I                        TD180U551985
I                   D R A F T
|                     RCRA

I
•          PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT/
•                           ...:•' '^r'
                            :.'V»'.

1        SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDANCi
I
•         PBBMITS AND STATE PROGRAMS DIVISION
                                       ji

|               OFFICE OF, SOLID WASTE v"l% •
                        "y
|         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY


•                  AUGUST 5, 1985



•


1
 i
                                   n^ Protection Agency
                               Environmental HO*

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                       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Preliminary Assessment/Site Investigation Guidance was
prepared by the Permits and State Programs Division  (PSPD) of
the Office of Solid Waste (OSW).  Major contributors to this
document include Clem Rastatter and Dave Pagan from  the PSPD,
Arthur Day and George Dixon from the Waste Management and
Economics Division in OSW; Lucy Sibold from the Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, and Mark Gilbertson from the
Office of Waste Programs Enforcement.  Many other EPA staff
served on the PA/SI Guidance Workgroup and provided  expedi-
tious review and useful comments during preparation  of the
guidance.  Sobotka and Company also helped in preparing this
guidance document.

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                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                       Page
          INTRODUCTION	     1

          I.    Background	     1

          II.   Objectives  of  the  PA/SI	     3

          III.  Relationship  between the RCRA and CERCLA PA/SIs	     5

          IV.   Technical  Approach	     6

          V.    Further  Guidance	     9
t

          CHAPTER  ONE:   Completing a Preliminary Assessment	   1-1

          I.    Introduction	   1-1

               A.   Purpose	   1-1
               B.   Product....	   1-2
               C.   Scope...'*	   1-2

r          II.   Data Gathering	   1-4

               A.   RCRA Sources	   1-6

                   1.   Permit Application	   1-6
                   2.   RSI #3 Submission	   1-8
                   3.   Compliance Inspection Reports/Information
                       from  Enforcement Orders	   1-8
                   4.   Exposure  Information Report	   1-8
                   5.   Other  RCRA Sources	   1-9

               B.   CERCLA Sources	   1-9

                   1.   CERCLA PA/SI Reports	   1-9
                   2.   HRS Documentation	   1-11
                   3.   CERCLA RI/FS Studies	   1-11
                   4.   CERCLA 103(c) Notifications	   1-11
                   5.   Usefulness of CERCLA PA/SI	   1-12

             •  C.   Other  Sources  of Data	   1-13

                   1.   Aerial Photography	   1-13
                   2.   Other  Fede ral / State Agencies	   1-15
                   3.   GEMS  (Graphical Exposure Modeling System)....   1-16
                   4.   State/Local Well Permit Offices	   --17
                   5.   TSCA/OSHA/NPDES Inspections	   1-17
                   6.   Municipal/County ,/Ci ty Public Health Agencies.   1-18
                   7.   Local  Well Drillers	   1-18
                   8.   State/County Road Commissions	   1-18
                   9.   Utilities	   1-19
                  10.   Local  Airports/Weather Bureaus	   1-19
                  11.   Naturalists/Environmental Organizations	   1-20
                                         -i -

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

                                                            Page

        12.   Employees	  1-20
        13.   Colleges/Universities	  1-20
        14.   Interviews with Local Residents.....	  1-21

Til.  Evaluation of PA Data	  1-21

     A.   Identify Units/Facilities That Require
         No  Further Action	  1-21

         1.   No Waste of Concern	  1-22
         2.   No Releases	  1-22
         3.   Releases Permitted Under
             Other Federal Authorities....	  1-24
     B.   Identify Candidates for an RI	  1-24
     C.   Require Immediate Corrective Action	  1-25
     D.   Referrals for a Health Assessment	  1-26

IV.  PA Documentation	  1-27
CHAPTER TWO:  Planning and Conducting the
              Site Investigation	   2-1

I.   Introduction	   2-1

     A.  Purpose	•	   2-1
     B.  Scope	   2-3
     C.  Product	   2-4

II.  Background Data Collection	   2-4

III. Preparation of Work Plans, Safety Plans,
     and Sampling Plans	   2-6

     A.  Work Plan	   2-6
     B.  Sampling Plan	   2-8

         1.  Contents of Sampling Plan	   2-8
         2.  Quality Assurance/Quality Control
             Program for Sampling	   2-10

     C.  Safety Plan	   2-10

IV.  Work Plan/Sampling Plan/Safety Plan
     Review Procedures	   2-11

V.   Access/Community Relations	   2-13

     A.  Owner /Ope ra tor Access	   2-13
     B.  Community Relations	   2-15

VI.  Mobilization	   2-15
                               -a-

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                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  (continued)

                                                                       Page

          VII. Comprehensive Visual Inspection	   2-16

               A.  Sequence of Field Activities	   2-17

                    1.  Site Arrival	   2-17
                    2.  Observation/Field Activity	   2-17
                    3.  Decontamination/Demobilization	   2-17
                    4.  Site Exit	;	   2-18

               B.  Photography	   2-18
               C.  Logbook Maintenance	   2-19

          VIII. Sampling Inspection	    2-20

               A.  Sequence of Field Activities	   2-21

                    1.  Site Arrival	   2-21
                    2.  Preliminary Site Entry	   2-21
                    3.  Sample Activity	   2-22
                    4.  Decontamination/Demobilization....	   2-23
                    5.  Site Exit	   2-23

               B.  Photography	   2-23
               C.  Logbook Maintenance..	   2-24
  	           D.  Chain-of-Custody	   2-24

          IX.  Sample Shipment/Analys is of Samples	   2-24
I

I
X.   Analytical Data Review	   2-25

XI.  Final Report/Files	   2-26


CHAPTER THREE:  Ground Water	   3-1

I.   Introduction................................	   3—1

II.  Potential for Ground Water Releases  from  Units  at
     the Facility	   3-2

     A.  Potential for and Mechanisms of  Ground  Water
         Releases	   3-3

     B.  Evaluation of Unit-Specific Factors	   3-6

         1.  Unit Design	   3-7
         2.  Site Geology /Hydrogeology	   3-7
         3.  Waste Characteristics	   3-8
         4.  Operational History.....	   3-10
         5.  Physical Integrity of Unit	   3-10
                                        -i 11 -

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

                                                             Page

III.  Evidence of Ground Water Releases	   3-11

     A.   Existing Visual or Sampling Information	   3-11
     B.   Use of Existing Ground-Water
         Monitoring Systems	   3-12
     C.   Need for Additional Sampling	   3-15
     D.   Summary	   3-16

IV.  Exposure Potential	   3-17

V.   Release Determinations	   3-18

     A.   Summary	   3-19
     B.   Examples	   3-22


CHAPTER FOUR:  Surface Water and Surface Drainage  Areas...   4-1

I.   Introduction	   4-1

II.  Likelihood of Surface Water or
     Surface Drainage Releases	   4-3

     A.   Proximity to Surface Water/Off-Site Receptors
         and Release Migration Potential	   4-4
     B.   Unit Design and Physical Condition....'	   4-6
     C.   Waste Characteristics	   4-8      v

         1.  Mass	   4-9
         2.  Transport Mechanisms..	   4-9
         3.  Persistence	   4-10
         4.  Toxicity	,-._	   4-11

     D.   Summary of Factors Affecting the
         Likelihood of Release	   4-13

III.  Evidence of Surface Water and
     Surface-Drainage Releases	   4-13

     A.   Types of Evidence	   4-13
     B.   Use of Sampling	   4-14

IV.  Exposure Potential	   4-15

V.   Release Determination	   4-16

     A.   Summary	   4-17
     B.  Examples	   4-20


CHAPTER FIVE:  Air.	   5-1

I.   Introduction	   5-1


                               -iv-

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 i
1"
 r
 I;
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS  (continued)

                                                             Page

II.  Potential For Air Releases From  the Facility	   5-2

     A.  Unit Characteristics that Affect  the
         Potential for Air Releases	   5-2
     B.  Types of Waste Contained in  the Unit	   5-6
     C.  Waste Characteristics that Affect  the
         Magnitude of Release	   5-9

         1.  Volatile Emissions	   5-11
         2.  Particulate Emissions	   5-14

     D.  Environmental and Geographic  Factors	   5-15

III. Evidence of Airborne Releases	   5-17

     A.  Available Data Collection Methods  and  Sources....   5-17
     B.  The Role of Sampling	   5-18

IV.  Potential for Exposure	   5-19

V.   Release Determinations...	   5-20

     A.  Summary	   5-21
     B.  Examples	   5-24


CHAPTER SIX:  Subsurface Gas	   6-1

I.   Introduction	   6-1

II.  Potential for Subsurface Gas Releases	   6-2

     A.  Types of Waste Placed in the  Unit	   6-2
     B.  Types of Units with  a Potential for
         Subsurface Gas Releases	   6-5

III. Migration of Subsurface  Gas to On-Site and
     Off-Site Receptors	   6-6
 1               A.   Geologic  and Hydrogeologic Factors that
 1                   Affect  Migration	   6-6

                    1.   Natural Barriers	   6-6
                    2.   Engineered Structures	   6-10

           IV.   Evidence  of  Subsurface Gas Releases	   6-11

                A.   Role  of  Sampling in Making These De te rruina t ions . .   6-11

           V.    Release  De terminations	   6-14

                A.   S u mm ary	   6-14
                B.   Examples	   6-16
                                          -v-

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                         LIST OF EXHIBITS

                                                          PAGE

Exhibit   1:  Approach for Identifying Releases	     8

Exhibit 1-1:  Preliminary Assessment	   1-3

Exhibit 1-2:  Matrix of Factors Assessed in the PA/SI
              Decision	   1-5

Exhibit 2-1:  Site Investigation	   2-2

Exhibit 3-1:  Monitoring Well Location	   3-14

Exhibit 3-2:  Checklist for Ground Water Releases	   3-20

Exhibit 4-1:  Checklist for Surface Water/Surface
              Drainage Releases	   4-18

Exhibit 5-1:  Checklist for Air Releases	   5-22

Exhibit 6-1:  Subsurface Gas Generation/Migration in
              a Landfill	   6-7

Exhibit 6-2:  Subsurface Gas Generation/Migration from
              Units Closed as Landfills	   6-8

Exhibit 6-3:  Checklist for Subsurface Gas Releases....   6-15
f)
                               -vi-

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                                    LIST OF TABLES
                                                                    PAGE
L
r
Table 3-1:    Ranking of Unit Potential For Ground
              Vater Releases and Mechanisms of Release.    3-4

Table 3-2:    Ground Water Unit Illustrations	    3-23

Table 4-1:    Ranking of Unit Potential For Surface
              Water Releases and Mechanisms of Release.    4-7

Table 4-2:    Surface Water Unit Illustrations	    4-21

Table 5-1:    Unit Potential For Air Releases  and
              Mechanisms of Release	    5-4

Table 5-2:    Hazardous Constituents of Concern
              As Vapor Releases	    5-7

Table 5-3:    Haz'ardous Constituents of Concern
              As Particulate Releases	    5-10

Table 5-4:    Parameters and Measures for Use  in
              Evaluating Potential Air Releases of
              Hazardous Waste Constituents	    5-12

Table 5-5:    Air Unit Illustrations	    5-25

Table 6-1:    Subsurface Gas Sampling Information......    6-13

Table 6-2:    Subsurface Gas Unit Illustrations	    6-17
                                        -vi i-

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                       LIST OF APPENDICES

                                                          PAGE

APPENDIX A:  Preliminary Assessment Data	   A-1

APPENDIX B:  CERCLA Hazard Ranking System Sampling
             Procedures	•	   B-l

APPENDIX C:  List of Industries and Their Related
             Hazardous Wastes	   C-l

APPENDIX D:  Referenced Standard Operating Guidelines
             for Project Activities	   D-l

APPENDIX E:  Other Standard Reference Material on
             Waste and Environmental Characterization..   E-l
                 »

APPENDIX F:  Example Equipment List	   F-l

APPENDIX G:  Sample Quality Control	   G-l

APPENDIX H:  Developing a Site Safety Plan	  H-l

APPENDIX I:  Guidance on Obtaining Access to a RCRA
             Facility	   I-I

APPENDIX J:  Physical, Chemical, and Fate Data	   J-l

APPENDIX K:  List of Priority Pollutants	   K-1

APPENDIX L:  Calculating Surface Run-off	   L-l

APPENDIX M:  Sampling Priorities For Environmental
             Pollutants	   M-l
                              -viii-

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 r
t
 [.
                             INTRODUCTION

 I.    BACKGROUND

      The 1984 RCRA Hazardous  and  Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)

 established broad new authorities  in  the RCRA program to require

 corrective action for releases  of  hazardous wastes and constituents

 at  RCRA-regulated facilities.   These  new authorities are:


      o  JjStJrffWuiy - ^£^^»LCJ?.jty.ftJtet&m..for' Continuing Releases^1

         Requires that any permit  Issued after November 8, 1984,
         require corrective  action  for all releases from solid
         waste management units  at  the facility, regardless of
         when the waste was  placed  in  the unit.   The provision
         also requires that  owner/operators  demonstrate financial
         a^ss^uranee for any required  corrective action, and jjjjfcksfffjf
         .^c^heduleat^of" corneli^ancgl to  be used  in permits where the
         coTr^Vt^v«^"c*£*i*oiT~Tanri'ot  be completed prior to permit
         issuance.

      o  33ffiffiptT*^ .?¥^rj:j^&t«tu«_7C<>gracClv» Action Qrdersy

         Provides authority  to issue enforcement orders to compel
         corrective action or  other  response measures at interim
         status facilities,  and  to  take civil action against the
         facility for appropriate  relief.

      o  .|3Q04Ty)y- .Correctty»r Action  Beyond the Facility Boundary

         Directs EPA to issue  regulations  requiring corrective
         action beyond the facility  boundary where necessary to
         protect human health  and  the  environment, unless the
         owner/operator can  demonstrate that he  is unable to obtain
         the necessary permission,  despite his best efforts.
         Until such regulations  are  promulgated, corrective action
         orders can be issued  to require the necessary corrective
         action.


      The §3004(u) and §3008(h) authorities  are  quite similar in

 scope, although *iJLjEiPl§4S^J&iy^ow^                   laciA* C7 ..bound-j?'

 ariesf Jfef^mus-j^jrqBv.lga.Jfcjfc^*eg.ulaAiAaa,. £A. extend .,S30Q4(u) authority/

J>eyond facility boundaries/   Both  authorities can be defined in

 large  part  by the following key terms:
                                          -1-

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        "Protection of  Human  Health and the Environment"

        Under both authorities,  corrective action will be mandated
        where necessary  to  protect  human health and the environment.

        "Release"
        The definition  of  release  under both authorities is
        similar to that in  CERCLA,  and extends to all environ-
        mental media--ground  water,  surface water, air, and
        unsaturated soils.

        "Solid Waste Management  Units"

        Solid waste management units (SWMU) include: landfills;
        surface impoundments; waste piles;  land treatment units;
        injection wells; incinerators; tanks; container storage
        units; and other physical,  biological and chemical  treat-
        ment units.^_/

        "Facility"
        For the  purpose  of  implementing corrective action  under
        either authority,  the facility ia defined as the entire/
        »«»nr-,-- --- ---- . - . -,,» ,,-p^.., *„ '_._;-,»«.«...•,•  • - --••   •* - ».     .    -  -,'..,^,,-- .....  - ._ .. •
«p«»ra.B,atg/a t which  units  subject  to regulation under RCRA
arelocated.

"Corrective Measures"
        This term  is  used  generally to include "corrective  action
        as provided in  §264.100  and other activities for any
        me di a.
     The following  documents  provide a more complete explanation

of the two authorities:


     o  HjnaT^o  1985).'
     o  Draft Guidance  on  Interim Status Corrective Action  Orders
        "       June  20, 1985)^
     ]_/  The  §3008(h)  authority applies broadly to any  releases
from the facility.
                                                                      ^-^^

                                                                      \^ }•

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                The new §3004 authorities allow EPA  to  require corrective

           action in permits for all releases  from solid  waste management

           units, regardless of when the waste was placed in the units.  In

           addition, under §3008, EPA can initiate enforcement action to

           compel corrective action or other response measures at interim

           status facilities and beyond the facility boundary.

                EPA is developing a ^SSSS^Ty'fScit^ for  implementing the
                                             ' ~  '' *
           corrective action provisions that consists  of  preliminary

           assessments/site investigations aSy^^Ji&^^PSj^iaii.ittT*?:

                                         live aeaaures^f   This  document de-
           scribes  the approach that Agency personnel  generally should use

           to  implement the first step in the  corrective  action process —

 ;          conducting PA/SIs at facilities that  are  to  receive a RCRA permit^/.

 /? ~ ^      EPA is developing additional documents  that  provide guidance on

 ^^       conducting remedial investigations, making  remedial decisions,

-J          and designing and implementing corrective measures.
 i

           II.
                The PA/SI, as structured in  the  guidance,  is  designed to ac-

           complish the following objectives:
                o  '1JeteFaitiJ£w^^                         are,_llkely. to
                  .reJ.g£i|jMfOf hazardous wastes  or  hazardous  constituents
                  Tt the facility requiring further  investigation;

                o  JJsLt.iaklksh' the.~Ycope of" remedial .iavestigation/ (if
                   *.^—  -  ^ -^.«tfwt-J«i.v, ^^ ^ v^v^—.»^^.^*V*JV«*-—*--—«-— -       '•*--*
                   necessary); and
                ^_l   This approach applies  to all  releases  from solid waste
           management  units and to unregulated  releases  from regulated units
           Ground  water releases at regulated units  are  addressed by current
           regula t ions.
                                          -3-

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     o  Establish priorities for subsequent  remedial  investi-
        gations .


     It is not necessarily the function  of the  PA/SI  to  provide

detailed physical evidence of releases,  since this  may  require

extensive investigation and analysis  beyond  the  scope of  the

PA/SI.  Similarly, although the objective  is  to  identify  (or

assess the likelihood of) significant releases  at  the facility,

it is not within the scope of the PA/SI  to establish  whether or

not such releases actually pose a threat to  human  health  and the

environment.  ^$sa£AdHKJid»$>dt^                                    r/-

                                             .will  typically take

                                         phas/.

     The findings of the PA/SI will suggest  one  or  more  of  the

following actions for a facility:


     o*  No action, if releases have not, or  are  not likely  to
      -  have, occurred.

     o  Limited, short-term remedial  investigations,  where  some
      -  further information is needed to verify  that  a  release
        has (or has not) occurred, and  to  establish the  need for
      }  and nature and scope of full-scale remedial investigations

     a-  Full-scale remedial investigations for  one  or more  media
      ;  at one or more solid waste management units at  the
      5  facility.
      *
     p  Corrective measures, in cases where  it  is  possible  to
        establish in the PA/SI that there  is  an  immediate need
        for corrective measures, and  the types  of  corrective
        measures required.


     When the PA/SI determines that remedial investigations (or

corrective measures) are necessary at a  facility,  these  activities

will be required of the owner/operator  either under a permit

schedule of compliance or under an enforcement  order.

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               Both Che RCRA and CERCLA PA/SI processes  establish  priorities

          and identify immediate needs for corrective measures.  There

          are, however, several important differences between  the  two  PA/SI

          efforts.  These differences stem in part from  the  need for  the

                                                  
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     A final difference  between  the  RCRA and CERCLA PA/SIs stems

from the fact that RCRA  facilities  have been and continue to be

part of an ongoing regulatory  program.   More information is

available on RCRA facilities and additional information is

being generated all  the  time —particularly on land disposal

facilities.  As a result:
        Some facilities  may  be  able  to skip the site investiga-
        tion stage  because sufficient information exists on  the
        facility  to  compel a remedial investigation.

        The site  investigation  for  certain facilities may be
        incorporated  into  ongoing  inspections and site visits
        that take place  over time,  instead of scheduling a
        separate  site  investigation.
     The RCRA  Preliminary  Assessment/Site Investigation guidance

is comprised of  six  chapters.   The first two ch'apters describe

procedures for  conducting  a  preliminary assessment and a site

investigation.   The  remaining  four chapters describe the technical

approach for examining  releases  to three media—surface water,

ground water,  and  air—and for addressing subsurface gas releases.

Soil is treated  primarily  as  a transfer media.  Potential  threats

to human health  and  the environment through direct contact  with

soil should, however,  be considered when the circumstances  so

warra nt.

     The technical  approach  described in this document requires

the  investigator to  apply  his  best professional judgment in

examining  a variety  of  factors that affect the likelihood  of  a

release and its  significance.   Each technical chapter asks  the

Tiny estimator to look at:  (1)  factors that affect the releasrf'
."••*•-* --**- ,«*, ;T. ,,*•.*	.-.,-jft-*^-«*"*.;*.-,«-—--- .. ,*. .„ »._ „.-.	„ _^	 .:-**--„.——> -*• -   - --     -.-.--
                                -6-

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                    Exhibit 1  displays the decision-making  frame-
work for both  the  PA and SI stages of the process.




     The "likelihood of  release" is the broadest  category  of




factors the investigator must consider.  Examining  the  likelihood




that a unit has  a  release requires evaluation of  information on




the facility's location  and potential routes of contamination as




well as information  on the unit's design, age and operating charac-




teristics, and the type  of waste contained in the unit.   For most




cases, no one  factor is  sufficient to determine the  likelihood




that a unit has  a  release.  All factors must be examined  together




and the relative importance of each factor will need  to  be defined




on a media- and  site-specific basis.




     "Evidence of  release" includes media-specific  factors the




investigator should  look for during the site inspection  to support




an initial determination that a release has taken place.   The




investigator will  evaluate sampling data as well as  information




from visual observations.   It should be noted, however,  that the




absence of physical  evidence does not necessarily mean  that a




release has not  occurred.   Factors in this category  should not be



used as the sole basis for eliminating a unit/facility  from




further consideration  under the corrective action program.




     The guidance  provides media-specific factors related  to




exposure that are  important in addressing the "seriousness of  a




release."  These factors should help the investigator set  priorities




for initial site inspections as well as further remedial  investi-



gations.

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      In  summary,  the technical  approach requires the  investigator




to evaluate  a  matrix of factors  that  have varying significance




and  to apply his  best professional  judgment in determining  the




relative  weight  that should be  given  to each factor.  In  many




cases, information will not be  available on all the factors.   The




weight assigned  to missing information  may be as important  as  the




weight given to  available information.   Depending on  the  relative




significance of  the known information,  the investigator may




determine  that  the available information is sufficient to proceed




with a remedial  investigation.   On  the  other hand, the investiga-




tor  may  determine that additional sampling is warranted before




compelling the  owner/operator to begin  further investigations.




It is left to  the investigator's judgment, in consultation  with




appropriate  permitting and enforcement  authorities, to determine




which factors  are the most important  for a particular situation.
     EPA is  preparing additional  technical  guidance related  to




implementation  of  the RCRA corrective  action program.  This




includ es:






             face on RCRA remedial investigations^
             X'*f3t<--^*i-»-s t-? - ^.. »fc/*:wfcUkiA,"-*»»^r-rf..'5i«r-^t*—--^-*t— -4-^t->  ,-•?.«  .  &
     67 Guidance  o'n
                  oii^developlng "compliance schedules^ for c^orrectivi


        /actf b'n jr?o*f*"pe~rmf"E'sr'anai"efrf6' re emeh t  orders);  and
        3tr.jv~*f' —•" -.•» ••- •




        . Guidance  on priori ttz ing R£RA  facilities ..f o,r .corrective/


       .action J^~*   ~~ *~"*"~ '*"*
       -*••««. •*•%. jin-^.   i W
                                -9-

-------
                           CHAPTER ONE

               COMPLETING A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT


I.   INTRODUCTION

A.   Purpose

     The preliminary assessment (PA) is the first phase in  the

process of determining whether SWMUs are releasing and require

corrective action.

            ^

                    PA is moscly a desk top effort.  By the  time

the PA is completed, Agency staff should be able to:


     (1)  Identify which units/areas/facilities do not require  a
          site inspection

     (2)  Identify units/releases that require further
          investigation

          --  Identify those situations for which a preliminary
              site investigation is the appropriate next  step;  and

          --  Identify those situations where sufficient  evidence
              of release already exists and a remedial investiga-
              tion is the next step.

     (3)  Identify units/releases that may require immediate
          removal action under CERCLA authority


     The preliminary assessment is also a management tool  that

can be used to make a variety of other decisions.  Some of  these

include:


     o  Determining the site's priority for further investigation;

     o  Assessing the likelihood that the site will become  a
        CERCLA sice; (subject to further guidance)

     o  Determining whether the owner or operator has  the  capabi-
        lity and willingness to assist the site investigator  by
        conducting sampling activities under the direction  of
        EPA; and
                                1-1

-------
     o   Identifying  candidate facilities for a health assessment
         under  Section 3019.

     Exhibit  1-1  illustrates the PA process—collection and

evaluation  of  available  information and findings and recommendations

for  further action.


B.   Product

     Since  a  number  of PAs may be conducted well in advance  of

the  subsequent site  investigation, a PA report is an important
 conclusion  of  the  desk top analysis. $3Btl

^um»a rla e : /
           Target populations and environments and  release  pathways;
           _ _ j
                                                                      x*"^ -
           Recommendations addressing the purposes  outlined  above.   &^ \


      It  should be noted that completion of a site  investigation

 plan  does  not  take place until initiation of the site  inspection.

 This  allows new information to be factored into  the  plan  in cases

 where a  substantial time gap exists between  the  time the  PA is

 completed  and  the SI is started.


 C.
      Five broad categories of jfcuf ormAtionf shou Id  be  gathered
                               •«««iaiA^.iAe.B-*<5»jaf«*^>'-^*--r - *
 during the PA.  They are:
     V
      1.   Site management des crip t ion /pract ices ;
      2.   Evidence of release;
      3>.   Pollutant dispersal pathways;
      4.   Waste characteristics; and
      S.   Target population characteristics.
                                 1-2

-------
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                                              -3

-------
     Exhibit 1-2 illustrates  the  types  of  information contained
in each category.  J&feJLLa. iOft Aft &^
                                Ic  should  be  noted,  however, that
complete data on any of the  five  categories  will rarely be avail-
able, and complete data are  not necessary to make the kinds of
evaluations that are made during  the  Preliminary Assessment.
               !£*. ~J^§S^-^J^^^tM^^^Jt&i.«# J«»,fikfe-£a£&. A, ap pjLi/
           ^xpoaar«~^f^j!J&t'^^^
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                                    ***4«ti ce^j;^ii5ift« t iy^?^-*.^^
                            In  some  cases,  it  may be necessary to
obtain information from other  sources  to  fill in if these sources
do not have all the necessary  data.   This  guidance describes some
suggested sources that may  be  useful  under some circumstances.
Conducting the preliminary  assessment  should  take an average of
five work days.
     This chapter describes  how  to  use these  data to make some
initial decisions on  further action or no  further action.  Sub-
sequent chapters describe  the  procedures  to follow in conducting
a sice investigation  and provide guidance  on  how to identify
actual or probable releases  to each media.

II.  DATA GATHERING
     This section describes  where and  how to  obtain the  type of
data identified in Exhibit  1-2 and  how the data can be used  to
better understand the nature of  releases  at a facility.
                                1-4

-------



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-------
A.   RCRA Sources

     In some cases, RCRA file data coupled with data  available

through CERCLA may provide most, if not all, of the information

that is needed to understand (I) the types of wastes  handled  by  a

facility, (2) the types of units, (3) the nature and  characteris-

tics of the routes by which contaminants may migrate  and  (4)  the

human and environmental populations affected or potentially

affected by a release from the units.

     There are four major existing sources of information  in  the

RCRA files on SWMUs, including unregulated releases from  RCRA

units.  These should be reviewed first.  A brief discussion on

the nature of these sources follows.  Tables A-1 through  A-4  in

Appendix A provide more detailed lists of the data available

through these sources.


1.   Permit Application

     Part A notifications and Part B applications  for permits

will be available for all facilities in the permit pipeline and

addressed under the corrective action program.^/   These documents

contain a sizable amount of information on the  facility design

and physical characteristics of  the surrounding area. Although

owners or operators of RCRA facilities develop  these  applications

to support permitting of regulated units, the information  will

sometimes apply to both unregulated releases from  regulated units
     l_l  The proposed Codification  Rule will  incorporate  RSI  "3
information (described above)  into  permit  application  requirements.
                                1-6

-------
          and  releases  from  unregulated  ("old")  units.   For example,  all


          land  disposal Part  B  applications  should  contain extensive  hydro-


          geologic  information  related  to  the  surficial aquifer.  This


          information  should  prove  invaluable  at many facilities in asses-


          sing  the  potential  for  old  units  to  contaminate ground water.  If


          the  facility  is  seeking only  an  aboveground storage facility


          permit, however, the  permit application data  may not provide much


          information  useful  in evaluating  an  "old" landfill.


               Part  B  applications  may  not  characterize the lower aquifers


          if they are  not  connected to  the  uppermost aquifer.  If the


          application  data'are  inadequate  to properly assess the impacts to


          ground water, the  information  may  need to be  developed through


          other  sources discussed later.


               In addition to relevant  data  on the  facility as a whole, the


          permit application  also provides  information  that can be used to


|          evaluate  the  potential  for  unregulated releases from regulated


          units, specifically surface water  and  air releases.  Most of the

r
{          pertinent  data relate to  the  design  and maintenance of the  unit.


.               Part  B  permit  applications  for  land  disposal facilities will


'          also  provide  information  on whether  actual releases have occurred.


i          It is  important  to  evaluate well  placement when reviewing ground

L
          water  monitoring data for regulated  units.  In some cases the


          location  of  existing  monitoring wells  may make it difficult to


          determine  if  contamination  results from the regulated unit, an


          unregulated  unit, or  both.  Review of  the analytical data must


          be coupled with  data  on well  location  and ground water flow to


          positively identify the source of  the  observed release.

-------
2.   RSI #3 Submission

     The Reauthorization Statutory Interpretation  (RSI  #3)  dated

February 5, 1985 from Jack W. McGraw, required  the  EPA  regional

offices to request owners or operators of RCRA  facilities  to

submit data on each SWMU at the facility.  The  data submitted  in

response to RSI #3 should provide information on  the  type  and

location of the units and when and how much waste  was received by

uni ts .


3.   Compliance Inspection Reports/Information  from
     Enforcement Orders

     Inspection Reports should be available for most  RCRA  facili-

ties.  These reports contain useful  information on site management

practices, monitoring data, and unit  conditions and should  help

in identifying problem units and releases for possible  sampling.

Comprehensive monitoring evaluations  (CME's) evaluate ground  water

monitoring systems.  These records may provide  an  indication  of

whether prior releases have occurred  at  the facility.   Frequent

violations of operating standards, may indicate prior releases.

In addition, the reviewer may be able to  obtain information on

non-regulated units from results of  investigations required in

enforcement actions.


4.   Exposure Information Report

     Only  facilities with or seeking  permits  for  landfills and

surface impoundments must submit exposure information.   These

submissions will cover all five categories  of  information  identi-

fied in Exhibit 1-2.  This information may  be  valuable  in  deter-

mining the potential for contaminants to  release  from regulated
                                1-3

-------
| -
I
          and "old" units, the likelihood that  these  contaminants  will

          migrate, and the likelihood that persons may  be  exposed  to these

          contaminants .


          5 .    Other RCRA Sources

               ACL submissions (if any), closure  plans,  and  post  closure

          permits are additional sources of information  for  the PA.
               <»,™.»^«»S»Vf«J~-.»-^^-*>-,» , ;j
          B.   ffiERCI i A. . Sou r c e y

               Four CERCLA data sources may be helpful  in  completing RCRA

          PAs.   They are:
                 ..,..,
               a  CERCLA RI/FS studies?
These sources may allow the  reviewer  to  decide  to proceed dire.ctly

to a remedial investigation  or immediate  corrective action.   The

circumstances when this might be  possible  are  discussed more

fully later in this section.


1.   CERCLA PA/SI Reports

     Almost 15 percent of  the facilities  seeking RCRA Part B

permits have received CERCLA inspections.   The  site inspection

reports for these facilities can  provide  a considerable amount of

information on facility and  unit  design  and  management, waste

characterization, and pollutant dispersal  pathways, particularly

for SWMUs and inactive units.  They may  also have limited informa-

tion about target populations.  The exact  amount of information

provided in each report will depend on the  amount of information

available at the time the  report  was  completed.
                                         1-9

-------
     The CERCLA SI report is likely to provide some information for

the following categories:


     o  Facility design/management practices

            Listing of SWMU operations, facility layout;
            Discussion of conditions of identified SWMUs; and
        --  Design specifications for SWMUs (when available).

     o  Waste characteristics

        --  Type and quantity of waste received to the extent            ,
            known                                                        •
                                                                         i
     o  Pollutant dispersal pathways

        —  Analytical data on "observed releases" from the             _J
            facility;
        —  Geology, topography, hydrogeology, climate of the area      r\
            (if unit could be releasing to ground water);               M
        —  Climatic data (e.g. precipitation, wind data); and
        --  Facility topography as it relates to surface drainage
            patterns.

     o  Receptor characteristics
        --  Size and characteristics of nearby populations and
            sensitive environments potentially exposed through
            air, surface water, and ground water routes.


     In addition to reviewing the final SI report, the person

conducting the RCRA preliminary assessment should also examine

the CERCLA site file.  These files contain supplementary  informa-

tion used to evaluate the site under CERCLA.  These  files  include

such i t ems as:

     o  Field log book for the SI
     o  Trip reports for the SI
     o  Records of communication
     o  Miscellaneous historical data/reports

        —  Site reports
        --  Old trip reports
        —  Old memoranda
i):
                                1-10

-------
               Except  for the first item,  the exact contents of the file




          will  vary  depending upon the type of information available and




          the  data collection procedures  used at the time of the CERCLA SI.






          2.    HRS Documentation




               Some  subset of the sites that have undergone CERCLA Sis




          has  been scored using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS).  Infor-




          mation on  target populations and sensitive environments should be




          available  for  each of the routes scored.  The most frequently




          scored routes  are surface water  and ground water.




               The Regional CERCLA program offices have copies of all




          CERCLA SI/HRS  reports and files.  Table A-5 in Appendix A provides




          a  list of  Regional CERCLA PA/SI  program managers.  These persons




          will  be able to provide access  to the SI reports and identify




          where to find  the files.






,          3.    CERCLA  RI/FS Studies




*-              Again,  some subset of the  sites that have been scored
r
will be subject to a remedial investigation/feasibility  study




(RI/FS).  If so, these reports will more  thoroughly  characterize




air, surface water, ground water and soil contamination,  as  well




as populations actually or potentially affected  by these  releases




In general, a. RCRA SI will not be necessary if a  CERCLA  RI/FS  is




underway.






4.   CERCLA 103(c) Notifications




     Some sites may have information available on wastes  disposed




of at the facility from a CERCLA 103(c) notification.  In  the




early stages of the CERCLA program, owners or operators  of waste
                                         1-1 1

-------
management facilities and transporters  were  required  to notify

EPA of places where CERCLA hazardous  substances  had  been disposed.

EPA reviewed approximately 9000 notifications  representing ap-

proximately 2000 sites, after accounting  for  redundant reporting.

If the facility filed a CERCLA  103(c) notification,  and no other

source of information is available, this  source  may  provide a

record of past disposal operations, such  as  information on types,

locations and volumes of waste  disposed.   The  reviewer should

contact the Regional CERCLA PA/SI  coordinator  to see  if a CERCLA

103(c) notification exists for  the  facility.


5.   Usefulness of CERCLA PA/SI
                            ^«»-> -«Vi?s.-
        j?X*j£^^

         tiy-S
                                    .,.,.-•
        ed "i a Favor of a aore  cbmBrehettfixe. reaediAi. investiga^
        =-• '1-^-&*~s. «j^;- _i~»- — — ii ,«.».T,*.*i» — = ------- *-    -" ~              "   '" "   "   '
       Although the CERCLA  PA/SI  does  not  describe the release

potential of individual units,  there  may  be  ade.quate evidence of

release as a result of the  CERCLA PA/SI  to ask the owne r /ope ra to r

to initiate a comprehensive  remedial  investigation.  A RCRA PA/SI

may be required if the CERCLA  PA/SI does  not  provide necessary

information.  Some scenarios are  described below:
        The CERCLA  SI  was  completed  some tine ago and information
        in the  SI may  be  outdated;

        The results  of  the  SI  were  not  definitive enough to lead
        to an RI , or did  not  provide sufficient information on
        the units at the  facility;

        The CERCLA  PA/SI  did  not  address releases of concern
        (e.g.,  air,  subsurface gas);
                                1-12

-------
     o  Unregulated releases from regulated units  are  &  source  of
        concern; or

     o  A site Inspection is necessary to outline  the  scope  of
        the RI.
C.   Other Sources of Data
     In most cases, existing EPA or State files will  provide  all

the data necessary for a PA evaluation of a site.  However,  there

may be situations where these sources do not contain  critical

information.  In these cases, the reviewer may want to check

other sources, such as other offices within EPA, other federal

and state agencies, and private organizations.  Appendix A,

Tables A-6 and A-9 identify likely reliable sources of infor-

mation on site management practices, waste characteristics,  migra-

tion pathways, and target populations.  The investigator should

carefully consider the importance of the information  in evaluat-

ing a site to avoid spending significant resources to obtain

information that is not really critical to the analysis.   For

example, data sources such as former employees, local residents,

and colleges and universities are likely to be consulted only

rarely.  Other data sources such as USGS data and historical

aerial photography already in the file may be used more often.

     This section discusses these sources and how the information

could be used in the PA.   These sources are discussed in a rough

order of priority.


1 .    Aerial Photography

     Aerial photography,  especially historical aerial photography,

can be a valuable tool in a prelimary assessment.  Historical

aerial photography can provide the following types of information:


                               1-13

-------
     o  The location of past disposal units;




     o  The location of releases;




     o  Evidence of existing or past vegetation stress;




     o  Potential routes for contamination migration;




     o  Location and numbers of target populations; and




     o  Land use in the area.






     A number of RCRA sites that were evaluated under  CERCLA have




had both historical and recent aerial survey analysis.   The  RCRA




reviewer should contact his/her regional coordinator for aerial




photography.  These coordinators have access through ORD/EMSL/LV




to an index of sites that have had aerial photographic analyses.




     If an historical analysis and current overflight  do not




exist, they can be requested through the regional  coordinator.




EMSL has a computerized system which accesses  the  major  sources      -^




of extensive aerial photography including libraries, archives and




U.S.G.S.  EMSL can use this to order copies of  the photographs,




analyze the photographs for relevant features  a_nd  prepare a  bound




copy of the analysis.  In most cases, §£>.j^ftjrAA&•.£_gerjiaJL photogray



    will suffice for the purposes of the RCRA  PA/SI program.



     The usefulness of current aerial photographs  is more limited.




They may be able to identify vestiges of old disposal  practices,




current vegetation damage, and surface drainage  patterns.  They




can also accurately locate target populations.   However, much of




this information may be readily ascertainabla  from a  visual




inspection of  the  facility.  Accordingly, requests for overflights




should be requested only when  there  are  no  other  sources of  the




d.i c a .
                                L-14

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           2.    Other  Federal/State  Agencies


                In  some  cases,  permit  applications  may not contain sufficient


           geological  and  hydrogeological  data  to obtain a clear understanding


           of  the local  run-off  patterns and  underlying geology.  This is


           likely to be  particularly true  for facilities applying for above-


           ground storage  permits.   Facilities  applying for this type of


           permit are  not  required  to  submit  detailed geological and hydro-


           geological  information even if  they  have "old" landfills or


           impoundments  on  site.  In addition,  permit applications will not


           provide  much  information  on possible target receptors, such as


           irrigated land  or  livestock.  In  these cases, the reviewer may


           need  to  develop  data  on  the geology  and  hydrogeology and land use


           in  the area.


                Other  federal agencies can provide  information on land use,


           hydrology and geologic conditions.   The  U.S. Geological Survey


 i          (USGS) maps land use.  These maps,  coupled with information on

I
           the source  and  distribution of  water,  can provide data on the


 J          number of irrigated  acres.   They  can also indicate where live-


           stock may be  drinking contaminated  or  potentially contaminated


 I          watersupplies.
              etjioey and""froi'lsST   These  maps  can cover areas as small as
              --»-»-—Iff^flLe-.-a^iK.^,^-^ „( .^.. ~t.~f           r


           7-1/2° (6 by  8 miles),  depending  upon the particular area of con-


           cern.  They can also provide  data  on soils and rock types under-



           lying  facilities  which  may  be  helpful if  data provided by the


           applicant are incomplete  or  unavailable.   This may be especially



           useful for evaluating  larger  facilities.
                                          1-15

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         ^ fef4toi 6 gTc:«T~ sap* ~ prffirt da" tttfo *« a t Id 51 o o,rjpr6u niJL 'i*at e/
         »-«^JH~-»-a*-ai^tSiiivJ».j1_aui^..)^.T.i:-t--.ai—_v_»3,-.^-.-v.-xi.*'-« •—•-*'—•	•>—-»• - - -








toring water levels).  This type of map may assist  the reviewer




in understanding the  relationship between land based  units and




depth to ground water, location of ground water recharge  areas,




prevailing regional  flow,  and ground water discontinuities (if




the owner or operator  has  not already provided this  type  of




information).  These  maps  are also available  for areas as small




as 7-1/2°.




    U.S. Department  of Agriculture local Soil Conservation Service




(SCS) offices map  soil types  and permeabilities--down to  2 acres




in somes cases.  These maps characterize soil type  to six feet,




and the backup information used to develop these maps may evaluate




soils to greater depths.   This  backup information  is  also available




through the local  SCS.   Since surface soils reflect  the  immediately




underlying geology,  these  maps  provide data that may  be  helpful




in evaluating the  potential for transport of  contaminants through




the soils and underlying  rocks.






3.   GEMS (Graphical  Exposure Modeling System)




     EPA has access,  through each of the regional  offices, to a




computerized system  with  the capability to identify the  number of




individuals within a  specific radius of a facility.   This system




is readily available  and  can provide reliable information on




populations potentially  at risk from air releases.   When  coupled




with data on ground  use  patterns, it can also quantify  target




populations drinking  ground water.
                                L-L6

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          4.   State/Local Well Permit Offices


               A number of States and counties require well  drillers  or


          persons installing wells to obtain well installation  permits.


          This source, if available, can provide the most reliable  infor-


          mation on the number of households using well water in  a  partic-


          ular area.  These offices can often identify the aquifer  from


          which individual wells draw and the construction of individual


          wells, including diameter.  This information can also help  in


          identifying the closest downgradient wells that have  the  appro-


          priate well construction characteristics for sampling.



          5.   TSCA/OSHA/NP'DES inspections


              The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulates the disposal
 I

 '~~        of PCBs and PCB equipment.  In some cases the responsibility for

    «N
          conducting TSCA inspections is merged with the RCRA inspection
    -"

          program.   In other cases, these inspections are conducted by a dif-

•a
 I         ferent unit within EPA.  TSCA inspection files may have useful


          data on how much and where disposal and storage of PCBs has taken


 •         place at  a particular facility.


 J              OSHA and NPDES inspection reports may identify the types of


          materials handled by a facility and may also establish  whether


          the owner or operator has a history of violations.  Violation
 i

          histories can indicate a facility's propensity for releases that


          might be  subject to corrective action.  For example,  recurring


          NPDES violations may indicate a significant accumulation  of


          hazardous materials in stream beds which could require  corrective


          action.
                                         1-17

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6.   Municipal/County/City Public Health Agencies




     Municipal/county/city public health agencies or departments




can provide a wealth of information on the types of units  located




at a particular facility and the wastes routinely received  at  the




site.  Fire marshalls can provide information on the nature  of




any fires or explosions that have occurred at the facility.




Information on incidents and site management practices  can  assist




in determining if any releases have occurred or are likely  to




occur as a result of poor facility management.  These agencies




maintain their records and files for a number of years  and  often




provide the only other source of information on "old" units.




Even if these files contain little information, employees  who




have worked with the local agency or fire department for a  number




of years, often know a lot about the site or where  to obtain




additional information.






7.   Local Well Drillers
     Local well drillers can provide especially  useful  information




on the geology and hydrogeology of the area.   They  can  identify




the types of soils and rock in the area  and  the  approximate  depth




in which they are found.  They can indicate  the  location  of




perched water supplies, clay lenses, and  other georaorphic features




They can also discuss which aquifer most  residents  draw their




water from and the type of well construction.






8.   State/Countv Road Commissions
     Core samples of soils and  rocks  underlying  a  proposed road




are often analyzed during  the engineering  and  planning  stages  of




road construction.  Records  of  these  analyses  are  usually retained






                                1-18

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          and  available  through most  State/County road commissions.  This




          information can provide useful data,  where none or little are




          otherwise  available,  to evaluate the  potential for contaminants




          to migrate through soils and ground water, and possibly to deter-




          mine where to  sample.






          9.    Utilities




               Utilities may be able  to provide extremely reliable and up-




          to-date  population data.  They can identify the number of house-




          holds using public water supplies—either ground water or surface




          water.   They can also identify the location of public water wells




          and  intakes.  This information is necessary not only to determine




          the  affected population but may also  help identify possible




          locations  for  sampling.






          10.   Local Airports/Weather Bureaus




,               These organizations maintain accurate historical records of
i



'          the  local  climate.  This information  is essential in evaluating




|          the  potential  and direction that contaminants could migrate




          through  the air and the rate that contaminants could migrate




i          through  the ground water and surface  water routes.  Contaminants




          can  be  expected to migrate  faster through the ground water in




          areas with higher precipitation.  Wind direction(s) is essential




          in identifying downwind targets for air releases.  Temperature is




          essential  to evaluate the propensity  for materials to volatilize.




          The  amount of  rainfall, especially during peak periods, can also




          indicate  the likelihood that contaminants will migrate overland




          to surface water.
                                         1-19
.

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11.   Naturalists/Environmental Organizations




     Local environmental groups can provide information on  the




presence and location of wildlife and endangered species.   They




often have access to individuals or information which  can  identify




the  nesting grounds for animals.  They can also identify any




other sensitive environments.






12.   Employees




     Employees at the facility, both current and former, may  be




able to provide information on facility design and management




as  well as information on the  types of wastes received  at  the




facility.  It may be difficult to obtain owner or operator  per-




mission to interview current employees.  For former  employees,  it




may  be difficult to identify a knowledgable and reliable indi-




vidual.  When interviewing former and current employees, the




investigator should be sure to understand  the employee's motiva-




tion for providing the information and should find out  why  former




employees no longer work at the facility.






13.   Co lieges/Universities



     The biology departments of local colleges and universities




may have information on the location of sensitive environments.




In some cases, graduate student reports and publications  have




carefully mapped the location  of nesting grounds and migratory




pathways.  Such studies can be valuable in identifying the impact




of releases on target environments.




     The geology or agriculture departments of  local colleges and




universities may have information characterizing  the local geology
                                1-20

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     S<




"^
 L
         and hydrogeology.  This can  include maps  of  the  area  and  studies

         evaluating the permeabilities  of  soils.


         14.   Interviews with Local Residents
              As a last resort,  local  residents  can  be  a  source  of  informa

         tion on a facility.   Sometimes,  long-term residents  know a con-

         siderable amount about  the kind  of  operations  conducted at a

         facility and the type and amount  of  waste received at  a facility.

         In general, this source  of information  should  be avoided to

         prevent any undue or  premature alarm.
              Once the investigator  has  gathered  all  the  readily available

[_        data on SWMUs at a  facility,  he/she  should evaluate  the informa-
          tion in order to  reach  some
                                                          about  the facility,
                             ag.r.. __ ,
                             ^
                                             y  identifying units/
                 areas /facilities  that  require  no  further action;

               *
              c4  Identify situations  where  a facility  can proceed
               'I  directly to an RI ;

              o.  Identify situations  where  it  is appropriate  to require
              -^  immediate corrective action (including  CERCLA removal
              -•?  actions); and

              o  Identify situations  when health assessments  may be
              ^  appropriate.
              This section discusses  the  cr i t eria/ s i tua t ions  where these

         decisions may be possible.


         A.   Identify Uni t s / Faci 1 i t ies That  Require  No  Further Action

              At the end of  the PA, it should  be  possible  to  narrow the

         population of units/releases  that  may require  further study in


                                        1-21

-------
the SI.  Examples of situations  that  would not require Sis in-



clude: units that are M^g|^^JSOS^J05^f^"C^^>ft»4cgQBe n t/
         e'lf 'aiurtttorftiesl   These  criteria/circumstances are de-
         "i'iuj"L_xirrf'" -"-"^ T-»^_,*4i»!*«uafciw= ^»-T
scribed in greater detail  below.





1.    No Waste of Concern



     After conducting a PA,  the  reviewer may determine to his or



her satisfaction that there  is  no  hazardous waste or solid waste



containing hazardous waste constituents in a particular unit.



In examining whether or not  the  unit  contains hazardous wastes  or



constituents, the investigator  should also consider:




     o  Whether the waste  is  hazardous due to characteristics;  or



     o  Whether the waste  may be  hazardous due to a chemical inter-

        action that generates hazardous waste as a byproduct.




The determination that  there  is  no waste of concern should be



based on a review of a  reasonable  amount of data.  JEtuTjcevtewer /



                                      lect all waste handled or/



                                    r lifetiBie,Yof the uail^ — not



just the type of waste  received  in recent years.  If the unit is



a landfill,  the investigator  should be sure that the unit did not



accept waste  that could present  a subsurface methane gas  problem.



For example,  demolition debris  is  not likely to generate  methane



gas .




2.   Mo Releases



     In some  situations,  it  may be appropriate  to eliminate



certain units  from  further study on  the basis that  they clearly






                                1-22



                        \

-------
           have  not  released  hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents  into


           the environment.
                                 In the case of aboveground tanks, for


           example,  unit  design and operation, plus the inspector's direct


           knowledge of  the facility,  could provide sound evidence that  the


           unit  is  not  leaking or that possible releases were contained  and





          J^^J^M^^^^&n^iJL?^JI''i^^f^^^^aft Aft*9RK£MGA.JtWPW*>94.1ftlLt&••


                When evaluating any unit to see if it requires further action,


           the  investigator should consider all potential migration routes


           —air, surface water,  ground water and soils.  In general, units


           that  are  not  land-based, such as elevated storage tanks, are  not


           routinely considered a threat to ground water.  However, despite


           the  fact  that  a unit is not located in the ground, poor mainten-


,_J "         ance  or  contingency procedures associated with the unit could

 I
           result in releases  to  surface soils due to improper containment


 1          and  chronic  unremedied spills.  Releases to surface soils, partic-


           ularly chronic releases, can provide a sizable reservoir of
 t
 J--         contamination  that  could ultimately migrate to ground water and


           surface  water.  In  situations where the owner or operator under-


           took  corrective action for  above ground units, such as removal of


           the  unit  and  excavation of  surface soils, there still could be


           lingering contamination if  the unit had poor spill, splash, or


           discharge management.   In these cases, the investigator may wish


           to proceed with an  SI, regardless of whether some corrective


           measures  were  undertaken.
                                          1-23

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3.    Releases Permitted Under Other  Federal  Authorities




     It may be appropriate  to eliminate  from further consideration




releases that are regulated under  other  Federal permitting autho-




rities.  However, most permitting  authorities tend to be tailored




to  a particular route  (e.g., NPDES  permits  for surface water




releases) and do not cover  all  potential routes of exposure from




a unit.  Accordingly,  a permit  for  surface  water discharges from




an  impoundment would not address an  impoundment's releases to
ground water.  In these  situations,  an JjEL&So <*!£<&: foi, .
                                        »l«lll«ii ii tiiin«1'Mi»««i-»i«



                                     uan 
-------
1
           direct knowledge of  the  facility through past inspections.   For


           example, a landfill  or surface  impoundment situated directly in  a


           surficial aquifer that is  interconnected with a deeper  regional


           drinking water aquifer could  very well be referred for  an  immediate


           RI.   It should be noted  that  even in cases where there  is  a  known


           release, the reviewer should  determine the potential seriousness


           of the release and determine  the priority of the site for  begin-


           ning RI work.


                There will be some  situations where the facility as a whole


           poses a problem and  where  it  is difficult to distinguish between

             .      •   *        —^pgMMltjB^p^iV'Wpt ?y"Bf' JJ^» - 4 *'*~vm.'*' '"S**"'.'**4^*'^ *•.'- *-• Van.'—* *. -,-v *  - - . •
           units and releases.  |gtekIMifai^fcaft.feJKtM4ML3&«E« 1*., »de q uat*L
 L        -4iS3i;iiti-«J^                                             weAfiflT fei&M /

                             lfcO&^M*&a¥^^^

                                             ^fP^:M;!^^t^^^i*1^^
 .          C.    Require Immediate  Corrective Action

 M
 '               Corrective action  is  required where there is a  release  from


 {          a SWMU or a facility  pursuant  to  §3004(u) and §3008(h).   If  such


           actions are necessary to  limit  exposure, then interim  corrective


 i          measures can and should begin  before selection of an appropriate


           permanent corrective  action.


                                                        appropriate  1'n  situa-/


                                                            wastes into  the f


                                                       SiXX .atf'ect, .ta;.rge p


                 ^lf^^-?F'J'^9*^.iAX5!rr«4-y.t-l??,?*A?:8"'. ani^C"ZJ .the telea'ae, may b/


          ^temporarily arrested  by some  type ^of. interim, solation^
                                           1-25

-------
     Examples of temporary corrective  measures  include requiring




the owner operator to provide.^^^^l^^^'£^Sy to  persons drinking




water contaminated by the facility,  to JEgy£J^. JJ^^^I Ijjy to prevent




direct contact with hazardous waste,  t o
to prevent further releases, etc.   CERCLA  action may also be




cons idered.




     In some cases it may  be necessary  to  require more permanent




remedies if no other corrective  measures are  available or it is




more effective to implement permanent corrective measures.  In




these cases the permanent  corrective measure  would address the




gross contamination source while  further study is undertaken to




determine what additional  corrective measures are needed.




     Examples of more permanent  measures to  eliminate or minimize




exposure of affected populations  or environments include removal




of heavily contaminated soils  or  wastes largely at or near the




surface, installation of clay  caps  to prevent continued infiltra-




tion and mobilization of wastes,  and closure  of unit to prevent




generation of additional uncontrolled wastes.  In some cases,




in coordination with the owner /opera tor of the water supply,




it may be appropriate to install  new wells or extend municipal




water lines, if it is clear that  new permanent water supplies




will be needed.






D.  Referrals for a Health Assessment
                       .                t.--J * 
-------
 .
          and  issued  to  assist  in determining the need for health assess-

          ment under  that  section.   Cases where this may occur include

          situations  where human health is now at risk from current or

          ongoing  releases of hazardous wastes.

               Examples  of situations  when a health assessment would be

          appropriate include:
               is now drinking water contaminated with wastes
        from the facility;

        Public is at risk of exposure through direct contact to
        wastes contained at or releasing from the facility; and

        Public is at risk from exposure from breathing hazardous
        wastes releasing from the RCRA facility.


     The referral to ATSDR for a health assessment under  §3019 is

not part of the decision on further action at the facility  at

this stage.  (Information from the completed health assess-

ment may, of course, become part of the decision on a remedy.)
i               In  most  cases,  PA information will not be sufficient to

          actually begin  the  health assessment.   Sampling data acquired

v          through  a site  investigation may be necessary to acquire suf-

<          ficient  data  for  a  health assessment.
                                                       . the reviewer ^should ^

         .prepare  a  preliminary assessment report summarizing, the. si tey

          conditions,  describing the  units/releases ^to^be addressed f.u,r.t.bje,r/

          and  discussing  the  areas  that might  requir.e immediate- corrective/
                                         1-27

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     The purpose of this summary  is  to  provide  a  record of the

preliminary assessment, establish a  priority  for  further action,

and develop a plan of action for  the  next  phases.   Since it is

possible that some units may proceed  immediately  to some type of

interim corrective measures while others  are  evaluated further

under an SI or RI, the PA report  should clearly describe which

routes--air, surface water, ground water  subsurface gas, and/or

soils should be evaluated for each unit or area.
                     TfJC^^gf ,-%?<» -~.--- ^j.;.....-,-, ,.  -nr-* .-. - -*- - ~ -- .- •—• --     • **.^-*, .
                      ^

                                  unit  where  practicable):
             SffifettJfcfcSfflSf(management,  waste  characteristics,
        pollutant dispersal  pathways);

                  	                t]Cp^,!,5f.le**e-a^ analytical,
        visual, and inferred  from  unit  design/maintenance;

                                              or.environments
        potentially exposed  via  surface water,  air, ground water,
        soil, subsurface gas  routes;  and
        —  Areas/units/releases  and  environmental media requiring
            further  study
        --  Priority  for further  study
            Units/releases  requiring  immediate interim
            corrective  measures
        —  Units  requiring  no  further action
        —  Referrals for  a  health  assessment

     The report  should  be  included  with other data and supporting

documentation  collected  during  the  site inspection in the appro-

priate site file.   This  report  plus all the other data collected

will provide documentation for  any  subsequent actions including

enforcement or CERCLA NPL  listing.
                                1-28

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                            CHAPTER  TWO
      The  site  investigation  (SI)  is  the second phase  in  evaluating


SWMUs  for releases to the environment.   The SI builds  upon  the


data  collected during the preliminary assessment  (PA)  and,  in


general,  involves collecting new  information through  visual obser-


vation  and  sampling.


                      ""         Unlike the PA, which  involves


mostly  desk work, the SI involves  both desk and field  work.  This


chapter of  the RCRA PA/SI Guidance will address the  overall


process involved in conducting  an  SI.  Exhibit 2-1 provides a


step-by-step breakdown of the site investigation  process.   Each


section of  this chapter will discuss  those steps  in  detail.


Chapters  three through six describe  the substantive  approach for


evaluating  releases to each  media.



 »: f -T. Fu r p Q s e f
     -> "  if" i a -'
                                              tfe^^fj^v ;•••>-<«. - , .       }
      The  SI has several purposes,  including £y^^.J?.|uJ.f;£^»mi.ts fa
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"gatlffn^oj^lfmft4i^jk,,c«u:jekctii*8^^^       This is accomplished


by evaluating  potential and actual  releases and the  potential  for


human  and  environmental exposure  via surface water,  ground water,


air, soil,  and  subsurface gas.
                                 2-1

-------









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                                           0
2-2

-------
I



j
           B.    Scope

                RCRA site  inspections  involve both a visual  inspection of

           the facility and  sampling.   The technical guidance provided in

           subsequent chapters  describes the methodology  Agency personnel

           should use to determine  whether there is (or probably is) a

           release of concern  for  each unit at the facility.

                                      tiQuf'i Vi'tftwtT Inspectloat Agency pe?-^
                                      *\v>rA>-.-**-*•:* - TT                  '

           lead site, then  the agency  will use the sample  data collected

           during the SI to-establish  an HRS score.  ^^jfeJ^4*i4Aitc<^4ftCJWl»at/

                                                 that  may  be  necessary to

           determine whether  there  is  likely to be a  release of concern at a

           specific unit.   This  additional sampling should only be conducted:


                o  If HRS sampling  is  not sufficient  to make a determination
•4                  as to whether or not a particular  unit  has a release of
                   concern;  or

                o  The sampling  conducted for HRS scoring  inadequately
                   addresses  the media or release of  concern;  or
               o
                   Additional  information is necessary  to  either compel a
                   remedial  investigation or write a  permit  condition.
                This additional  sampling is addressed  in  the  individual

           media chapters.   The  CERCLA office has prepared  a  description

           of sampling activities  for the purposes of  completing an HRS

           score.  This is  contained  in Appendix B.   (Note:   This appendix

           is currently being  prepared and is not included  in this draft.)
                                           2-3

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C.   Product

                               ^V*' ^^te^'fnwes ttgat Ifluk,. iV *

                         inE* gfLtW PA/SI/  Although  this report
need not comprehensively re-state  extensive material  found in

Agency files  (e.g.,  Part B application information),  it is a

stand-alone document that should contain the salient  facts and

recommendations.
        ...        cheir management  and waste
         character!st ics);
             cfffoiiilcitr*c'h»r act eristics of .'jrel«ase ^K  and
             ^^-^^^.faml^J•- ^^
II.  BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION

     The  data  gathered during  the  Preliminary  Assessment phase

(on-site  management characteristics, waste characteristics,

pollutant  pathways, target  populations and evidence  of release)

provide the  starting point  for planning the site  inspection.

     JJ^e^au_5gQ»(g,l<*t,tlfcl8«.in.ttLtal.,a*Cep In. the site investigation-

process is  to  ^TEe^,7|fee.i»ll»ti»,,R*eess.4ry 50, prepare a work plan/,

saf eJLy^plaa and a-ampling  plan  for  the facility./  If  key data  are

"Kissing in  the five categories identified  in the  Preliminary

Assessment  Guidance (Chapter  One), the reviewer  should determine

if additional  information  to  support the site  investigation

should  be  gathered.

     If gaps in data remain or the data collected are not suffi-

cientlv detailed to be of  use, then the reviewer  should direct

-------
           the owner or operator to provide such information as may be

           reasonably aval lab le . J|&j£g&^^^
  *
i
 r
 i
          n .   The letter should be as specific as possible,

identifying the type of information requested, the source  (or

possible sources) of the information, and the due date for  the

response .

     After available facility-specific information is collected,

the reviewer  may need to gather technical/non-sl te-specif ic  data

that will  assist the investigator in understanding the chemical

and physical  properties of the waste and the physical environment

This information may be helpful in assessing:

     (1) What the characteristics of the waste type indicate
         about the waste's preferential migration route  (i.e.,
         air, surface water, soils, ground water, subsurface gas
         or some . c orabi na t ion of these); and

     (2) What the characteristics of the surrounding environment
         — soils, geology, hydr ogeology , weather — indicate  about
         the  rate of contaminant migration (i.e., how will  these
         factors contain, minimize, or facilitate the migration
         of contaminants).


     Appendices C, D, and E contain information that can help  to

characterize  the waste and the physical environment:
                o  Appendix C lists industries and their related hazardous
 |                  wastes.   This list may help identify which constituents
 '                  to sample for in situations where there is little or no
                   information on the types of waste present in a unit.

                   To use  this appendix, the investigator should determine
                   the waste-producing activity (e.g., industrial organic
                   chemical production, drugs, etc.) and then identify trie
                   waste  streams associated with that activity.  The
                   investigator can then ascertain the related EPA waste
                   codes,  and the names of the specific hazardous consti-
                   tuents  likely to be found in such wastes by reading
                   across  the page.
                                          2-5

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     °  Appendix D identifies certain site and  waste  characteri-
        zation activities.

     o  Appendix E lists other standard  reference  manuals  too
        large to be included in this guidance  that  are  also
        useful in characterizing the waste and  physical environ-
        ment .


     Most of this information will be used to  develop the  sampling

and safety plans.  In developing the sampling  plan,  the reference

materials will aid in locating optimum sampling locations  and

determining which constituents to analyze  for.   To  develop the

safety plan, the reference materials, coupled  with  prior experi-         j

ence with the facility, will aid in  identifying whether and  what
                                                                         n
kind of protective clothing is needed.   RCRA  facilities have             j

site-specific safety and contingency plans which should be evalu-

ated before going on site.


                                                   SAMPUI.NG JPJ.ANjf
     After the background information  is  collected,  the investigator

must prepare work plans, sampling  plans,  and  safety  plans.  The

plans document the procedures  to be  used,  the resources needed

and the rationale for  the activities  to  be  undertaken.   These

documents insure that  all the  necessary  planning,  preparation and

review are done before  field work  begins.   They provide a basis

for later interpreting  the  results  of  the  site inspection and

documenting the procedures  and technical  approach  used  in order

to support future enforcement  action.


A.   Work Plan

     The work plan is  the umbrella  plan  that  pulls all  three plans

together.  The work  plan provides  for  the  efficient  scheduling of
                                2-6

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           resources  such  as  manpower,  equipment  and laboratory services.

           The work plan should  include the  following:


                o  Introduction.   This  section should briefly describe (a
                  few  paragraphs)  tb^e  fa^ciJLi^t^^and^the objectives of the
                  SI -—i . e . ,  £
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     Special consideration muse be given Co aspects of  the work

that may vary greatly from site to site.  Each one of the follow-

ing areas can greatly affect the time, expense, manpower and

equipment needed for the project:


     o  Hazards - What physical or chemical hazards may be en-
        countered?  Are there open manholes, deep embankments,  low
        power lines, methane gas vapors, deteriorating  surface
        features, poison ivy, snakes?  Is the facility  especially
        large?

     o  Facility Location - How far is the facility from the  home
        office?  Will samples need to be shipped by overnight
        courrier to the laboratory?  How far away is  the nearest
        overnight shipping office?  How accessible is the facility,
        especially inactive areas?

     o  Timing - Can the facility be visually inspected or will
        snow obscure facility features? Will the surface waters
        or ground be frozen so as to limit sampling?  Will work
        performed in the winter be limited by short daylight
        hours?  Will work performed in the summer wear  out field
        personnel quickly?  How will the season of the  year
        affect water levels?  Will leachate seeps be  visible
        during the dry season?


B .   Sampling Plan

1.   Contents of Sampling Plan

     The sampling plan is incorporated into the .work  plan and

identifies the sampling locations, rationale and logistics.   In  a

number of cases, it may not be possible to complete the sampling

plan without a field reconnaissance visit.  The reconnaissance

vtsit should be combined with the visual inspection (section  VII)

to ensure efficient resource use.  It may also  be combined with

an on-going inspection activity  (CEI or CME).   The  following

discussion briefly outlines the  contents of a  sampling  plan.
                                2-8

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 ft

t

I
o  Field operation

   The sampling plan should discuss the sequence for conduct-
   ing the field activities.  The specific functions of each
   individual should be identified in the work plan.  For
   example, this section should identify the individuals
   taking samples, maintaining the field log book, monitor-
   ing the site with instruments, and collecting samples.

o  Sampling locations/rationale

   As precisely as possible, the plan should identify the
   location of each sample.  A site map should be prepared
   to guide the inspectors to the appropriate location.
   Specific sampling mechanisms (e.g., new ground-water
   monitoring wells at particular depths or use of existing
   wells) should be identified.  Each sample type should be
   identified—soil, sediments, surface water, VOA, air,
   ground water and whether the sample is collected for
   metal, organics, BOD analysis, etc.  The plan should also
   state the number of samples to be collected and the
   volume of each sample.  In addition, the plan should
   include justification for the selection of each sampling
   location.

o  Analytical requirements

   The sampling plan should discuss the specific parameters
   and level of detection that will be used to analyze each
   sample.

o  Sample Handling

   The preservation techniques and material for each sample
   should be identified.  If sample filtering is needed,
   that should be identified in this section, including an
   explanation of its use.  The plan should describe the
   containers used for each sample collection episode includ-
   ing the tools, supplies, and equipment needed to collect
   the samples.  Any procedure not covered by a SOP or dif-
   ferent from the SOP should also be delineated here.

o  Quality Assurance Samples

   The plan should identify the number and type of quality
   assurance samples, specifically the number of blanks,
   duplicates, or spikes.  The "rules of thumb" for QA
   samples are discussed later in this section.

o  Equipment Decontamination

   The sampling plan should identify the reageants and any
   special procedures associated with equipment decontami-
   nation.
                                         2-9

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     o  Sampling reports/documentation

        The sampling plan should describe all sampling forms  that
        should be filled out including chain-of-custody forms,
        sample receipt forms, sample traffic reports, and sample
        tags.  If split samples are to be collected, then the plan
        should contain instructions as to who should receive  the
        splits.


2.    Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program for Sampling

     Agency personnel should collect all samples in accordance

with the appropriate quality assurance (QA) and quality control

(QC) procedures.  QA is the total program for assuring the reli-

ability of monitoring and measurement data.  SOPs are the corner-

stone to a QA program.  SOPs are the exact, detailed procedures

for performing a specific task such as purging a shallow well,

collecting a surface water sample, etc.  The SOPs insure that the

methods, techniques, and procedures for collecting technical  data

are correct and reproducable.  They also insure that a person

collecting the same type of sample somewhere else or at another

time is performing the activity in the same way.  This becomes

particularly important in interpreting the  results of the sample

collection and in the defense of data in court later.

     The field sampling activities should be supported by prepar-

ing and submitting several sets of quality  control samples.

These include blanks, spikes, duplicates, and splits.  Appendix  G

describes each of these quality control samples.


C.    Safety Plan

     Agency personnel should prepare a safety plan for each  field

visit in accordance with appropriate EPA guidance.   (See  EPA's

Standard Operating Safety Guides  (SOSGs) for specific guidance  on
                                2-10

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selecting the appropriate level of protection and how  to prepare

a safety plan.)  The safety plan is usually prepared last  and  is

tailored to the SI activities.  For some Sis, the safety plan

will be very simple and require few protective measures.   Other,

more problematic sites, may require use of higher levels of

protection.  For example, if the SI involves sampling  lagoons,

then the safety requirements will be more involved  than for  an  SI

Involving simple visual reconnaissance.  In developing the safety

plan, the owner/operator should be asked about potential hazard

in advance of field work.

     Appendix H contains Chapter 9 from EPA's SOSGs  that explains

how to develop a proper site safety plan.  The SOSGs were  pre-

pared in accordance with EPA and other Federal health  and  safety

guidelines, regulations and orders.  This appendix  discusses

the steps involved in developing a safety plan and  elaborates  on

the contents of each section of the plan.  A brief  outline of  the

contents of the safety plan is provided below.


     o  Describe Known Hazards and Risks
     o  List Key Personnel and Alternates
     o  Identify Levels of Protection to be Worn
     o  Identify Work Areas
     o  Identify Access Control Procedures
     o  Describe Decontamination Procedures
     o  Describe Site Monitoring Program
     o  Identify Special Training Required
     o  Describe Weather-RelaCed Precautions


IV.  WORK PLAN/SAMPLING PLAN/SAFETY PLAN REVIEW PROCEDURES

     Once Agency personnel have the work plan, sampling plan and

safety plans, they should be reviewed by:
.
                               2-11

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     o  Other members of the team;

     o  Designated specialists/informal peer review;  and

     o  Appropriate decision of f icials ._}_/


     This internal review ensures that the plans are  complete,

that the plans meet the goals of the site inspection,  and  that

all the appropriate quality assurance  requirements  for the field

work are met.  Most importantly, the internal review  will  assist

in eliminating any unnecessary sampling and ensuring  the proper

focus for the SI.

     The plans should also be reviewed by specialists  in the

various disciplines associated with the field work—geologists,

geohydrologists, chemists, botanists,  engineers, and  occupational

health specialists (safety officer).   These individuals should

review the plan's technical approach to insure 'that the investi-

gator is applying sound technical judgment and has  not made any

inadvertent mistakes or omissions.

     Lastly, the plans should be reviewed and approved (signed)

by an appropriate decision official—at least a  first line super-

visor.  This person would be responsible  for insuring that the

plan meets all Agency and internal requirements  in  addition to

meeting the goals of the investigation.
     _|_/  Enforcement  personnel  should  review the  plan to assure
that it will produce  sufficient  evidence  to  compel  the owner/
operator to perform an  RI when  necessary.
                                2-12

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          V.   ACCESS/COMMUNITY RELATIONS


          A.    Owner/Operator Access

               Prior to conducting the field work, the investigator must

          contact the owner/operator to schedule a time for the SI team

          to  enter the site and perform the necessary field activities.

          Although it is possible that there will be considerable contact

:          with the owner/operator about impending field work, the appro-

          priate regional person should contact the owner/operator to

          verify dates and the nature of the field activities--sample

          collection, picture taking, facility inspection, and instrument

          monitoring.

               If the owner/operator is responsible for collecting and
i
          analyzing the samples, then the EPA official should contact

          the owner/operator to schedule a date to oversee the field

          activities.  The agency should send the sampling plan and proce-

j          dures  for performing the sample collection to the owner/operator

          sufficiently ahead of time for him to obtain the appropriate

*          support.  If EPA is collecting and analyzing the samples, EPA

j          must offer the owner/operator a split of all samples collected.

          If  the owner/operator wishes to have splits, EPA should instruct

          him to provide analytical sample bottles for the splits.

               After completing these arrangements, EPA should send a

          letter to the owner/operator confirming the dates and field

          activities.  If access is denied, Appendix I provides guidance

          on  how to obtain access to a facility.

               In some cases it may be necessary to access adjacent or

          nearby properties in order to conduct a visual inspection or
                                         2-13

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collect samples.  Owners of these properties should receive




verbal as well as written notification of the dates and  nature




of the work.




     Although the RCRA investigator is authorized to  inspect  a




facility and collect samples and photographs, the owner/operator




can require the investigator to conduct the inspection and  sample




collection activities to protect his legitimate rights.  The




admissibility of data in court may later be challenged if data




are collected in violation of the owner or operator's constitu-




tional rights.  The owner/operator can observe inspection activi-




ties, unless-he interferes with the safe or technically  sound




conduct of the site inspection.




     The owner/operator has the right to request confidential




treatment of certain data.  The investigator must avoid  agreeing




to this, except when the dispute is legitimate and subject  to




later resolution, since it poses a problem with later using  the




information in public proceedings under RCRA or even  under  CERCLA.




It also places a sizable burden on EPA to control the data.




Ordinarily, environmental monitoring data are not confidential.




If data deemed confidential by the owner/operator are needed  to




properly evaluate the facility, then a precise description  of the




confidential data should be identified in the field  log  book.




The investigator should instruct the owner/operator  to  follow up




with a letter identifying the confidential data and  explaining




the reason why the data are business confidential.   EPA  regula-




tions governing treatment and handling of confidential  data are




delineated in 40 CFR Part 2, Subpart B, Sections  2.201-2.309.
                                2-14

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 .
          B.   Community Relations

               If  It is necessary to  conduct  field  activities  in  or  near

          residential or non-industrial  business  areas,  then  the  agency

          should contact the appropriate  local  officials  ahead of time.  It

          is difficult to remain unobtrusive  while  conducting  site inspec-

          tions particularly if field workers are wearing protective cloth-

          ing.  Moreover, the presence of  "official"  people  collecting

          samples  can cause undue alarm.   In  some cases,  it  will  be

          difficult to prevent this but  prior,  well handled  community

          contact  can minimize the alarm.

               The Office of Solid Waste  is preparing guidance on community

          relations that will be available  later  this year.   This document

          will provide specific guidance  on when  and  how to  implement a

          community relations program at  RCRA facilities.
          VI.  MOBILIZATION
•f
{              During this stage of  the  SI,  Agency  personnel  should  collect

          and check all the necessary  equipment  and  supplies  to  insure that

'         equipment is functioning properly  with all  the  appropriate pieces

f         available.  If additional  supplies  or  unique  equipment  are re-

          quired, these items should be  procured in  this  stage.

               This stage also includes  equipment check-out  and  calibra-

          tion.  Each instrument should  be checked  following  the  SOP for

          that particular instrument.  The instrument should  also be cali-

          brated the day of or before  the  instrument  is  to  be  used.   ^t the

          completion of the checkout and  calibration, the investigator

          should note the following  information  in  the  field  or  instrument
                                       2-15

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check out logbook: (1) The date of  calibration,  (2)  person

checking out or calibrating the instrument,  (3)  the  calibration

standards used, and (4) a notation  of deviation  from SOP  check

out or calibration procedures.

     It is also necessary at  this stage  to  confirm  the  availablity

of analytical space in the laboratory, especially if samples  will

be analyzed by the EPA Contract Lab Program (CLP).

     If the owner/operator is to do the  sampling, he/she  should

identify the laboratory and its capabilities,  and as appropriate,

provide a checklist of the equipment  to  be  used  and  evidence  that

it has been examined and appropriately calibrated.   In  addition,

the owner/operator should provide a description  of  the  laboratory

arrangements that have been made and  the schedules  established

for sampling analysis.
     The field visit will often  be  broken  into

first stage consists of a comprehensive  visuaL  inspection to

gather information about units and  releases  and to

sampling,. iQCfctionj.  This will sometimes be  done as  part of a CEI

or CME inspection.
s ample s.J_/   If  the  owner /ope ra tor  is  collecting samples, an EPA
•»--*-.,,-•»-

person should be  present  to  observe  the  activities  to ensure

conforraance  to  the  work  plan,  record  field  activities in the log

book, resolve any field  related  problems that develop, and ensure

proper field quality  control.
                                                                        '
     _J_/   If  agency  visits  to  the  facility have occurred recently,
Che agency  may  have  sufficient  knowledge of the facility to design
Che sampling  to  coordinate  with the  field inspection.


                                2-16

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               There are a host of different aspects associated with con-



          ducting a field inspection.  This section will discuss the key



          aspects of a visual site inspection, including the sequence of



          field activities, photography and logbook maintenance.




          A.    Sequence of Field Activities



               Almost all site investigations will follow the same sequence of



          events.   Frequently, the only element that varies is the time



          required to perform the event.  The work plan should be reviewed



          before field activities begin.  The following is a list of tasks



          in  sequential order.



          1.    Site Arrival



               This step involves notifying the owner/operator of the



          team's arrival and establishing decontamination line/access control



          points.




'          2.    Observation/Field Activity



               During this stage of the field work, investigators:
r
o  Make visual observations consistent with the work

   plan;



o  Maintain a field logbook of observations;
i
                   o  Take photographs; and


•                   o  Monitor for vapor emissions.
t



          3.    Decontamination/Demobilization


               Decontamination of persons and equipment occurs not only at


          the completion of all field work but each time persons exic  the


          site,  including rest breaks.


               In many cases, decontamination may be very simple, e.g., re-


          moving disposable coveralls and washing field boots.   If sampling




                                         2-17

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is performed, then decontamination may be more involved,  inclu-

ding decontamination of field persons, sample bottles, and  sam-

pling and field equipment.

     All clothing and support materials that will not be  reused

must be containerized either for transport and eventual disposal

or disposal on-site.


4.   Site Exit

     When the team leaves, the team leader should provide  the

owner/operator with a receipt describing the photographs  taken.


B.   Photography

     Investigators should use regular 35mm cameras  for taking

photographs.  They should not use unusual filters,  as they  tend

to discolor the picture and may unfairly bias the result  by

making leachate seeps or lagoons look different  from  real  life.

The investigator should identify and record in the  fieldbook  the

exact type of camera (including i.d. number), film  (i.e.,  Fuji,

asa 200), and any unusual lenses used.

     Photographs should be taken to document the  conditions of

the facility and procedures used in inspection activities.

Particular emphasis should be placed on matters  identified  in

the work plan.  Two sets of photographs should be taken  in  the

event one camera does not function or film processing-is  poor.

     Types of pictures that should be taken include:

     o  Representative overall picture(s) of facility;

     o  Posted signs identifying ownership of facility;

     o  Evidence of releases — leachate seeps, pools,  discolored
        water, or strained soils;
                                2-LS

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               o  Individual untts--lagoons, drums,  landfills,  etc.;

               o  Visual evidence of poor  facility maintenance;

               o  Adjacent land use; and

               o  Area that unauthorized persons  can  easily  access.


          C.   Logbook Maintenance

  :             The logbook is perhaps the  most  important  document  generated

          during the site inspection.   It  will  serve  as a basis  for  pre-

          paring the final SI report, interpreting data,  describing  the
                                                *
          site, and most importantly, supporting  the  work done  and results

          obtained in any future legal  proceedings under  RCRA  or CERCLA.

               A unique logbook should  be  assigned for each  site and each

 l"        visit to the site.  Logbooks  should be  bound and each  page sequen-

          tially numbered.  Entries into the logbook  should  be  chronological
  •
l
—a time notation should introduce each entry.  Mistakes  in  the

logbook should be lined out and initialed.  The logbooks  should

be maintained with indelible ink.

     The following types of entries should be made in  the  logbook:

     o  All personnel on site during each phase of the on  site
        work;

     o  All instruments used during the field work with unique
        identification numbers;

     o  Description of film used;

     o  Description of the weather and changes in the  weather;

     o  Material observations related to items identified  in  the
        work plan;

     o  Result of field measurements—distances, instrument
        readings, well measurements;

     o  Factual description of structures and features—wells
        and well construction, units, containment structures,
        buildings, roads, topographic and geomorphic features;
                                         2-19

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        Signs of contaminat ion--oily discharges, discolored  sur-
        faces, dead or stressed vegetation;

        Sketches of facility layout, structured features  and
        points of contamination;

        Map of facility showing point and direction  of  photo-
        graphs ;  and

        Any other relevant items.
     The following information should be  noted  in  the  logbook for

photographic documentation.

     o  The sequence of picture number;

     o  If more than one camera is used,  identification  of  camera
        (print or slide);

     o  Person taking picture; and

     o  Description of each picture  (location  of  photographs,
        image , e tc. ) .


     The person keeping the logbook  should  sign each  page  of  the

logbook .
                           ~l
                           f

     It is sometimes possible  to  combine  Che  sampling  effort  with

the comprehensive visual inspection.   This would  most  likely

occur where the investigator has  recently  visited the  site,  is

thoroughly acquainted with the  facility,  and  is  able  to identify

in advance where samples should  be  taken.   If  it  is  not possible

to combine the comprehensive visual  inspection  with  sample col-
           •
lection, the visual  inspection  should  be  geared  towards gathering

data to develop the  sampling plan.
                                2-20

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 L
               The following activities  are  associated  with a field visit

          to collect samples.



          A.   Sequence of Field Activities

               In most instances, the  sequence  of  field activities is the

          same regardless of whether the  purpose  is  to  collect samples or

          conduct comprehensive visual observations.  The  work plan and the

          sample plan should be reviewed  before  field activities begin.



          1.   Site Arrival
               This step is the same  as  previously  discussed  except that

          the investigator should hold a  briefing with  the  EPA field team or

          owner/operator team to review  the  day's events  and  ensure that

          each team member understands his responsibilities.
 .[   "'     2«   Preliminary Site Entry

 ^^           The preliminary site  entry  is  the  first  step  of  the field
 t
T         activity.  The purpose of  the  initial  site  entry  is  to screen the


          facility for situations posing a  threat  to  health,  and to support

 I         logistical needs of the site investigation.   Preliminary site


 f         entry will ensure that there have been  no  changes  on  site since

          the last visit.  When a formal site  entry  is  necessary,  at least

          two team members should walk through the areas  of  the facility

          where work is anticipated  with portable  instruments  to determine

          if there are any vapor releases  or  radiation  emissions,  if there

          is adequate oxygen, or if  there  are  any  explosive  atmospheres.


               Upon completion of this step,  the  team leader  should evaluate

          the need to revise any of  the  plans,  such  as  downgrading the level

          of protection.
                                          2-21

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     If the inspector is familiar with  the  facility,  it  may not

be necessary to conduct an initial site entry.   The  site inspector

may have adequate, first-hand information on  the facility to

insure that the facility poses no threat to the  health of the

ins pector.


3.   Sample Activity

     This stage of the field work involves  the  following
activities:

     o  Installation of sampling mechanisms;

     o  Collecting samples;

     o  Photographing sample collection;

     o  Maintaining the logbook; and

     o  Monitoring for vapor emissions.


     Regardless of who is  performing  the sample collection, con-

tinuous monitoring for vapor emissions  is  needed to  detect air

releases from sampling activities.   If  the  owner/operator is

collecting the samples, EPA/State investigators  must document

precisely the sequence of  sampling activities,  the procedures and

instruments used, and describe  the samples  (including location,

depth, appearance, etc.).

     The EPA Regional offices have developed  SOPs for most SI

sampling tasks under the CERCLA  program.   For the most part, these

SOPs are applicable to RCRA  field activities.  If the SOPs are

not applicable or appropriate for the particular field activity,

then a new SOP should be developed.   In some  cases,  only minor

modifications are necessary.  Where  modifications to existing SOPs

are made,  they must be noted  in  the  field  logbook.

-------
          A.    Decontamination/Demobilization




               This  stage  is  the  sane as  for a comprehensive visual SI.  In




          addition to  decontaminating personnel and equipment, all samples




          must  be  decontaminated.   Investigators must also complete sample




          identification  forms,  sample shipping forms, chain-of-custody




          forms,  sample  receipts,  and sample traffic forms.  Some of the




          information  on  these  forms can  be filled in prior to the sampling




          and  is  in  fact  recommended due  to the number of forms and time




          required to  complete  these.  All samples must be packaged for




          safe  transport.   If samples are to be shipped by express carriers,




          then  the samples.should  be packaged in accordance with DOT speci-




          fications  for  shipping  hazardous materials.






          5.    Site  Exit




               This  stage  is  similar to the procedure discussed previously.




          In addition,  the  inspector should deliver a receipt describing




[.         the  samples  collected.   The inspector should obtain a written




          acknowledgement  of  the  receipt  of sample form.  If the owner/




          operator requested  split samples, then the samples should be left




          with  him at  this  time.






          B.    Photography




               The same  principles previously discussed apply to sample




          collection  tasks.   Photographs  should be taken of:






               o   Posted  signs  identifying ownership of facility;




               o   Sampling  locations; and




               o   Sampling  activities.
r
                                         2-23

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C.    Logbook Maintenance

     The same principles discussed previously also  apply  here.

Additional logbook entries for sampling inspections  include:


     o  Description of sample (appearance);

     o  Exact depth from which sample taken;

     o  Description of location of sample;

     o  Map(s) identifying site layout and  sampling  points;

     o  Field calculations;

     o  Decontamination procedures used between  collection  of
        each sample;

     o  Any deviation from SOPs; and

     o  Any other relevant item.


D.    Chain-of-Custody

     All samples collected (including blanks an-d  spikes)  should

be  maintained under chain-of-custody.  Chain-of-custody  insures

that samples collected during the SI are  the samples  that are

analyzed and that there is little likelihood the  samples  were

adversely affected.  Chain-of-custody traces the  possession of  a

sample from Che time of collection,  through all  transfers of

custody, to when it is received in the laboratory,  where  internal

laboratory chain—of—custody procedures take over.

     Specific chain-of-custody procedures  are  included  in the  SOP

on  chain-of-custody.


IX.  SAMPLE SHIPMENT/ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES

     At this stage of the  SI, any samples  that EPA or the owner/

operator collected are delivered to  the  laboratory and  the  samples

analyzed.  SOPs covering  sample shipping  are available  in each  of


                               2-24
•

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          the regional offices or in EPA safety training manuals.  The time


          involved in analyzing samples can vary from 40 days to three to


          four months.



          X.   ANALYTICAL DATA REVIEW


               Upon receipt of analytical results, the data must be reviewed


          to insure that the results are valid.  This particular step can


;          take a considerable amount of time depending upon the backlog of


          data packages requiring review.


               Preliminary review of analytical data involves ensuring that


          all deliverables required by the CLP are included in the data


          package, checking that all forms are completed within the require-


          ments of the contract, flagging missing data or incomplete forms,

i
          and reporting these to the appropriate person for follow-up.  The

    S\
          preliminary data review may also involve completing a checklist


          of questions which summarize key quality assurance items in the


|_         data package.


.               With the results provided by this preliminary data review,


'          missing data will be requested and the EPA Regional Environmental


j          Services Divisions (ESDs) will perform a qualitative analysis of


          the data.  Based on laboratory internal quality assurance data


.          provided in the data packages, the ESD determines if the data


          results are valid.


               At the completion of the analytical data review, Agency


          personnel evaluate all the data collected to determine if a


          release or potential for release has occurred.  The substance of


          the data evaluation stage is contained tn the succeeding chapters.
                                         2-25

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XI.  FINAL REPORT/FILES

     After evaluating all the data, Agency personnel should  pre-

pare a brief report summarizing the results, findings, and recom-

mendations of the SI.

     The report should identify the areas or units  that  are

releasing or suspected to be releasing and the basis for  these

findings.  The report should also recommend areas  (or units)

where no further action, immediate interim corrective action, or

remedial investigation is required.  The basis for  these

recommendations should be clearly substantiated  in  the report.

The relative priority of the facility for follow up investigation

should be explained.  In addition, where further action  is recom-

mended, the report should also describe the scope  of further

action.

     The following is a recommended outline for  an  SI report.   It

may not be necessary to discuss all the items  identified  in  the

outline if the discussion is clearly irrelevant  to  the particular

site.  For example, it may not be necessary to elaborate  on  the

geology or hydrology of an area if the only unit of concern  is  an

inactive aboveground storage facility with no  spill, discharge

or overflow problems.

     o  Site Background

        This section should  summarize, among other  things,  the
        location of the facility, the types of units,  the types
        of hazardous waste handling practices  (by  unit),  which
        units are regulated, the  layout of the facility  (include
        a map), how long and/or when the facility  and  units  have
        been in operation, and the site ownership.   This section
        is not intended to repeat detailed data  already  provided
        in the Preliminary Assessment Report,  the  Part B applica-
        tion or CERCLA SI report.  The report  should briefly
        summarize data found in other documents, and describe  new
        data identified.
                                2-26

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 Li
  •
t
 r
o  Unit/Waste Description

   This section should discuss the units found at the facil-
   ity and the types of wastes handled by each unit, and
   their tendency to cause releases into the air, ground
   water, surface water, soil and subsurface gas.  This
   section should discuss the relevant design and opera-
   tional features that exist or do not exist to adequately
   contain hazardous wastes or releases of hazardous wastes.

o  Laboratory Results

   This section should discuss the results of previous and
   new analytical results.  Much of the information in this
   section can be presented in tabular form and be accompan-
   ied by maps locating sample collection points.

o  Releases

   Release information (by unit) should be discussed.  The
   relationship between regulated RCRA units and SWMUs should
   be addres sed .

o  Environmental Setting

   This section should describe, in summary form, the media
   surrounding the facility—the relevant climatic, geologi-
   cal, hydrogeological, and topographical factors.  Maps,
   sketches, and selected photographs would be included in
   this section to further describe the physical environment.
   This section should also discuss target populations and
   environments-including public and private water supply
   ground and surface water intakes, protected areas, parks,
   wetlands, affected irrigated crops and livestock.

o  Toxicological Characteristics

   This section should discuss toxicological characteristics
   of the wastes releasing or suspected to be releasing into
   the environment.  The report should focus only on the most
   toxic and persistent chemicals releasing.

o  Conclusions and Recommendations

   This section should presents the findings and conclusions
   from those findings.  It should address documented releases
   as well as findings that releases are likely to have
   occurred.  Areas where the data are insufficient to
   document a release should be discussed.  Units that are
   found not to be releasing should be identified and dis-
   cussed.  The report should present recommendations for
   farther action on units not eliminated from further con-
   sideration.  Where the facility or some portion of the
   facility is recommended for an RI or corrective action,
                                          2-27

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        brief  and generalized discussion of the scope of further
        work should be included.   Recommendations for deferring
        further action should also be explained in this section.

     o  Bibliography

        This section should identify all sources of information
        used to evaluate and prepare the SI report.  This portion
        is essential if the facility is referred to the CERCLA
        program for consideration for the National Priorities
        List (NPL).

     o  Appendices

        Any relevant memoranda, reports, pages from reports, maps,
        etc. that elaborate upon  or further substantiate informa-
        tion in the SI report should be attached in this section.
     A copy of the final report plus all memoranda, photographs,

logbooks, trip reports, workplans, sampling plans, safety plans,

sample tags, chain-of -cus tody forms, records of communication,

plus any new reports or documents uncovered in the course of

conducting the SI, should be entered into the official facility

file.  All this information will be used as evidentiary documen-

tation in any future court proceedings.
                               2-28

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                 GUIDANCE  ON  OBTAINING ACCESS  TO A RCRA FACILITY
                   FOR A SITE INVESTIGATION  IF ACCESS  IS DENIED

 If  an  investigator  is denied access  to a facility to  conduct a site  investigation,
 the following procedural  steps must  be followed.


 Upon Denial of Access

     1.   Upon denial of access, thoroughly document the event, noting time,
         date, and facility personnel encountered.  *

     2.   Ask for reason of denial of  access  to facility.

     3.   If the problem is beyond the investigator's authority, suggest that the
         owner/operator contact an attorney  to obtain  legal advice regarding
         his/her responsibility for providing  facility  access under Section 3007
         of RCRA.

    A.   If entry is still denied, exit from the premises and document
         any observations made pertaining to the denial, particularly any
         suspicions of violations being covered up.

    5.   Report all aspects of denial of entry to  the U.S. EPA Office of
         Regional Counsel for appropriate action,  which may include help
         in obtaining a search warrant. **


 Search Warrant Inspections

 Conducting a site investigaton under a search warrant will differ from a normal
 inspection.  The following procedures should be complied with in these
 situations:

 Development of a Search Warrant

    1.   An EPA Office of Regional Counsel attorney will assist the investigator
         in the preparation of the documents necessary to obtain a search warrant
         and will arrange for a meeting with him/her and a U.S. Attorney.  The
         investigator should bring a copy of the appropriate draft warrant and
         affadavits to the meeting.

    2.   The U.S. EPA Office  of  Regional Counsel attorney will inform the
         appropriate Headquarters Enforcement attorney of any denials of
         entry and send a copy of all papers filed  to EPA Headquarters.

    3.   The attorney will  then  secure the warrant and forward it to the
         U.S. Marshall who will  issue it to the owner/operator.
 *   Under no circumstances discuss potential penalties or do anything
     which may be construed as threatening.

**   It should be stressed that it is the policy of U.S. EPA to obtain a warrant
     only when all other efforts to gain lawful entry have been exhausted.
                                       1-1

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Use of a Warrant to Gain Entry

   1.   The investigator should never attempt to make any forceful entry of the
        facility.

   2.   If there is a high probability that entry will be refused even with a
        warrant or where there are threats of violence, the investigator should
        be accompanied be a U.S. Marshall.

    3.  If entry is refused to an investigator holding a warrant but not
        accompanied by a. U.S. Marshall, the investigator should leave the
        facility and inform the U.S. EPA Office of Regional Counsel.

Use of a Warrant to Conduct the Investigation

   1.   The investigation must be conducted strictly in accordance with the
        warrant.  If the warrant restricts the investigation to certain areas          ~j
        of the premises or to certain records, those restrictions must be              j
        followed.

   2.   If sampling is authorized, all standard procedures must be carefully            i
        followed including presentation of receipts for all samples taken.  The         ;
        facility should also be informed of its right to retain a portion of
        the samples obtained by the investigator (split samples).                       i

   3.   If records or property are authorized to be taken, the investigator must
        provide receipts to the owner/operator and maintain an inventory of all   >^fc^
        items removed from the premises.                                          ^^ \
                                                                                  x
   4.   In accordance with the warrant, the investigator should take photographs
        of all areas where violations are suspected.  Photographs should also
        be taken at each sampling location as a quality control procedure.

For further guidance regarding denial of facility access.consult the National
Enforcement Investigation Center. (303) 236-5100
                                    1-2

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                          CHAPTER  THREE




                           GROUND WATER






I.   INTRODUCTION




     The essential objective of the PA/SI in relation  to  ground




water is to determine for each solid waste management  unit  at  the




RCRA facility whether or not the unit has released or  is  likely




to have released hazardous wastes or constitutents to  the upper-




most aquifer.  For units which have identified releases,  or  for




which there is a substantial likelihood of a release,  further




remedial investigations will be required of the owner/operator to




actually determine the extent of a release(s) and/or to charac-




terize the release and begin developing a program of corrective




measures.




     Determinations regarding the need for further ground water




investigations at a unit must be made on a case-by-case basis,




considering the various relevant factors that are unique  to  each




unit.  For some units, it will not be difficult to assess the




potential for ground water contamination, and it will  be  relatively




easy to determine the need for further investigations.  For  other




units, however, the likelihood of contamination will be less  than




obvious, and the determination will necessarily be based  on  the




judgment of the individuals conducting and reviewing the  results




of the PA/SI, combined in some cases with actual sampling and




analysis.




     In determining the need for additional ground water  investi-




gations on the basis of the PA/SI, it must be recognized  that




comprehensive ground water investigations will typically  require
                               3-1

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a considerable Investment of time and resources for both  the

owner/operator in conducting the actual investigations, and  for

the reviewing agency in evaluating technical plans, hydrogeologic

data and analytical results.  Recognizing the essential mandate

of protecting human health and the environment  (i.e.,  the  need  to

identify ground water contamination and begin the process  of

cleaning up that contamination), it is the dual function  of  the

PA/SI to identify those situations which merit  additional  ground

water investigations, but at the same time to avoid requiring

unnecessary investigations.


II.  POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER RELEASES
     FROM UNITS AT THE FACILITY

     Each solid waste management unit at the facility  should  be

evaluated for its potential to be causing or to have caused  ground

water contamination.  The exception to this is  "regulated  units";

i.e., landfills, surface impoundments, waste piles and land  treat-

ment units that received wastes after July 26,  1982.   Releases  to

ground water from regulated units must be addressed in permits

according to the requirements of Subpart F of Part 264 (or cor-

responding State regulations), rather than through the §3004(u)

authority.  Thus, fftvestigating ground water contamination from/

regulated, units, will not be the focus of the ?A/SI/

     Each SWMU at the facility, which contains  or has  contained

wastes capable of releasing hazardous constituents to  ground

water, must be assessed to determine  the likelihood of ground

water releases, and thus the need for further ground water inves-

tigations.  This unit assessment will be based  on the  information

gathered in the prelininary assessment,  inspection of  the unit


                               3-2

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          during  the  site  inspection,  data  from existing monitoring wells

          that  are  capable  of  monitoring  the  unit,  and other information

          generated as  necessary.   The unit assessment should be based on:


               o  An  understanding  of  the overall potential of the unit to
                 cause  ground water  releases;

               o  An  understanding  of  the primary mechanisms by which
                 releases  may occur  from the unit; and

•               o  An  assessment of  unit-specific factors which, singly or
                 in  combination, indicate  the  relative likelihood of
                 ground water releases from  the unit.


               Discussions  of  each  of  these elements follows.


          A.    Potential for and  Mechanisms of  Ground Water Releases

•               The  general  potential  for  ground water contamination from a
Cr1?
          SVMU  depends,  to  a great  extent,  upon the nature and function of

          the unit.   This  is reflected in RCRA hazardous waste regulations.

          For example,  ground  water monitoring  is not a requirement for

          container storage units,  while  with few exceptions, monitoring is

          required  for  landfills.   Therefore, in assessing the likelihood

          of ground water  releases  from a unit, the investigator should

          first consider the relative  potential of  the unit to release.

          Table 3-1 presents a generalized  ranking, in rough descending

          order,  of the  different types of  SWMUs and their overall potential

          for causing ground water  contamination, and a listing of the most

          common  mechanisms by which  ground water releases can occur from

          each  unit type.   Section  V  of this  chapter also provides examples

          of units  which would and  would  not  merit  further ground water

          i nves t i gat ions .
                                         3-3

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                            TABLE 3-1

            RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER
                RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
     Unit Type
Class IV Injection
  Well
Surface Impoundment
            Release Mechanism
o Wastes are injected directly into  the
  subsurface
o Escape of wastes from well
o Spillage or other releases
  handling operations at the
                                                    casing
                                                    from waste
                                                    well head
o Migration of wastes/constituents  through
  liners (if present) and soils
o Damage to liners
o Overflow events and other spillage  outside
  the impoundment
o Seepage through dikes to surface  and/or
  subsurface
Landfill
Land Treatment Unit
Underground Tank
Waste Pile
Class I Injection
  Well
o Migration of leachate through liners
  (if present) and soils
o Precipitation runoff to surrounding
  surface and subsurface
o Spills and other releases outside  the
  containment area from loading/unloading
  operat ions

o Migration of constituents through  the
  unsaturated zone
o Precipitation runoff to surrounding
  surface and subsurface

o Tank shell failure
o Leaks from piping and ancillary  equipment
o Spillage from coupling/uncoupling
  operat ions
o Overflow

o Leachate migration  through  liner
  (if present) and soils
o Precipitation runoff to surf ace/subsurface

o Migration of wastes  from  the  injection zone
  through confining geologic  strata  to  upper
  aqui fe rs
o Escape of wastes from well  casings
o Spillage or other releases  from  waste
  handling operations  at  the  well  head
                                3-4

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                                 TABLE 3-1 (Continued)

                     RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER
                         RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
            Unit Type
           Release Mechanism
       In-ground Tanks
       Container Storage
         Unit
       Above Ground Tank
       Incinerator
.
o Overflow
o Tank wall failure
o Leaks from ancillary equipment
o Spillage from coupling/uncoupling
                                                                     operations
o Spills from containers/container failure
  subsequent migration through liner or base
  (if any) and soils
o Precipitation runoff from storage areas

o Overflow
o Shell failure/corrosion
o Leaks from ancillary equipment
o Coupling/uncoupling operations
o Spillage
  hand ling
o Spills due
or other releases from waste
or preparation activities
  to mechanical failure
                                          3-5

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     It should be understood that Table  3-1 provides  only  a  very

theoretical sense of the relative potential of  units  to  cause

ground water releases.  Unit-specific  factors  (as  described

below) must be evaluated in determining  whether  further  ground

water investigations are needed for a  particular unit.


B.   Evaluation of Unit-Specific Factors

     The following unit-specific factors  should  be evaluated in

assessing a SWMU for ground water releases:


     1 .  Uni t des ign
     2.  Site geology/hydrogeology
     3.  Waste characteristics
     4.  Operational history
     5.  Physical integrity of  the unit


     In making a unit assessment, attention should be paid to  how

two or more of the above factors may  combine  to' suggest  whether

or not releases are have occurred.  For  example, examination of

an above ground tank may reveal evidence of soil contamination

adjacent to the unit.   However, the operatioaa.1 history  of the

unit ("4") reveals that the tank has  been in  operation for only

six months, the tank is in good condition ("5"), and  records

indicate that the contamination occurred as a single, relatively

small overflow event.   In addition, the  waste ("3") is known to

be relatively non-mobile, and  clay soils underlie  the facility,

with an uppermost aquifer that  is quite  deep  ("2").  Consideration

of all of  these factors would  indicate that,  despite  the evidence

of soil contamination,  likelihood of  a release to  ground water is

very remote, and fu.rther remedial investigations would not be

necessary.
                                3-6

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               The  factors  listed above are discussed in more detail, as



          follows:






          1 .   Unit  Design



               Evaluation of  the unit's design should focus on the following



          areas :



               o  What  are  the  unit's capacity and dimensions?



               o  Does  the  unit have engineered features designed to prevent

                 releases  to ground water?



               o  Are  such  features adequate?






               Examples of  design features of concern for specific types of



          units are given in  Section V of this chapter.






(_         2.   Site  Geology/Hydrogeology



 ^^           The  investigator should examine the potential for releases


!(w--

»\        of  any wastes or  constituents from the unit to contaminate ground



f'        water based  on soil characteristics, geologic formations, climate,



          aquifer location,  subsurface drainage patterns, seasonal variations



j          and  other factors.



               This evaluation  should rely on standard geologic and hydrogeo-
t


1          logic principles,  using whatever information is available on the



          subsurface  characteristics of the site.  If information on subsur-



*          face  characteristics  indicates that the potential for contamina-



          tion  of ground water  is very low (e.g., facility overlying thick



          formation of  low  permeability clay, in an arid area with a very



          deep  aquifer), further ground water investigations would be



          needed only  for units for which other factors indicate a very



          high  potential for  causing contamination (e.g., a Class IV injec-



          tion  well).   Likewise, if ground water is particularly vulnerable





                                         3-7

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(e.g., facility overlies sandy soils and ground water  is  shallow




and fast-moving), a correspondingly low threshold would be  applied




in determining the need for additonal ground water  investigations.




     More definitive guidance on evaluating the vulnerability  of




ground water is contained in the Permit Writers' Guidance Manual




for the Location of Hazardous Waste Land Treatment,  Storage and




Disposal Facilities;  Phase II (draft dated June,  1985).  The




investigator may choose to use this guidance (and/or subsequent




versions) in situations where a more complete understanding of




ground water vulnerability would assist in making  the  necessary




determinations in the PA/SI for a facility.  It should be under-




stood, however, that evaluating ground water vulnerability




according to this guidance requires reasonably detailed hydro-




geological information, such as that required in Part  B applications




in §270.14(c).




     Where there is little information on a facility's subsurface




characteristics, other unit-specific factors will  need to be




weighed more heavily in making the ground wat-e-r. assessment.  In




many cases, evaluation of unit design and waste characteristics




alone may be sufficient to determine that ground water investiga-




tions are necessary, even though very little may be known about




subsurface characteristics.  An example of  this could  be  a  large,




unlined surface impoundment.






3.  Waste Characteristics
     The investigator  should  assess  the  potential  for wastes




managed in  the unit  to migrate  to  the. uppermost  aquifer,  based on




their concentration, physical/chemica1  properties,  and behavior
                                3-8

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r
       in water  and  soils.   There  is considerable variation in the




       relative  likelihood  of  different hazardous constituents to actually




       migrate from  a  given unit through the unsaturated zone and into




       and through ground water.  Many of the constituents in Appendix




       VIII are  essentially insoluble in water (at neutral pH) and/or




       bind tightly  to soil particles, reducing the likelihood of ground




       water contamination.  The investigator should consider the poten-




       tial mobility of the waste(s) in a unit, in combination with




       other unit-specific  factors.




            The  relative mobility  of waste constituents can be expressed




       by the sorption equilibrium constant (K,j).  The K^ value for a




       given constituent is an estimate of its tendency to sorb to soil




       particles  or  organic matter.   Actual K
-------
where geologic features such as faults, joints, or solution

channels are present.


4.   Operational History

     The investigator should evaluate the unit's operational

history for information that indicates a release to  ground water

may have occurred.  Operational factors that may influence the

likelihood of ground water releases include:

     o  Service life of the unit.  Units which  have  been  managing
        wastes for long periods of time will usually have a
        greater likelihood of releases than units which have  been
        operating for short periods of time.  For example, an
        underground tank that has been in service for  six months
        will have a much smaller  likelihood of  leakage due to
        corrosion than will a twenty-year old underground tank.

     o  Operational status.  In some cases, the operational
        status of a storage unit  (e.g., closed, inactive, decom-
        missioned) may have an effect on the relative  likelihood
        of a ground water release.              .

                                             •   '
     o  Operating procedures.  Proper maintenance, regular inspec-
        tions, and procedures for ensuring waste compatibility
        with the unit may indicate that a unit  is unlikely to have
        released (this is particularly true for storage units
        such as tanks and container storage areas).   Evidence of
        good operational practices may be aval-Lable  from  owner/
        operator records, and/or  visual observation  or historical
        inspection reports.  Conversely, poor operating practices
        (e.g., underground tanks  which are never leak  tested  or
        inspected internally, storage of open containers  of
        wastes) may indicate relatively greater potential for
        ground water releases.


 5.  Physical Integrity of Unit

     The investigator should examine  the physical  condition  of

 the unit for indications of releases  that may contaminate ground

 water.  Section V of this chapter gives examples of  how  the

 physical condition of certain  types of units may indicate poten-

 tial for releases.
                                3-10

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          III.  EVIDENCE OF GROUND WATER RELEASES


               The investigator should look for evidence, either visual or


          from existing sampling data of soils and/or ground water, which


          indicates that a release to ground water has or is likely to have


          occurred.  The investigator should also assess whether additional


          sampling data are necessary to determine the need for further


          ground water investigations at the unit and how such sampling/


          analysis should be conducted.




          A.   Existing Visual or Sampling Information


               In some cases, visual examination of a unit or the area sur-


          rounding the unit.may reveal substantial soil contamination (e.g.,


          discolored soil, stressed vegetation), as an indication of possible


          ground water contamination.  An organic sheen on nearby surface


          water may similarly indicate contamination.


               At some facilities, ground water sampling data from existing


-L         monitoring wells at the facility, or from wells or springs near


          the facility may be available and may indicate the presence of


 I         hazardous constituents which could have migrated from a unit(s)


 (         at the facility.  Such data may not be conclusive evidence of a
 i

          release from any unit, due to the variabilities inherent in


          ground water flow, background ground water quality, errors or


          deficiencies in sampling and analysis, and other factors.  However,


          if existing ground water data does exist from nearby wells or


          springs, and suggests contamination, even though wells may noc


          have been placed for the purpose of monitoring the unit(s) and


          relatively little may be known of subsurface characteristics,


          such data should be considered a very strong indication of the
                                         3-1 1

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need for further, more intensive ground water investigations  for




the facility.






B.   Use of Existing Ground Water Monitoring Systems




     The PA/SI should include an assessment of any existing




ground water monitoring systems at the facility which may  be




capable of detecting releases from solid waste management  units




(SWMUs) at the facility.  Some SWMUs may have a monitoring system




installed specifically for the unit.  In other cases a  monitoring




system placed at a regulated unit(s) or other units may also  be




capable of monitoring the SWMU.  An example of this might  be  a




closed landfill cell surrounded by several active  cells.




     If the preliminary assessment indicates that  an existing




monitoring system may cover a SWMU, the technical  adequacy of the




system should be carefully examined [i.e., to what extent  does  it




meet the general performance standard in §264.97(a)].   Information




required to assess the adequacy of an existing monitoring  system




includes:  detailed information on geology and hydrogeology at




the unit, waste characteristics, background and downgradienc




water quality data, boring logs, well design information,  and




sampling and analytical procedures.




     In evaluating whether a monitoring system which was install-




ed at another unit(s) (such as a regulated unit)  may be capable




of also detecting releases from a SWMU, the investigator should




pay particular attention  to such features  as proximity  of  the




SWMU to the regulated unit, the direction  of ground water  flow,




well locations in relation to the SWMU, and whether  the consti-




tuents being monitored are appropriate  for the wastes  in the
                               3-12

-------
SWMU.  Exhibit 3-1 provides a graphic illustration of three


different situations in which existing monitoring systems at


regulated units may or may not be placed to adequately monitor
            »

a SWMU.


     In addition to well placement, well design should also be


examined to determine whether the wells are capable of yielding


ground water samples representative of actual ground water quality.


For example, some waste constituents with a high specific gravity


will tend to be found in lower depths of an aquifer, and if the


well is screened at the uppermost level of the aquifer, contamina-


tion may not be detected.


     If the investigator determines that an existing ground water


monitoring system and sampling and analysis program are adequate


to detect releases to ground water from the solid waste management


unit, and recent'analytical data (e.g., within the past three


months) indicate that there have been no releases, no further in-


vestigations should be required of the owner or operator.  If the


existing system is not adequate, and the investigator determines


that there is a likelihood of ground water releases from the unit,


the owner or operator should be required to conduct additional


investigations as necessary, and install additional monitoring


wells and/or analyze for more or different constituents, as part


of the remedial investigation phase.  Phase II of the technical


guidance will address design of appropriate monitoring systems


and analytical programs for solid waste management units.


     There may be situations where existing monitoring systems


are adequate to detect contamination from the unit but where there


is no evidence of contamination.  However, based on the type of



                               3-13

-------
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-------
          unit, its design, the wastes managed or other  factors,  there  is

          a  likelihood of a ground water release in  the  future..  In  such

          situations, the owner or operator should be  required  (as a  permit

          condition, if the facility  is permitted) to  maintain  the monitoring

          system and carry out an appropriate sampling/analysis  program.


          C.   Need for Additional Sampling

 <              The Investigator may not be able to determine  whether  a

          ground water release from the unit has or  is likely to  have

          occurred on the basis of the factors described  in  Section  III and

          other evidence of release.  In these situations, he/she should

          consider whether-additional sampling and analysis  of  soils  and/or

          ground water would enable the determination  to  be  made.  The

 '         following are examples of situations where additional  sampling

          might be indicated:


 t              o  Evaluation of unit-specific factors  indicates  that  a  re-
-=•                 lease has probably  not occurred, but there  is  need  for  an
                  extra measure of certainty before  a  determination  can be
                  made that no ground water investigations are  necessary.

 I              o  The evaluation Indicates a likelihood  of releases  to
                  ground water from the unit, but more definitive evidence
 f-                is necessary to establish the need for  extensive remedial
 I                 investigations (or  immediate corrective measures).


               An illustration of a situation in which sampling  would  be

          called for is as follows:   An outdoor, unsurfaced  area  at  a  facil-

          ity was used as a container storage area for a  number  of years,

          but has not been used since 1980.  The facility is  located  in an

          area with sandy soils.  Inspection of the  area  reveals  vegetation

          growing on the area, with no visible signs of  contamination.
                                          3-15

-------
However, a review of the operating history of the facility  indi-




cates that the volume of wastes stored in this location was  very




large, and a number of enforcement actions for serious interim




status violations were initiated against the facility, and  State




inspection records from the late 1970's indicate generally  poor




housekeeping practices.  Because of these uncertainties,  soil




sampling of the area would be recommended.




     In some cases, sampling and analysis of soils may yield




sufficient evidence to enable the investigator to determine  the




likelihood of a release to ground water.  In other situations,




sampling of ground water from existing nearby wells  or springs




would be advisable if there is reason to believe that constituents




from the unit could migrate to such wells or springs.




     For any sampling of soils or ground water conducted  as  part




of the site investigation, the constituents  to be analyzed  should




be those which would be expected to migrate  from the unit,  based




on what is known of the wastes managed in the unit.  When little




is known of the wastes managed in the unit,  it "is recommended




that soil or ground water  samples be analyzed for the priority




toxic pollutants (as identified by EPA for use in wastewater




discharge analysis) that are designated as hazardous constituents




under RCRA (40 CFS Fart 261).  These constituents are  listed in




Appendix K.






D.   Summary




     Actual installation of new ground water monitoring  wells  as




necessary will typically take place during the remedial  investiga-




tion phase, and will not normally be done as part of the  site
                                3-16

-------
          investigation.

                          ^
                                 However,  installation  of  new monitoring
         wells  and  ground water  sampling  and  analysis  is  not  precluded as

         a  part  of  a  site investigation.   Examples  of  situations  in

         which  installation  of new  wells  might  be  done include:

              o   Evaluation  of unit-specific  factors  reveals  that a release
,.                 has  probably not occurred, but  an  extra  degree  of certainty
}                  is desirable, due  to  the presence  of  down gradient drink-
                  ing  water wells  (see  Section IV on exposure  potential);

              o   A  sufficient amount of information is available  on site
                  hydrogeology to  enable reasonably  well designed  and loca-
                  ted  wells to be  installed without  substantial  preliminary
                  subsurface  investigations; and

              o   It is  possible  t-o  install the  wells,  take samples, and
                  obtain  analyses  consistent with the  timing of  the PA/SI
1                  decision process.


         IV.  EXPOSURE  POTENTIAL

              The investigator should  consider  the  potential  for  exposure

         of human populations and/or sensitive  environments to  hazardous

         constituents in ground  water  which may  be  occurring  or  could poten-

         tially  occur as a result of releases from  the facility  in making

         determinations  of the need for further  remedial  investigations.

         Types  of exposure information of concern  include:


              o   The  proximity of the  unit/facility to downgradient drinking
                  water  and irrigation  wells;

              o   The  potential for  use of the aquifer  as  a drinking water
                  source; and

              o   The  potential effect  of  aquifer discharges to  nearby
                  surface water.

              Exposure  potential  is an inherent  characteristic  of the ground-

         water  classification system established under the EPA  Ground-Wacer
                                         3-17

-------
Protection Strategy in August 1984.  The highest valued or




"special" ground waters (Class I) include those that are irreplace-




able sources of drinking water to substantial populations.  Class




II, the largest category, includes the remaining current and




potential sources of drinking water.  Class III are not sources




of drinking water due to extensive natural or man-made contamination.




The strategy describes examples of clean up and protection mechanisms




for each of these classes.  The Agency is currently developing




guidelines for classifying ground water and expects to release




these for public comment by December 1985.  The classification




system is currently being integrated into RCRA guidance and will




be formally incorporated through rule-making in coming years.




Future guidances to implement corrective action authorities will




address integration of ground-water classification guidance into




corrective action investigations.






V.   RELEASE DETERMINATIONS




     This section summarizes the uni t-speci f i'c-.and site-specific




characteristics that should be evaluated to identify ground water




releases.  Furthermore, it summarizes factors that determine  the



relative exposure potential of a release.  In addition, this




section gives examples of site-specific situations that are likely




to require further investigation and situations that probably




will not require further investigation.  These examples relate




the individual unit and site-specific characteristics  to each




other  to describe the process for making decisions on  what  releases




require further investigation.
                                3-13

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         A.    Summary




               Exhibit  3-2 is a  checklist  that  should  help  the  investigator




         evaluate specific  factors  to  identify  ground  water  releases  and




         determine  the relative effect  on human health and the  environment.




         In  identifying releases, the  investigator  should  consider  the  series




         of  characteristics described  in  the chapter  and highlighted  in




         the checklist that determine  the potential for ground  water




'         releases from units of concern.  These characteristics  include:




         whether or not the unit  type  (e.g., land-based) or  the  unit's




         containment systems (e.g.,  liners) indicate  a potential  for




         release.   Also., factors  such  as  the unit's age, condition,  the




         quality of its operating procedures,  and whether  or not  it  has




•         had compliance problems  may indicate  the potential  for  release.




         Location characteristics of the  unit  -- soil  or subsurface  condi-




         tions and  the depth to the  uppermost  aquifer  -- also  indicate  a




         potential  for a release  to  ground water.   Other factors  include




         the mobility and toxicity  of  waste in  the  unit.   The  investigator




         should examine each of these  factors  and how  they relate  to  each




         other in determining the potential for release from units  at the




         facility.




               The investigator  should  also look for evidence that  indicates




         possible ground water  contamination.   This includes assessing  the




         ability of any existing  ground-water monitoring systems  to  detect




         releases from the  SWMU.  The  investigator  should  also  consider




         other evidence of  release,  such  as ground  water or  spring  water




         sampling data or observations  of soil  contamination around  the




         unit, in identifying releases  that may require further  investi-




         gat ion.






                                        3-19

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                                  Exhibit 3-2

                      Checklist for Ground Water Releases

                                                                Yes   No_
Identifying Releases

1.  Potential for Ground Water Releases from the Unit

  o  Unit type and design

     -  Does the unit type (e.g., land-based) indicate the
        potential for release?                                  _^

     -  Does the unit have engineered structures (e.g.,
        liners, leachate collection systems, proper
        construction materials) designed to prevent
        releases to ground water?                               	    _

  o  Unit operation

     -  Does the unit's age (e.g., old unit) or
        operating status (e.g., inactive, active)
        indicate the potential for release?                     _      _

     -  Does the unit have poor operating procedures
        that increase the potential for release?                	    _

     -  Does the unit have compliance problems that
        indicate the potential for a release to
        ground water?                                           	    _
f)
                                                                       —        v._
  o  Physical condition

     -  Does the unit's physical condition indicate the
        potential for release (e.g., lack of structural
        integrity, deteriorating liners, etc.)?        "-        	    	

  o  Locational characteristics

     -  Is the unit located on permeable soil so
        the release could migrate through the
        unsaturated soil zone?                                  	    	

        Is the unit located in an arid area where the
        soil is less saturated and therefore a release
        has less potential for downward migration?              	    	

     -  Does the depth from the unit to the uppermost
        aquifer indicate the potential for release?             	    	

     -  Does the rate of ground water flow greatly
        inhibit the migration of a release from the
        facility?                                               	    	

        Is the facility located in an area that recharges
        surface water?                                          	    	


                                      3-20

-------
                                       Exhibit  3-2  (continued)

                                 Checklist  for  Ground Water  Releases

                                                                            Yes     No

             o  Waste characteristics

                -  Does  the waste in the unit exhibit high or moderate
                   characteristics of mobility  (e.g., tendency not  to
                   sorb  to soil particles or organic matter  in the
                   unsaturated zone)?                                       ____    ___
t
'               -  Does  the waste exhibit high  or moderate levels of
                   toxicity?                                                	    	

            2.  Evidence  of Ground Water Releases

             o  Existing ground-water monitoring systems

                -  Is there an-existing system?                             	    	

                -  Is the system adequate?                                  	    	

^               -  Are there  recent analytical  data that
                   indicate a release?                                      	    	

             o  Other evidence'of ground water  releases

                -  Is there evidence of contamination around
                   the unit (e.g., discolored soils, lack of or
                   stressed vegetation) that indicates the
                   potential  for a release  to ground water?                 	

                -  Does  local well water or spring  water sam-
                   pling data indicate a release from the unit?             	    	

            Determining the Relative Effect  of the Release on Human
            Health and the Environment

            1.  Exposure  Potential

             o  Conditions that indicate potential  exposure

                   Are there  drinking water well(s) located  near
                   the unit?                                                	   	

                -  Does  the direction of ground water flow
                   indicate the potential for hazardous consti-
                   tuents to  migrate to drinking water wells?               	
                                                  3-21

-------
     The investigator should also consider the potential for




exposure from releases or potential releases.  This information




can be used to determine the extent of further remedial investiga




tions.  Information on the exposure potential of ground water




releases can also provide a basis for prioritizing sites for




remedial investigation.  For example, a unit that has a release




and is located near drinking water wells may be a high priority




for further investigation.






B.   Examples




     Table 3-2 provides specific examples of the kinds of  units




which would and .which would not merit remedial ground water




investigations, based on general potential for contamination,




unit specific factors, and exposure potential.  This table  is  not




intended to be a complete listing of  the types ;of units and




situations which are expected to be encountered at RCRA-regulated




facilities.  It is intended to give a sense  of the types of  unit




scenarios where remedial investigations generally would and  would




not be needed .
                                3-22

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                                             Table 3-2

                                            GROUND WATER
                                         UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
      Unit Tvse
Further Investigation
Needed
Further Investigation
Not Needed
      Class  IV
        Injection Wells

      Surface
        Impoundments
 •
      Landfills
r
o All Class IV wells
o Unlined, active impoundments

o Impoundments which closed with
  wastes in-placs

o Inactive or active clay-lined
  impoundments which held wastes
  Cor more than a very short
  period of time (e.g., >1 month)

o Small, synthetic lined impound-
  ments with evidence or records
  af liner deterioration and/or
  rupture

o Unlined impoundments which closed
  by renoval of wastes, but at
  which no ground water monitoring
  system, or an inadequate system,
  is installed

o Closed/inactive commercial land-
  fill units

o Landfill units containing sub-
  stantial quantities of municipal-
  type solid waste

o Unlined monofills of wastes with
  relatively non-mobile constituents,
  in areas with high water tables

o Closed, clay-lined landfill units
  containing relatively mobile
  and/or toxic containerized or
  non-containerized wastes

o Areas of facilities with heavily
  contaminated soils resulting fron
  routine, systematic and deliberate
  placement of wastes on the soil
  (e.g., wood preservative "kick-back"
  areas)
o Mane
o Units which closed by removal of
  wastes ("clean closed") in
  accordance with 5265.228(b) or
  S264.223(a)(l) (see footnote »1)

o Small, clay or synthetic lined
  impoundments which held relatively
  non-oobile wastes (e.g., certain
  fly ashes) for a short period of
  time

o Impoundments which were synthetic-
  ally or concrete lined, whose
  liners have been removed, and where
  adequate soil sampling and physical
  evidence conclusively demonstrates
  that no leakage occurred from the
  unit
o Snail rubbish dumps

o Monofills of wastes having very low
  potential for migration of con-
  stituents Co ground water (e.g.,
  insoluble metal salts, certain fly
  ashes), and which have been
  adequately capped or covered by
  structures, in locations where the
  uppermost aquifer would never cone
  in direct contact with the wastes

o Small units containing wastes with
  relatively non-mobile constituents
  in arid areas with deep aquifers,
  which are constructed with well-
  designed liners and leachate col-
  lection systems and/or which are
  situated over relatively imperm-
  eable natural geologic formations
  (e.g., clay deposits)
                                                      3-23

-------
                                Table  3-2  (continued)
Land Treatment
 Units
Underground Tanks
Waste Piles
Class I Injection
  Wells
o Active or inactive land treatment
  units in non-arid areas on which
  substantial amounts of wastes
  have been placed
o Units on which wastes -were placed
  only once, in very small amounts,
  in an area with a deep water table

o A very small (e.g., 0.1 hectare)
  experimental land treatment plot
  which was operated for a limited
  period of time, in an area with
  a deep water table, where results
  of soil testing indicate complete
  biological degradation

o Relatively new, well designed tank
  (e.g., external and internal epoxy
  coating and cathodic protection)
  storing non-corrosive and/or
   relatively non-mobile wastes/con-
  stituents, not likely to come in
  direct contact with ground water

o Tank with full secondary contain-
  ment (e.g., vaulted tank with
  leak detection systsra)
o Old steel tanks (e.g., >10
  years old) installed without
  external or internal coatings
  or cathodic protection, which
  have not recently been leak-
  tested or had an internal in-
  spection by a qualified inspector

o Steel tanks which have been in
  frequent or constant contact with
  around water for a relatively
  long period of time

o Steel or fiberglass tanks for
  which recent internal inspection
  and/or leak test indicates lack
  of tank integrity

o Relatively new, well designed
  tank (e.g., cathcdically protected)
  storing highly corrosive and/or
  highly mobile or toxic wastes, in
  an area with high water table and
  nearby downgradient drinking
  water wells

o Outdoor pile containing relatively    o Indoor pile  with no free liquids
  mobile wastes, not situated on a
  liner or base, in area with porous    o
  soils and/or shallow  aquifer
                                                           o Tank with recent internal in-
                                                             spection and/or "state of the art"
                                                             leak test which indicates that t
                                                             tank is sound

                                                           o Relatively new (e.g., <10 years)
                                                             metal tank storing compatible
                                                             wastes (e.g., solvents) in an
                                                             arid area with clay soils
                    o Large outdoor pile containing wastes
                      with particularly toxic constituents,
                      with physical evidence cf sub-
                      stantial migration of wastes outside o
                      the containment structure, in area
                      with nearby dcwngradient drinking
                      water wells
   Covered  outdoor pile situated on
   impermeable  (e.g.,  well engineered
   synthetic or concrete)  base with
   adequate containment system for
   run-on and run-off
                                          Outdoor pile containing relatively
                                          non-mobile wastes (e.g., certain
                                          fly ashes)  situated en clay soils
                                          in area of deep water table
 o Well 'with  poor compliance  history

 o Well whose annulus pressure mon-
  itoring  records indicate that both
 o Well which received a UIC permit
   after 11/3/34 and the corrective
   action requirements of HSVA were
   provided for in the UIC permit
                                                3-24

-------
                                 Table  3-2  (continued)
In-ground Tanks
Container Storage
 Units
                      the tubing and casing have leaked
                      or records of injection pressure,
                      volume, and rate indicate an
                      unaccounted for loss of pressure
                      or fluid
                                       o Well which recently passed a
                                         mechanical integrity test of
                                         the casing and the tubing and
                                         the well's monitoring records of
                                         annulus pressure, injection rate,
                                         volume and injection pressure
                                         are complete and show no un-
                                         accountable lasses of pressure
                                         or fluid
o Relatively old concrete tank con-    o
  taining large volumes of wastes,
  with visible and substantial
  deterioration of exposed walls, or
  for which recent internal inspection
  indicates serious cracking           o
  of walls or other signs of
  serious deterioration of
  concrete

o Large concrete tank with no
  protective internal coating
  or liner, holding highly toxic
  and/or mobile wastes in area
  of high water table and
  downgradient drinking water
  wells.

o Tank with visible evidence of
  extensive soil contamination
  from apparent (or recorded)
  overflow events or other oper-
  ational or structural failures,
  in area with porous soils
o Containers stored outdoors on
  bare soil, with visible signs of
  substantial soil contamination,
  in area of porous soils and/or
  shallow aquifer

o Outdoor area on which very large
  volumes of waste containers have
  been stored for relatively long
  periods of time (e.g., >10 years)
  with improper storage practices
  (e.g., open containers) and/or
  inadequate contairment structures,
  with downeradient drinking water
  wells and/or highly toxic/mobile
  wastes
  Relatively small tank with
  adequate liner/coating,  with
  record of frequent inspections
  and maintenance schedule

  Relatively new, lined/coated
  tank in good condition,  with no
  evidence of releases
o Indoor container area with adequate
  containment structure

o Outdoor storage area with adequate
  containment system, with no
  visible evidence of contamination

o Relatively small outdoor area
  where waste containers wera placed
  for only a short period of time,
  with no evidence of serious
  contamination
                                               3-25

-------
                                 Table  3-2  (continued)
Above Ground
 Tanks
Incinerators
o Large, outdoor metal tanks
  situated on soil surface with
  visible structural deterioration,
  holding highly mobile and/or
  toxic wastes, in area with shallow
  aquifer and dcwngradient drinking
  water wells

o Old, outdoor tank, with visible
  evidence of massive soil con-
  tamination due to apparent (or
  recorded) overflow events, in
  area o£ porous soils
o Large tank situated on soil
  surface, for which recent internal
  inspection indicates severe
  corrosion on botton, in area of
  vulnerable hydrogeology

o Outdoor incinerator with
  visible evidence of surrounding
  massive soil contamination
  resulting from apparent system/
  operation malfunction
o Small, indoor tanks with secondary
  containment

o Outdoor tanks elevated above soil
  surface, with secondary containment
  structures

o Outdoor tank in good condition
  situated on concrete pad, with no
  visible or recorded evidence of
  substantial release
o Indoor  incinerator with no
  apparent evidence of significant
  releases to outside environment
                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                    -' l

                                                                                                    d
Footnote:

I/  For such units, monitoring data should be carefully examined for evidence of ground
    water contamination; this is of particular concern for units which stored only
    characteristic waste.
                                             3-26

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                                     CHAPTER FOUR

                       SURFACE WATER AND SURFACE DRAINAGE AREAS


          I.   INTRODUCTION

               The site investigation for surface water and off-site surface

          drainage areas should determine:


               1)   Whether or not solid waste management units at the
                   facility have released and/or will continue to release
                   hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents to surface
                   water .^_l

               2)   Whether or not solid waste management units at the
                   facility have released and/or will continue to release
                   hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents to human
                   or environmental receptors in off-site areas.


          For units with identified releases, or for which there is a sub-

          stantial likelihood of a release, the owner or operator will be

          required to conduct further investigations to actually determine

          the extent of a release(s) and/or to characterize the release and

          begin developing a corrective measures program.

'               EPA is equally concerned with releases to surface water and

          releases that migrate overland to off-site areas and potentially

|          expose  human and environmental receptors (i.e., surface drainage

,          releases).  Releases to surface water and off-site may result

'          from point source discharges, spills, leaks,  surface run-off, or

;          floods.

               Although EPA is concerned with both surface water and surface

          drainage releases, this chapter presents a single approach that

          addresses surface drainage releases through overland drainage path-

          ways as  part of the procedure for identifying and investigating
               l_l   Surface  water includes  any stream,  river, lake, bay,
          wetland,  estuary,  and  intermittent  stream.

-------
surface water releases.  The approach separately addresses sur-




face drainage releases when it is necessary to characterize




factors specific to these releases.




     The investigator will need to make determinations regarding




the need for further investigation at a unit on a case-by-case




basis, considering factors that are unique to each unit.  For




some units, it may be relatively easy to assess the existence




or probability of surface water or surface drainage contamination




and to determine the need to conduct further investigations.  For




other units, it may be more difficult to make these determinations




and the investigator will need to use judgment in deciding whether




further investigations are warranted.




     Releases that result in surface water or surface drainage




contamination can be difficult to identify because of their




intermittent nature.  For example, a surface impoundment may




regularly overflow and release hazardous constituents during




periods of heavy rainfall.  However, unless the site investigation




is conducted during a heavy rainfall, the investigator will not



observe the release.  Therefore, he/she should evaluate each unit




at the facility for the likelihood that it is causing surface




water or surface drainage releases during a storm event.  If the




unit is likely to have released during a storm event, he/she




should examine the site for evidence that indicates such releases




have occurred or occur on a regular basis.  The investigator will




also need to assess whether a release of concern exists before




determining that further investigations are necessary.




     The comprehensive investigations called for in the second




phase of the corrective action process require a considerable

-------
          investment of time and resources for both  the owner  or  operator

          in conducting the investigation, and for the Agency  in  reviewing

          technical plans and analytical results.  Therefore,  the  PA/SI

          should serve the dual function of identifying situations which

          merit further investigation, and at the same time avoiding

          unnecessary investigations.

               This chapter describes the factors the investigator should

          consider in assessing specific units and the site for their

          potential to cause surface water or surface drainage releases.

          It also describes the kinds of evidence the investigator should

          look for to identify whether or not a release has taken  place and

          factors to consider in assessing the potential for releases to

          threaten human health and the environment.


          II.  LIKELIHOOD OF SURFACE WATER OR SURFACE DRAINAGE RELEASES

               Four factors are important in assessing the potential for

-L         surface water or surface drainage contamination from a facility.

          They are:

I
               o  The proximity of the facility to surface water/off-site
                  receptors;

               o  The potential for releases to migrate from the
                  facility to surface water or directly to off-site
                  receptors;
L
               o  The design and physical condition  of solid waste manage-
                  ment units at the facility;  and

               o  The type of wastes contained in these units.


          The importance of each of these factors is discussed below.
                                         4-3

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A.   Proximity to Surface Water/Off-site Receptors
     and Release Migration Potential

     The potential for surface water contamination from a  facility

is directly related to the facility's proximity to surface water.

Facilities located along rivers or other surface water bodies  are

more likely to have surface water releases than facilities located

in arid areas, far from significant surface water bodies.  As  the

distance to surface water increases, it becomes more likely  that

hazardous constituents in surface run-off will sorb  to soils  or

move downward in the unsaturated zone and result in  ground water

contamination.

     The potential for surface run-off from the facility  to

migrate overland to nearby receptors is of particular concern

when the facility is located adjacent to populated areas  and  no

barrier (e.g., runoff control system) exists to prevent further

overland migration.

     Proximity is not the only factor that affects the potential

for releases to migrate to surface water or dra-in off-site.   The

facility slope indicates the potential for run-off or spills  to

migrate from the facility.  For example, releases from a  facility

located in a depressed area are unlikely to leave the site as

surface run-off.  The composition of the soil and the slope  and

vegetation of the terrain between the facility and the nearest

surface water body will also affect the migration potential  of

the release.  For example, a facility located close  to surface

water may have a low potential for surface water releases  if  the

intervening  terrain  is characterized by sandy soils  and  heavy

vegetation.   In this case, run-off is more likely to migrate  down

-------
          into  the  unsaturated  and  saturated  zones  rather than to migrate

          laterally overland  to surface  water (except during flood events or

          catastrophic  releases).   However,  facilities located in areas

          characterized  by  clayey  soil,  and  where  there is less extensive

          vegetation between  the site  and  nearby surface water, have a

          greater  potential for releases to  surface water.

               The  level of rainfall  and the  frequency of significant storm

          events  also  affect  the potential for run-off from the facility to

          contaminate  surface water.   As mentioned  earlier in this chapter,

          surface  water  releases are  often intermittent and result from run-

          off generated  during  periods of  heavy rainfall.  A facility lo-

          cated in  an  area  characterized by  frequent major storm events

          is more  likely to generate  large volumes  of surface run-off than

          a  facility located  in an  area  where major storm events are less

          frequent.  Appendix L describes  a  method  for estimating run-off

r-         developed by  the  U.S. Soil  Conservation  Service.  The method

          accounts  for  characteristics of  the intervening terrain (e.g.,

          land  use  and  soil types)  and rainfall amounts.  Run-off estimates

          derived  from  this method  should  help the  investigator determine

[          whether  rainfall  above and  around  the unit tends to migrate down

          into  the  unsaturated  zone or tends  to run off overland.

               The  investigator will  need  to  consider all of these factors:


               o   Proximity to  surface water  and off-site receptors;

               o   Soil  composition;

               o   Slope  and vegetation characteristics of the facility
                  and  the intervening  terrain;

               o   Rainfall; and

               o   The  frequency of  major storm events.


                                         4-5
r:

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The investigator will also need to determine how the  facility's

location affects the potential for releases to surface water  or

the movement of surface run-off to off-site receptors.


B.   Unit Design and Physical Condition

     As with the other media, the likelihood that surface  water

or surface drainage contamination from a solid waste  management

unit has occurred is largely dependent on  the nature  and  function

of the unit.  For example, open units that contain  liquids  (e.g.,

surface impoundments) have a greater potential for  release  than

closed landfill cells that have been properly capped.

     Table 4-1 ranks types of solid waste  management  units,  in

a loose descending order on the basis of their potential  for

having releases that cause surface water contamination or  migrate

off-site.  The table is intended  to provide a general sense  of      y^KS
                                                                    P)
the relative potential for units  to cause  these  types of  releases.   %t~

The investigator will also need to evaluate unit-specific  factors

in determining the potential for  release from a  particular unit.

     The major unit-specific factors the investigator should

evaluate include:


     o  Unit design.  The investigator should determine  whether
        the unit has engineered  features (e.g.,  run-off  control
        systems) that are designed to prevent releases  from the
        unit.   If such features are in place, the  investigator
        should evaluate whether  they are adequate  (in terms  of
        capacity, engineering, etc.) to  prevent  releases.
                                4-6

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I
                                      TABLE 4-1

                     RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR SURFACE WATER/
                 SURFACE DRAINAGE RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
               Unit Type
          Surface Impoundment

          Landfill
          Waste Pile
          Land Treatment Unit
          Container Storage
          Area

          Above-ground Tank
In-ground Tank
          Incinerator
          Class I and IV
          Injection Well
                                    Release Mechanism
o Releases from overtopping

o Migration of run-off outside the unit's
  run-off collection and containment system

o Migration of spills and other releases
  outside the containment area from
  loading and unloading operations

o Seepage through dikes to surrounding
  areas (e.g., soils, pavement, etc.)

o Migration of run-off outside the unit's
  run-off collection and containment system

o Migration of spills and other releases
  outside the containment area from
  loading and unloading operations

o Migration of run-off outside the
  containment area

o Migration of run-off outside the
  containment area

o Releases from overflow

o Leaks through tank shell

o Spills from coupling/uncoupling
  o pe rat ions

o Releases from overflow

o Spills from coupling/uncoupling
  ope rat ions

o Spills or other releases from waste
  handling/preparation activities

o Spills due to mechanical failure

o Spills from waste handling opera-
  tions at the well head
          *  The two remaining solid waste management units; waste  transfer
             stations,  and waste recycling operations generally have mechanisms
             of release similar to tanks.
                                         4-7

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        Operational history.   The investigator should examine
        the  unit's  operating  history to obtain information that
        indicates  that releases have taken place.  Operational
        factors  that influence the likelihood of release can
        include:

        -- Operating life of  the unit.  Units that have been
           operating for long periods of time are generally
           more  likely to have releases than new units.

        -- Operating status of the unit.  In some cases, the
           operating status of a unit (e.g., closed, inactive,
           etc.)  may have an  effect on the relative likelihood
           of release.

        — Operating procedures.  Maintenance and inspection
           records  should indicate whether a unit is likely to
           have  released.  Units that are inspected regularly
           and properly maintained are less likely to have re-
           leases  than units  that have been poorly maintained.

        Physical  condition of the unit.  The investigator should
        examine  the units for evidence of releases or characteris-
        tics that  could cause releases (e.g., cracks or stress
        fractures  in tanks or erosion of earthen dikes for surface
        impoundment s ) .
C.    Waste Characteristics

     The significance of the release of toxic contaminants into

surface water will depend on several factors:  1) the mass of

contaminants entering the water system; 2) the transport mechanisms

governing the movement and ultimate destination of each consti-

tuent in the surface water system; 3) the persistence of the

constituent; and 4) the toxicity of the constituent.

     The potential threat to off-site receptors from a release

carried by surface run-off is linked to the mass of contaminants

that reaches off-site receptors, the persistence of these  con-

taminants in various media (e.g., soils,  standing water, run-off),

and toxicity of the pollutants.  The significance of the first

two factors can only be considered in relation to the last two

factors .

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f
      In many cases, the investigator will not have complete




information on the wastes and their constituents in a solid waste




management unit.  Incomplete waste information will make it




difficult to fully evaluate the importance of each of the factors




listed above in characterizing the significance of a release to




surface water.  The investigator will need to use judgment in




making these determinations.  To the extent waste Information is




available, the investigator may be able to take these factors




into account.  Each factor is discussed more fully below.






     1.  Mass.  The mass of a contaminant relative to the volume




of the receiving-water body may be an important factor governing




the environmental significance of a release.  It should be noted,




however, that certain toxic or hazardous pollutants will accumu-




late in biota, and sorb to sediment, remaining in these media




for sometime even if initial quantities of discharge are small.




Other chemicals are highly toxic in very small amounts.






     2.  Transport Mechanisms.  The transport mechanisms governing




the movement of pollutants control their ultimate destination.




The primary transport mechanisms are sedimentation, volatilization,




and downstream transport in the water column.  The structure and




properties of each constituent will govern which mechanisms




dominate their transport.  While most constituents can be affected




by all three transport mechanisms, it is po??ible in most cases




to partition a constituent to one primary destination.  This




information can be used to predict where specific constituents




will result Ln potential exposures.  A brief description of each




fate and transport mechanism follows:






                               4-9

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     o   Sedimentation.   Sedimentation refers to the tendency of
        a  constituent to sorb onto suspended organic sediments
        carried  in water bodies.   Sorption can be modeled using
        a  sorption isotherm,  which predicts the relative tendency
        of a constituent to be partitioned to suspended particles
        or to remain dissolved in the water.  The sorption parti-
        tion coefficient, Ksw, describes the tendency of a con-
        stituent to be  dissolved  in the water phase or to be
        sorbed onto a particle.  Once a constituent has become
        sorbed to a particle  in the water, it will usually join
        the bottom sediments  of the system.  An approximate
        equivalent Ksw  can be derived by multiplying the fraction
        organic  carbon  in sediment (OC) times Koc, a similar
        sorption partition coefficient.  Koc values for chemicals        '
        are listed in Appendix J  and a value of 0.02 can be used
        as OC.
                   •
     o   Volatilization.  Compounds exhibiting a strong tendency
        to volatilize from water  will pose little risk to human          '
        health or the environment through surface water exposures.
        Many chlorinated solvents will almost completely vola-           1
        tilize from a moving  stream within several miles.  Com-          1
        pounds with large Henry's Law constants will have the
        greatest potential for volatilization.  (See Appendix J          i
        for Henry's Law values.)   It will be accentuated in
        turbulent water systems such as fast moving streams,            *"
        where the turbulence  speeds up the transfer of contain-
        inants from water to  air.              •'

     o   Downstream transport.  Relatively immiscible organic
        compounds with  densities  less than water  (e.g., oily
        wastes)  will tend to  float on water surfaces in slicks,
        where they may  pose a significant threat  to water fowl.
        Other immiscible compounds which are heavier than water
        will tend to sink into the sediments where they will
        remain largely  undissolved in the water column.  Dissolved
        constituents will be  transported downstream in rivers and
        dispersed in lakes where  they will be subject to natural
        fate proces ses.


     3.  Persistence.  Many fate  processes can combine to degrade

a pollutant to a level  below which there is no significant  risk.

Among the  many fate processes are: hydrolysis, photolysis,  oxida-

tion/reduction,  biotransformat ion, and bioaccumulation.  Many

references will report  a value for a chemical's half-life in

water based upon a combination of these processes (e.g., prepared

ay W.R. Ma bey, et al.,  SRI International,  for EPA, "Aquatic Face
                               4-10

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          Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants, Final  Report»"


          1982; and EPA, "Water-Related Environmental Fate of  129  Priority


          Pollutants, Volumes I and II", December  1979).   In this  way,


          one can make a general assessment of a constituent's persistence


          in the environment.  The most persistent constituents  (e.g.,  PCBs,


          dioxins, etc.) will not be significantly degraded by any of  the


          fate processes mentioned above and should generally  be considered


          to pose a considerable risk.  Bioaccumulation deserves special


          mention due to the unusual threat it poses to animals  in the  food


          chain.  Concentrations of constituents that bioaccumulate  in  fish


          and shellfish may be higher in the fish  than they were in  the


          original release.  Pollutants that bioaccumulate should  be given


          special consideration in water bodies used for recreational  or


          commercial fishing.



               4.  Toxicity.  The most pertinent factor in assessing the

I
-fc         significance of a release of hazardous constituents  to surface


          water will often be the intrinsic toxicity of each individual


!          contaminant.  Relatively large releases  of certain less  toxic


f          constituents may be diluted in streams or lakes  to levels  that


          do not significantly affect human health or the  environment.


          However, low concentrations of highly toxic and/or persistent


          constituents like dioxin, PCBs, arsenic, and cyanides  may  pose


          a significant human health risk.  Unfortunately, toxicity  infor-


          mation for many of the Appendix VIII constituents is incomplete.


          For this reason, it will often be advisable to consider  highly


          persistent constituents to be of the greatest concern, because
                                         4-1 1

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exposures can occur over a considerable length of time with

unknown consequences.

     While the overall fate and transport of a constituent in a

surface water system will depend on the specific characteristics

of the system, it is possible to generally describe the likely

fate and transport for certain classes of contaminants.  If  the

investigator knows the wastes in the unit, this information  may

help in determining which contaminants are of particular concern

for surface water releases.
     o  Metals (e.g., arsenic, chromium, cyanide, and mercury)
        usually adsorb and accumulate in sediments in rivers and
        lakes.  The rate at which they accumulate in the sediments
        will depend on the organic content of the suspended
        solids in the system and on the concentration of clays  in
        the water.  Most metals will exhibit a tendency to bio-
        accumulate in both shellfish and finfish.  They will
        therefore pose the greatest threat to human health in
        waters known to be used for recreational and commerical
        fishing.                               '

     o  Chlorinated pesticides (e.g., DDT, chlordane, lindane ,
        heptachlor, toxaphene , etc.) may be subject to several
        fate and transport processes simultaneously.  They have
        been shown to volatilize, sorb onto sediments, biodegrade,
        and bioaccumula te .  In large quant i ties-, chlorinated
        pesticides may pose a significant risk from exposure
        throughout the water  body.

     o  Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., trichlo re thane ,
        te trachlore thene , chlorome thane , etc.) generally exhibit
        a strong tendency to  volatilize from water.  Large quan-
        tities of these pollutants can be stripped from fast-moving,
        turbulent streams, reducing their risk for water-associated
        exposures.  Although  they will not tend  to be transported
        downstream, they generally do not degrade significantly
        in the environment.   Many of these compounds may still
        pose a significant risk at low concentrations due  to
        their toxicity.

     o  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  (e.g.,  napthalene,
        phenant hrene , benzo(a) pyrene , etc.) will tend to  adsorb
        to bottom sediments.  These pollutants are generally
        susceptible to bi odegr ada tion and hydrolysis in surface
        water systems.  Because they do not tend to bioac curau la t e ,
                               4-12

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                  releases  characterized  by low concentrations of these
                  pollutants  are  likely  to  be  of little concern.

          Appendix J  provides  physical,  chemical,  and  fate data for a list

          of  chemicals.


          D.    Summary  of  Factors  Affecting the Likelihood of Release

               The investigator should  consider all of the factors described

          above  to determine  the  likelihood of surface water or surface

          drainage release  from a  unit.   In addition,  in assessing the

          likelihood  that  a release  has  occurred,  the  Investigator should

          consider how  the  various  factors  affect  each other.  For example,

          an  aboveground tank  containing  relatively toxic, persistent waste

          and  located within  1000  feet  of a river  may  not have a  secondary

          containment or other system in  place to  collect liquid  waste that

          could  leak  or overflow  from the tank.  However, the facility's

          records  indicate  that the  tank  is relatively new,  well  designed,

!          and  well constructed, and  that  it is inspected regularly for

          evidence of leaks.   In  this case, there  is  only a  low potential

I          for  a  release, and  no further  investigation  would  be necessary.

          Alternatively, the  same  situation for an older tank that shows

|          signs  of deterioration  may require  further  investigation.


          III.   EVIDENCE OF SURFACE  WATER AND  SURFACE-DRAINAGE RELEASES


          A.    Types  of Evidence

               If  the investigator  determines  that certain units  at the

          facility are  likely  to  have caused  releases  to surface  water or

          to  off-site receptors,  he/she  should inspect the area around the

          units  of concern  and the  area  between the unit and the  closest

          surface  water body  and  off-site area for evidence  of a  release.


                                         4-13

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In addition, if the facility is located adjacent to surface

water, the investigator should examine the surface water  for

evidence of releases.  The investigator should look for visible

evidence of uncontrolled run-off from units at the facility.   If

releases have occurred or are occurring at a unit there is  likely

to be evidence around the unit that indicates a release is  taking

place.  Because of the intermittent nature of releases, it  is

particularly important to examine the site and nearby  surface

water and off-site areas of concern for physical evidence of

release.  The investigator should look for:


     o  Observable contaminated run-off or leachate seeps;

     o  Drainage patterns that indicate possible run-off  from
        units at the facility,
                                                 «

     o  Evidence of wash-outs or floods, such as highly eroded
        soil, damaged trees, etc.;

     o  Discolored soil, standing water, or dead vegetation
        along drainage patterns leading from the unit;

     o  Discolored surface water, sediment or dead aquatic
        vege tat ion;

     o  Unpermitted point source discharges;

     o  Units (including old fill material that is now considered
        hazardous  waste) discharging  in surface water;  and

     o  Permitted  discharges that are of concern (see  Chapter  1,
        page  1-24).


B.   Use of Sampling

     Agency personnel should take enough samples during  the  site

i ns pe ct ion ( s ) to complete a. Hazard  Ranking Score.   Samples  of

run-off, on-site and off-site soils,  standing water,  surface

water,  and/or surface water sediments can  be taken  to  identify a

release or  a  suspected release.  Appendix  B describes  how to


                               4-14

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         sample to obtain a Hazard Ranking  Score.   In  addition,  as  explained

         in Chapter two of this guidance, there may  be  certain  situations

         where unit-specific sampling  should  be conducted  to  confirm  other

         evidence that a release has taken  place at  a  unit  or that  there

         is no release from a unit.  This type of  sampling  should  only  be

         performed to either: confirm  a  release to  surface  water or off-

         site areas of concern; or compel a remedial investigation  or
f
'         write permit conditions, or both.  Appendix M  lists  sampling

         priorities (e.g., water, sediment, biota)  for  many compounds.

              In general, simple field tests  or sampling may  be  adequate

         to obtain a positive confirmation  of surface  water,  soil,  stand-

         ing water, or run-off contamination.  More  thorough  sampling may

j         be necessary to confirm that  the contamination results  from  a

         particular unit, but this more  detailed sampling  may be completed

         as part of the next phase of  the corrective action process.  If

         the investigator determines that sampling  is  necessary, he/she

         should follow the procedures  that  are provided in  Appendix C.

         Procedures for analyzing samples for hazardous constituents

         described in 40 CFR Part 261, Subparts C  and  D, can  be  found in

         "Test Methods for Evaluating  Solid Waste,  Physical/Chemical

         Methods (SW-846)."



         IV.  EXPOSURE POTENTIAL

              If the investigator observes  discharges  or releases  to

         surface water or to off-site  areas of concern  or  if  other  evidence

         suggests that releases are taking  place,  he/she may  choose to  use

         exposure information (to the  extent  it is  available  for the
                                        4-15

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facility) to:  1) determine the need for further remedial inves-

tigations; and/or 2) set priorities for conducting further  inves-

tigations.

     The following types of information are useful in evaluating

the exposure potential for surface water or off-site releases:


     o  Information on the use of the surface water body that
        receives the release.  The investigator should determine
        the use of the surface water body (e.g., no use, commer-
        cial or industrial, irrigation, economically important
        resource (e.g., shellfish, commercial food preparation,
        recreation, or drinking).  A release is more likely  to
        significantly impact surface water that is used as  a
        drinking water source than surface water in industrial
        areas that have a commercial or industrial use.

     o  Information on the location of any drinking or irrigation
        water intakes listed in public records or otherwise  known
        within a reasonable distance of the release.

     o  Information on the nature and extent of the contact  human
        and environmental receptors are likely to have with  run-
        off from the facility. For example, if people may contact
        contaminated soil, run-off or standing water or if
        constituents may contact sensitive habitats (e.g.,  habitat
        of highly productive biological community, or community of
        rare or endangered plants or animals) or food chain  crops.


V.   RELEASE DETERMINATION

     This section summarizes the unit-specific and site-specific

characteristics that should be evaluated to identify surface

water releases or releases that may affect off-site human or

environmental receptors.  Furthermore, it summarizes factors  that

determine the relative exposure potential of a release.   In

addition, this section gives examples of site-specific situations

that are  likely to require further investigation and situations

that probably will not require further investigation.  These
                               4-16

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P




^-
examples relate Che individual unit and site-specific character-




istics to each other to describe the process for making decisions




on what releases should be further investigated.




A.   Summary




     Exhibit 4-1 is a checklist that should help the investigator




evaluate specific factors to identify releases and determine the




relative effect of the release on human health and the environ-




ment.  In identifying releases, the investigator should consider




the series of characteristics described in the chapter and high-




lighted in the checklist that determine the potential for surface




water and off-site releases.  These characteristics include:




proximity of the facility to surface water and to off-site recep-




tors; factors such as soil type, slope, and vegetation of the




intervening terrain as well a.s rainfall, all of which affect the




migration potential of a release; the design and physical condi-




tion of solid waste management units at the facility; and charac-




teristics of the waste that may be releasing from the unit.  The




investigator should examine each of these factors and how they




relate to each other in determining the potential for release




from units at the facility.




     Once the investigator determines that the potential for




surface water and/or off-site releases exists, he/she should




examine areas surrounding the units of concern and the site as a




whole for evidence that releases have occurred or are occurring




at a facility.  Due to the intermittent nature of most of the»e




releases, it Is important to look for physical evidence such as




drainage channels with contaminated soils, dead vegetation, etc.,




that indicates that releases have taken place.






                               4-17

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                                Exhibit 4-1

           Checklist for Surface Water/Surf ace Drainage Releases


                                                                 Yes   NJD_

Identifying Releases

   1.   Potential for Surface Water/Surf ace Drainage Releases
       from the Facility

        o  Proximity to Surface Water and/or to Off-site
           Receptors

              Could surface run-off from the unit reach the
              nearest downgradient surface water body?           ___^   ^^

           -  Could surface run-off from the unit reach off-site
              receptors (e.g., if facility is located adjacent to
              populated areas and no barrier exists to prevent
              overland surface run-off migration)?               ___   _

        o  Release Migration Potential

           -  Does the slope of the facility and intervening
              terrain indicate potential for release?            	

           -  Is the intervening terrain characteri-zed by soils
              and vegetation that allow overland migration
              ( e.g., clayey soils, and sparse vegetation)?      	

           -  Does data on one-year 24-hour rainfall indicate
              the potential for area storms to cause surface
              water or surface drainage contamination as a
              result of run-off?                   -              	

        o  Unit Design and Physical Condition

           -  Are engineered features (e.g., run-off control
              systems) designed to prevent releases from the
              unit)?                                             	

              Does the operational history of the unit indi-
              cate that a release has taken place (e.g., old,
              closed or inactive unit, not inspected regularly,
              improperly maintained)?                            	

              Does the physical condition of the unit indicate
              that releases may have occurred ( e.g. , cracks or
              stress fractures in tanks or erosion of earthen
              dikes of surface impoundments)?                    	
                                4-18

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 L
                       Exhibit 4-1 (cont.)

      Checklist for Surface Water/Surface Drainage Releases


                                                          Yes   Np_

 o  Waste Characteristics

    -  Is the volume of discharge high relative to the
       size and flow rate of the surface water body?      	   	

       Do constituents in the discharge tend to sorb
       to sediments (e.g., metals)?                       	   	

       Do constituents in the discharge tend to
       be transported downstream?                         ___   	

       Do waste constituents exhibit moderate or high
       characteristics of persistence (e.g., PCBs,
       dioxins, etc.)?                                    	   	

       Do waste constituents exhibit moderate or high
       characteristics of toxicity (e.g., metals,
       chlorinated pesticides, etc.)?                     	   	


Evidence of Surface Water/Surface Drainage Releases
           o   Are  there unpermitted  discharges  from  the  facility
               to surface water  that  require  an  NPDES  or  a  Section
               404  permit?
 r
_i          o   Is there visible  evidence  of uncontrolled  run-off
 *'             from units at  the  facility?
      Determining  the  Relative  Effect  of  the  Release  on  Human
      Health and the Environment

      1.  Exposure Potential

           o  Are  there  drinking  water intakes  nearby?

           o  Could human  and/or  environmental  receptors  come
              into contact with surface  drainage  from the
              facility?

           o  Are  there  irrigation  water  intakes  nearby?

           o  Could a  sensitive environment  (e.g.,  critical  hab-
              itat, wetlands) be  affected  by  the  discharge  (if  it
              is nearby)?
                                          4-19

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     The investigator should also consider the potential  for




exposure from these releases to determine the relative  effect  of




the release or suspected release on human health or  the environ-




ment.  Information on the exposure potential of these releases




provides a basis for prioritizing sites.  For example,  a  re-




lease that could affect both surface water use and a community




adjacent to the site may make the site a high priority  for




remedial investigation and eventual clean-up.






B.   Examples




     Table 4-2 provides examples of situations that  are likely




to require further investigation and situations that probably




will not require further investigation.  These examples provide




some guidance on making unit-by-unit release determinations.




Examples of where further investigation  is required  generally




characterize units with inadequate containment, evidence  of




off-site release migration, and with some potential  for exposure.




The examples of where further investigation  is'-not needed




illustrate situations where a unit's containment  system is




properly functioning and where  there is  no evidence  of  release.




     Although these unit illustrations can be helpful  in  making




determinations, they are only examples and do not  characterize




the exact situation at a given  site.   The investigator  will  need




to evaluate all the site-specific factors and use  his/her judg-




ment in deciding whether further investigation is  warranted.
                                4-20

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                               TABLE 4-2

                             SURFACE WATER
                           UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
                 Further
Unit Type

Landfills
           Investigation
           Needed
Waste Piles
Surface
Impoundments
Container
S torage
Areas
Land Treat-
ment Units
Closed units, inadequate
or deteriorating cover,
no run-off control system;
drainage patterns indicate
contaminant migration (e.g.,
discolored soil and/or dead
vegetation); near downgrad-
ient surface water/off-site
receptors

Closed units, waste Inade-
quately covered, no run-off
control system; drainage
patterns indicate migration
of contaminants; near sur-
face water/off-site
receptors

Operating/closed units with
inadequate freeboard or
deteriorating dikes; drain-
age patterns indicate
migration of contaminants;
near surface water/off-site
receptors

Inactive units with leaking
containers; visible evidence
of soil contamination; no
run-off control system;
drainage channels indicate
migration of hazardous
constituents; near surface
water/off-site receptors
Inactive/operating units
with visible evidence of
soil contamination; unit
design allows run-off; near
downgradient surface water/
off-site receptors
    Further Investigation
	Not Needed	

Operating units with
adequate run-off
control systems

Closed units with adequate
caps or covers; no evidence
of run-off from the unit
Operating units with run-
off control systems

Closed units with adequate
caps or covers; no evidence
of run-off from the unit
Older operating/closed
units with adequate freeboard
and well maintained dikes;
no evidence of overtopping
or release
Operating units with new,
well sealed containers; or
adequate run-off controls

Inactive units with well
sealed containers; ade-
quate run-off controls;
limited potential for off-
site migration of consti-
tuents

Inactive/operating units
with adequate run-off
controls; limited potential
for off-site migration of
constituents
                                  4-21

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                         Table 4-2 (Continued)

                             SURFACE WATER
                           UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
Unit Type
Tanks
Incin-
erators
Class I/
IV Injec-
tion Wells
   Further Investigation
	Needed	

Older concrete units with
no secondary containment,
some visible deterioration;
visible evidence suggests
some overland migration of
hazardous constituents;
near surface water/off-site
receptors

Unit with visible evidence
of soil contamination
from apparent (or recorded)
overflow events or other
operational or structural
failures; visible evidence
suggests some overland
migration of hazardous
constituents; near surface
water/off-site receptors

Evidence of recurring spills
that result from waste
handling operations;
drainage channels leading
from the unit indicate
contaminant migration;
near surface water/off-sice
receptors

Evidence of recurring spills
that result from waste
handling operations; drainage
channels leading from the
unit indicate contaminant
migration; near  surface
water/off-site receptors
  Further Investigation
	Not Needed	

Well-designed, construc-
ted units; inspected
regularly; no evidence
of leaks
                                               Older units that  shown
                                               signs of deterioration;
                                               no potential for  off-
                                               site migration of con-
                                               stituents
t
Design ensures containmen
of spills that could  occur
during waste handling
ope ra tions
;j
Design ensures  containment
of spills  that  could  occur
during waste  handling
operations
                                   4-22

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                           CHAPTER FIVE




                               AIR






I.   INTRODUCTION




     The site investigation for air should determine whether solid




waste management units at the facility have released or are likely




to have released hazardous wastes or constituents to the air.




Owners or operators of units with identified releases or that




have a substantial likelihood of a release will be required to




conduct further investigations to actually determine the extent




of a release(s) and/or to characterize the release and begin




developing a corrective measures program.




     In general,'two types of air releases can occur at solid




waste management units:






     o  Releases that are continuous in nature, and




     o  Releases that are intermittent or catastrophic in nature.






This guidance is primarily concerned with evaluating the likelihood




and significance of continuous releases.  It is assumed that all




units that expose hazardous waste to the ambient atmosphere have




air releases; the investigator will need to use judgment in deter-




mining whether these releases are significant enough to warrant




further investigation.  For some units it may be relatively easy




to make these determinations; for other units, these determina-




tions may be more difficult.




     Because the comprehensive investigations called for in the




second phase of the corrective action process require a considerable




investment of time and resources for both the owner or operator




and for the agency, the PA/SI should serve the dual role of
                               5-1

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identifying situations which merit further investigations  for  air

releases while at the same time avoiding unnecessary investigations.

     This chapter describes the factors the investigator should

consider in evaluating specific units and the facility as  a whole

for their potential to cause air releases.  It then describes  the

kinds of evidence the investigator should look for to determine

that a release has taken place and factors to consider in  asses-

sing the potential for releases to threaten human health and  the

environment.


II.  POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES FROM THE FACILITY

     Three factors are important in assessing the potential for

significant air releases from a facility.  They are:


     o  Unit characteristics, such as size (surface area and
        depth), type and use;

     o  Types of wastes/constituents in the unit; and

     o  Environmental and geographic conditions (temperature,
        wind speed, etc.) that affect exposure resulting from the
        release.


This section describes each of these factors in greater detail.


A.   Unit Characteristics that Affect the
     Potential for Air Releases
     When conducting the site investigation  for  air,  Agency

personnel should assess both RCRA-regulated  and  non-regulated

units and should focus  the  investigation on  operating units.

Operating units have the greatest  potential  for  air  releases

because they actively expose wastes  to  the air  on  a  continuous

basis.  Wastes in closed,  inactive  units are usually  covered.

There may be some exposure  to the  air  if a cover has  eroded  or


                                5-2

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           broken down,  but  air releases  resulting from these situations are

           likely to  be  insignificant.

                When  assessing the potential for releases,  the key factors

           to  examine Include:


                0  Unit  size.   The size of a unit determines the mass of
                   potential contaminants available for release.  In addi-
                   tion,  volatilization rates are likely to be larger from
                   open  units  (e.g.,  surface impoundments and open tanks)
                   with  large  surface areas and shallow depths.

                o  Purpose  of  the  unit  (treatment, storage, or disposal).
                   In general, units  in which active treatment is occurring
                   have  the  greatest  potential for air releases.  In many
                   cases,  treatment is  designed to promote  volatilization of
                   constituents.   In  other cases, this is not the main
                   purpose  of  the  treatment method in use.   However, the
                   resultant.mixing and movement of wastes  leads to high
                   volatilization  rates.

                o  Design  of the unit.   Units in which wastes are in direct
                   contact  with the atmosphere have a higher potential for
                   releases  than closed or covered units.

                o  Current  operational  status.  The nature  of air releases
                   is such  that the majority of the mass available for
 i                  release  will be released shortly after the waste is
-a                  placed  in the unit.   Thus, as mentioned, operating units
                   are of  greater  concern than closed units.  This is par-
                   ticularly true  for unit types and wastes for which vola-
 (                  tilization  is important.  Units with potential particulate
 I                  releases  may continue  to release contaminants well after
                   closure,  especially  if the unit has been poorly maintained,
 f
 I               o  Unit  specific factors.  There are specific design and oper-
                   ational  factors associated with each unit type which are
                   useful  in evaluating the possible magnitude of a potential
                   release.   These factors are summarized in Table 5-1.


           In  addition to  considering the individual unit sizes, the investi-

           gator  should  be  aware of the total area used for solid waste

           management at  a  facility.   Although individual units may have

           small  releases,  the total  release from a facility can be signifi-

           cant.   Table  5-1  lists  specific considerations for particularly

           important  unit  types.


                                          5-3

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                             Table 5-1

                 UNIT POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES
                    AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit
Operating Surface
Impoundments
Open Roofed Tanks
Landfills
Land Treatment Units
Waste Piles
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Release

o  Wastes directly exposed to atmosphere
   promotes vapor phase emissions
o  Large surface areas and shallow depths
   promote increased volatilization
o  Mechanical treatment methods (such as
   aeration) increase volatilization

o  Wastes directly exposed to atmosphere
   (promotes vapor phase emissions)
o  Mechanical treatment or frequent mixing
   will increase volatilization

o  Volatilization of vapor phase constituents
   through the sub-surface and daily/permanent
   cover
o  Poor or no daily cover increases volatili-
   zation
o  Open trench fill operations allow direct
   exposure of waste to atmosphere
o  Volatile gases transported by convection
   of biogenic gases released via routine
   landfill venting (particularly import
   in sanitary/hazardous mixed fills)
o  Particulate releases generated by machinery
   during  filling operations
o  Particulate releases due  to wind erosion  of
   cover and/or exposed wastes

o  Wastes  normally in direct  contact with
   atmos phere
o  Application techniques which maximize waste
   contact with atmosphere,  such as surface
   spreading or spray irrigation promote
   increased volatilization
o  Particulate releases due  to wind erosion

o  Particulate emissions  from uncovered
   was te  piles
o  Location of waste  pile in  open  area  with
   no  erosion  protection  promotes  particulate
   generation
o  Waste  handling  activities  on  arid around
   pile  increase emissions
o  Volatile emissions are  likely  to be  rare,
   but  can occur based  on waste  composition

-------
                                  Table 5-1 (cont.)

                           UNIT POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES
                              AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
          Unit type

          Drum Storage Areas
          Covered Tanks
          Incinera tors
 *
-C
 f
          Non-RCRA Wastewater
          Treatment Ponds and
          Tanks
Other Design and
Operating Practices
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Release

o  Vaporization from drums frequently left
   open to atmosphere or from poorly sealed
   drums
o  Vapor emissions from areas containing leaking
   drums

o  Volatile releases from pressure venting,
   poorly sealed access ports, or improperly
   operated and maintained valves and seals.

o  Stack emissions of particulates
o  Stack emissions of volatile constituents
   High temperatures may cause volatilization
   of low vapor pressure organics and metals
o  Volatile releases via malfunctioning valves
   during incinerator charging

o  Low concentration wastes may volatilize
   due to large surface area and active waste
   treatment.  Releases can be significant
   due to generally large treatment
   capacities

o  Inadequate spill collection systems promote
   intermittent air releases
o  Lack of vapor collection systems for use
   during container/tank cleaning operations
o  Absence of dust suppression or particulate
   control measures
                                         5-5

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     In assessing a unit's potential for air release, the  inves-




tigator should be aware of the importance of interactions  between




the various unit characteristics listed above and  the characteris-




tics of the wastes placed in the unit.  It is important  to




examine how these two factors combine to result in an air  release.




For example, a facility may have several large operating surface




impoundments, suggesting a potential for large air releases.




However, if the facility is a steel manufacturer treating  only




spent pickle liquor in these ponds, it is unlikely any  air




release will occur because the hazardous constituents in the




waste are non-volatile, soluble metals.




     The following section discusses the waste and constituent-




specific factors the investigator should consider  in assessing  a




waste's potential to release airborne constituents.






B.   Types of Waste Contained in the Unit




     Only certain hazardous constituents have a significant




potential for air releases.  This section identifies these  con-




stituents and the factors that affect the magnitude  of  their




release.




     Volatile constituents of concern for air releases  include




organic vapors and volatile metals  (e.g., arsenic  and mercury).




Table 5-2 lists a select number of  hazardous chemical compounds




which EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards  (OAOPS)




considers to be of prime concern with respect to vapor  phase  air




releases.  The table also lists the RCRA waste codes for waste




streams that contain these constituents  to aid in  their




identification.  While these wastes are  of primary concern,  many
                                5-6

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                                                TABLE  5-2

                           HAZARDOUS  CONSTITUENTS  OF CONCERN AS  VAPOR RELEASES
 L
1
  Hazardous Constituent


Acetaldehyde

Acrolein

Acrylonitrile

Allylchloride

Benzene

Benzyl chloride

Carbon Tetrachloride

Chlorobenzene

Chloroform


Chloroprene

Cresols

Cumene (isopropylbenzene)

1,4-dichlorobenzene

1,2-dichloroethane

Dichloromethane

Dioxin

Epichlorohydrin

Ethylbenzene

Ethyletie oxide

Formaldehyde

Hexachlorobutadlene

Hexachloroeyelopentadiene

Hydrogen cyanide
                                                       RCRA Waste  Codes
K001.U001

KOI 2

K011,K012,K013,U009

F024.F025

F024,F025,K001,K014,K019,K083,K085,K103,K105

K015.K085.P028

F001,F024,F025,K016,K016,K020,K021,K073,U211

FOOI,F002,F024,F025,K015,K016,K085,K105

F002,F024,F025,K009,K010,K016,K019,K020,K073,
K021.K029.U044

F024.F025

F004.U052

U055

F002,F024,F025,K016,K085,K105,U072

K018,K019,K020,K029,K030,K096,F024,F025,U077

F001,F002,F024,F025,K009,K010,K021,U080

F020,F021,F022,F023,F028

K017,K019,K020,U041

F003

U115

K009,K010,K038,K040,U122

F024,F025,K040,K016,K018,K030,U128

F024,F025,K032,K033,K034,U130

F007,F009,F010,K013,K060
                                                   5-;

-------
                               TABLE 5-2 (cont.)

              HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AS VAPOR RELEASES
  Hazardous Constituent

Hydrogen flouride

Hydrogen sulfide

Maleic anhydride

Methyl acetate

N-Dimet hyIn i tr osamine

Naphthalene

Nitrobenzene

Nitrosomorpholine

Phenol

Phosgene

Phthalic anhydride

Polychlorinated biphenyls

   Aroclor 1242
   Aroclor 1248
   Aroclor 1254
   Aroclor 1260

Propylene oxide

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

Tetrachloroethylene

Toluene

1,1,1-trichloroethane


Trichloroethylene

Vinylchloride

Vinylidenechloride

Xylenes
            RCRA Waste Codes
K023,K093,U147



U100

F024,F025,K001,K035,K060,K087,U165

F004,K025,K083,K103,U169



KOOI,K022,K087,U188

P095

K016,K023,K024,K093,K094,U190

K085
F024,F025,K016,K019,K020,K021,K030,K095,K096,U209

F001,F002,F024,F025,K016,K018,K109,K020,K021,U210

F005,F024,F025,K015,K036,K037,U220

FOOl,F002tF024,F025,K019,K020,K028,K029,K073,K095,
K096.U226

F001,F002,F024,F025,K016,K018,K.019,K020,U228

K019,K020,K023,K029,K028,F024,F025,U043

F003,F025,K019,K020,F024,K029,U078

F020.U239
                                      5-8

-------
          other wastes have the potential to volatilize.  Therefore, where




          there is a large quantity of waste, the investigator should




          address both total volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions as




          well as emissions of the specific compounds listed in Table 5-2.




               Table 5-3 lists hazardous constituents that are of special




          concern for particulate air releases.  Particulate emissions from




          solid waste management units can contain organic material, heavy




          metals, or both.  The heavy metals shown in Table 5-3 are




          predominantly associated with particulate releases, although




          both arsenic and mercury may be present as vapor phase releases




          due to their relatively high vapor pressures.  Similarly, the




          organic compounds shown in Table 5-2 may also be found adsorbed




          or bound to soil and/or other particulate matter releases.




               The investigator should examine all available information on




          wastes handled at the facility to determine the presence of any




i          of the wastes or constituents referenced above.






          C.   Waste Characteristics that Affect the Magnitude of Release




               The physical form of the waste contained in a solid waste




          management unit will determine to a great extent the potential




          for air releases from the unit.  Wastes may be solid, dilute




          aqueous solutions, dilute organic solutions,  or concentrated




          solutions.  &ir releases from solid wastes, such as those placed




          in landfills or waste piles, will be governed by different




          principles than govern releases from liquid wastes.




               The concentration of specific constituents in each unit is




          another factor governing the potential magnitude of air releases.




          The higher the concentration of a particular  constituent present
                                         5-9
r

-------
                            TABLE 5-3




    HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AS  PARTICULATE  RELEASES
Hazardous Constituent
   Arsen ic
   Asbes tos
   Beryllium
   Cadmium
   Chromium
   Lead
   Mercury
   Niclele
       RCRA Waste Codes
DOOO,D004,K060,K02l,K084,P010,




P01I.P012






UO I 3






0000,0006,P015






DOOO,D006,F006,F007tF008,F009,




F061.F062, F064,F065,F067,F068,F069






DOOO,D007,F006,F007,F008,F009,F002,




F064.F069.F086,






DOOO,D008,F006,F009,K003,K044,K048,




K052.K061,K062,K064,K069 KO86,PI 10






D008.K071,K106






F006.F007,F008,F009
                                5-LO

-------
          in a unit, the greater is Its potential  for  significant  air

          release.  However, the intrinsic potential for  a  constituent  to

          volatilize depends on chemical and physical  properties  that vary

          greatly between different constituents.   Accordingly, a  highly

          concentrated solution of one constituent  may result  in  a lower re-

          lease potential than a dilute concentration  of  another  constituent.

               As Indicated earlier,  the two types  of  emissions of greatest
 t
          concern are volatiles and particulates.   Each type of emission

          has its own set of characteristics which  can help the investigator

          assess the potential magnitude of a release.  These  characteris-

          tics are discussed below and summarized  in Table  5-4, which

          outlines the likely unit types and appropriate  parameters  to
 f
 I         consider when evaluating airborne releases from different  types

          of waste streams.
4.
 L
1 .    Volatile Emissions

     Constituent-specific physical and chemical parameters are

very important indicators of the potential magnitude of a vapor-

phase release.  In some situations, these parameters can be used

to  develop constants which can provide the investigator with a

useful means of quantifying relative release potential.  The

parameters most important when assessing the volatilization of a

constituent include the following:
                  Water solubility.  Tnt solubility in water  indicates  the
                  maximum concentration at which a constituent  can  dissolve
                  in water at a given temperature.  This  value  csi  help
                  the investigator estimate the distribution  of  a constituent
                  between the dissolved aqueous phase in  the  unit and  the
                  undissolved solid or immiscible liquid  phase.  Considered
                  in combination with the constituent's vapor pressure,  it
                  can provide a relative assessment of the  potential magni-
                  tude of volatilization of a constituent  from  an aqueous
                                         5-1 1

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                                TABLE 5-4

              PARAMETERS AND MEASURES FOR USE IN EVALUATING
          POTENTIAL AIR RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONSTITUENTS
    Emission and Waste Type

A. Vapor Phase Emissions

   — Dilute Aqueous Solution^/
Units of
ConcernV
Surface Imp.,
Tanks, Containers
   — Cone. Aqueous Solution^/     Tanks, Containers,
                                   Surface Imp.
      Immiscible Liquid
   — Solid
Containers, Tanks
Landfills, Waste
Piles, Land Trt.
Useful Parameters
  and Measures
Solubility,
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,^/
Henry' s Law

Solubility,
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,
Raoults Law

Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure

Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,
Octanol/Water
Partition Coeff.
                                                                                      :i
B. Particulate Emissions

   — Solid
Landfills, Waste
Piles, Land Trt.
Particle Size
Distribution,
Site Activities,
Management Methods
        £/  Incinerators are not specifically listed on this table be-
   cause of the unique issues concerning air emissions from these
   units.  Incinerators can burn all the forms of waste listed in this
   table.  The potential for release from these units is primarily a
   function of incinerator operating conditions and emission controls,
   rather than waste characteristics.

        2/  Although the octanol/water partition coefficient of a con-
   stituent is usually not an important characteristic in these waste
   streams, there are conditions where it can be critical.  Specific-
   ally, in waste containing high concentrations of organic particu-
   lates, constituents with high octanol/water partition coefficients
   will adsorb to the particulates.  They will become part of the sludge
   or  sediment matrix, rather than volatilizing from the unit.

        •V  Applicable to mixtures of volatile components.
                                       5-12

-------
•IS
1.
 i:
        environment (see Appendix J for the water solubility of
        a number of chemicals and see the discussion of Henry's
        Law constant below).
                    *
     o  Vapor pressure.  Vapor pressure measures the pressure of
        vapor in equilibrium with a pure liquid.  It is best used
        in a relative sense; constituents with high vapor pres-
        sures are more likely to have significant releases than
        those with low vapor pressures, depending on other factors
        such as relative solubility and concentrations (i.e. at
        high concentrations significant releases can occur even
        though a constituents vapor pressure is relatively low).

     o  Octanol /water partition coefficient.  The octanol/water
        partition coefficient indicates the tendency of an organic
        constituent to sorb to organic constituents in the soil
        or waste matrices of a unit.  Vapors with high octanol/
        water partition coefficients will adsorb readily to organic
        carbon, rather than volatilizing to the atmosphere.  This
        is particularly important in landfills and land treatment
        units, where high organic carbon contents in soils or
        cover material can significantly reduce the release of
        vapor phase constituents.

     o  Partial pressure.  For constituents in a mixture, particu-
        larly in a solid matrix, the partial pressure of a consti-
        tuent will be more significant than the pure vapor pressure
        In general, the greater the partial pressure, the greater
        the potential significance of the release.  Partial
        pressures will be difficult to obtain.  However, when
        waste characterization data is available partial pressures
        can be estimated using methods commonly found in engi-
        neering and environmental science handbooks.


     The investigator should examine each of the above parameters

in combination with each other and with the specific characteris-

tics of the unit of interest.  Several measures are available to

help the investigator with this assessment, provided they are

applied to the appropriate waste types and units.  These measures

inc lude :
        Henry's Law constant.  Henry's law constant is the ratio
        of the vapor pressure of a constituent and its aqueous
        solubility (at eoui libtium) .  It can be used to assess
        the relative ease with which the compound may be removed
        from the aqueous phase via vaporization.  It is accurate
        only when used concerning low concentration wastes in
        aqueous solution.  Thus it will be mos t useful when the
                               5-13

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        unit being assessed is a. surface impoundment or  tank  con-
        taining dilute wastewaters.  Generally, when the value  of
        Henry's Law constant is less than 10E-7 atm-m^ the  consti-
        tuent will not volatilize from water.  As the value in-
        creases the potential for significant vaporization  increas
        es, and when it is greater than  IOE-3 rapid volatilization
        will occur.  Henry's Law constants for many potentially
        significant constituents are listed  in Appendix  J.

        Raoult ' s Law -  Raoult's Law can be  used to predict re-
        leases from concentrated aqueous solutions (i.e. solutions
        over 10% solute).  This will be  most useful when the  unit
        of concern entails container storage, tank storage, or
        treatment of concentrated waste  streams.
     For solid wastes, imiscible liquids, and wastes disposed  of

in landfills, land treatment, or waste piles there are  no  simple

measures that can be used to assess the potential for volatiliza-

tion of a constituent.  The investigator will need to consider the

appropriate chemical, physical, and unit parameters, and  then  use

his/her best judgment in determining the potential for  release.

Appendix J summarizes key chemical and physical  parameters  the

investigator should consider when assessing  the  different  waste/

unit combinations.


2.   Particulate Emissions
     The likelihood of particulate  releases  at  hazardous  waste

management facilities is generally  associated with  landfills,

land treatment units and/or waste piles.   The severity  of particu-

late releases is governed by different  parameters  than  those  that

affect vapor-phase releases.

     For particulate releases,  the  size  distribution  of the

particles in the release plays  an important  role  in both  dispersion

and actual exposure.  Large particles will settle  out  of  the  air

more rapidly than small particles,  thus  they will  not  travel  as
                                5-14

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          far  off-site  or  be  diluted  as  much by dispersion.  Very small

          particles  (i.e.,  those  that are  less  than 5 microns in diameter),

          are  considered  to be  respirable  and thus present a greater health

          hazard  than  larger  particles.   Particulate releases containing a

          high proportion  of  small  particles are therefore of greatest

          concern.   The inspector should examine the source of the parti-

          culate  emissions  to obtain  information on particle size.
|
               Three mechanism  are  particularly important in generating

          particulate  releases  at hazardous  waste facilities, and the

          investigator  should examine the  site  for evidence that these

          practices  are occurring.   They are:


-               o   Wind  erosion;   In general, the unit's location will
j                  affect  the  potential for the  wind to erode wastes in the
                  unit.  The  unit's location and orientation with respect
                  to the  prevailing winds  and large structures on site will
                  determine the  unit's vulnerability to wind erosion and
                  the  potential  for particulate releases.  Agency personnel
                  should  determine  the location of SWMUs of concern with
                  respect  to  prevailing  winds and the use of wind screens
                  (both natural  and man-made) and daily covers to determine
                  the  unit's  vulnerability to wind erosion.

               o   Reentrainment  by  moving  vehicles on soil, paved, and
                  unpaved  roads:   Vehicles moving on site can generate
                  fugitive  dust  emissions.  Factors affecting dust emissions
                  generation  include  the amount of daily vehicular traffic
                  at the  site and the average size of the vehicles.

               o   Operational activities;  These include the movement of
                  soils or  hazardous  wastes  by  dozers, loading by front-end
                  loaders,  and  other  activities associated with landfilling
                  or waste  piles  may  cause fugitive dust emissions.


          D.    Environmental  and  Geographic  Factors

               In assessing the  potential  significance of air releases from

          a  solid waste management  unit  or a facility with several units,

          the  investigator  needs  to consider environmental factors that can

          affecc  the concentrations of airborne contaminants.  These include


                                         5-15

-------
     o  Windspeed and direction;
     o  Temperature; and
     o  Amount of rainfall.
     These factors directly impact the concentration  of  released

constituents.  Under the right conditions,  they  can  reduce  the

importance of a release.  However, under  other conditions,  they

may increase the effects of the release.

     Atmospheric dispersion can rapidly dilute the mass  of  a

contaminant released from a solid waste management unit.   In many

cases, a contaminant's concentration  decreases as  the distance

from the source of release increases.  However,  specific  atmos-

pheric conditions such as wind speed,  temperature  and geographic

factors such as the moisture content  and  porosity  of  soils,  can

greatly limit the amount of dispersion.   When  assessing  air

releases, the investigator needs  to consider whether  any  of  these

conditions are important at the site  in question.  Conditions and

factors that affect dispersion include:


     o  Narrow valleys and urban  areas containing  large  buildings
        (artificial canyons);

     o  Areas dominated by off-shore  breezes;

     o  Areas with atmospheric conditions known  to frequently
        result in inversions (low average wind  speeds, mountain
        bas ins, etc.

     o  Hot dry areas  chat are conducive  to rapid  evaporation.


     The investigator  may be able to  obtain some of  this  informa-

tion from local weather data bases  as part of  the  preliminary

assessment.  However,  collection  of  this  information will probably

require a site inspection.
                                5-16

-------
          III.   EVIDENCE OF AIRBORNE RELEASES




               Positive identification of airborne contaminants at a site




          is an important part of determining whether or not a significant




          air release has occurred.   However, because air releases are




          difficult to observe and monitor, it will generally be difficult




          to make a positive identification.  In addition, it is doubtful




          that  adequate monitoring data will be readily available for a




          specific site.  The investigator will most likely have to rely on




          circumstantial evidence based on available data, or, in some




          cases,  on sampling data collected during the site investigation.






          A.   Available Data Collection Methods and Sources




               The most useful information for determining if a release is




          or has  occurred is on-site monitoring data.  As mentioned above,




          it is unlikely that this type of information will be available




          for most sites.  Sources of this information include the owner or




I         operator, EPA regional offices, state, county or local departments




..         of health, or OSHA.  Even if this information is available, the




          investigator should carefully assess its usefulness, paying




{          particular attention to proper collection of background samples




          and the time and weather conditions when samples were taken.




               Other useful data includes citizen complaints concerning both




          odors coming from the facility and observed particulate emissions.




          It is important to note however, that the absence of odor does




          not imply the absence of vapor releases, since many constituents




          have  high odor thresholds.  OSHA may have, in addition to air




          monitoring data, collected health or personal monitoring data
                                         5-17

-------
from sice workers.  This information may also suggest  the presence


of a release.



B.   The Role of Sampling


     Agency personnel should monitor with portable instruments


and/or take enough air samples during the site investigation(s)


to complete a Hazard Ranking score.  Appendix B describes how to


sample to obtain a Hazard Ranking Score.  In addition,  there  may


be situations where the investigator may want to  take  samples  or


require the owner or operator to take samples.  For  example,  the         I


investigator may wish to sample the waste in the  unit  to obtain


specific information on the types and concentrations of specific        _j


hazardous constituents in the unit to get a better indication of         ,


the potential magnitude of an air release.  Other reasons to             '


conduct additional sampling would be to: confirm  a finding  that  a    >flB V:

                                                                     N..  M
release or a potential air release from the unit  warrants further

                                                                         5
investigation; compel a remedial investigation; or write a  permit        '


condi tion.                                   ' --


     The investigator may choose to use monitoring equipment,


such as an organic vapor analyzer or a  forced air particulate


filter, around the perimeter of the unit to confirm  a  suspected


release from a unit.  The investigator  may also choose to take          ;


air samples with sample tubes, such as  carbon tenex  tubes,  and


analyze the samples with GCMS.  However, without  the proper


collection of background samples as well as time  series  sampling,


the use of such monitoring or sampling  equipment  during  the


course of a site inspection can not confirm that  a  release  is not


taking place.
                                5-13

-------
•
               The investigator can require the owner or operator to sample

          or monitor in certain situations.  These are likely to be situa-

          tions where the Agency can specify the number and location of

          samples, sampling or monitoring methods, and the procedures for

          analyzing samples.



          IV.  POTENTIAL FOR EXPOSURE

               Exposure information, to the extent it is available for the

          facility, will help in assessing whether and to what extent air
                                            *
          releases from the facility could affect human health and the

          environment.   Again, at this stage in the corrective action

          process, the  information and the analysis will largely be quali-

          tative.   However, this information can help in determining the

          need to  conduct further remedial investigations, (e.g., depending

          on the population density around the site); and in setting priori-

          ties for the  remedial investigation stage of the process.

l_              Population density and distance from the source are the pri-

t-         raary factors  in determining the significance of a potential

          exposure.  Distance should be measured from the unit(s) containing

{          the waste rather than from the facility boundary, although total

          facility emissions from all solid waste management units must

;          also be  kept  in mind.  Most importantly, the investigator should

          consider the  density of the population residing near the site,

          as well  as transients such as workers in factories, offices,

          restaurants,  motels, or students.  Travelers that pass through

          the area should not be included in any count.

               The most significant exposure potential will occur in situa-

          tions when there is a high population density very close to the
                                        5-19

-------
site.  However, because concentrations can be quite high, even




low density populations in such close proximity to the site  are




of concern.  Dispersion can significantly reduce concentrations




as distance from a site increases.  Thus, the significance of




high population density at larger distances from the site is




reduced.




     The  investigator needs to consider the relationship between




distance, concentration, and population density in evaluating  the




significance of an exposure potential.  An additional  factor to




consider  is the population located along the line of the most




predominant wind direction at a site.  Because the PA/SI is




primarily concerned with continuous releases, populations located




along this line downwind of the site are more likely to  receive




significant exposures than populations located along other vectors.




     If the investigator determines that a solid waste management




unit is releasing large volumes of unsaturated hydrocarbons,




he/she may need to consider population density over a  much larger




area.  These constituents contribute to the formation  of photo-




chemical  smog and ozone, which, in combination with other regional




pollutant releases, can cause significant exposures over a wide




geographic area.






V.   RELEASE DETERMINATIONS




     This section summarizes the  unit-specific and site-specific




characteristics that should be evaluated to identify airborne




releases.  Furthermore, it summarizes  factors that determine the




relative exposure potential of an air  release.   In addition, this




section gives examples  of site-specific situations  that  are  likely
                                5-20

-------
           to  require  further  investigation  and  situations  that  probably

           will  not  require  further  investigation.   These  examples  relate

           the individual  unit  and site-specific characteristics  to each

           other to  describe the  process  for  making  decisions  on  what  re-

           leases  should be  further  investigated.


           A.    Summary

 i               Exhibit  5-1  is  a  checklist that  should  help the  investigator

           evaluate  specific factors  to identify releases  and  determine  the
                                                              %
           relative  effect of  the release on  human health  and  the environment.

           In  identifying  releases,  the investigator should consider the

           series  of factors'highlighted  in  the  checklist  that determine the

 .          potential for air releases  from the  facility.   These  factors

           include:

    »>
                o  Unit  characteristics,  such as size (surface area and
                  depth), type and  use;
 l
T               o  Types and characteristics  of  wastes  placed  in  the unit;  and

                o  The potential  of  locational  factors  and  constituent-specific
 I                 factors to  affect  the  significance of  the release.


 [          The first section of this  chapter  described  all  of  these factors

           in  some detail  in order to  give the  investigator a.  better basis

           for determining whether a  release  is  significant or not.  While

           many  units  can  be expected  to  have air  releases, most  of these

           releases  — either  because  of  certain unit characteristics,

           concentrations  of specific  constituents in the  waste,  atmospheric

           dispersion  characteristics, distance  to receptors,  etc.  — will

           not be  significant  enough  to warrant  further investigation.   The

           investigator  will need to  consider each of the  factors described
                                          5-21

-------
                               Exhibit 5-1

                        Checklist for Air Releases


                                                                Yes

Identifying Releases

1.  Potential for Air Releases from the  Facility

•  o  Unit Characteristics

        Is the unit operating and does it expose
        wastes to the atmosphere?                               	

        Does the size of the unit (e.g., depth  and
        surface area) create a potential for  air
        release?                                                	

  o  Does the unit contain waste that exhibits  a  moder-
     ate or high potential for vapor phase  release?

     -  Does the unit contain hazardous  constituents  of
        concern as vapor releases?                              	

     -  Do waste constituents have a high potential  for
        volatilization (e.g., physical form,  concentration,
        and constituent-specific physical and chemical
        parameters that contribute to volatilization)?          	

  o  Does the unit contain waste and exhibit  site
     conditions that suggest a moderate  or  high potential
     for particulate release?

        Does the unit contain hazardous  constituents
        of concern as particulate releases?                     	
        Do constituents of concern  as  particulate  releases
        (e.g., smaller, inhalable particulates)  have
        potential for  re.lease via wind  erosion,  reentrain-
        ment by moving vehicles, or  operational  activities?

        Are particulate releases comprised  of  small
        particles that tend  to  travel  off-site?

-------
                                 Exhibit 5-1 (cont.)

                              Checklist for Air Releases
           Do  certain environmental and geographic factors
           affect  the concentrations of airborne contaminants?

              Do atmospheric/geographic conditions limit constit-
              uent dispersion (e.g., areas with atmospheric condi-
              tions  that  result  in inversions)?

              Is the facility located in a hot, dry area?

          Evidence of Air Releases

           o   Does on-site monitoring data show that releases have
              occurred or are occurring (e.g., OSHA data)?

           o   Have particulate emissions been observed at the site?

           o   Have there  been citizen complaints concerning
              odors  or observed  particulate emissions from
              the  site?
      Determining the  Relative  Effect of the Release on Human
      health  and  the  Environment

      1.   Exposure Potential

l\          o   Is  a populated  area located near the site?
                                                                     Yes    No
                                         5-23

-------
in Section I of this chapter in determining the potential for

significant releases from solid water management units at the

facility.

     Once the investigator determines that the potential for air

releases exists, he/she should examine evidence of air releases

(to the extent it is available) that identifies the presence of

releases.  Evidence may include existing air monitoring data,

observed particulate emissions, or citizen complaints about odors

coming from the site.

     The investigator should also consider the potential for            _J

exposure from airborne releases.  Information on the exposure            i

potential of off-site air releases provides a basis for priori-

tizing sites.  For example, if a populated area is not located           1

close to a site with an air problem, then further investigation       _...
                                                                     'Jfc
may not be necessary.  Alternatively, a site adjacent to a  popu-

lated area (e.g., a residential development) may be a priority

for a remedial investigation.


B.   Examples

     Table 5-5 provides examples of  situations that are likely  to

require further investigation and situations that probably  will

not require further investigation for air releases.  These  examples

provide some guidance on making unit-by-unit release determina-

tions.  Examples of where a further  investigation is needed

generally illustrate units, such as  open  roofed tanks or surface

impoundments, that contain  large quantities of highly volatile

organic wastes and that probably have ongoing and highly concen-

trated releases, or characterize other  types of units with  a  high
                                5-24

-------
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1



 I.
          potential for air release and that are located near populated




          areas.  Examples of situations where a further Investigation is



          not needed illustrate units that do not contain hazardous consti-



          tuents of concern for air releases, or units that are properly




          maintained and have adequate waste containment systems.



               Although these unit illustrations can be helpful in making



          determinations, they are only examples and do not characterize




          the exact situation at a given site.  Therefore, the investigator




          will need to evaluate all the site-specific factors and use




          his/her judgment in deciding whether or not further remedial



          investigations are warranted.
                                         3-27

-------
1,
 [
                                     CHAPTER  SIX
                                    SUBSURFACE  GAS

          I.  INTRODUCTION
              The  site  investigation for  subsurface  gas  should  determine
          whether releases of subsurface gas  from solid waste  management
          units  at  the facility  are  occurring.  Owners or operators  of  units
          with Identified releases or that have a substantial  likelihood of
          a release will be  required to conduct further investigations  to
          actually  determine  the  extent of a  release(s) and/or to  character-
          ize the release and begin  developing  a corrective  measures  program.
              In general, EPA's  primary concern is to determine whether
          there  are gas  releases  that  could reach explosive  levels in on-
          site or off-site buildings.  Therefore, the primary  constituent
          of concern in  the  subsurface gas site investigation  is methane,  due
          to its explosive • properties  and  frequency of detection in  subsur-
          face gas.  However, other  potentially hazardous subsurface  gases
          may threaten human  health  or the environment in some situations
          and the investigator may identify conditions conducive to  their
          generat ion.
r              As with the other  media, the investigations  required  in  the
          second phase of the corrective action process to determine  the
          nature and extent  of subsurface  gas release will  be  very resource
          intensive for both  the  owner or  operator and for  the Agency.
          Therefore, it  is important  for the  PA/SI to identify units  that
          do not require further  investigation  as well as those  situations
          that clearly warrant further investigations for subsurface  gas
          releases.
                                         6-1

-------
     This chapter first describes the factors the investigator




should consider in evaluating specific units for their potential




to generate subsurface gas.  Only certain wastes and certain




types of units are capable of generating subsurface methane.




Therefore, if the investigator determines that either the wastes




in the unit are not conducive to methane generation or the  type




of unit does not permit subsurface gas releases, he/she  does  not




need to look further for evidence of release.




     However, if the waste/unit combination has a high potential




for generating methane, the investigator should determine the




potential for gas releases to move through the subsurface to  on-




and off-site buildings and may take samples in these buildings  to




obtain evidence of a release.  The chapter describes these  situa-




tions and provides the investigator with guidance on when sampling




might be useful in making a determination that further investiga-




tions are required.






It.  POTENTIAL FOR SUBSURFACE GAS RELEASES




     As mentioned above, waste type and unit type and design  are




the primary factors affecting the potential for subsurface  gas




releases from a solid waste management unit.   If either  the type




of unit or type of waste in the unit precludes methane generation,




the investigator does not need to look further for  evidence of




release.  Each of these factors is discussed in greater  detail




below.






A.   Tyoes of Waste Placed in the Unit




     The investigator should determine whether wastes conducive




to the generation of methane are  present  in solid waste  management






                               6-2

-------
          units at the facility.   Anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes


          generates large volumes of methane gas under the proper conditions.


          When methane is generated in SWMUs,  the potential exists for it to


          accumulate under pressure and to migrate from the unit, thereby


          posing a significant risk of explosion.  The methane may also be


          mixed with other volatile hazardous  constituents present in the


          unit, and may Increase  the potential hazard associated with the


          accumulated gas.


               Conventional solid waste refuse is the primary waste type of


          concern for generating  methane gas.   The volume of gas produced


          in the unit depends upon both the quantity and types of refuse


          present.  Units may either contain primarily refuse or a mixture


          of refuse and hazardous wastes.  Units where refuse has been


          codisposed with hazardous wastes may pose the most serious threat,


          because of the potential for other volatile hazardous wastes to


.          be mixed with the methane.


••              Higher volumes of  methane will  be generated at units con-


P         taining larger quantities of refuse.  The volume of gas generated


          also depends upon the age of the unit and how long the waste has

I
I          been in the unit.  Methane generation will increase slowly after


          waste emplacement to a  maximum generation rate which will slowly


1          decline as the waste decomposes.  The active lifetime for methane


          generation from units closed as landfills depends primarily upon


          the amount of precipitation infiltrating into the waste.  Land-


          fills in the arid Southwest will generally produce methane for


          20-30 years, while landfills in the  humid Southeast may only


          generate methane for 4-5 years after waste emplacement.  Landfills
                                         o-3

-------
with higher moisture content provide a more suitable environment

for bacterial degradation.

     The temperature of waste at the time of emplacement can also

affect the methane generation rate.  Wastes placed in landfills

in the winter at temperatures below 10°C may not generate methane

for up to 5 years, even in climates with warm summers, due  to  the

insulating properties of the waste.  The waste can remain at tem-

peratures low enough to effectively inhibit bacterial decomposition

for several years.  The types of refuse disposed in the unit can

also affect the rate of methane generation.  Descriptions of the

two types of refuse that can generate methane and a brief discus-

sion of other wastes that may mix with methane follow:


     o  Rapid Decomposable Refuse.  Rapid decomposable wastes
        will produce methane at high rates under the proper
        conditions.  These wastes include organic sludges from
        wastewater treatment facilities, food wastes, garden
        wastes, and other vegetable matter (e.g., grass clippings,
        tree trimmings, etc.).  The high concentration of readily
        degradable organic compounds in these wastes provides  an
        ideal energy source for the anaerobic organisms that
        produce methane.                      --

     o  Slow Decomposable Refuse.   Slow decomposables will  not
        produce the immediate high  volumes of methane possible
        with the rapid decomposables.  However,  they will produce
        methane at lower rates in the unit over  a longer period
        of time, and thus also pose a substantial threat.   Slow
        decomposables include paper, cardboard,  wood, leather,
        some textiles, and several  other assorted organic ma-
        terials.   Slow decomposables are commonly a large percen-
        tage of municipal refuse, and should be  present in  large
        quantities if the SWMUs contain municipal refuse.

     o  Other Wastes of Concern.  Volatile organic wastes disposed
        in the units of concern for subsurface gas releases may
        volatilize into the pockets of methane gas produced by
        refuse decomposition and increase the hazard associated
        with the gas.  This situation could occur where  liquids
        such as solvents have been  disposed of in landfills or
        waste  piles in high concentrations.  These compounds  are
        not  likely to migrate from  the unit unless methane  is
        present to act as a carrier.  However, certain  volatile


                               6-4

-------
        compounds would be likely to form mixtures with methane
        where wastes are codisposed.  The volatile wastes and
        waste constituents of concern for subsurface gases are
        the same as those that have the potential for air
        releases.  These are listed in Table 5-1.
B.   Types of Units with a Potential for Subsurface Gas Releases

     Only two types of solid waste management units are of

concern in the subsurface gas site investigation due to their

potential for generating methane or other subsurface gases of

concern.  These units include active and closed landfills and

units that have been closed as landfills.  Each is described

more fully below:
        Landfills .  Landfills are the most likely SWMUs to gen-
        erate subsurface gases resulting in a release.  The
        underground deposition of decomposable refuse with or
        without hazardous constituents provides a large source of
        gas and a driving force that can carry other gases ven-
        ting to the atmosphere and/or migration horizontally as a
        subsurface gas.  Closing landfills with impermeable caps
        without venting systems retards the release of these
        landfill gases as surface emissions.  In these instances,
        a large percentage of those gases migrate laterally
        through soils along confining barriers such as ground water
        tables, clay layers, synthetic liners, and compacted
        covers.  This migration could cause significant accumula-
        tions of potentially explosive gas in facility structures
        or in buildings off-site.

        Units closed as landfills.  Inactive SWMUs that have been
        closed as landfills may generate subsurface gases.  These
        sites include closed surface impoundments or waste piles
        containing decomposable or volatile wastes with in place
        impermeable covers.  Similar to landfills, gases generated
        in sices closed as landfills may migrate laterally, pos-
        sibly causing significant accumulations.  However, closed
        surface impoundments and waste piles generally contain
        small quantities of decomposable and volatile wastes and
        are at shallow depths.  Thus, significant gas misration
        and subsequent subsurface gas releases are j.ess _ik.ely
        for these units than for landfills.
                               6-5

-------
     Other solid waste management units are unlikely to have




subsurface gas releases because gases generated in the units  are




more likely to vent to the atmosphere than to concentrate  in  the




unsaturated soil.  Barriers (e.g., paving, compaction, or  instal-




lation of covers for closure), can permit some lateral migration




to occur from these units.  Generally, however, this lateral




migration will be limited to the extent of the barrier.  Therefore,




the potential for releases from shallow SUMUs is usually




ins ignificant.




     Although depth is one of several considerations for deter-




mining the potential for releases, the type of SWMU establishes




potential migration pathways and the waste characteristics  create




the driving force for subsurface gas movement.  Exhibits 6-1  and




6-2 illustrate some potential pathways from a few types of  SWMUs.






III.  MIGRATION OF SUBSURFACE GAS TO ON-SITE AND OFF-SITE  RECEPTORS




     Certain natural conditions and engineered structures  can act




as barriers or conduits to subsurface gas migration.  For  example,




venting systems can prevent subsurface gas migration, while under-




ground utility lines can promote migration.




     The investigator should examine the site to determine how




natural or engineered structures affect the migration of subsur-




face gas to on- and off-site receptors.






A.   Geologic and Hydrogeolgic Factors that Affect Migration






1 .   Natural Barriers




     Gas raigration=can be impeded or prevented by geologic bar-




riers.  Soil effective porosity and permeability are perhaps  the
                                6-6

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-------
          most important natural barriers to gas migration.  Porosity is

          a function of soil type, moisture content, and weathering.

          Permeability is determined by soil type.  Tight, uniform soils

          such as clays, at least to the depth of the unit, are good barri-

          ers.  Sandy soil will likely encourage venting of gas to the

          atmosphere with little chance of horizontal migration.  However,

          sand and gravel lenses below a less permeable soil layer, are

 |         excellent conduits for subsurface gas migration.  Climatic condi-
 <

          tions such as precipitation or freezing can also affect gas

          migration.  Both factors tend to reduce the porosity of surface

          soils preventing upward gas migration.

               Gas migration can also be impeded or prevented by hydrologic

 !         barriers such as surface water, ground water, and saturated soils.
 t
          Subsurface gas does not penetrate ground water and surface water.

          Thus, if there is a lake or perennial stream between the unit and

 ,         any structure, migration is unlikely.  A high ground water table

•f
 L'        will restrict migration to the shallow unsaturated zone.  High

 f*        water tables also allow for the use of trenches as gas control

          devices.

 I              Subsurface gases that come in contact with these conditions

          will tend to migrate towards the pathway of least resistance,
 I
 I,        usually through a porous soil.  As an uncommon example, if a

          landfill or site closed as a landfill was surrounded (along all

          sidewalls and bottom) fay water, gas migration beyond the confin-

          ing barrier would not be expected.  In most cases, however, ground

          water and saturated soils only partially surround a unit (usually

          along the bottom).  Thus, lateral or vertical migration can occur.
                                         6-9

-------
2.   Engineered Structures




     Engineered barriers include:




     o  Synthetic liners that effectively contain wastes;




     o  Slurry walls that border landfill units; and




     o  Gas control or venting systems.






The investigator should review documents on the design and  opera-




tion of these systems and inspect the systems to confirm  that




they are functioning properly.  Subsurface gas control systems




are almost exclusively associated with disposal sites for




municipal-type waste rather than for hazardous waste.  These




systems are probably only present at hazardous waste facilities




where municipal waste is codisposed with hazardous waste  or where




a sanitary landfill is operating at the same site.




     Gas migration from SWMUs may be facilitated by man-made




structures located within the facility or near the property




boundary.  Examples of such structures include:






     o  Underground power transmission lines;




     o  Sewer and drainage pipes; and



     o  Underground telephone cables.






Gases migrating from a SWMU may enter these structures and  travel




great distances to buildings  or other engineered structures,




resulting in a potential hazard.  The investigator should  inspect




the facility blueprints and check with utilities (to the  extent




that these tasks were not completed during the PA) to ensure  that




no structures are present that could increase the likelihood  of




gas migration to on- and off-site receptors.
                                6-10

-------
IV.  EVIDENCE OF SUBSURFACE GAS RELEASES




     If the investigator determines, based on his inspection of




the unit, that there is a significant potential for the unit to




generate methane and that geologic and hydrogeologic conditions




at the site tend to promote gas releases, he/she should examine




structures on and off-site for evidence of these releases.   If




such conditions do not exist, the investigator does not need to




look for evidence of methane releases.






A.   Role of Sampling in Making These Determinations




     In some cases more extensive sampling or monitoring in




on-site or off-site buildings may be needed to compel a remedial




investigation or write permit conditions.  Monitoring and  sampling




does not confirm that there are no releases from a unit, only




that there were ho releases at the time of sampling or monitoring.




The investigator should be sure that incidental methane sources




(such as gas stoves) do not interfere with the results.




     Methane field monitoring can be performed with combustible gas




meters, or by volumetric sampling and subsequent analysis  by gas




chromatography.  A combustible gas meter will provide a reliable




determination of combustible gas concentrations.  It will  not




indicate whether or not the combustible gas detected is actually




methane gas.  However, if the waste in the unit could generate




methane, then it is likely that the meter is detecting methane.




Any significant gas reading (whether it is methane or not) is of




concern.  Reported experience indicates 0 to 100 percent of  the




lower explosive limit (LED detection to be accurate with  hotwire




catalytic combustion principal instruments.  However, many users
                               6-11

-------
prefer instruments with the capability of determining  both  the  0




to 100 percent LEL and the percent methane present when  the




concentration exceeds 100 percent LEL (i.e.,  5 percent methane).




Dual scale instruments are available for this application.




Typically, the 0 to 100 percent gas scale uses a  thermal  conduc-




tivity sensor.  The carbon dioxide in landfill-generated  gas  is




reported to interfere with the thermal conductivity  sensor,  so




the investigator should not assume that readings  above  100  percent




LEL are accurate.  Some of the single scale  0 to  100 percent  LEL




instruments can also be fitted with air dilution  tubes or valves




to allow readings of the percent gas when the concentration  is




above the LEL.  Instructions on the use and  calibration  of  these




instruments should be obtained from the manufacturer.  Table  6-1




indicates subsurface gas sampling and testing methods  and specific




technical requirements for each method.




     Monitoring in a facility structure (i.e., those structures




within the facility's property line) should  normally be  done




after the building has been closed overnight or  for  a  weekend,




and when the  soil surface has been wet or frozen  for several




days.  Monitoring or sampling should be done in  confined areas




where gas may accumulate, such as basements, crawl  spaces,  near




floor cracks, attics, around subsurface utility  connections,  and




in untrapped  drain lines.  Gas recovery and  gas  control  equipment




(if any) should be evaluated as part of a monitoring program.




The results,  location, date, and  time  for each  sample  should be




recorded.  The  investigator should  take safety  precautions be-




fore and during monitoring in buildings.
                                6-12

-------
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-------
V.   RELEASE DETERMINATIONS




     This section summarizes the unit-specific and site-specific




characteristics that should be evaluated to identify subsurface




gas releases that migrate to on-site or off-site buildings.   In




addition, this section gives examples of site-specific situations




that are likely to require further investigation and situations




that probably will not require further investigation.  These




examples relate the individual unit and site-specific characteris-




tics to each other to describe the process for making decisions




on which releases to further investigate.






A.    Summary




     Exhibit 6-3 is a checklist that should help the investigator




evaluate specific factors to identify subsurface gas releases  or




to identify sites that have a high potential far gas release  and




gas migration to on-site or off-site buildings.  In identifying




releases, the investigator should consider the series of  factors




described in the chapter and highlighted in the checklist  to




determine the potential for subsurface gas releases from  the




unit.  The primary factors include:  whether or not the unit




contains waste that generates methane or generates volatile




constituents that may migrate along with methane; and the  unit's




potential to generate subsurface gas releases.  The investigator




should examine these unit-specific characteristics and how they




relate to each other in determining the potential for subsurface




gas releases from units at the  facility.
                                6-14

-------
                                      Exhibit  6-3

                        Checklist  for  Subsurface  Gas  Releases

                                                                     Yes      Np_

       Identifying a Release

       1.  Potential for Subsurface Gas  Releases

           o  Does the unit  contain waste  that  generates  methane
              or generates volatile constituents  that  may be  car-
              ried by methane  (e.g.,  decomposable  refuse/volatile
              organic wastes)?                                       	    	

           o  Is the unit an active or  closed  landfill or a  unit
              closed as a landfill (  e.g.,  surface  impoundments
              and waste piles)?                                      	    	

       2.  Migration of Subsurface  Gas  to On-site  or Off-site
          Buildings

           o  Are on-site or off-site  buildings  close  to  the
              unit?       -. .                                        	    	

           o  Do natural or  engineered  barriers  prevent gas
              migration from the unit  to on-site  or off-site
              buildings (e.g.,  low soil permeability  and  poros-
              ity hydrogeologic barriers/liners ,  slurry walls,
              gas control systems)?                                  	    	

           o  Do natural site  characteristics  or  man-made
              structures (e.g., underground power  transmission
J.             lines, sewer pipes/sand  and  gravel  lenses)
              facilitate gas migration  from the  unit  to
              buildings?                                             	    	


       Determining the Relative  Effect  of the  Release  on Human
I      Health and the Environment
       1.  Exposure Potential

           o  Does building usage  (e.g.,  residential,  com-
              mercial) exhibit high  potential  for  exposure?
                                          6-15

-------
     Once the investigator determines that the wastes in the unit


and the type of unit are conducive to subsurface gas releases,


he/she should decide whether methane gas could migrate to on-site


or off-site structures.  Gas migration can be impeded or prevented


by natural barriers or engineered structures.  Natural barriers,


such as ground water and surface water prevent lateral gas migra-


tion.  Engineered structures, such as liners and slurry walls may


also prevent gas migration.  The investigator should also deter-


mine whether gas migration could be facilitated by man-made


structures.  For example, gas may travel through an underground


power transmission line to an on-site or off-site building.  If


the Investigator determines that there is a significant potential
                                             I

for methane migration to buildings, he/she may choose to sample


to confirm that there is a release from the unit. However, sampl-


ing should not be necessary during most site investigations.



B.   Examples


     Table 6-2 provides examples of si tuat ioos-_ that are likely  to

require further investigation and situations that probably will


not require further investigation for subsurface gas releases.


These examples provide some guidance on making unit-by-unit re-


lease determinations.  Examples of where a further investigation


is warranted include units that have a high potential for methane


generation and methane migration to on-site or off-site structures,


or where sampling in these structures indicates a gas problem.


Examples that illustrate situations where a further investigation


probably is not required include units where either the waste in
                               6-16

-------
                                      Table  6-2
                                    SUBSURFACE GAS
                                  UNIT  ILLUSTRATIONS
      Unit Type

      Closed Landfills
      or Other Units
      Closed as
      Landfills
Further
Needed
                                     Investigation
   Units which contain
   hazardous constituents
   co-disposed with refuse
   where gas venting systems
   or barriers to gas migra-
   tion will not prevent
   migration to on-site or
   off-site structures

   Units where sampling in
   either on-site or off-
   site structures indicates
   dangerous levels of
   methane gas has migrated
   from the unit

   Units where conduits may
   facilitate gas migration
   to on-site or off-site
   structures from units
   known to be generating
   methane gas
i.
Further Investigation
Not Needed	

o  Units that never
   contained slow or
   rapid decomposable
   refuse

o  Units where inspec-
   tion confirms a
   properly functioning
   gas venting system

o  Units where natural
   or engineered bar-
   riers will prevent
   migration of methane
   to structures

o  Units in humid cli-
   mates that have been
   closed for over
   5 years

o  Units in arid cli-
   mates that have been
   closed for over
   30 years
      Active Landfills
   Units which contain       o
   hazardous wastes co-dis-
   posed with biodegradable
   refuse where gas venting
   systems or barriers to    o
   gas migration do not
   function properly.
   Potential for gas to
   migrate to nearby
   structures

   Units where sampling
   indicates that dangerous
   levels of methane have
   migrated from the unit
   to structures
  Units with
  f unct ioning
  ing sys tem
L  properly
gas  vent-
                                                             Units  that  have  never
                                                             contained biodegrad-
                                                             able  refuse or only
                                                             insignificant quan-
                                                             tities
                                        6-17

-------
the unit or barriers are not conducive to methane generation or




migrat ion.




     Although these unit illustrations can be helpful in making




determinations, they are only examples and are unlikely to charac-




terize the exact situation at a given site.  For example, at many




sites with a potential methane problem, natural or engineered




barriers may only impede, not prevent, gas migration.  In these




cases it will be difficult to determine if gas could migrate to




on-site or off-site structures.  Therefore, especially in these




marginal situations, the investigator will need to evaluate all




the site specific factors and how they relate to each other to




determine whether a remedial investigation is required.
                               6-13

-------
                     APPENDICES
•
r

-------
                                       APPENDIX    A
                   PRELIMINARY    ASSESSMENT    DATA
L

-------
                                       TABLE A-l

                             RCRA  SOURCES  OF INFORMATION ON
                         SITE DESCRIPTION/MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
 f
 !          RSI #3

                   o  Type  of  unit

                   o  Location of each  unit  at  facility on a
                      topographical  map

                   o  Wheth-e?  the unit  is  operating

                   o  When  the  unit  closed
 «.

           Part B
                   o  Interim  status  ground  water  monitoring data

                   o  Description of  existing contamination
 i
*4                  o  Records  on prior  releases


 1         Compliance Inspections

                   o  Results  of owner/operator  monitoring data
 (
 i              .    o  Significant violations of  operating  standards


          Exposure Assessment

                   o  Summary  of work-related injuries  and illnesses
                                       A-l

-------
                          TABLE A-2

     RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
RSI #3

         o  General information on waste quantities                     '

         o  Description of waste                                        |



                                                                       -1
Part B

         o  List of wastes for each unit
         o  Description of unit sizes and volume
            of waste received
Exposure Assessment
         o  Estimate of annual amount of was-te  received
            and pretreatraent processes used

         o  Presence of municipal-type waste/quantities/
            locations/dates received (relates to  sub-
            surface gas problems)

         o  Summary of waste analyses not already submitted
                            A-2

-------
                                      TABLE A-3

                            RCRA SOURCES  OF INFORMATION ON
                             POLLUTANT DISPERSAL PATHWAYS
'9
I

I
Part B

     The following information is submitted on all units,
     regardless of whether the units are landbased or not.
     This information will be used to evaluate both "old"
     and regulated units.

        o  Facility description (location of units,
             drains, ditches, surface waters, etc.)
        o  Topographical map
        o  Procedures to prevent release
        o  Contingency plans in the event of a release
        o  Access control to active units (relates to
           possible direct contact)

     The following information must be submitted if the facility
     is seeking a"permit for a land-based unit.  This information
     will assist in evaluating both "old" landfills and impound-
     ments as well as regulated units.

        o  Characterization of uppermost aquifer
             (flow rate and direction)
        o  Ground water table contour maps
        o  Flood plain data
        o  Prevailing wind direction/speed
        o  Procedures to prevent accidental ignition or
           reaction
        o  Plans to control wind dispersal of particulate
           mat ter
        o  Description of corrective action taken at
           uni ts
        o  Systems to control run-on and run-off
        o  Procedures to prevent overtopping
        o  Structural integrity of dikes

Exposure Assessment Submission

        o  Existing aerial photography
        o  On site accidents involving waste transport or
             subsurface gas
        o  Regional map showing areas of ground water recharge/
             d i scharge
        o  Map  showing location of all surface water bodies on
             site and within 3 miles (including ditches and
             water diversion structures)
        o  Nearby stream and river velocities
        o  Description of system used to monitor surface water
             quality/ summary 01 surface water quality data
        o  Description of NPDES permits for the facility/
             description of violations
                                      A-3

-------
                      TABLE A-3 (continued)

                  RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
                   POLLUTANT DISPERSAL PATHWAYS
Exposure Assessment Submission (continued)

         o  Description of known releases to ground water/
              surface water/air/soil/subsurface gas; extent
              of contamination
         o  Map of location of any structures or underground             ..
              conduits within 1000 feet of property boundary              ]
         o  Description of any monitoring or control mechanisms
              for subsurface gas release
         o  General description of the unsaturated zone sur-              ]
              rounding the unit (soil type, thickness)                   -.1
         o  Areas on the site that are paved, capped, or other-
              wise made less permeable to gas                             j
         o  Results and procedures used for any soil sampling             j
         o  Description on type of release causing soil
              contamination
         o  Description of spill/clean-up procedures for routine
              spills/releases
         o  Procedures used to minimize number/serverity of
              transportation accidents
                             A-4

-------
                                      TABLE A-4

                            RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
                          TARGET POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
          Exposure  Assessment  Submission

                   o   Summary  of  risk assessment for liability insurance

                   o   Land  use and  zoning maps for 4 mile radius

                   o   Previous contamination of public/private supplies
                      for  3 mile  radius

                   o   Known food  chain contamination from land-based unit
                      seeking  permit

                   o   Major uses  of  surface waters

                   o   Location of intakes and population served

~E.                 o   Known food  chain contamination from land-based
                      unit  seeking  permit

[                  o   Population  within  a four mile radius

,                  o   Known food  chain contamination from contaminated soils

                   o   Maps  showing  nearby access and on-site transportation
                      routes  (relates to possible direct contact to hazardous
                      materials)
                                       A-5

-------
                            TABLE A-5

                     REGIONAL CERCLA CONTACTS
Region

    I


   II


  III


   IV
   VI
  VII
 VIII
   IX
  Name

Ruth Leabman


Perry Katz


Ed Skernolis


Joel Veader


Don Josif


Jo Johnson-Ballard


Gail Wright


Dave Schaller


Jeff Rosenblum


Debbie Flood
 Telephone Number

    223-1725 (FTS)
617-223-1725 (ODD)

    264-8678 (FTS)
212-264-8678 (DDD)

    597-4779 (FTS)
215-597-4779 (DDD)

    257-2234 (FTS)
404-881-2234 (DDD)

    886-0393 (FTS)
312-886-0393 (DD)

    729-9742 (FTS)
214-767-9742 (DDD)

  ,.758-6864 (FTS)
913-236-6864 (DDD)

    564-1532 (FTS)
303-293-1532 (DDD)

    454-7513 (FTS)
415-974-7513 (DDD)

    399-2722 (FTS)
206-442-2722 (DDD)
                              A-6

-------
                                     TABLE A-6

                           GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
•
         Site  Management  Practices

             1.   TSCA,  OSHA,  NPDES  Compliance Reports
             2.   Municipal/County/City—Public Health Safety Inspections
             3.   Fire  Marshall
             4.   Aerial Photography


         Waste Quantities and Characteristics

             1.   CERCLA 103(c)  Notification
             2.   RCRA  Enforcement  Compliance Reports
             3.   Existing Owner/Operator Sampling/Monitoring Data
             4.   NPDES  Permits  Application/Compliance Reports
             5.   Industrial  Process References
             6.   Professional Organizations
             7.   Interview's .-with  Current and Former Employees, Residents
Identification of Pollutant Dispersal Pathways

    1.  RCRA Enforcement Compliance Reports
    2.  USGS Geological Atlas
    3.  State Geological Survey Offices
    4.  Local USDA Soil Conservation Service Maps, Surveys,
        and Publications
    5.  Local Universities/Colleges
    6.  USGS Hydrological Atlas
    7.  Local Well Drillers
    8.  National Weather Service
    9.  National Climatic Center, Ashville, NC
   10.  HUD, Flood Insurance Rate Maps
   11.  Local Property Insurance Agencies
   12.  Local Fire Marshalls
         Target  Population  Characteristics

             1.   Maps  and  Aerial  Photographs
                   a.   EPA Aerial  Photographic Analysis
                   b.   USGS Land  Use  Maps
                   c.   Local  Planning Commissions/Agencies
             2.   Local/Municipal  Water Departments
             3.   State/Local  Well  Installation Registration Offices
                 (if  required by  the  State  law)
             4.   County  Agricultural  Extension Offices
             5.   State  Fish and Wildlife  Agenesis
             6.   Local  Naturalists  or Environmental  Groups
             7.   Local  Well Drillers
             8.   GEMS  Population  and  Housing Data Retrieval System
                 (available through USEPA  only)
                                      A-7

-------
.
                                APPENDIX    B






              CERCLA   HAZARD    RANKING   SYSTEM




                       SAMPLING    PROCEDURES
                                   [TO  BE  INCLUDED]

-------
                  APPENDIX    C






LIST   OF   INDUSTRIES    AND   THEIR




    RELATED    HAZARDOUS   WASTES

           [PREPARED BY  SCS  ENGINEERS  FOR THE




   LAND DISPOSAL BRANCH  OF THE  OFFICE  OF SOLID WASTE]

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                                          C-23

-------
 1
t

 [
                            Constituents  Currently
                             Without Descriptions
1.   Am1no-l.la,2,8,8a,8b,(hexalydro-8-hdroxy  methyl)
     -8a-methoxy-5Hnethyl-carbanate
2.   01beny[a,hjacor1dine
3.   Dibenz[a.j]ac1Hd1ne
4.   Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
5.   7H-01benzo[c,g3carbazc1e
6.   0-0 dimethyl  0,2 pyrazinyl  phosphorothloate
7.   01 ethyl  stUbesterol
8.   Oihydrosafrd
9.   3,4 D1hydroxy-alpha-(methyl  ami no)  methyl benzl  alcohol
10.  HaTomethane  -. ,
11.  Heptachlor epoxide
12.  Methyl methacrylate
13.  2-«ethy1-2-(methylthio) prop1onaldehyde-o-oxirae
14.  Nitrogen mustard
15.  Nitrogen mustard n oxide
16.  N1troqu1nol1ne-l-oxide
17.  NUrosanine
18.  Mltrosomethy!ethyl amine
19.  Ml tro some thy lure a
20.  Nitrosomethyl urethane
21.  NltrosomorphoHne
22.  N1trosonorni cati ne
23.  Nltrososarcoslne
24.  Selenium and compound
25.  Silver and compounds
26.  Thallium and compounds
27.  2,4,5 trlchlorophenoxyproplonlc add
28.  Trichloropropane (Isomers)
29.  1,2,3 trichloropropane
30.  Tr1n1tro benzene
31.  Tris (1-azridenyl) phosphene sulfide
32.  Tris (2,3-d1bromopropyl)  phosphate
33.  Yanadlc acid, ammonium salt
34.  2-acetylarainofluorene
35.  Aflatoxlns
36.  4-aminoblphenyl
37.  Antimony
38.  Aramite
39.  Aranri te
40.  Arsenic and  compounds
                                              C-24

-------
              Generic Compounds Currently
                 Without Descriptions
41 i  AzaseMne
42.  Benzenedrsonlc add
43.  BenzoCb] fluorantnene
44.  BenzoCj] fluoranthene
45.  Beryllium and compounds                                                       :
46.  N,N-81s (2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine
47.  81s (2-chloro1sopropyl) ether
48.  81s (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate                                                 i
49.  2-sec-butyl-4,6-d1n1trophenol                                      .          J
50.  Cadmium and compounds
51.  1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
52.  Chloromethyl methyl ether
53.  Citrus Red *2
54.  2-cyclohexyl-4,6-di n1trophenol
55.  Cyclophosphamlde
56.  Oaunomycln
57.  Oibenz [a,h] acridlne
58.  Oichlorophenylarsine
59.  Dlethyl arsine
60.  0-0-d1ethyl S-methyl dithiophosphate
61.  Dimethylcarbomoyl chloride
62.  Olphenylanrine
63.  2,4-d1th1obiuret
64.  Iron  dextran
65.  Kepone
66.  Methyl tnethanesulfonate
67.  Mustard gas
68.  Propyl thlouracll
                                  C-25

-------
                                   APPENDIX   D




               REFERENCED   STANDARD   OPERATING


            GUIDELINES  FOR    PROJECT   ACTIVITIES
r
•te.
{_                   [THE  MATERIAL IN THIS  APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY

                 THE OFFICE  OF EMERGENCY AND  REMEDIAL RESPONSE  (OERR)]

-------
                                  REFERENCED STANDARD OPERATING
                                  GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES


               Please check off the following tasks that will be performed during the course of
               the project. Then, at the bottom of the page and on subsequent pages, describe
               fully, for each task, the appropriate procedures and actions that will be taken
               to provide both quality assurance and quality control. If a given task has
               standard operating guidance (SOG) that is documented,  please refer to that
               guidance.  The primary reference would be State Agency Standard Operating
               Procedures. List others as appropriate.

                          Document/Section           Description

                        	Ambient Air Sampling (OVA, HNU, etc.)

                               .            Ground-Water Sampling

                        _______________ Surface-Water Sampling
i                        _______________ Soil/Sediment Sampling
                                            Tap Water Sampling

                                            Land Surveying

                                            Electrical Resistivity Survey

                                            Electromagnetic Survey

                                            Magnetometer Survey

                                            Metal Detection Survey

                                            Ground Penetrating Radar Survey

                                            Seismic Survey

                                            Water Level Measurements

                                            Perimeter Survey



                                            Soil Borings/Well Installation

                                            Bedrock Fracture Analysis

                                            Pump/Permeability Tests

                                            Preparation of Water Table Maps

                                            Preparation of Bedrock Contour Maps


                                                D-l

-------
                 REFERENCED STANDARD OPERATING
                 GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Others (list below):
                           Determination of Ground-Water Flow

                           Decontamination Procedures
                            D-2

-------
                                               REFERENCES

            The following portions of the NUS Superfund Division Quality Assurance Manual
            describe the quality assurance procedures for the tasks listed on  the previous
            page:


                   (    )     Number      	Subject	


                  	   QAP 2.5       Work Plans

                  	   QAP 4.1       Field Data Collection

                  	   QAP 4.2       Data Reduction, Validation, and Reporting

                  	   QAP 5.2       Contractor Quality Assurance  Requirements

                  	   QAP 6.1       Preparation of Instructions and Procedures

                  	   QAP 7-1       Identification of Controlled  Evidentiary
                                        Documents

 J.                 	   QAP 7.2       Issuance and Distribution  of  Controlled
 i_                                      Documents

 s~:              _____   QAP 7.5       Interim Document Review Procedure "

 s^B^             	   QAP 8.1       Control of Procurement  Activities

 !                 	   QAP 8.2       Evaluation and Selection of Contractors
T
                  	   QAP 9.1.F2    Chain of Custody

 I                 	   QAP 9.2.F2    Sample Control

                  	   QAP 10.1      Analysis Techniques

                  	   QAP 11.1      Offsite Reconnaissance

                  	   QAP 11.2      Onsite Inspections

                  	   QAP 12.1      Implementation of Measuring and Test  Equipment
                                        Controls Materials

                  	   QAP 13.1      Packaging, Marking, Labeling, and  Shipping  of
                                        Samples from Hazardous-Waste  Sites

                  	   QAP 16.1      Storage and Retrieval of Quality Assurance
                                        Records

                  	   QAP 17.4      Preparation for Audit

                   ^^^   QAP 17.6      Quality Notices
                                               D-3

-------
                                          APPENDIX       E






             OTHER       STANDARD       REFERENCE




                 MATERIALS       ON       WASTE       AND




ENVIRONMENTAL       CHARACTERIZATION

-------
 OTHER STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS OF WASTE
      AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook

Chemical Process Handbook

Encyclopedia of Chemical Process

CRS Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

SAX, Dangeous Property of Indsutrial Materials
                     E- 1

-------
                                  APPENDIX   F
                      EXAMPLE    EQUIPMENT   LIST
4
 I                [THE MATERIAL IN THIS  APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY OERR;

-------
                                           EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT
                   BOOTS

                   Butyl Rubber Boots
                   Hip Boots Size	
                   Latex Boot Covers
                   Tyvek Boot Covers
                   Item
                   CHEMICALS

                   Acetone                            5 gal.
                   Acetone                            1 gal.
                   Trichloroe thane                     5 gal.
                   Trichloroethane                     1 gal.
                   Me thy lene-chloride                  5 gal.
                   Methylene-chloride                  1 gal.
                   Hexane                            i gal.
                   Gasoline                            1 gal.
                   Gasoline                            3 gal.
                   Nitric Acid                         1 gal.
                   Nitric Acid   -. ,                   5 ml.
                   Sodium Hydroxide                   I liter
                   Motor Oil                          i qt.
                   2-Cycle Oil                         1/2 pt.
 j_                . Alconox                            1 gal.
                  ''Baking Soda                        2 Ib. box
                   SAMPLE CONTAINERS

 !                  40 ml. VOA Bottles                   1 each
T                 * gal. Amber Bottle                  1 each
                   i liter Amber Bottle                  1 each
 r                  3 oz. Glass Jars                      1 each
 }                  1 liter Plastic Bottles                1 each
                   Plastic Bags 3" x 12"                 100 box
                   Plastic Bags 1C" x 12"                100 box
 ;                  Plastic Bags 12" x 20"                100 box
                   Paint Cans w/lid & snaps              1 gal.
                   Paint Cans w/lid it snaps              ft gal.
                   Paint Cans w/lid 4 snaps              1 qt.
                   Vermicuiite                          * cu. ft.
Quantity                 Amount
Packat
                                                F-

-------
                  EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (Conf d)
                                Quantity               Amount
Item                             Packaged               Required


GLOVES
Neoprene                                              _____
Viton                                                  	_£
Butyl Rubber                                           _
Cotton Work                                            3
Latex                                                 3
Leather Work                                           __
P.V.C. Surgical                                          "
CHEMICAL RESISTANT COVERALLS

Tyvek SM
Tyvek MED
Tyvek LG
Tyvek XLG                                             ~	
Tyvek XXLG                                            	
Saranex SM                                            ______
Saranex MED                                           	__
Saranex LG
Saranex XLG                                               / 0
Saranex XXL                                            	
SAMPLE TUBES

Glass Tube .5 mm x 300 mm         1 each
Class Tube 1 mml x 300 mm         1 each
P.V.C. Tube 2" x  10'               I each
P.V.C. Tube 4" x  10*               I each
                                  F-2

-------
                                        EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (Coord)
                    Item
                                   Quantity
                                   Packaied
                        Amount
                        Required
 L
  •
Ji.
 r
FILM

C-l3J-36-lOO-Prints
C-l3J-36-200-Prints
C-l3J-36-400-Prints
C-l3J-2»-lOO-Prum
C-13J-2»-200-Prints
C-l3J-2»-*00-Printt
C-l3M2-lOO-Prints
C-l3J-l2-200-Prints
C-l35-12-400-Prints
C-l3J-3*-200-Slide
C-l3J-36-25-SUde
B4 V-l 35-20-400-Prin ts
SX-70 Polaroid
Kodamatic
STATIONERY .SUPPLIES

Graph Paper
Manilla Tags
Paper Towels
Felt Tip Markers
Ball Point Pens
Indelible Ink Pens
1 roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roll
  roil
  roll
  roll
  sgL pack
  sgL pack
                    ROPE

                    Nylon 3/16"
                    Nylon \lv
                    Manila 1/4
                    Manila 1/2
                                   600* roll
                                   1000' roll
                                   100* roll
                                   30' roll
                    TAPE

                    Clear Plastic
                    Duct
                    Elec. Vinyl
                    Filament
                    Flagging
                    Masking
                    Transparent
                                   1 each
                                   1 roll
                                   1 roll
                                   1 roll
                                   100' roil
                                   1 roll
                                   I each
                                                F-3

-------
                   EXPANDABLE EQUIPMENT (Confd)
Item
Quantity
Packaged
Amount
Required
MISCELLANEOUS

Aluminum Foil
17* Drums 33 gaL
17* Drums 33 gal.
Kim wipes
pH Paper
Plastic Roll 10* x 23*
Trash Bags *3 gaL
Vermiculite
300* roll
1 each
1 each
box
2 rolls
1 roll
20 box
1 bag
                                 Quantity
                                 Packaged
                        Amount
                        Required
•Preservatives, calibrating solutions, sample packing materials, and special items of
equipment are the responsibility of the Project Manager.
                                  DEPARTURE DATE:
GROUP MANAGER   ^
                                F-4

-------
                                      NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT


                  Equipment                                 Amount Required
           CAMERAS

           Cannon AE1
           Polariod One Step
           Polaroid SX70
           Camera bag
           Binoculars
           AIR MONITORING

           HNU Photoionization Detector                           /
           Oraeger Tubes               Type ft?*  + ^ g       a a«
           Organic Vapor Analyzer                                 /
           OVA Chart Recorder " -.
           Explosimeter                                         /
           Combination Explosimeter and O2 Indicator            ____
           Oxygen Indicator                                      /
           Oraeger Tube Hand Pump                               /
           H2S Gas Indicator                                     /
           Mercury Sniffer     .                                    .
           Photovac
i           METERS
           Radiation Mini-Alert
           Conductivity Meter
           pH Meter
           Resistivity Meter (Bison)
           Resistivity Meter (Soil Test)
           Metal Detector
           SURVEYING EQUIPMENT

           Optical Rang*finder
           Level, Hand 2X
           Brunton Transit w/case
           Compass
           200' Fiberglass Measuring Tape
           300' Fiberglass Measuring Tape
                                              F-5

-------
                       NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (conf d)
       Equipment     .                          Amount Required


PUMPS AND LIQUID SAMPLING EQUIPMENT

Double Diaphragm Pump I"                         _________
Submersible Pump I"                                  /
Submersible Pump 2"                              _________
Pitcher Pump 2"                                   .
Bacon Bomb Sampler                                 /
Kemmerer Sampler                                   /
LG Well Kit Sampler                                 /	                              ;
SM Well Kit Sampler                              	                              !
SS Bailer                                         	
Teflon Bailer                                     ________                              }
Bottom Filling Bailer                                  /	                              j


SOIL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT                                                               -,

Spoons Lg                                        ________
Spoons Sm                                                  .-
Spatula Lg                                       __________
Spatula Sm                                                   •
Scoops                                          	
Trowel                                             V
Large Stainless Steel Bucket                            */
Medium Stainless Steel Bucket                               _
Small Stainless Steel Bucket                            3.
Split Spoon Sampler                               _________
3" Sucket Auger                                       /
3.5" Hand Auger                                      /	
Dredge                                              /	
DECON EQUIPMENT

[ndian Tank
Heavy Duty Sprayer
John Deer Power Spray w/gas can
30' Sec. Garden Hose
Mop
Lg Hdl Dairy Brushes
SM Hal Dairy Brushes
Scrub Brushes
Bottle Brushes
 Whisk Brushes
 Wire Brushes
                                        F-6

-------
j
                                   NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (conf d)
                  Equipment                                Amount Required
           POWER EQUIPMENT

           Digger Mobile
           3 HP Water Pump w/gas can
           Generator w/gas can
           Power Auger w/gas can
           Extension Cord-Heavy Duty 100"
           Extension Cord-Light Duty 23"
           Remote Drum Opener
           PERSONAL PROTECTION

           Hard Hat           -.
           Safety Goggles
           Safety Glasses       .
           Splash Shield
           Full Face Respirator
           Respiratory Cartridges
           Butyl  Rubber Apron
           Encapsulated Suits
           Life Vests
           Rain Jacket
           Rain Pants
j           SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS

           »0l SCBA
t           Dual Purpose SCBA
[           CASCADE System
           *5 cu. ft. Composite Tanks
           Umbilical Breathing Air Lines (50' Sec)
           Umbilical Breathing Air System
           330 cu. ft. Class "O" Breathing Air Cylinder
           STANDBY SAFETY EQUIPMENT

           200 Fire Extinguishers
           O2 Resuscitator
           Stretcher
           E;e Wash
           Trauma Kit
                                             F-7

-------
                       NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (confd)
       Equipment                              Amount Reguired
HAND TOOLS

Hacksaw
Post Hole Digger
Bung Wrench
Rake
Saw
Ax
Shovel
MISCELLANEOUS

Beeper         .
Ventilation Smoke Tube Assy.
IsotempOven
Wind Speed and Direction Finder
Garbage Can
Clipboard
S3 qt. Ice Chest
*0 qt. Ice Chest
Write In:
                                                 Departure Gate
Croup Manager   Z   C   I?£ 2 ^O &c?D            Approved;   y  (  -'*  •
           (Signature)
                                       F-8

-------
               APPENDIX   G
   SAMPLE   QUALITY   CONTROL
THE MATERIAL IN THIS APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY  OERR]

-------
                                Sample Quality Control






               This appendix describes four types of quality control samples*




          blanks, spikes, duplicates, and splits.






          Blanks
               There are two kinds of blanks of concern for this type of




          work:  trip blanks and field blanks.  Trip blanks are used to




          determine if inadvertent contamination is introduced from the




          sample containers or from an activity other than sample collection




          such as sample shipment, storage.  Blanks are prepared by the




          sampler using distilled deionized water of known high purity.




          These bottles are then sent with the othe sample bottles to the




          field but are not opened.  One set of trip blanks for each




          analytical parameter group (e.g., organics, metals, volatiles)




          should be prepared and submitted for each day- of sampling at a




j          particular site.




               Field blanks are used to determine if contamination is intro-




I          duced by the sample collection activities or sampling environment.




          They are prepared by bringing a quantity of distilled deionized




«:         water to the field and "preparing" a sample by pouring the water




:          into the bottles.  They can also be prepared by pouring the




          sample through sample collection devices such as bailers.  A




          field blank should be generated for each day of sampling at a




          particular site.




               Blanks should be submitted in the same manner as the other




          field samples, with no distinguishing labeling or markings.
                                         G-l

-------
Spikes




     Spikes are used to measure the analytical accuracy of a




laboratory.  A sample is split at the laboratory with a known




quality of a compound added to one portion of the sample.  The




samples are analyzed and the percent recovery of the known quality




is determined.  One spiked sample is recommended for every ten




field samples.  Spiked samples are prepared by the laboratory




performing the analyses after the samples are received at the




laboratory.  Although spikes are generally not handled by field




personnel, they are part of the QA process and should be specified




in the sampling plan.






Duplicates




     Duplicate samples are another method of checking on the




precision of a laboratory's analytical methods.  One duplicate




sample should be taken for every ten samples collected at a




facility.  Duplicates are prepared by collecting one portion of




sample, homogenizing it and dividing the sample-into equal




port ions.






Splits




     Splits are identical portions of samples split between  EPA




and the owtir /ope rator.  Splits are required only if the  owner/




operator is responsible for collecting and analyzing the samples.




Split samples are used to evaluate the accuracy of analyses




performed by a laboratory.  Splits are prepared in the field




exactly like a duplicate, but unlike duplicates, splits  are




always analyzed by different laboratories.  The owner/operator
                              G-2

-------
         should be instructed to prepare a split of all samples.  The EPA




         inspector will then select two samples for EPA to analyze from




         among all the samples.
i
L
                                      G-3

-------
                   APPENDIX
DEVELOPING   A   SITE   SAFETY   PLAN
  [ SOURCE DOCUMENT FOR THIS APPENDIX IS EPA'S OCCUPATIONAL
   HEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL, CHAPTER 9, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
   RESPONSES, MAY 5, 1984]

-------
                       VJMTE3 STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                   WASM;r«.-jrON. O C 20460


                                       NOV I S  1984
             MEMORANDUM
r
I
             SUBJECT:   Standard Operating  Safety Guides,  November 1984
                                           x*'; ' • "
FROM:     William N. Hertaman, Jr., Director  r)^
          Office of Emergency and Remedial ReWj —
             TO:
          Regional Office Addressees
     The enclosed Standard Operating Safety Guides, November 1984
replaces the Interim Standard Operating Guides, Revised
September 1482.  The Guides have been updated and revised to
reflect additional experience EPA personnel have gained in
responding to environmental incidents involving hazardous
substances.

  \  The Standard Operating Safety Guides are in accordance and
consistent with the procedures for employee health and safety
contained in EPA's Occupational Health and Safety Manual,
Chapter 9, Hazardous Substances Responses, (1440 TN12),
May S, 1984.

     The guides are not meant to be a comprehensive safety
manual for incident response.  Rather, they provide information
on health and safety to complement professional judgement and
experience,  and to supplement existing Regional office safety
procedures.

     If you have any questions or comments concerning the
guides, please contact Mr. Stephen [.ingle. Director, Hazardous
Response Support Division or Mr. J. Stephen Dorrler, Chief,
Environmental Response Team.

Enclosure
             Addressees

             Director,
             Di rector,
             Di rector,

             Director,
             Director,
             Director,
          Ofc. of Emergence & Remedial Resp. , Region
          Hazardous Waste Mgmt. Div., Region  HI
          Air s Waste Management Division,
          Regions IV, vi, vii. viil
          Waste Mgmt. Div., Regions I & V
          Toxics & Waste Mgmt. Div., Region  IX
          Air & Waste Division X
II
             cc:  Gene  Lucero,  OWPE
                 John  Skinner, OSW
                                       H-l

-------
                                   PART 9

                              SITE SAFETY PLAN


 1.   INTRODUCTION

     The  purpose  of the site  safety  plan Is to  establish  requirements  for
     protecting the health and  safety  of responders  during  all activities
     conducted at  an  Incident.   It  contains safety  information,  instruc-
     tions,  and procedures.

     A  site  safety  plan must be  prepared and  reviewed  by qualified personnel
     for  each hazardous substance response.  Before operations at  an  incident
     commence, safety  requirements must  be written, conspicuously posted  or
     distributed  to all  response  personnel,  and  discussed  with them.   The
     safety  plan must be periodically reviewed to keep  it current  and techni-
     cally correct.

     In non-emergency  situations,  for example, long-term remedial action  at
     abandoned hazardous  waste sites, safety plans are developed  simultane-
     ously with the general work plan.  Workers  can become familiar  with  the
     plan before  site activities  begin.   Emergency  response  generally  re-
     quires  verbal  safety  instructions  and  reliance on  existing  standard
     operating procedures  until, when time permits,  a .plan  can  be  written.

     The  plan must  contain safety  requirements  for routine (but  hazardous)
     response activities   and  also  for  unexpected  site  emergencies.   The
     major distinction  between  routine  and  emergency  site  safety  planning
     is the  ability to predict,  monitor, and  evaluate  routine  activities.
     A  site  emergency  is unpredictable and may occur anytime.


II.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

     The  site safety plan  must:

     -  Describe  the known hazards  and  evaluate  the  risks  associated  with
       the  incident and with  each  activity conducted.

     -  .List key  personnel  and alternates  responsible  for  site  safety,
       response  operations,  and for  protection  of puolic.

     -  Describe  La-vels of Protection to  be worn by  personnel.

     -  Delineate work areas.

     -   Establish procedures  to  control  site  access.

     -  Describe  decontamination  procedures  for personnel  and  equipment.

     -   Estaolish site emergency procedures.
                                 H-2

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      .   Address  emergency  medical  care  for Injuries  and lexicological
         problems.

      •   Describe  requirements for  an environmental  surveillance program.

      -   Specify any routine and  special training required  for  responders.
                                      •
      •   Establish  procedures for protecting  workers  from  weather.related
         problems.


III.   SITE  SAFETY PLAN  SCOPE  AND DETAIL

      The plan's scope, detail, and  length  is  based on:

      •   Information available about  the Incident.

      .   Time  available to  prepare  a  site-specific plan.

    .  •   Reason for'responding.

      Three general  categories  of response exist - emergencies,  character-
      izations and  remedial  actions.   Although considerations for personnel
   \  safety are  generic  and  Independent  of the  response  category,  in
      scope, detail, and length  safety  requirements and plans vary consfd-
      erably.  These variations  are generally  due  to   the   reason   for
      responding (or category of  response)  ,  information available, and  the
      severity of the incident  with  its  concomitant.dangers  to the respon-
      der.

      A.  Emergencies

         1.  Situation:

              Emergencies generally   require  prompt action  to  prevent  or
              reduce undesirable affects.   Immediate hazards of fire,  explo-
              sion,  and release  of  toxic  vapors  or  gases are  of prime
              concern.   Emergencies  vary  greatly  in respect to types  and
              quantities of material, numbers  of responders, type of work
              required, population affected, and other factors.   Emergencies
              last  from a few hours  to a few  days.

              -  Information  available:   Varies from none  to much.  Usually
                information  about  the chemicals  involved  and their associ-
                ated hazards is  quickly obtained  in transportation-related
                incidents,  or incidents involving fixed facilities.   Deter-
                mining the substances  involved in some incidents,  such as
                mysterious  spills,  requires  considerable time  and effort.

              -  Time  available:   Little time,  generally  requires  prompt
                action to  bring the  incident  under control.

              -  Reason for  response:  To implement  prompt and  immediate
                                  H-3

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        actions to control  dangerous  or  potentially dangerous  sit-
        uations.

    2.  Effects on Plan

        In emergencies,  time  is  not available  to  write lengthy  and
        detailed safety  plans.   Decisions  for  responder safety  are
        based on  a  continual   evaluation   of   changing  conditions.
        Responding organizations must rely on their  existing  written
        standard operating safety procedures or a  generic  plan,  and
        verbal safety  instructions   adapted to meet  site-specific
        conditions.  Since heavy reliance is placed  on  veroal  safety
        instructions  an   effective  system  to   keep   all  responders
        informed must b<»  established.   Whenever  possible, these inci-
        dent-specific instructions should be written.

B.  Incident Characterization

    1.  Situation:

        In non-emergency   responses,for  example, preliminary  inspec-
        tions at abandoned wastes  sites or more comprehensive waste
        site investigations the objective is to  determine and  charac-
        terize the chemicals   and  hazards  involved,  the  extent  of
        contamination, and risks to  people  and  the  environment.   In
        general, initial   inspections,  detailed  investigations,  and
        extent of contamination surveys are  limited in the activities
        Chat are required and  number  of people  involved.  Initial  or
        preliminary inspections generally require 1-2 days.   Complete
        investigations may last over a longer time  period.

        -  Information available:  Much background information. Gener-
           ally limited  on-site data for initial inspection.  On-site
           information more fully  developed through  additional  site
           visits and investigations.

        -  Time available:  In  most  cases adequate time is available
           to develop written site-specific safety  plan.

        -  Reason  for response:   To  gather data to  verify  or refute
           existing information, to  gather  information  to  determine
           scope of subsequent investigations,  or to collect data for
           planning remedial action.

    2.  Effect^ on Plan:

        Sufficient time is available to write safety plans.   In scope
        and detail, plans tend to be brief containing  safety  require-
        ments for  specific on-site  work  relevant to  collecting data.
        As information is developed  through additional  Investigations,
        the safety plan is modified  and, if necassary, more detailed
        and specific  requirements added.
                             H-4

-------
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-------
    -  Facility records.

    -  Preliminary assessment  reports.

    -  Off-site surveys.

    -  Topographic and  hydrologic  Information.

    The information initially  available  or obtained  through  subsequent
    characterization provides a basis for developing a site-specific safety
    plan.   Information  is  needed  about  the chemicals  and  hazards involved,
    movement  of material  on and off  the site,  and potential contact  with
    responders or the  public.   This type of information is then  used along
    with the  reason for responding  (and work  plan) to develop  the safety
    plan.  The plan is tailored to the  conditions  imposed  by the  incident
    and to its  environmental  setting.   As additional  information  becomes
    available the safety plan  is  modified to protect  against the  hazards
    discerned and to provide for  site emergencies that  may occur.


V.  ROUTINE OPERATIONS

    Routine operations  are those  activities  required in  responding  to  an
    emergency or a remedial action  at  a hazardous waste  site.   These ac-
    tivities  may involve a  high degree of  risk,  but are  standard opera-
    tions  that all incident responses may require.

    Safety practices  for routine  operations  closely  parallel  accepted in-
    dustrial  hygiene and industrial safety procedures.   Whenever a hazard-
    ous incident progresses to  the point where  operations become more rou-
    tine,  the associated site safety plan becomes a more refined document.
    As a minimum, the  following must  be included  as part  of the site safety
    plan for routine  operations.

    -  Describe the Known  Hazards  and Risles

       This must include all known or  suspected physical, biological, rad-
       iological, or  chemical  hazards.   It  is  important  that  all health
       related data be kept up-to-date.  As air, water, soil, or hazardous
       substance monitoring and  sampling data  becomes available,  it must
       be evaluated,  significant  risk  or exposure  Co workers noted, poten-
       tial impact on  public assessed,  and changes made in the plan. These
       evaluations-need to  be  repeated frequently since  much of the plan
       is based on this information.

    -  List Key Personnel  and Alternates

       The plan  must  identify  key personnel (and alternates)  responsible
       for site  safety.  It should also identify  key personnel  assigned to
       various  sue operations.  Telephone numbers, addresses, and organi-
       zations  of these people must  be listed  in the plan and pasted in a
       conspicuous place.
                               H-6

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                                                                                I/11/3S
                                                                          N«w Paqe  M-9
                   -  Designate Levels of Protection to be Worn
                      The Levels  of Protection to  be worn  at locations  on-site  or by
                      work  functions  must be  designated.   This  Includes  the specific
                      types of  respirators and clothing to  be  worn  for each level.  No
                      one shall  be permitted  1n areas  requiring  personnel protective
                      equipment unless they have been trained  1n Us use and are wearing
                      It.
                   -  Delineate Work Areas
                  t
r
                      Work areas  (exclusion  zone,   contamination  reduction  zone,  and
                      support zone)  need to be designated  on the  site  map and the map
                      posted.  The  size  of zones,  zone boundaries,  and access control
                      points into each  zone must be  marked and made  known to all  site
                      workers.

                   -  List Control Procedures

                      Control procedures  must  be  Implemented  to  prevent   unauthorized
                      access.  Site  security procedures  -  fences,  signs,  security pa-
                      trols and  check-in procedures - must be established.   Procedures
                      must also  be established to control authorized  personnel  Into work
                 'v    zones where personnel protection is required.

                   -  Establish  Decontamination Procedures

                      Decontamination procedures for personnel* and  equipment must be es-
p                    tabllshed.  Arrangements must also be made  for  the proper disposal
|                      of contaminated material, solutions,  and equipment.

                   -  Address  Requirements  for  an  Environmental  Surveillance Program

[                      A program  to monitor site hazards must  be Implemented.   This would
                      include air  monitoring and   sampling,  and  other  kinds  of  media
                      sampling at  or  around the   site  that  would  indicate   chemicals
                      present, their  hazards, possible  migration, and associated safety
                      requirements.

                   -  Specify Any Routine and Special Training Required

                      Personnel  must be trained not  only  in  genera!  safety procedures and
                      use of safety  equipment,  but  in any  specialized work they may be
                      expected te do.

                   -  Establish  Procedures for Weather-Related Problems

                      Weather conditions  can affect  site  work.   Temperature  extremes,
                      hign winds,  storms,  etc.  impact on  personnel safety.   Work prac-
                      tices must  be  established  to  protect  workers from the  effects of
                      weather and  shelters provided,  when  necessary.  Temperature ex-
                      tremes especially  heat  and its  effect on  people wearing protec-
                      tive clothing,  must  be considered and  procedures established to
                      monitor for and minimize heat stresr
                                               H-7

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VI. ON-SITE EMERGENCIES

    The plan must  address  site  emergencies •  occurrences that  require
    immediate actions to prevent additional  problems  or harm to  respon-
    ders, the public,  property,  or the  environment.   In general,  all
    responses present a  degree  of  risk  to the workers.   During  routine
    operations risk is minimized by establishing  good work practices and
    using personnel protective  equipment.   Unpredictable  events  such  as
    fire, chemical  exposure,  or physical  injury  may  occur and must  be
    anticipated.  The plan must contain  contingencies for  managing them.

    -  Establish Site Emergency  Procedures

       —  List the  names  and  emergency  function  of  on-site  personnel
           responsible for  emergency   actions  along  with  the  special
           training they have.

       --  Post the  location of  nearest  telephone  (if none  at  site).

       —  Provide alternative means for emergency communications.

       —  Provide a list of emergency services organizations that may be
           heeded.  Names,  telephone   numbers,  and  locations  must  be
           posted.  Arrangements for using emergency organizations should
           be made beforenand.   Organizations that might  be  needed are:

           -  Fire

           -  Police

           -  Health

           -  Explosive experts

           •  Local hazardous material  response units

           -  Civil defense

           -  Rescue

       —  Address  and; define  procedures  for the  rapid   evacuation  of
           workers.  Clear,  audible warnings   signals  should  be estab-
           lished, well-martced  emergency  exits  located   throughout  trie
           site, and  internal and  external communications plans devel-
           oped.  An  example  of codes  that could  oe used for emergency
           operations based on direct-reading  instruments  is contained in
           Annex 7.

       —  A  complete list of emergency equipment  sftould  be attached to
           tne  safety pl-an.   Trns h'st should  include emergency equipment
           available on-site, as  well  as  all  available medical,   rescue,
           transport, fire-fighting, and mitigative equipment.  "•
                                 a-8

-------
                    •  Address emergency medical care.

                       —  Determine  location  of  nearest  medical  or  emergency  care
                           facility.  Determine their capability to handle chemical
                           exposure cases.

                       —  Arrange  for  treating,  admitting, and transporting  of Injured
                           or exposed workers.

                       —  Post the medical or emergency care facilities location, travel
 r                         time, directions, and telephone number.
                       —  Determine local  physician's office location, travel directions,
                           availability, and post telephone number  if  other medical  care
                           1s not available.

                       —  Determine nearest ambulance service and post telephone number.

                       —  List responding organization's physicians, safety officers, or
                           lexicologists name and telephone number.  Also Include nearest
                           poison control center, if applicable.

                       —  Maintain accurate records on any exposure or potential exposure
                           of site  workers  during an  emergency  (or  routine operations).
                           The minimum  amount  of  Information  needed   (along  with  any
                           medical test  results)  for  personnel  exposure  records  is  con-
                           tained in Annex 8.

 P                  -  Advise workers of their duties  during an emergency.  In particular,
_L                     it is  imperative that the  site  safety  officers,  standby rescue
                       •personnel, decontamination workers, and emergency medical  techni-
 .                      clans practice emergency procedures.

 t                   -  Incorporate  Into  the  plan, procedures   for  the  decontamination of
                       Injured workers and for their transport  to medical  care facilities.
 r                      Contamination of  transport  vehicles, medical care  facilities, or
 [                      of medical  personnel  may  occur  and  should  be  addressed  in  the
                       plan. Whenever feasible  these  procedures  should  be discussed with
                       appropriate medical personnel in advance  of operations.

 i-                  -  Establish procedures in cooperation with  local and state officials
                       for evacuating residents who live near  the site.


               VII. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SITE SAFETY PLAN

                    The site  safety  plan,  (standard  operating safety  procedure or   a
                    generic safety  plan  for  emergency  response)  must be written to avoid
                    misinterpretation, ambiguity, and  mistakes that verbal  orders cause.
                    The plan must  be reviewed and approved by qualified personnel.  Once
                    the safety plan  is  implemented, its needs  to be periodically examined
                    and modified,  if necessary,  to  reflect any  changes  in  site"-work  and
                    conditions.
                                                H-9

-------
      All  agencies and organizations which have an active role at the incid-
      ent  must be  familiar  with  the plan.   If  possible  the plan  should
      be written  in  coordination  with  the  organizations  Involved.   Lead
      personnel  from these  organizations  should  sign  the  plan  to  signify
      they agree  with it and will  follow its provisions.

      All  personnel  involved at the  site  must be familiar with  the safety
      plan, or the parts that  pertain to  their  specific activities.   Fre-
      quent safety  meeting  should be held to keep all informed  about  site
      hazards, changes  in operating  plans, modifications  of safety require-
      ments and  for  exchanges  of information.   It  is the  responsibility
      of personnel  involved at  the  site as  workers  or visitors  to comply
      with the requirements in the plan.

      Frequent audits by the incident manager or the safety designee should
      be made to determine compliance  with the plan's  requirements.   Any
      deviations  should be  brought to the  attention of the incident manager.
      Modifications  in the plan should be  reviewed and approved by appropri-
      ate  personnel.


VIII. SAMPLE SAFETY  PLANS

       Annex 9 and  10 are two examples  of Site  Safety  Pl*ns.   Since no one
       sample plan or plan  format  can adequately  address  all safety  require-
       ments for  the variety of incidents that occur, they  should  be  used
       as  a guide to help develop  an incident-specific plan.  They  can also
       be  used, with necessary adaptation, as generic  plans  for emergency
       response.

       In  some incidents, the sample  plans contained  in Annex 9 and  10 might
       be satisfactory to use by themself.  Filling ifi^Wie blanks  provides an
       effective  safety plan.  In  many  incidents they should  only be consid-
       ered as a  check list.   Since they do not exhaustively  cover every
       condition  which may  need addressed,  users of these  sample plans and
       any other  type  examples must realize their  application  to  any one
       incident may   not  be acceptable.   Therefore  they  must  be used  with
       discretion and  tempered by professional  judgement  and  experience.
       They are  not  meant  to  be  all inclusive but  examples  of  considera-
       tions, requirements, and format  which  should  be  adapted  for inci-
       dent-specific conditions.
                                 H-1 o

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j.
                                  APPENDIX   I


             GUIDANCE   ON   OBTAINING   ACCESS   TO

                A   RCRA   FACILITY   IF   ACCESS   FOR

              A   SITE   INVESTIGATION   IS   DENIED
 j              [ SOURCE MATERIAL FROM: U.S.E.P.A. HAZARDOUS WASTE GROUND
 I                WATER TASK FORCE, "REVISED DRAFT PROTOCOL FOR GROUND-
                 WATER INSPECTIONS AT HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE
 ;                AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES", JUNE 1985]

-------

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                                    APPENDIX       K
LIST       OF       PRIORITY      POLLUTANTS

-------
                                 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
t
L
    Metal*
     and
    Cyanide
      Dioxin
Compound Na me


Antimony, Total

Arsenic, Total

Beryllium, Total

Cadmium, Total

Chromium, Total

Copper, Total

Lead, Total

Mercury, Total

Nickel, Total

Selenium, Total

Silver, Total

Thallium, Total

Zinc, Total

Cyanide, Total

2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDO)
    Volatile   Acrolein
    Compounds
               Acrylonitrile
               Benzene

               Bromoform

               Carbon Tetrachloride

               Chlorobenzene
 Chemical Abstract
   Service _Numfaer


7440-36-0

7440-38-2

7440-41-7

7440-43-9

7440-47-3

7440-50-8

7439-92-1

7439-97-6

7440-02-0

7782-49-2

7440-22-4

7440-28-0

7440-66-6

57-12-5


1764-01-6


107-02-8

107-13-1

71-43-2

75-25-2

56-23-5

108-90-7
                                       K- 1

-------
   APPENDIX fc.  (CONTINUED)
           Compound Name
           ^••^•••^•^••^•^^"^^^^^•^^^^^•w       ,
Volatile
Compounds  Ch1oroethane
(cent.)
           2-Chloroethylvinyl Ether
           Chloroform
           1,1-Dichloroethane
           1,2-Dichloroethane
           1,1-Dichloroethylene
           1,2-Dichloropropane
           1,3-Dichloropropylene
           Ethylbenzene
           Methyl Bromide
           Methyl Chloride
           Methylene Chloride
           1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
           Tetrachloroethylene
           Toluene
           1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
           1,1,1-Trichloroethane
           1,1,2 Trichloroethane
           Tri chloroethylene
           Vinyl Chloride
Chemical_Abstract
  Service Number
75-00-3
110-75-8
67-66-3
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
78-87-5
542-75-6
100-41-4
74-83-9
74-87-3
75-09-2
79-34-5
127-18-4
108-88-3
156-60-5
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
75-01-4
                                    K-2

-------
                   APPENDIX j.  (CONTINUED)
1
•»=-
               Compound Name

     Acid     2-Chlorophenol
   Compounds
              2,4-Dichlorophenol
              2, 4-Diroethylphenol
              4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
              2,4-Dinitrophenol
              2-Nitrophenol
              4-Nitrcphenol
              _p-Chlor o-m-cr eso 1
              Pentachlorophenol
              Phenol
              2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

Base/Neutral  Acenaphthene
 C ompounds
              Acenaphthylene
              Anthracene
              Benzidine
              Benzo[a]anthracene
              BenzoLa]pyrene
              Benzo[b]fluoranthene
              BenzoCghi 3perylene
              Benzo[X]fluoranthene
              Bis(2-chloroethoxy)
              Methane
              Bi«{2-chloroethyl) Ether
                                                         Chemical Abstract
                                                            Service Number
95-57-8
120-83-2
105-67-9
534-52-1
51-28-5
88-75-5
100-02-7
59-50-7
87-86-5
108-95-2
88-06-2

83-32-9
208-96-8
120-12-7
92-87-5
56-55-3
50-32-8
205-99-2
191-24-2
207-08-9

111-91-1
111-44-4
                                      K-3

-------
      APPENDIX g.  (CONTINUED)
              Compound Na me
              ^••••"•^^•••^••^^^^^••••^••^      • t
Base/Neutral  Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)
 Compounds    Ether
  (cont.)
              Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
              4-Bromophenyl Phenyl Ether
              Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
              2-Chlor©naphthalene
              4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether
              Chrysene
              Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
              1,2-Dichlorobenzene
              1,3-Dichlorobenzene
              1,4-Dichlorobenzene
              3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
              Oiethyl Phthalate
              Dimethyl Phthalate
              Di-n-Butyl Phthalate
              2,4-Dinitrotoluene
              2, 6-Oinitrotoluene
              Di-n-Octyl Phthalate
              1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
              (as Azobenzene)
              Fluoranthene
              Flourene
              Hexachlorobenzene
Chemical Abstract
  Service Number
102-60-1
117-81-7
101-55-3
85-68-7
91-58-7
7005-72-3
218-01-9
53-70-3
95-50-1
541-73-1
106-46-71
91-94-1
84-66-2
131-11-3
84-74-2
121-14-2
606-20-2
117-84-0

122-66-7
206-44-0
86-73-7
118-74-1
                                      K-4

-------
      APPENDIX fc,  (CONTINUED)
              Compound Name
Base/Neutral  Hexachlorobutadiene
 Compounds
  (cont.)     Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
              Hexachloroethane

              IndenoCl,2,3-cdJpyrene

              Isophorone

              Naphthalene

              Nitrobenzene

              N-Nitrosodimethylamina

              N-Nitrosodi-N-propylanine

              N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

              Phenanthrene

              Pyrene

              1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene


  Pesticides   Aldrin

              alpha-BhC

              beta-BHC

              gamma-BHC

              delta-BHC  (Lindane)

              Chlordane

              4,4'-DDT

              4, 4.'-DDE

              4,4>DDD

              Dieldrin

Chemical Abstract
  Service Number
87-68-3

77-47-4

67-72-1

193-39-5

78-59-1

91-20-3

98-95-3

62-75-9

621-64-7

86-30-6

85-01-8

129-00-0

120-82-1


309-00-2

319-84-6

319-85-7

58-89-9

319-86-8

57-74-9

50-29-3

72-55-9

72-54-8

60-57-1
                                      K-5

-------
    APPENDIX £.  (CONTINUED)
            Compound Name

Pesticides  alpha-Endosulfan
 (cont.)
            beta-Endosulfan
            Endosulfan Sulfate
            Endrin
            Endrin Aldehyde
            Heptachlor
            Heptachlor Epoxide
            PCB-1242
            PCS-12 54
            PCB-1221
            PCB-1232
            PCB-1248
            PCB-1260
            PCB-1016
            Toxaphene
Chemical Abstract
  Service_Number
115-29-7
115-29-7
1031-07-8
72-20-8
7421-93-4
76-44-8
1024-57-3
53469-21-9
11097-69-1
11104-28-2
11141-16-5
12672-29-6
11096-82-5
12674-11-2
8001-35-2-.
                                   K-6

-------
                  APPENDIX
 CALCULATING    SURFACE    RUN-OFF
 [THE METHODOLOGY IN THIS APPENDIX  WAS  ADAPTED FROM AN
APPROACH FOUND IN-U.S.S.C.S.,  URBAN HYDROLOGY FOR SMALL
 WATERSHEDS, TECHNICAL  RELEASE  NUMBER  55.  JANUARY 1985.]

-------
                           CALCULATING SURFACE RUN-OFF

               This appendix presents a method for estimating surface
          run-off for different amounts of rainfall.  This method is
          based on the use of a matrix developed by the U.S Soil
          Conservation Service (U.S.S.C.S).  The matrix (in Table L-3)
          gives estimates of surface run-off for selected run-off curve
          numbers and rainfall amounts.

               The run-off curve numbers in the matrix represent the
          effect of soil type, land use and vegetative cover on run-off
          amount.  The investigator must assign hydrologic soil
 • ''        classifications for soils between the unit and surface water
          and/or off-site receptors and identify land uses in order to
          derive the weighted run-off curve number.  This can be done
          by:

               1) Determine the hydrologic soil classification(s) for
                  all soil types in the area between the unit and
                  surface water and/or off-site receptors.  This infor-
                  mation can.be obtained by:

                  a) Contacting the nearest SCS office and requesting
r                    a soil survey of the county where the facility is
                     located.  The soil survey contains maps that
                     indicate soil names for all areas of the county.

    «'              b) Using'Table L-l to locate the soil name(s) and
                     corresponding hydrologic soil classification (e.g.,
t                    A,  B, C, or D).

               2) Determine the land use(s) of the area between the
f                  unit and surface water and/or off-site receptors.
|                  (see Table L-2 for land use descriptions).

               3) Using  Table L-2, identify the run-off curve number
'                  for each land use description/hydrologic soil group
',                  combination.

               4) Calculate the weighted run-off curve number (see the
                  example given below).

          Once the weighted run-off curve number is derived, the
          investigator must identify the 1-year 24-hour rainfall amount
          and use it and the weighted run-off curve number in the
          matrix in Table L-3 to determine run-off.

               Below is  an example of how to use the matrix to determine
          run-of f.
                                       ,-1

-------
               Calculating Run-off (continued)
                            Page 2
Example
     Compute the run-off from 5 inches of rainfall for a
1,000 acre watershed between a landfill and the nearest
downgradient stream.  All the soils are in hydrologic soil
group C.  The land use between the unit and the surface water
is 50 percent meadow (good condition); 25 percent pasture land
(poor condition); and 25 percent wood land (good cover).

1.  Compute the weighted run-off curve number.

                        Percent
                        of total     Table L-2
  Land use              land use    Curve number    Product
   Meadow                  50      x     71           3550
(good condition)                                                         1
                                                                         I
  Pasture land             25      x     86     -     2150
(poor condition)                                                         ,

  Wood land                25      x     70           1750
 (good cover)


                          Toi}!                        74JcF

Thus

                               Weighted CN =• 7450 - 74.5  (use  75)
                                             ' "100

2.   From Table L-3 using CN « 75 and Rainfall » 5 interpolate
    to read run-off - 2.45 inches

-------
                              TABLE L-l

            SOIL NAMES AND HYDROLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS


     Table L-l on the following pages provides soil  names  and  their

hydrologic classifications.  The hydrologic classifications, A,

B, C, or D, are indicators of the minimum rate of  Infiltration

obtained for a bare soil after prolonged wetting.  These hydrologic

classifications and Information on. the associated  land use, can

be used to compute run-off curve numbers shown in  the appendix.


     The hydrologic soil groups, as defined by SCS soil scientists,
are:


A.  (Low run-off potential).  Soils that have a high infiltration
    rate even when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of deep,
    well drained sands or gravels.

B.  Soils that have a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly
    wetted and consist chiefly of moderately deep  to deep,
    moderately well to well drained soils, with moderately fine
    to moderately coarse texture.

C.  Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly  wetted
    and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes
    downward movement of water or soils, with moderately fine  to
    fine texture.

D.  (High run-off potential).  Soils having a very slow infiltra-
    tion rate when thoroughly wetted and consisting  chiefly of
    clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with  a
    permanent high water table, soils with a claypan or clay
    layer at or near the surface, and shallow soils  over nearly
    impervious material.
                              L-3

-------
        TABLE L-l

     Soil Names  and
Hydrologic Classifications

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-------
TABLE  L-l   (continued)
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-------
                            TABLE  L-l  (continued)
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                                              L-6

-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
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-------
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GUkN
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cusriN
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HACCIE
H AC IE NO A
HAC*
HACIEHS
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RAOLEY
HAOO
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HACENOAITH
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RACE*
xAGOHAN
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HA 1C
HAIIU
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RAIkfS
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HALAIA
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HALtIM
HALEY
HALF •CCM
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HAL>"AY
HAL 11
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HAL IS
HALL
HAL LEO
HALL HAMCH
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HAHallCRl
HAPIUAC
HAHEL
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HANOVE* G
HAkS C
HANSEL C
-AkSKA C
HANSON 4
HAN FRO a
HANTJ U
HA» a
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,rr.. OFTtB'-ll (r
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1971
                                                      1
                                                      J
                                                      n
             L-I 0

-------
                                TABLE  L-l  (continued)
L
M* POt C* ACM I
MMOt
MMC*Et«E
MAM (US
N*P*EY
MAPI AN
MAPI CM
RMLES'ON
MMUNCfk
MAPPEHl
MA* HUNT
Mt*k«T
MA«P*I»
MIPS
HAIPUM
MMPT
HAPUUA
MAA3UA
MA tlllt
BAM IMAM
MA«li
MAIIISCUPC
MA* A ISO*
MMIISVUlf
HAJSTEM*
MMT
MMT CAMP
MAPTPOPO
MMTU
MM U AkO
HAATlf TOM
HAITI IkE
MAPTSMAtC
MA-liEHS
MA«TV«Ca«
MAP* All)
MPVEl
HAtVET
HAUIll
MAS* INS
MSStll
Msrikfis
MAT
MAT MM?
»4lC»
MATCH»«»
MTPIELO
HATMAMAY
HATTK
MAT TQM
HAUPSTAOT
M***««
HAVE*
HAOEIIT
MAYE4SCM
MM III AM
MPVIMCOOM
M*»4{
M«««elGM
MAM
MAMES
MAX
MAMtYf
MtM'.cll
MAMSPIIMCS
•AiTui
MAVIjOUMMt
MAVftun
MAYOtl
•AYCSTi'k
MAYf SVIllf
MATIIclO
HAV*nrtC
MAVMOMO
MAYNCS&
MAYS! *
p»AYP*rSS
MAVS*U«*
•At If J
MATT 1
•4ATWM >
MA/ fl
• XElAlii
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• AUt 'Ok
MfAOlf «
HC A03IIAP TEHS
Hf*l*
HftCIT
MttCEM
HfHQ
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HtCMT
Hfcm
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MtCTCI
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>*0t IC«
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ME 11
HflPOAl.
••EISETOM
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MOUI. C
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MCUMJIY 0
M^JACIASS 1
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l«USt«ULE C
MCUSICfc 0
HCUSTCk UACI C
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n.>E» 0
MCYtkXEP C
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HCYI»lllC 0
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HJIE1T 1
/O HU«l£«S»ufcO C
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C MUGCIkS C
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IMICI 1
IMIAT C
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IM*YAlE A
IMOIAHOMA C
INOIAk
INOIAk CICEI 0
IMOIAkC C
INOIAMCl* A
INOIO 1
IMA a
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IMCAPO a
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IMCPAP 0
INIICI a
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THAT' 01'
                                                          January  1971
                                         L-li

-------
      TABLE  L-1   (continued)
f*nl«
ISAAC
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ISA«CLL
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1 $A*if 1
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                                   January   1971
                      L-12

-------
               TABT.E  T.-l   (continued)
IUVAI4U
1UL4
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kUMHrtlA
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-------
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                      L-18

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                                   TABLE L-l (continued)
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•,«nu»s SUCH AS «/c INDICATES *»< ofniHrn/imor'M'irn 'ITUATI^-
                                                         :J
                        January  1971
           L-22

-------
                                                                TABLE L-2

                                                Run-Off Curve Numbers  for  Selected
                                           Agricultural,-Suburban,  and Urban Land  Use
i
LAID USE OESOtXPTTOll
Cultivated land!': without conservation treatment
: with conservation treatment
Pasture or range lanrt: poor condition
good condition
Meadow: good condition
Wood or Forest land: thin stand, poor cover, oo Milch
good co»«ri'
Open Spaces, lavtu, parka, golf course*, cemeteries, etc.
good condition: grass cover on 75$ or s»re of the area
fair condition: eras* cover on 50% to 75* at the area
Commercial and business areas (85X impervious)
Industrial districts (72$ Impervious).
Residential: •*'
Average lot size Average * Impervious-
1/8 acre or less 65
1/U acre 38
1/3 acre 30
1/2 acre 25
1 acre 20
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.-
Streets and roads:
paved vita curbs and *ton severs-
gravel
dirt
KYDftOLOGIC SOIL GROUP
A
T2
62
68
39
30
U5
25

39
U9
89
81

77
61
57
5<»
51
98
98
76
72
B
81
71
79
61
58
66
55

61
69
92
88

35
75
72
70
68
98
98
»5
62
C
36
78
36
7U
71
•n
70 .

7U
79
9b
91

90
33
31
3o
79
98
96
39
37
0
91
31
39
30
78
33
77

50
SU
95
93

92
37
36
85
3U
98
98
91
99
                               -'  For a lore detailed description  of agricultural  land use curve  auaoers refer to
                                  national Engineering Handbook, Section k, HydrologVi Chapter ?, Aug. 19T2.
                               -'  Good cover is  protected froa grazing and litter  and irush cover §01:
                               -/  Curve auaoers  are cooputed assvaing tae runoff froa *at souse *nd Irlvevay
                                  is directed towarda t&e street vith a aiaiaum o* roof water directed to lavu
                                  vnere additional Infiltration could occur.

                               -'  de remaiaiag  pervious areas (lawn; are considered to be ia good pasture condition
                                  for these curve auneer*.

                               -'  In icoe varaer climates of the country a curve amber of 95 oay be  jsed.
                                                           L-23

-------
                               TABLE L-3

                  Run-Off Depth in Inches for Selected
                   Curve Numbers and Rainfall Amounts
Rainfall
(inches)
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
- k
5

6
1
8
9
10
11
12
.0
.2
.U
.6
.3
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0

.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Curve Number (CN)-/
60
0
0
0
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.17
0.33
0.76
1.30

1.92
2.60
3.33
U.lO
U.90
5. 72
6.56
65
0
0
0.02
0.05
0.09
o.iu
0.30
0.51
1.03
1.65

2.35
3.10
3.90
U.72
5.57
6.U1*
7-32
70
0
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.2U
O.U6
0.72
1.33
2.0U

2.80
3.62
U.U7
5.3^
6.23
7.13
-8.05
75
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.20
0.29
0.38
0.65
0.96
1.67
2.U5

3.28
U.15
5.0U
5.95
6.88
7.82
8.76
80
0.08
0.15
0.2U
0.31*
O.UU
0.56
0.89
1.25
2.0U
2.89

3.78
U.69
5.62
6.57
7.52
8.U8
9.U5
85
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
2.
3.

U.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
17
28
39
52
65
30
18
59
U6
37

31
26
22
19
16__
1U
12
90
0.32
O.U6
0.61
0.76
0.93
1.09
1.53
1.98
2.92
3.88

U.85
5.82
6.81
7.79
3.78
9.77
10 .-76
95
.56
.7U
.92
1.11
1.29
1.U8
1.96
2.U5
3.10
U.U2

5.U1
6.1*1
7.^0
S.Uo
9-^0
10.39
11.39
98
.79
.99
1.18
1.38
1.58
1.77
2.27
2.78
3.77
U.76
f
• 5.76 s
6.76
7.76
3.76
9-76
10.76
11.76
-/ To obtain runoff depths for CN's and other rainfall  amounts  not
   shovn in this table, use an arithmetic interpolation.
                                 L-24

-------
 r-
                                   APPENDIX   M

                     SAMPLING    PRIORITIES    FOR
                    ENVIRONMENTAL    POLLUTANTS
L
 [
            [INFORMATION  FROM THE OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND  REMEDIAL RESPONSE]
1

-------
                             SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
  f>
                Compounds am characterized on the basis of persistence, accumulative capacity and
                volatility.   "X* indicates  the  appropriate environmental  compartment(s)  for  initial
                sampling.
                                                                Environmental Compartment
                            Compound
                                                         Sediment
           Biota
 I?
I
METALS AND INORGANICS

Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanides
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
        ^

PESTICIDES

Acrolein
Aldrin
Chlordane
000
DOE
DOT
Oieidrin
Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate
Endrin and endrin aldehyde
Heptachior
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorocyciohexane (a.3.5 isomers)
Y-HexachlorocYCion«xane (lindane)
Isophorone
TCOO
Toxaphene
                                                               X

                                                               X
                                                               X
                                                               X
                                                               X
                                                               X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
                                                                                         X
                                                                                         X
                                                 M-l

-------
SAMPUNG PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
                                                  Environmental Compartment
            Compound	             Water      Sediment      Biota
PCBs AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

Polychlorinatad biphenyls (6 PCS arochlors)                       X            X
2-Chloronaphthalene                                            X            X

HALOGENATEO AUPHATICS

Chloromethane (methyl chloride)                    X
Oichioromethane (methylene chloride)               X
Tricnioromethane (chloroform)                      X
Tetracnioromathane (carbon tetrachloride)            X
Chloroethane (ethyl chloride)                       X
1.1-Oichloroethane (ethylidine chloride)              X
1,2-Oichloroethane (ethylene dichloride)              X
1.t.1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)            X
1.1.2-Tnchloroetnane                               X
1,1.2.2-Tetrachioroethane                           X
Hexacntoroethane                                 X
Chloroethene (vinyl chloride)                       X
1,1-Oichloroethene (vinylidine chloride)              X
1.2-Trans-dichloroethene                           X
Tnchloroethene                                   X
Tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene)               X
1,2-Oichloropropane                               X    ' ~-
1.3-Oichloropropene                               X
Haxachforobutadiene                                            X            X
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene                                      X            X
Bromomethane (methyl bromide)                    X
Bromodichloromethane                             X            X
Dibromochloromethane                             X            X
Tnbromomethane (bromoform)                      X            X
     Olcnlorodifluoromethane*                     X            X
     Tricnlorofluoromethane*                      X            X

ETHERS

     Bis(chloromethyl) ether*                      X
9is(2-chloroethyl) ether                            X


*  These compounds have been removed from the EPA priority pollutant list.
                                  M-2

-------
              SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
                          Compound
                                                  Environmental Compartment
                                               Water       Sediment       Biota
n
ETHERS (Continued)

Bis(2-chloroisopropy()*ther
2-Chloroethyi vinyl ether
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane

MONOCYCUC AROMATICS

Benzene
Chiorobenzene
1,2-Olchiorobenzene (o-dicnlorobenzene)
1.3-Olchlorobenzene (m-dichlorobenzene)
1,4-Oicnlorooenzene (p-dichlorobenzene)
1 ,2.4-Tricniorobenzene
Hexacnlorobenzene
Ethyibenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
2.4-Oinitrotoluene
2.6-Oinitrotoluene

PHENOLS AND CRE5OLS

Phenol
2-Chlorophenol
2.4-Oichlorophenol
2.4.S-Trichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenoi
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
2.4-Oinitrophenol
2.4-Oimethylphenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
4,6-Oinitro-p-cre$ol
                                                              X
                                                              X
                                                              X
                                                              X
                                                              X
X
X
X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                           X
                                                                                        X
                                                                                        X
             X
             X
             X
             X
             X
             X
                These compounds have been removed from the EPA priority pollutant list.
                                                 M-3

-------
SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Environmental Compartment
Comoound Water

PHTHALATE ESTERS
Dimethyl phthaiate
Diathyl phthalate
Oi-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Bis(2-9thyJh8xyl) phthaJate
Butyl benzyl phthalata
POLYCYCUC AROMAT1CS
Acanaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo (a) anthracane
Benzo (b) fluoranthene
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
Benzo (ghi) parylene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chrysene
Oibenzo (a.h) anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno (1,2.3-cd) pyrane
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
NITROSAMINES AND MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS
Dimethyl nitrosamine X
Diphenyl nitrosamine
Di-n-propyl nitrosamine X
Benzidine
3.3'-Dfcniorooer»2idine
1 .2-Oiphenythydrazma (nydrazobenzene)
Acrylonttnle X
Sediment


X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
. X
X
X
X
X
X
X
"- X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
Biota


X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X

X
X

Adapted from Chapman, P., G. P. Rombarg and G. Vigers. 1982. 'Design of Momtorim
Studies for Pnontv Pollutants." Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation,
Vol. 5
Number 3.

-------