TD1788U58
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ro ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
BRIEFING BOOK
March 1978
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Office of Research and Development 3
Office of Health and Ecological Effects ----- Washington 11
Office of Air, Land and Water Use -------- Washington 27
Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry ----- Washington 39
Office of Monitoring and Technical Support - - - Washington 53
Carcinogen Assessment Group ------- — -- Washington 67
Health Effects Research Laboratory ------- Research Triangle Park ... 73
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - - - Research Triangle Park ... 91
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - - Research Triangle Park . . . 183
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory - Research Triangle Park ... 129
Health Effects Research Laboratory ------- Cincinnati 145
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory - - - Cincinnati 163
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - - Cincinnati 183
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory - Cincinnati 205
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory - Las Vegas 221
Environmental Research Laboratory - Ada 243
Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens 263
Environmental Research Laboratory - Corvallis 281
Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth 299
Environmental Research Laboratory - Gulf Breeze 313
Environmental Research Laboratory - Narragansett 325
Environmental Research Information Center - Cincinnati 341
National Center for Toxicological Research - Jefferson 351
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OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C.
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OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MISSION
Produce scientific data and technical tools on which the Agency can base
sound National policy in the development of effective pollution control
strategies and reasonable environmental standards. Promote programs to
provide insight to complex environmental issues such as:
• How pollution can be identified, measured, and monitored;
• What determines a substance in the environment becoming a
pollutant requiring regulation and control;
• What levels of pollutant discharge from specific sources
can be permitted while still attaining defined ambient
quality standards;
• What are the health and ecological effects of pollutants
on people, other life forms and the inanimate environment;
t What technologies are available for controlling pollution
and what are their characteristics;
• How can environmental quality best be maintained.
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
$ (M)
43.0
41.3
13.6
4.1
8.3
0.8
25.9
1.4
96.4
7.2
FY-77
Positions
460
546
104
22
121
30
214
6
123
101
$ (M;
42.3
47.3
16.4
7.6
9.5
0.8
23.1
3.4
96.3
7.3
FY-78
I Positions
416
504
115
21
123
30
228
45
144
106
Air
Water Quality
Water Supply
Solid Wastes
Pesticides
Radiation
Noise
Interdisciplinary
Toxic Substances
Energy
Program Management
and Support
ORD Program Total 242.0 1727 254.0 1732
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
The ORD research program is administered through 4 Offices and
implemented by 15 Laboratories:
FY-77 ($1,OOP's) FY-78 ($1.OOP's)
Office of Health and Ecological 67,551 73,117
Effects
Office of Energy, Minerals, and 91,280 92,253
Industry
Office of Air, Land and Water Use 53,927 61,375
Office of Monitoring and Technical 23,213 24,488
Support
Program Areas
1. Health Effects - Investigate health hazards associated with environmental
pollution in air, water, pesticides, radiation, water supply and toxics.
2. Ecological Processes and Effects - Determine effects of atmospheric,
aquatic and terrestrial pollutants on the structure and function of
ecosystems and on biotic and abiotic subcomponents of these ecosystems.
3. Transport and Fate of Pollutants - Investigate the chemical and physical
phenomenon of pollutants as they migrate from source to receptor and
otherwise persist in the ambient environment.
4. Minerals, Processing and Manufacturing - Address point sources of
pollution from the industrial sector and focus on mining, manufacturing,
service and trade industries which are involved in the extraction,
production and processing of non-energy materials into consumer products.
5. Renewable Resources - Develop total management systems to control air,
water and land pollution resulting from the production and harvesting
of food and fiber and their related residual wastes.
6. Haste Management - Research the prevention, control, treatment,
and management of pollution resulting from wastewater discharges
from community, residential or other non-industrial activities.
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7. Water Supply - Provide technology and management criteria necessary
for the maintenance of a dependably safe supply of drinking water.
8. Environmental Management - Develop improved procedures for planning,
implementing, enforcing, and assessing cost-effective environmental
protection strategies for particular problem areas (air, water, etc.).
9. Characterization and Measurement Methods - Provide methodologies and
measurement instrumentation for all pollutants (pesticides, toxic
substances, industrial chemicals, petrochemicals, combustion products,
etc) in air, surface and groundwaters.
10. Measurement, Techniques and Equipment Standardization - Provide candidate
analytical reference methods, sampling procedures and instrumental
monitoring systems so that standardized techniques are available
for Agency monitoring requirements.
11. Quality Assurance - Provide methodologies and criteria for establishing
validated measurement systems and conduct quality control activities
to assure the inter-comparability of all monitoring data.
12. Technical Support - Provide scientific and technical consultative
services to other Agency components to solve immediate and
short term problems through the use of specialized expertise
and ORD faciliites.
13. Technical Information - Effectively disseminate and transfer
findings and products of the research and development program to
users both within the Agency and throughout the public and private
sectors.
14. Energy Extraction and Processing Technology - Includes characterization
of pollutant sources, assessment of environmental problems and develop-
ment of control techniques to mitigate the environmental impact of the
extraction and raw material processing of energy fuels. Solid, liquid,
and gaseous fuels, as well as advanced energy sources such as uranium
and geothermal sites, are considered.
15. Energy Conservation, Utilization and Technology Assessment - Assure
adequate energy production from fossil fuels with minimum damage to
environmental quality.
16. Energy Health and Ecological Effects - Determine environmental effects
associated with energy extraction, transmission, conversion and use
so that criteria can be developed to protect human health and the
ecosystem.
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STEPHEN J. GAGE
Acting Assistant Administrator
for Research and Development
Washington, D. C.
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations;
Honors:
University of Nebraska, B.S., 1962
Purdue University, M.S., 1964
Purdue University, Ph.D. (Nuclear Enqineerinq)
1966
Acting Assistant Administrator for Research
and Development, EPA, 1977-Present
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Energy, Minerals,
and Industry, EPA, 1975-1977
Acting Director, Office of Energy Research, EPA
1974-1975
Senior Staff Member for Energy Programs, Council on
Environmental Quality, 1972-1974
White House Fellow, White House Office of
Science and Technology, 1971-1973
Associate Professor, University of Texas, 1970-1971
Director, University Nuclear Reactor Laboratory,
University of Texas, 1966-1970
Faculty, Engineering Department, University of
Texas, 1965-1966
American Men of Science
Who's Who in the Southwest
American Nuclear Society
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Sigma Xi
Sigma Tau
Pi Tau Sigma
Phi Eta Sigma
Distinguished Engineering Alumnus, Purdue
University, 1975
Outstanding Faculty Awards, Engineering Foundation,
University of Texas, 1966, 1967, 1970
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ICE OF HEALTH &ECOLOG
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OFFICE OF HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
WASHINGTON, D. C.
11
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OFFICE OF HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MISSION
Document the ecological impact as pollutants move through the environment
and evaluate the health risks to man. OHEE research contributes to the
scientific foundation needed to make regulatory decisions that will protect
and enhance the human environment.
Documentation of human exposure to environmental pollutants in relation
to adverse health effects is necessary if EPA is to develop control
strategies to protect the population against environmental insults.
Exposure to pollutants may adversely affect man's physiological processes,
resulting in subclinical changes, development or exacerbation of sickness,
or even death. Man is usually exposed by three primary environmental
media; respired air, drinking water, and food.
EPA is responsible for conducting research related to ecological systems
and environmental quality. As with human health, documentation of
exposure to environmental pollution in relation to adverse ecological
effects is necessary if the Agency is to develop appropriate control
strategies. Outputs from this program are used in developing water
quality standards, effluent guidelines for toxic and hazardous materials,
ocean discharge criteria, secondary air quality standards, and dose-
response relationships for pesticides and other toxicants.
Ecological effects research investigates the impact of perturbations and
contaminants on the environment as a whole, while health effects research
determines the impact of these ecological changes and contaminants on the
well-being of man. Ecological effects research and health effects research
are complementary to each other. For example, ecological research is
concerned with determining the toxic effects of contaminants and the
ability of those organisms to concentrate the contaminants. Ultimately,
many of these organisms pass through the food chain to man. Therefore,
health effects research is supported by ecological effects studies.
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area
1. Air
2. Water Quality
3. Water Supply
4. Pesticides
5. Radiation
6. Interdisciplinary
7. Toxic Substances
8. Energy
9. Program Management
Support
Total
Biological Sciences
Chemical Sciences
Engineering
Physical Sciences
Other
In-house Extramural
7,639
10,614
1,969
5,440
776
747
320
936
1,735
30,176
Total Ful
8,339
5,779
4,422
2,620
54
6,533
748
8,515
'
37,010
PERSONNEL
1-time EPA Personnel
• Professional
• Non-professional
In-house Extramural
8,142
10,948
2,616
5,926
758
1,627
1,039
1,130
2,190
34,376
= 727
= 486
= 241
7,200
8,491
4,475
3,572
72
6,871
1,205
6,855
38,741
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
:es
t
72 70
52 14
26 14
7 5
21 19
178 122
Doctorate M.D.
90 9
41
9
14
23
177 9
Total
241
107
49
26
63
486
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
The OHEE Research Program is implemented by the OHEE Laboratories
located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Corvallis, Oregon, Duluth, Minnesota, Gulf Breeze, Florida, and
Narragansett, Rhode Island.
1. Air
Program consists of three areas:
• Health Effects - Conduct research to provide a sound scientific
basis upon which to establish and continually evaluate primary
ambient air quality standards. Toxicological investigations,
controlled human exposure studies, and epidemiological studies
of targeted populations focus on those air pollutants that may
or do adversely affect the public health. Specific areas include:
developing scientific data needed for a possible short-term NO;?
standard; clarifying the health data base for oxidants; reviewing
new data to determine the adequacy of existing pollutant standards;
compiling a data base to evaluate the health effects of sulfates,
nitrates and other particulates; assessing exposure-effect relation-
ships of chronic, low-level exposure to trace metals and other
non-pesticide substances; collecting and analyzing information
on the effects on public health of emissions from automobiles.
Additionally, continuing an assessment of the contribution of
environmental carcinogens to the incidence of cancer in the
general population.
• Ecological Effects - Conduct research to provide a sound
scientific basis upon which to establish and continually
evaluate primary ambient air quality standards. Research
focuses upon the effects of air pollutants on the structure
and functions of ecosystems, especially on their economically
useful components, such as forests and crops. Laboratory and
field studies and mathematical theoretical simulations are
conducted to support establishment and reevaluation of air
pollutant criteria documents, and to provide policy makers with
guidelines to assess the environmental impact of municipal,
industrial, and agricultural emission sources as well as energy
resource development.
• Biological and Climatic Effects Research (BACER) - Program is designed
to reduce uncertainties concerning human health, biological, ecological,
climatic, social, and economic effects resulting from anthropogenic
generated pollutants which deplete stratospheric ozone. This
research will provide integrated assessments to support regulatory
decision-making.
1r
c
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2. Hater Quality
Program consists of two areas:
• Health Effects - Develop criteria for the safe treatment and
disposal of wastewaters and sludges; develop health-related
criteria for fresh and marine recreational waters. Determine health
effects associated with land application of wastewater and sludge for
safe implementation of such practices; develop health effects information
to assure public safety from pollutants emitted from wastewater treatment
plants. This program also supports the national goal that water be
suitable for recreation and fish and shell-fish production by 1983.
The available data base for recreational and shellfish growing water
quality standards is deficient. Possibly, current standards are
too stringent, resulting in unnecessary closing of beaches and
shellfish growing areas, excessive chlorination costs, and discharge
of chlorinated effluents which are known to be ecologically harmful.
• Ecological Effects - Determine toxicological effects of water pollutants
on aquatic organisms, both fresh and marine. Research is designed to
determine pollutants and pollutant combinations on organisms in aquatic
ecosystems, and on critical ecosystem parameters and processes.
Investigate the physical, chemical, and biochemical transformation
products of pollutants introduced to or passed through aquatic
ecosystems. Additional research characterizes natural and stressed
aquatic ecosystems; develops mathematical ecosystem simulations and
laboratory models to predict pollutant stress effects on aquatic
biota and ecosystems; develops methods to measure the relative
health of aquatic ecosystems. Inherent in these efforts is the
consideration of intermedia pollutant transport and effects, wherever
applicable.
3. Water Supply
t Health Effects - Conduct research to provide the health
effects data bases necessary for issuing, under the Safe
Drinking Water Act, maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for
organic, inorganic and microbiological contaminants of
drinking water. Provide the health effects data bases
necessary for setting criteria for the reuse of wastewaters
for potable purposes. Research is designed to determine
the nature and health effects of substances found in drinking
water 'or formed during water treatment. Rapid screening
techniques, toxicological and epidemiological studies are
utilized to assess the health effects of drinking water
contaminants.
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4. Pesticides
Program consists of two areas:
• Health Effects - Evaluate the health effects of pesticides
under the registration, reregistration and rebuttable
presumption against registration processes and under the
substitute chemical program. Develop and validate new
toxicological and analytical methods. Develop supplementary
data and missing information as well as checks to establish
the validity of registrant provided data.
t Ecological Effects - Study the ecological effects of pesticides
and determine candidate substitute pesticide chemicals. These
programs aid in the registration and reregistration of pest
control agents and in the formulation of policies involving
the registration process.
5. Radiation
• Health Effects - Conduct research on non-ionizing electro-
magnetic radiation (EMR) to provide the health effects data
base for guideline decisions by the Office of Radiation
Programs. Preliminary U.S. data indicate current exposure
standards may be too high. Determine biological effects and
interaction mechanisms of EMR frequencies and power densities.
Toxicologic studies are used to assess behavioral, teratologic
and immune defense effects of exposure to chronic, low-level,
microwave exposure.
6. Interdisciplinary
Program consists of three areas:
t Assessment documents - Synthesize and assess available scientific
and technical knowledge on major pollutants; summarize information
on the validity and significance of such data prior to initiating
action to develop regulations.
t Socio-economic research - Develop and demonstrate improved
methodology for quantifying the benefits of pollution control
expenditures and for other means for assessing tradeoffs in
pollution control management. Results aid the Agency in establishing
national goals and priorities for national pollution abatement
activities and in anticipating the need to alter these priorities
if necessary.
• National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) - Funded jointly
by the Food and Drug Administration and EPA as a national facility
to study the long-term effects of low doses of chemical toxicants.
Scientific community continues to be concerned about the possibility
that much more severe damage to man and the environment may be
17
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occurring through low dose exposure to toxicants over a long period
of time. Research is undertaken to evaluate such cumulative, low
dosage chronic effects.
7. Toxic Substances
Program consists of two areas:
• Health Effects - Determine adverse effects of toxic substances
and their metabolites on human health. Included is the assess-
ment of toxicity of metals and inorganic and organic non-pesticide
pollutants that reach man through different routes of exposure.
Also, develop protocols for improved toxicity testing of substances,
validate these protocols, and establish criteria for determining
which substances should be declared hazardous to human health.
• Ecological Effects - Develop rapid, reliable and economic procedures
for screening chemical substances and mixtures. These screening
procedures will provide the scientific basis for deciding the
safety and acceptability of the chemical, or mixture, in the
environment. Research utilizes physical and biological processes
and effects at various levels (cellular to organism or ecosystem)
to test for toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, bioaccumulation
and ecosystems response. The research will be closely coordinated with
the development of health effects screening procedures. The screening
tests developed would be statistically related to long-term chronic
studies for validation purposes.
8. Energy
Program consists of two areas:
• Health Effects - Examine possible carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic
and respiratory effects on humans from existing and emerging energy
technologies. Of particular interest is new information about
previously unanticipated pollutants related to fossil fuel combustion
and their effects.
• Ecological Effects - Investigate the environmental aspects of fresh-
water, marine, and terrestrial ecosystem response to energy-related
activities. Freshwater studies concentrate on impacts from coal-
and oil-shale extraction, and coal gasification and liquefaction.
Near-term marine research establishes background contaminant levels
in both ocean and estuarine dwelling organisms and their habitats.
The terrestrial portion of the program emphasizes the ecosystem
impacts of pollutants from coal combustion and effects of strip
mining and methods for strip mined land reclamation.
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Demonstrated that exposure to 1200 yg/m (0.6 ppm) of ozone for
one hour results in significant impairment of lung function in
humans. Impairment is greater after 2 hours exposure and a sup-
pression of lymhocyte (white blood cell) function persists in these
subjects for as long as eight weeks.
2. Documented evidence to support more restrictive S02 Secondary Air
Quality Standards.
• Using naturally varying S02 exposures within a range of median
concentration, significant losses in yield or death of onion
and radish were measured at median levels from 0.08 to 0.15
ppm S02-
0 Chronic, low level exposures of alfalfa to a range of median
concentrations of S02 showed a threshold for significant effects
on growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation to be .02 ppm; at 0.06
ppm they were reduced 50% and 40%, respectively.
• Preliminary results from controlled field studies using pH values
typical of rainfall acidities occurring and expected in the U.S.
show significant effects on soil litter decomposition, nutrient
cycling and plant growth of tulip poplar, radish and snap beans.
3. Completed data gathering on Lake Ontario for the International Field
Year for the Great Lakes, and developed an euthrophication model of
Lake Ontario which enables managers to forecast lake response to
different nutrient control strategies.
4. Epidemiological and other health studies have demonstrated a
correlation between chlorination of drinking water, production of
trihalomethanes, and excess cancer incidence.
5. Research results are used by the Agency's Office of Pesticide
Programs in the registration and reregistration program for pesticides,
This information often appears on the caution label of particular
pesticides.
6. FY-76-77 - Investigated waterborne disease outbreaks in eleven states
and Puerto Rico in collaboration with the Center for Disease Control.
Several outbreaks in 1977 have been found to involve the protozoan
Giardia Iambi ia. Findings have been summarized in a continuing
series of annual reviews.
7. The nationwide biological monitoring program (Mussel Watch) has
identified several localized "hot spots" of PCB's and of DDT and
its degradation products in coastal waters.
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8. Conducted baseline studies in clean air to demonstrate the
effective operation of the CLEANS facilities prior to population
studies. Thirty subjects have been tested for baseline pulmonary
function. Results indicate that the air quality of the data
resulting from computer control will be a major asset in
detecting small changes resulting from pollutant exposures.
9. Biological and Climatic Effects Research (BACER) studies have shown
that UV-B has a detrimental effect on certain plant and animal
species, and their relationships in ecosystems, both on land and
in water. This suggests that increased UV-B could reduce food
production.
10. Completed Lead Criteria document which was issued by the Administrator,
December 2, 1977.
See Laboratory reports for HERL-Research Triangle Park, HERL-Cincinnati,
ERL-Corvallis, ERL-Duluth, ERL-Gulf Breeze and ERL-Narragansett for
additional accomplishments.
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Ecological and health effects research will become increasingly
complementary. Ecological research is concerned with determining
the toxic effects of contaminants on organisms, populations, and
ecosystems. Research on the ability of contaminants to concentrate
and pass through the food chain to man is supportive of human health
effects research.
2. The need to expand beyond single organism or individual population
approach to establish effects of man's activities on ecosystems
has received increasing attention in recent years. For example,
how far can we stress a portion of a coastal area before it loses
its resiliency or ability to return to a productive level indigenous
to that system? Also, problems such as the effects of boundary
conditions of the microcosms in its ability to track the natural
systems to be systematically evaluated.
3. Ecological and health effects research is needed to provide a
coordinated approach to environmental carcinogenesis. Increased
awareness of the implications of carcinogens in the ambient
environment requires more research and better coordination of
research in this area. This program includes in vitro, whole
animal, and population studies; exposure and dose assessments;
and risk assessments.
4. A formal training program will be introduced to assure application
of specialized analytical methods. EPA Regional Offices, academic
institutions, and industrial interests, need ORD resources
continually for some form of training. Better use of resources
will result from the establishment of a formal training program
presenting state-of-the-art research metods using technology transfer
as a medium.
5. Develop a rapid and simple bioassay procedures for characterization,
in terms of potential health effects, of initially, complex effluents
and, later, finished drinking water. Parallel efforts are required
to develop concentrates which are representives of raw water.
6. Develop new quality criteria for use for a variety of purposes of
water reclaimed and recycled through advanced wastewater treatment
processes, including land treatment processes.
7. Develop new short-cut and screening tests for freshwater biological
and ecological effects.
8. Move from acute tests with single species to chronic or entire life
cycle of indicator species. Criteria for effects now emphasize
sublethal rather than strictly lethal ones.
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9. EPA is beginning a systematic evaluation of health and ecological
implications of widely used organic compounds. Focus is on the
problems to be addressed by the Toxic Substances Control Act.
10. Develop a handbook to provide decision criteria for assessing the
limnological, social, and economic impact of various lake restoration
techniques.
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country/Organization
Bilateral Agreements
US-USSR
Program/Project
Comprehensive Analysis of
the Environment
Completion
Date
1979
Total
Multilateral Agreements
Federal Republic of
German and Commission
of the European
Communities
Symposium on biological
monitoring and specimen
banking with emphasis on
ecological samples
1978
$50,000
See HERL-RTP, HERL-Cincinnati, ERL-Corvallis, ERL-Duluth,
ERL-Gulf Breeze and ERL-Narragansett for additional projects,
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION IX - Determining the economic benefits of pollution control
in the South Coast Air Basin of California.
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DELBERT S. BARTH
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Health and Ecological Effects
Washington, D. C.
Education: West Point, B.S. (Military Engineering), 1946
Ohio State University, M.S. (Nuclear Physics), 1952
Stevens Institute of Technology, M.S., (Solid State
Physics), 1960
Ohio State University, Ph.D. (Biophysics), 1962
Professional
Experience:
Deptuy Assistant Administrator for Health and Ecological
Effects, EPA, 1976-Present
Director, National Environmental Research Center, EPA,
Las Vegas, Nevada, 1972-1976
Director, National Environmental
Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Research Center,
1971-1972
EPA.
of Air Pollution Sciences, Research
N. C., 1971
of Criteria and Standards, Durham, N.C.
Director, Bureau
Triangle Park,
Director, Bureau
1969-1971
Chief, Bioenvironmental Research, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, DHR/NCRH, Las Vegas, 1963-1969
Investigator and Staff Officer, Experimental Radiobiology
Program, DHR, Rockville, Maryland, 1962-1963
Outside the service training, Ohio State University,
1961-1962
Staff Officer, Evaluation and Planning Section, OCR,
Rockville, Maryland, 1960-1961
Officer, Chemical Corps, U.S. Army, 1946-1960
Assitant Professor, Department of Physics and Chemistry,
USMA, West Point, New York, 1956-1960
Various assignments within speciality of Nuclear
Effects Engineer, 1952-1956
Outside the service training to become qualified Nuclear
Effects Engineer, Ohio State University, 1949-1952
Health physics trainee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
1947-1949
25
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Professional
Affiliations: American Physics Society
Biophysics Society
Sigma XI
American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
Honors: PHS Distinguished Service Medal (1973)
26
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OFFICE OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER USE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
27
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OFFICE OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER USE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MISSION
Determine relationships between pollution sources and the quality
of air and water as basis for attaining media quality goals.
t Develop methods and instruments for detecting, identifying
and characterizing pollutants, including toxic substances,
in all media.
• Provide safe drinking water supplies.
• Investigate pollution and other deleterious environmental
impacts from agriculture, silviculture and community
sources.
• Disposal and management of hazardous and other waste
material.
• Develop practical means for implementing environmental
quality objectives through the development of incentive
mechanisms.
• Develop methods for carrying out integrated environmental
planning and analysis.
29
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area In-house Extramural
1. Air
2. Water Quality
3. Water Supply
4. Solid Waste
5. Interdisciplinary
6. Toxic Substances
7. Energy
8. Program Management/
Support
Total
Total
Discipline Bachelors
Biology 2
Chemistry 42
Engineering 18
Environmental 6
Science
Mathematics 3
Meteorology 4
Physical Science 3
Physics 3
Other 5
86
4,781 12,601
6,387 9,040
2,050 5,002
964 1 ,834
1,688 4,577
70 250
155 3,569
776 83
16,871 36,956
Full-time EPA Personnel = 589
• Professional = 297
• Non-Professional = 292
Professional Staff
Masters Doctorate
2 5
23 44
58 21
2 6
7 6
4 8
0 2
4 3
12 4
112 99
In-house
5,040
7,591
2,314
942
995
270
270
1,002
18,424
Total
9
109
97
14
16
16
5
10
21
297
Extramural
12,698
9,910
6,701
6,705
1,958
250
4,729
0
42,951
30
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
The OALWU Research Program is implemented by the OALWU Laboratories
located in RTF, North Carolina; Cincinnati, Ohio; Ada, Oklahoma; and
Athens, Georgia.
1- Air Quality - Develop qualitative and quantitative methods for
predicting and describing air quality from emission sources;
determine atmospheric effects due to air pollutants; determine
exhaust products from mobile sources; develop methods for gaseous
and particulate pollutants in ambient air and stationary and
mobile source emissions.
2. Water Supply - Determine, quantify and manage pollutants entering
and traversing groundwater resources; develop most beneficial and
economical methods for water supply treatment and management of
distribution systems; develop analytical techniques for concentration,
separation, identification and measurement of drinking water
contaminants; determine health effects resulting directly or indirectly
from contaminants in drinking water; develop criteria for promulgating
drinking water standards.
3. Waste Management - Includes: municipal wastewater control and treatment;
prevention, control, treatment and management of pollution caused by
urban runoff; alternative municipal wastewater sludge management
systems involving processing, utilization and disposal; development
of comprehensive approaches for managing the water pollution abatement
requirements for the total community system; treatment and utilization
of municipal wastewater and sludges through application to the soil;
solid and hazardous waste management systems for disposal and utili-
zation.
4. Hater Quality - Identify, characterize and quantify pollutants,
including development of measurement techniques (instrument designs,
etc.); research the transport and transformation of pollutants in
water; analyze and control their sources.
5. Renewable Resources - Develop and evaluate total management systems
to control pollution from the production and harvesting of food
and fiber, and from their related residual wastes. Assess probable
trends in production of renewable resources to determine environmental
and socio-economic impacts. Additionally, develop and demonstrate
integrated pest management strategies to reduce usage and runoff
of agricultural chemical pesticides.
6. Toxic Substances - Develop test methods and evaluative models to
assess the transport, transformation and fate of toxic substances
released into the environment; develop systematic procedures to
identify and quantify new substances introduced into the environment;
analyze products for contaminants, conformity with labeling and
other TSCA requirements.
31
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Environmental Management - Evaluate comparative feasibility of,
and analyze means for, implementing alternative means for
accomplishing environmental quality objectives, with emphasis
on means other than direct regulation and enforcement. Develop
and demonstrate methods for use in integrated planning, analysis,
design and implementation of urban multimedia environmental
management systems.
32
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Verified that long range transport of SOX3 ozone and their
precursors can produce significant air quality deterioration
hundred of miles downwind. Characterized gaseous and particulate
emissions from power plants and other sources that burn residual
oil containing various amounts of sulfur and vanadium. Sulfate
emissions as high as 10% of total SOX emissions were found.
2. Completed research on Kepone regarding the thermal stability of
the molecule, the degradation products, and necessary conditions
for complete destruction. Pilot plant results demonstrate that
Kepone can be safely destroyed with destruction efficiency routinely
reaching 99.999% or greater. The technology is being used for a
prototype installation of Hopewell, Virginia.
3. Completed comprehensive approach to implement salinity control measures
for irrigation return flows. Approach will meet environmental goals
as well as address the socio-economic aspects of gaining acceptance
among local water users. Three reports deal with: (a) the methodology
of implementation of a "total package" salinity control program; (b)
evaluation of irrigation management/control methods on improved water
quality; and (c) defining best management practices (BMP) for salinity
control in the Grand Valley area. This approach can serve as a
protocol for other irrigated areas in the West.
4. Developed protocol for analyzing industrial wastewaters for organic
compounds identified as "priority pollutants." The protocol (requested
by Effluent Guidelines Division) is needed to gather information on
the levels of "consent decree" organic pollutants contained in
untreated and treated industrial wastewaters.
5. Completed series of guideline manuals to help field professionals
select appropriate, cost-effective controls for pollution from
agriculture and silviculture non-point sources. Also completed
comprehensive non-point source loading function manual for use
by 208 planners for multiple level use load situations and problem
definition.
6. Prepared the document, Impact of Abandoned Wells on Ground Water,
required by Section 1442 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Document
includes abandonment procedures and methods for evaluating impact
of these potential pollution sources (Requested by Office of Water
Supply.)
7. Distributed Manual of Treatment Techniques for Meeting the Interim
Primary Drinking Water Regulations to Regional Offices and the
water supply industry.
8. Completed the data gathering phase of the Regional Air Pollution
Study in St. Louis, thus providing a data base for validating
urban air quality simulation models (AQSMs).
33
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9. Evaluated facultative and aerated lagoon system utilizing
carefully controlled series of on-site field studies. Results
will contribute to improved operating practices for the 4,000
lagoons existing in the country, and offer guidance to new
lagoon construction.
10. Developed electron microscope procedure to determine asbestos
fibers in water. Procedure has gained almost universal acceptance
by government and industry laboratories.
11. Demonstrated that trihalomethanes are not produced when chlorine
dioxide is used as an alternate disinfectant to chlorine, provided
there is no excess chlorine present. Even if excess chlorine were
present, the trihalomethane production would be less than the amount
formed if chlorine were present.
12. Produced comprehensive Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual to aid
208 planning agencies. Fifteen hundred copies have been distributed
to State, local and regional planners.
13. Developed computer-assisted high-probability spectral library for
the rapid identification of compounds frequently encountered in
waters and wastewaters was developed. System restricts initial
phase of computerized matching of unknown mass spectra with library
spectra to those spectra of compounds most frequently encountered
in the recent past. This minimizes time and computer costs for
conducting search to identify organic compounds found in water
and wastewater samples.
See Laboratory reports for ESRL-RTP, MERL-Cinn, ERL-Ada, and
ERL-Athens for additional accomplishments.
34
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Transport of toxics in the aquatic environment - Shift in Agency
emphasis toward control of toxic chemicals will result in increasing
need for rapid and inexpensive methodologies to assess longer-term
impacts of discharges of existing or proposed new toxic chemicals
into surface waters to determine adequacy of BAT at site-specific
locations.
2. Exposure Assessment Methods - Control of toxic chemicals will require
rapid and inexpensive methods to assess potential environmental
pathways of movement, persistence, and bioaccumulation of existing
or proposed new toxic chemicals to adequately assess the risks
associated with their production, use, and disposal.
3. Multipollutant Analyses - Control of toxic polluants will require
cost-effective methods for the simultaneous scanning of waters
(and commerical products) for a variety of toxic chemicals that
may be present in the environment or in commercial products as
trace impurities.
4. Model Verification and Validation - Increased emphasis on model
verification and validation is needed. As point and nonpoint
source dischargers increasingly resist enforcement actions taken
against them, they are learning to identify and exploit weaknesses
in EPA's position on the benefits of higher levels of pollution
control. A significant and exploitable weakness is the widespread
use of improperly or non-validated models for demonstrating that
water quality benefits will be commensurate with the higher levels
of control being imposed.
5. Sediment and Water Quality - Increasing emphasis on the control of
nonpoint source pollution by local and state agencies and by EPA is
focusing greater attention on the control of sediment. Sediment
also serves as a carrier of pesticides and other toxicants, including
lead and other heavy metals contained in urban storm runoff. Increasing
attention to modeling of sediments is needed to identify and justify
proposed NPS control measures and to adequately understand their
role in the transport of toxic chemicals.
6. Control of Groundwater - To date, groundwater quality problems have
been largely ignored. Recent drinking water and solid waste-related
legislation has focused attention on this area and increased
attention is expected in the future. Need exists for an integrated
research program dealing with all major facets of the problem:
problem identification; pollutant transport, transformation, and
fate; and pollution prevention/control techniques.
35
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7. Nonpoint Source Controls - The great emphasis by local and state
agencies on control of NPS pollution is already raising questions
regarding the effectiveness of existing NPS control techniques.
NPS dischargers are beginning to resist implementing controls
because governmental agencies are unable to indicate what, if
any, benefits the control measures will have on pollutant reduction
or receiving water uses. Increasing need to provide local and
state agencies with this type of information and the methodologies
for applying it.
8. Regional transport of sulfates - Anticipated increases in coal-fired
power plants pose the potential for creating hot spots of concentra-
tions of ambient sulfates owing to long range transport. Future
avoidance or control of the problem requires extensive research to
understand adequately the long-range transport problem.
9. Visibility - Increased coal combustion presents the potential for
creating visibility problems. Develop measurement methods to
measure and characterize visibility and visibility models to predict
and control visibility problems.
10. Groundwater Contamination - Many activities have the potential for
polluting actual or potential groundwater supplies for drinking
water. Develop methods to control contamination sources through
technology and siting approaches.
11. Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Treatment Plants - Conduct
research to improve the poor performance of treatment plants.
12. Toxic substances in municipal wastewaters - Characterize substances
in influents and effluents; develop strategies for controlling such
substances.
13. Disinfection by other than chlorine - Chlorination can have detrimental
effects upon wastewaters; develop and evaluate alternative disinfection
techniques.
14. Pollution from Small Wastewater Flows - Develop new cost-effective
technology to control this persistent problem.
FOREIGN PROGRAM
See ESRL-RTP, MERL-Cinn, ERL-Ada, and ERL-Athens.
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
See ESRL-RTP, MERL-Cinn, ERL-Ada, and ERL-Athens.
36
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THOMAS A. MURPHY
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Air, Land, and Water Use
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D. C.
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Knox College, B.A. 1959
Yale University, M.S.
Yale University, Ph.D. (Biology) 1964
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Air, Land, and
Water Use, EPA, 1975-Present
Director, Nonpoint Pollution Control Division, EPA,
1973-1975
Chief, Program Development Branch, EPA, 1972-1973
Special Assistant to Assistant Commissioner for
Research and Development at the Federal Water
Quality Administration, 1971-1972
Edison Laboratory, EPA, 1967-1971
Medical Service Officer, U.S. Army, Edgewood Arsenal
and Viet Nam, 1964-1966
37
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OFFICE OF ENERGY, MINERALS, AND INDUSTRY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
39
-------
OFFICE OF ENERGY, MINERALS, AND INDUSTRY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MISSION
• Assess environmental and socio-economic impacts of energy and
mineral resource extraction, processing, conversion, and
utilization systems, and of other industrial operations.
• Develop and demonstrate cost-effective methods for control and
management of operations with environmental impacts associated with
the extraction, processing, conversion, transmission and utiliza-
tion of energy (except transportation utilization), and mineral
resources, and with industrial processing and manufacturing
facilities.
• Identify and evaluate alternatives, including conservation
measures, for these systems and operations.
• Coordinate intra- and inter-agency research activities assoc-
iated with environmental aspects of energy and mineral resources
extraction, processing, conversion and utilization.
41
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area
1. Air
2. Water Quality
3. Energy
4. Toxic Substances
5. Program Management
Support
Total
Chemistry
Engineering
Other
In-house Extramural
931 4,069
1,303 5,197
6,876 72,804
0 0
100 0
9,210 82,070
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel
• Professional
• Non-Professional
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
9 2
47 35
10 9
66 46
In-house Extramural
1,240 3,760
1,266 5,434
7,099 73,239
120 0
100 0
9,825 82,433
= 199
= 141
= 58
Doctorate Total
7 18
17 99
5 24
29 141
42
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
The OEMI Program is implemented by the OEMI Laboratories located in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio.
1. Extraction and Proces si ng
• Fuel Processing. Develop advanced fuel processing technolo-
gies by developing environmental assessments and technology as
deemed necessary from an environmental point of view. Synthetic
fuels (liquids and/or gases), coal cleaning, and fluidized bed
combustion are three major fuel processes categories.
• Extraction and Handling: Solid Fossil Fuels. Assess potential
impact from active and abandoned mining operations and fuel
transportation. Develop control technology for extraction
operations by demonstrating technical and economic feasibility
of environmental control options. Provide environmental control
criteria and manuals for use by regulators and industry.
• Extraction and Handling: Oil and Gas. Assess environmental
impacts from active and potential production activities. Develop
pollution control technology by demonstrating technical and
economic feasibility of control options. Provide environmental
control guidelines and manuals for use by regulators and industry.
2. Cojiservatio n_, LJtilj_za_t|p_n__a_nd_ Technology Assessment
• Utilrfcy arid Industrial Power. Identify, characterize and assess
pollutants; "develop "confroTtechnology for pollutants associated
with electric utility ond industrial stationary combustion
sources. Provide technical basis for establishing environmental
standards and guidelines for these sources.
• Conservation and Advanced Systems. Assess environmental impacts
of waste-as-fuel, energy conservation and advanced energy (solar,
geothermal, etc.) technologies to assure consideration of environ-
mental factors in their development.
• Integrated Technology Assessment. Identify alternatives accep-
table for meeting national energy supply objectives, which
assist in the selection of "optimum" policies for associated
environmental quality goals. Integrate results of the environ-
mental and energy research programs and identify research gaps
which must be addressed.
• Environmental Assessment Interface. Determine acceptability of
environmental controT systems and processes and whether additional
economical control is necessary. Identify what pollutants are
especially important to control. Make comparative assessments
of systems/processes to determine which one(s) is environmentally
preferable.
43
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3. Health and Environmental Effects of Energy Development
t Health Effects - (Interagency pass-through program)
- Determine qualitative and quantitative effects of
energy-related agents on human health
- Assess risks (health) to human populations associated
with all aspects of energy production and utilization.
- Provide guidance for energy-systems-related control
and abatement programs to the extent that such
programs are dependent upon health effects data.
- Provide data base necessary for establishment of
exposure standards for energy-related hazardous
agents.
t Ecological Effects - Provide ecological information required
for regulatory policy decisions concerning coal, oil, oil
shale, geothermal development and facility siting decisions.
Determine toxicological effects on freshwater, and terrestrial
organisms and resultant ecosystem impacts from pollutants
(singly and in combination) released from energy extraction,
conversion, and use. Study dynamics of energy-related pollutants
in marine systems.
• Transport Processes - Determine origins, loads, transport pathways,
transfer rates, and fates for pollutants (singly and in combination)
released to the aquatic environment (primarily from coal, oil
shale, and geothermal fuel cycles.)
• Monitoring - Provide an environmental data base from which future
environmental standards and decisions on regional energy develop-
ment can be determined. Develop monitoring techniques and methods
to determine on a regional basis significant levels and cause/effect
relationships between energy-related pollution and media quality.
Provide environmental quality baseline data in those geographical
areas where environmental impacts of new energy development are
(or expected to be) significant.
• Instrumentation - Provide measurement methods and analytical
techniques for known and anticipated environmental pollutants
from expanding and emerging energy technologies. Initially,
emphasis is on elemental and inorganic pollutants from existing,
expanding energy technologies for which adequate measurement
methods do not exist. Later emphasis will be on sampling,
measurement and analysis of potentially hazardous organic and
metallorganic compounds (special attention on emerging fossil
fuel technologies). Primary concern is with ambient air and
water pollutant levels.
-------
4. Industrial Processes - Air, Water and Toxics
• Materials Processing - Develop technologies to eliminate
discrete point sources of air, water and residuals pollution
from manufacturing and service industries; e.g., those
primarily devoted to processing chemicals and other raw
materials into intermediate and final products (e.g.,
petrochemicals, agrichemicals, electroplating and metal
products, textiles, inorganic chemicals, pulp and paper
and food products). Of special concern are toxic chemicals
and hazardous pollutant control.
• Materials Production - Develop technologies to eliminate
discrete point sources of air, water and residuals pollution
from extraction of raw material and its processing into
intermediate products from the iron and steel, non-ferrous
petroleum refining and general mining (other than fuel sources)
industries. Special emphasis is on toxic and hazardous residuals
control.
• Areawide - Combined Industrial Point Sources - Develop means
to eliminate release of pollutants for the areawide or combined
point source where industrial sources are the predominant
contributor. Of concern are all industrial point sources
(e.g., manufacturing, mining, electric and water service
establishments) which manage their pollution on an areawide
or combined basis with other point source. Develop and
demonstrate pretreatment, residual and refractory treatment
and control technology; also, areawide treatment and control
technology for combined sources.
• Hazardous Materials Spills - Develop and demonstrate new/
improved technologies for prevention, detection, identification,
containment, control removal, cleanup, recovery and disposal
of spills and acute releases of hazardous polluting substances.
Primary efforts are on those technologies to protect and
minimize damages to the water, land and air milieu from sudden
discharges of those substances.
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Ohio River Basin Energy Study (ORBES)
• Completed initial assessment of potential environmental,
economic and social impacts that would result from increasing
power plant development in the Ohio River Basin.
• Demonstrated utility of a regional technology assessment as a
focal point for cooperation involving state and Federal agencies
(operation within a basin), and as a forum in which mutual
problems can be mitigated or resolved.
2. Teknekron Integrated Technology Assessment of Electric Utility
Energy Systems
• Developed significant improvements in ability to analyze long range
transport of atmospheric pollutants across regional boundaries.
• Developed model for evaluating environmental and economic impacts
of the growth of the electric utility industry (on both a national
and a regional scale) as it would develop under alternative com-
binations of regulatory, economic and technological conditions.
• The impact assessment and policy analysis method developed in this
study are currently demonstrating practical applicability in two
areas:
- They are being used to perform the environmental and
economic impact analysis required to support revisions
of the New Source Performance Standards for emissions
of sulfur oxides, particulates and nitrogen oxides from
fossil fueled utility boilers.
- They are being used to analyze the potential effects of
the President's National Energy Plan on atmosphere sulfate
concentrations.
3. Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Transport Study (MISTT)
• Established that SO^ in single power plant plumes does convert to
sulfate at significant rates. Such conversion has been observed
up to 300 km downwind and 12 hours after S02 emission.
t Established that regionally pervasive summertime haze in the Eastern
United States correlates with high sulfate levels. Low visibility
sulfate "blobs" associated with weather systems can travel and
remain coherent over the Eastern United States for up to one week.
- Tall stacks lead to increased regional sulfate.
- Present AQCR's are not adequate to control these pollution
See Laboratory reports for IERL-RTP and lERL-Cinn. for additional
accomplishments.
46
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. The Interagency Energy/Environment program (created in FY 1975)
is a continuing program to assure environmental protection as
the Nation's energy systems change. Initially, S02 control
technology was given major emphasis with scrubber demonstrations
funded. Recently, the S02 program has decreased and the NOX
program increased.
2. Assessment of environmental consequences of advanced energy
technologies, particularly synthetic fuels derived from coal,
has increased.
3. The initial health and ecological effects studies concentrated
on criteria pollutants and sulfates. Increased interest is on
organics, particularly ROM's and nitrates.
4. The industrial pollution control program has focused almost
entirely on toxic waste streams. Industries, such as food
processing, have been de-emphasized.
5. Increased attention is on identifying unsolved industrial pollution
problems - particularly toxic material emissions. Multi-media
assessment has been stressed. Demonstration of cost and capabilities
of control options has been decreased.
47
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Organization
Program/Project Title
Completion
Date
Amount
NATO-CCMS
(West Germany
and Norway)
Flue Gas Desulfurization Study
Task I
1970
$30,000
The United Nations Air Pollution Working Group On-going
Economic Commission of the U.S. Senior Advisor
for Europe for Environment Sub projects:
- Fine Particulate Task Force
- Inorganic Chemicals Task
Force
- Organic Chemicals Task
Force, etc.
$15,000
See IERL-RTP and lERL-Cinn for additional programs.
48
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGIONS III, IV, V
• Ohio River Basin Energy Study (QRBES) - Initially focused on
the Lower Ohio River Basin - all of Kentucky, and major portions
of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. During Phase II (starting
September 1, 1977) study has been broadened to add the upper
Ohio River Basin to the study (most of West Virginia and Western
Pennsylvania).
Completed initial assessment of potential environmental, economic
and social impacts that would result from increasing power plant
development in the Ohio River Basin.
Demonstrated utility of a regional technology assessment as a
focal point for cooperation involving state and Federal agencies
(operation within a basin), and as a forum in which mutual problems
can be mitigated or resolved.
REGIONS VIII, IX
• Technology Assessment of Western Energy Resource Development -
Completed assessment of environmental, economic, and social impacts
from the development of coal, oil shale, and other energy resources
in the Northern Great Plains and Southwest. Disseminated the
findings in a much-in-demand set of reports (Energy from the West)
and an unusually wide ranging series of briefings for Federal,
state and local governments and their supporting agencies.
t Western Energy/Environment Baseline Atlas - Developing an integrated
baseline for air quality, water quality, and land character information
on a broad scale throughout the Western region. Emphasis is on those
areas whose environment will bear the major new burden of energy
development. Greatly increased strip mining of coal along with the
construction of large conventional power plants and coal gasification
plants is expected throughout the presently pristine plains and deserts
throughout the West. Oil shale and geothermal tracts in the central
area of the Rocky Mountains Province are under consideration for at
least limited development of synfuels demonstration plants. It is
extremely difficult to plan the types, patterns, and magnitude of
energy developments which are environmentally acceptable in these
regions and to factor such energy development into national and
regional environmental planning and maintenance guidelines.
49
-------
Western Energy/Environment Atlas - All data obtained will be
integrated into a document which will display local area energy
development within the perspective of the multi-media Western
regional environmental quality baseline. This atlas will
enable planners to place local energy-related environmental
trends in a balanced regional context.
See IERL-RTP, lERL-Cinn. for additional projects.
50
-------
STEVEN R. REZNEK
Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology - B.S.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Ph.D
(Physics/Mathematics) 1967
Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Office of Research and Development
1977-Present
Associate Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Office of Research and Development
1976-1977
Director, Program Coordination and Regional
Studies, National Commission on Water
Quality, 1974-1976
Researcher and Lecturer, Center for
Environmental Studies, Princeton University
1973-1974
Physicist, Environmental Protection Agency
1971-1973
Research Assistant, University of Bristol
Bristol, England, 1969-1970
Technical University of Denmark
Amenueunsis with Professor Saermark
1968-1969
Research Associate, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
1967-1968
Professional
Affiliations:
Sigma Xi
51
-------
OFFICE OF MONITORING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
WASHINGTON
D.C.
53
-------
OFFICE OF MONITORING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MISSION
Provide ongoing support functions to the Agency's Program and
Regional Offices.
Specific activities are:
t Development of measurement techniques and equipment;
application of monitoring systems, including sample
analyses, to assess pollutant exposure of man and
other receptors in the environment.
• Quality control to assure that all data generated
by the Agency are statistically valid and legally
defensible.
• Provision of additional support services including
- expert testimony at Agency hearings, participation
in development of mandated criteria documents,
standards, effluent guidelines, etc.;
- dissemination of technical information and the
transfer of technology evolving from all research
programs;
- Regional liaison between the Regional Offices and
all ORD components;
- grants activity, directed at minority institutions,
which promotes the Agency's research objectives.
55
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCES SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area
1. Air
2. Water Quality
3. Water Supply
4. Interdisciplinary
5. Toxic Substances
6. Energy
7. Program Management/
Support
Total
In-house Extramural
3,830 515
2,329 669
0 200
7,335 4,893
0 0
654 1,791
997 0
15,145 8,068
PERSONNEL
Total Full Time EPA Personnel =
• Professional =
• Non-Professional =
In-house
3,562
2,685
0
7,437
610
1,189
1,077
16,560
395*
243
152
Extramural
656
962
200
4,294
0
1 ,816
0
7,928
<
*Includes 105 EPA positions reimbursed by
the Department of Energy.
Disci pi ine
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master Doctorate Total
Biological/Agriculture 6 15
Chemistry
Engineering
Environmental Sciences
Health
Mathematics
Physics
Other
Total
62 19
19 18
5 7
0 4
3 8
5 3
12 11
112 85
8 29
19 100
6 43
0 12
3 7
0 11
0 8
10 33
46 243
56
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
The OMTS research program is implemented by the Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratories located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina;
Cincinnati, Ohio; and Las Vegas, Nevada; and by the Environmental Research'
Information Center, Cincinnati.
1. Technical Support
• Technical services to Agency components
- Provide assistance by applying knowledge gained from on-
going research programs, expertise of ORD personnel,
specialized monitoring systems and techniques, and a
sophisticated analytical capability.
- Demonstrate and implement newly designed systems such
as the ENVIRO-POD. This system provides photo acquisition
capability at the Regional and state level.
- Implement an emergency oil spill and spill prevention
compliance and control program for the Office of Water
Programs.
- Identify methods for monitoring criteria and non-criteria
air pollutants.
- Assure rapid response to Agency requests for air monitoring
services, assist in design and conduct of field studies,
perform instrument calibration, and provide direct support
to OAQPS.
• ORD Scientific and Technical Information
Assure ready access by ORD personnel to data required to
support Agency programs. Assure findings and products
developed through ORD's research programs are appropriately
documented, packaged, and disseminated in a timely manner.
• Grant Assistance to Minority Institutions
Identify research capabilities within minority institutions;
encourage their development of proposals to perform research
which must support the Agency's research objectives.
• Regional Liaison
Assure interactions between ORD Laboratories and all Regional
Offices through personal daily contacts.
57
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2. Research
t Quality Assurance Program - Provide accurate, and cost-
effective sampling techniques, analytical methods, and
data which format procedures; provide materials, guidelines and
services to ensure that all environmental data based upon these
techniques, and procedures are statistically valid and
legally defensible; provide continuous review and evaluation
of monitoring programs. Specific activities are to:
- statistically validate and standardize total measurement
systems (development of site selection and validation criteria,
flow measurements, sample collection and preservation, analyses
and data output);
- develop and distribute standard reference materials; prepare
and distribute quality control guidelines and procedures;
- evaluate monitoring activities (evaluation of facilities,
equipment, operators, procedures and performance);
- develop automated laboratory management systems (application
of minicomputers to laboratory instruments, data screening,
computerized statistical quality control);
- develop and participate in Regional quality control work-
shops, conferences and seminars.
• Development and Demonstration of Instruments, Methods, Systems
and Networks for Measuring and Monitoring Pollutants - Characterize
and quantify movement and fate of environmental pollutants from the
source(s) through the several media. Determine magnitude of insult
to receptor caused by exposure to individual pollutants, singly
or in combination. Develop equipment and methods that are accurate,
simple, standardized, cost-effective and that fulfill environmental
monitoring requirements of Federal, state and local governments and
the private sector. Monitoring R&D includes:
- Design and optimization of monitoring systems and networks
- development of airborne and remote sensing techniques
- development of automated laboratories and data handling
systems
- development of environmental monitoring instrumentation.
Conduct state-of-the-art reviews, prototype instrumentation
development and pioneering research studies related to new
or improved analytical methods or instrumentation. Approach
in development of both air and water monitoring methods is to
adapt or modify known measurement technology to meet field
requirements.
58
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Revised and published guidelines for test procedures for the analysis
of pollutants in water. Revision made approval of alternate test
procedures for nationwide use part of the regulatory language.
Previously, only case-by-case applications for alternate test
procedures had been approved.
2. Developed five-year quality assurance research plan and expanded
the Agency-wide quality assurance program including: issuance of
Volumes I and II of the Quality Assurance Handbook for ambient air,
development and distribution of quality control and reference materials,
conduct of laboratory evaluations, and evaluation and standardization
of methods for measuring pollutants.
3. Completed national surveys of all existing water quality and air
pollution indices which, respectively, documented the water quality
index usage of the States, the Interstate Commissions, and the EPA
Regions and led to joint development of Pollutant Standards Index
in cooperation with the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
4. Revised approved test procedures for NPDES testing in those areas
where problems and/or interferences had been encountered. Examples
include: development of the ADMI color method, identification and
elimination of an interference in the cyanide method, re-write of
the suspended solids method, and evaluation of several techniques
for residual chlorine.
5. Demonstrated applications of the Enviro-Pod for use at the EPA
Regional level. Enviro-Pod is a cost effective light aircraft
Cessana 172 sensor system with cameras designed to obtain forward
oblique and vertical imagery of point targets or small geographic
areas. The POD is easily transportable and is fully FAA certified.
The film provides high resolution color, color infrared or black
and white products.
6. Developed ground water monitoring methods which will be demonstrated
near Tyler, Texas, where effects of lignite mining are the primary
pollutants of concern. These pollutants include acids, heavy metals
and phenols which develop as a result of insitu mining procedures.
The area of concern covers four counties of about 100 x 50 miles.
This effort is in cooperation with the State Geologist whose staff
is developing the background data. This will be the first operational
demonstration of the EPA/ORD ground water quality monitoring strategy,
7. Developed the Manual for the Interim Certification of Laboratories
Involved in Analyzing Public Drinking Water Supplies.Preparation
of this document included reviews and inputs from States, EPA
Regions and Program Offices, and private Laboratories and organizations.
59
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8. Prepared: a sampling and analysis protocol for use by contractors
in determining BAT; interim sampling and analysis procedures for
determining the priority pollutants in fish and sediments; and
methods for the determination of trihalomethanes in drinking water.
9. Provided technical support including environmental monitoring of
asbestos in Maryland, kepone in Virginia, ozone in National forests,
and polynuclear organic matter in Pennsylvania; analysis of lead,
phosphorus and manganese in fuel; and development of best available
technology for measurement of vinyl chloride, PCB's, and benzene.
10. As an integral part of the Western Energy/Environment Monitoring
Study, published an Atlas containing the integration and synthesis
of the totality of monitoring data from all available sources. The
Atlas relates pollution levels to energy resource development
activities in the western region. The document allows planners to
view, in perspective, local and regional energy-related environmental
quality and trends.
11. Completed feasibility study on the use of the Oklahoma State
Cooperative Extension Service as a mechanism for disseminating
environmentally related information. In FY-78 the project will
be expanded to one State in each Region to provide a model for
determining whether such information dissemination should be
applied nationwide.
See Laboratory reports for EMSL-RTP, EMSL-Cinn, and EMSL-Las Vegas
for additional accomplishments.
GO
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. As pollutants from energy development and chemicals distribution
become more ubiquitous and pervasive, economical methods for
surveillance of pollutant transport and effects over large
geographical areas must be developed and applied. Demand will
increase for surveillance and measurement techniques to determine
the presence and effects of pollutants from remote locations--
aerial or ground-based platforms. These methods will enable
synoptic surveillance over very large areas at very low cost per
unit area, and will enable surveillance of areas not accessible
for conventional contract monitoring.
2. The Toxic Substances Control Act has introduced a trend towards
toxic materials control regulations instead of control technology-
oriented regulations. Over the next decade, many regulations will
be issued governing the production and use of chemicals potentially
hazardous to people and their environment. OMTS must establish the
precision and accuracy of the measurement systems which will generate
data to assess the impact of toxic substances on public health and
welfare. Also required will be the development of sensitive, reliable
analytical procedures for monitoring these substances in public water
supplies, industrial effluents, and surface waters.
3. As the Agency further implements its regulatory mission and with
increased enforcement of waste discharge limitations, EPA and State
laboratories must maintain high performance standards with use of
documented quality control systems and continual attention to the
legal defensibility of results. To assure this, the following
needs must be met:
- development of a comprehensive methods standardization and
quality control effort to support the water supply program,
including laboratory certification.
- validation and approval of test procedures, promulgated under
Section 304(g) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, for guidelines, regulations and development
of an interlaboratory quality control program to support the
validity of the Discharge Monitoring Reports.
- development and expansion of quality assurance efforts for
non-criteria air pollutants, research monitoring programs,
Consent Decree Pollutants, and toxic substances
- development of quality assurance training and establishment
of improved coordination between EPA Program Offices, Regional
Offices, and Laboratories.
61
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- development of guidance manuals for siting and validating
monitoring stations and optimizing environmental monitoring
networks.
4. The above trends will bring a corresponding increase in technical
support activities to respond to the Agency's requirements for:
- monitoring water, air and land to detect and measure pollutants
- special surveys, e.g., identification of wetlands
- specialized analyses of samples
- expert testimony for court cases
- scientific and technical inputs during development of standards
and regulations
- dissemination of ORD's research results.
62
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country
International
Organization
for Legal
Metrology
Project Title
Administration of Pilot Secre-
tariat for pollution measurement.
Completion
Date
Continuing
Amount
$30,000
International
Standards
Organization
Technical
Committee 146
on Air Quality
Develop international standards for
measuring air pollutants from stacks.
in ambient air, and in work place
atmospheres.
Continuing
5,000
See EMSL-RTP, EMSL-Cinn, and EMSL-LV for additional programs.
63
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGIONS I-X
• Revision of 40 CFR 136, Guidelines for Test Procedures for
the Analysis of Pollutants, required by Section 304(g) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
All Regional programs involved in the National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits programs use
the Guidelines as basic enforcement implementation regu-
lation for surveillance and analysis purposes.
t Development of the Quality Assurance Research Plan. Plan
identifies quality assurance tools, services, etc., which
can be provided to EPA Regional Program and Offices.
• Development of Water Supply Laboratory Certification Manual.
Manual provides guidance to Regional Offices for evaluating
and approving state/other laboratories engaged in analyzing
public drinking water supplies.
• See EMSL-RTP, EMSL-Cin., and EMSL-LV for additional projects,
64
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ALBERT C. TRAKOWSKI, Jr.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
Monitoring and Technical Support
Washington
Education: University of Illinois, B.S., 1942
Air Force Technical School, M.S., 1943
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Sc.B. (Engineering Physics) 1951
Professional
Experience:
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Monitoring and Technical Support
ORD, EPA, 1975-Present
Acting Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development
May-December 1974
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Environmental Engineering
1973-1974
Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Program Operations, 1971-1973
Vice President, E.G.&G. Inc.
Wolf R&D Division
Staff Executive for Initiatives in
Environmental Control, 1968-1970
Program Director, National Space Data Center
1967-1970
Director of Corporate Development, 1964-1967
65
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Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
Program Manager, Aerospace Physical Sciences
Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, 1960-1963
Director, Physics Division
European Office, Air Research and
Development Command, U.S. Air Force
1956-1960
Assistant to Director of Development
Assistant to Director of Research
Headquarters, Air Research and
Development Command, U.S. Air Force
1951-1956
Director of Geophysical Research
U.S. Air Force
Cambridge Research Laboratories
1946-1949
Laboratory Section Chief, Meteorological Instrumentation
Radio Direction Finding and Radar
Army Signal Corps, Engineering Laboratories
1943-1946
American Geophysical Union
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement
of Science
University Honors (Scholastic)
University of Illinois
Phi Eta Sigma (Scholastic Honorary)
Pi Mu Epsilon (Mathematics Honorary)
Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary)
Air Force Commendation Medal (Awarded twice)
Medal of the Legion of Merit
66
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CARCINOGEN ASSESSMENT GROUP
WASHINGTON, D. C.
67
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CARCINOGEN ASSESSMENT GROUP
WASHINGTON, D. C.
MISSION
The Carcinogen Assessment Group is a small group of senior scientists
established in July 1976 to advise the Administrator and Agency program
officials on the health risks associated with suspect carcinogens.
• Provide EPA with a firm scientific foundation on carcinogenic
health hazards on which to base regulatory actions.
• Assure a uniform approach throughout the Agency for estimating
the potential risk from suspect carcinogens and for use of this
data in regulatory actions.
RESEARCH PROGRAM
• Assess the oncogenic potential of specific agents.
t Assess the carcinogenic risk presented by specific agents
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77 FY-78
In-house Extramural In-houseExtramural
309 (9) 100 550 (11) 150
( ) Permanent positions
69
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Established in July, 1976 as a review group for all Agency
decisions involving cancer risks, (i.e., Water Quality, Water
Supply, Air, Pesticides, Radiation and Toxics).
2. Prepared 23 preliminary reports on the potential carcinogenicity
of pesticides in the environment. This information provided the
basis for the Office of Pesticides to issue several Rebuttable
Presumptions Against Registration (RPAR's).
3. Completed 14 risk assessments on such chemicals as Dibromochloro-
propane, Kepone, Coke Oven emissions, and Benzene. Many of these
risk assessments have provided the impetus for regulatory action;
for others these assessments have triggered the standard setting
process.
4. Established close working relationships with The National Cancer
Institute, The National Center for Toxicological Research, and
the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences.
5. Prepared a risk assessment on Chlordane/Heptachlor for use in the
Agency's administrative concellation hearings. This document was
considered a major part of the EPA's case during the hearings. It
was subsequently supported by a National Academy of Sciences' review.
6. Provided guidance and comment on several proposed Agency standards
and regulations involving carcinogenicity; e.g., Pesticide Testing
Protocols, Guidelines on Transuranium Elements, Vinyl Chloride
Standards, and the Drinking Water Standards for Haloforms.
7. Participating in the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, a
cooperative effort by Federal regulatory agencies to base their
regulations on some shared scientific principles. The CAG
representative has been asked to chair the Sub-Committee on
Criteria for Determining Carcinogenicity.
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I - Prepared a health risk assessment due to a Trichloroethylene
discharge.
REGION II - Preparing full analysis of the possible cancer risk from
the uses of PBB's.
REGION III - Analyzed data and reported on the potential health risk
involved from contamination of Philadelphia wastewater.
REGION V - Evaluated nitrosamine discharge levels for their potential
health risk.
REGION IX - Prepared risk assessment and commented on a proposed enforce-
ment action resulting from vinyl chloride plant emissions.
70
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ELIZABETH L. ANDERSON
Executive Director
Carcinogen Assessment Group
Washington, D. C.
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
College of William and Mary, B.S. (Chemistry), 1962
University of Virginia, M.S. (Organic Chemistry), 1964
The American University, Ph.D. (Organic Chemistry), 1970
Executive Director, Carcinogen Assessment Group, EPA,
1976-Present
Office of Planning and Management, EPA, 1975-1976
Assistant to the Deputy Assistant Administrator for
General Enforcement, EPA, 1973-1975
Staff Chemist, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA,
1971-1973
Research Chemist, U.S. Department of Defense, Harry
Diamond Laboratories, Washington, D. C., 1967-1971
Research Chemist, Atlantic Research Laboratories, Inc.
Alexandria, Virginia, 1964-1967
American Association for Advancement of Science
American Chemical Society
Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Kappa Kappa Gamma National Achievement Award, 1974
Outstanding Woman of America Award, 1976
President's Executive Interchange Program, 1975
71
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HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA
73
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HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA
MISSION
Provide the health intelligence necessary for the establishment of environ-
mental standards. Studies are performed that address problems in air
pollution, non-ionizing radiation, environmental carcinogenesis, and the
toxicology of pesticides and other chemical pollutants. Specifically, the
Laboratory's function is to:
• Conduct toxicological, clinical, and epidemlological research to
identify health effects of environmental pollutants.
• Develop and revise air quality criteria documents on pollutants for
which national ambient air quality standards exist or are proposed.
• Provide data to assist in making regulatory decisions concerning
the registration of new pesticides or the proposed suspension of
those already in use.
• Conduct research on hazardous and toxic materials, including
establishing a biological data base upon which to establish
standards for non-ionizing radiation.
• Provide technical assistance to Agency's Regional and Program Offices.
75
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Program Area
Criteria Pollutants
Non-Criteria Pollutants
Transportation-Pollutants
Non-Pesticides
Criteria Documents
Environmental Carcinogens
NCTR
Pesticides
Substitute Chemicals
Energy
Toxic Substances
Radiant Energy
Environmental Assessment
Quality Assurance
Total
( ) Manyears
In-house Extramural
1,802 3,313
1,473 2,032
710 644
712 263
541 389
0 290
0 4,000
2,464 1,212
500 1,265
0 3,734
477 443
722 48
100 0
240 110
9,740 (252) 17,743
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel
t Professional
• Non-Professional
Professional Staff
In-house
2,310
1,567
829
705
382
185
0
2,768
791
40
540
758
40
280
11,195
= 248
= 157
= 91
Bachelor Master Doctorate M.D.
Biology
Chemistry
Engineering
Health
Mathematics
Meteorology
Other
Total
16 10 11
16 6 13
924
1 4 10
755
020
8 7 14
57 36 57
0
0
0
7
0
0
JL
7
Extramural
1,770
1,968
235
190
388
608
4,000
964
959
2,415
380
72
60
95
(251) 14,104
Total
37
35
15
22
17
2
29
157
76
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Criteria Pollutants
Obtain additional data concerning the criteria air pollutants
(N02, S02, CO, TSP, 03 and HC) to close research gaps existing when
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were promulgated;
provide scientifically adequate health data base for refining existing
criteria. Emphasis is on evaluation of exposure averaging times for
the NAAQS and of the existing safety margins.
2. Non-Criteria Air Pollutants
Determine whether restricting exposure to particular pollutants,
such as sulfates, nitrates, and vapor phase organic material, is
necessary to protect health; if so, to what degree exposure should
be restricted.
3. Regulated and Non-Regulated Pollutants Specifically Associated with
Transportation
Provide a scientific basis for regulatory decision-making regarding
the future status of mobile source emission control. Primary emphasis
is on the evaluation of non-regulated emissions from advanced automotive
control systems. Coordinate this program among other participating ORD
laboratories.
4. Non-Pesticide Organic and Inorganic Substances Commonly Reaching Man
Through Multiple Routes
Determine threat to human health from exposure to heavy metals
including lead, copper, zinc, and other non-pesticide substances. Develop
protocols and analytical procedures for the National Environmental Specimen
Bank.
5. Criteria Documents
Prepare documentation which critically reviews, evaluates, and
interprets pertinent scientific and technical literature concerning
environmental pollutants. Compile latest data on the sources, prevalence,
and manifestations of recognized air pollutants, thus providing basis
for National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
6. Contribution of Environmental Carcinogens to Cancer Incidence in the
General Population
Identify candidate compounds or categories of compounds for carcinogenicity
assessment in mammalian and in vitro test systems. Using available vital
statistics, identify populations with increased cancer incidence, delineate
specific neoplasm type and relevant demographic factors. Relate these cancer
incidence data to known or suspected chemical carcinogens. These carcinogens
are determined by environmental monitoring and emissions inventories.
77
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7. National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)
NCTR, through mutual DHEW and EPA agreement, provides a collaborative
toxicological research program in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, terato-
genesis, comparative metabolism, and improved toxicological testing
methodology addressing EPA priority needs in those research areas.
8. Pesticides
Collect data required by the Office of Pesticides Program (OPP) in
the general areas of registration, label review, hazard classification,
and tolerance setting. Program is conducted through multidisciplinary
approach involving: investigation of effects of commonly used pesticides
in laboratory animals, examination of potential human hazards of "new
generation" pest control agents, analysis of pesticides and their
transformation products in human and environmental samples, evaluation
of human population exposure.
9. Substitute Chemicals
Review scientific literature and execute toxicity studies to fill
gaps in health effects data base. These studies involve both examination
of human exposure to various compounds, and analysis of controlled
laboratory animal studies. This research supports EPA's responsibility
to identify hazards associated with use of substitute chemicals that
have replaced certain cancelled substances; and subsequent proposal of
acceptable alternate substances for those compounds deemed hazardous
to human health.
10. Health Effects from Pollutants Associated with Energy Development
Collect health effects data as a result of exposure to sulfates,
participates, and organics. Objectives are to: identify hazardous
agents associated with non-nuclear energy technologies, develop more
rapid and sensitive methods to evaluate dose to man, determine metabolism
and fate of hazardous agents associated with alternate energy technologies,
evaluate hazards of exposure of normal, susceptible, and stressed population
groups.
11. Toxic Substances
Determine potential hazards to human health from exposure to new
chemicals for commercial use. Develop methods to rapidly screen various
classes of toxic substances for specific biological activity; develop
methods to predict persistence, disposition, and biological activity for
these pollutants.
78
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12. Radiant Energy
Determine need for establishing an environmental standard for non-
ionizing radiation. Study chronic and acute exposures to 100 MHz (FM-
radio frequency), 425 MHz (UHF-TV frequency), 2450 MHz (microwave oven
frequency), and 9000 MHz (search radar frequency) to evaluate their
effects on neurobiologic, developmental, biochemical, immunologic, and
genetic systems.
13. Environmental Assessment Program Interface
Provide the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - RTF
with necessary input regarding the potential health effects of individual
effluents and effluents arising from the development and utilization of
alternate sources of energy.
14. Quality Assurance (Pesticides)
Conduct Quality Assurance Program to insure reliability of all EPA
pesticide analysis laboratories. This program includes methods development
and standardization, provision of high purity analytical standards,
instrument modification, and repair services. This Program supports
the Office of Pesticide Programs: Epidemiologic Studies Laboratories,
National Human Monitoring Program, other related OPP programs.
79
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Demonstrated that exposure to 1200 yg/m^ (0.6 ppm) of ozone for
one hour results in significant impairment of lung function in
humans. Impairment is greater after 2 hours exposure and a
suppression of lymphocyte (white blood cell) function persists
in these subjects for as long as eight weeks.
2. Conducting baseline studies in clean air to demonstrate the
effective operation of the CLEANS facilities prior to pollution
studies. Thirty subjects have been tested for baseline pulmonary
function. Data analysis is in progress; however, it appears that
the quality of the data resulting from computer control will be a
major asset in detecting small changes resulting from pollutant
exposures.
3. Conducting studies to determine a possible need for a short-term
NOg standard. Exposure to N02 has demonstrated that mechanisms
and degrees of toxicity are dependent upon the concentration of
N02, and the length and specific pattern of exposure, indicating
the continual need of conducting studies which mimic the actual
ambient pollution profile.
4. Demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of meningo-
encephalocele in microwave irradiated mouse fetuses near term.
This anomaly is a protruding brain resulting from failure of the
skull to close. Pregnant mice were repeatedly exposed to low-
medium power density (2450 MHz) microwave radiation during gestation.
5. Established an important facility and capability for short-term
bioassay of cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic environmental
chemicals. The program is the most extensive of its kind within
the Agency and involves a strong intramural and extramural applied
research effort in bioassay methodology as well as extramural
implementation of a flexible system of hierarchical tests.
6. Conducting study involving 2 hours exposure to twenty human
volunteers to 100 yg/m^ of sulfuric acid mist ^$04) (0.1 micron).
Spirometric and plethysmographic measurements were evaluated along
with exercise stress.
7. Showed that exposure to ozone at urban environment levels (0.1 ppm,
196 yg/m3) prolongs the effectiveness of a drug (sodium pentobarbital)
in mice. Results possibly implicate health effects associated with
metabolism of other chemical compounds.
80
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8. Conducted a collaborative study with Center for Disease Control to
determine the extent and severity of heavy metal absorbtion around
19 non-ferrous smelters throughout the country. Results indicate no
additional problems of the severity of those previously reported.
There were, however, lesser elevations in tissue concentration around
several of the smelters. Further studies are underway to determine
route of exposure and possible biologic significance of chronic low
level community exposure, particularly to lead, arsenic, and cadmium.
9. Delayed neurotoxity was produced in hens following daily oral sub-
neurotoxic doses of leptophos and EPN. A dose-clinical-response
relationship was shown with leptophos, EPN, DEF, and morphos. The
latter three compounds are under rebuttable presumption against
re-registration.
10. ETU (ethylene thiourea), a metabolite of the EBIS fungicides was
shown to be teratogenic in the rat but not the mouse. Pentachloro-
benzene (a toxic substance) was shown to have an effect upon repro-
duction in rats. Off-spring of PCB-treated mothers developed
tumors and had reduced survival rate.
11. Preliminary evidence shows no cytopathic effects of insect virus
(NPV) on mammalian cells in culture; however, the virus can adsorb
to the cells, perhaps penetrate the cell and cannot be removed by
available techniques.
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Systematic evaluation of health and ecological implications of widely
used organic compounds remains very inadequate. EPA is not focusing
its resources on the problems meant to be addressed by the Toxic
Substances Control Act.
2. There is no coordinated approach to environmental carcinogenesis.
Increased awarenesss of the implications of carcinogens in the general
environment requires more research and better coordination of research
in this area.
81
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country/Organization P ro g r a m/P r o j ect
Completion
Date
Amount
Commision of European
Commi ttees
International Union of
Pure and Applied
Chemistry
Epidemiological Data Exchange
Lead in Fuel Study
Terminal Pesticide Residue
Commission
1978
1979
$100,000
World Health
Organization
Joint Expert Committee on
Pesticides
Collaborating Center for Environ-
mental Pollution Control
Environmental Health Criteria
Program
1980
Continuing $12,000
BILATERAL AGREEMENTS
US-Federal Republic
of Germany
US-Japan Environmental
Agreement
US-USSR
Comparison and Coordination of Major
Items of Environmental Research -
Specimen Bank
Health Effects of Pollutants
Biological and Genetic Effects of
Environmental Pollution (EPA, HEW,
NIEHS)
- Biological and Genetic Effects
- Subcommittee on Epidemiology
Health Exchange Agreement
(Problem 1: Methodological bases for
the assessment of the biological
effects of inhaled chemicals)
(Problem 4: Biological effects of
physical factors in the environment-
microwave)
Environmental Protection Agreement
(Project 8: Biological and genetic
effects of pollutants oil shale
technology)
Continuing $300,000
Continuing
Continuing
1981
Continuing
1983
$10,000
$9,000
82
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Country/Organi zation
Prog ram/Proj ect
Development of Methods for the
Qualitative Evaluation of the
Biological Effects of Environmental
Chemical Agents
(Topic 1: Comparative assessment
of the effects of continuous and
intermittent exposure to atmospheric
pollutants)
Completion
Date
1982
SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM (PL-480)
Egypt
Poland
A Study of Health Hazards of 1978
Pesticides in Egypt
Levels of Toxicants in the Egyptial 1978
Environment
Effects of Insecticides on Animals 1978
and Plants
Evaluation of the Impact of Environ-
mental Factors on Human Tolerance to
Pesticides
Chronic Respiratory Diseases and
Ambient Air Quality in Alexandria
Protection of the Environment from 1976
Toxic Effects of Combustion Gases
Released by Boilers
Amount
$27,520
$21,000
$21,080
$125,696
Investigations Upon the Toxic Effect 1979
of NOX Depending on Dosage and Period
of Exposure
Effects of Chronic Treatment with Lead 1979
or Cadmium on the Behavior, Internal
Organs, and Reproduction of Rats
$120,562
$225,730
Yugoslavia
Biological Incorporation of Tritium 1980 $538,295
Neurologic Disfunctions Resulting 1977 $349,971
from Pesticides Intoxication
Study into the Biological Effects of 1978
Manganese
Study of Children's Blood Lead Levels 1978
within Families
83
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Country/Organization
Program/Project
Completion
Date
Amount
INTERNATIONAL GRANTS/CONTRACTS
Canada
Sweden
Karolinska Institute,
Stockholm
Sweden and Japan
Yugoslavia
World Health
Organization
Cancer and Birth Defects in a 1978 $ 15,000
Population Living Near a Poly-
vinyl Chloride Manufacturing
Plant (Feasbility Study)
Review of Occupational and Community 1977 $ 60,000
Toxicity of Metals
Distribution of Cadmium Levels in 1977 $119,000
Biologic Samples
Toxicology of Pesticides 1980 $ 75,000
Effects of Long-term Exposure 1982 $ 75,000
to DDT
84
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION II
• Puerto Rico - Provided technical consultation to Puerto Rico health
officials concerning a possible health problem related to atmospheric
sulfates. Funded a re-analysis of health and pollution data.
REGION III
• Frederick. Maryland - Investigating, with the Center of Disease
Control, the possibility of a study to assess health effects
related to fluoride emissions from the Eastalco Aluminum Plant
near Frederick, Maryland.
• Hopewell, Virginia - Assisted Regional staff in the investigation
of the kepone incident and subsequently in legal proceedings
against Allied Chemical Company and Life Sciences Corporation.
REGION IV
• Troy, Alabama - Collecting and analyzing lead exposure data from
six sites. Data will be used in designing a small epidemiologic
study to assess health effects associated with lead emissions
from a scrap smelter.
REGION V
• Chicago, Illinois - Designed and initiated study to assess possible
microbiological exposures resulting from aerosols generated with
a sewage treatment plant. This effort was subsequently transferred
to HERL-Cincinnati.
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - Conducted two studies of effects
from air pollution episode.
REGION VI
• Bartlesville, Oklahoma - Conducting study of metal exposures and
health effects in the vicinity of a zinc smelter.
REGION VIII
t Montana - Provided consultation to the State of Montana in
connection with an epidemiologic study to be conducted by
the State.
85
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• Montana - Collaborating with the State of Montana on a study of
excess mortality due to cancer and chronic lung disease in
three Montana counties. The Laboratory designed the study and
will process, analyze, and interpret the data. Data are being
collected by the Montana State Health Department.
REGIONS I-X
• Provided testimony in connection with numerous hearings or
litigations; e.g., St. Louis, Honolulu, Birmingham, Los Angeles,
Denver.
t Pesticides Quality Assurance Program - As part of this program,
Laboratory performed for the Regional Offices maintenance procedures
on electronic insturments, consultation in analytical methodology,
and provision of analytical standards.
86
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F. GORDON HUETER, PH.D.
Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, 1944-1948
University of Maryland, 1948-1952, B.S.
University of Maryland, 1954-1956, M.S.
University of Maryland, 1956-1958, Ph.D.
(Animal Science, Physiology, Biochemistry)
Director, Health Effects Research Laboratory, ERC,
EPA-RTP, 1978-Present
Associate Director, Health Effects Research Laboratory,
ERC, EPA-RTP, 1975-1978
Director, Special Studies Staff, ERC,
EPA-RTP, 1973-1975
Deputy Director, Office of Criteria Development, ERC,
EPA-RTP, 1972-1973
Special Assistant, Office of the Director, ERC,
EPA-RTP, 1971-1972
Assistant Director, Division of Effects Research, ERC,
EPA-RTP, 1969-1971
Chief, Biological Research Branch, Division of Health
Effects Research, NAPCA, 1968-1969
Chief, Physiology Section, Division of Health Effects
Research, NAPCA, 1961-1968
Assistant Professor, Animal Science Department,
Oregon State University, 1958-1961
87
-------
Professional
Affi1iations:
Honors:
Session Co-Chairman, Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting-1967
Session Chairman, 10th Annual Hanford Biology Symposium,
1970
Session Co-Chairman, International Air Pollution Conference,
1970
U.S. Delegate to: Policy Panel on Effects, Air Management
Research Group, Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
U.S. Representative for: United States-German Cooperative
Agreement concerning air pollution effects research
Chairman, Panel on Criteria for NATO/CCMS Air Pollution
Study
Member and Secretary of PAMA's Section on Environmental
Health Sciences
Assignment to WHO (Geneva) to assist in the initiation
and implementation of the WHO Environmental Health
Criteria Program
U.S. EPA representative as official member of Secretariat
for Environmental Workshop on Biological Monitoring and
Tissue Banking. This workshop is cosponsored by the
Environmental Protection Agency, World Health Organization
and Commission on European Communities
Author or co-author on 11 scientific papers addressing
subjects in the area of environmental health
Membership in: American Association for the Advancement
of Science
The Smithsonian Associates
National Audubon Society
Borden Agricultural Scholarship Award, 1952
Society of the Sigma Xi, 1959
88
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA
91
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA
MISSION
Determine the effects of air pollution on urban, regional, and global
atmospheres and the subsequent impact on air and water quality and land
use. Knowledge gained is used to develop the tehcnical basis for air
pollution control strategies. Specific activities are to:
• Develop techniques, methods, and instruments for the identification
and measurement of pollutants and toxic substances in stationary
and mobile source emissions, and in the ambient air.
t Measure and characterize stationary and mobile source emissions from
existing and new sources
• Characterize gaseous and aerosol pollutants and toxic substances in
ambient air by identifying sources, determining reaction rates and
mechanisms of chemical transformations (formation and removal) of
pollutants during transport, and developing air quality simulation
models.
t Assess effects of airborne pollutants on visibility, materials,
weather and climate.
• Develop arf apply dispersion, transport, and concentration models
used for relating source emissions and air quality, and for
forecasting potential pollution crises.
93
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(
Program Area In-house Extramural
Atmospheric Processes and Effects 1960 7542
Air Pollution Characterization 2235 3445
and Measurement
Air Exposures and Their Effects: 262 1163
Pollutants Associated with
Transport
Transport and Fate of Energy- 36 1380
Related Pollutants
Energy-Related Pollutant Measure- 58 377
ment and Instrument Development
Air Exposure and Their Effects: 55 150
Environmental Carcinogens
Criteria Development 0 100
Toxic Substances 0 0
Total 4606 (176) 14157
) Manyears-EPA
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel- = 98
• Professional = 72
• Non-Professional = 26
Total Full-time NOAA Personnel = 32
Total = 130
Professional Staff (Including NOAA Personnel
Discipline Bachelor Master Doctorate Total
Biology TOO]
Chemistry 10 14 20 44
Engineering 3 4 3 10
Mathematics 0303
Meteorology 0 16 5 21
Physics 3 4 5 12
Other JL J_ __2 _4
18 42 35 95
In-house
2089
2328
375
115
120
0
0
150
5177 (176)
,
Extramural
8512
3306
790
2279
510
140
0
0
15537
4
1
94
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Atmospheric Chemical and Meteorological Processes and Effects
t Determine the sources and sinks, kinetics of formation and removal,
and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gaseous and particulate
matter.
t Develop, evaluate and validate air quality simulation models for
predicting and describing air quality impacts anticipated from
various control abatement strategies.
• Determine the atmospheric chemical and physical processes for
describing the formation and decay of gaseous and particulate
air pollutants.
• Quantify the effects of air pollutants on weather, visibility,
climate, and materials.
2. Air Pollution Characterization and Measurement
t Develop new and/or improved methodology and instrumentation
technology for measuring pollutants in ambient air and from
stationary and mobile sources.
t Identify and characterize emissions from stationary and mobile
sources.
t Characterize urban-rural ambient pollutants and identify sources.
3. Air Exposures and Their Effects: Refinement Risk Assessment of
Pollutants Associated with Transport
• Characterize emissions from advanced automotive catalyst systems
and alternate power systems (diesels, etc.).
t Develop and evaluate sampling and analytical techniques for measuring
catalyst-pollutants from mobile sources and in the ambient air.
t Improve the highway air quality simulation model and the commuter
exposure model.
4. Transport and Fate of Energy-Related Pollutants in Ecosystems
• Assess the effect of petroleum complex emissions on oxidant transport.
• Conduct smog chamber studies to assess the atmospheric chemistry of
emissions from new energy sources.
• Study the chemical, physical, and meteorological aspects of coal-
fired plant plumes.
95
-------
• Assess the transport, diffusion, and transformation of SO and
NOV from a power plant located in a complex terrain.
A
• Develop power plant plume models for use in complex terrains.
5. Energy-Related Pollutant Measurement and Instrument Development
• Develop analytical methods and instrumentation for measuring
energy-related pollutants (organic and inorganic compounds,
carcinogenic vapors).
• Identify, measure, and characterize the inorganic compounds,
high molecular weight organic compounds, and hydrocarbons in
emissions from power plants, oil refineries, coal gasification,
and liquefaction plants.
6. Air Exposure and Their Effects: Contribution of Environmental
Carcinogens to Cancer Incidence
• Identify 20 carcinogens that are emitted into the atmosphere in
relatively large amounts; develop an analytical system for
these carcinogens and a screening technique to analyze various
chemical class categories.
• Develop personal monitors to assess exposure to carcinogens, precar-
cinogens, and cofactors existing in micro-environments.
7. Criteria Development for Selection of Stationary Source Measurement
Strategies, Methodologies, and Instrumentation
• Develop performance criteria and specification for various monitoring
techniques
96
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Completed the data gathering phase of the Regional Air Pollution
Study in St. Louis, thus providing a data base for urban air
quality simulation modeling.
2. Characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions from power plants
and other sources that burn residual oil containing various amounts
of sulfur and vanadium, and found sulfate emissions as high as 10%
of total sulfur oxide emissions.
3. Verified that long range transport of SOX and ozone and their precursors
can produce significant deterioration of air quality hundreds of miles
downwind.
4. At the request of the House Subcommittee on Public Health and Environment,
issued a status report that discussed the potential problem of ozone
depletion in the stratosphere resulting from the release of Freons and
other halogenated hydrocarbons.
5. Completed a comprehensive field measurement study of the emissions from
and meteorological variables in the vicinity of a power plant facility
located in a complex terrain.
6. Evaluated impact of various catalytic control systems for automotive
exhaust emissions (regulated pollutants and sulfuric acid); defined
potential problems associated with advanced catalytic control systems.
7. Developed analytical techniques for toxic pollutants that subsequently
have been used to investigate human and animal exposure incidents.
8. Solved long-standing-problems concerning the accurate measurement of
sulfates, free acid, and nitrates in ambient aerosols.
9. Developed second generation models relating emissions to photochemical
air quality.
10. Developed finite difference mathematical highway models for evaluating
the environmental impact of new and existing highways and changing
automobile emission patterns.
11. Documented air pollution potential climatologies for the United States.
12. Developed methodology to research the formation and transport of
ambient sulfates.
97
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Determine impact of fine particles and sulfate (from increased use
of coal) on emission factors for various plant designs, fuel uses,
operating conditions, and types of control equipment.
2. Explore potential impact of diesel automobile emissions on air
quality, annoyance (odors), and health.
3. Determine roles played by environmental pollutants in cancer.
4. Study global air pollution including tropospheric-stratospheric systems,
and acid precipitation.
5. Extend air quality simulation modeling so that the output can be used
on total environmental systems.
6. Develop sulfate control strategy that reliably reflects both the
complex interactions of point sources and urban plumes, and the
diffusion, transformation, interaction, transport, and decay of
pollutants.
7. Assess impact of air pollution on visibility, weather and climate to
better evaluate potential control strategies.
98
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country
Austria
France
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Union of
Soviet
Socialist
Republics
Project Title
Studies on Aerosols of Sizes
Down to 0.05 micron
Simultaneous Comparison of
EAA and Diffusion Battery
for Atmospheric Aerosols
Design and Performance of
an Aerosol Mass Monitor
Natural Aerosol Study
Completion
Date
1977
1978
1978
1980
Amount
$ 9,300
$21,925
$71,700
$50,000
99
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
Conducted Northeast Oxidant Transport Study, to assess the long
range transport of oxidant and its precursors for input to regional
transportation control strategies. Study confirmed the long range
transport of oxidant and its precursors over distances of several
hundred kilometers.
REGION II
• Boundbrpok. New Jersey - High concentrations of aromatic amines
(1-napthylamine, 700 ng/m3; anilines, 300,000 ng/m3) were measured
in the atmosphere.
• Edison, New Jersey - Several potentially dangerous organic compounds
were identified and measured in the ambient air over and near a
chemical dump. Chloroform [74,000 ng/m3), classified as a carcinogen,
and benzene (1,550,000 ng/m3), classified as a human leukemogen,
were among the compounds found. Average urban air concentration
for benzo(a)pyrene is 2 ng/m3, for comparison.
• New Jersey - Provided expert testimony before the New Jersey
Special State Senate Commission on organic air pollutants in
nothern New Jersey.
• New Jersey - Provided two panel members for a discussion of
organic vapors in the air in northern New Jersey, held by the
New Jersey Clean Air Council.
t New York, Puerto Rico - Conducted emissions characterization studies
at oil-fired power plants in the State of New York and at a plant in
Puerto Rico. Preliminary results confirmed earlier findings at other
plants of high sulfate emissions and their reduction wit the use of
ESP controls. The emissions data from the Puerto Rico plant, burning
oil with 2% sulfur at 4.4% excess oxygen, showed a sulfate to total
sulfur ratio of 3-5% by weight. Available aerometric data from
Puerto Rico indicate relatively high sulfate levels (10-20 yg/mj) in
heavily populated areas.
• Buffalo. New York - Conducting field measurements to assess the
effect on air quality of chemicals escaping from Love Canal
disposal area.
100
-------
REGION III
• Maryland - Samples from two rock quarries and from an elementary school
playground were quantitatively analyzed for asbestos. The school
sample contained 0.6% chrysotile asbestos; the two quarry samples
contained 0.35% and 0.36% asbestos, respectively.
• Baltimore. Maryland - Completed nitrosamine sampling study verifying
the existence of nitrosamines (as high as 36 yg/rrr) in the ambient
air near a rocket fuel plant.
• Virginia - Provided dispersion model estimates of air concentrations
of sulfuric acid to the State of Virginia, in the event of a spill
from a barge incident in Chespeake Bay.
t Alexandria, Virginia - Collected samples for trace metal analysis
at a municipal incinerator. Principal occurring elements were Pb,
Br, S, Na, K, Cl, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, and Sn. Only platinum and fluorine,
out of 27 elements, were not found in at least one of 47 samples.
t Clinch River Power Plant, Virginia - Concluded 16-month measurement
phase for field study of the plant. Aircraft and ground-based measure-
ments of air quality (mostly sulfates and nitrates) and methodology
were taken to assess plume dispersion in complex terrain.
• Portsmouth-Norfolk, Virginia - A multiple source dispersion model was
used to estimate the impact on the area of primary sulfate emissions
from two sulfuric acid plants and from a number of other facilities.
Emissions data obtained from stationary source emissions characterization
studies were used.
• Belle, West Virginia - Measured ambient air samples for nitrosamines.
N-nitrosodimethylamine, at concentrations ranging from a trace to
0.73 g/m3, was measured.
t Waverly, West Virginia - The ROSE (remote optical sensing of emissions)
system was used in a series of measurements at a carbon black plant
to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant off-gas flare in converting
CO to C00.
REGION IV
• Conducted several emissions characterization studies at both oil-
and coal-fired power plants in Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Kentucky. Studies included gas and particulate
101
-------
emissions characterization from the burning of domestic residual
fuel and Venezuelan oil. Sulfate conversion levels ranging from
0.7-1.6% of the total sulfur oxides were determined from a coal-
fired power plant. Data obtained from a coal-fired plant burning
high sulfur coal with ESP controls but no gas scrubber controls
for flue gas desulfurization are being analyzed.
• Tampa Bay, Florida - Natural hydrocarbon pollutant concentration
measurements were made in the Tampa Bay area. Studies indicate
that natural sources of hydrocarbons are a minor contributor to
ambient hydrocarbon concentrations. Highest concentration measured
was 7 ppb C-isoprene, in an orange grove.
• Bartow, Florida - The ROSE system was used to measure gaseous
fluoride concentrations in the vicinity of gypsum ponds at two
phosphate fertilizer plants. Preliminary results show HF concen-
trations over ponds to be in the range of 50 ppb; upwind measurements
show no HF. SiF. was below detection limits (<0.5 ppb).
The ROSE system was also used to make measurements of jet engine
exhaust products at Tyndall AFB, Florida.
• Atlanta, Georgia - Conducted a one-day workshop on air quality
simulation model ing.
• Macon, Georgia - Collected air samples from simulated foest-fires
at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. Analyses showed
high concentrations of olefins, aldehydes, and furan derivatives.
REGION V
• St. Louis, Missouri - Conducted final field experiments of the
Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS).
• Cleveland, Ohio - Loaned odor van to the City of Cleveland, Ohio
to assess odor problems associated with various industries.
• Columbus, Ohio -Conducted emissions characterization studies at a
coal-fired power plant. Studies are to assess the emissions from
the burning of high sulfur coal with ESP controls, but no gas
scrubber controls for flue gas desulfurization.
102
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REGION VI
• Arkansas - The ROSE system was used to assist in the preliminary
characterization of emissions from plants producing bromine compounds;
methanol was the only substance measured in any appreciable concen-
tration.
• New Mexico - Provided technical assistance in diffusion modeling
methodologies to the State.
• Houston, Texas - Completed 25-day study of oxidant transport. High
ozone levels were measured in the air above the Houston ship channel;
the high concentrations were attributed to high hydrocarbon emissions
in the area.
t Houston, Texas - Nitrosamine samples were collected in the vicinity
of several large chemical plants. Concentrations were much less
than those measured at Baltimore or Belle, West Virginia.
REGION VII
« La Cygne, Kansas - Initiated source emissions characterization
study at the Kansas City Power and Light power plant station.
The facility is equipped with an S0~ scrubber. This study will
investigate the sulfate and hydrogen chloride emissions from the
combustion of coal containing high amounts of sulfur and chlorine.
The question of sulfate penetration through the scrubber will be
examined.
• St. Louis, Missouri - The Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS),
initiated in July 1972, consisted of a comprehensive field study
centered in and around St. Louis. The RAPS data acquisition system
consisted of a detailed emissions inventory and a ground-based network
within 50 km radius of downtown St. Louis, measuring air quality and
meteorological parameters; routine measurements were made at 25
stations. Periodic intensive field studies including aircraft
measurements were carried out throughout the 5-year period; the
last intensive was conducted in the winter of 1976-1977. The
RAPS data base is being used in the development, evaluation, and
validation of air quality simulation models.
• Provide expert testimony for a public hearing on the Missouri
State Implementation Plans, information on in-stack monitoring
of the opacity of particulate emissions.
103
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REGION VIII
• Salt Lake City, Utah - Completed visibility-pollutant relationships
by examining visibility data from the National Climatic Center and
air quality data from the NASN. Sulfates and nitrates were the
most predominant pollutants. The analysis indicates that the
industry-wide copper strike from July 1967 to March 1968 was
associated with depressed sulfate levels and improved visibility.
REGION IX
t Phoenix, Arizona - Completed atmospheric sampling program to measure
aerosol mass flux and to characterize the aerosol. Results show that
minerals are the primary components of Phoenix aerosol; automobile-
related particles ranged from 5% of the sample mass in outlying
areas to 50% in the central city on some sampling dates.
• Phoenix, Arizona - The ROSE system was used to make path-averaged
CO concentration measurements in runway and taxi areas around
Williams AFB, Arizona.
• Phoenix, Arizona - Completed visibility-pollutant relationships
as part of 16 Southwest urban sites analyzed for long-term visibility
trends. Analyses of visibility data from the National Climatic Center
show a worsening o~ visibility by about 10-20% at most of the sites
from 1954 to 1971.
9 Southern California - Analyzed air quality and meteorological data
for the seven county area in southern Califonria for February 25 -
March 4, 1975 period of observed high levels of photochemical
oxidants. The analysis shows that a combination of relatively
high ultraviolet radiation and meteorological stagnation caused
the high oxidant concentration.
• Las Vegas, Nevada - Provided asbestos analyses on samples from
a home. Asbestos (chrysotile) was found in the disposable
furnace filter and in the acoustical ceiling spray.
REGION X
• Portland, Oregon - Completed a 2-month field study to determine
the sources of aerosols in the area.
REGIONS I, III, VI, VIII, IX
• Arrangements made for the transfer of complete air monitoring
systems from the St. Louis RAPS site to the respective Regions.
104
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REGIONS III, V, VII
t Aircraft measurements over widely scattered midwestern areas,
Ohio Valley and eastward to the Virginia coast were made to
assess ozone-precursor relationships and the causes of high
rural ozone concentrations; limited sampling was conducted
at several ground-level sites.
REGIONS VI, VIII, IX
• The first field study to assess visibility reduction due to
pollutants from (a) a power plant, (b) a smelter, and (c) an
urban area in the Southwest was carried out in the Four Corners
area of New Mexico and Arizona.
105
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AUBREY PAUL ALTSHULLER
Director
Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Education: University of Chicago, B.S., 1948
University of Cincinnati, M.S., 1950
Ph.D. (Physical Chemistry), 1951
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Director, Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, EPA-RTP, 1974-Present
Director, Chemistry and Physics Laboratory,
EPA-RTP, 1971-1974
Director, Division of Chemistry and Physics,
National Air Pollution Control Administration,
1968-1971
Chief, Chemistry and Physics Program, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, 1967-1968
Chief, Chemistry Section in Division of Air
Pollution, 1961-1966
U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Officer
(Senior Assistant Scientist to Scientist
Director, 1955-1963 in Federal Air Pollution
Program)
Aeronautical Research Scientist, Lewis Research
Center, Cleveland, Ohio, National Advisory
Committee Aeronautics (now NASA), 1951-1955
Chairman, American Chemical Society Committee
on Air Pollution, 1965-1967
Member, Committee on Air Pollution and Health
of American Thoracic Society, 1964-1966
U.S. Representative, OCED Meeting on Fundamental
Studies in Air Pollution, 1965
107
-------
Member, air pollution panel of American Chemical
Society Committee preparing report on Science
and Technology of Environmental Improvement
Member, Executive Committee, 1968-1971, and
Chairman, 1970, of Division of Water, Air and
Waste Chemistry, American Chemical Society
EPA delegate on Joint Planning Coordination
Committee for U.S.-Japan scientific activities
on environmental control
Member, Editorial Board, "International Journal
of Air Pollution", 1964-1966
Associate Editor, "Atmospheric Environment", 1967-
present
Member, Editorial Board, "Environmental Science
and Technology", 1967-1968
Honors: Cincinnati Chemists Award - 1967, Cincinnati Section
of the American Society for "important fundamental
contributions to chemical knowledge and its appli-
cation in theoretical and experimental physical
chemistry, in analytical chemistry and photochemistry
of gas mixtures, and especially in the scientific
evaluation of photochemical air pollution"
Frank A. Chambers Award - 1970, Air Pollution Control
Associations for outstanding achievement "in
developing methods of measurements for air pollution
control"
Silver Medal for Superior Service - Environmental
Protection Agency - 1971 - for significant achievements
and impressive service in directing an important program
of research on the chemical and physical properties
of air pollutants, their reactions and measurement
The American Chemical Society Award in Pollution Control -
1975 - for his conception and implementation of the
comprehensive research program within the Federal
Government, which provided the scientific basis for
the abatement of photochemical air pollution
108
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Mr. George C. Holzwort
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INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA
111
-------
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA
MISSION
• Assess the environmental impact of energy and industrial processes
• Insure development of control technology and process modifications.
This will allow for establishing and meeting standards for air, water,
solid waste, thermal discharge, pesticides, and energy-conserving
aspects of environmental pollution in a timely and cost-effective manner
• Support the Environmental Protection Agency's enforcement and regulatory
activities.
113
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
(SlOOO's)
FY 77
FY 78
1. Flue Gas Cleaning - Including Waste
and Water Control Program
2. Particulate Control
3. Thermal
4. Combustion Pollutant Assessment
5. Fluid Bed Combustion
6. Coal Cleaning
7. Synthetic Fuels
8. Advanced Oil (CAFB)
9. Combustion Control (NOV)
X
10. Metallurgical
11. Chemical Processes - Petrocnem,
Agrichem, Textiles, Petroleum
12. Support Services
13. In-house
TOTAL
( ) Manyears
PERSONNEL
Total Full -Time EPA
4,916
3,937
658
948
3,693
2,503
3,712
1,512
7,054
1,198
2,771
2,661
4,059
39,622 (89)
Personnel = 86
4,500
3,820
300
1,900
4,000
2,900
3,400
1,150
6,750
1,420
2,660
3,120
4,110
40,030 (86)
• Professional = 62
• Non-Professional = 24
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master Doctorate Total
Chemistry 4 0
Engineering 23 13
Mathematics 3 2
Other 2 0
Total 32 15
3 7
11 47
1 6
0 2
15 62
114
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
Three-fold approach to stationary source pollution control:
• environmental assessment to determine the feasibility/cost/
benefit of proposed technologies as compared to present
methods;
• environmental control technology development - research,
develop and demonstration of control technologies where
needed
• technology transfer - dissemination of knowledge gained and
of technologies developed by EPA and by the scientific
community.
1. Flue Gas Cleaning
• develop and demonstrate technology to prevent or abate sulfur dioxide
pollution from utility and industrial power sources.
• provide near-term technology to meet emission standards for sulfur
dioxide
• liberate high-sulfur fuels for use
• investigate disposal or utilization of solid wastes from power plants
with emphasis on FGD sludge
• minimize or eliminate liquid discharges from power plants with
emphasis on water recycle and reuse
• evaluate need for and develop processes for the control of nitrogen
oxide and simultaneous control of nitrogen oxide/sulfur oxide.
2. Particulate Control
• develop and demonstrate control technologies to remove large fractions
of particles jf 3u
• identify capabilities and improve performance of existing equipment
and technology
• identify and develop new technology
• develop technology for use with low-sulfur coal
t develop technology for high temperature/high pressure process for
cleanup of advanced energy processes
115
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3. Thermal Pollution
• develop advanced cooling technology for waste heat rejection from
power plants
• develop waste heat utilization techniques for agricultural applications
• demonstrate treatment methods for waste water streams from cooling
systems.
4. Combustion Pollutant Assessment
• Provide a qualitative definition of the environmental risks associated
with the multimedia effluents from various conventional combustion
systems processes, which is expected to provide data for standards
setting, and to enable the Laboratory to make decisions on the need
for and extent of process control required for a wide range of
multimedia pollutants.
5. Fluid Bed Combustion
t environmental assessment of fluidized bed combustion technologies
• development of environmental goals through environmental assessment
t determination of the best control/disposal technologies for FBC
in light of multimedia considerations
• develop and demonstrate technology for control of sulfur oxide,
nitrogen oxide emissions, solid wastes and other multimedia
pollutants from fluid bed combustion systems as needed.
6. Coal Cleaning
• complete environmental assessment of all coal cleaning processes
t develop control technology for coal cleaning plants, develop
physical and chemical coal cleaning technology to permit use
of high-sulfur coal.
7. Synthetic Fuels
• assess environmental impact of the emerging coal-based synthetic
fuels industry
t develop and demonstrate appropriate multimedia control technology
116
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8. Advanced Oil
• conduct multimedia environmental assessments of existing and
projected processing and utilization technologies for residual
oil use
t develop control technology for chemically active fluid bed
processes for sulfur, metals and nitrogen oxide, to permit
utilization of high-sulfur fuels in existing gas- and oil-fired
power plants
• develop advanced control techniques.
9. NO Combustion Control
A ~" ~~ " "'" "
• develop and demonstrate modification technology to control nitrogen
oxide and related pollutants generated by combustion (utility
boilers, commercial boilers, industrial boilers, residential
heating systems, industrial process furnaces, stationary engines,
advanced processes)
• evaluate effects by environmental assessment.
10. Metallurgical Processes
• identify major multimedia pollution sources, particularly in
iron and steel industries
• conduct environmental assessments on identified sources
• conduct engineering studies to demonstrate technology applicability
t develop and demonstrate control technology for priority sources
11. Chemical Processes
t identify and characterize chemical industry pollution emissions,
particularly in agricultural chemicals, petroleum refineries,
petrochemicals, shipboard incinerators, textiles
• conduct multimedia assessments as needed
• develop and demonstrate control technology as needed.
117
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Demonstration of effectiveness and reliability of Lime and Limestone
Flue Gas Desulfurization Technology; large scale commercial application
of this technology is such that over 50,000 MW of generating capacity
are now controlled, under construction or planned.
2. Conducting multimedia environmental assessment program of emerging
energy technologies. Have developed independent problem definition
and test facilities for control technologies for synthetic fuels
conducted through a coordinated grant program involving the University
of North Carolina, North Carolina State University and the Research
Triangle Institute.
3. Extended combustion technology to coal-fired utility boilers, reducing
nitrogen oxide emissions to 50 percent of uncontrolled levels.
4. Demonstrated SOX removal of over 90% in both atmospheric and pressurized
fluid bed combustion (FBC) systems (should enable most coals to meet new
source performance standards for S0£ from large coal boilers); demonstrated
that NOX emissions from atmospheric and pressurized FBC systems will be
well within new source performance standards for large coal-fired boilers.
5. Conducting large demonstration of physical coal cleaning at Homer City,
PA to meet NSPS and State standards. New chemical cleaning approach
(Meyer's Gravichem) shows higher cleaning potential and reduced environ-
mental impact from plant operations.
6. Extended combustion technology to coal-fired utility boilers, reducing
NOV emissions to 50% of uncontrolled levels.
A
7. Demonstration and development of other advanced FGD processes: Double
Alkali Process - Demonstrated (20 MWE), Demonstration Program (280 MWE);
Magnesium Oxide Process - Demonstrated (155 MWE and 100 MWE); Citrate
Process - Demonstration Program (50 MWE).
8. Completion of acceptance tests on a 115 MWE coal-fired, sulfur-producing
demonstration of the Wellman-Lord FGD System.
9. Successful operation of chemically active fluidized bed pilot plant
(0.75 MW) with 90% sulfur removal, complete Vanadium removal, 75%
Nickel removal, and reduction of NOX emissions.
10. Demonstration of fabric filter systems (baghouses) as efficient and
reliable fine particulate control devices on both utility and industrial
boilers.
11. Developed feasible method on pilot scale for major hydrocarbon
reductions from ethylene dichloride petrochemical facilities.
12. Provided basis from shipboard incineration tests for permits to burn
chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes in the Gulf of Mexico. Participated in
burning of Air Force's remaining herbicide orange in Pacific Ocean.
118
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13. Established test programs to develop basis for 1983 guidelines in textile
industry. Zero discharge was demonstrated for fiberglass manufacturers.
14. Demonstrated significantly reduced emissions from unique coke oven
charging system variations of this system are in commercial operation.
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Greater emphasis on presently unregulated pollutants, particularly
those named in 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments.
2. Greater participation with regulatory and enforcement programs as
they implement more stringent requirements of recent air, water, solid
waste and toxics legislation.
3. Shift from hardware programs to collecting, assessing, and transferring
information. Environmental assessment of energy and industrial sources
will continue to be emphasized.
4. Renewed emphasis on control technology that will accelerate environmental
acceptable use of coal.
5. Demonstration of many second generation processes which are more complex
and costly to evaluate.
6. More emphasis on adapting and packaging results obtained under ORD's
Multimedia Program to specific media-oriented requirements of Agency's
program offices.
119
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country/Organization
England
Federal Republic
of Germany
International
Energy Agency
Japan
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
Organization for
Economic Cooperation
and Development
Poland
Union of South Africa
Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
Program/Project
Contractual Agreements:
Chemically Active Fluid Bed Study
Fluid Bed Combustion Study
Synthetic Fuels - Coal Gasifi-
cation
Completion
Date
1930
1978
1982
Amount
$1,700,000
70,000
600,000
Bilateral Agreement for the study (not yet active)
particulate control devices and 1980 est.
of chloroysis technology
Synthetic Fuels - Coal Gasifi-
cation Study
1979
100,000
Bilateral Agreement for the Study (not yet active)
of Stationary Sources, iron and 1980 est.
steel pollution, flue gas
desulfurization, and flue gas
treatment
Membership in the Committee on Completed
the Challenges of Modern
Society
Coal Cleaning Study 1977
Coal Cleaning Study (PL-400) Completed
Fabric Filtration Study (PL-400) 1978
Textile Waste Water Treatment 1977
Study (PL-480)
Synthetic Fuels - Coal Gasifi- 1980
cation Study
US/USSR Agreement on Cooperation 1982
in the Field of Environmental
Health - Subtopic 2. Stationary
Source Air Pollution Control
Technology
16,000
200,000
120
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION II
• New Jersey - A Survey of the Use and Emission of Selected Carcinogens
in New Jersey -Survey of approximately 10,000 industrial facilities
in New Jersey. Results of this project will be the compilation of
the usage and emissions of approximately 80 carcinogenic materials
by these industrial facilities.
• New York - Demonstration of a Polychlorinated Biphenyl Processing
and Manufacturing Plant Haste Treatment System - Develop cost-
effective alternative to activated carbon treatment. Catalytic
reduction technology has been tested and found to be inadequate
and current efforts are direct at UV-ozonolysis technology. Project
is related to Regional Office concern over discharges of PCB's into
the Hudson River by General Electric Company's capacitor manufacturing
plant in New York State. While PCB's are currently not being used,
run-off from plant property contaminated because of past spills
continues to be a problem.
REGION III
• Assessment of the Uses and Jobs of Lubricants, Oils, Greases, and
cFlujds^ - Projects nearing completion.
• At Sea Incineration: Sampling, Analysis and Environmental Assessment -
CmiducTTanipling, analysis, and assessment of an incinerator ship
burning liquid organochloride waste and solid wastes to provide
supporting information to be used by EPA in establishing regulations
governing waste incineration at sea. Evaluate this disposal technique
for possible application to the Kepone problem in Virginia.
REGION IV
, Florida - Effects of Gypsum Pond Seepage in Ground Hater Quality
Evaluate the problem posed by the presence of extremely contaminated
gypsum ponds overlying previous strata in Central Florida. This
contamination presents a potential serious threat to the Florida
Aquifer. The effect of over a thousand acres of unlined ponds
containing several thousand milligrams per liter of fluoride and
phosphorus, ph less than 2, and over 100 picocuries per liter
radium 226 is still unknown. The new work scope will be implemented
in December.
At-Sea Incineration of Organochlorine Hastes Onboard the M/T Vulcanus
ThFirTcTneratTon of 4100 tons of organochlorine waste by the M/T
Vulcanus was monitored by IERL-RTP in an EPA-designated burn area
in the Gulf of Mexico. Incinerator efficiencies of at least 99.9%
were observed at waste feed rates of 22 tons/hour.
121
•
-------
• Memphis, Tennessee - Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Removal from
Uastewater - Project (qrant with Velsicol Chemical Company, Memphis)is to
develop control technology to meet the more stringent Toxic Pollutant
Standard for Endrin. The resin sorption technology developed is
routinely achieving 3 parts per billion of endrin in pilot plant
effluent; it appears that with further work it will be capable of
achieving the toxic pollutant standard. Region IV has been involved
in a lawsuit over the failure of Velsicol to meet National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System requirements.
REGION V
• Sod i urn Condi t i on ing Demonstrati on - Provided technical assistance to
Regional office on the effects on ESP performance of switching from
high sulfur coal to low sulfur coal. This was a question in a suit
filed by EPA to force a utility to switch to low sulfur coal to meet
NSPS for SOX. The Laboratory agreed to conduct a sodium conditioning
demonstration in cooperation with Region V on the utility. Presently,
availability of the utility is questionable so that it may be necessary
to go to a different site for the demonstration.
REGION VIII
• Sampling and Analysis of Organic Materials in Power Plant Emissions -
An existing contract between Region 8 and Radian Corporation provided
for sampling trace metals in emissions from two power plants. Region 8
and IERL-RTP were both interested in determining organic emissions
from these plants and in testing the new Source Assessment Sampling
System (SASS). IERL funds were added to provide for the additional
sampling and analysis costs, and a SASS train was loaned to Radian
by IERL-RTP for the project. Sampling has been completed and Region 8
will receive a full report on the organic emissions.
REGION IX
• The Use of Electrostatically Charged Fog for Control of Dust from
Open Sources - It has been demonstrated that fugitive industrial
particulate emissions and redispersed dusts acquire an electrostatic
charge as they are formed. If these charged airborne particles
are exposed to oppositely charged fog, there is an enhanced
agglomeration, causing the particles to rapidly settle. This
technique has been used around a number of particulate sources
in Region IX including a cement plant and a smelter. The lowering
of dust concentrations by an order of magnitude has been demonstrated.
MULTI-REGIONAL PROJECTS
• Fugitive Emissions in the Iron and Steel Industry - A Study of
fugitive emissions in the Iron and Steel Industry is directly
supporting all Regions containing iron and steel plants. Although
the final report has not been received, the data has already been
used in some litigation.
122
-------
REGIONS III, IV
• Iron and Steel Plant Zero Discharge Study - The subject study is of
special interest to Regions 3 and 4. Results will help support
Regional office activities.
REGIONS III, IV, V
• Iron and Steel Waste Water Treatment System - The portable waste
water treatment sytem for support of BATEA in the iron and steel
industry has received significant interest from several Regional
offices.
123
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JOHN K. BURCHARD
Director
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park
and
Senior Office of Research
and Development Official
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Carnegie Tech - B.S.
Carnegie Tech - M.S.
Carnegie Tech - Ph.D. (Engineering) 1962
Federal Executive Institute
Director, Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, 1974-Present
Senior ORD Official, EPA-RTP, 1977-Present
Director, Control Systems Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development
1972-1974
Branch Chief, Control Systems Division,
National Air Pollution Control
Administration, 1971-1972
Assistant Director, Control Systems
Division, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, 1970-1971
Chief Scientist, Combustion Power Company
Menlo Park, Calif., 1968-1970
Staff Scientist, United Technology Center,
Sunnyvale, Calif., 1961-1968
Professional
Affiliations:
American Institute of Engineering
Sigma Xi
125
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA
129
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA
MISSION
t Provide specialized monitoring and analytical support to EPA programs
and to other national and international air pollution control
organizations
• Operate EPA Air Pollution Quality Assurance Program for both ambient
air and stationary source measurements
• Provide analytical methods, standardization evaluations and development
of monitoring methods for the sampling and analysis of pollutants in
ambient air and in emissions sources
• Perform analyses of samples from environmental monitoring networks,
e.g., the non-criteria pollutant networks, the National Air
Surveillance Network (NASN) and the National Fuel Surveillance
Network (NFSN).
t Provide special techniques and/or rapid response for collection and
analysis of air samples in support of emergency episodes and
enforcement
• Evaluate commercially available air monitoring instrumentation
including that for equivalency determination of ambient air
pollution methods
• Conduct mathematical and statistical evaluations and report internally
generated data, including network data
• Conduct the EPA Fuels and Fuel Additive Registration Program
131
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Program Area
Quality Assurance
Technical Support
Catalyst
Fuel & Fuel Additive
Energy
Toxic Substances
TOTAL
In-house
1,405
1,809
1,025
165
5
-
4,409 (86)
Extramural
363
241
125
-
220
-
949
In-house
1,795
1,732
825
265*
225
90
4,932 (86)
Extramural
65
-
171
-
200
-
436
*Includes methods techniques development for source emission measurements
( ) Manyears
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel = 86
• Professional = 63
• Non-Professional = 23
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master Doctorate
Total
Biology
Chemistry
Engineering
Mathematics
Other
Tnt-al
0
31
6
1
0
•}R
2
5
4
5
1
17
0
8
0
0
0
8
2
44
10
1
63
132
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Quality Assurance
• Conduct single-laboratory and muHi-laboratory (collaborative testing)
evaluation of candidate reference methods - for use in determining
compliance to regulations on ambient air quality and emission standards.
These studies establish the precision and accuracy of reference methods
necessary for legal defensibility. Prepare detailed methods and
procedures for publication in the regulations.
a Establish procedures for designating equivalent methods for use in
compliance monitoring, review equivalency applications, and promulgate
equivalent methods. Evaluate proposed modifications to reference
and equivalent methods as need arises and make appropriate revisions
and notifications to the regulations.
t Conduct interlaboratory performance surveys to determine proficiency
of State/local, Federal, industrial laboratories involved in compliance
or research monitoring; aid in detection and correction of problems
in methodology or laboratory performance.
• Prepare and distribute quality assurance guideline documents and
handbooks for use by performing laboratories in developing and imple-
menting quality assurance programs.
• Develop protocols for establishing the traceability of calibration
gases and materials to higher order standards such as NBS Standard
Reference Material (SRM). Identify the need for support the develop-
ment of SRM's.
2. Technical Support
a Provide analytical capability to support EMSL projects, other ORD
laboratories, Regional programs and other EPA programs. Analytical
capability exists in the areas of neutron activation, spark source
mass spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, atomic absorption,
and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
• Operate special monitoring networks such as the non-criteria
pollutant monitoring network, National Fuels Surveillance Network
(NASN) and Precipitation Network to chart trends in contaminant
levels. Analyze samples collected by the NASN for non-criteria
pollutants.
• Conduct field monitoring for the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards in support of implementation plan and control strategy
developments; e.g., N02 monitoring in large urban areas and 03 monitoring
in natural forests; vinyl chloride and benzene monitoring at suspected
major sources of emissions.
133
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• Conduct special studies to support Regional air pollution investigations;
e.g., arsenic determination near the Tacoma smelter; BaP determination
around a coke oven in Pennsylvania; asbestos monitoring in Maryland;
kepone monitoring in Virginia; PCB monitoring near a special incinerator
in Arkansas.
t Perform for Office of Enforcement compliance monitoring on phosphorus
content of gasoline and confirmatory analysis of lead in gasoline.
3. Catalyst Evaluation
• Conduct field studies to determine impact of catalyst-equipped cars
on ambient air quality especially relating to S-bearing compounds.
Determine temperal, diurnal and spatial variation in resulting air
quality.
4. Fuel and Fuel Additives
• Register fuel and fuel additives in accordance with Federal regulations
and coordinate the activities of the Fuel/Fuel Additive Registration
Screening Committee concerned with flagging fuels and additives having
the potential for adverse effects.
5. Energy
• Provide quality assurance support to the Western Energy program and
in contract monitoring for the indoor/outdoor pollutant characterization/
health effects assessment study.
6. Toxic Substances
• Prepare state-of-the-art measurement method reviews for pollutants
of concern to Office of Toxic Substances.
134
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Initiated implementation of Agency-wide quality assurance program
including: issuance of Volume I and Volume II of the Quality
Assurance Handbook, development of reference materials, conduct of
laboratory evaluations, evaluation of standardization of methods
measurement methods for pollutants in air and emission sources,
promulgation of reference methods.
2. Continuing study of impact on air quality of roadway emissions from
catalyst-equipped cars: issued study reports, conducted symposium
on study results, published symposium proceedings.
3. Provided technical support to the Regional Offices, OAQPS, and other
arms of the Agency in the area of environmental monitoring, e.g.,
monitoring of asbestos in Maryland, kepone in Virginia, ozone in
national forests, and polynuclear organic matter in Pennsylvania;
analysis of lead, phosphorus and manganese in fuel; providing best
available technology for measurement of vinyl chloride, PCB's, and
benzene.
4. Implemented regulations on equivalency of methods and on fuels and
fuel additives. Registered as of July 1, 1977 were 2,236 fuel additives,
511 brands of motor vehicle gasoline and 259 brands of motor vehicle
diesel fuel.
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Evaluation, implementation, and transfer of technology of monitoring
systems for non-criteria pollutants including improvement in methodology
for monitoring for asbestos. Present methodology results in a wide
variability in laboratory performance.
2. Expansion of implementation of a nation-wide data quality assurance
program.
3. Implementation of a centrally-controlled national air pollution
monitoring network and reporting of a uniform air quality index.
4. Measurement of carbon monoxide in sustained-use vehicles.
5. Development and implementation of new regulations on testing of fuels
and fuel additives.
135
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country/Organization Program/Project
Completion Date Amount
Commission of European
Communities
Norwegian Institute
For Air Research,
Oslo, Norway
Assistance in the conduct of
particulate study
1977
Assistance in ambient air monitoring Continuing
study
1,000
5,000
World Health
Organization
Collaborating Center
for Environmental
Pollution Control
Operate International
Aerometric Data Bank
Lead in Development of
Methods Manual
Continuing
7,000
Inter!aboratory
Study for S02 &
Particulates in
Comparison
Suspended
Air
Continuing
2nd edition
1978
1978
30,000
2,500
2,000
Prepared Guideline for Consultation
on Air Quality Monitoring in Urban
and Industrial Areas
Provide training to PAHO, WHO
Fellows, provide consultation
to a number of countries, participate
in conferences.
1977
Continuing
1,000
5,000
World Health
Organization
(25 countries)
International Reference Center
on Air Pollution Control Data
and particulate in ambient air.
(Compile data and prepare reports
for publication by WHO Headquarters)
continuing
$12,000
World Meteorological
Organization
Collaborating Center on
Background Air Pollution
Data
Provide precipitation reference
materials and conducted inter-
laboratory comparison study on
precipitation samples
Continuing
1977
8,000
30,000
V36
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country
World Meteorological
Organization
(49 stations)
Project Title
Maintain precipitation network
and provide analytical support
Conduct training courses on
precipitation chemistry and
analysis
Provide Chairman of the Air
Pollution Working Group of
CIMO
Collaborating center on background
air pollution data. Precipitation
chemistry (compile,
store data; prepare
documents published
with NOAA)
Completion
Date
Continuing
1977
1977
Continuing
process and
annual reports.
in cooperation
Amount
$45,000
3,000
1,000
no funds
provided
137
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
ALL REGIONS
• Provide high quality glass-fiber filters for national use in SIP
monitoring of particulates in ambient air. Develop specifications
for filters and perform acceptance testing.
• Conducted extensive research study to develop an adequate method
for temperature controlling the S09 bubbler for the Reference SO
Method.
t. 2
9 Conduct semiannual audit among approximately 150 state and local
agency laboratories for S02, N02, CO, HiVol Flow, sulfate, nitrate
and lead. Problems identified through this external quality
assurance mechanism were corrected by the appropriate state/local
agency. These audits also serve to corroborate the validity of
measurements performed.
t National Air Surveillance Network - Each Regional office continually
submits air particulate samples which are cataloged, cut and composited,
and analyzed for up to forty metals, benzo(a)pyrene, and non-metal
inorganics.
• Unleaded Gasoline Sampling Program - An average of 150 samples per
month of unleaded gasoline are analyzed for lead content (a quality
assurance effort for the Regional office laboratories) and for
phosphorus content (used for enforcement actions by Regional Offices).
Manganese is also being analyzed in these samples.
• Development of criteria to evaluate state and local agency laboratories
(ambient and source monitoring). Conducted workshop for Regional Quality
Control Coordinators (RQCC's) to instruct in use of criteria.
t Provide information on newly designated reference and equivalent
methods for use in air quality monitoring for criteria pollutants.
REGIONS I, II, IV, VI, VIII, IX
• Continuous monitoring of ambient concnetrations of NO- to assist in
the development and reevalation of SIPs.
REGIONS III, V, VI, VIII, IX
• Provide on-site consultation on calibration procedures, status of
evaluation of calibration procedures and reference methods and on
methods for measurement of non-regulated pollutants in sources of
emission and ambient air.
\
-------
REGIONS III, VI, VII, VIII
• Provided assistance, including performance of monthly field audits,
for a period of three months during a study of the extent and
magnitude of ozone transport.
REGIONS II AND VIII
• Trained chemists in the use of the Technicon II Autoanalyzer and Dionex
ion chromatograph at Research Triangle Park for two weeks. Assisted
state of Utah in establishing their laboratory.
REGION II
• New York - Continued on-going project to analyze unleaded gasoline
from State of New York vehicles for eleven physical and chemical
parameters. Collaborated in a comparative sulfate analysis study
with the State of New York.
• Performed over twenty-five analyses for benzo(a)pyrene on a spill
in a sewage treatment plant.
REGION III
• Washington, DC - Conducted instrument calibration and field audits
at 17 state and local sites in the AQCR 047 for 37 continuous
monitoring instruments to insure valid data during bicentennial
activities.
• Montgomery County, MD - Conducted monitoring study to measure
possible asbestos concentrations during various activities which
could cause the entrainment of asbestos into the atmosphere.
• Clairton, PA - Supported extensive study involving benzo(a)pyrene
analyses of air particulate samples taken around and in the plune
of the U.S. Steel coking ovens. Data were used in EPA's enforcement
action to curtail coke oven emissions, resulting in U.S. Steel
Corporation decision to build a new coking facility.
• Pittsburgh, PA - Conditioned, weighed and shipped hi-vol filters
for Air Stagnation Episode.
• Hopewell, VA - Initiated project to measure ambient air at various
distances from Life Science Product's Plant to determine if kepone
was re-entrained into the atmosphere during daily vehicular
activities.
• Provided standard fuel oils to Regional Office laboratories to
calibrate their analytical insturments.
139
-------
REGION IV
• Gulf port. Miss. - Conducted monitoring at various distances from
an experimental herbicide orange reclamation operation to determine
if p-dioxin was emitted into atmosphere during extraction and
incineration of tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD).
• Conducted a series of special audits of air quality monitors
measuring NOX and 63.
REGION VI
• El Dorado, Ark. - Conducted study to measure possible emission of PCB
during a test grinding of electrolytic capacitors. Three field
sampling methods were evaluated to determine collection efficiencies
of PCB's.
t Tulsa, Oklahoma - Provided support during a three month extensive
ozone and other related pollutants. Part of the study consisted of
auditing the State and local monitoring sites in the vicinity.
• Conducted a special audit of air quality monitors measuring SO-, 0,,
and NOX. ^ 6
• Conducted a special intercomparison study of ozone calibration procedures
among three agencies.
REGION VII
• Conducted a special audit of monitors measuring S0~.
REGION VIII
• Utah - Performed Benzo(a)pyrene analysis of air particulate matter
coTTected around coking ovens. Submitted chain of custody samples
submitted for possible litigation.
REGION X
• Fairbanks, Alaska - Analyzed High-Volume filters for non-metal
inorganics (SO*, N03, NH-) and lead.
• Performed fuel oil analysis for Puget Sound Air Pollution Control
Agency.
t Conducted field study to determine if concentrations of gaseous
and particulate arsenic can be distinguished. This encompassed
evaluation of prototype sampling equipment, methodology and a
field study conducted with the assistance of Region X personnel.
140
-------
THOMAS R. MAUSER
Director
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N. C.
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Xavier University - B.S.
Xavier University - M.S.
University of Cincinnati - Ph.D.
(Environmental Engineering) 1971
Director, Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, EPA, 1977-Present
Deputy Director, Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory, EPA, 1971-1977
Supervisory Research Chemist, Health Effects
Research Program, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, 1969-1971
Research Chemist, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, 1958-1968
PHS Commission Corp, HEW, 1955-1958
Instructor of Chemistry, Xavier University
Adjunct Associate Professor, North Carolina
State University, 1974-present
American Chemical Society
Air Pollution Control Association
American Society for Testing Materials
Sigma Xi
141
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HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI
OHIO
145
-------
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
Cincinnati, Ohio
MISSION
Provide health effects data base to support regulatory activities
of the Agency. Identify, characterize, and quantitiate harmful
effects that may result from exposure to biological or chemical
agents found in the evironment. Present these data in a form consonant
with the decision-making responsibilities to Agency policy makers.
Specific activities are to:
• Conduct field and laboratory studies of the effects on
human health and welfare associated with:
- automotive emissions
- chemical and biological contaminants in drinking water
- pollutants in recreational and shellfish growing waters
- pollutants emitted from wastewater-treatment plants
- land treatment and disposal of wastewater and sludge
- non-pesticide pollutants typically reaching man through
multiple routes
• Develop models and test systems for predicting human mutagenesis
and carcinogenesis.
• Prepare critical reviews of the health and environmental
effects of multimedia exposure to pollutants.
• Provide technical assistance to the Office of Water Supply and
Regional Offices on the health effects of water contaminants.
147
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY 1977
FY 1978
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Program Area
Water Supply Health Effects
Research
Pollutants Posing a Health Risk
Related to Water Quality
Risk Assessment of Pollutants
Associated with Transportation
Health Effects from Pollutants
Associated with Energy
Development
Identification of Health Effects
of Non-Pesticide Substances
Criteria Development and Special
Studies
Environmental Carcinogens
Identification of Health Effects
of Toxic Substances
Technical Assistance
TOTAL
In-House Extramural
$1,878 $4,422
706 1,649
1,101 120
25 1,030
229 241
220 205
0 100
0 0
91 0
$4,250 (134)* $7,767
In-House Extramural
$2,525 $4,475
670 3,190
1,060 120
25 505
224 70
75 125
0 160
60 0
91 0
$4,730 (154)A $8,645
( ) Manyears
* Includes 4 MY for Technical Assistance
Total
t
PERSONNEL
Full -Time Personnel = 108
Professional = 75
Non-Professional = 33
Professional Staff
Discipline Bachelor Master Doctorate
Biological Sciences 14
Chemistry 11
Engineering 5
Other 2
TOTAL 32"
12 19
1 5
4 0
2 0
T9" 2T
Total
45
17
9
4
75 m
148
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Water Supply Health Effects Research
• Develop scientific basis for establishing, evaluating, and
revising drinking water stadnards and drinking water treatment
technologies. Priority projects include: assessment of
relative hazards from chlorine and alternate disinfectants
and their by-products (trihalomethanes, etc.); toxicological
studies on organic concentrates from finished water. Continuing
objective is to identify relationships between water quality
and major casues of death (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease).
• Determine occurrence and effects of microbiological contaminants
in water supplies. Studies include: surveys for the occurrence
of pathogenic organisms; determination of what dieseses are or
may be transmitted by drinking water and of what conditions
allow this to occur. Waterborne disease outbreaks provide
useful data. Provide assistance to CDC with investigation of
such outbreaks.
• Determine health effects of asbestos fibers of the type found
in water supplies. The toxicological component includes support
of an interagency long-term feeding study. Epidemiological
studies include investigation of cancer incidence in communities
supplied through asbestos-cement pipes.
• Evaluate potential health hazards associated with water reuse
for domestic purposes. Ultimate objective: develop data base
to set criteria for the potability of highly treated wastewaters.
2. Pollutants Posing a Health Risk Related to Water Quality Directly
or Indirectly
• Determine health risks (chemical and biological) from land
application of municipal wastewater. Data will assist in
developing criteria for land application systems. Emphasis
is on the persistence and movement of viruses, heavy metals
and organics such as PCB's. A closely related program considers
aerosols among wastewater treatment plants.
• Determine health risks of land application of municipal sludge
and of other sludge treatment and disposal techniques. Support
Cincinnati's municipal sludge management program by conducting
projects to interpret generated and existing data to provide
guidance to Agency policy makers. Metals, organics, and
pathogenic organisms are considered, with immediate emphasis
on cadmium and lead.
149
-------
• Develop rapid bioassay methods for characterizing complex
effluents. Provide assistance to OEMI's environmental
assessment program in developing, interpreting and reviewing
bioassay protocols for liquid effluents.
• Quantify health effects associated with direct disposal of
wastewater and sludge into the aquatic environment; associate
the health effects with some index of the quality of the water.
Current programs aimed at developing criteria for the "swimmability"
of freshwater and marine beaches, and for shellfish-growing waters.
3. Risk Assessment of Pollutants Associated with Transportation
• Assess impact on public health of use in automobiles of alternative
engines, fuels, fuel additives, and emission control systems.
Principal approach is through exposure of animals to whole auto
emissions. Immediate emphasis is on emissions from light-duty
diesel engines.
4. Health Effects from Pollutants Associated with Energy Development
• Identify, characterize, and determine health effects of pollutants
from fossil fuel conversion and utilization processes. Included
are studies of the metabolism and fate of biologically active
pollutants from a Lurgi Process coal gasification plan(with
IERL-RTP), and on the health risks to people using water supplies
in areas used for coal extraction.
5. Identification of Health Effects of Non-Pesticide Substances
• Assess toxicity of non-pesticide contaminants which commonly reach
man through multiple routes of exposure. Emphasis is on the relative
importance of different routes of exposure to metals (manganese,
cadmium, mercury, rhodium, ruthenium). Research outputs are used
by the Office of Toxic Substances and other program offices.
6. Criteria Development and Special Studies
• Develop criteria documents on selected pollutants or groups of
pollutants. This program generates Pollutant Environmental
Assessment Reports to provide predictive baseline data to the
Agency on new pollutants.
7. Envi ronmental Carcinogens
• Develop experimental animal model for rapid assessment of carcino-
genic and co-carcinogenic potential and carcinogenic potency of
environmental pollutants. An innovative in vivo/in vitro system
for the measurement of DNA damage and repair is under development
but will require extensive validation. System has potential for
predicting of carcinogenicity of latency periods in different animal
species, indication of target molecules and biochemical lesions,
and exploration of the concepts of threshold vs_. no-threshold.
150
-------
• Assess hazards of vinyl chloride to non-worker populations.
Emphasis is on transplacental carcinogenesis and the
significance of cofactors in carcinogenesis.
8. Identification of the Health Effects of Toxic Substances
• Assess toxicity of selected high-priority toxic materials using
improved screening methods and appropriate animal model systems.
Determine which materials are significantly toxic at low levels,
how and where they produce adverse health effects, and what
are their general mechanisms of action.
151
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Demonstrated with epidemiological and other health studies a
correlation between chlorination of drinking water, production
or trihalomethanes, and excess cancer incidence.
2. Investigated waterborne disease outbreaks in eleven states and
Puerto Rico in collaboration with the Center for Disease Control.
Several outbreaks in 1977 have been found to involve the
protozoan Giardia Iambiia. Findings are summarized in a
continuing series of annual reviews.
3. Results of epidemiological study of aerosols from an activated
sludge plant showed no significant public health effects.
4. Conducted studies involving exposure of experimental animals
to diluted automobile exhaust. Results indicate platinum/
palladium catalytic converter successfully reduces biological
effects of exhaust emissions despite an increase in sulfuric
acid emissions.
5. Determined that toxic effects can result from using alternative
disinfectants to chlorine; e.g., chlorine dioxide has an effect
on red blood cell survival.
6. Conducted one of the most comprehensive surveys for trace
elements in drinking water ever attempted. Over 5,000 samples
were collected from 120 homes and drinking water treatment plants
in each of 35 geographical areas (at least one in each EPA
Region). Analyses were performed for 77 elements.
7. Conducted first phase of study in Connecticut to assess toxic
potential of asbestos-cement pipe used for water distribution
systems. Results dispell concern that the pipe may lead to
gastrointestinal tract cancer.
8. Completed 9-year study of the effects of auto exhaust exposure
on beagle dogs. Irreversible physiological and pathological
sequel!ae (emphysema) were found in the lungs.
9. With development of sensitive analytical procedure, detected
number of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, some known
carcinogens, in representative drinking waters.
10. Laboratory has led in application of state-of-the-art glass
capillary column gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry to
the analysis of organics in drinking water. Analysis of a
single sample resulted in identification of 468 compounds,
393 of which had not previously been detected in finished
drinking water.
152
-------
11. Showed that lead in Boston drinking water contributes significantly
to children's blood lead levels.
12. Developed large volume water sampling technique for detecting
viruses in drinking water. Following a disease outbreak in
Puerto Rico, this technique was successfully applied in recovering
viruses from drinking water. No viruses have been detected in
the United States, based on a survey of 170 samples from 30 water
supplies.
13. Established through pathological and clinical chemical studies
that vinyl chloride and ethanol have a synergistic effect in
the development of cancer (Hemangiosarcomas).
14. Completed case study of two open treated drinking water reservoirs.
Delineated potential health effects of open storage and evaluated
alternative control measures.
15. Results from evaluation of drinking water standard for nitrates
indicate there is little basis for liberalizing the current
standard.
16. Showed that ammonia produced endogenously in the respiratory
tract is capable of neutralizing sulfuric acid in air at concen-
trations far in excess of those occurring under ambient conditions.
17. Complexation of manganese in drinking water with polyphosphate
compounds satisfies esthetic objectives, but unless carefully
controlled, may result in depletion of tissue manganese and
probably other trace nutrients.
18. Developed bioassay procedures for toxicologic evaluation of
emissions and effluents from major industries.
19. Published symposium proceedings, Biochemical Effects of Environ-
mental Pollutants.
20. Completed comprehensive review of health and ecological effects
of asbestos.
21. Completed 2-year summary report on biochemical effects of energy
related gaseous pollutants (03, N02, and S02). Data show
detrimental effects occurring at low levels; the effects are
age related and are reduced by Vitamin E. New sensitive biochemical
techniques were developed to demonstrate low-level effects.
22. Exposure of rats to lead during the neonatal developmental period
has been demonstrated to lead to functional changes in the central
nervous system which persist after blood lead levels have returned
to normal.
153
-------
23. Developed sensitive biochemical screening method using lung
organ culture. Method was used to examine biochemical effects
of trace metals (Hg, Cd, Ru, Cu, Zn, Pt, Pd, etc.) on collagen
metabolism and pulmonary fibrosis.
24. Used reverse osmosis to obtain residual organics in sequental
samples of drinking water from 5 cities representative of
different sources. Samples from all the cities produced dose-
related mutagensis using the Ames Salmonella strains. Mutagenic
patterns showed city-specific characteristics.
25. Completed mobile-emissions animals exposure facility which is
the only installation of its type in the country.
154
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Develop new quality criteria for water reclaimed and recycled
through advanced waste water treatment processes, including
land treatment processes.
2. Develop health effects intelligence required to establish safe
practices for land application of municipal sludge.
3. Continue effort to identify drinking water contaminants and to
establish their significance as contributors to chronic disease,
including cancer and cardiovascular disease, in the human population,
4. Develop rapid and simple bioassay procedures for characterization,
in terms of potential health effects, of initially complex
effluents and, later, finished drinking water. Parallel efforts
will be required to develop concentrates which are representative
of raw water.
5. Evaluate public health impact of introduction of alternative
automobile engines and fuels.
6. Investigate impact on public health of substitution of fuels
(e.g., coal for oil or natural gas) in power plants and industries,
and of construction and operation of coal conversion plants.
7. Continue development of toxicological testing techniques for
incorporation into protocols recommended for use under TSCA, etc.
155
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country
Egypt
Yugoslavia
Completion
Project Title Date Amount
Relationships of Microbial 1979 $226,000
Indicators to Health Effects
at Alexandria Bathing Beaches
Factors Influencing Lead Absorption 1976 $250,000
from the Intestine
Epidemiological Study of Methemo- 1976 $350,000
globinemia
Role of Silicates in the 1976 $250,000
Etiopathogensis of Endem Nephorpathy
Effect of Environmental Pollutants 1980 $175,000
in Relation to Age and Dietary
Influence 1. Toxic Trace Elements
Early Neurotoxicological Effects 1976 $ 20,000
of Environmental Exposure to
Lead in Air
Health Effects of Nitrates in Water 1977 $200,000
Epidemiological Study of Disease 1979 $106,629
Associated with Wastewater
Sprinkler Irrigation
156
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
t Connecticut - Conducted first phase study to assess toxic
potential of asbestos-cement pipe used for water distribution
systems. Results dispel! concern that the pipe may lead to
gastrointestinal tract cancer.
• Boston, Mass. - Showed that lead in drinking water contributes
significantly to children's blood lead levels.
REGION II
• Puerto Rico - Developed large volume water sampling technique for
detecting viruses in drinking water. Following a disease outbreak
this technique was successfully applied in recovering viruses from
drinking water. No viruses have been detected in the United States,
based on a survey of 170 samples from 30 water supplies.
REGION III
• Completed case study of two open treated drinking water reservoirs.
Delineated potential health effects of open storage and evaluated
alternative control measures.
REGION V
• Results of epidemiological study of aerosols from an activated
sludge plan showed no significant public health effects.
REGIONS I - X
t Conducted one of the most comprehensive surveys for trace elements
in drinking water ever attempted. Over 5,000 samples were collected
from 120 homes and drinking water treatment plants in each of
35 geographical areas (at least one in each EPA Region).
REGIONS I, II, III, V, VIII, X
• Investigated waterborne disease outbreaks in eleven states and
Puerto Rico in collaboration with the Center for Disease Control.
Several outbreaks in 1977 have been found to involve the protozoan
Giardia Iambiia. Findings are summarized in a continuing series
of annual reviews.
157
-------
REGIONS I, II, III, V, VIII, X
• Investigated waterborne disease outbreaks in eleven states and
Puerto Rico in collaboration with the Center for Disease Control.
Several outbreaks in 1977 have been found to involve the protozoan
Giardia lamblia. Findings are summarized in a continuing series
of annual reviews.
REGIONS III, IV, VI, VII, X
• Used reverse osmosis to obtain residual organics in sequental
samples of drinking water from 5 cities representative of different
sources. Samples from all the cities produced dose-related
mutagenesis using the Ames Salmonella strains. Mutagenic patterns
showed city-specific characteristics.
158
-------
R. John Garner
Director
Health Effects
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
Education: Downing College, Cambridge University
B.A. (Hons.), Natural Sciences 1942
M.A. (Hons.), Biochemistry 1946
Royal Veterinary College, London University
M.R.C.V.S. (equivalent to DVM) 1945
F.R.C.V.S., Veterinary Biochemistry 1952
Liverpool University
M.V.Sc., Biochemistry 1952
D.V.Sc. (awarded on Published Research) 1961
Professional
Experience:
Director, Health Effects Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, EPA, 1975-Present
Director, Experimental Biology Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, EPA, 1972-1975
Director, Collaborative Radiological Health
Laboratory, Colorado State University 1965-1972
Professor of Radiation Biology and Biochemistry
Colorado State University 1965-1972
Head, Public Health Section, Authority Health and
Safety Branch, United Kingdom, Atomic Enerav
Authority 1960-1965
United Kingdom Agricultural Research Council 1957-1960
Senior Lecturer in Chemical Pathology
Bristol University 1953-1956
Lecturer in Veterinary Biochemistry
Liverpool University 1950-1953
Research Biochemist, Colonial Veterinary Service
Nigeria 1946-1950
159
-------
Professional
Affiliations: AAAS
Associate, Royal Institute of Chemistry
Health Physics Society
New York Academy of Sciences
Sigma Xi
Honors: Churchill Foundation Fellowship
Copenhagen, Denmark 1956
160
-------
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MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI
OHIO
163
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MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MISSION
Develop technology, systems and processes to prevent, control and
treat pollutants that affect communities and municipalities. Included
are the development and demonstration of cost-effective methods in the
areas of sewage and wastewaters, solid and hazardous wastes, public
drinking water supplies and community environmental management.
Specific activities are to:
• Develop and demonstrate new and improved technology to
control, treat and/or prevent a wide variety of pollutants,
including the wastewaters from sanitary sewage, storm and
combined sewer flows, and runoff and industrial wastewaters
discharged into municipal sewers.
• Develop new and improved technology for collection,
transportation practices, processing and disposal, and
recovery of valuable resources from solid and hazardous
wastes.
• Develop technology to maintain and improve drinking water
supplies and distribution systems. Included are better
methods for the control and removal of contaminants, the
prevention of water quality deterioration during storage
and distribution, and research to lower the cost of
producing and distributing drinking water.
• Assess multi-media (air, water, solid waste) environmental
issues and develop methodologies for the pursuit of
alternative solutions.
165
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCES SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY 1977
FY 1978
Program Area
1 . Wastewater Treatment Technology
2. Water Supply Treatment and
Systems Management
3. Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
4. Environmental Management
5. Urban Runoff Pollution Control
6. Flue Gas Cleaning Waste Disposal
7. Wastes as Fuels
TOTAL
( ' Manyears
In-House
$2,937
1,600
662
150
250
0
0
$5,635(200)
PERSONNEL
Total Full -Time Personnel
Extramural
$ 4,661
3,831
3,244
829
793
200
850
$14,408
= 161
t Professional = 106
t Non-Professional - 55
Professional Staff
Discipline Bachelor Master Doctorate
Chemistry 19
Engineering 9
Physics 5
Other 1
34
5
36
4
4
49
5
9
9
0
23
In-House Extramural
$3,000 $ 4,457
1,700 4,911
700 6,705
150 505
275 1,176
0 100
0 925
$5,825(200) $18,779
Total
29
50
18
5
106
166
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Wastewater Treatment Technology
• Municipal Sludge Management. Includes: processing and treat-
ment to separate insoluble and adsorbed impurities; pathogenic
organisms, and toxic substances from the water phase; the
conversion of these to more acceptable forms; the disposal of
residues, most often on the land. Most recent intensive interest
is in land application management and disposal.
• Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Develop improved operating
and maintenance practices and instrument control systems.
Published surveyed 0 & M information in the form of guidance
documents.
• New Treatment Alternatives for NPDES Requirements. Develop
pilot plant testing and demonstrations to implement new and
upgraded technology; e.g. for effluent disinfection, control
of nutrient and hazardous organics, upgrading of existing
plants, and new biological systems.
• Potable Water from Municipal Wastewater Effluent. Demonstrate
feasibility and practicability of reusing wastewater, emphasizing
direct reuse, surface and groundwater recharge, and source
substitution to conserve high quality supplies.
• Toxics Control. Effect control of toxic materials in the
wastewater treatment cycle at the source, as pretreatment,
within plants, or in residuals management.
• Small Wastewater Flows. Develop new and upgraded technologies
for improved treatment and disposal of wastewaters from
individual homes, rural communities, and recreational sources.
2. Water Supply - Water Treatment Systems
• Physical and Chemical Contaminants. Organic contaminants,
inorganic contaminants, particulate contaminants, economic
analysis, and distribution system water quality are five
major areas of research. Conduct laboratory and pilot scale
studies to establish drinking water standards.
• Control of Microbiological Contaminants. Develop information
and methodology to combat waterborne disease and deleterious
efforts on the water and its distribution system. Emphasis
is on entiric viruses, Giardia lamblia, alternate disinfection
methodology, and growth of microorganisms in storage and
distribution systems.
167
-------
3. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
0 Landfilling Solid Waste. Develop information on disposal
site location, and design, operation, and closing to minimize
environmental impacts due to landfills.
t Alternative Methods of Waste Residual Disposal to Land.
Evaluate land cultivation, waste spreading, underground storage,
deep well injection, and disposal in coastal areas as alternatives
to landfill ing.
• Minimizing the Environmental Impact of Unacceptable Land Disposal
Sites. Generate guidance documents to assist users in selecting
landfill sites where gas and leachate pollution may be minimized.
t Processing/Treatment of Hazardous Materials. Develop disposal
techniques for pesticides and other hazardous chemicals.
Emphasis is on such methods as direct disposal through
encapsulation, incineration, irradiation, and biodegradation.
• Recovery and Reuse of Waste Materials. Develop and evaluate
applications of recovered waste materials to surmount economic
and institutional barriers of technological, economic, and
institutional uncertainties, and by reduction of potential
risks. Technical approaches have been made to such problems
as SW quantity/composition and various processing methods.
4. Environmental Management
0 Comprehensive Planning. Through the Environmental Systems
Analysis Program (ESA) collect technological, planning, and
assessment information for regional use. Establish an ESA
Region to foster integrated research by various EPA organs,
and to serve as a "control test area." Prepare Environmental
Management manuals and specific technological guidance to
educate regional, state, and federal authorities and consultants.
0 Incentive Program for Environmental Quality Management. Conduct
pilot studies to evaluate the effectiveness of such a program;
prepare a user handbook to summarize the results. This program
includes effluent charges and permits, and product charges.
Urban Runoff Pollution
0 Combined Sewer Overflows. Improve problem assessment techniques
and determination of the relative sensitivity of various
receiving waters. Obtain from other projects performance and
cost data.
0 Urban Stormwater Impact Quantification and Technology Development.
Assess and determine relative sensitivity of various receiving
waters. Evaluate low cost structural methods and non-structural
management practices.
168
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6. Flue Gas Cleaning (FGC) Waste Disposal
• Attentuation of the migration of FGC wastes on land disposal
sites; evaluation of landfill liner materials; Teachability
studies; establishment of a data base for future development
of disposal standards.
7. Wastes-As-Fuels
t Conduct pollutant studies, waste surveys, technical assistance,
materials recovery, fuel and feedstock preparation, combustion
and co-firing, waste co-incineration, biological conversion,
and pollution controls.
169
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Pilot plant results demonstrated Kepone can be safely destroyed
with destruction efficiency routinely reaching 99.999% or
greater. The technology is being used for a prototype installation
at Hopewell, Virginia.
2. Prepared a comprehensive three-volume Areawide Assessment Procedures
Manual to aid "208" planning agencies. Fifteen hundred copies
have already been distributed to state, local, and regional
planners.
3. Prepared and issued Interim Treatment Guide for Control of
Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes. It provides guidance
for public water utilities to reduce trihalomethane levels in
public drinking water supplies.
4. Developed inexpensive, low-maintenance regulator device for
combined sewer overflows. Named Swirl, it is an effective
pollution control for stormwater discharges, combined sewer
overflows, and runoff from construction projects. The device
also has potential for grit removal and primary treatment of
dry weather flows.
5. Completed long-term studies to characterize, treat and control
landfill leachate. Results show aerobic or anaerobic biological
treatment processes as the most effective treatment methods for
recently leaching landfills, and physical-chemical treatment for
stabilized landfills or in further removing organic matter in
the effluent from biological units treating leachate.
6. Compiled and published a two-volume report, The Cost of Water
Supply and Mater Utility Management. The report emphasizes
economics of water treatment and delivery for large public
water utilities throughout the Nation.
7. Demonstrated that addition of lime is effective stabilizer for
raw sludge. The liming process economically produces sludge
with odors controlled and pathogenic organisms attenuated for
ultimate disposal. Process is useful as an alternative to
digestion as a supplemental or standby system, or for upgrading
an inadequate stabilization process.
8. Demonstrated that scrap tires can be processed as an additive
to asphalt for highway construction and resurfacing. The
studies, conducted in the States of Texas, Arkansas, Idaho,
Montana, Wyoming, South Carolina and Georgia, indicate that
rubberized asphalt is significantly more durable than
conventional materials, and is economical.
170
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9. Demonstrated that trihalomethanes are not produced when chlorine
dioxide is used as an alternate disinfectant to chlorine,
provided there is no excess chlorine present. Results show
that, even if excess chlorine were present, the trihalomethane
production would be less than the amount formed if chlorine were
present alone.
10. Completed evaluation of facultative and aerated lagoon systems
through a series of on-site field studies. Results will improve
operating practices for the 4,000 lagoons existing in the
United States and offer guidance to new lagoon construction.
171
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Municipal wastewaters have changed from relatively uncomplicated
discharges from households, treated effectively by conventional
methods, to a complex society's discharges that contain a host
of exotic metals and organic compounds. Research is needed to
answer questions about the presence of toxics and metals in
municipal wastewater, source determinations, capability of
current treatment processes, and the development of new and
effective removal processes.
2. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act has mandated the
establishment and EPA approval of solid waste management plans.
Developing effective statewide plans will require research to
improve the monitoring of existing sites, control technology for
new landfills for prevention, containment and treatment of
generated pollutants, development of site selection criteria,
alternative methods to landfilling, and remedial measures to
control pollutants from existing landfills.
3. The problem of the smaller water utilities complying with the
"Interim Public Drinking Water Regulations" is going to be an
explosive one. Many of the small communities cannot implement
adequate treatment because of limited funds. We need to conduct
research to develop affordable unit processes and innovative
new treatment methods for the small water utility.
4. Critical reasons for additional sludge research efforts include:
concern for possible adverse environmental impacts and health
effects caused by past sludge disposal practices; public desire
for conservation and recycling of potential resources contained
in sludge; need to avoid energy-consuming sludge treatment and
disposal methods. Particular needs are to develop (1) feasible
means of producing sludge of biological and chemical quality
that is satisfactory for unrestricted use as a soil conditioner
and fertilizer, and (2) economical, effective and low-energy-
consuming sludge disinfection techniques.
5. The disposal of specific hazardous compounds in an environmentally
safe and cost-effective manner is an issue that requires a research
solution. The need for information concerning the disposal of
specific compounds is already large and will increase. The role
of research will be to identify available technologies, develop
new technologies, and make them available to the user community.
6. The billions of dollars being spent for the planning, construction
and operation of the Nation's municipal sewage treatment plants do
not provide maximum payoff because many plants are performing
ineffectively. A greater research effort must be mounted to
increase performance efficiency, primarily through operator training
in relation to process control and adequate design.
172
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7. There is a growing concern for the potential health impacts
from the use of chlorine to disinfect water supplies and
wastewater containing a variety of organic materials. The
public and the Regions are asking for convincing evidence,
on full-scale studies, that alternatives to chlorine, such
as ozone and ultraviolet light, are environmentally acceptable
and cost-effective.
8. The water supply distribution system, engineered and constructed
to protect drinking water as it moves from the plant to the
consumer, is sometimes a source of contamination. Additional
research is needed to prevent lead dissolution in older
distribution systems, and for further identification and
control of leachates from plastic pipe and common plumbing.
9. Pollution from urban runoff will require a massive financial
commitment to control if present high structural cost methods
are utilized. A substantial research effort to examine low
structural cost methods and management practice alternatives
is necessary to reduce the potential pollution control costs
to a scale more economically acceptable to the Nation.
10. While water quality is the major water issue in many parts of
the Nation, some areas are drought-stricken and/or water short.
For those areas where the issue is the availability of water,
there is a need to research and promote effective conservation
measures. Non-potable source substitution, in particular,
appears to have potential for significant impact on the problem
but requires additional investigation and demonstration.
173
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Completion
Country Project Title Date Amount
Canada Participation in Research Advisory 1979 N/A
Board, International Joint Commission
on the Great Lakes
France Participation in Organization for 1977 N/A
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) Activities (Management Panel
on Specific Water Pollutants and
Control Technology)
Japan US/Japan Cooperative Studies Ongoing N/A
on Sewage Treatment Technology
Public Law 480 Projects:
Poland Investigations of Biodegradability 1978 $230,000
and Toxicity of Organic Compounds
Poland Water Renovation Processes of 1977 $ 63,500
Biologically Treated Sewage
(Final Report Pending)
Committee on the Challenges to Modern Society:
Belgium Pilot Study on Drinking Water Supply 1979 N/A
Studies
England Advanced Wastewater Treatment Group 1978 N/A
174
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
• Manchester, N. H. - Project to reactivate granual activated
carbon beds and treatment to remove organics. Results will be
applied nationally for our water supply organics efforts.
• Lawrence, Mass. - Improve methods for removing organics from
drinking water.
a Fa1 mouth. Maine - Pilot test of alternatives for treating and
disposing of septage (waste removed from septic tanks).
• University of Lowell, Mass. - Evaluate disposal of septage in
municipal treatment facilities.
REGION II
• East Bergen County, N. J. - First site in the United States to
install an ultraviolet system for disinfection of the entire
wastewater treatment plant flow.
_J_. - Project has provided experience on converting
a primry wastewater treatment facility to secondary treatment
by installation of rotating biological contactors in existing
tankage.
REGION III
Beltsville, Md. - Developed and demonstrated the composting of
sewage sludge. Project is especially relevant to Region III
because of constraints imposed on alternative treatment and
disposal methods. This method is relevant to other regions
with limited land available for landfilling or landspreading
or with strict air quality standards.
Hgpewell, Va. - Successfully demonstrated a pilot scale thermal
destruction technique to destroy Kepone in an environmentally
acceptable manner. The Kepone is stored in large amounts and
also intermixed in thousands of tons of sewage sludge. The
State of Virginia will use the technique to design and build
an incinerator to handle the problem.
175
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REGION IV
• Hillsborough County and Sarasota County. Fla. - Research on
multi-stage nitrogen and phosporus control treatment plants
has shown that rigid State effluent standards can be achieved.
' Miami, Fla. - Determine the effects of various types of effluents
on marine life, using marine bioassay techniques. The information
and methodology developed will be useful in formulating policy
on the quality of wastewater discharged to the open ocean.
REGION V
• Muskegon County, Mich. - Developed solution for renovation of
wastewater through a very cost effective operational system. The
land treatment system has nearly eliminated industrial and municipal
pollutants from the twenty seven million gallons of wastewater
treated each day. Benefits have been cleaner lakes and streams,
and bountiful corn crops grown on previously unproductive land.
• Pewaukee, Wise. - Demonstrated that rotating biological contactors
can provide acceptable process efficiency to meet federal secondary
standards at a savings in power costs.
REGION VI
a New Orleans and Jefferson Parish, La. - Conduct research to
produce effective and economically attractive systems and methods
to remove trace organic materials from water supply sources.
Both granular and powdered activated carbon are being used for
removal.
REGION VII
• Ames, Iowa - Energy recovery from solid waste looms as an
important technique, not only from the standpoint of the
ultimate disposal of wastes, but also as an energy resource
recovery system. Evaluate the impacts of refuse-derived fuel
in both stoker-boilers and a tangentially fired boiler. Focus
is not only on emission problems, but also on corrosion, burnout,
boiler operation, and trace element measurement.
t University of Kansas, Iowa - Conducted pilot studies on the rock
filter method for improving lagoon effluent. Lagoon treatment
of municipal wastewaters is common in Region VII and solids
discharge from many lagoons is often excessive. This research
has led to several large-scale installations now being monitored.
176
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REGION VIII
• Upper Thompson Sanitation District, Colo. - Sewage treatment
plant, employing advanced waste treatment, is providing excellent
data on the use of ozone for effluent disinfection. Data
include solutions to operational problems, equipment selection
and documented costs.
§ Logan, Utah - Research performed at the wastewater lagoon system
have provided data on lagoon performance and the results of
a variety of upgrading techniques.
REGION IX
• Orange County, Calif. - Conduct studies which monitor a 15 mgd
municipal wastewater treatment system to establish systems
performance and reliability for injection of effluent to replenish
ground water supplies. Ground water injection and recharge is
of primary importance to drought-stricken areas of Region IX,
and is also important to other areas including Nassau County,
N. Y. and the greater Chicago, 111. area.
REGION X
• Bend, Ore. - Evaluate vacuum and pressure sewers as alternatives
to gravity sewers. Because these novel systems require narrower
trenches for installation than conventional systems and do not
require constant slope, they have a potential for significantly
reduced installation costs.
t Seattle, Wash. - Demonstrated feasibility of utilizing liquid
and dewatered sludge for established forest fertilization or
reforestation. The potential use of forests for sludge disposal
is not limited to the Northwest.
177
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FRANCIS T. MAYO
Director
Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
Education:
Professional
Experience:
University of Utah - B.S.
(Civil Engineering)
1950
and
Director, Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, 1976-Present
Regional Administrator, Region V
USE PA
1970-1976
Director, Division of Planning
Interagency Programs, FWQA
1968-1970
Regional Enforcement Representative
San Francisco Regional Office, FWPCA
1966-1968
Chief, Water Resources Division
Utah State Engineer's Office
1952-1966
S. Geological Survey
Salt Lake City
1950-1952
U
Professional
Affiliations:
Registered Professional Engineer
State of Utah
Alternate Commissioner
Great Lakes Basin Commission 1970
Commissioner
Great Lakes Basin Commission 1971-1976
U. S. Co-Chairman
Great Lakes Water Quality Advisory Board, IJC
1971-1976
Commissioner
Ohio River Basin Commission 1971-1976
Commissioner
Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission 1972-1975
Commissioner
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
1972-1976
179
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American Water Works Association
Water Pollution Control Federation
Honors: Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary)
Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary)
Distinguished Alumnus 1977
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Utah
180
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183
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INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MISSION
Develop cost effect techniques to prevent, control, or abate pollution
impacts associated with the extraction, processing, conversion and use
of mineral resources, with industrial processing and manufacturing and
with new energy technologies. Identify and assess industrial, mining
and energy-related sources of pollution and develop and demonstrate
technology that will lead to the following:
• Cost-effective pollutant removal and disposal techniques.
• Changes in pollution-generating industrial processes to
reduce or eliminate wastes; development of new, nonpolluting
Processes.
• Closed-loop systems to eliminate waste discharge to the
environment.
t Recovery of wastes as usable by-products.
• Improved methodologies and techniques for preventing, limiting,
and cleaning up spills of oil and hazardous materials.
t Environmentally acceptable energy technologies and energy
conservation methods.
185
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Program Area
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCES SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY 1977
In-House Extramural
FY 1978
In-House Extramural
1. Environmental Aspects of Energy $ 600 $ 4,361
Conservation and Advanced Energy
Systems
2. Energy Resource Extraction and 637 2,731
Handling, Solid Fossil Fuels
3. Materials Processing 830 2,389
4. Energy Resource Extraction and 395 1,715
Handling, Oil and Gas Production
5. Materials Production 378 924
6. Energy Control Technology-Fuel 197 678
Processing
7. Hazardous Material Incidents 445 1,441
8. Energy Integrated Assessment 0 400
TOTAL $3,482(83) $14,621
( ) Manyears
PERSONNEL
Total Full -time EPA Personnel = 79
• Professional = 55
• Non-Professional = 24
Professional Staff
Discipline Bachelor Master Doctorate Total
Chemistry 5139
Engineering 18 17 6 41
Other 0 4 1 5
TOTAL 23 22 10 55
$ 678 $ 4,047
773 2,627
1,095 2,135
603 1 ,667
359 1,421
188 1,552
408 1,192
0 400
$4,104(79) $15,042 (
186
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Environmental Aspects of Energy Conservation and Advanced Energy Systems
• Evaluate environmental impacts of various energy conservation
methods and advanced energy systems under development by industry
and other Federal agencies. Identify environmental problems
associated with these processes and, subsequently, develop and
demonstrate economical means of pollutant control technology.
2. Energy Resource Extraction and Handling, Solid Fossil Fuels
• Assess multi-media environmental damages from active and abandoned
mining operation, transportation, and beneficiation processes.
Develop and demonstrate economic pollution control technology for
these operations.
3. Ma ten'a 1 s Proces s i ng
• Develop and demonstrate technology necessary to eliminate the
discharge/emissions of all pollutants (with special emphasis on
toxic pollutants) from the materials processing industry point
sources. Included are industries involved in the production of
machinery, transportation equipment, metal finishing and fabri-
cating; inorganic chemicals and products; pulp, paper, wood pro-
ducts, food products, rubber, plastics, other organic chemicals
and asphalt manufacturing and paving; and miscellaneous indus-
tries such as laundries.
4. Energy Resource Extraction and Handling, Oil and Gas Production
• Assess adverse multi-media environmental impacts from oil and
gas production, storage and transportation facilities; develop
and demonstrate economic pollution control technology for these
operations.
5. Ma_tejj'_a]_s Pro due ti on
• Develop manuals of practice (MOPs, best state of the art) to
prevent and/or control environmental damage from the materials
production industries (mining, smelting and refining of non-ferrous
metals, mining and beneficiation of materials used in construction,
in chemical fertilizers and in clay, ceramic and refractory pro-
ducts. These manuals will address the simultaneous control of
air, water, land, and noise pollution and the environmentally
acceptable recovery and utilization of industrial residues from
these sources and will be in a form that meets the operational
needs of both regulatory/enforcement agencies and industry.
Various MOPs representing various stages of technology development
will be required for each priority industry to be considered.
187
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6. Energy Control Technology
• Identify and quantify environmental discharges from processes
under development to evaluate alternative means of controlling
these pollutants and to develop and demonstrate cost-effective
control methods. Included are the oil shale, synthetic fuels
from non-coal sources, and in situ coal gasification industries.
7. Hazardous Material Incidents
• Develop, and demonstrate new or improved equipment,
and systems for the prevention, detection, identification,
containment, control, removal, cleanup, recovery and disposal of
spills or acute releases of toxic and hazardous substances.
Define techniques for redevelopment and restoration of ecosystems
that have been biologically damaged as a result of spills; assess
the damages that have occurred. Determine the ecological effects
and persistency of high concentration, short duration slugs
(non-continuous discharges) of hazardous substances on the environ-
ment. (A special category of this program focuses on R&D tech-
nical assistance to Federal, State and local personnel for emer-
gency spill response.)
8. Energy Integrated Assessment
• Identify environmentally, socially, and economically acceptable
alternatives for energy development in the Appalachian Region.
Achieve this by integrating results from two research areas ~
socio-economic and environmental -- and from research on cost/
benefit/risk evaluation and energy policy implementation.
188
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Erosion and Sediment Control Manual - Provides an understanding of
1 ) the mechanics of soil erosion and sedimentation and the physical
factors which determine the nature and extent of these processes;
2) erosion and sediment control rationale; and 3) basic control
information concerning the design, construction, and utilization of
control structures. Have distributed over 10,000 copies. Soil
Conservation Service has furnished copies to their personnel in
coal states and is using it as a training manual. Several state
control agencies and technical colleges have adopted it as a text-
book.
2- Organic and Inorganic Indus trial -Chemical Data Bases - Developed
computerized muTti-mecTi a data bases on the production of the most
important U. S. chemicals. The organics data program is a matrix
of more than 400 petrochemical and intermediate-organic-chemical
processes, representing more than 90% of the U. S. production of
organic chemicals. The inorganic-data program includes 113 inorganic
chemicals and their process flowsheets.
3- Trace Element Emissions Testing - Evaluating effectiveness of
el ectros tatTc" preci pTfator designs and operating practices as
applied to particulate emissions control in the non-ferrous metals
production industry. Test results show that volatile trace elements,
particularly arsenic, are not well controlled by hot ESP's.
4. As bes tos Emi ss i ons Control Options - Reviewed emissions control
options "usecTTrf other industries to determine potential options for
reducing asbestos emissions. Completed and verified engineering
estimates of the potential reduction of asbestos emissions for each
option. Results are the groundwork for the utilization of these
options by industry for control of asbestos emissions.
5- Hazard, Kentucky Conference - Cooperated with Region IV in present-
ing "Conference on Practical Aspects of Coal Mining Pollution
Control." Conference was attended by more than 150 mine operators,
state enforcement personnel, environmentalists and students.
6 • User Manual or^ the Prevention and Control of Hazardous Material Spills
Manual encompasses tRe state of the art/best practical technology
for use by first-on-scene personnel for chemical spill control and
cleanup.
P°JJj^Ll°Jl Control Guidance Document for Geothermal Development -
(Document Teased on need expressed by ERDTTand the Interagency
Geothermal Coordinating Council). Report describes environmental
implications of geothermal development and presents preliminary
guidance for anticipated multi-media environmental regulatory
189
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requirements for new and expanding geothermal facilities in the
United States. With concurrence of EPA Program Offices, the
Document will accelerate environmentally-safe geothermal develop-
ment by reducing uncertainty faced by geothermal developers regard-
ing environmental restrictions. This approach, involving inter-
agency acceptance of a preliminary regulatory course, is of major
significance since it is adaptable to many emerging energy tech-
nologies.
8- Gel!ing Agent System for Hazardous Spi11s - Demonstrated trailer-
mounted multi-purpose gelling agent system which pneumatically
delivers the gel up to 200 feet through 2-inch hose at a rate of 50
Ib/min. System immobilizes a variety of spilled hazardous liquids
and prevents their penetration through the soil into ground water
supplies. Delivered system to the Environmental Emergency Response
Unit.
9- Foam Dike Backpack - Commercial Model - Research efforts resulted
in commercial development of the foam dike backpack. Unit is used
to halt the spread of spilling hazardous material by generating a
polyurethane foam dike ahead of the flow. Unit can also cover
sewer gratings to prevent spilled material from entering sewer
1ines.
10. De_tectio_n_J
-------
13. 1977 National Oil Spill Conference - Conducted 5th National Con-
ference (New Orleans, March 8-10, "1977) attended by over 1200
individuals representing 15 nations. A total of 130 technical
papers were presented. 75 companies were represented at the
technical exhibit.
14. Tank Truck Cleaning - Demonstrated full-scale process for the
treatment of wastewaters generated during the internal washing of
tank trucks. Determined economics and effectiveness of each unit
operation. Results will provide essential input for development of
Best Available Technology for the chemical transportation industry.
15. Environmental Evaluations of Waste-as-Fuel Processes - Conducted
process and emission testing at several facilities to delineate
specific requirements for control techniques being assessed for
commercial waste-as-fuel facilities. Most comprehensive are those
involving co-firing of processed municipal waste with coal; e.g.
those at Ames, lo; St. Louis, Mo; Columbus, Oh; and Hagerstown, Md.
Conducted additional emission tests on a wood waste co-combustion
with coal process (Rolla, Mo.), on a waste processing plant (Houston),
on the Union Carbide "Purox" Pyrolysis Plant (South Charleston,
W.V.).
"16- User Manual for Land Disposal of Oily Debris - Describes environmen-
tally acceptable "techniques for disposing of oil contaminated
debris on land (for spill response personnel). Manual contains a
rationale for selecting the most appropriate disposal method in any
particular situation. A short summary film accompanies the manual.
17. Ac id Mi ne Drainage Model - Developed mathematical model to optimize
allocation of resources for reclaiming areas disrupted by abandoned
mines. Model will assist Office of Surface Mining and the states
to effectively plan the use of an estimated $330 million/year under
the "Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977" for the
reclamation of abandoned mines.
18- Closed^ Process Hater Loop in NSSC Corrugating Medium Manufacture -
Demonstrated" feasTBllity of eliminating discharges from NSSC
corrugating mills by the use of reverse osmosis. Also showed that
NSSC mills can attain BPT without external treatment.
^9- Glass Emissions Testing - Completed an extensive emissions testing
program for gTass" furnaces which provides an accurate characteriza-
tion of gas stream constituents. Conducting demonstration of the
feasibility of reduced energy consumption accompanied by decreased
emissions,
191
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20. Oil Shale Retorting, In-Situ Coal Gasification Processes Studied
and Tested - Assessed environmental impacts of oil shale develop-
ment. Findings indicate that available control techniques should
solve some of the emerging industry's problems; e.g., clean-up of
sulfur compounds in off-gas streams, but that some areas still need
attention, e.g., storage disposal of spent shale. Conducted field
sampling of emissions at the Paraho Oil Shale Project Pilot Plant
at Anvil Points, Colorado.
21. The Eighth National Symposium on Food Processing Wastes - Co-
sponsored symposium (Seattle, Washington, March 29 - April 9) for
200 people, including representatives from several foreign countries
Federal agencies and numerous industry and university personnel.
192
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Shift in emphasis in mining pollution control and mine reclamation
toward oil shale development and uranium mining. Slight reductions
in the coal mining related efforts will compensate for this shift.
2. Orientation of all mining-related research to support and clarify
new federal surface mining law, P.L. 95-87. Programs in technology
assessment and abandoned mine pollution control will increase
immediately to provide information required by the Act if support
from Office of Surface Mining is forthcoming.
3. Continued increase in assessment and demonstration work for western
mines, including treatment options for nonacid mine drainage. This
shift will be at the expense of the demonstration projects pre-
viously carried out in support of eastern surface mining problems.
Also, will continue de-emphasis of treatment methods for acid mine
drainage.
4. Increased emphasis on oil spill recovery under cold weather condi-
tions. Recent experience indicates complete lack of response
capability in winter for areas such as the Hudson River and Buzzards
Bay, Massachusetts.
5. Greater emphasis on shoreline protection as a result of tremendous
escalation in cleanup costs. The St. Lawrence River oil spill
cleanup costs exceeded $8 million primarily due to shoreline
contamination.
6. Greater emphasis on economics of environmental damage from spills
due to pending passage of $200 million spill liability and compen-
sation fund. Fund will allow claims for ecosystem restoration.
7. Greater emphasis on offshore oil and gas development and resulting
onshore impacts as new frontier fields are explored and developed.
8. Renewed emphasis on environmental impacts from advanced oil and gas
recovery, especially on air and groundwater.
9. Substitution by our Laboratories of commonly handled solvents and
other reagents now suspected carcinogens with safer materials.
Substantial analytical methodology revisions are required.
10. Greater demand for spill cleanup and restoration techniques upon
promulgation of hazardous material designation regulations. This
demand should plateau as spillers recognize that cost of cleanup is
much greater than good programs for spill prevention.
193
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11. Increased level of technical assistance as a result of the con-
tinuing use of the Environmental Emergency Response Unit. Areas
requiring such expertise include: evaluating prototype spill
control devices for field use (during next three years over 40
separate devices will be evaluated and field-tested) and Agency
response to toxic-and-hazardous-substance related incidents.
12. Present air and water pollution control technology development
programs for waste-to-energy processes are expected to demonstrate
pollutant removal capabilities of various control methods. Similar
programs for leading oil shale processes are expected to be initiated
as a result of FY-78 funding.
13. Emphasis on RD&D of control and treatment technology for "second
generation" multi-media pollutants, such as arsenic, cadmium,
specific organics, etc.
14. Greater participation of ORD with regulatory and enforcement
programs, and with the Department of Energy, in developing
environmental standards for new energy technologies.
15. More direct interface with industry in response to the President's
Directive to develop joint research efforts with industry to solve
difficult industrial pollution problems.
16. Greater emphasis on identifying and controlling toxic and hazardous
pollutants for industrial sources.
194
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Country
Canada
Egypt
Pakistan
Poland
U.S.S.R.
Yugoslavia
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Completion
Project Title Date Amount
Chemical Toxicity Assay for Pulp Mill 1973 $144,600
Effluents
Water Renovation and Reuse in Poultry 1930 $ 2,500
Processing
Evaluation of Industrial Haste Problems 1980 -0-
of Kala Shah Kaku, Muridke and
Mandiali, Pakistan
Optimization of Air Pollution Control 1979 $ 20,000
From Copper Converters
Studies of Treatment Methods for 1978 -0-
Wastewater Discharges for Coal Mines
Purification of Waters from Strip 1978 $ 500
Lignite Mines
Study of Procedures for Evaluating 1978 $ 5,400
the Effectiveness of Oil Spill
Dispersing Agents
High Temperature Gas Purification in 1980 $ 15,000
Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
195
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
• Electrochemical Treatment of Seafood Processing Wastewater -
Demonstrated waste treatment efficiency, costs and applicability of
a coagulation electrical purification system for fish and seafood
processing plants. (Project was set up by New England Fisheries
Steering Committee).
• Technical Assistance - Argo Merchant Oil Spill, Nantucket Island,
Massachusetts; Barge F.E. Bauchard Oil Spill, Buzzards Bay,
Massachusetts.
REGION II
• Asbestos and Indoor Air Quality - Evaluate the impact of asbestos
ceiling coatings on indoor air quality.
• Technical Assistance - Mixed Chemical Waste Incident, Oswego,
New York; WeTTand Tank Farm Oil Spill, Hackensack Meadows,
Hackensack, New Jersey; No. 6 Fuel Oil Spill, St. Lawrence River,
New York.
REGION III
• El kins Project - Evaluate effectiveness of various surface and
underground pollution control options and reclamation techniques.
• Technical Assistance - Kepone Incident, Hopewell, Virginia;
Pentachior6phenoT~[P"CP) Contamination, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
REGION IV
• Textile Industry Hyperfiltration of Hot Dye Waste - Evaluate (with
DOE'and'IERL-RTP) feasibility of recovering heat, chemicals, and
water from the textile industry.
• Techn i ca1 Ass i s tance - Mixed Chemical Waste Spill, Kernersville,
North Carolina; Review Construction Plans for a Lead Smelter in
Alabama and a Primary Zinc Smelter in Tennessee; Diesel Oil Spill,
Tampa Bay, Florida.
REGION V
• Technica1 Assistanee - Technical Assistance Regarding Two Metal
Finishing Plants in Ohio.
196
-------
REGION VI
• Assessment of Uranium Mining - Assess surface and groundwater
pollution potential of surface uranium mines in the area.
REGION VII
• Wilton, Maine - Solar-Assisted Wastewater Treatment Plant - Eval-
uate (with DOE and MERL-Cinn.) the impact of using solar energy to
heat an anaerobic digester. Results are also meaningful to Regions
IV and IX.
t Technical Assistance - Mixed Chemical Waste Incident, Dittmer,
Missouri.
REGION VIII
• Sampling and Analysis Research Program at the Paraho Oil Shale
Demonstratjon Plajrt - Characterize pollution load from a major oil
shale process currently under development. The Paraho Demonstra-
tion Plant was tested in early 1976 and will be tested again in a
different mode of operation in late 1977.
• Mpn tajia, North Dakota, and Wyoming - Revegetation Efforts in the
Northern Great TT'aTns - Compare various surface and top soil con-
figurationsTin practicality and success for reclaiming spoils in
the semi-arid mined regions.
REGION IX
Eljgmen t Emj s s i ons Testi ng - Evaluate effectiveness of electro-
static precTpitator designs and operating practices as applied to
particulate emissions control in the non-ferrous metals production
industry. Test results show that volatile trace elements, particu-
larly arsenic, are not well controlled by hot ESP's.
Mobile Pyrolysis of Agri cultural I and Industrial Hastes - Investigate
the pyroTytic conversion of various agricultural, forestry, and
wood products industry wastes to transportable fuels such as fuel
oil and char by utilization of a mobile unit which will take the
pyrolytic converter (reactor) to various sites where waste has been
accumulated. Results are of interest to all Regions.
Oil Spill - Midway Island.
197
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REGION X
• Impact of Solar and Conservation Technologies on Ambient Air
Qua!ity - Project impact of solar and conservation technology in
selected AQCR's on the ambient air quality. Assess conservation in
selected industries needed to support the AQCR studies and waste
heat utilization technologies. Results are of interest to all
Regions.
• Technical Assistance - PCB Spill, Seattle, Washington; Provide
Expert Testimony Concerning the Bunker Hill Lead and Zinc Smelter
in Region X.
REGIONS I-X
• Organic and Inorganic Industrial-Chemical Data Bases_ - Developed
computerized multi-media data bases on the production of the most
important U. S. chemicals. ,These and other planned data bases will
allow the Agency to initiate better-focused, more-timely RD&D
programs; to develop and enforce regulations more efficiently; and
to better evaluate industry suggestions.
t Pollutant Characterization of Waste-as-Fuel Processes - Assess
environmental implications "of the major waste-to-energy process by
conducting actual field/print monitoring tests.
REGIONS I, IV, and X
• Workshop5 ~ Onshore Impacts of Offshore Development - Presented six
workshops fNewport, RI; Ocean City, Ma; Savannah, Ga; Otter Crest,
Or; Biloxi, Miss; Anchorage, Alas.) to acquaint Regional, state and
local planning officials with methodology for identifying social,
economic and environmental offshore impacts of outer continental
shelf petroleum development, and for siting onshore facilities
associated with that development.
REGIONS II and III
* GJIjs^sFjurnace Preheating wjth Emission Gases - Evaluating concept
of~preheating the glass furnace with emission gases. Preheating
step will conserve energy and solve some of the pollution control
problems associated with direct release of furnace emission gases.
REGIONS II, III, IV, and V
• Appalachia - Technology Assessment of Energy Development - Examine
range of impacts associated with energy development in the 13-state
Appalachian Region to the year 2000. Focus is on the options for
mjjnajnjTcj impacts on social, economic, environmental, political and
institutional life of the Region.
198
-------
REGIONS III and IV
• West Virginia, Kentucky— Head of Hollow Fill - Examination of the
new mining technologies of hollow fill and mountain-top removal.
REGIONS, III, IV, and V
• Feasibility of Dry Quenching of Coke for the Steel Industry -
Cooperative effort among DOE, IERL-RTP, and lERL-Ci to develop a
design for dry quenching of coke. This process will eliminate
water pollution problems of conventional process and save energy.
• Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Options - Studies document effective-
ness and full scale operability for treating typical acid mine
drainage discharges from eastern coal mines.
REGIONS III, V, VIII, and IX
• Assessment of Coal Transportation - Investigate environmental
impacts of various modes of coal transportation. Major considera-
tions are right-of-way damages, spillage problems, and energy
effectiveness of truck, rail, barge conveyor and pipeline transport
systems.
REGIONS IV and VI
• Environmental Assessment of Geopressured Resources - Investigated
deep geopressured reservoirs along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf
Coast. These waters appear cleaner than other geothermal sources,
and subsidence is expected to be the major environmental problem.
REGIONS VIII and IX
• Geothermal Assessment and Evaluation Activities - Following pro-
jects address environmental implications of geothermal energy
development:
- Assessment of Geothermal Environmental Regulations, Pollution
and Potential for Development
- Geothermal Field Site and Control Technology Study
- Geothermal Pollution Control Guidance Document
- Geothermal High Temperature Aqueous Chemistry
- Geothermal Air Emissions Characterization
- Geothermal Ponding Study
- Contamination of Groundwater Resulting from Geothermal
Energy Development
- Cost of Geothermal Pollution Control
- Demonstration of Hydrogen Sulfide Remove Technology
199
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DAVID G. STEPHAN
Director
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
and
Senior Office of
Research and Development Official
Cincinnati, Ohio
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio - B.S.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio - M.S.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio - Ph.D.
(Chemical Engineering) 1955
Director, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, and Senior Official for Research and
Development, 1975 - Present
Director, Office of Program Management, Office of
Research and Development, EPA, 1971-1975
Assistant Commissioner for Research and Development,
Federal Water Quality Administration, 1968-1970
Director, Division of Research, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1966-1968
Deputy Chief, Basic and Applied Sciences Branch,
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,
PHS, 1965-1966
Deputy Chief, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Program, PHS, 1960-1965
Chief, Air Pollution Control Equipment Research,
PHS, 1956-1959
Technologist, National Lead Company of Ohio, 1955
Research Associate, Battelle Memorial Institute
1952-1955
Professional
Affiliations:
Air Pollution Control Association - past member
American Chemical Society
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
American Public Works Association
Federal Water Quality Association
International Association on Water Pollution
Research (Governing Board)
Marine Technology Society (Director, 1970-1973)
Water Pollution Control Federation
201
-------
Honors: Dip! ornate
American Academy of Environmental Engineers
Registered Professional Engineer
Superior Service Award for Meritorious Achievement,
U.S. DHEW (April 1965)
Distinguished Alumnus-College of Engineering,
Ohio State University (March 1970)
202
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
CINCINNATI
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205
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MISSION
• Develop analytical test procedures to identify and measure major
pollutants and quality characteristics in drinking water, ambient
receiving waters, municipal and industrial effluents.
• Develop monitoring techniques to identify and enumerate micro-
organisms of health significance in drinking water, ambient
waters, and municipal wastes.
• Devise laboratory procedures to detect, identify and measure
viruses in water, municipal wastes, and sludges.
• Develop field and laboratory procedures to determine the biological
effect of waste discharges on receiving waters.
• Prepare and publish official Agency test methods for the monitoring
of drinking water, municipal and industrial effluents, and ambient
waters.
• Provide quality assurance guidelines, reference materials, quality
control samples, and performance audit samples. These materials
are for evaluating and maintaining the quality of monitoring data
provided by EPA, state, municipal, and industrial laboratories.
• Provide Technical Support, including consultation, research reports,
and analytical services, to Regional Offices, states, and Program
Offices in support of water and waste monitoring programs.
207
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area In-house Extramural
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Monitoring Systems 905
Quality Assurance 1,226
Identification of 357
Viruses
Technical Support 160
Water Supply 0
Energy 0
Effluent Standards 0
Land Application 0
Technical Support--
Interdisciplinary 0
Toxic Substances 0
Toxic Substances-- 0
Technical Support
TOTAL 2,648
Total
Biology
Business
Chemistry
Engineering
Mathematics
1,276
931
193
0
200
205
400
0
0
0
0
(70) 3,205
PERSONNEL
Full -time EPA Personnel
• Professional
• Non-Professional
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
2 7
0 1
15 5
2 4
0 1
In-house
1,504
1,103
0
20
0
0
0
0
60
90
60
2,837 (70)
= 70
= 47
= 23
Doctorate Total
6 15
0 1
4 24
0 6
0 1
Extramural
200
1,191
0
80
200
405
0
150
0
0
0
2,226
19
18
10
47
208
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
Methods and Monitoring Techniques Development
• Develop proposed reference methods and correct deficiencies in
existing reference methods for toxic and hazardous substances in
drinking water, wastewater, ambient water, sludge and ocean
disposed waste (PL 92-500). The methods are used in determining
compliance to limits set by the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) and the National Interim Primary
Drinking Water Regulations. Develop protocols for sampling
and analysis for priority pollutants in industrial effluents,
fish, sediment, sludge, leachates, and other environmental
samples.
2. Quality Assurance
• Develop and distribute quality control check samples and materials
needed to support the Consent Decree, water quality National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), water supply
standards, toxic substances, ambient monitoring, research, and
energy programs. Develop and distribute manuals and guidelines
for quality assurance, sampling and sample preservation, and
analytical methodology. Develop EPA's computerized interlaboratory
test systems for water supply and NPDES program laboratories.
• Evaluate performance of laboratories making waste measurements
under NPDES, ambient water monitoring, and water supply examina-
tions. Conduct collaborative studies to validate EPA's chemical,
biological, and microbiological methods for waste discharges
(NPDES), the Consent Decree, water supply standards, ambient
monitoring, research and energy programs.
« Develop a computerized laboratory operations system including
sample file control and quality control summaries. Following
development, extend the system to EPA regional laboratories and
make available to other Federal, state, and private laboratories.
Expand and improve the system as needs and requirements are
identified.
• Conduct single-laboratory and multi-laboratory investigations and
evaluations of field instrumentation systems for continuous
measurement of water and wastes to determine utility of those
instrumentation systems for regulatory or surveillance field
application.
0 Conduct laboratory and field investigations of automatic sampling
instrumentation; extend this activity to assure enforcement and
surveillance teams of acquiring representative samples.
209
-------
• Develop and identify standardized methodology by which waters
may be sampled for small numbers of viruses. Devise test systems
for determining the extent to which enteroviruses reversibly bind
to sludges, feces, and other solids in water; develop standard
methodology needed to monitor for the presence of these viruses.
Develop immunoassay techniques and other accurate methods for the
rapid identification of viruses recovered from waters and solids.
• Evaluate and standardize methods for measuring the toxicity of
effluents to aquatic life and the effects of effluents on aquatic
ecosystems.
• Develop and evaluate improved microbiological methods to enforce
and monitor standards and criteria established for (a) potable
waters; (b) municipal and industrial wastewaters; and (c) ambient
fresh and marine waters; and establish the precision and accuracy
of these procedures for legal defensibility. Prepare EPA
microbiological methods manuals to assure the uniform application
of methods by Federal, state, private, and environmental programs.
3. Identification of Viruses
• Develop and identify standardized methodology by which waters
may be sampled for small numbers of viruses. Establish procedures
for transport of processed samples from on-site tests to the
laboratory. Devise test systems for determining the extent to
which enteroviruses reversibly bind to sludges, feces, and other
solids in water and the standard methodology needed to monitor
for the presence of these viruses. Develop immunoassay techniques
and other accurate methods for the rapid identification of viruses
recovered from waters and solids.
4. Technical Support
• Provide analytical capability and expertise to support EMSL projects,
other ORD laboratories, regional programs and other EPA programs.
Analytical capability and expertise exist in the areas of gas
chromatography, mass spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry,
atomic absorption, autoanalyzers and selective ion electrodes.
• Provide technical expertise and consultation to EPA Program Offices,
Regional Offices, Laboratories and states on problems relating to
Water Supply Laboratory Certification, NPDES, Consent Decree (TOSCA)
and Ocean Dumping Act.
5. Water Supply
• Investigate proposed analytical methods for determination of
organic compounds in water supplies and develop new techniques
for the measurement of drinking water quality.
210
-------
6. Energy
• Provide quality assurance guidelines and materials to evaluate
and improve monitoring of waste discharges and water quality
in Western Sector Energy Development area. Develop techniques
for measurement of contaminants produced by new energy sources.
7. Effluent Standards
• Initiate development of test procedures for priority pollutants
identified in the Consent Decree. Provide standardized
analytical methods for chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitrosoamines,
pesticides, polynuclear aromatics, and halomethanes. Test
proposed procedures in representative industrial effluents for
applicability, accuracy, and specificity.
8. Land Application
t Develop monitoring techniques for identification and measrue-
ment of contaminants resulting from land application of
municipal sludge. Provide standard analytical methods for
characterization of leachates and sludge residues.
9. Technical Support — Interdiscipl inary
• Provide to Regional Administrators, and to other governmental
agencies:
- technical support in sampling and assaying for
viruses, and expert advice (including testimony
at hearings and other legal proceedings).
- specialized microbiological support and consultant
services on water, waste, and sediment analyses.
t Provide opinions to agencies such as ORSANCO and Corps of
Engineers on monitoring network for continuous measurement of
selected water quality parameters.
0
Provide quality assurance support to project officers on EPA
grants and contracts, especially Effluent Guidelines Division
and 208 Agency laboratories.
Toxic Substances
• Maintain a mass spectral search system for identification of
toxic and hazardous organic compounds found in environmental
samples.
211
-------
11. Toxic Substances—Technical Support
t Provide information and analytical assistance to Office of
Toxic Substances and other program offices on the measurement
of toxic materials in water and waste samples.
• Provide to Regional Administrators, and to other governmental
agencies, technical support in measuring toxicity of effluents
to fish and other aquatic life, and effects of effluents on
aquatic ecosystems.
212
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. As a result of public comments received on the proposed amendment to
approved test procedures for NPDES testing (304 (g)), a complete
revision of the October 25, 1973, Federal Register listing was made.
Procedures where problems and/or interferences have been encountered
were revised. Examples include: development of the ADMI color
method, identification and elimination of an interference in the
cyanide method, a re-write of the suspended solids method, and
evaluation of a number of techniques for residual chlorine.
2. At the request of Effluent Guidelines Division, prepared a sampling
and analysis protocol for use by contractors in determining BAT.
Prepared interim sampling and analysis procedures for determining
the priority pollutants in fish and sediments at the request of
Office of Water and Hazardous Wastes. Prepared methods for
determination of trihalomethanes in drinking water for Office
of Water Supply.
3. Conducting extensive revision of manual, Methods for Chemical Analysis
of Water and Wastes. Publication planned in early 1978.
4. Prepared RFP titled, "Development and Application of Test Procedures
for Specific Organic Substances in Wastewater", as required by
Effluent Guidelines Division for implementation of the Consent
Decree. RFP calls for $1.6 million in contract funds, to cover
the essential requirements for organic test procedures. A total of
82 proposals covering 12 categories of compounds have been evaluated
for technical merit. Awarding of the contracts is currently
in progress.
5. Conducted Laboratory Performance Evaluation studies for NPDES measure-
ments (156 laboratories), a study of performance of 110 laboratories
conducting water supply analysis, and an inter!aboratory comparison
study of the EPA test procedures for heavy metals.
6. Distributed 38,000 Quality Control Reference Samples for 73 measure-
ments required by FWPCA Amendments, Safe Drinking Water Act, Ocean
Dumping Act, and TSCA.
7. Developed Quality Control and Performance Samples for chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, trihalomethanes, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and chlorophenoxy herbicides.
8. Investigated parametric systems for continuous measurement of residual
chlorine chloramines, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and chlorophyll.
Investigations resulted in re-defined application of the residual chlorine
213
-------
and chloramines systems, change in installation of the dissolved
oxygen systems, and design modification to the chlorophyll system.
One ammonia system was subsequently taken out of production.
9. Testimony on viruses contributed to the demonstration of irreparable
harm to the environment by the City of Milwaukee which has been
discharging inadequately treated sewage into Lake Michigan. The
court ruled that "there is clear convincing evidence that these
discharges constitute a health hazard of serious magnitude" and
ordered the city to install advanced waste treatment equipment.
10. Implemented a central Agency biological data management system
(BIOSTORET) to process field and laboratory data on: the toxicity
of effluents to aquatic life, toxic substances in biological tissues,
the effects of effluents on aquatic ecosystems.
11. Initiated the preparation of a series of reports on the pollution
tolerance and environmental requirements of common aquatic organisms.
Reports will be used to identify pollution sensitive, indicator
organisms and to assist field personnel in interpreting biological data.
12. Completed evaluation of optimal methods for the separation of bacteria
from particles in marine sediments. This evaluation is a part of an
investigation to assess the potential public health risk from the
transfer of plasmids (antibiotic resistance factors) to pathogens
in the New York Blight.
13. Completed a final report on Streptococcus mitis-salivarius as a
indicator of human pollution"! No indicator specific for human
pollution was previously available.
14. Completed the preliminary copy of EPA microbiological methods manual
for external review. The manual provides the bacteriological methods
required for compliance monitoring, recommended quality control pro-
cedures, and supplementary information on safety, statistics and legal
considerations for the microbiologist.
214
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1- Develop sensitive, reliable analytical procedures for monitoring
toxic substances in public water supplies, industrial effluents,
and surface waters.
2. Necessity to eliminate gross toxicity from waste discharges will
require standardization of bioassay techniques to demonstrate
the absence of harmful effects on aquatic life.
3. With increased action on the enforcement of waste discharge limita-
tions, EPA and state laboratories will need to maintain high
standards of performance through the use of documented quality
control systems and continual attention to the legal defensibility
of results.
4. Improve laboratory operations; e.g., laboratory automation, automatic
monitoring devices, automated sample handling to reduce cost of water
and waste monitoring programs in the Federal, state, and industrial
sectors.
215
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
Regions I-X
1. Quality Assurance
Quality control samples furnished as secondary checks on regional
within-laboratory quality control programs. Performance evaluation
samples furnished on a periodic basis to document acceptable
performance levels of regional and state laboratories. Formal
interlaboratory studies conducted to validate methods used in
drinking water and waste monitoring. Criteria and procedures
developed for use in the evaluation and certification of laboratories,
2. Methodology
Analytical methods provided for the measurement of contaminants in
drinking waters, ambient sources and treated discharges (municipal
and industrial). Guidelines provided on sampling and analysis
procedures for screening of industrial effluents, sediments, and
fish for priority pollutants. Mechanism instituted for state,
regional, nationwide approval of alternate analytical procedures
for use in meeting monitoring requirements of NPDES and SDWA.
3. Technical Support
Specialized analytical support provided, particularly to document
and confirm data for use in enforcement actions. Emphasis has been
on analyses of unique samples for priority pollutants and other
potentially toxic materials.
216
-------
DWIGHT G. BALLINGER
Director
Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio
Education: University of Cincinnati, B.Ph. (Chemistrv) 1956
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
Director, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, 1967 - Present
Supervisory Chemist. U. S. Public Health Service,
Technical Advisory and Investigations Branch
1960 - 1967
Training Specialist, U. S. Public Health Service,
1949 - 1967
Laboratory Technician, U. S. Public Health Service,
1940 - 1948
American Chemical Society
American Water Works Association
Water Pollution Control Federation
Sigma Xi
EPA Silver Medal for development of the Agency's
Analytical Quality Control Program 1972
217
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Mr. Larry B. Lobring
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
LAS VEGAS
NEVADA
221
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
MISSION
Develop and optimize methods, systems and strategies for monitoring
the environment to assess the exposure of man and other receptors
to pollutants in the environment. Characterize and quantify movement
and fate of environmental pollutants. Specific activities of the
Laboratory are to:
t Develop and maintain sophisticated monitoring and analytical
capabilities for laboratory and field studies. Conduct Agency
radiation and biological quality assurance.
a As the Agency aerial support facility, develop and provide
capability for overhead monitoring, including both contact
and remote sensing. Provide a quick-response capability for
synoptic monitoring of pollution situations or accidental
releases.
• Under a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. Department
of Energy, collect radiological surveillance data and perform
pathways research to determine radiation exposure to man and
his environment from past and present testing of nuclear
devices.
223
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area In-house Extramural In-house Extramural
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(
*
Technical Support to Agency 2330 646 1906
Program and Regional
Offices
Nuclear Testing Safety 1998 0 2291
Program
Energy-related Pollutant 709 1300 829
and Effects Monitoring
and Techniques Development
Integrated Monitoring 1251 216 1285
Contact and Remote Monitoring 656 516 669
Methods Development
Radiation Research 673 0 624
TOTAL 7617 (197) 2678 7604
(115)*
) Manyears
Manyears reimbursable
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel = 195
• Professional = 65
• Non-Professional = 33
Total Full-time Reimbursable Personnel
« Professional = 31
• Non-Professional = 66
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master Doctorate
Agriculture 1 2 o
Biological Sciences 4 67
Chemistry 13 6 4
Engineering 6 53
Geology/Hydrology 3 1 o
Health 0 54
Mathematics 2 1 1
Oceanography 2 1 o
Physics 3 50
Other 8 2 1
42 34 20
(155)
(118)*
Total
3
17
23
14
4
9
4
3
8
11
96
688
0
1346
410
382
0
2826
224
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Technical Support to Agency Program and Regional Offices
e Provide air, land, and water monitoring technical support
by applying specialized monitoring systems and techniques,
including airborne and land-based monitoring platforms,
state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques, automated in
situ sensor systems, and an analytical center of excellence.
2. DDE-Reimbursed Nuclear Testing Safety Program
e Monitor airborne, surface and subsurface environmental
radioactivity and radiation exposures to individuals around
all underground nuclear testing sites.
• Direct the Medical Liaison Officer Network and assist DOE
in claims against the Government for alleged radiation
induced injuries.
* Measure radionuclide burdens in families from the area
surrounding the Nevada Test Site.
• Provide off-site radiological safety support for all nuclear
tests through aerial tracking and ground monitoring teams
to monitor radioactivity releases and take necessary actions
to reduce population exposure.
« Provide technical support to the DOE field manager during
radioactivity cleanup activities at Eniwetok Atoll.
3. Energy-Related Pollutant and Effects Monitoring and Techniques
Development
• Develop validated air quality data for fine particulates, NOx,
SOX, 03, reactive hydrocarbons, toxic substances, and visibility
to determine air quality baselines and trends for those areas
apt to be most impacted by energy developments.
e Integrate historical and current water quality data to determine
the impact of energy-related development on surface water and
individual river basins in the western United States.
• Develop airborne LIDAR techniques for monitoring fine particulates
produced from energy development.
225
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e Employ remote sensing techniques including multispectral
sensing and analyses, to monitor mining and reclamation
activities in the western United States.
e Qualify and quantify the radioactive effluent from coal-fired
power plants.
® Determine ground water pollutants associated with western coal
and oil shale mining, and design and demonstrate a method for
monitoring ground water quality in these mining areas.
« Develop multimedia monitoring guidelines for identifying and
quantifying pollutants associated with advanced coal and in
situ oil shale conversion processes.
« Develop and validate an optimized, multimedia strategy to
monitor the environmental impact associated with geothermal
resource development.
4. Integrated Monitoring
• Apply multimedia systematic modeling concepts to problem of
determining best monitoring practices for ubiquitous environmental
pollutants, including carcinogens and other inorganic and organic
chemical pollutants.
• Investigate the transport, transformation, and fate of environmental
pollutants in soil and plant systems.
• Develop biological monitors to quantitatively assess dose
resulting from known exposures to environmental pollutants.
e Apply modeling techniques to determine optimum monitoring sites
required to define the pollution field.
• Develop quality assurance guidelines and provide standards,
reference materials, methods, and quality control procedures
for monitoring activities, analyses of radiological pollutants
and biological research.
5. Contact and Remote Monitoring Methods Development
• Design and test a monitoring system to characterize the impact
of airport air operations on air quality.
e Develop and demonstrate airborne monitoring platforms to
characterize site-specific and regional air quality.
226
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• Develop and conduct rough-terrain plume-model tests for
implementation plan assessment and air quality enforcement.
• Develop and test automated waterborne water quality sensor
systems for small boat or aircraft deployment and unattended
operation in various water bodies.
• Develop methods to characterize surface water quality and
degradation potential based on ambient nutrient levels,
physical parameters, and the aquatic bio-community.
• Develop and evaluate techniques for the trophic assessment
of lakes using satellite-acquired data.
• Develop and test monitoring techniques applicable to streams
impacted by non-point source pollutants.
• Develop and adapt remote sensing instrumentation to monitor
specific pollutants using the interaction of radiant energy
with the environment.
• Modify and develop automated techniques and systems for
processing environmental remote sensor data.
t Optimize aerial infrared scanner survey techniques for
monitoring thermal effluent discharges.
• Apply aerial multispectral scanner and digital analysis
techniques for quantitative remote determination of surface
water turbidity.
t Develop photo-interpretation keys designed to aid in monitoring
critical environmental conditions.
6. DOE-Reimbursed Radiation Research
• Define transport and metabolism of transuranic radionuclides
in lactating goats and dairy cows.
• Maintain an experimental farm and dairy herd, abattoir, and
large animal metabolism facilities on the Nevada Test Site.
• Conduct in vitro artificial rumen studies on intestinal
absorption of transuranics and other nuclear debris.
• Investigate any influence of microbial activity on the solubility
of transuranics in contaminated soils.
• Assess the radionuclide burdens in tissues of domestic and wild
animals on and around the Nevada Test Site. Investigate claims
of alleged radiation damage to such animals.
227
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Published atlas showing baseline environmental data in the
Western Energy Resources Development Area.
2. Developed methods for designing pollutant-oriented exposure
monitoring systems.
3. Applied an airborne lighweight LIDAR system for measuring
power plant plumes and atmospheric mixing heights.
4. Developed strategies for monitoring groundwater quality.
5. Completed airborne platform data acquisition and analysis for
the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS).
6. Demonstrated applications of a light-aircraft sensor system
(Enviro-Pod) for various Regional Office applications.
7. Completed comprehensive data compilation on trophic conditions
and lake characteristics of more than 800 lakes nationwide (the
National Eutrophication Survey).
8. Implemented improved thermal aerial survey system for mapping
heated effluent discharges.
9. Developed siting criteria and guidelines for air monitoring
networks.
10. Characterized and quantified plutonium releases from breeder
reactor fuel-fabrication facility.
11. Collected airborne data demonstrating long-range transport of
oxidants and their precursors and the consequent deterioration
of air quality hundreds of kilometers downwind.
12. Completed comprehensive soil survey of 40,000 square miles around
the Nevada Test Site to determine distribution of plutonium.
13. Determined transfer coefficients to cows' milk of selected
actinides.
14. Demonstrated application of overhead thermal imagery to energy
conservation through public awareness of home and industrial
heat loss.
228
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Develop multimedia exposure monitoring systems and network
design models to include the transport, transformation, fate,
and exposure/dose relationships of environmental carcinogens
and other high priority organic chemicals.
2. Provide and expand the capability for rapid response and
wide-area monitoring using airborne platforms in support
of Regional and Program Office requirements.
3. Develop a center of analytical excellence that will provide
state-of-the-art surveillance and analysis services to EPA
Regional and Program Offices and other environmental agencies.
This concentration of equipment and skills will maximize use
of the Agency's limited resources for equipment and highly
skilled technicians.
4. Develop non-point source monitoring procedures and techniques
to meet P.L. 92-500, Section 208, areawide wastewater management
needs.
5. Develop automated waterborne monitoring systems in response to
EPA needs for more effective water quality surveillance and
assessment systems.
6. Develop methodology for quantitative visibility monitoring as
required under the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments.
7. Develop innovative statistical approaches to analyses of
existing and developing data bases.
8. Apply existing satellite data and digital imaging technology
to problems of environmental sensing and assessment.
9. Develop advanced laser techniques to identify and measure
particulate and gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere and to
define their spatial distribution.
229
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FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country
Egypt
International Atomic
Energy Agency
Project Title
Biological Effects in
Animals and Man of High
Concentrations of Airborne
Particles in the Inspired
Air
Environmental Behavior
of Tritium in Various
Ecosystems
Completion
Date
1979
Amount
$155,454
1978
Mexico
Accumulation of Heavy
Metals in Plants as
Influenced by Varying
Air Pollution
Compositions
Bilateral Studies to
Identify Environmental
Pollution along the
U.S./Mexico Border
1979
$264,809
Continuing
Poland
Influence of Industry
on the Particulate
Pollution of the
Troposphere and
Stratosphere
1979
$290,512
230
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REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
Boston, Mass. - Using aircraft-borne measurement system,
investigated possible impact of areas outside metropolitan
Boston area on oxidant and oxidant precursor concentrations
within the Boston Air Quality Control Region (AQCR). Assisted
Regional Office in evaluating its transportation control plan
for metropolitan Boston. Study confirmed that emissions from
the New York metropolitan area and other nearby areas produced
ozone concentrations more than twice the ambient air quality
standard for photochemical oxidants. Implications are: New
York and other metropolitan areas probably add to ozone con-
centrations within the Boston AQCR; an effective oxidant control
strategy must cover a much larger area than previously believed,
probably including several EPA regions.
REGION II
Hackensack Meadow!ands, N.J. - Provided assistance to New Jersey
and Regional Office in monitoring for mercury. Conducted workshop
to develop recommendations for the continued monitoring of
mercury.
Hudson River - Provided helicopter support for bottom-sediment
sampling of Hudson River for PCB contamination. Tested
feasibility of ocean and surf-zone water sampling procedures
for possible 3-month survey in the New York Bight area.
REGION III
Wheeling, W. Va. - Measured power plant plume characteristics and
meteorological data for two coal-fired power plants. Plume
measurements were performed with a helicopter-borne, multi-parameter
air quality measurement system and an airborne, down-looking LIDAR
system. Plume measurements and meteorological data were used to
validate dispersion modeling of the two point sources and were
performed to support SIP S02 emission regulations.
REGION IV
a Florida - Documented thermal discharges at three electric generating
power plants in southwest Florida. Data were acquired with color
photography and thermal line-scan imagery.
• Indian River, Fla. - Used color infrared aerial photography to
delineate marine grasses in selected areas as to extent and
density.
231
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REGION V
• Sabine River Basin, Illinois - Mapped identifiable mining features
responsible for acid pollution of Sabine River Basin to show active
and inactive mining areas, reclamation, and other sources of pollution.
Assessed trends of mining in the area through analysis of old (1938,
1955) imagery.
• Cleveland, Ohio - Used remote sensing techniques to develop trend
analysis report of beach erosion prior to and following construction
of a power plant and breakwater.
• Cleveland, Ohio - Conducted land use study of the Southwest Interceptor
Planning Area, Cleveland Regional Sewer District. Land use classification
was derived from color infrared film flown by NASA in August 1976 and
depicted on clear film overlays affixed to a black and white photo
mosaic.
REGION VI
• Arkansas - Provided to Region VI photographic analysis of ethylene
dibromide plants at Marysville, El Dorado and Magnolia showing
vegetation stress and chemical drainage. The Regional Office will
use this information in the establishment of in-situ air and water
quality measurement stations. The data obtained supports the State
of Arkansas in possible environmental litigation.
• Atchafalaya River Basin - Conducted pre- and post-flood analysis of
petroleum storage facilities following the floods of April 1975.
The imagery analysis was used to apprise oil and gas producers of
their vulnerability to annual flood catastrophe.
t Missouri and Louisiana - Identified and mapped vegetation damage from
lead smelter near Taum Sauk Mountain, Missouri and from chloride emission
of the new ECOL Refinery in Garyville, Louisiana. Acreage of the
damaged vegetation in Missouri was measured using aerial remote
sensing techniques.
• Whitewater Creek/Mimbres River, New Mexico - Used remote sensing to
verify and provide a positive record of water flow in the Whitewater
Creek and Mimbres River, two streams southeast of Silver City, New
Mexico. The imagery was obtained following a rainfall and provided
data to support the Regional Office's claim for jurisdiction of these
streams under NPDES.
REGION VII
• Kansas - Analyzed aerial imagery of eight counties for all oil
production and storage facilities as potential sources of pollution.
A report showed all facility locations, number of wells, number of
storage tanks, and possible or probable spills with 90% accuracy
as measured by field checks.
232
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• Mississippi River - Photo reconnaissance of 30-miles of the River
between Cape Girardeau and Whittenburg, Missouri showed numerous
barges, some spilling oil, caught in frozen ice packs. Photo
mosiacs, annotated with the identification and location of all
barges, were provided to U.S. Coast Guard.
• Big Piney River Basin, Missouri - Used remote sensing to identify
specialized land use of Big Piney River Basin as well as non-point
source contributions to a water quality problem of algae blooms
and aquatic growth.
REGION VIII
t San Juan Basin Survey. Four Corners Area - Conducted field
investigations of San Juan River and San Juan Arm of Lake
Powell. Completing report on ambient levels, sources and
impact of pollutants and the contribution of the San Juan
Arm to the larger Lake Powell ecosystem.
• Anaconda, Montana - Measured effluent plume characteristics,
meteorological parameters, and ground level S02 concentrations
at a large copper smelter. Study performed to develop SIP S0?
emission regulations for Montana.
REGION IX
t Lake Tahoe, Calif. - Conducting study to determine effectiveness
of marshlands and meadows in alleviating nutrient inputs to
Lake Tahoe.
• Maui, Hawaii - Conducting ground-level S02 monitoring at three
sites. Project will develop S02 impact models for the Kahului
power plant and Kahe Point power plant on Oahu. Will permit
State of Hawaii and Region IX to promulgate S02 emission
regulations for Hawaii's SIP. Dispersion modeling will be
performed for both plants.
REGION X
• Wenatchee National Forest, Wash. - Documented eight specific
silvicultural practice problems within four watersheds of the
Forest. The problems included: channel erosion, road washout,
mass wasting, cut and/or fill failure, culvert and/or sidecase
erosion, slash and debris accumulation, drainage on road
surfaces, and bare sidecasts. Measurements were also made for
total harvest area and forest road mileage.
233
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ADDITIONAL REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
- Portland, Maine - Council of Governments 208 Planning
- Boston, Mass. - Regional Planning Commission, 208 Programs;
Environmental Impact of Landfills on Wastewater Treatment
Plants
- Tyngsborough, Mass. - Solid Waste Overflight
- Worchester, iMass. Metropolitan Area - Identify Emission Source
- Berlin, New Hampshire - Aerial Survey of Vegetation Damage
- Black River, Vermont - Nutrient Control Demonstration Project
- Lake Champ!ain Basin, Vermont - 208 Plan Assessment
- Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire - Bulk
Storage Facility Inventory
- Aerial Infrared and Photographic Survey of Selected Electric
Generating Station Thermal Discharges
- Remote Sensing Training Course
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Bulk Oil Storage Facilities
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Oil and Industrial Facilities
in Support of SPCC Inspections
- Sitings for S0? Monitors
REGION II
- Linden, N.J. and Buffalo, N.Y. - Aerial Remote Sensor Survey
of Selected Thermal Discharges
- New York City, N.Y. - Suspended Particulate Geographical
Distribution over New York City and the City of Environs;
Central New York Sanitary Landfill Study
- Delaware River - Oil Storage Inventory
- Ran'tan River Outfalls
- Ocean Dump Study
REGION III
- Washington, D.C. - Ozone Distribution
- St. Martin's Neck, Worcester County, Md. - Landfill Site
- Allegheny County, Pa. - Aerial Photographic Survey of Mine
Drainage Study Area
- Palmerton, Pa. - Vegetation Damage in the Vicinity of New Jersey
Zinc Company
- Philadelphia, Pa. - PCB's
- Clairton Coke and Coal Chemical Works - Inventory of Selected
Air Emissions from Coke Processing Operations
- Aerial Observation of Potential Oil and Chemical Spill Sources
- Aerial Photographic Survey of Selected Industrial Facilities
- Aerial Surveillance of Greater Pittsburgh Rivers
234
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FDA Court Actions Relative to Mercury Contaminated Swordfish
Outfall Inventory of Selected Rivers
Solid Waste User Manual
Dulles Airport Land Use
Oil Storage Facility Inventory
Noise Survey
Refinement of the Environmental Protection Agency Community
Noise Model: A Feasibility Study
Quantitative Remote Sensing Data are Being Collected over TVA
Steam Plants to Detect S0£ Effects on Vegetation
REGION IV
- Birmingham, Ala. - Region IV Aerial Survey of Duckweed
- Apalachiocola Bay, Fla. - Survey of an Area of Recent Dredging
- Apalachiocola, Fla. - Aerial Data Collection
- Tampa/St. Petersburg, Fla. - Oxidant Monitoring Network Design
Methodology Field Test
- Florida - Thermal Mapping of Power Plants
- Athens, Ga. - Training of Regional Evaluation Teams
- Atlanta, Ga. - Investigations of Vegetation and Soil Near
Hartsfield International Airport
- Black and Cedar Creeks, Ga. - Determine Land Use and Potential
Sources of Pollution
- North Central Kentucky - Reconnaissance of Oil Storage Facilities
- Ross Barness Reservoir, Miss. - Aerial Photography and Related
Ground Truth
~ Mississippi - Assistance to Radioloqical Laboratory
- Charlotte, N.C. - Monitoring of CO
- Gu'ilford 'County, N.C. - Land Use
- Holston River. Tenn. - Aerial Photography and Multispectral Data
- Jackson, Tenn. - Cut and Dredge Operations
- Jacksonville, Tenn. - S02 Damage
- Memphis. Tpnn. - Velsicol Plant
- Apalachicola Multiband Aerial Photography
- Compliance Monitoring - Radionuclides
- Kentucky Strip Mines, NEIC
- North Carolina Agriculture
- NPDES Laboratory Evaluation
- Sampling Methodology
- Wetlands Inventory
REGION V
- Muskegon, Mich. - Photographic Mosaics
- Michigan and Ohio - Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Oil
Refineries and Bulk Oil Storage Facilities
- Cincinnati, Ohio - Health Effects Drinking Water Study
235
-------
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Refineries in Support of
SPCC Inspections
- Illinois Lakes Trophic Status
- Lake Huron Phosphate Fallout Study
- Rural Water Survey
- Remote Sensing of Selected Waste Sites in Illinois
REGION VI
- Gulf Coast - Loop and Seadock Oil Ports
- Bayou Baratoria, La. - Inspection of Proposed Harvey Canal
- Jefferson Parish, La. - Remote Sensing Techniques
- Fruitland, New Mexico - Overflight
- Grants, New Mexico - Aerial Surveillance of Uranium Mill
- New Mexico - Aerial Surveillance of Selected Uranium Mills
- Beaumont-Port Arthur, Texas - Aerial Reconnaissance of Oil
and ChemicalFacilities
- Fisher County, Texas - Aerial Surveillance of Potential Salt
Water Sources in the West Lake Drainage Basin
- Sabine Lake, Texas - Shell Mining
- Bench-Side Training for State Employees
- Photo Support, Dallas Noise Monitoring Stations
- Texas Pulp Mill Effluent
REGION VII
- Iowa - Iowa Non-Point Source Inventory
- Kansas City, Missouri/Kansas - Aerial Reconnaissance of Oil
and Chemical Facilities
- Big River, Mo. - Pollution Source Inventory
- St. Louis. Mo. - Airborne Measurements of Primary and
Secondary Pollutant Concentrations
- Nebraska - Thermal Mapping of Power Plant Discharges
- NbrthiDakota - Land Use Near Bismarck
236
-------
REGION VIII
- Northeastern Montana - Energy-Related Field Programs
- Poplar River Basin, Montana - Land Use, Potential Impact of
Air Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plant
- Montana - Vegetation Stress Survey
- Devil's Lake Basin, North Dakota - Land Use, Hydrological Areas
- Moab, Utah - Uranium Mills
- Provo, Utah - Steel Mill Study
- Teton County, Wyoming - Suspended Sediment Study
- Aerial Inventory of Selected Large Point Sources of Pollution
- Bulk Oil Storage Facility Inventory, July-August 1976
- Floor Analysis in Respect to Western Strip Mines
- Hazardous Waste Pathways
- Waste Water Outfall Inventory, July-August 1976
REGION IX
- Black Mesa Mine, Arizona - Thermal Data and Aerial Photography
Used to Detect and Map Underground Burning Coal Mines
- Phoenix, Arizona - Airborne Particulate Study
- South Coast Basin, Ca'lif. - Airborne Air Quality Measurements
- Kennecott Copper Smelter, Nevada - Overflight
- Mohave Power Plant, Nevada - Airborne Measurements of Power
Plant Plumes
- Nevada. Arizona - Field Quality Assurance Audit Checks for
State and Local Agency Monitoring Stations
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Refineries and Bulk Oil
Storage Facilities in Support of SPCC Inspections
- Data Collection of Toiyabe National Forest
- Lead-in-Gasoline Analyses
- Los Angeles SuIfuric Acid Freeway Study
- Nevada Mosaics
REGION X
- Valdez, Alaska - Oil Tanker/S02 Study
- Oregon-Idaho - Grazing Land Non-Point Source Monitoring
- Yakima River Valley, Washington - Agricultural Land Use
- Southwest Washington - Aerial Monitoring of Silviculture!
Practices and Their Effect on Water Quality in the
Washington Cascades
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Oil Refineries and Bulk
Storage Facilities in Support of SPCC Inspections
- Aerial Reconnaissance of Selected Oil and Chemical Facilities
in Support of SPCC Inspections
- Laboratory Certification Workshop
- Non-Point Source Pollution Survey
- Willamette River Basin Land Use
237
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GEORGE B. MORGAN
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Valdosta State College, B.S. (Chemistry) 1951
University of Florida, M.S. (Bioanalytical
Chemistry) 1954
New York University (graduate work in Nuclear
Physics and Radiological Health)
Federal Executive Institute Presidential
Program 1972
Director, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory-Las Vegas, 1977-Present
Director, Monitoring Systems Research and
Development Division, Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas, 1973-1977
Director, Quality Assurance Division, Office of
Research and Monitoring, EPA, 1971-1973
Director, Division of Atmospheric Surveillance,
National Air Pollution Control Administration
1969-1971
Director, Division of Air Quality and Emissions
Data, National Air Pollution Control Administration
1968-1969
Chief, Laboratory Services Section, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, U.S. DHEW, 1966-1968
Supervisory Chemist, Division of Air Pollution
R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. DHEW
1965-1966
Director, Phelps Laboratory for Bioenvironmental
Engineering Research, University of Florida
1964-1965
Associate Professor of Radiological Health
University of Florida, 1954-1964
Research Assistant, University of Florida, 1951-1954
Laboratory Teaching Assistant, Emory University
1949-1951
239
-------
Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
U.S. delegate to the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development Research Policy
Committee and Expert Committee on Air Pollution
Measurements
Member, U.S. delegation to United Nations Environ-
mental Program Working Group
Member, U.S./USSR Joint Working Group on Cooperation
in the Field of Air Pollution Modeling, Instru-
mentation and Measurement Technology
General Co-Chairman and Acting Coordinating Chairman,
International Conference on Environmental Sensing
and Assessment, 1975
President, Southern Nevada Federal Executive
Association, 1977-1978
Member, Evaluation Panel, Office of Air and Water
Measurements, National Bureau of Standards
1977-Present
Member, Environmental Advisory Panel for the National
Science Foundation
American Public Health Association
American Chemical Society
Air Pollution Control Association
Water Pollution Control Federation
Sigma Xi
Alpha Chi Sigma
Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities, 1951
Chairman, Gordon Research Conference, Nitrogen
Metabolism Division, 1962
240
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
Director
Mr. George B. Morgan
Deputy Director
Dr. Richard E. Stanley
OFFICE OF PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT AND
SUPPORT
Mr. Walter E. Petrie
General Services
Branch
Ms. Marianne Carpenter
Computer Services
Branch
Mr. George C. Allison
Facilities and
Engineering Services
Branch
Mr. Robert W. Coulter
Monitoring Systems
Design and Analysis
Staff
Mr. Edward A. Schuck
-
Monitor
Resei
Developir
Dr. John
ng Systems
irch and
ent Division
Santolucito
Methods Development
and Analytical Support
Branch
Mr. Erich W. Bretthauei
Quality Assurance
Branch
Mr. Arthur N. Jams
Pollutant Pathways
Branch
Dr. George B. Wiersma
Exposure/Dose
Assessment Branch
Dr Gilbert Pottei
Farm and Animal
Investigation Branch
"57 Donald D Smith
Tenant Organizations
Health and Safety
Staff
Dr. Maxwell E. Kaye
Office of Radiation
Programs
iwl
Mr. Daniel W. Hendricks
Information
Services Staff
Ms. Geneva S. Douglas
Monitoring
Operations
Division
Mr. Donald T.Wruble
Water and Land
Quality Branch
Mr. Victor W Lambou
Air Quality Branch
Mr. Robert N. Spelling
Environmental Radiation
Branch
Mr. Charles C. Costa
Aircraft Operations
Branch
Mr. Chester Dropp
Regional Services
Staff
Mr. Richard E. Jaquish
Lat Vegas
Accounting Office
Mr. L.A. Daman
Personnel Office
Las Vegas
Mr. Arthur Sandoval, Jr.
Region IX
Las Vegas Unit
Mr. Rod Cummings
Remote Sensing
Division
Dr. D.N. McNelis
Remote Sensing
Operations Branch
Mr. Robert W. Landers
Remote Monitoring
Methods Branch
Mr. John A. Eckert
Environmental
Photographic
Interpretation
Complex Branch
WrTVernard Webb
(IS 111 IPHON! Nl) Vl'j ?%')
(.Ml ItLFPHONl NO (;U2) /3G7969
March 1978
'Acting
-------
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ADA, OKLAHOMA
243
-------
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ADA, OKLAHOMA
MISSION
Conduct research, development, and demonstration activities related
to ground water, treatment of waste water with soil and other natural
systems, irrigated agriculture, animal production, petroleum refining,
the petrochemical industry, and treatment of combined industrial or
mixed industrial and municipal wastes. Specifically the Laboratory's
function is to:
• Provide EPA with management techniques and treatment
and control technology to reduce or prevent pollution
and environmental exposure to toxic and hazardous
materials
t Provide EPA with social, economic, and institutional
assessments relative to technological developments
• Provide EPA with basic data for the establishment of
guidelines, standards, and criteria
• Provide technical assistance and support to EPA Program
and Regional Offices.
245
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RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($1,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Program Area
Ground Water Research
Irrigated Agriculture
Wastewater Management
Animal Production
Industrial Sources
( ) Manyears
Total
In-house Extramural
440
250
343
222
363
1618 (65)
PERSONNEL
Full -time EPA Personnel
• Professional
• Non-Professional
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
Bachelor Master
Agriculture
Biology
Chemistry
Engineering
Environmental Sciences
Mathematics
1
0
2
1
2
1
7
2
2
1
6
6
1
in
1305
1090
729
718
538
4380
= 59
= 34
= 25
Doctorate
3
2
2
2
0
0
9
In-house Extramural
446 1315
323 1061
526 596
205 606
350 350
1850 (65) 3928
<
Total
6
4
5
9
8
2
34
246
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RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Ground Water Research
Conduct research and demonstration investigations concerning
the nature, transport, and transformation of pollutants entering
ground water from sources which include land use, surface waste
disposal, spills, subsurface injection, and other sources which
contaminate ground water. Management and control criteria of
underground water supplies will include cost effectiveness and
will assess the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of such
control and management.
2. Irrigated Agriculture
• Irrigation System Technology
- Develop and field evaluate fundamental technologies
required for full-scale pollution control programs
in irrigated areas.
- Assess effectiveness of structural improvements in
irrigation systems, of improved on-farm water management
practices, and of new concepts relating to solute movement
and storage in soil profiles.
- Develop analytical methodology to evaluate legal,
social, economic and other institutional factors
acting as deterrents to water management reform and
implementation of irrigation return flow quality controls.
- Develop manuals and guidance for recommended management
practices to control irrigation return flow pollutants,
including cost-effectiveness.
• Predictive Mdethods for Irrigation Return Flow Management
- Develop mathematical models capable of predicting irrigation
return flow quality based on physical/chemical/biological
processes in irrigated soils.
- Verify under field conditions the predictive capability
of the models when applied to areas of widely different
soil and climatic characteristics.
- Develop data base required for adequate verification of
the models.
247
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- Develop management models which integrate on-farm water
management methods and treatment technology, including
cost-effective and optimization techniques.
- Quantify physical and chemical spatial variability
functions to improve predictive capabilities.
3. Wastewater Management
• Application of Wastewater to Land (Soil Treatment Systems)
- Define technological factors for design, construction,
and operation of land application and aquaculture
systems for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse.
- Develop criteria to maximize treatment and management
capabilities to these systems and to minimize or
eliminate health risks and adverse long-term effects
on the soil, ground water, surface waters, and other
environmental components.
- Identify the most beneficial system selection to achieve
optimum reuse of nutrients, organic material, and water.
4. Animal Production
Develop and demonstrate the feasibility, applicability, effectiveness,
and economics of treatment and/or control technologies for abating
pollution from the animal production industry.
Industrial Sources
Develop the necessary technology to: (1) eliminate the discharge
of pollutants for the areawide or combined point sources where
industrial sources are the predominant contributor, (2) eliminate
toxic pollutant discharges for petroleum refining and the
petrochemicals industries.
248
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RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Prepared a state-of-know!edge document on the design, cost,
regulations, and environmental effects of septic tank systems.
2. Prepared a report, Impact of Abandoned Wells on Ground Water,
required by Section 1442 of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
3. Assisted in development of Underground Injection Control Regulations
required by Safe Drinking Water Act.
4. Assisting in the development of a plan and the providing of training
for a national assessment of pits, ponds, and lagoons required by
Safe Drinking Water Act.
5. Conducted two-year study on septic tank systems to develop density
criteria.
6. Assisted in development of screening protocol for "Evaluating the
Fate and Transport of Toxic Substances in the Near-Surface and
Subsurface Environments."
7. National Conference on Irrigation Return Flow Quality Management,
May 1977 - Laboratory presentations represent results of considerable
research effort for past seven years. Conference addressed research
results and solutions to problems, and considered the legal, economic
and institutional factors constraining and/or affecting implementation
of water quality control measures in irrigated areas.
8. Completed development of model for predicting the quality of return
flows from irrigated areas. The five-volume final report has been
distributed.
9. Implemented Agricultural Salinity Control Technology in Grand Valley
(Colorado) - "Total package" approach to implement salinity control
measures has been successful in meeting the environmental goals as
well as addressing the socio-economic aspects of gaining acceptance
of the approach among local water users. Three reports deal with:
(a) the methodology of implementation of a "total package" salinity
control program; (b) evaluation of irrigation management/control
methods on improved water quality; and (c) defining best management
practices (BMP) for salinity control in the Grand Valley area.
10. Evaluating a minimum leaching concept on both citrus and alfalfa
in Southwestern Arizona. Results indicate that salinity in subsurface
drainage can be greatly reduced by very closely controlled, low
leaching fractions-essentially salt storage within the soil profile.
249
-------
11. Determined effectiveness and cost impacts of different
sediment and nutrient control measures on surface-irrigated
areas in the Pacific Northwest. Evaluated on-farm water
management practices and pollutant removal systems.
12. Conducted study of movement and fate of applied nitrogen
fertilizers. Methods of limiting concentration of nitrate
in the soil solution while maintaining an adequate supply of
available nitrogen for plant growth were reported. These methods
are most logical approach to reducing nitrate leaching in soils,
thus reducing amount of nitrate in subsurface return flows.
13. Assisted in development of first comprehensive soil treatment
design manual.
14. Developed two computer programs for predicting storage requirements
for land application systems based on available standard weather
station data. Programs are valuable to designers especially in
designing systems for extremely cold or wet regions.
15. Developing overland flow soil treatment system for municipal
wastewaters. System promises to be an effective and economical
treatment system, particularly for small communities.
16. Developed model for predicting the phosphorus sorption capabilities
of various soil types used for treatment of municipal wastewaters.
Model is being used by system designers and evaluators.
17. Completed the first comprehensive state-of-the-art review of
wastewater aquaculture. This document will be the basis for
planning future programs to develop aquaculture for treatment
and management of municipal wastewaters.
18. Developed pilot scale reactor to convert beef cattle feedlot wastes
into ammonia synthesis gas and ethylene.
19. Completed state-of-the-art report for swine waste production and
and pretreatment processes. Report provides an evaluation of
management, pretreatment, treatment and disposal systems available
for pollution control at this time.
20. Developed jointly with USDA a "208" design and planners' manual for
evaluation of runoff from land application of animal wastes and
development of best management practices for runoff control.
21. Completed evaluation of alternatives to abate or lessen environmental
impacts resulting from unconfined animal production on range and
pastureland.
22. Published bibliography of over 4,000 articles on animal waste. Articles
deal with all phases of waste management and pollution control from
livestock production enterprises including range and pasture operations.
250
-------
23. Assisted in toxic pollutant assessment of the petroleum refining
industry to determine the presence or absence of 129 named
compounds.
24. Developed screening technique to determine potential viability
of industrial waste being discharged to a POTW.
251
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RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Ground Hater Research
• Develop source control technology for management and regulatory
agencies.
• Increase emphasis on rapid development of preliminary data on
movement and fate of toxic substances in the subsurface.
2. Irrigated Agriculture Section
• Evaluate effectiveness of water management technologies, both
structural and nonstructural, on water quality improvement in
problem areas not yet investigated.
• Solve problems with implementation of irrigation return flow
quality control programs to obtain significant impacts on
the quality of our western river systems.
• Influent control offers a more feasible approach to control
irrigation return flow pollution than attempts to control the
effluent by permit, enforcement, legislation, etc. Evaluate
and demonstrate the concept to gain support of state water
quality control agencies.
• Pursue field verification of the predictive models to provide
the reliability and confidence required for their widespread
acceptance and utilization.
3. Wastewater Management
• Investigate suspected health effects related to land application
of municipal wastewater. Identify real health hazards, develop
design and operation criteria to eliminate or minimize; develop
risk-beneficial criteria for unavoidable adverse effects.
• Develop and demonstrate overland-flow system for municipal
wastewater treatment.
• Define the ability of land application systems to adequately
treat heavy metals, organic compounds, and toxic substances
contained in applied wastewaters.
t Determine pretreatment requirements for the three types of soil
treatment systems under different operating practices and
different system performance requirements.
• Aquaculture is receiving increasing attention as a possible
treatment alternative.
252
-------
4. Animal Production
• Animal production units are becoming larger with less controllable
land for disposal. Develop treatment and pretreatment systems
to insure pollution control from the industry.
• With rapid increase in energy and production costs producers are
investigating refeeding and energy production from animal wastes.
Evaluate this changing waste load from existing production
facilities and develop control measures.
• Rising cost of commercial fertilizer and energy producers are
questioning use of existing pollution control measures since
they destroy nutrients and are energy intensive. Develop new
control measures which conserve both nutrients and energy and
still protect the environment. Such systems will be much more
acceptable to producers, thereby making compliance easier to
obtain.
5. Industrial Sources
t Determine problems associated with applying excess sludge, which
contains concentrated organics and metals, to land spreading
operations.
• Assess hazardous effects of industrial effluents with flow-
through biological methods and examine the test organism to
determine cause of death.
• Examine the irrigation treatment system as a viable alternative
to tertiary treatment.
t Develop pretreatment methodology for industries which discharge
to POTW's.
t Investigate methods of removing or reducing dissolved solids in
industrial effluents to allow higher recycling rates.
• Determine the capabilities, economics, and operational problems
associated with solvent and stream regeneration of activated
carbon.
253
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Country/Organization
Environmental Mange-
ment Institute
Poland
Program/Project Title
SFCP, Optimization of
Animal Wastes Treatment
with Reference to Bio-
treatment, Recovery of
Gas, Proteins, and
Agricultural Utilization
of Effluents
Completion
Date
1980
Amount ($)
306,750
Scientific Committee
on Problems of the
Environment
France
Poland
Poland
Institute of
Meteorology and
Water Management
Poland
Evaluation of Existing 1977
Ground-Water Basin
Management Models
Control of Water Pollution 1979
Originating through Agri-
cultural Runoff by Means
of Closing the Biogenic
Matter Circulation Cycle
Critical Review and 1979
Assessment of Polish
Literature on Sewage
Irrigation
SFCP, Studies on Combined 1979
Treatment Processing of
Liquid Wastes from
Industrial Swine Farms
with Use of Barriered
Landscape Water
Renovation System
141,871
338,353
79,977
386,000
254
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
t Buffalo, New York - Conducted "Industrial Waste and Pretreatment
in the Buffalo Municipal System" Project. Project included
conduct of an industrial waste survey, development of an
industrial waste control program, establishment of an equitable
cost recovery and user charge system, and evaluation of effects
of local, state, and federal requirements on the industrial
users.
REGION II
• Long Island, New York - Investigating organic contamination of
ground water supplies.
REGION III
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - Conducting economic and technological
study to analyze the feasibility of establishing a regional
industrial waste treatment facility for the highly industrialized
Monongahela River.
• Determining distribution, volume and characteristics of
industrial wastewaters and sludges, and the best practical
treatment for an areawide system.
• Examining wastewater and solid waste disposal practices, wastewater
characterization, pretreatment and treatment alternatives for the
Chesapeake Bay seafood industries which are isolated from municipal
treatment systems.
REGION V
• Conducted preliminary survey of toxic pollutants in wastewater at
the Muskegon County, Michigan Wastewater Management System. The
primary purposes of this survey were: determine if selected
toxic pollutants were present in the wastewater being treated
by this system and, if so, evaluate effectiveness of the
treatment system in removing these substances. Provide
information, in terms of procedural and resource requirements,
needed in developing a protocol for a possible National survey
of toxic pollutants in municipal treatment systems.
255
-------
REGION VIII
t Implemented Agricultural Salinity Control Technology in Grand
Valley as a part of the Pilot Program for Salinity Control.
• Cooperated on research in western Colorado to correlate overburden
mineralogy with the effects on ground water of coal strip mining
activities.
REGION IX
• Palo Alto, California - Investigating the feasibility of ground water
recharge and reuse of tertiary-treated municipal wastewaters.
• Sacramento and Central Valleys of California - Completing Tailwater
Management project which is supporting Region IX's permit program.
• Conducting study to construct a residual waste facility to dispose
of diverse industrial residues such as brine, cannery, manures,
metals, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and residual petroleum wastes.
REGION X
• Snake Plain Aquifer, Idaho - Cooperated on research to determine
effect of irrigation runoff disposal on the ground water of the
Snake Plain Aquifer.
• Conducted evaluation of measures for controlling sediment and
nutrient losses from irrigated areas. Project supported the
NPDES program of Region X and provided information relevant
to the issuances of irrigation return flow permits.
REGIONS I-X
• Provided funding and technical direction for the Muskegon County
Wastewater Management System. This 10,000-acre soil treatment
system is the largest of its kind in the United States and is
providing valuable operating, design, and economic data applicable
for the entire Nation.
REGIONS VII-X
t The National Conference on Irrigation Return Flow Quality Management
provided the most up-to-date information available regarding the
control of pollution from irrigated areas. Regional staff, state
water control agencies, and "208" agency personnel were among the
target audience.
256
-------
REGIONS III-X
• Conducted "Toxic Compound Study for the Petroleum Refinery Industry" -
A screening survey to determine the presence or absence of 129 toxic
compounds in the intake, intermediary, and NPDES permit point at
12 BPTCA refineries. Each of the eight Regions visited were invited
to participate in this National survey.
REGION VI, VII, VIII, X
• Conducting development of ammonia synthesis gas and ethylene
process using cattle feedlots to fuel the system. These Regions
have sufficient concentration of feedlots and animals to operate
the system.
• Developing two irrigation management manuals of recommended
practices: one addresses the Pacific Northwest (Regions VIII and
X); the other the Central Plains (Regions VI, VII, and VIII).
257
-------
WILLIAM C. GALEGAR
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma
Education: University of Oklahoma, B.S.
University of Oklahoma, M.S.
(Chemical Engineering)
Federal Executive Institute
1949
1953
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Director, Robert S. Kerr, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma, 1970 - Present
Regional Director, South Central Region, FWPCA,
Dallas, Texas, 1967-1970
Director, Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center,
FWPCA, Ada, Oklahoma, 1966-1967
Detailed to Washington, D. C. to establish and
coordinate water pollution control activities
with all other Federal agencies and departments
for FWPCA, 1965-1966
Water Quality Enforcement Section, Dallas Regional
Office of the Public Health Service, Dallas, Texas,
1963-1965
Deputy Director, Arkansas-Red River Basin Water
Quality Conservation Project, 1960-1962
Lecturer in Occupational Health at the School of
Medicine, University of Oklahoma, 1954-1960
Engineer, Oklahoma State Department of Health,
1949-1960
Diplomat in Engineering, American Academy of
Environmental Engineers
Registered Professional Engineer
Member, Sigma Xi
259
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ATHENS
GEORGIA
263
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ATHENS, GEORGIA
MISSION
Research and development on techniques to identify and measure environmental
pollutants; determine their transport, transformation, and fate in soil
and water; control their agricultural or silvicultural sources; and achieve
water quality goals through the application of environmental systems models.
Specific activities are to:
• Develop techniques, methods, and instruments for the identification
and measurement of low concentrations of chemical constituents in
drinking water, in wastewaters, in rivers or lakes, and in soils.
• Define and quantitate the individual microbiological, chemical, and
physical-chemical processes that control the transport, transforma-
tion, and impact of pollutants in soil and water.
• Develop evaluative models that can aid in judging the environmental
consequences if a specific contaminant were to reach some portion of
a water-soil system.
t Develop methods for the control of pollution from agricultural or
silvicultural sources.
• Develop effective analytical techniques for comprehensive basin-v/ide
environmental management to achieve water quality objectives.
• Develop methods for assessing environmental exposures to toxic
chemicals.
265
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Program Area
Analytical Chemistry
Soil and Water Processes
and Systems
Agricultural and Silvi-
cultural Source
Management
Watershed Management
Exposure Analysis Methods
TOTAL
( ) Manyears
In-house Extramural
1400 1300
1300 1600
300 1 300
300 700
0 0
3300 (120) 4900
PERSONNEL
Total Full -Time EPA Personnel
Biology
Chemistry
Ecology
Engineering
Other
t Professional
t Non-Professional
Professional Staff
Bachelors Master
2 1
11 2
0 0
0 4
4 2
17 9
In-house Extramural
1160 1120
1421 1125
444 1100
415 455
120 250
3560 (111) 4050
= 83 fl
^B
= 53
= 30
Doctorate Total
3 6
17 30
2 2
4 8
1 7
27 53
266
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Analytical Chemistry
• Develop and assess new, broadly applicable techniques for
identifying and measuring chemical constituents of soil and
water.
t Apply innovative methods to rapidly characterize concentrations
of organic pollutants in aqueous samples.
• Develop a computerized register of all organic compounds
found in water.
t Demonstrate the applicability of analysis techniques so that
other laboratories can adopt them efficiently.
t Develop analysis techniques by which multiple elements can
be identified and measured at the same time using a single
reference standard.
t Assess individual techniques for chemical speciation such as
electron microscopy for analyzing waterborne asbestos.
2. Soil and Water Processes and Systems
• Define the individual environmental processes that control the
fate of pollutants in soil and water.
t Identify potentially hazardous transformation products of
pesticides and toxic chemicals, such as the formation of
[[-nitrosoatrazine from the herbicide atrazine.
• Provide data on toxic materials to EPA regulatory offices and
to the public.
t Construct and verify models of the environmental transport and
effects of pollutants.
• Develop microcosm techniques to characterize pollutant behavior
in laboratory ecosystems.
• Describe systems by which pollutants are transported and
transformed through mathematical models as an aid in determining
environmental consequences of a specific contaminant.
267
-------
3. Agricultural and Silvicultural Source Management
• Produce techniques for estimating pollutant loads from non-
irrigated agriculture and silviculture.
• Develop environmental transport models to predict pesticide
and nutrient losses from agricultural lands.
• Provide managers with easy to use techniques for evaluating
and minimizing water pollution problems from non-point
sources.
4. Watershed Management
• Combine models of water quality, of pollutant sources, and
of health and ecological effects of water pollution into water
quality management schemes that achieve water quality goals.
t Develop tools and techniques for watershed managers in
constructing feasible, cost-effective water pollution control
strategies.
5. Exposure Analysis Methods
*•
• Develop practical methods to evaluate and predict the transport,
transformation, and fate of toxic chemicals in water and soil.
t Develop test protocols and decision rationale for assessing
environmental exposure to toxic substances.
268
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Demonstrated that singlet oxygen, a species that rapidly oxidizes
certain water pollutants, is photochemically generated in natural
waters.
2. Developed a protocol for analyzing industrial wastewaters for
organic compounds identified as "priority pollutants."
3. Developed a prototype evaluative model, for vinyl chloride in aquatic
systems, that includes interacting chemical, photochemical, microbio-
logical, and physical processes.
4. Completed a series of guidelines manuals to help field professionals
select appropriate, cost-effective controls for pollution from
agriculture and silviculture.
5. Compiled a list of all of the 1300 organic compounds identified
in water.
6. Developed a process-oriented, continuous model, the Agricultural
Runoff Management model, to predict both water phase and sediment-
bound chemical concentrations of pesticides and nutrients in runoff
from cropland.
7. Revealed that organonitrates produce false-positive responses in
the thermal energy analyzer method for nitrosoamines.
8. Developed techniques to predict rates of direct photochemical
transformation of aquatic pollutants by the action of sunlight.
9. Analyzed the fate and impact of cadmium in artificial streams.
10. Developed easy-to-use hand calculation method for assessing water
quality in basin-scale, non-designated 208 areas.
11. Developed a multiple land use, continuous model, called the
Non-Point Source (NPS) model, to estimate pollutant loads from
general non-point sources for area-wide 208 planning and load
allocation.
12. Developed a computer-assisted high-probability spectral library
for the rapid identification of newly encountered compounds.
13. Completed comprehensive non-point source loading function manual
based upon the Universal Soil Loss Equation for use by 208 planners
for multiple level use load situations and problem definition.
269
-------
14. Developed practical techniques for rapid multielement analysis
of drinking water.
15. Developed an electron microscope procedure for determining
asbestos fibers in water that has gained almost universal
acceptance by government and industry laboratories.
16. Completed data collection on a study of the influence of stream
flow, turbulence, and temperature on nitrification in aquatic
systems.
17. Completed investigations on the water solubility, volatization,
and partitioning of Aroclors 1016 and 1242, two polychlorinated
biphenyls.
18. Analyzed wastes from coal gasification and oil shale processing
industries.
19. Applied qualitative analysis of systems to environmental decision
making.
20. Presented workshops on estimating magnitude of pollutant loads
in streams from non-point sources.
270
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Develop physical and mathematical models for estimating environ-
mental exposures for toxic organic chemicals.
2. Design a comprehensive monitoring system to determine the nature
and extent of environmental contamination by toxic chemicals.
3. Intensify research to develop methods to identify and measure
inorganic chemical species in water rather than just measuring
the elemental composition.
4. Extend testing and verifying of the Agricultural Runoff Management
model to coastal plain and cornbelt regions of the United States.
5. Determine the transport, transformation and fate of energy-related
aquatic pollutants through integrated artificial-stream and mathe-
matical modeling studies.
6. Direct increased attention to socioeconomic effects and imple-
mentation factors involved in achieving adequate controls for
non-point sources and managing water quality.
7. Determine the effect of temperature changes and the synergistic
effects of temperature and a trace contaminant on algal communities.
8. Develop techniques for predicting effects of natural substances
in water bodies upon photolysis of water pollutants.
9. Develop empirical methods of predicting the degree of pollutant
sorption on natural sediments.
10. Mathematically describe hydrolytic and oxidative reaction processes
under environmental conditions for use in exposure assessment models,
11. Determine the kinetics of microbial transformations of toxic sub-
stances in natural waters and sediments and the reliability of
laboratory-determined rate constants for predicting these transfor-
mations in natural systems.
271
-------
12. Continue development, refinement, and field testing of non-point
source and water quality models as tools for selecting Best
Management Practices and for evaluating discharges of "consent
decree" hazardous materials.
13. Develop comprehensive forestry management planning models for
use by environmental planners and timber producers.
14. Define new more powerful mathematical techniques for modeling
environmental systems.
15. Establish a capability to identify and measure possibly toxic trace
constituents in new commercial products in which the major constituent
is considered non-toxic.
272
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Completion
Country Project Title Date Amount
Bilateral Agreements
US-USSR Forms and Mechanisms by which Continuing $ 25,000
Pesticides and Chemicals are
Transported
France Effect of Temperature Shocks on 1978 200,000
Algal Communities and of Toxic
Organic Pollutants on Degredation
Rates of Organic Substances
Special Foreign Currency Program (PL-480)
Egypt Water Quality Studies on the 1979 $1,000,000
River Nile and Lake Nasser
273
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION II
• Developed a simple slide colonization technique for estimating the
nitrifying capacities of attached bacteria.
REGION IV
• Florida - Completed extensive field evaluations of the effects of
various tillage practices on subsequent pesticide and fertilizer
losses in surface runoff and tile drainage from intensive citrus
production operations in Florida flatwood soils.
• Louisville, KY - Analyzed sludge from the Louisville sewage treatment
plant for trace elements and to confirm identification of organic
constituents made by the Region IV Laboratory. Plant was shut down
because of chemical contamination.
• Tennessee - The Aquatic Ecosystem Simulator is being used to study
nitrification kinetics in support of a study of the Holston River.
• Conducted multi-element analyses on various samples to support regional
enforcement activities. Electron microscopic examinations were made
of particulate samples from air and water sources.
• Provides continuous assistance and cooperation with the Surveillance
and Analysis Division, Region IV. Being housed in the same facility
permits a unique degree of scientific and technical interchange
between the two groups.
REGION V
• Great Lakes - Applied the Non-Point Source model to a comprehensive
assessment of non-point source loadings to the Great Lakes, including
a preliminary comparative evaluation of practical remedial control
strategies.
• Terre Haute, Indiana - Completed study to confirm the tentative finding
by" Region V and NblC of the presence of nitrosamines in drinking
water.
REGION VIII
• Investigating nitrification rates in cold water environments in the
Aquatic Ecosystem Simulator.
274
-------
REGION X
t Oregon - Completed detailed, restrospective economics and energy
assessment of Willamette River clean-up project and compared
three alternative clean-up strategies.
REGIONS II, IV, V
t Applied the Agricultural Runoff Management model to "regional" land
types for use in evaluating various Best Management Practices in
terms of their relative pollutant control effectiveness at the farm
level.
275
-------
DAVID WILLIAM DUTTWEILER
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia
Professional
Experience:
Education: University of Michigan, BSE (Civil
Engineering), 1948
Johns Hopkins-University, MSE (Sanitary
Engineering), 1957
Johns Hopkins University, Ph.D. (Sanitary
Engineering), 1963
Director, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Athens, Georgia. 1970-Present
Director, Southeast Water Laboratory, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration,
Athens, Georgia. 1969-1970
Sanitary Engineer Instructor (Lt. Col.),
U. S. Army Medical Field Service School,
Fort Sam Houston, Texas. 1968-1969
Sanitary Engineer Consultant (Lt. Col.),
Office of the Surgeon, Headquarters
U. S. Army, Viet Nam. 1967-1968
Chief, Sanitary Engineering Research
Section (Lt. Col.), U. S. Army Medical
Research and Development Command,
Washington, D. C. 1965-1966
Chief, Department of Sanitary Engineering
(Major), Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research, Washington, D. C. 1962-1965
Chief, Sanitary Engineering Division (Capt.),
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency,
Edgewood, Maryland. 1958-1960
Industrial Hygiene Engineer (Capt.), U. S.
Army Environmental Hygiene Agency,
Edgewood, Maryland. 1957-1958
Industrial Hygiene Engineer, U. S. Army
Europe Medical Laboratory, Landstuhl,
Germany. 1955-1956
Sanitary Engineer (1st. Lt.), Office of the
Chief Surgeon, Headquarters, U. S. Forces
in Austria, Salzburg, Austria 1953-1955
277
-------
Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
Sanitary Engineer Instructor (1st Lt.),
U. S. Army Medical Field Service School,
Fort Sam Houston, Texas. 1952-1953
Assistant Sanitary Engineer (1st Lt.), Office
of the Surgeon General, Washington, D. C.
1951
Sanitary Engineer Instructor (2nd Lt.),
U. S. Army Engineer School, Ft. Belvoir,
Virginia. 1949-1951
Structural Designer, T. H. McKaig Consulting
Engineers, Buffalo, New York. 1948-1949
Dipi ornate, American Academy of Environmental
Engineers
Member, American Society of Civil Engineers
Member, Water Pollution Control Federation
(FWQA)
Member, American Association for the
Advacnement of Science
Member, Sigma Xi
Member, International Association on Water
Pollution Research
Member, Conference of Federal Environmental
Engineers
Research Associate, University of Georgia,
1969-Present
Adjunct Professor, Clemson University,
1971-Present
Member, Visiting Committee, University of
Florida Department of Environmental
Engineering Sciences, 1974-Present
Member, University of North Carolina Water
Resources Research Institute Advisory
Committee, 1976-Present
Member, Armed Forces Epidemiological Board
Commission of Environmental Health, 1970-
Present
Who's Who in Government
Who's Who in the South and Southwest
American Men and Women of Science
U. S. Army Legion of Merit, Commendation Medal
1977 Distinguished Service Award, Athens
Area Chapter of Federally Employed Women, Inc.
278
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CORVALLIS
OREGON
281
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CORVALLIS, OREGON
MISSION
Determine the effects of environmental pollutants on terrestrial,
fresh water and marine ecosystems linking air, land and water.
Knowledge gained is used to provide the scientific basis for
establishing criteria, standards and regulations for air, land
and water use. Specific areas of research concentrations are to:
• Determine effects of air pollutants on vegetation,
animals, and total ecosystems.
• Determine effects of pollutants on aquatic plants
and animals, including assessing the social and
economic effects.
• Determine feasibility of restoring polluted or
deteriorating lakes via construction of municipal
waste treatment facilities to reduce the inflow of
plant nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen; to
include corrective measures for lakes with problem
conditions as a consequence of diffuse nutrient
sources and other pollutants.
• Assess the effects of non-point source water pollution
such as runoff from croplands, forests, urban storm-
waters, strip mining, and watersheds.
• Develop research criteria to delineate the boundaries
of wetlands.
• Determine pollutant effects on plants and animals
living in coastal and tidal areas, movement of
pollutants through these ecosystems, and the degradation
of pollutants.
• Develop and demonstrate innovative waste treatment
and water conservation techniques in rural Alaska to
improve community sanitation methods in cold climates,
and at the same time enhance environmental health
conditions.
• Assess ecological impacts of substitute chemicals
utilizing terrestrial microcosms representing a practical,
intermediate investigate level between the test tube and
field studies; develop methods to determine pathways,
effects and ultimate fate of selected substitute pesticides.
• Determine environmental effects of pollutants caused by
extraction of coal and other energy resources, energy
production, and energy transmission. Develop techniques
for reclaiming land areas impacted by energy resource.
283
-------
Research Program Resource Summary
(Sl,000's)
FY 77
FY 78
Program Area In-House Extramural In-House Extramural
1. Air Pollutant Effects $1,
on Terrestrial
Ecosystems
2. Fresh Water Ecological 2,
Processes & Effects
3. Marine and Estuarine 1,
Ecological Processes
and Effects
4. Alaska Village
Demonstration Program
5. Substitute Chemicals
Program
6. Environmental
Assessment .Interface
7. Effects of Energy
Related Pollution
Ecosystems
8. Toxic Substances
9. Effects of Land
Application of Sludges
10. Program Support
TOTAL
$5
( ) Man Years
* Proposed Add-Ons
Total
•
•
Disci pi ine
Biology/Agricul ture
Chemistry
Engineering
Mathematics
Physical Sciences
Other
TOTAL
121 662
475 300
009 640
158 158
161 250
50 -0-
368 1,107
-
-
610 -0-
,952 (178) $3,117
PERSONNEL
Full -Time Personnel
Professional
Non-Professional
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
14 18
14 3
8 3
0 1
4 2
3 2
43 29
$1,024 (800)*
2,440 320
(800)*
1,106 460
50 235
160 250
30 20
420 880
60 -0-
(250)* {
640 -0-
$5,930 (165) $2,165
($1,860)*
= 133
= 104
= 29
Doctorate Total
20 52
3 20
4 15
1 2
4 10
0 5
^
32 1 04 1
284
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Air Pollutant Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystem
• Determine the effects of air pollutants on plant and animal
species, soil, whole ecosystems and components, and vital
biological processes including transport, transformation
and accumulation of pollutants and toxicity in natural
food webs.
• Develop information necessary to support air qualtiy control
strategies and standards.
t Measure acute and chronic effects of photochemical oxidants
upon selected forest and agricultural ecosystems.
• Determine ecological effects of acid precipitation upon
agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems and their
components; upon soil, soil biota, and soil fertility.
• Develop methodology to assess the economic impact of air
pollutants on agricultural and silvicultural crops.
2. Fresh Water Ecological Processes and Effects
t Determine the toxic effects of selected organic and inorganic
pollutants on Western aquatic species.
0 Determine the transport, effects, transformation and fate
of growth promoting and inhibitory materials in fresh water
ecosystems.
• Determine ecological effects of non-point sources (NPS),
pollutants and pollutant loadings. Determine the ecological
effectiveness of NPS controls. Develop a regional approach
that relates land use activities to NPS pollution problems.
Develop the scientific basis for establishment of stream
standards emphasizing the non-steady nature of NPS pollutants,
• Assess the effectiveness of lake restoration techniques
including overall environmental, social and economic costs
and benefits of various lake restoration techniques.
3. Marine and Estuarine Ecological Processes and Effects
• Develop sampling guidelines for benthic, planktonic, fish
and intertidal communities to provide data necessary for
assessing pollution effects.
285
-------
• Analyze biomathematical indices of community structure and
population dynamics for their use as criteria of pollution.
• Compare effects of stresses (both natural and human
perturbations) on a variety of marine communities in
different biogeographic provinces. Identify patterns
of community alterations along pollutional gradients.
t Assess effects of different techniques of pollution control
or abatement in minimizing the disruption of natural marine
assemblages.
t Develop and apply techniques for exposing benthic microcosms
to marine pollution under controlled laboratory conditions.
Compare microcosm responses to the results of field surveys
of community structure alterations.
• Determine the chemical-physical behavior and marine ecosystem
responses to perturbations associated with municipal waste
water discharges, diffuse source inputs and disposal of
dredge spoils.
• Develop scientific basis for criteria to protect wetlands
from environmental stresses; develop methodology to evaluate
effects of hydrological modifications, dredging and filling
activities and construction activities.
o Develop, test and validate techniques for use in screening
protocol to evaluate the impacts of harmful or toxic pollutants
on the marine environment.
4. Alaskan Village Demonstration Program
• Demonstrate methods to provide central community facilities
for safe water and elimination or control of pollution in
rural Alaska.
5. Substitute Chemicals Program
• Develop a terrestrial microcosm ecosystem suitable for
comparative measurements of ecosystem routes, rates of
movement, sources and sinks of candidate pesticide chemicals.
• Assess the ecological effects of substitute pesticide
chemicals using a suitable terrestrial microcosm ecosystem.
286
-------
6. Environmental Assessment Interface
• Assist in the development and use of (1) decision criteria,
(2) impact factors, and (3) bioassays (support to OEMI).
7. Effects of Energy Related Pollutants on Ecosystems
• Develop protocol to assess impact and effects of Western
coal conversion activities on terrestrial ecosystems.
t Determine nature, loading, distribution and long-term effects
of crude oil in Arctic and sub-Arctic environments.
• Evaluate current standards for petroleum discharges relative
to impacts and effects on planktonic, benthic and intertidal
organism on the West Coast.
8. Toxic Substances
• Develop screening methods for assessing the impact and effects
of toxic materials.
9. Land Application of Treated Municipal Wastes
• Determine uptake of trace metal in plants grown on treated soils
and the effects of microbial activity (i.e., nutrient cycling
and decomposition) as resulting soil treatment.
287
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Documented evidence to support more restrictive S09 Secondary Air
Quality Standards. Research results show:
L.
- From naturally varying S02 exposures, significant
losses in yield or death of onion and radish at
median levels from 0.08 to 0.15 ppm S02-
- From low level S02 exposures, threshold for significant
effects on growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation to
be .02 ppm; at 0.06 ppm they were reduced 50% and 40%,
respectively.
- From typical rainfall acidities occurring and expected
in the United States, significant effects on soil litter
decomposition, nutrient cycling and plant growth of
tulip poplar, radish and snap beans.
2. Distributed color maps which depict non-point source related
concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and inorganic
nitrogen in streams throughout the contiguous United States.
(For use by 208 planning agencies.)
3. Evaluated relationships of stream nutrient levels to land use
with equations for approximate national trends and regional
differences.
4. Determined that with adequate buffer strips forest fertilization
with urea has insignificant effects on small stream ecosystems.
5. Evaluation of three timber harvesting techniques on stream pro-
ductivity shows no increased in productivity from clear-cutting.
6. Natural phosphorus supplies at Diamond Lake appear to be sufficiently
great to offset significant effects of sewage diversion.
7. Zirconium tetrachloride is an efficient phosphorus inactivation
agent, significantly reducing primary production in Cline's Pond
during a two-year experiment.
8. Completed user's manual for determining chemical equilibrium.
Manual will aid Regional Offices in determining pollution potential
of chemicals in aquatic systems.
9. Identified seven chlorinated organic compounds in municipal waste-
water. Each was tested for its effect on the growth of various
marine phytoplankton. To date only one, 4-chlororesorcinol, had
a deleterious effect.
288
-------
10. Completed evaluation of heavy metals and nutrients introduced
to the marine environment by dredge spoil material from the
Duwamish River deposited in Elliott Bay, Seattle. Short-term
increases were noted in ammonia, manganese, and suspended solid
concentrations in the water column at the dump site. Increase
was especially noticeable in the water near the bottom. No
increases were noted for Hg, As, Cr, or NCh-NC^- After the
disposal operation, there was an increase in Mn, sulfide, and
ammonia in the sediment interstitial water which remained
elevated for several months.
11. Evaluated methods to assess economic impact of crop losses
caused by air pollution; initiated case study in Southern
California.
12. Completed report, Impacts of Construction Activities in Wetlands.
13. Developing a field guide to estimating productivity of West Coast
Marsh Plants.
14. Developing recommendations for vegetative criteria to establish
wetland boundaries (by early 1978) in support of permits program
for dredged and fill materials.
15. Evaluating Clean Lakes Demonstration Projects to determine
effectiveness of various lake restoration techniques.
16. Established applicability of laboratory-developed microcosms
to a wide variety of environmental programs dealing with the
transport, fate and effect of toxic substances, pesticides and
their substitutes.
17. Acute toxicity studies of cadmium, copper and zinc to salmon and
Steelhead trout showed adults were no more susceptible than
juveniles. Newly hatched fish were much more tolerant of cadmium
and zinc than were older fish and steel head were more sensitive
than salmon.
18. Determined effect of forest logging practices and animal grazing
on bacterial water quality. In clear-cut areas bacterial populations
were 3-4 times those of undisturbed locations. When cattle were
allowed on forests, bacterial populations were 2-3 times greater
than ungrazed areas.
289
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Determine the ecological effects of NPS pollutants and benefits
of Best Management Practices beginning with sediments and nutrients.
2. Develop scientific base for stream standards emphasizing the
non-steady nature of NPS loadings.
3. Develop regional approach that relates land use activity to
NPS pollution problems.
4. Develop methodology for assessment of wetlands impacts to
assist EPA permit personnel.
5. Refine productivity estimates on West Coast wetlands species.
6. Complete evaluation of selected Clean Lakes Demonstration projects.
7. Develop handbook to provide decision criteria for assessing the
limnological, social, and economic impact of various lake
restoration techniques.
8. Conduct demonstration study on economically important agricultural
crops of the South Coast Air Basin, California, to relate air
pollution damage to farm, local and regional economic loss.
9. Complete study of potential economic losses due to photochemical
oxidants on the timber resources in the South Sierra Nevada
Mountains, California.
10. A major effort has begun to improve the specificity of effluent
criteria applicable to petroleum processing discharges based on
sublethal responses of marine organisms. Two kinds of responses
will be sought—chemical and biological. Chemical evidence includes
bioaccumulation of specific organic constituents of the waste, or
their metabolites, and changes in enzyme patterns. Biological
responses will focus on parameters associated with function of
the adulterated enzymes patterns, as well as conventional measures
of organism health. In addition to the primary application to
petroleum processing wastes, the techniques as well as the data
will aid in regulation of other persistent organic compounds in
municipal and industrial wastes considered to be harmful to the
marine environment. Techniques employed will be evaluated for
possible use in screening protocols for TSCA.
11. Develop acute and chronic methods for toxic substances screening.
12. Develop methods for detecting bioconcentration and other long-term
effects of toxic substances.
13. Determine effects of stress on susceptibility of salmonid fishes
to bacterial and viral diseases.
290
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Special Foreign Currency Program (PL-480)
Country Project Title
Completion
Date
Amount
Egypt Systems Analysis of Mediterranean 1979
Desert Ecosystems of Northern
Egypt
Poland Eutrophication Rate and Methods 1973
of Eutrophication Control in
Water Reservoirs
Hydrological, Chemical and 1977
Physical Processes Affecting
Pollution of the Baltic Sea
Biogenic Compound Balance of the 1977
Lake and Technical Possibilities
of Prevention Against their
Eutrophication
Tunisia Eutrophication Problems in 1977
Lake Tunis
413,957
417,128
334,600
413,755
250,000
291
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
• Berlin. N.H., Twin Mountain and Boston, - Analyzed vegetation
indigenous to mill and power plant at Berlin, New Hampshire, Twin
Mountain and Boston to determine whether S0?, acid mist and/or
other pollutants were injuring plants in the area. No visible
injury was observed. Analysis of the leaf tissue indicated the
range of sulfur concentration from 1700-4300 ppm. Sulfur concen-
trations in leaf tissue greater than 2000 ppm indicates possible
growth reduction from S02 exposure.
• Lake Champlain - Completed assessment of the trophic condition
and phosphorus inputs to Lake Champlain. Project's results will
aid Regional Office (which requested the assistance) in developing
phosphorus control program for the Lake.
• Seabrook, New Hampshire - Participated in technical review of the
316a and 316b determination for the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant.
Review was used by the Administrator in his decision that the
proposed cooling system does meet the test set forth in the law.
t Assisting Regional Office in review of the environmental impact of
Dickey-Lincoln School Project. The project consists of two
reservoirs created by impounding St. John River in Maine, for the
purpose of power generation, pump storage and other multiple uses.
The Laboratory is reviewing the hydrothermal math model and the
analysis of physical hydraulic models.
REGION II
t Long Island, New York - Impact of Sewage Diversion on Fresh Water
and Marine Resource; Alternative for Mitigating the Inputs.
Extensive sewering of Cincinnati in Nisson and Suffolk Counties
and subsequent discharge of the sewage through ocean outfalls has
eliminated an important source of ground water recharge (septic
tanks) and is resulting in lowered ground water table and reduced
stream flows. The greatest potential environmental impact is
increased salinity in Great South Bay which would endanger an
economically significant commercial shellfish industry; change
in fresh water ecology as well as social and economic benefit
associated with the fresh water resource are also of concern.
Assisting Regional Office in areas of: (1) modeling water quality
in Great South Bay, (2) assessing impact of reduced stream flows on
fresh water ecosystems, and (3) assessing social and economic costs
and benefits associated with reduced stream flows and various
alternatives for stream flow augmentation.
292
-------
REGION III
• Assisted Regional Office regarding State of Maryland decision
to approve EASTALCO request for increasing aluminum reduction
by 50% at Buckytown plant. Review Maryland-proposed fluoride
standards; prepared research protocol for one year field study.
REGION IV
• University of Miami - Grant to determine effects of domestic waste-
water on fish, corals, and other sessile invertebrates in waters off
Southeast coast of Florida. Research results will be used for
establishing ocean outfall criteria, especially those relating to
municipal sewage treatment type and degree, and to outfall location.
• Conducting studies to determine biogenic emissions of photochemical
oxidant precursors from vegetation indigenous to central Florida.
Completion scheduled for this fiscal year.
REGION VIII
• Poplar River Montana - Screened grain crops and indigenous vegetation
for S02 sensitivity in controlled field plots at Corvallis. Effort
is in reponse to- Regional Office concern over Canadian coal-fired
power plant near the United States border.
• Poplar River Project - Providing assistance as requested concerning
this project. Of interest would be an evaluation of the integrity
of the on-going modeling effort initiated by the State of Montana.
To the Region, the model is a vital component of the environmental
assessment of the Project.
• Provided evaluation of evaporation water losses that can be
anticipated with the construction of a cool reservoir. An
electric generation project proposed by the Saskatchewan Power
Corporation impounds the East Branch of Poplar River (an international
river) to form a cooling reservoir. Because the proposed dam will
be located within five miles of the United States border, the project
raises water quality concerns to the State of Montana and to the
Regional Office.
REGION IX
• Lake County, California - Analyzing rainfall samples in connection
with acid precipitation sampling network for geothermal Energy
Projects. Lack of rainfall over past year has necessitated
extension of the program through this winter season.
293
-------
REGION X
• Duwamish River - Conducting study of the disposal of dredged
Duwamish River sediment into Elliott Bay. Regional Office
concern is with disposal of this dredged material to open
water because of the potential release of RGB's, heavy metals
and nutrients from this industrially impacted river sediment.
Permit would be issued, the Regional Officed requested this
evaluation prior to deciding on approval of disposal permit.
• Evaluating relative susceptibility of the various life stages
and species of Pacific salmon and trout to cadmium, copper,
and zinc. Emphasis is on broadening to develop adequate water
quality criteria for these metals within one year. Related area
is to determine effect of these metals and other pollutants; e.g.,
herbicides, on bacterial and viral disease susceptibility of fish
indigenous to the Pacific coast.
• In conjunction with representatives from Region X, a grant was
initiated with Dr. D. Winter, University of Washington, Department
of Oceanography, in circulation and primary productivity in fiords.
Application was primarily to Puget Sound, although the method
applies to any fiord system. After the grant was concluded, a
contract was awarded to the University of Washington to determine
flow characteristics in deep stratified inlets. This was a direct
spinoff of the above grant research and was funded by CERL at the
request of Region X, the primary users of the grant and contract
research.
• Assisting ADEC in design of a contract to assess effectiveness of
various commonly available pre-heaters in reducing CO emissions to
a safe and acceptable level. Cold start and warm up of vehicles
at low air temperature is a major source of CO. Levels in Fairbanks
often excess those at Los Angeles.
• Water Quality Criteria for Sediment - Assisting in developing
a sediment criterion that is directly related to biological
effects. Completed literature review on effects of suspended
and dissolved solids on fresh water biota; completing second
report that describes tentative methodology and criteria for
lead load sediment to protect spawning areas for salmon and
trout.
294
-------
A. F. BARTSCH
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon
Education:
Professional
Experience:
University of Minnesota, B.S.
University of Wisconsin, Ph.D.
(Aquatic Biology) 1939
Director, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
1975-Present
Director, National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, 1971-1975
Director, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
Federal Water Quality Administration
1968-1971
Director of Research
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, 1964-1968
Chief, National Eutrophication Research Program
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
January 1968 to August 1968
Chief of Enforcement Activities
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
1963-1964
Deputy Chief, Research .Branch
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
U.S. Public Health Service
1954-1963
Biologist, Division of Water Pollution Control
U.S. Public Health Service, 1949-1954
Senior Biologist
State of Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution
1945-1949
Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin
1944-1945
U.S. Army Air Corps
1942-1944
Instructor, University of Wisconsin
1939-1942
295
-------
Professional
Affiliations:
Honors:
Technical consultant (special water problems) to
Brazilian Water Pollution Authority, health
officials in Peru, Panama 1957
Chief of Party, field team investigating human
poisoning (from poisonous fish) in the Trust
Territory of Pacific Islands 1958
Consultant (freshwater biology) to the State of
Guanabara, Brazil 1965
Member, international team assisting the Technological
Center of Basic Sanitation, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
May 1974
U.S. Co-Chairman of the Great Lakes Research Advisory
Board of the International Joint Commission, U.S.
and Canada 1974-1976
Member, Oregon Institute of Technology Environmental
Advisory Committee 1975-Present
Member, Oregon State University Research Center
Advisory Committee 1975-Present
Member, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Member, American Fisheries Society
Member, American Public Works Association
Member, Ecological Society of America
Member, American Institute of Biological Sciences
Member, American Association for the Advancement
of Science
Member, American Institute of Fisheries Research
Biologists
Member, International Association on Water Pollution
Research
Member, Water Pollution Federation
Member, Federal Sewage Research Association
Member, Pacific Northwest Pollution Control Association
Member, Sigma Xi
Thomas F. Andrews Prize, University of Minnesota, 1935
Gus A. Radebaugh Award, Central States Sewage and
Industrial Wastes Association, 1948
U.S. Department of the Interior Honor Award for
Meritorious Service, 1969
296
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
DULUTH
MINNESOTA
299
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
MISSION
Conduct research on biological and chemical effects of pollution
on freshwater ecosystems, with specific responsibility for the
effects of pollution on freshwater aquatic life.
Specifically the Laboratory:
• Studies the effects of toxic substances on freshwater
biological systems
• Has primary research responsibility for describing fate
and effects of pollution in the Great Lakes
• Advises EPA on freshwater toxicity
• Determines the effects of energy fuel cycles on freshwater
systems
301
-------
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Research Program Resource Summary
($l,000's)
FY 77
Program Area In-House
Freshwater Ecological $3,348
Processes and Effects
Fate and Effects of 150
Synthetic Organic Compounds
on Aquatic Ecosystems
Effects of Energy Related
Pollutants on Organisms
and Ecosystems
Development and Verification
of Techniques for Evaluating
Toxic Substances for Fate
and Effects
0
Environmental Assessment
Interface
Total
Manyears
0
$3,498 (88)
Extramural
1,833
68
1,100
0
$3,001
FY 78
In-House
$3,604
150
0
135
100
$3,989 (88)
Extramural
1,482
70
1,500
0
$3,052
PERSONNEL
Total Full-Time Personnel = 86
• Professional
• Non-Professional
= 59
= 27
Professional Staff
Discipline
Biology
Chemi stry
Engineering
Other
Bachelor
14
8
1
1
Master
16
1
2
0
Doctorate
8
7
0
1
Total
38
16
3
2
Total
24
19
16
59
302
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Freshwater Ecological Processes and Effects
• Determine toxic effects on individual organisms and identify
key physiological processes and effects which can be used to
provide early warning of chronic effects.
• Determine the responses of complex freshwater systems to
pollutant stress and the effects of freshwater ecosystems
on pollutants.
• Develop, evaluate and test short-term methods for the determination
of hazards to freshwater organisms and ecosystems, resulting from
the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.
» Improve our ability to measure the toxic effects of wastes after
treatment, especially those wastes receiving BPT or BDT and which
are expected to contain toxics.
o Characterize toxic pollutant problems of the Great Lakes, determine
the dynamic processes affecting the pollution of large lakes, and
develop management-oriented models for describing the fate and
effects of pollutants in the Great Lakes.
2. Effect of Energy-related Pollutants on Organisms and Ecosystems
• Monitor water quality and uptake of pollutants by aquatic organisms
in areas affected by coal mining.
• Verify the total environmental impact of coal-fired power plants
on aquatic and terrestrial biota.
• Evaluate the toxicity to aquatic organisms of pollutants originating
from coal gasification, coal liquifaction and oil-shale extraction
processing.
9 Determine the toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic animals of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons originating from energy-related
wastes.
• Evaluate the overall importance of entrainment of fish larvae
through power plants and recommend siting locations to minimize
adverse effects.
3. Fate and Effects of Synthetic Organic Pesticides on Aquatic Ecosystems
* Determine acute and chronic effects of pesticides, singly and in
combination, on freshwater organisms and ecosystem.
303
-------
4. Ecological Effects of Substitute Pesticide Chemicals
• Develop and validate for use suitable laboratory and field
methods for assessing the ecological effects of candidate
substitute pesticide chemicals.
5. Development and Verification of Techniques for Evaluating Toxic
Substance Fate and Effects
• Validate techniques, developed under other major research
programs, which can be used to evaluate the fate and effects
of toxic substances as required by the Toxic Substance Control
Act.
6. Environmental Assessment Interface
• Determine, for single systems or processes, whether the system
or process is environmentally acceptable or whether further
control of waste streams is necessary. If necessary, estimate
how much control is needed and which components are most
important. Determine which systems or processes are environ-
mentally preferable.
304
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Completed a three year field study to measure the ability of
laboratory bioassays to predict effects in a natural stream.
The findings showed the predictions were good, giving EPA
confidence that the present basis of predicting biological
effects is good.
2. Demonstrated that the presence of pesticide in the food of
fishes reduces the safe concentrations in the water. Such
interactions have generally not been considered in estimating
safe concentrations of toxicants.
3. Completed data gathering on Lake Ontario for the International
Field Year for the Great Lakes, and developed an eutrophication
model of Lake Ontario which enables managers to forecast lake
response to different nutrient control strategies.
4. Found numerous residues of organic chemicals in Great Lakes
fish and most recently identified polychlorinated styrene residues.
5. Provided the major support for the New York hearing regarding the
discharge of PCB's by General Electric into the Hudson. Completed
survey of PCB residues in approximately 54 major watersheds and
notified four Regions of eight trouble areas.
6. Standardized several rapid bioassays that can accurately predict
long term effects. Completed a simple chemical effluent test
that can be used to find effluent components that will form
residues.
7. Conducted a rapid assessment of the toxicity and bioaccumulation
of three chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide intermediates, using
recently-developed fathead minnow larvae-early juvenile short-term
testing techniques.
305
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Develop and refine the scientific basis for currently available
short-cut and screening methods, so as to improve upon their
generality and predictive capability.
2. Develop new short-cut and screening tests for freshwater biological
and ecological effects.
3. Selectively validate laboratory-derived water quality criteria
in natural and seminatural freshwater ecosystems.
4. Investigate the interactions of fine particles (such as clay, silt
and asbestos) with organisms, and the effects of particulate matter
and other water quality characteristics on the toxicity of pollutants.
5. Develop and refine methods for directly measuring or integrating the
combined toxicity to aquatic organisms of complex effluents which
vary both in composition and concentration over time.
6. Extend the application of screening methods, simulation techniques,
and baseline research toward assessing the fate and effects of
pollutants in the Great Lakes.
7. Determine the total environmental impact of coal-fired power plants
on aquatic and terrestrial biota, and evaluate the potential impact
on aquatic ecosystems of coal gasification, coal liquifaction, and
oil shale extraction and processing.
306
-------
FOREIGN PROGRAM
Completion
Country Project Title Date Amount
Union of Effects of Pollutants upon 1982 $30-50,000/year
Soviet Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems;
Socialist Development of Water Quality
Republics Criteria
307
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGIONS I, II, IV, V
• Provided the major support for the New York hearing regarding
the discharge of PCB's by General Electric into the Hudson.
Completed a survey of PCB residues in approximately 54 major
watersheds and notified four Regions of eight trouble areas.
REGIONS II, V
e Completed data gathering on Lake Ontario for the International
Field Year for the Great Lakes, and developed an eutrophication
model of Lake Ontario which enables managers to forecast lake
response to different nutrient control strategies.
e Found numerous residues of organic chemicals in Great Lakes
fish and most recently identified polychlorinated styrene
residues.
REGION IV
• Conducted a rapid assessment of the toxicity and bioaccumulation
of three chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide intermediates, using
recently-developed fathead minnow larvae-early juvenile short-
term testing techniques.
308
-------
DONALD I. MOUNT, PH.D.
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
Education: Ohio State University, B.S. 1953
Ohio State University, M.S. 1957
Ohio State University
Ph.D. (Physiology & Toxicology) 1960
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
Director, Environmental Research Laboratory
USEPA 1967-Present
Chief, Newtown Fish Toxicology Station
A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
Cincinnati, Ohio, USPHS 1960-1967
U.S. Chairman of Research Advisory Board
International Joint Commission 1976-Present
Member of Board of Directors
Lake Superior Basin Studies Center 1975-Present
Member, American Fisheries Society
Washington, D.C. 1956-Present
Member, Water Pollution Control Federation
Washington, D.C. 1960-Present
Member, American Association for Advancement of Science
Washington, D.C. 1960-Present
Project Leader, U.S.-U.S.S.R. Cooperative Agreement
on Environmental Matters 1973-1977
Member, National Technical Advisory Committee to
Secretary of Interior for Aquatic Life 1966
Chairman, Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Committee
1969-1974
Honors: Environmental Protection Agency Gold Metal for
Exceptional Service-1973, for "his selfless
dedication and outstanding leadership, both as
a scientist and as an administrator, contributing
to the successful accomplishment of EPA's water
quality research.
309
-------
Environmental Protection Agency Superior Service
Award-1965, for "meritious contributions to
public health through the development of methods
of analysis of endrin as a cause of fish kills
on the Mississippi River.
Elected as fellow in the Ohio Academy of Science-
1963, for professional service in research.
Environmental Protection Agency Bronze Metal for
Commendable Service-!976, for assistance in
providing the U.S. District Court with evidence
which proved the widespread distribution of
pollution created by the discharge of taconite
tailings into Lake Superior from the Reserve
Mining Company.
Environmental Protection Agency Civil Servant of the
year-1965, from the Federal Business Association,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
310
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
GULF BREEZE
FLORIDA
313
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA
MISSION
Conduct research on ecological systems; particularly, determine exposure-
effects relationships in marine, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems of
hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. This information is required
by the EPA pesticide registration and control program and for the development
of water quality criteria designed to protect man and aquatic life in
marine, coastal, and estuarine environments. Determine ecological impact
of pollutants, both singly and in combination, derived from energy
extraction, conversion, transmission, and use. Develop baseline information
and technical methodologies to assess potential effects of energy resource
development. Specific activities are to:
t Develop information essential for the EPA pesticide registration and
control program and for development of EPA Water Quality Criteria.
t Investigate effects of halogenated organics on marine and estuarine
ecosystems.
t Assess problems associated with coastal and estuarine ecosystems
characteristic of South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico areas.
t Determine effects of long term, low level, exposure of pollutants,
singly and in combination, on marine and estuarine community structure
and ecosystem dynamics; determine fate of these chemicals within the
system.
• Assess pollutants which could reach man through bioconcentration in
marine and estuarine food chains.
• Determine impact on marine and estuarine ecosystems of the extraction,
transportation, and processing of petroleum and related products.
315
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
Program Area In-house Extramural
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6-
7.
8.
Base Pesticides 1
Substitute Chemicals
Water
Energy
Industrial
TOSCA
Air Carcinogen
Support
TOTAL 2
( ) Manyears
Total
Biology
Chemistry
Electrical Engr.
Oceanography
Total
,555 107
230 41
302 442
243 1,255
39 23
0 0
0 0
278 0
,647 (101) 1,868
PERSONNEL
Full-time EPA Personnel
• Professional
• Non-Professional
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
4 6
3 1
1
8 7
In-house Extramural
1 ,660 0
150 120
90 160
365 385
100 0
135 0
40 110
296 0
2,836 (117) 775
= 50
= 27
= 23
Doctorate Total
8 18
3 7
1
1 1
12 27
316
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Impact of Synthetic Organic Compounds on Aquatic Ecosystems (Base
Pesticide Program)"
• Determine effects of biocides and disinfectants on estuarine
ecosystems.
• Determine community response to chemically-subdetectable levels
of biocides added under natural conditions of season, weather,
sunlight and precipitation.
t Determine both lethal and sublethal effects of toxic organic
compounds on individual species and communities of marine and
estuarine organisms.
t Develop procedures to determine the effects of organic pollutants
on ecosystem processes and regulating mechanisms and, using these
tests, obtain data on ecosystems effects of important pesticides
and other toxic organic contaminants.
• Determine effect of pollutants on microbial activities at the
air-water and sediment-water interfaces and the ecological
significance of these effects.
• Determine degree and significance of microbial transformation
of selected pollutants.
• Determine direct effect of potential carcinogenic, mutagenic,
and teratogenic substances on estuarine and marine organisms
and ecosystems.
t Develop the use of aquatic species as indicators of the presence
of environmental carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens in aquatic
food chains that ultimately affect man.
t Develop the use of certain biochemical reactions as indicators
of physiological stress.
2. Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants on Organisms and Ecosystems
• Determine acute and chronic toxicological effects on freshwater,
marine/estuarine, and terrestrial organisms (and the resultant
ecosystem impacts) from pollutants released from energy resource
activities (extraction, conversion, transmission, and use.)
3. Ecological Effects of Substitute Pesticide Chemicals
• Determine the suitability of substitute chemicals which may
replace those pesticides that have been suspended, cancelled,
are in litigation, or are under review.
317
-------
• Determine impact of substitute chemicals in the environment.
4. Marine and Estuarine Ecological Processes and Effects
• Develop "Mobil bioassay" techniques for environmental evaluation
of effluents at industrial sites.
• Develop methods system for evaluating new treatment technologies
in a pilot plant operations.
• Provide information on the effects on estuarine ecosystems of
ozone and other chlorine substitute processes.
• Develop ecosystem models of benthic environments.
• Develop a single species bioassay procedure to assess ecological
impact of dredge material disposal.
t Determine dynamics of polluted and unpolluted estuarine ecosystems.
5. Air Exposures and Their Effects: Assessment of the Contribution of
Environmental Factors to Occurrence of Cancer in the General Population
t Determine reliability of aquatic species as indicators of carcinogens
and the role of these pollutants in affecting living systems.
6. Toxic Substances Control Act
t Modify existing methods and develop new rapid screening methods
to assess the toxicity of materials.
7. Environmental Assessment Interface and Research Studies
• Assist Environmental Assessment Program in development, use and
interpretation of: Decision Criteria, Impact Factors, and Bioassays.
318
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Provided much of the information in the marine toxic organic section
of Hater Quality Criteria, published in 1972 by the National Academy
of Science,and for EPA's Quality Criteria for Water.
2. Assist Office of Pesticide Program in its registration and reregistration
program; provide information for the caution label of particular pesticides,
3. Provided expert testimony for the Agency's various judicial proceedings
concerning pollutants such as: DDT, Endrin, Chlorodane, Polychlorinated
Biphenyls, Kepone, and various industrial wastes to be disposed of through
ocean dumping.
4. Conducted emergency research on the effect of Kepone on the James River/
Chesapeake Bay organisms and environment.
5. Assisted Regional Office staff on specific regional pollution problems
such as: ocean dumping permits - Regions II and IV; pollution problems
in Escambia Bay Florida - Region IV.
6. Developed new techniques to determine effect of pollutants on sensitive
life-stages of marine fishes and invertebrates.
8. Developed techniques for measuring effect of substitute chemical
pesticides on marine microcosms and ecosystems.
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
As pesticide usage patterns are changing so are, research objectives
changing. Research is moving from acute tests with single species to
chronic or entire life cycle of indicator species. Criteria for effects
are now emphasizing sublethal rather than strictly lethal effects. Studies
are moving from single species to multiple species involving communities
of organisms. Research scope is expanding to include effects of complex
industrial and municipal wastes as well as other toxic organics. Fewer
tests are being conducted on organo-chlorine pesticides, and more on
"third" generation ones such as juvenile hormone mimicks, viruses, etc.
319
-------
REGIONALLY-RELATED PROJECTS
REGION II
• Provided expert testimony and toxicity data in the suit against
General Electric concerning the release of PCB's into the Hudson
River.
REGION III
• Evaluation of the ecological impact and potential methods for
mitigating the Kepone problem in the James River Estuary. Significant
research results on the fate and effects of Kepone were presented at
a workshop in Easton, Maryland, September 1977. Investigations will
be integrated into a predictive mathematical model on the fate of
Kepone in the estuary.
REGION VI
• Provided assistance to Regional Office concerning investigation of
effect of leptophos on the marine environment. Developed toxicity
data on the effects of leptophos on embryo-fry stages of an estuarine
fish and mysid shrimp.
MULTI-REGIONS
t Cooperated with several regions in developing bioassay methods for
evaluating ocean dumping. Helped develop techniques and data for
Regional Offices (permits) concerned with effluents and drilling
muds related to offshore oil development.
320
-------
DR. THOMAS W. DUKE
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, Florida
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Texas A & M University, B.S. 1953
Texas A & M University, M.S. 1960
Texas A & M University, Ph.D. (Oceanography) 1962
Oakridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, 1965,
Radiosotope Techniques
Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA,
Gulf Breeze, Florida, 1970 - Present
Station Chief, RBL (Beaufort, N.C.), Gulf Breeze,
Florida, 1968-1970
Assistant Laboratory Director, RBL, Beaufort, N.C.,
1966-1968
Chief, Pollution Studies Program, RBL, Beaufort, N.C.,
1962-1966
Project Leader, Experimental Environments, Radio-
biological Laboratory, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Beaufort,
N.C., 1961-1962
Research Assistant, Texas A & M University, 1960-1961
Professional
Affiliations:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Association of Southeastern Biologists
Atlantic Estuarine Research Society
Ecological Society of America
Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Carolina Oceanography Club, President, 1965-1966
The Society of Sigma Xi
321
-------
Honors: Gold Medal for Exceptional Service, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1975
Bronze Medal for Commendable Service (Unit Award),
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974
Outstanding Performance Award, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of Interior, 1969
Adjunct Professor of Biology (Marine Science),
University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida,
1968-Present
Adjunct Associate Professor, Zoology Department,
North Carolina State University, 1965-1968.
322
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
NARRAGANSETT
RHODE ISLAND
325
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND
MISSION
Provide a scientifically sound basis for Agency decisions on the
environmental safety of various uses of marine systems. This is
accomplished through research on the effects of pollutants on marine
ecosystems. Specific studies include:
• Chemical and physical behavior of pollutants in marine
systems
t Significant responses of organisms to pollutant stress
t Characterization of marine ecosystems and their responses
to stress
• Development of appropriate systems for quantitation of response
to specific pollutants
t Methods of monitoring pollutant buildup and movements in marine
systems
• Methods of determining the impact of specific pollution incidents.
327
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Program Area
Marine Ecosystem
Research Laboratory
Ecosystems Analysis
Bioassay Methods
Analytical Methodology
Mussel Watch
Oils
Response Parameters
Genetic Toxicology
Ocean Disposal
Culture
Histopathology
CEAS
Support
TOTAL
( ) Manyears
In-house
0
262
520
520
22
195
151
258
226
164
110
109
369
2906
Total Ful
Extramural
980
260
0
0
356
115
127
0
124
29
0
0
0
1991
PERSONNEL
1-time EPA Personnel =
• Professional
t Non-professional =
In-house
0
275
550
549
23
206
160
273
239
174
116
115
379
3059
58
34
24
Extramural
,980
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
1160 '
Professional Staff
Biology
Chemistry
Engineering
Geology
Oceanography
Bachelor
7
0
1
2
1
11
Master Doctorate Total
5 9
2 7
0 0
0 2
1 2
8 20
21
9
1
4
4
39
328
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory
• Determine the structural and functional responses of marine
ecosystems to a number of environmental stresses. Quantify
the effects of relatively low chronic levels of oil on the
marine biota and the fate of oil within the system. Detail
pathways and fluxes of petroleum hydrocarbons through the
ecosystem and measure their rates of exchange between organisms,
water and sediment. Develop quantitative predictions about
pathways and ultimate fate of a substance introduced into the
marine environment.
2. Ecosystems Analysis
• Examine the response of interdependent groups of organisms to
pollutant stress by creating a microcosm model of the marine
ecosystem.
• Develop laboratory-sized ecosystem that replicates the natural
system in structure and function. Use the ecosystem to predict
effect of pollutants in nature and translate these results into
meaningful water quality criteria.
3. Bioassay Methods
• Develop bioassay systems and techniques allowing interaction between
test organisms and pollutants under conditions simulating their
natural environment to determine water quality criteria.
• Identify problems of bioaccumulation and the significance of an
organism's body burden to both public health standards and the
effects on reproduction and population integrity.
• Compare responses of laboratory cultures to standard pollutants
with field stock in a world-wide intercalibration experiment to
assure intercomparability of results.
4. Analyticaj Methodology
t Develop new methodology, techniques and quality control procedures
for analysis of ambient conditions and pollutants in marine samples.
• Analyze metals, nutrients and hydrocarbons in tissue, water and
sediment samples using gas chromatography, atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, ATP analysis and neutron activation.
• Acquired ability to measure transuranic elements.
329
-------
5. Mussel Watch
• Conduct a national marine monitoring program using indicator
organisms as a biological monitoring system measuring for
petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy
metals and transuranic radionuclides (Plutonium and Americium)
in marine coastal waters.
• Bivalves (including mussels and oysters) are used as surveillance
organisms for recording exposure levels of pollutants which are
concentrated at levels well over that found in sea water.
t Determine baseline levels of organic and metalic pollutants in
U. S. coastal waters and identify zones of high pollutant
concentrations (hot spots).
• Provide information on changes with time within a given coastal
zone and a basis to assess potential impacts on public health.
6. 0 i1s
• Develop scientific criteria for acceptable levels of petroleum
hydrocarbons in marine/estuarine water, sediment and biota.
• Examine sublethal responses and biological uptake from chronic
and massive oil pollution under laboratory and field conditions.
Use this information to indicate impacts of minute amounts of
both fractions of oil and whole oil on all life stages of a
broad spectrum of marine animals.
7. Response Parameters
t Quantify sublethal effects of pollutants on marine organisms,
focusing on stress. Investigate biological indicators such
as growth, fecundity, successful hatch, larval development
and recruitment in species of ecological importance.
• Quantify movement and behavior of experimental organisms using
"BUGWATCHER" (computerized behavioral analysis system).
t Determine alterations in locomotion and behavior patterns
induced by sublethal concentrations of toxicants prior to
irreversible damage or death.
8. Genetic Toxicology
t Assess genetic toxicology of specific compounds or mixtures via
short-term tests with mammalian cell systems. Evaluate potential
impact of genetic toxicants on the genetic integrity of natural
populations.
330
-------
9. Ocean Disposal
• Conduct multi-disciplinary effort aimed at the development of
standard methods to assess the environmental consequences of
open marine disposal of municipal sewage and sludges, non-
petroleum industrial wastes and dredge spoils.
• Elucidate short-term effects in the water column and benthic
areas proximate to a disposal site as well as long-term
integrative impacts of a broader scope.
10. Culture
• Develop aquaria systems and culturing techniques for inducing
spawning and handling captive marine animals, to provide a
variety of species and life stages for testing by other programs,
Determine optimization of holding conditions, diet, disease
prevention and simulation and environmental requirements such
as temperature, salinity and nutrients.
11. Histopathology
• Determine biological effects of pollutants on marine life by
histopathological examination of the organs and tissues of
the animals. Identify morphological changes which may have
potential as pollution monitors in the determination of water
quality criteria.
12. Coastal Environment Assessment Study
• Establish and evaluate methods for monitoring environmental
stability and tracking adverse environmental impact using
biological indicator organisms.
• Conduct short-term studies using standardized methods as a
means of understanding natural perturbations in the
interpretation of long-term monitoring programs.
331
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Significant contributions in methods development for approaching diverse
problems in marine pollution, leading the Nation in marine animal bioassay,
culture and response to chronic toxicant exposure. Water Quality Criteria
have been generated as spin-off from methods development.
1. Developed a suite of bioassays, together with supporting culture and
holding techniques, which are applicable to a wide spectrum of needs
including assessment of dredge spoil, toxic substances and effluents.
2. Regional interagency workshops are developing Regional Oil Spill
Damage Assessment plans.
3. Nationwide biological monitoring program ("Mussel Watch") has
identified in coastal waters several localized "hot spots" of PCB's
and of DDT and its degradation products.
4. Published comprehensive report documenting the effects of oil in the
marine environment.
5. Developed useable criteria regarding thermal additiona to marine
waters.
6. Established functional meso-scale ecological effects testing facility
which is presently being used in studies of impact of petroleum
hydrocarbons.
7. Provided field and laboratory data and expert testimony critical to
a decision favorable to the Agency in the case of Philadelphia
sewage sludge disposal.
8. Conducted studies in local waters which have confirmed the positive
value of biological monitoring techniques in following the uptake,
biomagnification and transport of pollutants.
332
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM TRENDS
1. Technology Transfer
The transfer of research results, especially in the development of
methods, has been characterized by a lack of control, once methodology
is established. Publication in the open literature, and in EPA
Ecological Series, is rather like throwing seeds to the wind. One
significant need emerges from this problem in the research program:
• Establish a toxicological testing laboratory in which data
in support of Agency needs may be generated in a controlled
manner for application to pertinent problems. ORD Laboratories
do not have the in-house resources to "crank-out" numbers in
support of a controlled data base once a method has been
developed by the laboratory. Entropy at this point in our
system is rampant.
2. Energy
The Laboratory has devoted significant efforts toward the environmental
aspects of energy needs, especially in the areas of thermal effects
and oil in the marine coastal systems. Trends related to growing
needs to solve energy problems are:
a. Establishment of an Oil Spill Assessment Team to approach this
problem on a national level as a controlled and cohesive response
to such an event as the Argo Merchant spill. The EPA arm of the
National Oil Spill Assessment Team is coordinated from this
Laboratory which optimizes direct technology transfer to an
immediate need, and in turn generates an influence on the research
direction of that program.
b. Transuranics in the Marine Environment - With growing interest
and controversy in expansion of nuclear power generation an
objective data base is needed to identify the scope of problems
arising from introduction of transuranics into marine systems,
and especially into marine food chains that directly support
man's shrinking nutritional base. A comprehensive research
plan is being implemented in the Laboratory in FY-78 work plans.
c. Increased use of Coal - The need to assess airborne contaminants
as they enter marine systems through the air/water interface.
The Laboratory, which has no on-going research in this area can
respond to this need if sufficient resources are provided.
333
-------
d. Liquid Natural Gas - An area of potential concern is the cooling
of coastal waters that occurs from coastal facilities for the
transfer and storage of LNG. The problem is highly localized
and deserves a relatively low priority in research needs. It
is known, however, that marine animals are much more readily
adapted to withstand sudden temperature rises than they are
to withstand sudden cooling.
3. Coastal Marine Monitoring
The Agency is responsible to maintain an awareness of the quality
of marine coastal systems and to recognize geographical areas and
classes of pollutants that show evidence of supporting degradation.
The Kepone incident in Chesapeake Bay emphasizes this problem.
Primary need of this research direction is for a long-term commitment
by the Agency in this area.
• Mussel Watch - Continue this national monitoring system for
chemical contaminants characteristic of open coastal areas.
• Coastal Environmental Assessment Studies (CEAS) - Continue and
expand this activity to include several Standard Assessment
Stations located around the country against which change due
to existing or future anthropogenic activities may be measured
on a legally-viable basis. NOAA has instituted a similar network
of standard offshore reference stations.
5. Ecosystems Studies
Investigate beyond the single organism or individual population
approach to establish effects of man's activities on marine systems.
Determine the ability of a marine system to recover from a major
stress: How far can a portion of a coastal area be damaged before
it looses its resiliency or ability to return to a productive level
indigenous to that system?
334
-------
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
REGION I
• Brayton Point. Massachusetts Power Plant - Assisted Regional Office,
State of Massachusetts, local and private interests in the design of
a monitoring program for the Brayton Plant. Assisted Regional Office
in providing a legal resolution between Brayton Point operations and
Massachusetts water quality standards.
• Seabrook Power Plant, N.H. - Prepared and presented expert testimony,
and otherwise assisted Regional Office with biological and legal
impacts of Seabrook construction for subsequent hearings and appeal
proceedings. Helped develop conditions for the discharge permit and
monitoring.
• Charlestown, Rhode Island Nuclear Power Plant - Assisted Regional Office
in evaluating the proposed Charlestown, Rhode Island site. Assisted
in negotiating research and monitoring programs for the NE Power/Yankee
Atomic Co.'s 316 demonstration for Charlestown.
• R.I. Water Quality Standards - Presented expert testimony at the
State of Rhode Island hearings on the State water quality standards,
and at a subsequent hearing on revised standards. Much of the
testimony was incorporated into the State's promulgated standards.
• Fall River—Brown's Ledge - Provided advice and information to both
Regional Office and private interests on the impact of dredging
Fall River Harbor and subsequent offshore dumping of dredge spoils
on Brown's Ledge.
• Pilgrim Power - Assisted Regional Office in decision-making for
Pilgrim Power Plant operations.
• N.E. Regional Commission on Outer Continental Shelf: Advised Headquarters
and Regional Office on the possibility of developing the Georges Bank area
for oil; presented expert testimony at N.E. Regional commission hearings.
• Newington Power Plant - Reviewed for Regional Office Newington's
monitoring studies and reports and evaluated feasibility of
reducing monitoring requirements and adequacy of Newington's
316 demonstration.
335
-------
REGION II
• Argo Merchant Oil Spill - Coordinated all early research efforts
concerning the massive oil spill resulting from the grounding of
Liberian tanker, Argo Merchant, in December 1976. Assisted NOAA
and U.S. Coast Guard efforts and coordinated all early field
assessment endeavors. Have funded a NOAA project for a final
environmental report of the Argo spill.
• Hudson River Oil Spill - Assisted Regional Office with the ecological
assessment of a Hudson River (New York) oil spill. ERL staff were
working in conjunction with Regional Office, and NOAA staff in
this regard.
REGION III
• Calvert Cliffs. New Jersey Power Plant - Provided expert testimony on
a request by Calvert Cliffs for a waiver of 316 (a) (b) requirements
at an adjudicatory hearing held by the State of Maryland.
• Dupont Ocean Dumping - Provided expert advice and testimony on the possible
impacts of waste disposal by the Dupont Company.
• Philadelphia Ocean Dumping - Assisted Regional Office in resolving issues
surrounding the ocean disposal of sewage-sludge by the City of Philadelphia.
Extensive offshore research studies by ERL's Ocean Disposal Research Team
were fundamental in the preparation and presentation of testimony used
to support EPA's position in hearings and litigation vs. Philadelphia.
This effort resulted in landmark ocean disposal determination for the
United States.
REGION IV
• Brunswick Power Plant - Responded to request by Region IV for expert
assistance operating conditions for the Brunswick Power Plant. Assisted
Regional Office in review of data and in preparation for adjudicatory
hearings; provided expert testimony at these hearings.
REGIONS I, II, III, IV, VI, IX, X
• Conducting Regional Oil Spill Assessment Workshops in conjunction
with NOAA, DOI, USCG, in all coastal regions to implement the
Regional Response plans pursuant to Section 301 of PL 92-500.
336
-------
ERIC D. SCHNEIDER
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Education:
Professional
Experience:
Professional
Affiliations:
University of Delaware, B.A. (Honors) 1962
Columbia University, M.S., 1965
Ph.D. (Marine Geology) 1969
Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett
1972-Present
Director, Office of Special Projects, in the Office of
Research and Monitoring, EPA, Washington, D. C.
1971-1972
Director, Global Ocean Floor Analysis and Research
Center, U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, 1968-1971
Staff Assistant to Commander U.S. Naval Oceanographic
Office 1967-1968
Member, Geophysical Union
Member, American Association for the Advancement of
Science
Member, International Council on Exploration of the
Seas
Member, National Widlife Federation
Member, Council for Economic Priorities
U.S. Chairman, Working Group on the Effect of Pollutants
on Marine Organisms, US-USSR Joint Committee on
Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection,
1972-1976
Member, Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine
Pollution, United National
Member, Sierra Club
Adjunct Professor, Graduate School of Oceanography, and
Department of Community Land Use and Planning,
University of Rhode Island
337
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER
CINCINNATI
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341
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
MISSION
Develop and implement coordinated, comprehensive, ORD-wide scientific
and technical information dissemination program. Assure that all
scientific and technical personnel have ready access to essential
information and data which are required to support ORD programs.
Document, disseminate and transfer findings, conclusions, and products
developed through these programs to environmental decision makers
and other significant groups both within the Agency and without.
Specific activities are to:
t Compile information for solving municipal and industrial
environmental problems through the application of control
technology; make these solutions available to carefully
selected target audiences through seminars and related
publications.
• Acquire potential solutions to current and projected
environmental problems which are not directly solvable
with control technology.
343
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Program Area
Total Program
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77
In-house"
1,997
Extramural
818
FY-78
In-house
2,750
Extramural
300
PERSONNEL
Total Full-time EPA Personnel
= 21
• Professional = 13
• Non-Professional = 8
Biology
Chemistry
Engineering
English
Mathematics
Professional Staff
Bachelor Master
1
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
Doctorate
0
0
1
1
Total
2
3
6
1
JL
13
344
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Technology Transfer
t Seminars (municipal and industrial) -- 208 planning and
implementation, small flows, designing and upgrading drinking
water treatment systems, industrial incentives, optimum
management strategies, pollution abatement in the fruit and
vegetable industry, coal mining pollution, forest products,
water supply, sludge, waste-as-fuel, small wastewater treatment
systems, metal working, and wastewater filtration.
• Design manuals/capsule reports -- land treatment of municipal
wastewater, wastewater treatment facilities of sewered small
communities, EPA alkali S02 scrubbing test facility, utility
baghouses, flue gas desulfurization, pulp and paper industry -
Part I/Air, land and water treatment, sludge composting,
erosion and sediments control, and nitrogen control.
• Newsletters/executive briefings/symposia/exhibits -- industrial
energy conservation measures, ozone, small flows, alternative
planning, waste recycling, flue gas desulfurization, asbestos
emissions control, and energy.
2. Technical Information
• Review and process ORD technical reports for printing, coordinate
replies to requests for technical information, provide graphics
support and ORD conference needs. Quality control and processing
services FY 1977:
- Camera-ready copy reports 314
- NTIS submissions 657
345
-------
SIGNIFICANT TRENDS
EPA's research program is developed around inputs of user needs.
ORD is developing an information program to support the Toxic
Substances Control Act by transferring the most up-to-date information
in this area. Growing health and ecological effects programs for
ERIC will emphasize priority research areas within EPA for toxic
and hazardous substances. Other issues include: fate and transport
of hazardous substances, state-of-the-art pollutant monitoring, quality
control and assurance, and environmental management through areawide
planning.
REGIONALLY RELATED PROJECTS
Maintenance of close communication with all EPA Regions and Program
Offices to respond to specific Regional environmental needs. Conduct
of regional seminars and workshops upon the requests of Regional Office
or Agency Program Offices. Production of publications related to
specific topics; dissemination of this information.
346
-------
Robert E. Crowe
Di rector
Environmental Research Information Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Education: Southeastern Oklahoma State College
B.S. 1954
North Texas State University
M.S. (Organic Chemistry) 1957
Professional
Experience:
Director, Environmental Research Information Center
1977-Present
Chief, Municipal Pollution Control Branch, Research
and Development Program; and Technology Transfer
Program, EPA, 1970-1977
Head, Chemistry and Biology Section, Technical
Services, Robert S. Kerr Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma, 1966-1970
Section Head, Water and Waste Treatment Products
Division, Dow Chemical Company, 1961-1966
Research Chemist, Dow Chemical Company, 1957-1961
Professional
Affiliations:
Water Pollution Control Federation
American Chemical Society
347
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NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH
JEFFERSON, ARKANSAS
351
-------
\
NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH
JEFFERSON, ARKANSAS
MISSION
Study the biological effects of potentially toxic chemical substances
found in people's environment with the following emphasis:
t Determination of adverse health effects resulting from long-
term, low-level exposure to chemical toxicants.
• Determination of the basic biological processes for chemical
toxicants in animal organisms.
• Development of improved methodologies and test protocols for
evaluating the safety of chemical toxicants.
• Development of data that will facilitate extrapolation of
toxicological data from laboratory animals to people.
353
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM RESOURCE SUMMARY
($l,000's)
FY-77 FY-78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Aromatic Amines
Risk Analysis
Hormone
Test Methods Development
Teratogenesis Research
Bladder Cancer
Hepatic Toxicology
Immunotoxicology
Host & Environmental Factors
Inhalation Toxicology
Integrated Approach
Transplacental Carcinogenesis
Neuroscience
Perinatal
Do si met ry
Cell Biology
Nutrition
*Additional funding required
$ 3,900
450
3,600
2,600
1,600
1,300
1,000
850
650
50
150
100
30
400
500
400
0
$17,580
$ 3,900
600
4,200
3,300
2,000
1,500
1,200
1,000
750
100
200
150
300
600
600
600
*
$21,000
PERSONNEL
Total Full-Time FDA Personnel = 225
• Professional = 180
• Non-Professional = 45
Professional Staff
Bachelor Masters Doctorate Total
Biology 28 34 27 89
Chemistry 14 16 14 44
Engineering 70 07
Mathematics 33 39
Other 27_ _2_ _2 31
79 55 46 180
354
-------
RESEARCH PROGRAM
1. Aromatic Amine Carcinogenesis
• Identify biological hazards so that steps may be taken to
avoid them.
• Devise methods to assess potential effects of exposure to a
chemical already in use, or to a new compound that has not yet
been introduced into or accepted by society.
2. Risk Analysis Program
• Improve techniques for estimating health effects for humans exposed
to low levels of environmental chemicals.
3. Hormone Research Program
t Compare dose-response curves for a series of estrogenic and
carcinogenic endpoints in six mouse strains and crosses.
t Expose perinatal animals to estrogens before and after
appearance of specific cellular estrogen receptors to determine
the necessity of the receptor for a carcinogenic response.
t Develop metabolic-pharmacokinetic systems aimed at detecting
potentially carcinogenic metabolites and rapidly inactivated
estrogens or estrogenic metabolites that might be resistent to
crossing the placental or other barriers.
• Examine blood protein binding of estrogens as a modulator of
physiologic and carcinogenic action.
• Examine gene-products as a marker that will potentially distin-
guish between normal and carcinogenic action.
t Determine extent to which negative-feedback regulation of
ovarian estrogen secretion modulates the carcinogenic response
to an exogenous estrogen.
• Develop a series of short term and in vitro assays based on
physiologic endpoints.
• Assess and validate appropriate whole animal and in vitro
systems for carcinogenic evaluation of estrogens.
4. Mutagenesis Test Methods Development
• Improve mammalian and non-mammalian systems to provide reliable
and meaningful response data to estimate accurately the relative
risk to human populations exposed to various levels of environ-
mental chemicals. Develop reliable short-term bioassays to
predict the mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity of an environmental
or physical agent.
355
-------
5. Teratogenesis Research Program
Develop testing procedures and improve their accuracy and
precision.
• Pharmacokinetics Project - Address the question of adequate
testing procedures by quantitating the exposure of a sensitive
organism, organ or tissue to a noxious agent, and the final
form, delivery and disappearance of the agent at the effector
site.
• Conventional Teratology and Test Methodology Project^ - Investigate
use of other species and orders of animals to enhance our predictive
ability to people.
• Mechanisms and Manifestations of Abnormal Development Project -
Determine the effector site within the developing system.
• Postnatal Expressions of Abnormal Development Project - Investigate
the cogenital development of hypertension, an extremely prevalent
condition in the general population; and test an electrolytic
respirometer.
6. Etiology of Bladder Cancer in Experimental Animals and Man
• Provide regulatory agencies with a scientific basis for
accurately evaluating the results of bioassays in which
bladder tumors are produced by various chemicals.
• Identify the various cofactors and secondary effects that
occur during administration of selected chemicals; determine
the role each may play in the development of bladder tumors.
• Clarify the role of microcrystals, calculi and other changes
in the urinary tract associated with tumor induction in the
rodent urinary bladder.
7. Hepatic Toxicology Program
Evaluation_of Hepatic Toxicity in the Rodent in Carcinogenesis
Bioassay - Determine the relevance of hepatic nepplasms in the
rodent, and specifically in the mouse, in carcinogensis bioassay
studies.
8. Immunotoxicology
Develop standardized models for detecting and assessing impact
of chemical agents. These models will make available more complete
and accurate data to assist regulatory and other governmental
agencies in their decision making responsibility. When alterations
356
-------
in immunocompetence are not considered, injurious effects of
a particular substance may be overlooked, creating a false
sense of security. Immunotoxicology is concerned with five
areas of study:
• Hypersensitivity - A state of augmented reactivity, can be
produced by repeated exposure to specific drugs, food additives
and/or chemical agents.
t Immunosuppression - Involves a depressed activity of mechanisms
utilized by the body to defend itself against the onslaught of
viruses, bacteria, parasites, other pathogenic agents, and
neoplasms.
0 Tumor Immunity - One of the most irreversible consequences of
immunosuppression is the removal of factors which inhibit growth
of malignant cells,
• Immunocompetence During Pregnacy and Lactation - Using amultiva-
lent vaccine of pneumopolysaccharides to determine, in mice, the
effect of this vaccine administered during pregnancy and lactation
upon the mother and her offspring.
• Autoimmunity - Condition in which the immune mechanisms are
turned upon the body's own tissues.
9. Host and Environmental Factors in Carcinogenesis Bioassay
Develop assay methodology for increasing rate at which chemical
substances can be tested for relative carcinogenic potential by:
• Utilization of preneoplastic lesions, both morphologic and bio-
chemical, in conjunction with genetic host factors which decrease
the latent period to tumorigenesis or enhance the susceptibility
of the animal to induction of neoplasia by particular classes of
chemicals.
• Use of subpopulations of test animals which exhibit different
susceptibilities to tumoriqenesis but differ from each other by
only a single dominant gene.
• In vHro assays to identify qualitative and quantitative differ-
erTcesTTmong different species, strains and genotypes of test
animals.
• Improve and validate in vitro transformation assays and develop
methodology for expediting the evaluation of carcinogenic potential
of chemicals.
357
-------
10. Inhalation Toxicology Program
Most of the chronically induced diseases of today have resulted from
exposure by the inhalation route. This is particularly true of both
environmental and industrial exposures to chemicals and pollutants.
This then becomes a very important aspect of formulation of regulatory
concepts and in the process of risk assessment and hazard evaluation.
Many of these exposures cannot be eliminated, therefore the next
alternative is to identify and estimate the hazard to man. Conduct
large scale multidisciplinary type studies which yield quantitative
results.
11. Integrated Approach to Determination of Relative Mutagenicity of
Chemicals
Predict the relative mutagenicity to mammalian germ cells in situ
of a given dose of a chemical in more complex whole animal assay
systems on the basis of data obtained in cheaper and more rapid
test systems.
12. Trans piacental Care i nogenes i s
t Develop an appropriate experimental design for testing chemicals
for transplacental carcinogenesis. Test selected compounds,
representing different chemical classes, by the transplacental
route and compare with results obtained in oral, chronic studies
started at time of weaning. Rotenone is the first compound being
tested; other model compounds are being selected with initial
emphasis on hormones and aromatic amines.
13. Neuroscience
Develop cost-effective animal test protocols to predict the neuro-
behavioral effects in humans of long-term low-dose exposure to
toxicants.
t Develop methods from several disciplines that are most likely
to be applicable to toxicity testing. Determine the conditions
under which these methods are most sensitive and compared for
relative utility and cost-effectiveness in the regulation of
chemicals. Develop methods for certain prototypic toxicants
and a strategy for testing unknown substances. Evaluate health
effects, validity, and generality of tests by interspecies
comparisons in rodents and non-human primates. Initiate basic
studies of mechanism for more rapid, accurate, and cost-effective
short-term screening procedures, and methods for the prevention
and/or amelioration of toxicity.
14. Perinatal Research Program
Research the effects of toxicants and carcinogens on the unborn
fetus.
358
-------
15. Dosimetry/Pharmacokinetics in Mutagenesis
Delineate appropriate mechanisms for estimating the "effective
dose" of mutagens. This estimation of effective dose will be
used in generating dose/response data for use in comparing
mutational test systems and for extrapolating from animal
models to people.
• Quantify macromolecular alterations for use in dosimetry.
t Separate and identify specific germ cell stages for studies
on relative stage sensitivity.
• Identify specific time/rate factors influencing differential
mutation effects; i.e., pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics.
• Investigate molecular mechanisms of mutation induction and fixation.
16. Cell Biology Program
Study discrete biological transitions in mammalian cells and tissue
culture cell systems which are exposed to carcinogenic and toxic
compounds.
17. Nutrition Research Program
• Investigate extent to which dietary factors influence toxicological
responses in laboratory animals.
• Provide technical advice and scientific direction to the design,
construction and operation of a national resource diet preparation
facility to be constructed at NCTR.
• Sponsor a series of annual symposia to highlight the significant
impact of dietary factors on various toxicological responses in
laboratory animals and man.
• Conduct limited clinical studies in humans to assist in the
extrapolation of animal nutritional-toxicological principles to
humans
• Develop and exercise the capabilities of conducting specific
nutritional-toxicological studies.
t Document the effects of specific dietary components on a variety
of toxicological responses in several species of laboratory
animals.
359
-------
RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1. Continue mutagenic research activity to study assay techniques and
methods development.
2. Continue research to ascertain the significance of the hepatoma in the
mouse.
3. Continue research to investigate the etiology of bladder cancer in
experimental animals.
4. Conduct at least five more advanced courses for approximately 200 FDA
investigators, to provide instruction in bio-research monitoring, non-
clinical studies.
5. Complete the long-range planning study to assure the most effective
and efficient use of NCTR's facilities.
6. Complete the Information Systems Study for FDA's Field Offices
(to determine the feasibility of alternative systems for capturing
data generated by district laboratories).
7. Initiate development of a joint National Cancer Institute/NCTR
research information system to share data collected in support
of scientific findings, as well as to assure that research is
not duplicated unnecessarily.
8. Conduct the Third Annual Hormone Research Symposium.
9. Sponsor the conference, Status of Predictive Tools in Application
to Safety Evaluation: Present and Future with the National Institutes
of Health, presented by 38 invited speakers to 350 scientists from
the United States and four foreign countries.
10. Initiate carcino-teratogenic study of DES and progesterone in sub-
human primates.
11. Completed the first long-term effective dose-response study of 2-AAF
in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) animal facilities. Continue pathology
and initiate analysis of data for preparation of papers.
12. Continue the long-term, low-level dose-response study with benzidine,
and continue comparative metabolic studies of benzidine.
360
-------
13. Continue long-term dose-response and biochemical studies with 4-amino-
biphenyl.
14. Continue large scale DES and estradiol studies and initiate studies
with zearalenone and zearalanol.
15. Complete long-term teratogenic studies with aspirin and cortisone.
16. Complete development of radioimmunoassay methods for DES, estradiol,
and N-OH-AAF (a metabolite of 2-AAF).
17. Continue the study of chemical hypersensitivity evaluation methods.
18. Continue the testing of a model for determining the capacity of drugs
and other materials to induce hypersensitivity in mice.
TRENDS
Evaluation of correlation between carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and terato-
genesis utilizing methods development and evaluation.
361
-------
THOMAS CAIRNS
Acting Director
National Center for Toxicological Research
Jefferson, Arkansas
Education : University of Glasgow, Scotland
B.Sc., 1965
Ph.D. (Chemistry), 1968
Professional
Experience
Acting Director, NCTR, 1977-Present
International Expert in Mass Spectrometry, FDA, 1977-Present
National Expert in Mass Spectrometry, FDA, 1975-1977
Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, UCLA, 1968-1975
Conservation Chemist, Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
1968-1975
Professional
Affiliations: American Chemical Society
American Society for Mass Spectrometry
The Chemical Society of London
363
-------
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