed by surface retorting;  therefore,
the study area was selected on this basis.   Since that time, however, interest  in
that development will be by modified in si t u methods.  The problem of including a
study of the in situ developments in this project is twofold.  First, the planned
in situ developments are in northwest Colorado instead of in Utah where the study
area is established by contract terms.  Secondly, the cost for studying groundwater
effects and monitoring methods related to in situ processes will be higher than the
amounts provided in the project for study of oil shale developments by surface
retorting.  A proposal for expanding the effort has been prepared and is awaiting
approval and funding by the Environmental Protection Agency.
                                         34

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                                      ABSTRACT

                                  MONITORING PROJECT

                                  Edward Tilton,  III
                             Earth Resources Laboratory
                    National Aeronuatics and Space Administration
                                 Slidell, Louisiana

                               Robert W. Landers,  Jr.
                   Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
                         U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Las Vegas, Nevada

     During the summer of 1975, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) entered into a five-year
project for the purposes of transferring hardware and software techniques for proces-
sing remotely sensed digital data which would enable EPA to establish and maintain
a fully operational energy-related overhead monitoring system.  The NASA's Earth
Resources Laboratory (NASA/ERL) at Slidell, Louisiana, and the EPA's Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory at Las Vegas, Nevada (EPA/EMSL-LV), were designated
to implement the five-year plan.

     The project has been divided into three phases.  Phase I was an 18-month segment,
during which existing remote sensing data acquisition, analysis, and information
producing capabilities of NASA were applied to digital data acquired by both LANDSAT
and aircraft over coal strip mines in the Western United States.  A data processing
system was defined, assembled, and transferred to the EPA/EMSL-LV in January 1977.
Key EPA personnel also received training in the use of a similar data processing
system during November and December 1976.

     Suggested analytical procedures and multispectral data applications were
documented in the NASA/ERL report "Western Energy Related Overhead Monitoring Project -
Phase I Summary (July 1, 1975 - December 31, 1976)."  The report is being reviewed
at the EPA/EMSL-LV to determine the usefulness and quality of the suggested procedures.

     During Phase II, the procedures recommended to the EPA will be applied,
verified, and evaluated using current data sets as well as future data sets made
available through an intensive field program now underway at the EPA/EMSL-LV.
Research and development activities continue, in parallel, with objectives to inves-
tigate new procedures for solving complexities associated with processing data on
strip-mining activities.  General descriptions of the Phase II research and development
tasks call for developing 1) a rectification/registration system for multispectral
scanner classified data, 2) a classification system for determining rehabilitation
potential of surface-mined lands, and 3) a signature bank of vegetation species
associated with various ecosystems found in the Western Uriited States.

     NASA/ERL and EPA/EMSL-LV development activities tested by pilot studies will
result in state-of-the-art procedures converging into a final set of recommendations
and future requirements.  Ultimately the EPA/EMSL-LV will transfer this technology to
interested EPA Regional Offices and other potential users.
                                         35

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                                      ABSTRACT

               REMOTE SENSING OF SULFUR DIOXIDE  EFFECTS ON VEGETATION

                         C.  Daniel Sapp and Herbert  C. Jones
                          Division of Environmental  Planning
                                  Air Quality Branch
                             Air Quality Research Section
                             Tennessee Valley Authority
                               Muscle Shoals, Alabama


     A project is underway to develop and refine remote sensing  techniques  and
instruments for monitoring the effects of sulfur dioxide  (S0£) emissions  from
large coal-fired power plants on vegetation.  The techniques  include  (1)  spectro-
radiometry, with a scanning spectroradiometer owned  by the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA); (2)  photographic recording of plants exposed to
S02 in a fumigation chamber; and (3)  a series of overflights  for aerial photography
and multispectral scanning,  in cooperation with  NASA and the  Environmental  Protec-
tion Agency, of areas exposed to S02  in the vicinity of Widows Creek Steam  Plant
in northeastern Alabama and Shawnee Steam Plant  in western Kentucky.

     Digital and manual techniques for processing images are  used in the  project.
A system for analyzing color images has been useful  for enhancing image detail such
as the boundaries of areas exposed to S02 emissions. Digital processing  of imagery
from Landsat will be attempted as soon as improved sensors are orbited by NASA and
suitable coverage of power plant sites is obtained.
                                         36

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT METHODS  DEVELOPMENT
                             SUPPORTED BY ENERGY FUNDS

                                Andrew E. O'Keeffe
                              Senior Science Advisor
                     Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
                       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina


     Comparative measurement of pollutants in ambient air comprises  the most  direct
index of the effectiveness of control measures.   As the production of  energy  pre-
dominates among pollution sources, EPA's Environmental  Sciences Research Laboratory,
as an important part of its contribution to Energy  research  and development,  has
undertaken an intramural program designed to provide new and improved  measurement
techniques judged relevant to the nation's effort to overcome its  energy deficit.

     Principal pollutant targets of this program include sulfur dioxide, sulfate,
sulfuric acid, organic vapors, and fine particles.   A rational approach was devel-
oped for each target pollutant, leading in each case to the  evolution  of a tangible
product which offers a markedly improved capability for meaningful measurement.
These products and their developmental histories will be described.
                                        37

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                                      ABSTRACT

               MEASUREMENT STANDARDS FOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND
                 CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY PRODUCTION AND USE

                                William H. Kirchhoff
                         Office of Air and Water Measurement
                            National Bureau of Standards
                            U. S. Department of Commerce
                                 Washington, D. C.


     In accord with the overall mission of the National Bureau of Standards to
provide standards of measurement and means for making measurements consistent with
those standards, NBS scientists are participating in the EPA administered program on
environmental aspects of energy production and use by developing measurement methods
and Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) for air pollution monitoring,  A new
instrument for monitoring atmospheric particulates containing sulfur has been
developed which combines electrostatic precipitation with flame photometric
detection as its principle of operation.  Standard Reference Materials (SRM's)
applicable to the measurement of stack concentrations of S0£ have been developed
and progress has been made on similar standards for N02.  SRM's for CO in air in the
concentration range of 10 to 50 ppm are also near completion.  Methods are being
investigated to develop SRM's for the X-ray fluorescence analysis of particulates
on filter papers.  To this end, techniques for fabricating glass microspheres of
known composition have been developed and sputtering techniques for producing thin
films of known composition have been investigated,
                                          38

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                                      ABSTRACT

                             ENERGY RELATED RESEARCH IN
                               AIR MONITORING METHODS

                Paul A.  Baron,  Ph.D.  and Laurence J.  Doemeny,  Ph.D.
                National Institute of Occupational Safety and  Health
                            Health, Education and Welfare
                                  Cincinnati, Ohio

     The Measurements Research  Program at the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health involves  development of methods and instrumentation for sampling
and detection of air contaminants in the worker's environment.  In areas related to
energy technology,  the Measurements Research Program presently entails work on six
projects:

     (1)  Evaluation of Personal Sampling Devices in Cold Environments

     (2)  Development of a  Fibrous Aerosol Survey Monitor

     (3)  Development of a  Miniature Gas Chromatograph

     (4)  Development of a  Portable Microwave Spectrometric Analyzer

     (5)  Development of a  Personal Filter Sampler Fiber Counter; and

     (6)  Development of a  Personal Sampling and Analytical Method for H«S.
                                         39

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                                      ABSTRACT

                       DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF IMPROVED
                        RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT CAPABILITIES

       Larry G. Kanipe, Phillip H. Jenkins,  Dale W.  Nix,  and Richard L. Doty
                          Division of Environmental  Planning
                              Tennessee Valley  Authority
                                Muscle Shoals,  Alabama


     A project has been initiated which is designed  to improve radiological
surveillance procedures regarding both sampling and  radiochemical  analyses
on samples.  Further,  models used to calculate  radiological impact are being
evaluated and refined.  A "Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Radio-
analytical Laboratories" has been issued for use within TVA and is being  revised
for nationwide distribution.  A report titled "Least-Squares Resolution of Gamma-
Ray Spectra in Environmental Monitoring," in which the use of  sodium iodide
detection systems is discussed, has been prepared and the results  of the  study  are
in routine use.  The study of germanium detector systems  is nearing completion,
with a report to be issued this year.  Preliminary studies on  environmental moni-
toring schemes are underway.  Finally, data are being collected for use in analytical
model 'refinement, with the collection proceeding according to  plume detection
methodologies developed as part of this project.  As a result  of conducting this
project, a cost—effective means of monitoring  the environmental transport of nuclear
power plant releases and of realistically assessing  the impact of  electric power
generation from nuclear units will be proposed.
                                         40

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                                      ABSTRACT

                           CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS FOUND IN
                             WASTES FROM COAL CONVERSION
                              AND OIL SHALE PROCESSING

                       Ann L. Alford and William T. Donaldson
                          Environmental Research Laboratory
                        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Athens, Georgia

     To determine composition of energy-related industrial wastes for planning
and developing monitoring methods, Research Triangle Institute, under an EPA contract,
analyzed wastes from coal and oil shale gasification projects.  Pertinent literature
and current project plans were reviewed to avoid work duplication.  After information
gaps were identified, waste samples from coal conversion and oil shale processing
activities were collected and analyzed.  Except for mercury, chemical elements
present at concentrations of _>! mg/kg in solids and j>10 ug/1 in liquids were detected
and measured with spark source mass spectrometry; mercury was determined by the cold-
vapor atomic absorption technique.  Specific organic components at concentrations
of _>! yg/1 were identified and quantitated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

     The 45 analyzed samples were obtained from a low BTU coal gasification pilot
plant from in-situ coal and oil shale gasification projects in the United States.
Approximately 70 chemical elements were detected frequently, and in some samples,
more than 200 organic compounds were identified.

     Under another EPA contract, work underway at Gulf South Research Institute will
provide analogous information about effluents from these and other types of energy
activities.  The review of literature reports and related current projects will be
updated periodically.
                                         41

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                                      ABSTRACT

               ERDA:   DIVISION OF BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
                 CHARACTERIZATION, MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING PROGRAM

                                   Robert W. Wood
                         Physical and Technological Programs
                  Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research
                 U.S.  Energy Research and Development Administration
                                Germantown,  Maryland


     A brief discussion of the total ERDA, BER program in characterization measure-
ment and monitoring research will be presented.  Current and  planned  activities
aimed at the analytical characterization of  effluents and emissions from various
energy technology processes will be addressed.

     A description of  the scope, content and objectives of the measurement and
monitoring research program will also be provided.

     The remainder of  the paper will include brief summary statements of the  specific
projects supported through the interagency energy/environment program.
                                         42

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                                      ABSTRACT

                MEASUREMENT STANDARDS FOR WATER MONITORING ASSOCIATED
                         WITH ENERGY PRODUCTION AND USE

                                William H. Kirchhoff
                          Office of Air and Water Measurement
                            National Bureau of Standards
                            U. S.  Department of Commerce
                                 Washington, D. C.


     In accord with the overall mission of the National  Bureau of  Standards  to
provide standards of measurement and means for making measurements consistent with
those standards, NBS scientists are participating in the EPA administered  program on
environmental aspects of energy production and use by developing measurement methods
and Standard Reference Materials (SRM's)  for water pollution monitoring.   Projects
currently underway include the development of an SRM consisting of eighteen  trace
elements in water, the development of methods for the measurement  of  trace elements in
sea water, the development of SRM's for the measurement  of organic compounds in water
and sediment and the development of methods for measuring polar organic compounds
in water and for coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy for the
identification of organic compounds in water.   Methods for determining the chemical
form (speciation) of trace elements in water are being investigated as are methods
for determining the depth profile  of trace elements in individual  sediment particles
using ion microprobe analysis.
                                        43

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     DEVELOPMENT OF WATER-RELATED TECHNIQUES AND
                      INSTRUMENTATION:  U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

                                 Phillip E.  Greeson
                               U.S. Geological Survey
                                  Reston, Virginia
     The U.S. Geological Survey has been active in environmental monitoring for
many years and assistance to numerous Federal, State, and local agencies is common-
place.  As part of its monitoring activities, the Survey has taken a leading role
in the development, testing, and application of methods, techniques, and instru-
ments for measuring water-related constituents and characteristics.  Geological
Survey activities under the Interagency Energy/Environment R&D Program have been
concentrated in four project elements including (1) development of methods for
characterizing and monitoring levels of chronic toxicity, (2) development of instru-
mentation for high-volume analysis of petrochemicals and associated compounds,
(3) development of bedload samplers for measuring stream sediment, and (4) develop-
ment of flumes and weirs and other devices and techniques for measuring sediment-
laden stream flows.

     While emphasis has been placed on the arid and semi-arid regions of the west,
the developed methodologies will have application in all energy-important areas.
Due to the nature of the continuing research, final results still are inconclusive
but advances in the state-of-the-technology are increasing and improved definitive
methodologies will be available in the near future.
                                         44

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                                      ABSTRACT

                   STANDARDIZATION AND INTERCALIBRATION TECHNIQUES
                                FOR MARINE MONITORING

                                 Michael A. Basileo
                                National Ocean Survey
                             Office of Marine Technology
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                 Rockville, Maryland


     This program is directed at developing appropriate mechanisms whereby the
measurement uncertainties associated with environmental data can be defined and
controlled within prescribed limits.  These data quality provisions applied to
environmental monitoring programs result in "qualified data" — data with known
error bands and a defined relation to accepted standards.

     The various standards under development can be categorized by area of use; i.e.,
laboratory, interlaboratory or transfer, and field.  In each case, the development
is directed towards providing a product needed to define or reduce the uncertainty
levels in a particular portion of the overall environmental measurement process.   A
laboratory standard for dissolved oxygen and laboratory methods for the simulation
of the dynamic environment encountered by current sensors  are currently nearing
completion.  Techniques and transfer standards for conductivity/temperature/depth
and precision pressure sensor intercalibrations are also nearing completion.

     Several investigations are in progress which seek to  define the comparability
of results obtained between different approaches to the measurement of chemical
properties of marine waters.  The trend has been to develop direct measurement (in-
situ) systems to replace analytical laboratory methods in water analysis.  The
in-situ approach has several advantages; the most significant is probably cost per
measurement.  The accepted standards, however, are still defined in terms of
analytical methods.  To enjoy the benefits of in-situ monitoring without the loss
of data quality, it is necessary to demonstrate the traceability of the newer
methods to the existing standards.  The results of such demonstration then serve
as a basis for defining the quality of data obtained from the in-situ measurements
in terms of recognized standards.
                                        45

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                                      ABSTRACT

                  EPA/NASA ENERGY-RELATED REMOTE AND IN SITU SENSING
                               INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT

                                 John P. Mugler, Jr.
                        Environmental Quality Program Office
                    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
                                  Hampton, Virginia

     This project was established under the Energy Memorandum of Understanding
between EPA and NASA dated May 2, 1975, to develop advanced and improved instrument
techniques for measuring environmental parameters associated with powerplants and
other pollution sources.  The project contains five tasks which were mutually devel-
oped to assist with the timely development of instruments and technology needed for
energy-related environmental problems.  The objectives of the five tasks are as
follows:  Task 1. - Raman Lidar - To evaluate Raman lidar for remote measurement of
the concentration of S02 at a powerplant stack exit.  Task 2. - Plume Dispersion
Studies - To apply aerosol scattering lidar techniques to the study of plume
dispersion under various atmospheric conditions.  Task 3. - IR DIAL - To develop
and apply the tunable infrared (IR) differential absorption JLidar (DIAL) technique
to the remote measurement of molecular plume effluents.  Task 4. - Laser Heterodyne
Detector - To evaluate the use of the laser heterodyne detector technique as a
means to increase the sensitivity of long-path continuous wave absorption measure-
ments using diffuse reflectors.  Task 5. - HC1 Monitor *• To develop and deliver to
EPA an improved in situ HC1 chemiluminescent monitor evaluated at concentrations
as low as 5 ppb HC1 in ambient and polluted air.  This paper discusses the progress
to date and plans for these five tasks.
                                         46

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                                     ABSTRACT

          LIDAR TECHNIQUES  FOR ANALYZING AND TRACING PARTICULATE  POLLUTANTS
                               FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION

                                   Vernon E. Derr
                            Wave  Propagation Laboratory
                         Environmental  Research  Laboratories
                   National Oceanic and Atmospheric  Administration
                                  Boulder, Colorado


     Particulate pollutants from energy-related  sources disperse  and mix with
natural aerosols.  Both remote sensing  and in-situ identification, measurement  and
tracing techniques are required for impact assessment, prediction of climate  variation
and estimation of the character, concentration and dispersion of  particulate  pol-
lutants arising from man's  activities.   In-situ  sampling  may  provide specific
identification, concentration  estimates and size-distributions, but ground and  air-
craft vehicles cannot economically establish correct average  measurements  over  large
periods of time, are impractical for the study of drift,  and  unfeasible for the
measurements of fluctuations.   Lidar remote sensors, on the other hand, may be
developed, with somewhat diminished accuracy, to identify, measure concentrations
and size distributions, and are the economical instrument of  choice to  measure  these
quantities and their fluctuations  over  large volumes and  extended time  periods.
Improvement of lidar techniques is required to increase accuracy  of identification,
and measurement of size distribution, shape factors  and concentration.   Theoretical
and experimental investigations of depolarization effects, multi-spectral  back-
scatter and absorption, and inelastic scatter are the most promising technique  to
achieve the required improvement for measurements from ground and aircraft.   The
first phase of depolarization  field studies and  the  expansion of  the lidar capa-
bililities to two wavelengths  have been completed.   The depolarization  technique
has been used in the impact assessment  program at Colstrip, Montana to  distinguish
stack emission from dust newly risen from strip  coal mines.
                                         47

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                                      ABSTRACT

                            DOPPLER LIDAR FOR MEASUREMENT
                               OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT

                           R.  L.  Schwiesow and M.  J.  Post
                            Wave Propagation Laboratory
                        Environmental Research Laboratories
                  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                 Boulder, Colorado
     Doppler lidar measures the small-scale boundary layer wind field by frequency
analyzing the signal backscattered from aerosols.   The purpose of this joint research
program is to develop and test operational techniques for the high-resolution
measurement of atmospheric wind, turbulence and aerosol backscatter aspects of
pollutant transport.

     Four environmentally-relevant measurement problems provide the focus for
our research.  In atmospheric diffusion the lidar  can serve as a mobile, high tower
to determine wind profiles for various meteorological and terrain conditions.  To
determine urban ventilation factors, both a wind profile above the urban area and
the thickness of the mixed layer must be measured.   If properly measured and
interpreted, backscatter from a stack effluent can indicate the effluent flow rate.
Knowledge of the wind speeds associated with localized atmospheric vortices such
as dust devils and waterspouts can help in designing secure energy-related
structures such as power facilities.

     Results to date include both technique refinement and field measurements such
as wind profiles to a range of 1 km and height of  200 m, velocity spectra of
vortices, FM-CW lidar ranging, three-component velocity measurements, and plume
backscatter.  Planned research includes aerosol profiling, range extension, and more
efficient data processing.
                                         48

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                                      ABSTRACT

                    AIRBORNE ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING OF POLLUTANTS

                         John A.  Eckert and Michael Bristow
                         Office of Research and  Development
                   Environmental Monitoring and  Support  Laboratory
                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                 Las Vegas, Nevada


     Active remote sensing systems interrogate a pollutant  remotely and  then infer
characteristics of the pollutant based on the interaction of the  interrogating
signal and the pollutant.  Systems to be discussed in this  paper  all utilize lasers
to produce the interrogating signal and all operate in a downward mode from air-
borne platforms.  These systems offer distinct advantages in cost per measurement
considerations and in obtaining the often necessary synoptic view.

     The first system discussed is the downward  looking  LIDAR,  a  device  which
ranges aerosol scattering in the atmosphere below the plane.  The device has par-
ticular utility in determining the dimensions of point source plumes for model
input.  An operational downlooking LIDAR has been tested which features  a real time
display of the LIDAR return signals.

     Ground and flight testing of a prototype earth reflected differential absorp-
tion system for ozone monitoring suggests great  utility  in  studying long range
oxidant transport problems.  A modification to the current  system would  enable use
in mapping selected tracer gases simulating point source plumes.  A system for
monitoring S02 is being designed and a computer  simulation  model  has been created
to optimize component selection,  system response, and display options.

     Laserfluorosensing techniques are presently being evaluated  for use in moni-
toring the presence or effects of environmental  pollutants.  The  concentration of
surface water chlorophyll _a in algae is presently being  monitored using  a heli-
copter-borne laserfluorosensor.  A completed study has indicated  that the use of
laserfluorosensing techniques to detect pollutant induced stress  in leaf tissue
of commercial crops is not feasible.  Lastly, laboratory feasibility studies are
nearing completion on correlations between induced fluorescence emissions from
organics in surface waters and total organic carbon.  An airborne system is being
designed which will map and quantify surface water total organic  carbon  based on
such a correlation.
                                        49

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CHAPTER VIII:               ECOLOGICAL  EFFECTS
                           RAPPORTEUR:
                           Dr.  Allan  Hirsch
                           Chief Officer  of  Biological Science
                           Fish and Wildlife Service
                           DOI  - Washingtonj D.C.

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                                        ABSTRACT

              XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM IN MARINE SPECIES EXPOSED TO HYDROCARBONS

                             Margaret 0. James and John R. Bend
                   National Institute of Environmental Health  Sciences
                               Health Education and Welfare
             St. Augustine, Florida and Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina


        Several  investigators (e.g. Lee _et_ a_l 1972, Korn et_ al_  1976, Statham et:  aj_
              demonstrated that most fish species Jbioconcentrate pollutants, including
-—Tocarbs, from  their aqueous environments.  Hydrocarbons are slowly metabolized
   by  risn"7and  excreted in urine and bile.  The initial metabolic product is an alkene
   or  arene  oxide which is usually more toxic than the parent hydrocarbon.  The  alkene
   or  arene  oxide may  be further metabolized by epoxide hydrase or glutathione S-
   transferase,  or rearranged nonenzymatically to an alcohol or phenol which is  usually
   conjugated before being excreted.  We have studied the effect of hydrocarbon
   pretreatment  of some fish species on the enzymes involved in hydrocarbon metabolism,
   paying particular attention to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

        Our  studies showed that repeated injection of a 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)  or
   dibenzanthracene (DBA) into flounder, skates, or sheepshead, but not stingrays,
   caused a  10-  to 35- fold increase of aromatic hydrocarbon hydroxylase  (AHH) activity
   in  hepatic microsomes.  No induction of epoxide hydrase  or glutathione S-trans-
   ferase was observed in these studies.  Hepatic AHH activity  in sheepshead remained
   elevated  for  at least four months after a single dose of 3-MC, but  epoxide-metab-
   olizing enzymes were not induced at any of the time points or doses studied.

        Studies  in progress include the in vivo metabolism  of selected components of
   crude oil in  representative marine species, and further  elucidation of the role of
   induction in  the metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics.
   REFERENCES
   Korn, S., Hirsch, N. and Struhsaker, J.W.  (1976) Fish. Bull. _7_4>  545 -  551
   Lee, R.F., Sauerheber, R. and Dobbs, G.H.  (1972) Mar. Biol. _17,  201-208
   Statham, C.N., Melancon, M.J. and Lech, J.J.  (1976) Science j.93,  680-681
                                            50

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                                      ABSTRACT

                        CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND AQUATIC
                           BIOASSAYS OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
                                  PROCESS EFFLUENTS

                         R. K. Skogerboe and D.F.S. Natusch
                               Department of Chemistry
                             Colorado State University
                                Fort Collins, Colorado

                           R. C. Russo and R. V.  Thurston
                            Fisheries Bioassay Laboratory
                              Montana State University
                                  Bozeman, Montana

     Process effluents from energy development programs are very frequently complex
mixtures of numer'Olis chemical constituents which may individually or collectively
be toxic to the aquatic biota.  Thus, the assessment of these effluents in terms of
toxicity, the identification of the toxic principals, the delineation of the
environmental stability characteristics of these entities, and the ultimate develop-
ment of quantitative impact predictions are complicated research problems of major
importance.

     To characterize the potential impact of energy development processes on the
biophysical environment, the present program has utilized chemical and biological
assessment methods in a coordinated, feedback mode of operation.  Bioassays run on
effluents, and nondestructively separated fractions thereof, have been used as
means of focusing the chemical analysis efforts on those of most consequence.
Chemical characterization of the toxic effluent fractions has subsequently permitted
the design of further bioassay experiments indicative of which constituents are the
primary toxicants.  As the chemical and biological assessments of each effluent are
completed, the results are used in combination with field evaluation data to develop
impact predictions and/or appropriate control strategies.

     The approaches described above will be discussed with emphasis on the unique
aspects of the characterization and interpretation methods and techniques used.
                                         51

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                                      ABSTRACT

                        EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS USED IN OFFSHORE
                              WELL-DRILLING OPERATIONS

                                 Norman L.  Richards
                          Environmental Research Laboratory
                        U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                                Gulf Breeze, Florida


     Literature on the effects of chemical  use in offshore well-drilling  operations
on marine organisms is very limited.  Policy decisions are currently baStid uu"1
static, 96-hour LC50 determinations, observations of divers,  and theoretical models
of pollutant dispersion.  A limited research program on drilling-fluid constituents
has been initiated at the Gulf Breeze Laboratory to provide a better data base as
one component in the prediction of the relative hazard of using alternative drilling
mud constituents and to develop more relevant laboratory methods for xenobiotic
evaluation.

     This paper discusses the  hierarchically arranged methodology used for testing
the effects of selected chemicals.  Tiered  screening processes were used  for
sequential testing of compounds.   From the  initial set of compounds, two  were
selected for further study; barium sulfate  and pentachlorophenol.  Static toxicity
tests were conducted with larval stages of  three marine/estuarine species, eastern
oyster, grass shrimp and pinfish in a laboratory environment.  Bioconcentration
effects up to 80 times that measured in the exposure water were observed.

     This project is designed  to provide research results for some areas  in which
an understanding of the effects of drilling muds in the Gulf  of Mexico is lacking,
including:

     1)  estimates of the distance that active rigs need to be from coral reefs in
         order to minimize potential effects from emissions;

     2)  effects of mud on resident rig marine life;

     3)  advisability of aquaculture near platforms;

     4)  recommended distance  from rigs for seafood harvesting.
                                        52

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                                      ABSTRACT

           THE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH LABORATORY:  A FACILITY FOR THE
                  INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS AND FATES OF POLLUTANTS

                                Michael E. Q. Pilson
                           Graduate School of Oceanography
                             University of Rhode Island
                               Kingston, Rhode Island


     A full and quantitative understanding of the fate and effects of pollutants in
real ecosystems requires the ability to carry out controlled experiments.  At the
Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of Rhode Island, a series of 12
meso-scale microcosms has been set up.  These are outdoors in fiberglass tanks 5.5 m
high and 1.8 m in diameter.

     The ecosystems maintained in these tanks are intended to be typical of the
N. E. coast of the United States, and are therefore coupled benthic-planktonic
systems.  Each tank contains about one ton of sediment and about 13 cubic meters
of seawater from Narragansett Bay.  The tanks can be run either flow through or as
batches.  The normal flow through rate results in a turnover time of 30 days.  The
tanks are stirred; the stirring rate is adjusted to provide a level of turbulence
similar to that in the Bay.  The tanks can be heated or cooled, and can be operated
all year.

     Results of the first six months of operation indicate that the biological and
chemical behaviour of the systems, while showing some anomalies, was generally
quite similar to that in Narragansett Bay.  In particular, the phytoplankton abun-
dance and species composition were similar to the Bay, with the peaks and crashes
of phytoplankton abundance in the Bay having their counterparts in the tanks.

     Experiments using oil as a pollutant are now underway.  We are obtaining
quantitative information on the effects of relatively low chronic levels of oil on
the phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos.  In addition we are obtaining quanti-
tative information on the fate of the oil in these systems.

     Microcosm research provides an essential intermediate scale of observation
between the beaker and the natural systems.
                                         53

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                                      ABSTRACT
        EFFECTS OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT  EMISSIONS  ON  TERRESTRIAL  ECOSYSTEMS
           J.  M.  Kelly,  N.  L.  Lacasse,  J.  C.  Noggle,  and Herbert  C.  Jones
                            Air Quality Research Section
                         Division  of  Environmental  Planning
                             Tennessee  Valley Authority
                               Muscle Shoals, Alabama


     Anthropogenic emissions of substances to and subsequent deposition from the
atmosphere has increased greatly during recent decades.  Atmospheric pollutants
are imported,  transported,  exported,  accumulated, and often changed  before they
are deposited.  Pollutant effects  may be beneficial or detrimental;  acute  or
chronic.  Both general and specific information about the state,  structure, and
function of the terrestrial environment is essential for determining the extent
of changes that are induced by man's  activities. Efforts to prevent or solve en-
vironmental problems are more likely  to succeed if  they are based upon a thorough
knowledge of the processes that occur in the  ecosystem and if this knowledge can
be integrated  with other factors that affect  the environment, including economic,
technological, and sociological considerations.

     The research needed to provide this required knowledge of ecological  effects
and impacts of atmospheric emissions  should be approached on three levels—the
species, the community,  and the ecosystem—and the  results of studies on these
levels synthesized into  an integrated approach.  Studies conducted at the  species
level generally deal with one or two  species  and are conducted under highly con-
trolled conditions; while research at the  community or ecosystem level involves
increasing complexities  and reduced control of many variables.  Present research
efforts at the species level include  controlled exposure studies  to  determine the
impact of simulated ground-line concentrations of sulfur dioxide  and nitrogen dio-
xide on the productivity of plants.  Studies  at the community level  are conducted
under field conditions to duplicate communal  relationships among  plant species.
An air exclusion system has been developed which allows plants to grow under ambient
conditions and only operates under exposure conditions.  A radioisotope technique
using labeled  soil sulfur is being evaluated  as a method to determine plant accu-
mulation of atmospheric  sulfur. A third effort underway at the community  level
utilizes a specially developed microcosm system to  evaluate the effects of acid
precipitation  on plants  and soils.  A forested watershed provides an excellent
means of evaluating the  integrated response of the  ecosystem level.   Two forested
watersheds one located near a power plant  and the other located in a background
setting are being compared in order to quantify the integrated response at the
ecosystem level.

     The synthesis level carries environmental research to a final level of com-
plexity, which integrates ecological  considerations with economic and sociological
data to evaluate the total environmental complex.  To provide relevant information
on the complexities of ecosystems  and the  observed  or anticipated responses of eco-
systems to environmental perturbations, /a] balanced  approach must  be  taken  to the
research hierarchy discussed previously!,

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                                      ABSTRACT

                       EFFECTS OF PRUDHOE .CRUDE OIL SPILLS ON
                                COASTAL TUNDRA PONDS"'
                         Michael C. Miller, J. Robie Vestal
                          Department of Biological Sciences
                              University of Cincinnati

                            Samuel Mozley, Malcolm Butler
                            Great Lakes Research Division
                               University of Michigan

                                   John E. Hobbie
                                  Ecosystems Center
                              Woods Hole, Massachusetts


     Detailed and long-term studies on the ecological effects of and recovery from
controlled crude oil spills have shown marked changes in species composition and
slow recovery to pre-spill conditions.  The rate of oil degradation is slow near
the frozen arctic ocean, which may increase the exposure time of soluble compounds
to pond organisms.  Initially, the smaller volatile compounds go into solution
(less than 2 percent of the oil by weight, max. 14-17 mg/1 without agitation) inhibit-
ing algal photosynthesis and killing zooplankton.  Changes in algal composition occur
and remain changed for years so long as the zooplankton grazing is reduced.  Zoo-
plankton colonization occurred every year and yet densities remained low and Daphnia
did not live through the summer for five years following a whole pond spill.

     Invertebrates living on the surface or on emergent vegetation were caught
mechanically in the floating oil scum.  Little direct mortality caused by  soluble
compounds could be shown experimentally or observed in situ.  However, those chiro-
nomids (Diptera) which mate on the pond surface and egg masses attached to vegeta-
tion were vulnerable to entrapment in the floating oil scum.  Since the chironomids
had long life cycles, up to seven years, loss of one or two annual cohorts may be
evident in the ponds for may years.  Metamorphosis of fourth instar chironomids
was seriously reduced in the year following the spill.  Chironomid species compo-
sition in an oil treated pond remained markedly different from control ponds after
seven years.

     Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton, chironomids and other aquatic
invertebrate species composition would not be expected in warmer climates  where
similar organisms have many generations per year.  However, the multi-year or
univoltine life cycles in the artic macroorganisms near Barrow, Alaska mean that
potential accidents with crude oil will leave long-lasting effects.  Few visual
effects and the lack of change of rates of metabolism of the whole system, suggest
that removal of the floating, black scum of oil by suction or a boom might be the
best treatment to minimize damage during the ice-free period.
                                          55

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                                      ABSTRACT

                             MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO
                           SULFUR DIOXIDE IN GREEN PLANTS

                                    Philip Filner
                   Energy Research and Development Administration
                              Plant Research Laboratory
                              Michigan State University
                               East Lansing, Michigan


     Although inheritable differences in susceptibility of plants  to S02  toxicity
have long been known, the mechanisms responsible for these differences are still
being sought.  In this study, two cultivars of Cucurbita Pepo  (squash and pumpkin)
and tWO of CuCUmlS SativilS__(ciinumbers') Tjprp pypngprj tO S02 at  varjrmp rrmppnl-raMnng .
Absorption of S02 and degree of injury were measured.  The four cultivars differed
as much as five-fold in being susceptible to injury to S02 when compared  on  the basis
of the external concentration of S02 to which they were exposed.

     However, they all had equivalent susceptibility when compared on the basis
of S02 absorbed.  It is concluded that the principal factor responsible for  varietal
differences in resistance to S02 is the rate of S02 absorbed.

     Young leaves of all four cultivars sustained much less injury than did  mature
leaves, when compared on the basis of either external S02 concentration or S02
absorbed.

     It is concluded that the resistance mechanism characteristic  of young leaves
operates after S02 has been absorbed and therefore, reflects a biochemical difference
between young and mature leaves.
                                         56

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                                      ABSTRACT

                     ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION - AN APPROACH TO
                  COASTAL NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
                                   A. W. Palmisano
                            Office of Biological Services
                              Fish and Wildlife Service
                           U.S. Department of the Interior
                                  Washington, D.C.


     Man is at the threshold of the era of integration:  Problems we face today are
so complex and wideranging that solutions require a "holistic" approach.  The
principal strands of the new web of understanding are supported by the three
disciplines of technology, scociology and bio/ecology; together they comprise our
environment.  Bio/ecological components can range in scope from systems as large as
the biosphere or as small as the gene.  This paper suggests a midlevel, ecosystem
approach to developing information which will benefit planners, decision makers and
researchers.  The concept of ecosystem characterization is not very profound or
complicated and can be defined as a description of the important components and
processes comprising an ecosystem and an understanding of their important functional
relationships.  Strong emphasis is placed on systems understanding through structured
integration of information from the diverse physical and biological sciences.

     The approach involves the delineation of the physical boundary of the system,
preparation of a functional conceptual ecosystem model, information synthesis and
analysis using the model as the "blueprint," preparation of a pilot characterization
report and a final ecosystem characterization report which stresses functional
understanding.  The process brings together in an information appendix, most of the
relevant information about the system.

     The Fish and Wildlife Service presently has four coastal ecosystem characteriza-
tion studies nn4erwav using EPA Interagency Energy/Environment "K&D Program funds .
Two are located on the Atlantic coast, one on the GuLf- coast — ami one on the Pacific
coast.  The earliest__is^ scheduled for completion^p July of 1977_._
                                          57

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                                      ABSTRACT
                          ASSESSMENT OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS

                                  Robert P.  Hayden
                          U.S.  Fish and Wildlife Service
                           Office of Biological Services
                             Department of the Interior
                                  Washington,  D. C.

     Energy development decisions have been forecast to make extensive  demands  on
water supplies which currently  furnish habitat for fish, wildlife,  and  endangered
species.  Improving the capability to predict  the quantity of water which must  remain
in streams to maintain their dependent natural systems is a complex and difficult
task recently undertaken by the U.S. Fish and  Wildlife Service with support  from EPA
and others.

     The initial assessment of  the state-of-the-art  of methodologies for determining
instream flow needs has been completed.  Methodological, research,  and  data  gaps
have been identified.   A multi-year effort has been initiated to close  the meth-
odological gaps.  Supporting research projects to establish critical biological
relationships and the necessary bibliographic  and factual information systems are
also underway.  The framework for a data base  of identified water quantity needs for
the highest priority streams in the 17 Western States has been developed and 6  states
have already completed the first phase of the  project.

     To provide a focus for the many divergent activities on-going  in this area, a
Cooperative Instream Flow Services Group has been established.  This group is furnish-
ing support and assistance to Federal and state agencies developing, testing, and
applying methodologies for determining instream flow needs.

     A simulation model that predicts the effects of altered stream flows has
recently been developed, and will likely be tested as part of the Water for  Energy
Assessment Program being conducted by the Water Resources Council.   If  successful,
the model will be a useful tool for alternative site selection and  trade-off
evaluation.

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