I TD180U551985
I D R A F T
| RCRA
I
• PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT/
• ...:•' '^r'
:.'V»'.
1 SITE INVESTIGATION GUIDANCi
I
• PBBMITS AND STATE PROGRAMS DIVISION
ji
| OFFICE OF, SOLID WASTE v"l% •
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| U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
• AUGUST 5, 1985
•
1
i
n^ Protection Agency
Environmental HO*
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Preliminary Assessment/Site Investigation Guidance was
prepared by the Permits and State Programs Division (PSPD) of
the Office of Solid Waste (OSW). Major contributors to this
document include Clem Rastatter and Dave Pagan from the PSPD,
Arthur Day and George Dixon from the Waste Management and
Economics Division in OSW; Lucy Sibold from the Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, and Mark Gilbertson from the
Office of Waste Programs Enforcement. Many other EPA staff
served on the PA/SI Guidance Workgroup and provided expedi-
tious review and useful comments during preparation of the
guidance. Sobotka and Company also helped in preparing this
guidance document.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
I. Background 1
II. Objectives of the PA/SI 3
III. Relationship between the RCRA and CERCLA PA/SIs 5
IV. Technical Approach 6
V. Further Guidance 9
t
CHAPTER ONE: Completing a Preliminary Assessment 1-1
I. Introduction 1-1
A. Purpose 1-1
B. Product.... 1-2
C. Scope...'* 1-2
r II. Data Gathering 1-4
A. RCRA Sources 1-6
1. Permit Application 1-6
2. RSI #3 Submission 1-8
3. Compliance Inspection Reports/Information
from Enforcement Orders 1-8
4. Exposure Information Report 1-8
5. Other RCRA Sources 1-9
B. CERCLA Sources 1-9
1. CERCLA PA/SI Reports 1-9
2. HRS Documentation 1-11
3. CERCLA RI/FS Studies 1-11
4. CERCLA 103(c) Notifications 1-11
5. Usefulness of CERCLA PA/SI 1-12
• C. Other Sources of Data 1-13
1. Aerial Photography 1-13
2. Other Fede ral / State Agencies 1-15
3. GEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System).... 1-16
4. State/Local Well Permit Offices --17
5. TSCA/OSHA/NPDES Inspections 1-17
6. Municipal/County ,/Ci ty Public Health Agencies. 1-18
7. Local Well Drillers 1-18
8. State/County Road Commissions 1-18
9. Utilities 1-19
10. Local Airports/Weather Bureaus 1-19
11. Naturalists/Environmental Organizations 1-20
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
12. Employees 1-20
13. Colleges/Universities 1-20
14. Interviews with Local Residents..... 1-21
Til. Evaluation of PA Data 1-21
A. Identify Units/Facilities That Require
No Further Action 1-21
1. No Waste of Concern 1-22
2. No Releases 1-22
3. Releases Permitted Under
Other Federal Authorities.... 1-24
B. Identify Candidates for an RI 1-24
C. Require Immediate Corrective Action 1-25
D. Referrals for a Health Assessment 1-26
IV. PA Documentation 1-27
CHAPTER TWO: Planning and Conducting the
Site Investigation 2-1
I. Introduction 2-1
A. Purpose • 2-1
B. Scope 2-3
C. Product 2-4
II. Background Data Collection 2-4
III. Preparation of Work Plans, Safety Plans,
and Sampling Plans 2-6
A. Work Plan 2-6
B. Sampling Plan 2-8
1. Contents of Sampling Plan 2-8
2. Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Program for Sampling 2-10
C. Safety Plan 2-10
IV. Work Plan/Sampling Plan/Safety Plan
Review Procedures 2-11
V. Access/Community Relations 2-13
A. Owner /Ope ra tor Access 2-13
B. Community Relations 2-15
VI. Mobilization 2-15
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
VII. Comprehensive Visual Inspection 2-16
A. Sequence of Field Activities 2-17
1. Site Arrival 2-17
2. Observation/Field Activity 2-17
3. Decontamination/Demobilization 2-17
4. Site Exit ; 2-18
B. Photography 2-18
C. Logbook Maintenance 2-19
VIII. Sampling Inspection 2-20
A. Sequence of Field Activities 2-21
1. Site Arrival 2-21
2. Preliminary Site Entry 2-21
3. Sample Activity 2-22
4. Decontamination/Demobilization.... 2-23
5. Site Exit 2-23
B. Photography 2-23
C. Logbook Maintenance.. 2-24
D. Chain-of-Custody 2-24
IX. Sample Shipment/Analys is of Samples 2-24
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X. Analytical Data Review 2-25
XI. Final Report/Files 2-26
CHAPTER THREE: Ground Water 3-1
I. Introduction................................ 3—1
II. Potential for Ground Water Releases from Units at
the Facility 3-2
A. Potential for and Mechanisms of Ground Water
Releases 3-3
B. Evaluation of Unit-Specific Factors 3-6
1. Unit Design 3-7
2. Site Geology /Hydrogeology 3-7
3. Waste Characteristics 3-8
4. Operational History..... 3-10
5. Physical Integrity of Unit 3-10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
III. Evidence of Ground Water Releases 3-11
A. Existing Visual or Sampling Information 3-11
B. Use of Existing Ground-Water
Monitoring Systems 3-12
C. Need for Additional Sampling 3-15
D. Summary 3-16
IV. Exposure Potential 3-17
V. Release Determinations 3-18
A. Summary 3-19
B. Examples 3-22
CHAPTER FOUR: Surface Water and Surface Drainage Areas... 4-1
I. Introduction 4-1
II. Likelihood of Surface Water or
Surface Drainage Releases 4-3
A. Proximity to Surface Water/Off-Site Receptors
and Release Migration Potential 4-4
B. Unit Design and Physical Condition....' 4-6
C. Waste Characteristics 4-8 v
1. Mass 4-9
2. Transport Mechanisms.. 4-9
3. Persistence 4-10
4. Toxicity ,-._ 4-11
D. Summary of Factors Affecting the
Likelihood of Release 4-13
III. Evidence of Surface Water and
Surface-Drainage Releases 4-13
A. Types of Evidence 4-13
B. Use of Sampling 4-14
IV. Exposure Potential 4-15
V. Release Determination 4-16
A. Summary 4-17
B. Examples 4-20
CHAPTER FIVE: Air. 5-1
I. Introduction 5-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
II. Potential For Air Releases From the Facility 5-2
A. Unit Characteristics that Affect the
Potential for Air Releases 5-2
B. Types of Waste Contained in the Unit 5-6
C. Waste Characteristics that Affect the
Magnitude of Release 5-9
1. Volatile Emissions 5-11
2. Particulate Emissions 5-14
D. Environmental and Geographic Factors 5-15
III. Evidence of Airborne Releases 5-17
A. Available Data Collection Methods and Sources.... 5-17
B. The Role of Sampling 5-18
IV. Potential for Exposure 5-19
V. Release Determinations... 5-20
A. Summary 5-21
B. Examples 5-24
CHAPTER SIX: Subsurface Gas 6-1
I. Introduction 6-1
II. Potential for Subsurface Gas Releases 6-2
A. Types of Waste Placed in the Unit 6-2
B. Types of Units with a Potential for
Subsurface Gas Releases 6-5
III. Migration of Subsurface Gas to On-Site and
Off-Site Receptors 6-6
1 A. Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors that
1 Affect Migration 6-6
1. Natural Barriers 6-6
2. Engineered Structures 6-10
IV. Evidence of Subsurface Gas Releases 6-11
A. Role of Sampling in Making These De te rruina t ions . . 6-11
V. Release De terminations 6-14
A. S u mm ary 6-14
B. Examples 6-16
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LIST OF EXHIBITS
PAGE
Exhibit 1: Approach for Identifying Releases 8
Exhibit 1-1: Preliminary Assessment 1-3
Exhibit 1-2: Matrix of Factors Assessed in the PA/SI
Decision 1-5
Exhibit 2-1: Site Investigation 2-2
Exhibit 3-1: Monitoring Well Location 3-14
Exhibit 3-2: Checklist for Ground Water Releases 3-20
Exhibit 4-1: Checklist for Surface Water/Surface
Drainage Releases 4-18
Exhibit 5-1: Checklist for Air Releases 5-22
Exhibit 6-1: Subsurface Gas Generation/Migration in
a Landfill 6-7
Exhibit 6-2: Subsurface Gas Generation/Migration from
Units Closed as Landfills 6-8
Exhibit 6-3: Checklist for Subsurface Gas Releases.... 6-15
f)
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LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
L
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Table 3-1: Ranking of Unit Potential For Ground
Vater Releases and Mechanisms of Release. 3-4
Table 3-2: Ground Water Unit Illustrations 3-23
Table 4-1: Ranking of Unit Potential For Surface
Water Releases and Mechanisms of Release. 4-7
Table 4-2: Surface Water Unit Illustrations 4-21
Table 5-1: Unit Potential For Air Releases and
Mechanisms of Release 5-4
Table 5-2: Hazardous Constituents of Concern
As Vapor Releases 5-7
Table 5-3: Haz'ardous Constituents of Concern
As Particulate Releases 5-10
Table 5-4: Parameters and Measures for Use in
Evaluating Potential Air Releases of
Hazardous Waste Constituents 5-12
Table 5-5: Air Unit Illustrations 5-25
Table 6-1: Subsurface Gas Sampling Information...... 6-13
Table 6-2: Subsurface Gas Unit Illustrations 6-17
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LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
APPENDIX A: Preliminary Assessment Data A-1
APPENDIX B: CERCLA Hazard Ranking System Sampling
Procedures • B-l
APPENDIX C: List of Industries and Their Related
Hazardous Wastes C-l
APPENDIX D: Referenced Standard Operating Guidelines
for Project Activities D-l
APPENDIX E: Other Standard Reference Material on
Waste and Environmental Characterization.. E-l
»
APPENDIX F: Example Equipment List F-l
APPENDIX G: Sample Quality Control G-l
APPENDIX H: Developing a Site Safety Plan H-l
APPENDIX I: Guidance on Obtaining Access to a RCRA
Facility I-I
APPENDIX J: Physical, Chemical, and Fate Data J-l
APPENDIX K: List of Priority Pollutants K-1
APPENDIX L: Calculating Surface Run-off L-l
APPENDIX M: Sampling Priorities For Environmental
Pollutants M-l
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INTRODUCTION
I. BACKGROUND
The 1984 RCRA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
established broad new authorities in the RCRA program to require
corrective action for releases of hazardous wastes and constituents
at RCRA-regulated facilities. These new authorities are:
o JjStJrffWuiy - ^£^^»LCJ?.jty.ftJtet&m..for' Continuing Releases^1
Requires that any permit Issued after November 8, 1984,
require corrective action for all releases from solid
waste management units at the facility, regardless of
when the waste was placed in the unit. The provision
also requires that owner/operators demonstrate financial
a^ss^uranee for any required corrective action, and jjjjfcksfffjf
.^c^heduleat^of" corneli^ancgl to be used in permits where the
coTr^Vt^v«^"c*£*i*oiT~Tanri'ot be completed prior to permit
issuance.
o 33ffiffiptT*^ .?¥^rj:j^&t«tu«_7C<>gracClv» Action Qrdersy
Provides authority to issue enforcement orders to compel
corrective action or other response measures at interim
status facilities, and to take civil action against the
facility for appropriate relief.
o .|3Q04Ty)y- .Correctty»r Action Beyond the Facility Boundary
Directs EPA to issue regulations requiring corrective
action beyond the facility boundary where necessary to
protect human health and the environment, unless the
owner/operator can demonstrate that he is unable to obtain
the necessary permission, despite his best efforts.
Until such regulations are promulgated, corrective action
orders can be issued to require the necessary corrective
action.
The §3004(u) and §3008(h) authorities are quite similar in
scope, although *iJLjEiPl§4S^J&iy^ow^ laciA* C7 ..bound-j?'
ariesf Jfef^mus-j^jrqBv.lga.Jfcjfc^*eg.ulaAiAaa,. £A. extend .,S30Q4(u) authority/
J>eyond facility boundaries/ Both authorities can be defined in
large part by the following key terms:
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"Protection of Human Health and the Environment"
Under both authorities, corrective action will be mandated
where necessary to protect human health and the environment.
"Release"
The definition of release under both authorities is
similar to that in CERCLA, and extends to all environ-
mental media--ground water, surface water, air, and
unsaturated soils.
"Solid Waste Management Units"
Solid waste management units (SWMU) include: landfills;
surface impoundments; waste piles; land treatment units;
injection wells; incinerators; tanks; container storage
units; and other physical, biological and chemical treat-
ment units.^_/
"Facility"
For the purpose of implementing corrective action under
either authority, the facility ia defined as the entire/
»«»nr-,-- --- ---- . - . -,,» ,,-p^.., *„ '_._;-,»«.«...•,• • - --•• •* - ». . - -,'..,^,,-- ..... - ._ .. •
«p«»ra.B,atg/a t which units subject to regulation under RCRA
arelocated.
"Corrective Measures"
This term is used generally to include "corrective action
as provided in §264.100 and other activities for any
me di a.
The following documents provide a more complete explanation
of the two authorities:
o HjnaT^o 1985).'
o Draft Guidance on Interim Status Corrective Action Orders
" June 20, 1985)^
]_/ The §3008(h) authority applies broadly to any releases
from the facility.
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The new §3004 authorities allow EPA to require corrective
action in permits for all releases from solid waste management
units, regardless of when the waste was placed in the units. In
addition, under §3008, EPA can initiate enforcement action to
compel corrective action or other response measures at interim
status facilities and beyond the facility boundary.
EPA is developing a ^SSSS^Ty'fScit^ for implementing the
' ~ '' *
corrective action provisions that consists of preliminary
assessments/site investigations aSy^^Ji&^^PSj^iaii.ittT*?:
live aeaaures^f This document de-
scribes the approach that Agency personnel generally should use
to implement the first step in the corrective action process —
; conducting PA/SIs at facilities that are to receive a RCRA permit^/.
/? ~ ^ EPA is developing additional documents that provide guidance on
^^ conducting remedial investigations, making remedial decisions,
-J and designing and implementing corrective measures.
i
II.
The PA/SI, as structured in the guidance, is designed to ac-
complish the following objectives:
o '1JeteFaitiJ£w^^ are,_llkely. to
.reJ.g£i|jMfOf hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents
Tt the facility requiring further investigation;
o JJsLt.iaklksh' the.~Ycope of" remedial .iavestigation/ (if
*.^— - ^ -^.«tfwt-J«i.v, ^^ ^ v^v^—.»^^.^*V*JV«*-—*--—«-— - '•*--*
necessary); and
^_l This approach applies to all releases from solid waste
management units and to unregulated releases from regulated units
Ground water releases at regulated units are addressed by current
regula t ions.
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o Establish priorities for subsequent remedial investi-
gations .
It is not necessarily the function of the PA/SI to provide
detailed physical evidence of releases, since this may require
extensive investigation and analysis beyond the scope of the
PA/SI. Similarly, although the objective is to identify (or
assess the likelihood of) significant releases at the facility,
it is not within the scope of the PA/SI to establish whether or
not such releases actually pose a threat to human health and the
environment. ^$sa£AdHKJid»$>dt^ r/-
.will typically take
phas/.
The findings of the PA/SI will suggest one or more of the
following actions for a facility:
o* No action, if releases have not, or are not likely to
- have, occurred.
o Limited, short-term remedial investigations, where some
- further information is needed to verify that a release
has (or has not) occurred, and to establish the need for
} and nature and scope of full-scale remedial investigations
a- Full-scale remedial investigations for one or more media
; at one or more solid waste management units at the
5 facility.
*
p Corrective measures, in cases where it is possible to
establish in the PA/SI that there is an immediate need
for corrective measures, and the types of corrective
measures required.
When the PA/SI determines that remedial investigations (or
corrective measures) are necessary at a facility, these activities
will be required of the owner/operator either under a permit
schedule of compliance or under an enforcement order.
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Both Che RCRA and CERCLA PA/SI processes establish priorities
and identify immediate needs for corrective measures. There
are, however, several important differences between the two PA/SI
efforts. These differences stem in part from the need for the
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A final difference between the RCRA and CERCLA PA/SIs stems
from the fact that RCRA facilities have been and continue to be
part of an ongoing regulatory program. More information is
available on RCRA facilities and additional information is
being generated all the time —particularly on land disposal
facilities. As a result:
Some facilities may be able to skip the site investiga-
tion stage because sufficient information exists on the
facility to compel a remedial investigation.
The site investigation for certain facilities may be
incorporated into ongoing inspections and site visits
that take place over time, instead of scheduling a
separate site investigation.
The RCRA Preliminary Assessment/Site Investigation guidance
is comprised of six chapters. The first two ch'apters describe
procedures for conducting a preliminary assessment and a site
investigation. The remaining four chapters describe the technical
approach for examining releases to three media—surface water,
ground water, and air—and for addressing subsurface gas releases.
Soil is treated primarily as a transfer media. Potential threats
to human health and the environment through direct contact with
soil should, however, be considered when the circumstances so
warra nt.
The technical approach described in this document requires
the investigator to apply his best professional judgment in
examining a variety of factors that affect the likelihood of a
release and its significance. Each technical chapter asks the
Tiny estimator to look at: (1) factors that affect the releasrf'
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Exhibit 1 displays the decision-making frame-
work for both the PA and SI stages of the process.
The "likelihood of release" is the broadest category of
factors the investigator must consider. Examining the likelihood
that a unit has a release requires evaluation of information on
the facility's location and potential routes of contamination as
well as information on the unit's design, age and operating charac-
teristics, and the type of waste contained in the unit. For most
cases, no one factor is sufficient to determine the likelihood
that a unit has a release. All factors must be examined together
and the relative importance of each factor will need to be defined
on a media- and site-specific basis.
"Evidence of release" includes media-specific factors the
investigator should look for during the site inspection to support
an initial determination that a release has taken place. The
investigator will evaluate sampling data as well as information
from visual observations. It should be noted, however, that the
absence of physical evidence does not necessarily mean that a
release has not occurred. Factors in this category should not be
used as the sole basis for eliminating a unit/facility from
further consideration under the corrective action program.
The guidance provides media-specific factors related to
exposure that are important in addressing the "seriousness of a
release." These factors should help the investigator set priorities
for initial site inspections as well as further remedial investi-
gations.
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In summary, the technical approach requires the investigator
to evaluate a matrix of factors that have varying significance
and to apply his best professional judgment in determining the
relative weight that should be given to each factor. In many
cases, information will not be available on all the factors. The
weight assigned to missing information may be as important as the
weight given to available information. Depending on the relative
significance of the known information, the investigator may
determine that the available information is sufficient to proceed
with a remedial investigation. On the other hand, the investiga-
tor may determine that additional sampling is warranted before
compelling the owner/operator to begin further investigations.
It is left to the investigator's judgment, in consultation with
appropriate permitting and enforcement authorities, to determine
which factors are the most important for a particular situation.
EPA is preparing additional technical guidance related to
implementation of the RCRA corrective action program. This
includ es:
face on RCRA remedial investigations^
X'*f3t<--^*i-»-s t-? - ^.. »fc/*:wfcUkiA,"-*»»^r-rf..'5i«r-^t*—--^-*t— -4-^t-> ,-•?.« . &
67 Guidance o'n
oii^developlng "compliance schedules^ for c^orrectivi
/actf b'n jr?o*f*"pe~rmf"E'sr'anai"efrf6' re emeh t orders); and
3tr.jv~*f' —•" -.•» ••- •
. Guidance on priori ttz ing R£RA facilities ..f o,r .corrective/
.action J^~* ~~ *~"*"~ '*"*
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CHAPTER ONE
COMPLETING A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
The preliminary assessment (PA) is the first phase in the
process of determining whether SWMUs are releasing and require
corrective action.
^
PA is moscly a desk top effort. By the time
the PA is completed, Agency staff should be able to:
(1) Identify which units/areas/facilities do not require a
site inspection
(2) Identify units/releases that require further
investigation
-- Identify those situations for which a preliminary
site investigation is the appropriate next step; and
-- Identify those situations where sufficient evidence
of release already exists and a remedial investiga-
tion is the next step.
(3) Identify units/releases that may require immediate
removal action under CERCLA authority
The preliminary assessment is also a management tool that
can be used to make a variety of other decisions. Some of these
include:
o Determining the site's priority for further investigation;
o Assessing the likelihood that the site will become a
CERCLA sice; (subject to further guidance)
o Determining whether the owner or operator has the capabi-
lity and willingness to assist the site investigator by
conducting sampling activities under the direction of
EPA; and
1-1
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o Identifying candidate facilities for a health assessment
under Section 3019.
Exhibit 1-1 illustrates the PA process—collection and
evaluation of available information and findings and recommendations
for further action.
B. Product
Since a number of PAs may be conducted well in advance of
the subsequent site investigation, a PA report is an important
conclusion of the desk top analysis. $3Btl
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Target populations and environments and release pathways;
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Recommendations addressing the purposes outlined above. &^ \
It should be noted that completion of a site investigation
plan does not take place until initiation of the site inspection.
This allows new information to be factored into the plan in cases
where a substantial time gap exists between the time the PA is
completed and the SI is started.
C.
Five broad categories of jfcuf ormAtionf shou Id be gathered
•«««iaiA^.iAe.B-*<5»jaf«*^>'-^*--r - *
during the PA. They are:
V
1. Site management des crip t ion /pract ices ;
2. Evidence of release;
3>. Pollutant dispersal pathways;
4. Waste characteristics; and
S. Target population characteristics.
1-2
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Exhibit 1-2 illustrates the types of information contained
in each category. J&feJLLa. iOft Aft &^
Ic should be noted, however, that
complete data on any of the five categories will rarely be avail-
able, and complete data are not necessary to make the kinds of
evaluations that are made during the Preliminary Assessment.
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In some cases, it may be necessary to
obtain information from other sources to fill in if these sources
do not have all the necessary data. This guidance describes some
suggested sources that may be useful under some circumstances.
Conducting the preliminary assessment should take an average of
five work days.
This chapter describes how to use these data to make some
initial decisions on further action or no further action. Sub-
sequent chapters describe the procedures to follow in conducting
a sice investigation and provide guidance on how to identify
actual or probable releases to each media.
II. DATA GATHERING
This section describes where and how to obtain the type of
data identified in Exhibit 1-2 and how the data can be used to
better understand the nature of releases at a facility.
1-4
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-5
-------
A. RCRA Sources
In some cases, RCRA file data coupled with data available
through CERCLA may provide most, if not all, of the information
that is needed to understand (I) the types of wastes handled by a
facility, (2) the types of units, (3) the nature and characteris-
tics of the routes by which contaminants may migrate and (4) the
human and environmental populations affected or potentially
affected by a release from the units.
There are four major existing sources of information in the
RCRA files on SWMUs, including unregulated releases from RCRA
units. These should be reviewed first. A brief discussion on
the nature of these sources follows. Tables A-1 through A-4 in
Appendix A provide more detailed lists of the data available
through these sources.
1. Permit Application
Part A notifications and Part B applications for permits
will be available for all facilities in the permit pipeline and
addressed under the corrective action program.^/ These documents
contain a sizable amount of information on the facility design
and physical characteristics of the surrounding area. Although
owners or operators of RCRA facilities develop these applications
to support permitting of regulated units, the information will
sometimes apply to both unregulated releases from regulated units
l_l The proposed Codification Rule will incorporate RSI "3
information (described above) into permit application requirements.
1-6
-------
and releases from unregulated ("old") units. For example, all
land disposal Part B applications should contain extensive hydro-
geologic information related to the surficial aquifer. This
information should prove invaluable at many facilities in asses-
sing the potential for old units to contaminate ground water. If
the facility is seeking only an aboveground storage facility
permit, however, the permit application data may not provide much
information useful in evaluating an "old" landfill.
Part B applications may not characterize the lower aquifers
if they are not connected to the uppermost aquifer. If the
application data'are inadequate to properly assess the impacts to
ground water, the information may need to be developed through
other sources discussed later.
In addition to relevant data on the facility as a whole, the
permit application also provides information that can be used to
| evaluate the potential for unregulated releases from regulated
units, specifically surface water and air releases. Most of the
r
{ pertinent data relate to the design and maintenance of the unit.
. Part B permit applications for land disposal facilities will
' also provide information on whether actual releases have occurred.
i It is important to evaluate well placement when reviewing ground
L
water monitoring data for regulated units. In some cases the
location of existing monitoring wells may make it difficult to
determine if contamination results from the regulated unit, an
unregulated unit, or both. Review of the analytical data must
be coupled with data on well location and ground water flow to
positively identify the source of the observed release.
-------
2. RSI #3 Submission
The Reauthorization Statutory Interpretation (RSI #3) dated
February 5, 1985 from Jack W. McGraw, required the EPA regional
offices to request owners or operators of RCRA facilities to
submit data on each SWMU at the facility. The data submitted in
response to RSI #3 should provide information on the type and
location of the units and when and how much waste was received by
uni ts .
3. Compliance Inspection Reports/Information from
Enforcement Orders
Inspection Reports should be available for most RCRA facili-
ties. These reports contain useful information on site management
practices, monitoring data, and unit conditions and should help
in identifying problem units and releases for possible sampling.
Comprehensive monitoring evaluations (CME's) evaluate ground water
monitoring systems. These records may provide an indication of
whether prior releases have occurred at the facility. Frequent
violations of operating standards, may indicate prior releases.
In addition, the reviewer may be able to obtain information on
non-regulated units from results of investigations required in
enforcement actions.
4. Exposure Information Report
Only facilities with or seeking permits for landfills and
surface impoundments must submit exposure information. These
submissions will cover all five categories of information identi-
fied in Exhibit 1-2. This information may be valuable in deter-
mining the potential for contaminants to release from regulated
1-3
-------
| -
I
and "old" units, the likelihood that these contaminants will
migrate, and the likelihood that persons may be exposed to these
contaminants .
5 . Other RCRA Sources
ACL submissions (if any), closure plans, and post closure
permits are additional sources of information for the PA.
<»,™.»^«»S»Vf«J~-.»-^^-*>-,» , ;j
B. ffiERCI i A. . Sou r c e y
Four CERCLA data sources may be helpful in completing RCRA
PAs. They are:
..,..,
a CERCLA RI/FS studies?
These sources may allow the reviewer to decide to proceed dire.ctly
to a remedial investigation or immediate corrective action. The
circumstances when this might be possible are discussed more
fully later in this section.
1. CERCLA PA/SI Reports
Almost 15 percent of the facilities seeking RCRA Part B
permits have received CERCLA inspections. The site inspection
reports for these facilities can provide a considerable amount of
information on facility and unit design and management, waste
characterization, and pollutant dispersal pathways, particularly
for SWMUs and inactive units. They may also have limited informa-
tion about target populations. The exact amount of information
provided in each report will depend on the amount of information
available at the time the report was completed.
1-9
-------
The CERCLA SI report is likely to provide some information for
the following categories:
o Facility design/management practices
Listing of SWMU operations, facility layout;
Discussion of conditions of identified SWMUs; and
-- Design specifications for SWMUs (when available).
o Waste characteristics
-- Type and quantity of waste received to the extent ,
known •
i
o Pollutant dispersal pathways
— Analytical data on "observed releases" from the _J
facility;
— Geology, topography, hydrogeology, climate of the area r\
(if unit could be releasing to ground water); M
— Climatic data (e.g. precipitation, wind data); and
-- Facility topography as it relates to surface drainage
patterns.
o Receptor characteristics
-- Size and characteristics of nearby populations and
sensitive environments potentially exposed through
air, surface water, and ground water routes.
In addition to reviewing the final SI report, the person
conducting the RCRA preliminary assessment should also examine
the CERCLA site file. These files contain supplementary informa-
tion used to evaluate the site under CERCLA. These files include
such i t ems as:
o Field log book for the SI
o Trip reports for the SI
o Records of communication
o Miscellaneous historical data/reports
— Site reports
-- Old trip reports
— Old memoranda
i):
1-10
-------
Except for the first item, the exact contents of the file
will vary depending upon the type of information available and
the data collection procedures used at the time of the CERCLA SI.
2. HRS Documentation
Some subset of the sites that have undergone CERCLA Sis
has been scored using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS). Infor-
mation on target populations and sensitive environments should be
available for each of the routes scored. The most frequently
scored routes are surface water and ground water.
The Regional CERCLA program offices have copies of all
CERCLA SI/HRS reports and files. Table A-5 in Appendix A provides
a list of Regional CERCLA PA/SI program managers. These persons
will be able to provide access to the SI reports and identify
where to find the files.
, 3. CERCLA RI/FS Studies
*- Again, some subset of the sites that have been scored
r
will be subject to a remedial investigation/feasibility study
(RI/FS). If so, these reports will more thoroughly characterize
air, surface water, ground water and soil contamination, as well
as populations actually or potentially affected by these releases
In general, a. RCRA SI will not be necessary if a CERCLA RI/FS is
underway.
4. CERCLA 103(c) Notifications
Some sites may have information available on wastes disposed
of at the facility from a CERCLA 103(c) notification. In the
early stages of the CERCLA program, owners or operators of waste
1-1 1
-------
management facilities and transporters were required to notify
EPA of places where CERCLA hazardous substances had been disposed.
EPA reviewed approximately 9000 notifications representing ap-
proximately 2000 sites, after accounting for redundant reporting.
If the facility filed a CERCLA 103(c) notification, and no other
source of information is available, this source may provide a
record of past disposal operations, such as information on types,
locations and volumes of waste disposed. The reviewer should
contact the Regional CERCLA PA/SI coordinator to see if a CERCLA
103(c) notification exists for the facility.
5. Usefulness of CERCLA PA/SI
^«»-> -«Vi?s.-
j?X*j£^^
tiy-S
.,.,.-•
ed "i a Favor of a aore cbmBrehettfixe. reaediAi. investiga^
=-• '1-^-&*~s. «j^;- _i~»- — — ii ,«.».T,*.*i» — = ------- *- -" ~ " '" " " '
Although the CERCLA PA/SI does not describe the release
potential of individual units, there may be ade.quate evidence of
release as a result of the CERCLA PA/SI to ask the owne r /ope ra to r
to initiate a comprehensive remedial investigation. A RCRA PA/SI
may be required if the CERCLA PA/SI does not provide necessary
information. Some scenarios are described below:
The CERCLA SI was completed some tine ago and information
in the SI may be outdated;
The results of the SI were not definitive enough to lead
to an RI , or did not provide sufficient information on
the units at the facility;
The CERCLA PA/SI did not address releases of concern
(e.g., air, subsurface gas);
1-12
-------
o Unregulated releases from regulated units are & source of
concern; or
o A site Inspection is necessary to outline the scope of
the RI.
C. Other Sources of Data
In most cases, existing EPA or State files will provide all
the data necessary for a PA evaluation of a site. However, there
may be situations where these sources do not contain critical
information. In these cases, the reviewer may want to check
other sources, such as other offices within EPA, other federal
and state agencies, and private organizations. Appendix A,
Tables A-6 and A-9 identify likely reliable sources of infor-
mation on site management practices, waste characteristics, migra-
tion pathways, and target populations. The investigator should
carefully consider the importance of the information in evaluat-
ing a site to avoid spending significant resources to obtain
information that is not really critical to the analysis. For
example, data sources such as former employees, local residents,
and colleges and universities are likely to be consulted only
rarely. Other data sources such as USGS data and historical
aerial photography already in the file may be used more often.
This section discusses these sources and how the information
could be used in the PA. These sources are discussed in a rough
order of priority.
1 . Aerial Photography
Aerial photography, especially historical aerial photography,
can be a valuable tool in a prelimary assessment. Historical
aerial photography can provide the following types of information:
1-13
-------
o The location of past disposal units;
o The location of releases;
o Evidence of existing or past vegetation stress;
o Potential routes for contamination migration;
o Location and numbers of target populations; and
o Land use in the area.
A number of RCRA sites that were evaluated under CERCLA have
had both historical and recent aerial survey analysis. The RCRA
reviewer should contact his/her regional coordinator for aerial
photography. These coordinators have access through ORD/EMSL/LV
to an index of sites that have had aerial photographic analyses.
If an historical analysis and current overflight do not
exist, they can be requested through the regional coordinator.
EMSL has a computerized system which accesses the major sources -^
of extensive aerial photography including libraries, archives and
U.S.G.S. EMSL can use this to order copies of the photographs,
analyze the photographs for relevant features a_nd prepare a bound
copy of the analysis. In most cases, §£>.j^ftjrAA&•.£_gerjiaJL photogray
will suffice for the purposes of the RCRA PA/SI program.
The usefulness of current aerial photographs is more limited.
They may be able to identify vestiges of old disposal practices,
current vegetation damage, and surface drainage patterns. They
can also accurately locate target populations. However, much of
this information may be readily ascertainabla from a visual
inspection of the facility. Accordingly, requests for overflights
should be requested only when there are no other sources of the
d.i c a .
L-14
-------
2. Other Federal/State Agencies
In some cases, permit applications may not contain sufficient
geological and hydrogeological data to obtain a clear understanding
of the local run-off patterns and underlying geology. This is
likely to be particularly true for facilities applying for above-
ground storage permits. Facilities applying for this type of
permit are not required to submit detailed geological and hydro-
geological information even if they have "old" landfills or
impoundments on site. In addition, permit applications will not
provide much information on possible target receptors, such as
irrigated land or livestock. In these cases, the reviewer may
need to develop data on the geology and hydrogeology and land use
in the area.
Other federal agencies can provide information on land use,
hydrology and geologic conditions. The U.S. Geological Survey
i (USGS) maps land use. These maps, coupled with information on
I
the source and distribution of water, can provide data on the
J number of irrigated acres. They can also indicate where live-
stock may be drinking contaminated or potentially contaminated
I watersupplies.
etjioey and""froi'lsST These maps can cover areas as small as
--»-»-—Iff^flLe-.-a^iK.^,^-^ „( .^.. ~t.~f r
7-1/2° (6 by 8 miles), depending upon the particular area of con-
cern. They can also provide data on soils and rock types under-
lying facilities which may be helpful if data provided by the
applicant are incomplete or unavailable. This may be especially
useful for evaluating larger facilities.
1-15
-------
^ fef4toi 6 gTc:«T~ sap* ~ prffirt da" tttfo *« a t Id 51 o o,rjpr6u niJL 'i*at e/
»-«^JH~-»-a*-ai^tSiiivJ».j1_aui^..)^.T.i:-t--.ai—_v_»3,-.^-.-v.-xi.*'-« •—•-*'—• •>—-»• - - -
toring water levels). This type of map may assist the reviewer
in understanding the relationship between land based units and
depth to ground water, location of ground water recharge areas,
prevailing regional flow, and ground water discontinuities (if
the owner or operator has not already provided this type of
information). These maps are also available for areas as small
as 7-1/2°.
U.S. Department of Agriculture local Soil Conservation Service
(SCS) offices map soil types and permeabilities--down to 2 acres
in somes cases. These maps characterize soil type to six feet,
and the backup information used to develop these maps may evaluate
soils to greater depths. This backup information is also available
through the local SCS. Since surface soils reflect the immediately
underlying geology, these maps provide data that may be helpful
in evaluating the potential for transport of contaminants through
the soils and underlying rocks.
3. GEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System)
EPA has access, through each of the regional offices, to a
computerized system with the capability to identify the number of
individuals within a specific radius of a facility. This system
is readily available and can provide reliable information on
populations potentially at risk from air releases. When coupled
with data on ground use patterns, it can also quantify target
populations drinking ground water.
L-L6
-------
4. State/Local Well Permit Offices
A number of States and counties require well drillers or
persons installing wells to obtain well installation permits.
This source, if available, can provide the most reliable infor-
mation on the number of households using well water in a partic-
ular area. These offices can often identify the aquifer from
which individual wells draw and the construction of individual
wells, including diameter. This information can also help in
identifying the closest downgradient wells that have the appro-
priate well construction characteristics for sampling.
5. TSCA/OSHA/NP'DES inspections
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulates the disposal
I
'~~ of PCBs and PCB equipment. In some cases the responsibility for
«N
conducting TSCA inspections is merged with the RCRA inspection
-"
program. In other cases, these inspections are conducted by a dif-
•a
I ferent unit within EPA. TSCA inspection files may have useful
data on how much and where disposal and storage of PCBs has taken
• place at a particular facility.
J OSHA and NPDES inspection reports may identify the types of
materials handled by a facility and may also establish whether
the owner or operator has a history of violations. Violation
i
histories can indicate a facility's propensity for releases that
might be subject to corrective action. For example, recurring
NPDES violations may indicate a significant accumulation of
hazardous materials in stream beds which could require corrective
action.
1-17
-------
6. Municipal/County/City Public Health Agencies
Municipal/county/city public health agencies or departments
can provide a wealth of information on the types of units located
at a particular facility and the wastes routinely received at the
site. Fire marshalls can provide information on the nature of
any fires or explosions that have occurred at the facility.
Information on incidents and site management practices can assist
in determining if any releases have occurred or are likely to
occur as a result of poor facility management. These agencies
maintain their records and files for a number of years and often
provide the only other source of information on "old" units.
Even if these files contain little information, employees who
have worked with the local agency or fire department for a number
of years, often know a lot about the site or where to obtain
additional information.
7. Local Well Drillers
Local well drillers can provide especially useful information
on the geology and hydrogeology of the area. They can identify
the types of soils and rock in the area and the approximate depth
in which they are found. They can indicate the location of
perched water supplies, clay lenses, and other georaorphic features
They can also discuss which aquifer most residents draw their
water from and the type of well construction.
8. State/Countv Road Commissions
Core samples of soils and rocks underlying a proposed road
are often analyzed during the engineering and planning stages of
road construction. Records of these analyses are usually retained
1-18
-------
and available through most State/County road commissions. This
information can provide useful data, where none or little are
otherwise available, to evaluate the potential for contaminants
to migrate through soils and ground water, and possibly to deter-
mine where to sample.
9. Utilities
Utilities may be able to provide extremely reliable and up-
to-date population data. They can identify the number of house-
holds using public water supplies—either ground water or surface
water. They can also identify the location of public water wells
and intakes. This information is necessary not only to determine
the affected population but may also help identify possible
locations for sampling.
10. Local Airports/Weather Bureaus
, These organizations maintain accurate historical records of
i
' the local climate. This information is essential in evaluating
| the potential and direction that contaminants could migrate
through the air and the rate that contaminants could migrate
i through the ground water and surface water routes. Contaminants
can be expected to migrate faster through the ground water in
areas with higher precipitation. Wind direction(s) is essential
in identifying downwind targets for air releases. Temperature is
essential to evaluate the propensity for materials to volatilize.
The amount of rainfall, especially during peak periods, can also
indicate the likelihood that contaminants will migrate overland
to surface water.
1-19
.
-------
11. Naturalists/Environmental Organizations
Local environmental groups can provide information on the
presence and location of wildlife and endangered species. They
often have access to individuals or information which can identify
the nesting grounds for animals. They can also identify any
other sensitive environments.
12. Employees
Employees at the facility, both current and former, may be
able to provide information on facility design and management
as well as information on the types of wastes received at the
facility. It may be difficult to obtain owner or operator per-
mission to interview current employees. For former employees, it
may be difficult to identify a knowledgable and reliable indi-
vidual. When interviewing former and current employees, the
investigator should be sure to understand the employee's motiva-
tion for providing the information and should find out why former
employees no longer work at the facility.
13. Co lieges/Universities
The biology departments of local colleges and universities
may have information on the location of sensitive environments.
In some cases, graduate student reports and publications have
carefully mapped the location of nesting grounds and migratory
pathways. Such studies can be valuable in identifying the impact
of releases on target environments.
The geology or agriculture departments of local colleges and
universities may have information characterizing the local geology
1-20
-------
S<
"^
L
and hydrogeology. This can include maps of the area and studies
evaluating the permeabilities of soils.
14. Interviews with Local Residents
As a last resort, local residents can be a source of informa
tion on a facility. Sometimes, long-term residents know a con-
siderable amount about the kind of operations conducted at a
facility and the type and amount of waste received at a facility.
In general, this source of information should be avoided to
prevent any undue or premature alarm.
Once the investigator has gathered all the readily available
[_ data on SWMUs at a facility, he/she should evaluate the informa-
tion in order to reach some
about the facility,
ag.r.. __ ,
^
y identifying units/
areas /facilities that require no further action;
*
c4 Identify situations where a facility can proceed
'I directly to an RI ;
o. Identify situations where it is appropriate to require
-^ immediate corrective action (including CERCLA removal
-•? actions); and
o Identify situations when health assessments may be
^ appropriate.
This section discusses the cr i t eria/ s i tua t ions where these
decisions may be possible.
A. Identify Uni t s / Faci 1 i t ies That Require No Further Action
At the end of the PA, it should be possible to narrow the
population of units/releases that may require further study in
1-21
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the SI. Examples of situations that would not require Sis in-
clude: units that are M^g|^^JSOS^J05^f^"C^^>ft»4cgQBe n t/
e'lf 'aiurtttorftiesl These criteria/circumstances are de-
"i'iuj"L_xirrf'" -"-"^ T-»^_,*4i»!*«uafciw= ^»-T
scribed in greater detail below.
1. No Waste of Concern
After conducting a PA, the reviewer may determine to his or
her satisfaction that there is no hazardous waste or solid waste
containing hazardous waste constituents in a particular unit.
In examining whether or not the unit contains hazardous wastes or
constituents, the investigator should also consider:
o Whether the waste is hazardous due to characteristics; or
o Whether the waste may be hazardous due to a chemical inter-
action that generates hazardous waste as a byproduct.
The determination that there is no waste of concern should be
based on a review of a reasonable amount of data. JEtuTjcevtewer /
lect all waste handled or/
r lifetiBie,Yof the uail^ — not
just the type of waste received in recent years. If the unit is
a landfill, the investigator should be sure that the unit did not
accept waste that could present a subsurface methane gas problem.
For example, demolition debris is not likely to generate methane
gas .
2. Mo Releases
In some situations, it may be appropriate to eliminate
certain units from further study on the basis that they clearly
1-22
\
-------
have not released hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents into
the environment.
In the case of aboveground tanks, for
example, unit design and operation, plus the inspector's direct
knowledge of the facility, could provide sound evidence that the
unit is not leaking or that possible releases were contained and
J^^J^M^^^^&n^iJL?^JI''i^^f^^^^aft Aft*9RK£MGA.JtWPW*>94.1ftlLt&••
When evaluating any unit to see if it requires further action,
the investigator should consider all potential migration routes
—air, surface water, ground water and soils. In general, units
that are not land-based, such as elevated storage tanks, are not
routinely considered a threat to ground water. However, despite
the fact that a unit is not located in the ground, poor mainten-
,_J " ance or contingency procedures associated with the unit could
I
result in releases to surface soils due to improper containment
1 and chronic unremedied spills. Releases to surface soils, partic-
ularly chronic releases, can provide a sizable reservoir of
t
J-- contamination that could ultimately migrate to ground water and
surface water. In situations where the owner or operator under-
took corrective action for above ground units, such as removal of
the unit and excavation of surface soils, there still could be
lingering contamination if the unit had poor spill, splash, or
discharge management. In these cases, the investigator may wish
to proceed with an SI, regardless of whether some corrective
measures were undertaken.
1-23
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3. Releases Permitted Under Other Federal Authorities
It may be appropriate to eliminate from further consideration
releases that are regulated under other Federal permitting autho-
rities. However, most permitting authorities tend to be tailored
to a particular route (e.g., NPDES permits for surface water
releases) and do not cover all potential routes of exposure from
a unit. Accordingly, a permit for surface water discharges from
an impoundment would not address an impoundment's releases to
ground water. In these situations, an JjEL&So <*!£<&: foi, .
»l«lll«ii ii tiiin«1'Mi»««i-»i«
uan
-------
1
direct knowledge of the facility through past inspections. For
example, a landfill or surface impoundment situated directly in a
surficial aquifer that is interconnected with a deeper regional
drinking water aquifer could very well be referred for an immediate
RI. It should be noted that even in cases where there is a known
release, the reviewer should determine the potential seriousness
of the release and determine the priority of the site for begin-
ning RI work.
There will be some situations where the facility as a whole
poses a problem and where it is difficult to distinguish between
. • * —^pgMMltjB^p^iV'Wpt ?y"Bf' JJ^» - 4 *'*~vm.'*' '"S**"'.'**4^*'^ *•.'- *-• Van.'—* *. -,-v * - - . •
units and releases. |gtekIMifai^fcaft.feJKtM4ML3&«E« 1*., »de q uat*L
L -4iS3i;iiti-«J^ weAfiflT fei&M /
lfcO&^M*&a¥^^^
^fP^:M;!^^t^^^i*1^^
. C. Require Immediate Corrective Action
M
' Corrective action is required where there is a release from
{ a SWMU or a facility pursuant to §3004(u) and §3008(h). If such
actions are necessary to limit exposure, then interim corrective
i measures can and should begin before selection of an appropriate
permanent corrective action.
appropriate 1'n situa-/
wastes into the f
SiXX .atf'ect, .ta;.rge p
^lf^^-?F'J'^9*^.iAX5!rr«4-y.t-l??,?*A?:8"'. ani^C"ZJ .the telea'ae, may b/
^temporarily arrested by some type ^of. interim, solation^
1-25
-------
Examples of temporary corrective measures include requiring
the owner operator to provide.^^^^l^^^'£^Sy to persons drinking
water contaminated by the facility, to JEgy£J^. JJ^^^I Ijjy to prevent
direct contact with hazardous waste, t o
to prevent further releases, etc. CERCLA action may also be
cons idered.
In some cases it may be necessary to require more permanent
remedies if no other corrective measures are available or it is
more effective to implement permanent corrective measures. In
these cases the permanent corrective measure would address the
gross contamination source while further study is undertaken to
determine what additional corrective measures are needed.
Examples of more permanent measures to eliminate or minimize
exposure of affected populations or environments include removal
of heavily contaminated soils or wastes largely at or near the
surface, installation of clay caps to prevent continued infiltra-
tion and mobilization of wastes, and closure of unit to prevent
generation of additional uncontrolled wastes. In some cases,
in coordination with the owner /opera tor of the water supply,
it may be appropriate to install new wells or extend municipal
water lines, if it is clear that new permanent water supplies
will be needed.
D. Referrals for a Health Assessment
. t.--J *
-------
.
and issued to assist in determining the need for health assess-
ment under that section. Cases where this may occur include
situations where human health is now at risk from current or
ongoing releases of hazardous wastes.
Examples of situations when a health assessment would be
appropriate include:
is now drinking water contaminated with wastes
from the facility;
Public is at risk of exposure through direct contact to
wastes contained at or releasing from the facility; and
Public is at risk from exposure from breathing hazardous
wastes releasing from the RCRA facility.
The referral to ATSDR for a health assessment under §3019 is
not part of the decision on further action at the facility at
this stage. (Information from the completed health assess-
ment may, of course, become part of the decision on a remedy.)
i In most cases, PA information will not be sufficient to
actually begin the health assessment. Sampling data acquired
v through a site investigation may be necessary to acquire suf-
< ficient data for a health assessment.
. the reviewer ^should ^
.prepare a preliminary assessment report summarizing, the. si tey
conditions, describing the units/releases ^to^be addressed f.u,r.t.bje,r/
and discussing the areas that might requir.e immediate- corrective/
1-27
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The purpose of this summary is to provide a record of the
preliminary assessment, establish a priority for further action,
and develop a plan of action for the next phases. Since it is
possible that some units may proceed immediately to some type of
interim corrective measures while others are evaluated further
under an SI or RI, the PA report should clearly describe which
routes--air, surface water, ground water subsurface gas, and/or
soils should be evaluated for each unit or area.
TfJC^^gf ,-%?<» -~.--- ^j.;.....-,-, ,. -nr-* .-. - -*- - ~ -- .- •—• -- • **.^-*, .
^
unit where practicable):
SffifettJfcfcSfflSf(management, waste characteristics,
pollutant dispersal pathways);
t]Cp^,!,5f.le**e-a^ analytical,
visual, and inferred from unit design/maintenance;
or.environments
potentially exposed via surface water, air, ground water,
soil, subsurface gas routes; and
— Areas/units/releases and environmental media requiring
further study
-- Priority for further study
Units/releases requiring immediate interim
corrective measures
— Units requiring no further action
— Referrals for a health assessment
The report should be included with other data and supporting
documentation collected during the site inspection in the appro-
priate site file. This report plus all the other data collected
will provide documentation for any subsequent actions including
enforcement or CERCLA NPL listing.
1-28
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CHAPTER TWO
The site investigation (SI) is the second phase in evaluating
SWMUs for releases to the environment. The SI builds upon the
data collected during the preliminary assessment (PA) and, in
general, involves collecting new information through visual obser-
vation and sampling.
"" Unlike the PA, which involves
mostly desk work, the SI involves both desk and field work. This
chapter of the RCRA PA/SI Guidance will address the overall
process involved in conducting an SI. Exhibit 2-1 provides a
step-by-step breakdown of the site investigation process. Each
section of this chapter will discuss those steps in detail.
Chapters three through six describe the substantive approach for
evaluating releases to each media.
»: f -T. Fu r p Q s e f
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tfe^^fj^v ;•••>-<«. - , . }
The SI has several purposes, including £y^^.J?.|uJ.f;£^»mi.ts fa
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"gatlffn^oj^lfmft4i^jk,,c«u:jekctii*8^^^ This is accomplished
by evaluating potential and actual releases and the potential for
human and environmental exposure via surface water, ground water,
air, soil, and subsurface gas.
2-1
-------
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2-2
-------
I
j
B. Scope
RCRA site inspections involve both a visual inspection of
the facility and sampling. The technical guidance provided in
subsequent chapters describes the methodology Agency personnel
should use to determine whether there is (or probably is) a
release of concern for each unit at the facility.
tiQuf'i Vi'tftwtT Inspectloat Agency pe?-^
*\v>rA>-.-**-*•:* - TT '
lead site, then the agency will use the sample data collected
during the SI to-establish an HRS score. ^^jfeJ^4*i4Aitc<^4ftCJWl»at/
that may be necessary to
determine whether there is likely to be a release of concern at a
specific unit. This additional sampling should only be conducted:
o If HRS sampling is not sufficient to make a determination
•4 as to whether or not a particular unit has a release of
concern; or
o The sampling conducted for HRS scoring inadequately
addresses the media or release of concern; or
o
Additional information is necessary to either compel a
remedial investigation or write a permit condition.
This additional sampling is addressed in the individual
media chapters. The CERCLA office has prepared a description
of sampling activities for the purposes of completing an HRS
score. This is contained in Appendix B. (Note: This appendix
is currently being prepared and is not included in this draft.)
2-3
-------
C. Product
^V*' ^^te^'fnwes ttgat Ifluk,. iV *
inE* gfLtW PA/SI/ Although this report
need not comprehensively re-state extensive material found in
Agency files (e.g., Part B application information), it is a
stand-alone document that should contain the salient facts and
recommendations.
... cheir management and waste
character!st ics);
cfffoiiilcitr*c'h»r act eristics of .'jrel«ase ^K and
^^-^^^.faml^J•- ^^
II. BACKGROUND DATA COLLECTION
The data gathered during the Preliminary Assessment phase
(on-site management characteristics, waste characteristics,
pollutant pathways, target populations and evidence of release)
provide the starting point for planning the site inspection.
JJ^e^au_5gQ»(g,l<*t,tlfcl8«.in.ttLtal.,a*Cep In. the site investigation-
process is to ^TEe^,7|fee.i»ll»ti»,,R*eess.4ry 50, prepare a work plan/,
saf eJLy^plaa and a-ampling plan for the facility./ If key data are
"Kissing in the five categories identified in the Preliminary
Assessment Guidance (Chapter One), the reviewer should determine
if additional information to support the site investigation
should be gathered.
If gaps in data remain or the data collected are not suffi-
cientlv detailed to be of use, then the reviewer should direct
-------
the owner or operator to provide such information as may be
reasonably aval lab le . J|&j£g&^^^
*
i
r
i
n . The letter should be as specific as possible,
identifying the type of information requested, the source (or
possible sources) of the information, and the due date for the
response .
After available facility-specific information is collected,
the reviewer may need to gather technical/non-sl te-specif ic data
that will assist the investigator in understanding the chemical
and physical properties of the waste and the physical environment
This information may be helpful in assessing:
(1) What the characteristics of the waste type indicate
about the waste's preferential migration route (i.e.,
air, surface water, soils, ground water, subsurface gas
or some . c orabi na t ion of these); and
(2) What the characteristics of the surrounding environment
— soils, geology, hydr ogeology , weather — indicate about
the rate of contaminant migration (i.e., how will these
factors contain, minimize, or facilitate the migration
of contaminants).
Appendices C, D, and E contain information that can help to
characterize the waste and the physical environment:
o Appendix C lists industries and their related hazardous
| wastes. This list may help identify which constituents
' to sample for in situations where there is little or no
information on the types of waste present in a unit.
To use this appendix, the investigator should determine
the waste-producing activity (e.g., industrial organic
chemical production, drugs, etc.) and then identify trie
waste streams associated with that activity. The
investigator can then ascertain the related EPA waste
codes, and the names of the specific hazardous consti-
tuents likely to be found in such wastes by reading
across the page.
2-5
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° Appendix D identifies certain site and waste characteri-
zation activities.
o Appendix E lists other standard reference manuals too
large to be included in this guidance that are also
useful in characterizing the waste and physical environ-
ment .
Most of this information will be used to develop the sampling
and safety plans. In developing the sampling plan, the reference
materials will aid in locating optimum sampling locations and
determining which constituents to analyze for. To develop the
safety plan, the reference materials, coupled with prior experi- j
ence with the facility, will aid in identifying whether and what
n
kind of protective clothing is needed. RCRA facilities have j
site-specific safety and contingency plans which should be evalu-
ated before going on site.
SAMPUI.NG JPJ.ANjf
After the background information is collected, the investigator
must prepare work plans, sampling plans, and safety plans. The
plans document the procedures to be used, the resources needed
and the rationale for the activities to be undertaken. These
documents insure that all the necessary planning, preparation and
review are done before field work begins. They provide a basis
for later interpreting the results of the site inspection and
documenting the procedures and technical approach used in order
to support future enforcement action.
A. Work Plan
The work plan is the umbrella plan that pulls all three plans
together. The work plan provides for the efficient scheduling of
2-6
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resources such as manpower, equipment and laboratory services.
The work plan should include the following:
o Introduction. This section should briefly describe (a
few paragraphs) tb^e fa^ciJLi^t^^and^the objectives of the
SI -—i . e . , £
-------
Special consideration muse be given Co aspects of the work
that may vary greatly from site to site. Each one of the follow-
ing areas can greatly affect the time, expense, manpower and
equipment needed for the project:
o Hazards - What physical or chemical hazards may be en-
countered? Are there open manholes, deep embankments, low
power lines, methane gas vapors, deteriorating surface
features, poison ivy, snakes? Is the facility especially
large?
o Facility Location - How far is the facility from the home
office? Will samples need to be shipped by overnight
courrier to the laboratory? How far away is the nearest
overnight shipping office? How accessible is the facility,
especially inactive areas?
o Timing - Can the facility be visually inspected or will
snow obscure facility features? Will the surface waters
or ground be frozen so as to limit sampling? Will work
performed in the winter be limited by short daylight
hours? Will work performed in the summer wear out field
personnel quickly? How will the season of the year
affect water levels? Will leachate seeps be visible
during the dry season?
B . Sampling Plan
1. Contents of Sampling Plan
The sampling plan is incorporated into the .work plan and
identifies the sampling locations, rationale and logistics. In a
number of cases, it may not be possible to complete the sampling
plan without a field reconnaissance visit. The reconnaissance
vtsit should be combined with the visual inspection (section VII)
to ensure efficient resource use. It may also be combined with
an on-going inspection activity (CEI or CME). The following
discussion briefly outlines the contents of a sampling plan.
2-8
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ft
t
I
o Field operation
The sampling plan should discuss the sequence for conduct-
ing the field activities. The specific functions of each
individual should be identified in the work plan. For
example, this section should identify the individuals
taking samples, maintaining the field log book, monitor-
ing the site with instruments, and collecting samples.
o Sampling locations/rationale
As precisely as possible, the plan should identify the
location of each sample. A site map should be prepared
to guide the inspectors to the appropriate location.
Specific sampling mechanisms (e.g., new ground-water
monitoring wells at particular depths or use of existing
wells) should be identified. Each sample type should be
identified—soil, sediments, surface water, VOA, air,
ground water and whether the sample is collected for
metal, organics, BOD analysis, etc. The plan should also
state the number of samples to be collected and the
volume of each sample. In addition, the plan should
include justification for the selection of each sampling
location.
o Analytical requirements
The sampling plan should discuss the specific parameters
and level of detection that will be used to analyze each
sample.
o Sample Handling
The preservation techniques and material for each sample
should be identified. If sample filtering is needed,
that should be identified in this section, including an
explanation of its use. The plan should describe the
containers used for each sample collection episode includ-
ing the tools, supplies, and equipment needed to collect
the samples. Any procedure not covered by a SOP or dif-
ferent from the SOP should also be delineated here.
o Quality Assurance Samples
The plan should identify the number and type of quality
assurance samples, specifically the number of blanks,
duplicates, or spikes. The "rules of thumb" for QA
samples are discussed later in this section.
o Equipment Decontamination
The sampling plan should identify the reageants and any
special procedures associated with equipment decontami-
nation.
2-9
-------
o Sampling reports/documentation
The sampling plan should describe all sampling forms that
should be filled out including chain-of-custody forms,
sample receipt forms, sample traffic reports, and sample
tags. If split samples are to be collected, then the plan
should contain instructions as to who should receive the
splits.
2. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program for Sampling
Agency personnel should collect all samples in accordance
with the appropriate quality assurance (QA) and quality control
(QC) procedures. QA is the total program for assuring the reli-
ability of monitoring and measurement data. SOPs are the corner-
stone to a QA program. SOPs are the exact, detailed procedures
for performing a specific task such as purging a shallow well,
collecting a surface water sample, etc. The SOPs insure that the
methods, techniques, and procedures for collecting technical data
are correct and reproducable. They also insure that a person
collecting the same type of sample somewhere else or at another
time is performing the activity in the same way. This becomes
particularly important in interpreting the results of the sample
collection and in the defense of data in court later.
The field sampling activities should be supported by prepar-
ing and submitting several sets of quality control samples.
These include blanks, spikes, duplicates, and splits. Appendix G
describes each of these quality control samples.
C. Safety Plan
Agency personnel should prepare a safety plan for each field
visit in accordance with appropriate EPA guidance. (See EPA's
Standard Operating Safety Guides (SOSGs) for specific guidance on
2-10
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selecting the appropriate level of protection and how to prepare
a safety plan.) The safety plan is usually prepared last and is
tailored to the SI activities. For some Sis, the safety plan
will be very simple and require few protective measures. Other,
more problematic sites, may require use of higher levels of
protection. For example, if the SI involves sampling lagoons,
then the safety requirements will be more involved than for an SI
Involving simple visual reconnaissance. In developing the safety
plan, the owner/operator should be asked about potential hazard
in advance of field work.
Appendix H contains Chapter 9 from EPA's SOSGs that explains
how to develop a proper site safety plan. The SOSGs were pre-
pared in accordance with EPA and other Federal health and safety
guidelines, regulations and orders. This appendix discusses
the steps involved in developing a safety plan and elaborates on
the contents of each section of the plan. A brief outline of the
contents of the safety plan is provided below.
o Describe Known Hazards and Risks
o List Key Personnel and Alternates
o Identify Levels of Protection to be Worn
o Identify Work Areas
o Identify Access Control Procedures
o Describe Decontamination Procedures
o Describe Site Monitoring Program
o Identify Special Training Required
o Describe Weather-RelaCed Precautions
IV. WORK PLAN/SAMPLING PLAN/SAFETY PLAN REVIEW PROCEDURES
Once Agency personnel have the work plan, sampling plan and
safety plans, they should be reviewed by:
.
2-11
-------
o Other members of the team;
o Designated specialists/informal peer review; and
o Appropriate decision of f icials ._}_/
This internal review ensures that the plans are complete,
that the plans meet the goals of the site inspection, and that
all the appropriate quality assurance requirements for the field
work are met. Most importantly, the internal review will assist
in eliminating any unnecessary sampling and ensuring the proper
focus for the SI.
The plans should also be reviewed by specialists in the
various disciplines associated with the field work—geologists,
geohydrologists, chemists, botanists, engineers, and occupational
health specialists (safety officer). These individuals should
review the plan's technical approach to insure 'that the investi-
gator is applying sound technical judgment and has not made any
inadvertent mistakes or omissions.
Lastly, the plans should be reviewed and approved (signed)
by an appropriate decision official—at least a first line super-
visor. This person would be responsible for insuring that the
plan meets all Agency and internal requirements in addition to
meeting the goals of the investigation.
_|_/ Enforcement personnel should review the plan to assure
that it will produce sufficient evidence to compel the owner/
operator to perform an RI when necessary.
2-12
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V. ACCESS/COMMUNITY RELATIONS
A. Owner/Operator Access
Prior to conducting the field work, the investigator must
contact the owner/operator to schedule a time for the SI team
to enter the site and perform the necessary field activities.
Although it is possible that there will be considerable contact
: with the owner/operator about impending field work, the appro-
priate regional person should contact the owner/operator to
verify dates and the nature of the field activities--sample
collection, picture taking, facility inspection, and instrument
monitoring.
If the owner/operator is responsible for collecting and
i
analyzing the samples, then the EPA official should contact
the owner/operator to schedule a date to oversee the field
activities. The agency should send the sampling plan and proce-
j dures for performing the sample collection to the owner/operator
sufficiently ahead of time for him to obtain the appropriate
* support. If EPA is collecting and analyzing the samples, EPA
j must offer the owner/operator a split of all samples collected.
If the owner/operator wishes to have splits, EPA should instruct
him to provide analytical sample bottles for the splits.
After completing these arrangements, EPA should send a
letter to the owner/operator confirming the dates and field
activities. If access is denied, Appendix I provides guidance
on how to obtain access to a facility.
In some cases it may be necessary to access adjacent or
nearby properties in order to conduct a visual inspection or
2-13
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collect samples. Owners of these properties should receive
verbal as well as written notification of the dates and nature
of the work.
Although the RCRA investigator is authorized to inspect a
facility and collect samples and photographs, the owner/operator
can require the investigator to conduct the inspection and sample
collection activities to protect his legitimate rights. The
admissibility of data in court may later be challenged if data
are collected in violation of the owner or operator's constitu-
tional rights. The owner/operator can observe inspection activi-
ties, unless-he interferes with the safe or technically sound
conduct of the site inspection.
The owner/operator has the right to request confidential
treatment of certain data. The investigator must avoid agreeing
to this, except when the dispute is legitimate and subject to
later resolution, since it poses a problem with later using the
information in public proceedings under RCRA or even under CERCLA.
It also places a sizable burden on EPA to control the data.
Ordinarily, environmental monitoring data are not confidential.
If data deemed confidential by the owner/operator are needed to
properly evaluate the facility, then a precise description of the
confidential data should be identified in the field log book.
The investigator should instruct the owner/operator to follow up
with a letter identifying the confidential data and explaining
the reason why the data are business confidential. EPA regula-
tions governing treatment and handling of confidential data are
delineated in 40 CFR Part 2, Subpart B, Sections 2.201-2.309.
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.
B. Community Relations
If It is necessary to conduct field activities in or near
residential or non-industrial business areas, then the agency
should contact the appropriate local officials ahead of time. It
is difficult to remain unobtrusive while conducting site inspec-
tions particularly if field workers are wearing protective cloth-
ing. Moreover, the presence of "official" people collecting
samples can cause undue alarm. In some cases, it will be
difficult to prevent this but prior, well handled community
contact can minimize the alarm.
The Office of Solid Waste is preparing guidance on community
relations that will be available later this year. This document
will provide specific guidance on when and how to implement a
community relations program at RCRA facilities.
VI. MOBILIZATION
•f
{ During this stage of the SI, Agency personnel should collect
and check all the necessary equipment and supplies to insure that
' equipment is functioning properly with all the appropriate pieces
f available. If additional supplies or unique equipment are re-
quired, these items should be procured in this stage.
This stage also includes equipment check-out and calibra-
tion. Each instrument should be checked following the SOP for
that particular instrument. The instrument should also be cali-
brated the day of or before the instrument is to be used. ^t the
completion of the checkout and calibration, the investigator
should note the following information in the field or instrument
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check out logbook: (1) The date of calibration, (2) person
checking out or calibrating the instrument, (3) the calibration
standards used, and (4) a notation of deviation from SOP check
out or calibration procedures.
It is also necessary at this stage to confirm the availablity
of analytical space in the laboratory, especially if samples will
be analyzed by the EPA Contract Lab Program (CLP).
If the owner/operator is to do the sampling, he/she should
identify the laboratory and its capabilities, and as appropriate,
provide a checklist of the equipment to be used and evidence that
it has been examined and appropriately calibrated. In addition,
the owner/operator should provide a description of the laboratory
arrangements that have been made and the schedules established
for sampling analysis.
The field visit will often be broken into
first stage consists of a comprehensive visuaL inspection to
gather information about units and releases and to
sampling,. iQCfctionj. This will sometimes be done as part of a CEI
or CME inspection.
s ample s.J_/ If the owner /ope ra tor is collecting samples, an EPA
•»--*-.,,-•»-
person should be present to observe the activities to ensure
conforraance to the work plan, record field activities in the log
book, resolve any field related problems that develop, and ensure
proper field quality control.
'
_J_/ If agency visits to the facility have occurred recently,
Che agency may have sufficient knowledge of the facility to design
Che sampling to coordinate with the field inspection.
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There are a host of different aspects associated with con-
ducting a field inspection. This section will discuss the key
aspects of a visual site inspection, including the sequence of
field activities, photography and logbook maintenance.
A. Sequence of Field Activities
Almost all site investigations will follow the same sequence of
events. Frequently, the only element that varies is the time
required to perform the event. The work plan should be reviewed
before field activities begin. The following is a list of tasks
in sequential order.
1. Site Arrival
This step involves notifying the owner/operator of the
team's arrival and establishing decontamination line/access control
points.
' 2. Observation/Field Activity
During this stage of the field work, investigators:
r
o Make visual observations consistent with the work
plan;
o Maintain a field logbook of observations;
i
o Take photographs; and
• o Monitor for vapor emissions.
t
3. Decontamination/Demobilization
Decontamination of persons and equipment occurs not only at
the completion of all field work but each time persons exic the
site, including rest breaks.
In many cases, decontamination may be very simple, e.g., re-
moving disposable coveralls and washing field boots. If sampling
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is performed, then decontamination may be more involved, inclu-
ding decontamination of field persons, sample bottles, and sam-
pling and field equipment.
All clothing and support materials that will not be reused
must be containerized either for transport and eventual disposal
or disposal on-site.
4. Site Exit
When the team leaves, the team leader should provide the
owner/operator with a receipt describing the photographs taken.
B. Photography
Investigators should use regular 35mm cameras for taking
photographs. They should not use unusual filters, as they tend
to discolor the picture and may unfairly bias the result by
making leachate seeps or lagoons look different from real life.
The investigator should identify and record in the fieldbook the
exact type of camera (including i.d. number), film (i.e., Fuji,
asa 200), and any unusual lenses used.
Photographs should be taken to document the conditions of
the facility and procedures used in inspection activities.
Particular emphasis should be placed on matters identified in
the work plan. Two sets of photographs should be taken in the
event one camera does not function or film processing-is poor.
Types of pictures that should be taken include:
o Representative overall picture(s) of facility;
o Posted signs identifying ownership of facility;
o Evidence of releases — leachate seeps, pools, discolored
water, or strained soils;
2-LS
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o Individual untts--lagoons, drums, landfills, etc.;
o Visual evidence of poor facility maintenance;
o Adjacent land use; and
o Area that unauthorized persons can easily access.
C. Logbook Maintenance
: The logbook is perhaps the most important document generated
during the site inspection. It will serve as a basis for pre-
paring the final SI report, interpreting data, describing the
*
site, and most importantly, supporting the work done and results
obtained in any future legal proceedings under RCRA or CERCLA.
A unique logbook should be assigned for each site and each
l" visit to the site. Logbooks should be bound and each page sequen-
tially numbered. Entries into the logbook should be chronological
•
l
—a time notation should introduce each entry. Mistakes in the
logbook should be lined out and initialed. The logbooks should
be maintained with indelible ink.
The following types of entries should be made in the logbook:
o All personnel on site during each phase of the on site
work;
o All instruments used during the field work with unique
identification numbers;
o Description of film used;
o Description of the weather and changes in the weather;
o Material observations related to items identified in the
work plan;
o Result of field measurements—distances, instrument
readings, well measurements;
o Factual description of structures and features—wells
and well construction, units, containment structures,
buildings, roads, topographic and geomorphic features;
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Signs of contaminat ion--oily discharges, discolored sur-
faces, dead or stressed vegetation;
Sketches of facility layout, structured features and
points of contamination;
Map of facility showing point and direction of photo-
graphs ; and
Any other relevant items.
The following information should be noted in the logbook for
photographic documentation.
o The sequence of picture number;
o If more than one camera is used, identification of camera
(print or slide);
o Person taking picture; and
o Description of each picture (location of photographs,
image , e tc. ) .
The person keeping the logbook should sign each page of the
logbook .
~l
f
It is sometimes possible to combine Che sampling effort with
the comprehensive visual inspection. This would most likely
occur where the investigator has recently visited the site, is
thoroughly acquainted with the facility, and is able to identify
in advance where samples should be taken. If it is not possible
to combine the comprehensive visual inspection with sample col-
•
lection, the visual inspection should be geared towards gathering
data to develop the sampling plan.
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L
The following activities are associated with a field visit
to collect samples.
A. Sequence of Field Activities
In most instances, the sequence of field activities is the
same regardless of whether the purpose is to collect samples or
conduct comprehensive visual observations. The work plan and the
sample plan should be reviewed before field activities begin.
1. Site Arrival
This step is the same as previously discussed except that
the investigator should hold a briefing with the EPA field team or
owner/operator team to review the day's events and ensure that
each team member understands his responsibilities.
.[ "' 2« Preliminary Site Entry
^^ The preliminary site entry is the first step of the field
t
T activity. The purpose of the initial site entry is to screen the
facility for situations posing a threat to health, and to support
I logistical needs of the site investigation. Preliminary site
f entry will ensure that there have been no changes on site since
the last visit. When a formal site entry is necessary, at least
two team members should walk through the areas of the facility
where work is anticipated with portable instruments to determine
if there are any vapor releases or radiation emissions, if there
is adequate oxygen, or if there are any explosive atmospheres.
Upon completion of this step, the team leader should evaluate
the need to revise any of the plans, such as downgrading the level
of protection.
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If the inspector is familiar with the facility, it may not
be necessary to conduct an initial site entry. The site inspector
may have adequate, first-hand information on the facility to
insure that the facility poses no threat to the health of the
ins pector.
3. Sample Activity
This stage of the field work involves the following
activities:
o Installation of sampling mechanisms;
o Collecting samples;
o Photographing sample collection;
o Maintaining the logbook; and
o Monitoring for vapor emissions.
Regardless of who is performing the sample collection, con-
tinuous monitoring for vapor emissions is needed to detect air
releases from sampling activities. If the owner/operator is
collecting the samples, EPA/State investigators must document
precisely the sequence of sampling activities, the procedures and
instruments used, and describe the samples (including location,
depth, appearance, etc.).
The EPA Regional offices have developed SOPs for most SI
sampling tasks under the CERCLA program. For the most part, these
SOPs are applicable to RCRA field activities. If the SOPs are
not applicable or appropriate for the particular field activity,
then a new SOP should be developed. In some cases, only minor
modifications are necessary. Where modifications to existing SOPs
are made, they must be noted in the field logbook.
-------
A. Decontamination/Demobilization
This stage is the sane as for a comprehensive visual SI. In
addition to decontaminating personnel and equipment, all samples
must be decontaminated. Investigators must also complete sample
identification forms, sample shipping forms, chain-of-custody
forms, sample receipts, and sample traffic forms. Some of the
information on these forms can be filled in prior to the sampling
and is in fact recommended due to the number of forms and time
required to complete these. All samples must be packaged for
safe transport. If samples are to be shipped by express carriers,
then the samples.should be packaged in accordance with DOT speci-
fications for shipping hazardous materials.
5. Site Exit
This stage is similar to the procedure discussed previously.
In addition, the inspector should deliver a receipt describing
[. the samples collected. The inspector should obtain a written
acknowledgement of the receipt of sample form. If the owner/
operator requested split samples, then the samples should be left
with him at this time.
B. Photography
The same principles previously discussed apply to sample
collection tasks. Photographs should be taken of:
o Posted signs identifying ownership of facility;
o Sampling locations; and
o Sampling activities.
r
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C. Logbook Maintenance
The same principles discussed previously also apply here.
Additional logbook entries for sampling inspections include:
o Description of sample (appearance);
o Exact depth from which sample taken;
o Description of location of sample;
o Map(s) identifying site layout and sampling points;
o Field calculations;
o Decontamination procedures used between collection of
each sample;
o Any deviation from SOPs; and
o Any other relevant item.
D. Chain-of-Custody
All samples collected (including blanks an-d spikes) should
be maintained under chain-of-custody. Chain-of-custody insures
that samples collected during the SI are the samples that are
analyzed and that there is little likelihood the samples were
adversely affected. Chain-of-custody traces the possession of a
sample from Che time of collection, through all transfers of
custody, to when it is received in the laboratory, where internal
laboratory chain—of—custody procedures take over.
Specific chain-of-custody procedures are included in the SOP
on chain-of-custody.
IX. SAMPLE SHIPMENT/ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
At this stage of the SI, any samples that EPA or the owner/
operator collected are delivered to the laboratory and the samples
analyzed. SOPs covering sample shipping are available in each of
2-24
•
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the regional offices or in EPA safety training manuals. The time
involved in analyzing samples can vary from 40 days to three to
four months.
X. ANALYTICAL DATA REVIEW
Upon receipt of analytical results, the data must be reviewed
to insure that the results are valid. This particular step can
; take a considerable amount of time depending upon the backlog of
data packages requiring review.
Preliminary review of analytical data involves ensuring that
all deliverables required by the CLP are included in the data
package, checking that all forms are completed within the require-
ments of the contract, flagging missing data or incomplete forms,
i
and reporting these to the appropriate person for follow-up. The
S\
preliminary data review may also involve completing a checklist
of questions which summarize key quality assurance items in the
|_ data package.
. With the results provided by this preliminary data review,
' missing data will be requested and the EPA Regional Environmental
j Services Divisions (ESDs) will perform a qualitative analysis of
the data. Based on laboratory internal quality assurance data
. provided in the data packages, the ESD determines if the data
results are valid.
At the completion of the analytical data review, Agency
personnel evaluate all the data collected to determine if a
release or potential for release has occurred. The substance of
the data evaluation stage is contained tn the succeeding chapters.
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XI. FINAL REPORT/FILES
After evaluating all the data, Agency personnel should pre-
pare a brief report summarizing the results, findings, and recom-
mendations of the SI.
The report should identify the areas or units that are
releasing or suspected to be releasing and the basis for these
findings. The report should also recommend areas (or units)
where no further action, immediate interim corrective action, or
remedial investigation is required. The basis for these
recommendations should be clearly substantiated in the report.
The relative priority of the facility for follow up investigation
should be explained. In addition, where further action is recom-
mended, the report should also describe the scope of further
action.
The following is a recommended outline for an SI report. It
may not be necessary to discuss all the items identified in the
outline if the discussion is clearly irrelevant to the particular
site. For example, it may not be necessary to elaborate on the
geology or hydrology of an area if the only unit of concern is an
inactive aboveground storage facility with no spill, discharge
or overflow problems.
o Site Background
This section should summarize, among other things, the
location of the facility, the types of units, the types
of hazardous waste handling practices (by unit), which
units are regulated, the layout of the facility (include
a map), how long and/or when the facility and units have
been in operation, and the site ownership. This section
is not intended to repeat detailed data already provided
in the Preliminary Assessment Report, the Part B applica-
tion or CERCLA SI report. The report should briefly
summarize data found in other documents, and describe new
data identified.
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Li
•
t
r
o Unit/Waste Description
This section should discuss the units found at the facil-
ity and the types of wastes handled by each unit, and
their tendency to cause releases into the air, ground
water, surface water, soil and subsurface gas. This
section should discuss the relevant design and opera-
tional features that exist or do not exist to adequately
contain hazardous wastes or releases of hazardous wastes.
o Laboratory Results
This section should discuss the results of previous and
new analytical results. Much of the information in this
section can be presented in tabular form and be accompan-
ied by maps locating sample collection points.
o Releases
Release information (by unit) should be discussed. The
relationship between regulated RCRA units and SWMUs should
be addres sed .
o Environmental Setting
This section should describe, in summary form, the media
surrounding the facility—the relevant climatic, geologi-
cal, hydrogeological, and topographical factors. Maps,
sketches, and selected photographs would be included in
this section to further describe the physical environment.
This section should also discuss target populations and
environments-including public and private water supply
ground and surface water intakes, protected areas, parks,
wetlands, affected irrigated crops and livestock.
o Toxicological Characteristics
This section should discuss toxicological characteristics
of the wastes releasing or suspected to be releasing into
the environment. The report should focus only on the most
toxic and persistent chemicals releasing.
o Conclusions and Recommendations
This section should presents the findings and conclusions
from those findings. It should address documented releases
as well as findings that releases are likely to have
occurred. Areas where the data are insufficient to
document a release should be discussed. Units that are
found not to be releasing should be identified and dis-
cussed. The report should present recommendations for
farther action on units not eliminated from further con-
sideration. Where the facility or some portion of the
facility is recommended for an RI or corrective action,
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brief and generalized discussion of the scope of further
work should be included. Recommendations for deferring
further action should also be explained in this section.
o Bibliography
This section should identify all sources of information
used to evaluate and prepare the SI report. This portion
is essential if the facility is referred to the CERCLA
program for consideration for the National Priorities
List (NPL).
o Appendices
Any relevant memoranda, reports, pages from reports, maps,
etc. that elaborate upon or further substantiate informa-
tion in the SI report should be attached in this section.
A copy of the final report plus all memoranda, photographs,
logbooks, trip reports, workplans, sampling plans, safety plans,
sample tags, chain-of -cus tody forms, records of communication,
plus any new reports or documents uncovered in the course of
conducting the SI, should be entered into the official facility
file. All this information will be used as evidentiary documen-
tation in any future court proceedings.
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GUIDANCE ON OBTAINING ACCESS TO A RCRA FACILITY
FOR A SITE INVESTIGATION IF ACCESS IS DENIED
If an investigator is denied access to a facility to conduct a site investigation,
the following procedural steps must be followed.
Upon Denial of Access
1. Upon denial of access, thoroughly document the event, noting time,
date, and facility personnel encountered. *
2. Ask for reason of denial of access to facility.
3. If the problem is beyond the investigator's authority, suggest that the
owner/operator contact an attorney to obtain legal advice regarding
his/her responsibility for providing facility access under Section 3007
of RCRA.
A. If entry is still denied, exit from the premises and document
any observations made pertaining to the denial, particularly any
suspicions of violations being covered up.
5. Report all aspects of denial of entry to the U.S. EPA Office of
Regional Counsel for appropriate action, which may include help
in obtaining a search warrant. **
Search Warrant Inspections
Conducting a site investigaton under a search warrant will differ from a normal
inspection. The following procedures should be complied with in these
situations:
Development of a Search Warrant
1. An EPA Office of Regional Counsel attorney will assist the investigator
in the preparation of the documents necessary to obtain a search warrant
and will arrange for a meeting with him/her and a U.S. Attorney. The
investigator should bring a copy of the appropriate draft warrant and
affadavits to the meeting.
2. The U.S. EPA Office of Regional Counsel attorney will inform the
appropriate Headquarters Enforcement attorney of any denials of
entry and send a copy of all papers filed to EPA Headquarters.
3. The attorney will then secure the warrant and forward it to the
U.S. Marshall who will issue it to the owner/operator.
* Under no circumstances discuss potential penalties or do anything
which may be construed as threatening.
** It should be stressed that it is the policy of U.S. EPA to obtain a warrant
only when all other efforts to gain lawful entry have been exhausted.
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Use of a Warrant to Gain Entry
1. The investigator should never attempt to make any forceful entry of the
facility.
2. If there is a high probability that entry will be refused even with a
warrant or where there are threats of violence, the investigator should
be accompanied be a U.S. Marshall.
3. If entry is refused to an investigator holding a warrant but not
accompanied by a. U.S. Marshall, the investigator should leave the
facility and inform the U.S. EPA Office of Regional Counsel.
Use of a Warrant to Conduct the Investigation
1. The investigation must be conducted strictly in accordance with the
warrant. If the warrant restricts the investigation to certain areas ~j
of the premises or to certain records, those restrictions must be j
followed.
2. If sampling is authorized, all standard procedures must be carefully i
followed including presentation of receipts for all samples taken. The ;
facility should also be informed of its right to retain a portion of
the samples obtained by the investigator (split samples). i
3. If records or property are authorized to be taken, the investigator must
provide receipts to the owner/operator and maintain an inventory of all >^fc^
items removed from the premises. ^^ \
x
4. In accordance with the warrant, the investigator should take photographs
of all areas where violations are suspected. Photographs should also
be taken at each sampling location as a quality control procedure.
For further guidance regarding denial of facility access.consult the National
Enforcement Investigation Center. (303) 236-5100
1-2
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CHAPTER THREE
GROUND WATER
I. INTRODUCTION
The essential objective of the PA/SI in relation to ground
water is to determine for each solid waste management unit at the
RCRA facility whether or not the unit has released or is likely
to have released hazardous wastes or constitutents to the upper-
most aquifer. For units which have identified releases, or for
which there is a substantial likelihood of a release, further
remedial investigations will be required of the owner/operator to
actually determine the extent of a release(s) and/or to charac-
terize the release and begin developing a program of corrective
measures.
Determinations regarding the need for further ground water
investigations at a unit must be made on a case-by-case basis,
considering the various relevant factors that are unique to each
unit. For some units, it will not be difficult to assess the
potential for ground water contamination, and it will be relatively
easy to determine the need for further investigations. For other
units, however, the likelihood of contamination will be less than
obvious, and the determination will necessarily be based on the
judgment of the individuals conducting and reviewing the results
of the PA/SI, combined in some cases with actual sampling and
analysis.
In determining the need for additional ground water investi-
gations on the basis of the PA/SI, it must be recognized that
comprehensive ground water investigations will typically require
3-1
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a considerable Investment of time and resources for both the
owner/operator in conducting the actual investigations, and for
the reviewing agency in evaluating technical plans, hydrogeologic
data and analytical results. Recognizing the essential mandate
of protecting human health and the environment (i.e., the need to
identify ground water contamination and begin the process of
cleaning up that contamination), it is the dual function of the
PA/SI to identify those situations which merit additional ground
water investigations, but at the same time to avoid requiring
unnecessary investigations.
II. POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER RELEASES
FROM UNITS AT THE FACILITY
Each solid waste management unit at the facility should be
evaluated for its potential to be causing or to have caused ground
water contamination. The exception to this is "regulated units";
i.e., landfills, surface impoundments, waste piles and land treat-
ment units that received wastes after July 26, 1982. Releases to
ground water from regulated units must be addressed in permits
according to the requirements of Subpart F of Part 264 (or cor-
responding State regulations), rather than through the §3004(u)
authority. Thus, fftvestigating ground water contamination from/
regulated, units, will not be the focus of the ?A/SI/
Each SWMU at the facility, which contains or has contained
wastes capable of releasing hazardous constituents to ground
water, must be assessed to determine the likelihood of ground
water releases, and thus the need for further ground water inves-
tigations. This unit assessment will be based on the information
gathered in the prelininary assessment, inspection of the unit
3-2
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during the site inspection, data from existing monitoring wells
that are capable of monitoring the unit, and other information
generated as necessary. The unit assessment should be based on:
o An understanding of the overall potential of the unit to
cause ground water releases;
o An understanding of the primary mechanisms by which
releases may occur from the unit; and
• o An assessment of unit-specific factors which, singly or
in combination, indicate the relative likelihood of
ground water releases from the unit.
Discussions of each of these elements follows.
A. Potential for and Mechanisms of Ground Water Releases
• The general potential for ground water contamination from a
Cr1?
SVMU depends, to a great extent, upon the nature and function of
the unit. This is reflected in RCRA hazardous waste regulations.
For example, ground water monitoring is not a requirement for
container storage units, while with few exceptions, monitoring is
required for landfills. Therefore, in assessing the likelihood
of ground water releases from a unit, the investigator should
first consider the relative potential of the unit to release.
Table 3-1 presents a generalized ranking, in rough descending
order, of the different types of SWMUs and their overall potential
for causing ground water contamination, and a listing of the most
common mechanisms by which ground water releases can occur from
each unit type. Section V of this chapter also provides examples
of units which would and would not merit further ground water
i nves t i gat ions .
3-3
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TABLE 3-1
RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER
RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit Type
Class IV Injection
Well
Surface Impoundment
Release Mechanism
o Wastes are injected directly into the
subsurface
o Escape of wastes from well
o Spillage or other releases
handling operations at the
casing
from waste
well head
o Migration of wastes/constituents through
liners (if present) and soils
o Damage to liners
o Overflow events and other spillage outside
the impoundment
o Seepage through dikes to surface and/or
subsurface
Landfill
Land Treatment Unit
Underground Tank
Waste Pile
Class I Injection
Well
o Migration of leachate through liners
(if present) and soils
o Precipitation runoff to surrounding
surface and subsurface
o Spills and other releases outside the
containment area from loading/unloading
operat ions
o Migration of constituents through the
unsaturated zone
o Precipitation runoff to surrounding
surface and subsurface
o Tank shell failure
o Leaks from piping and ancillary equipment
o Spillage from coupling/uncoupling
operat ions
o Overflow
o Leachate migration through liner
(if present) and soils
o Precipitation runoff to surf ace/subsurface
o Migration of wastes from the injection zone
through confining geologic strata to upper
aqui fe rs
o Escape of wastes from well casings
o Spillage or other releases from waste
handling operations at the well head
3-4
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TABLE 3-1 (Continued)
RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR GROUND WATER
RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit Type
Release Mechanism
In-ground Tanks
Container Storage
Unit
Above Ground Tank
Incinerator
.
o Overflow
o Tank wall failure
o Leaks from ancillary equipment
o Spillage from coupling/uncoupling
operations
o Spills from containers/container failure
subsequent migration through liner or base
(if any) and soils
o Precipitation runoff from storage areas
o Overflow
o Shell failure/corrosion
o Leaks from ancillary equipment
o Coupling/uncoupling operations
o Spillage
hand ling
o Spills due
or other releases from waste
or preparation activities
to mechanical failure
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It should be understood that Table 3-1 provides only a very
theoretical sense of the relative potential of units to cause
ground water releases. Unit-specific factors (as described
below) must be evaluated in determining whether further ground
water investigations are needed for a particular unit.
B. Evaluation of Unit-Specific Factors
The following unit-specific factors should be evaluated in
assessing a SWMU for ground water releases:
1 . Uni t des ign
2. Site geology/hydrogeology
3. Waste characteristics
4. Operational history
5. Physical integrity of the unit
In making a unit assessment, attention should be paid to how
two or more of the above factors may combine to' suggest whether
or not releases are have occurred. For example, examination of
an above ground tank may reveal evidence of soil contamination
adjacent to the unit. However, the operatioaa.1 history of the
unit ("4") reveals that the tank has been in operation for only
six months, the tank is in good condition ("5"), and records
indicate that the contamination occurred as a single, relatively
small overflow event. In addition, the waste ("3") is known to
be relatively non-mobile, and clay soils underlie the facility,
with an uppermost aquifer that is quite deep ("2"). Consideration
of all of these factors would indicate that, despite the evidence
of soil contamination, likelihood of a release to ground water is
very remote, and fu.rther remedial investigations would not be
necessary.
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The factors listed above are discussed in more detail, as
follows:
1 . Unit Design
Evaluation of the unit's design should focus on the following
areas :
o What are the unit's capacity and dimensions?
o Does the unit have engineered features designed to prevent
releases to ground water?
o Are such features adequate?
Examples of design features of concern for specific types of
units are given in Section V of this chapter.
(_ 2. Site Geology/Hydrogeology
^^ The investigator should examine the potential for releases
!(w--
»\ of any wastes or constituents from the unit to contaminate ground
f' water based on soil characteristics, geologic formations, climate,
aquifer location, subsurface drainage patterns, seasonal variations
j and other factors.
This evaluation should rely on standard geologic and hydrogeo-
t
1 logic principles, using whatever information is available on the
subsurface characteristics of the site. If information on subsur-
* face characteristics indicates that the potential for contamina-
tion of ground water is very low (e.g., facility overlying thick
formation of low permeability clay, in an arid area with a very
deep aquifer), further ground water investigations would be
needed only for units for which other factors indicate a very
high potential for causing contamination (e.g., a Class IV injec-
tion well). Likewise, if ground water is particularly vulnerable
3-7
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(e.g., facility overlies sandy soils and ground water is shallow
and fast-moving), a correspondingly low threshold would be applied
in determining the need for additonal ground water investigations.
More definitive guidance on evaluating the vulnerability of
ground water is contained in the Permit Writers' Guidance Manual
for the Location of Hazardous Waste Land Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facilities; Phase II (draft dated June, 1985). The
investigator may choose to use this guidance (and/or subsequent
versions) in situations where a more complete understanding of
ground water vulnerability would assist in making the necessary
determinations in the PA/SI for a facility. It should be under-
stood, however, that evaluating ground water vulnerability
according to this guidance requires reasonably detailed hydro-
geological information, such as that required in Part B applications
in §270.14(c).
Where there is little information on a facility's subsurface
characteristics, other unit-specific factors will need to be
weighed more heavily in making the ground wat-e-r. assessment. In
many cases, evaluation of unit design and waste characteristics
alone may be sufficient to determine that ground water investiga-
tions are necessary, even though very little may be known about
subsurface characteristics. An example of this could be a large,
unlined surface impoundment.
3. Waste Characteristics
The investigator should assess the potential for wastes
managed in the unit to migrate to the. uppermost aquifer, based on
their concentration, physical/chemica1 properties, and behavior
3-8
-------
r
in water and soils. There is considerable variation in the
relative likelihood of different hazardous constituents to actually
migrate from a given unit through the unsaturated zone and into
and through ground water. Many of the constituents in Appendix
VIII are essentially insoluble in water (at neutral pH) and/or
bind tightly to soil particles, reducing the likelihood of ground
water contamination. The investigator should consider the poten-
tial mobility of the waste(s) in a unit, in combination with
other unit-specific factors.
The relative mobility of waste constituents can be expressed
by the sorption equilibrium constant (K,j). The K^ value for a
given constituent is an estimate of its tendency to sorb to soil
particles or organic matter. Actual K
-------
where geologic features such as faults, joints, or solution
channels are present.
4. Operational History
The investigator should evaluate the unit's operational
history for information that indicates a release to ground water
may have occurred. Operational factors that may influence the
likelihood of ground water releases include:
o Service life of the unit. Units which have been managing
wastes for long periods of time will usually have a
greater likelihood of releases than units which have been
operating for short periods of time. For example, an
underground tank that has been in service for six months
will have a much smaller likelihood of leakage due to
corrosion than will a twenty-year old underground tank.
o Operational status. In some cases, the operational
status of a storage unit (e.g., closed, inactive, decom-
missioned) may have an effect on the relative likelihood
of a ground water release. .
• '
o Operating procedures. Proper maintenance, regular inspec-
tions, and procedures for ensuring waste compatibility
with the unit may indicate that a unit is unlikely to have
released (this is particularly true for storage units
such as tanks and container storage areas). Evidence of
good operational practices may be aval-Lable from owner/
operator records, and/or visual observation or historical
inspection reports. Conversely, poor operating practices
(e.g., underground tanks which are never leak tested or
inspected internally, storage of open containers of
wastes) may indicate relatively greater potential for
ground water releases.
5. Physical Integrity of Unit
The investigator should examine the physical condition of
the unit for indications of releases that may contaminate ground
water. Section V of this chapter gives examples of how the
physical condition of certain types of units may indicate poten-
tial for releases.
3-10
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III. EVIDENCE OF GROUND WATER RELEASES
The investigator should look for evidence, either visual or
from existing sampling data of soils and/or ground water, which
indicates that a release to ground water has or is likely to have
occurred. The investigator should also assess whether additional
sampling data are necessary to determine the need for further
ground water investigations at the unit and how such sampling/
analysis should be conducted.
A. Existing Visual or Sampling Information
In some cases, visual examination of a unit or the area sur-
rounding the unit.may reveal substantial soil contamination (e.g.,
discolored soil, stressed vegetation), as an indication of possible
ground water contamination. An organic sheen on nearby surface
water may similarly indicate contamination.
At some facilities, ground water sampling data from existing
-L monitoring wells at the facility, or from wells or springs near
the facility may be available and may indicate the presence of
I hazardous constituents which could have migrated from a unit(s)
( at the facility. Such data may not be conclusive evidence of a
i
release from any unit, due to the variabilities inherent in
ground water flow, background ground water quality, errors or
deficiencies in sampling and analysis, and other factors. However,
if existing ground water data does exist from nearby wells or
springs, and suggests contamination, even though wells may noc
have been placed for the purpose of monitoring the unit(s) and
relatively little may be known of subsurface characteristics,
such data should be considered a very strong indication of the
3-1 1
-------
need for further, more intensive ground water investigations for
the facility.
B. Use of Existing Ground Water Monitoring Systems
The PA/SI should include an assessment of any existing
ground water monitoring systems at the facility which may be
capable of detecting releases from solid waste management units
(SWMUs) at the facility. Some SWMUs may have a monitoring system
installed specifically for the unit. In other cases a monitoring
system placed at a regulated unit(s) or other units may also be
capable of monitoring the SWMU. An example of this might be a
closed landfill cell surrounded by several active cells.
If the preliminary assessment indicates that an existing
monitoring system may cover a SWMU, the technical adequacy of the
system should be carefully examined [i.e., to what extent does it
meet the general performance standard in §264.97(a)]. Information
required to assess the adequacy of an existing monitoring system
includes: detailed information on geology and hydrogeology at
the unit, waste characteristics, background and downgradienc
water quality data, boring logs, well design information, and
sampling and analytical procedures.
In evaluating whether a monitoring system which was install-
ed at another unit(s) (such as a regulated unit) may be capable
of also detecting releases from a SWMU, the investigator should
pay particular attention to such features as proximity of the
SWMU to the regulated unit, the direction of ground water flow,
well locations in relation to the SWMU, and whether the consti-
tuents being monitored are appropriate for the wastes in the
3-12
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SWMU. Exhibit 3-1 provides a graphic illustration of three
different situations in which existing monitoring systems at
regulated units may or may not be placed to adequately monitor
»
a SWMU.
In addition to well placement, well design should also be
examined to determine whether the wells are capable of yielding
ground water samples representative of actual ground water quality.
For example, some waste constituents with a high specific gravity
will tend to be found in lower depths of an aquifer, and if the
well is screened at the uppermost level of the aquifer, contamina-
tion may not be detected.
If the investigator determines that an existing ground water
monitoring system and sampling and analysis program are adequate
to detect releases to ground water from the solid waste management
unit, and recent'analytical data (e.g., within the past three
months) indicate that there have been no releases, no further in-
vestigations should be required of the owner or operator. If the
existing system is not adequate, and the investigator determines
that there is a likelihood of ground water releases from the unit,
the owner or operator should be required to conduct additional
investigations as necessary, and install additional monitoring
wells and/or analyze for more or different constituents, as part
of the remedial investigation phase. Phase II of the technical
guidance will address design of appropriate monitoring systems
and analytical programs for solid waste management units.
There may be situations where existing monitoring systems
are adequate to detect contamination from the unit but where there
is no evidence of contamination. However, based on the type of
3-13
-------
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unit, its design, the wastes managed or other factors, there is
a likelihood of a ground water release in the future.. In such
situations, the owner or operator should be required (as a permit
condition, if the facility is permitted) to maintain the monitoring
system and carry out an appropriate sampling/analysis program.
C. Need for Additional Sampling
< The Investigator may not be able to determine whether a
ground water release from the unit has or is likely to have
occurred on the basis of the factors described in Section III and
other evidence of release. In these situations, he/she should
consider whether-additional sampling and analysis of soils and/or
ground water would enable the determination to be made. The
' following are examples of situations where additional sampling
might be indicated:
t o Evaluation of unit-specific factors indicates that a re-
-=• lease has probably not occurred, but there is need for an
extra measure of certainty before a determination can be
made that no ground water investigations are necessary.
I o The evaluation Indicates a likelihood of releases to
ground water from the unit, but more definitive evidence
f- is necessary to establish the need for extensive remedial
I investigations (or immediate corrective measures).
An illustration of a situation in which sampling would be
called for is as follows: An outdoor, unsurfaced area at a facil-
ity was used as a container storage area for a number of years,
but has not been used since 1980. The facility is located in an
area with sandy soils. Inspection of the area reveals vegetation
growing on the area, with no visible signs of contamination.
3-15
-------
However, a review of the operating history of the facility indi-
cates that the volume of wastes stored in this location was very
large, and a number of enforcement actions for serious interim
status violations were initiated against the facility, and State
inspection records from the late 1970's indicate generally poor
housekeeping practices. Because of these uncertainties, soil
sampling of the area would be recommended.
In some cases, sampling and analysis of soils may yield
sufficient evidence to enable the investigator to determine the
likelihood of a release to ground water. In other situations,
sampling of ground water from existing nearby wells or springs
would be advisable if there is reason to believe that constituents
from the unit could migrate to such wells or springs.
For any sampling of soils or ground water conducted as part
of the site investigation, the constituents to be analyzed should
be those which would be expected to migrate from the unit, based
on what is known of the wastes managed in the unit. When little
is known of the wastes managed in the unit, it "is recommended
that soil or ground water samples be analyzed for the priority
toxic pollutants (as identified by EPA for use in wastewater
discharge analysis) that are designated as hazardous constituents
under RCRA (40 CFS Fart 261). These constituents are listed in
Appendix K.
D. Summary
Actual installation of new ground water monitoring wells as
necessary will typically take place during the remedial investiga-
tion phase, and will not normally be done as part of the site
3-16
-------
investigation.
^
However, installation of new monitoring
wells and ground water sampling and analysis is not precluded as
a part of a site investigation. Examples of situations in
which installation of new wells might be done include:
o Evaluation of unit-specific factors reveals that a release
,. has probably not occurred, but an extra degree of certainty
} is desirable, due to the presence of down gradient drink-
ing water wells (see Section IV on exposure potential);
o A sufficient amount of information is available on site
hydrogeology to enable reasonably well designed and loca-
ted wells to be installed without substantial preliminary
subsurface investigations; and
o It is possible t-o install the wells, take samples, and
obtain analyses consistent with the timing of the PA/SI
1 decision process.
IV. EXPOSURE POTENTIAL
The investigator should consider the potential for exposure
of human populations and/or sensitive environments to hazardous
constituents in ground water which may be occurring or could poten-
tially occur as a result of releases from the facility in making
determinations of the need for further remedial investigations.
Types of exposure information of concern include:
o The proximity of the unit/facility to downgradient drinking
water and irrigation wells;
o The potential for use of the aquifer as a drinking water
source; and
o The potential effect of aquifer discharges to nearby
surface water.
Exposure potential is an inherent characteristic of the ground-
water classification system established under the EPA Ground-Wacer
3-17
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Protection Strategy in August 1984. The highest valued or
"special" ground waters (Class I) include those that are irreplace-
able sources of drinking water to substantial populations. Class
II, the largest category, includes the remaining current and
potential sources of drinking water. Class III are not sources
of drinking water due to extensive natural or man-made contamination.
The strategy describes examples of clean up and protection mechanisms
for each of these classes. The Agency is currently developing
guidelines for classifying ground water and expects to release
these for public comment by December 1985. The classification
system is currently being integrated into RCRA guidance and will
be formally incorporated through rule-making in coming years.
Future guidances to implement corrective action authorities will
address integration of ground-water classification guidance into
corrective action investigations.
V. RELEASE DETERMINATIONS
This section summarizes the uni t-speci f i'c-.and site-specific
characteristics that should be evaluated to identify ground water
releases. Furthermore, it summarizes factors that determine the
relative exposure potential of a release. In addition, this
section gives examples of site-specific situations that are likely
to require further investigation and situations that probably
will not require further investigation. These examples relate
the individual unit and site-specific characteristics to each
other to describe the process for making decisions on what releases
require further investigation.
3-13
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A. Summary
Exhibit 3-2 is a checklist that should help the investigator
evaluate specific factors to identify ground water releases and
determine the relative effect on human health and the environment.
In identifying releases, the investigator should consider the series
of characteristics described in the chapter and highlighted in
the checklist that determine the potential for ground water
' releases from units of concern. These characteristics include:
whether or not the unit type (e.g., land-based) or the unit's
containment systems (e.g., liners) indicate a potential for
release. Also., factors such as the unit's age, condition, the
quality of its operating procedures, and whether or not it has
• had compliance problems may indicate the potential for release.
Location characteristics of the unit -- soil or subsurface condi-
tions and the depth to the uppermost aquifer -- also indicate a
potential for a release to ground water. Other factors include
the mobility and toxicity of waste in the unit. The investigator
should examine each of these factors and how they relate to each
other in determining the potential for release from units at the
facility.
The investigator should also look for evidence that indicates
possible ground water contamination. This includes assessing the
ability of any existing ground-water monitoring systems to detect
releases from the SWMU. The investigator should also consider
other evidence of release, such as ground water or spring water
sampling data or observations of soil contamination around the
unit, in identifying releases that may require further investi-
gat ion.
3-19
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Exhibit 3-2
Checklist for Ground Water Releases
Yes No_
Identifying Releases
1. Potential for Ground Water Releases from the Unit
o Unit type and design
- Does the unit type (e.g., land-based) indicate the
potential for release? _^
- Does the unit have engineered structures (e.g.,
liners, leachate collection systems, proper
construction materials) designed to prevent
releases to ground water? _
o Unit operation
- Does the unit's age (e.g., old unit) or
operating status (e.g., inactive, active)
indicate the potential for release? _ _
- Does the unit have poor operating procedures
that increase the potential for release? _
- Does the unit have compliance problems that
indicate the potential for a release to
ground water? _
f)
— v._
o Physical condition
- Does the unit's physical condition indicate the
potential for release (e.g., lack of structural
integrity, deteriorating liners, etc.)? "-
o Locational characteristics
- Is the unit located on permeable soil so
the release could migrate through the
unsaturated soil zone?
Is the unit located in an arid area where the
soil is less saturated and therefore a release
has less potential for downward migration?
- Does the depth from the unit to the uppermost
aquifer indicate the potential for release?
- Does the rate of ground water flow greatly
inhibit the migration of a release from the
facility?
Is the facility located in an area that recharges
surface water?
3-20
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Exhibit 3-2 (continued)
Checklist for Ground Water Releases
Yes No
o Waste characteristics
- Does the waste in the unit exhibit high or moderate
characteristics of mobility (e.g., tendency not to
sorb to soil particles or organic matter in the
unsaturated zone)? ____ ___
t
' - Does the waste exhibit high or moderate levels of
toxicity?
2. Evidence of Ground Water Releases
o Existing ground-water monitoring systems
- Is there an-existing system?
- Is the system adequate?
^ - Are there recent analytical data that
indicate a release?
o Other evidence'of ground water releases
- Is there evidence of contamination around
the unit (e.g., discolored soils, lack of or
stressed vegetation) that indicates the
potential for a release to ground water?
- Does local well water or spring water sam-
pling data indicate a release from the unit?
Determining the Relative Effect of the Release on Human
Health and the Environment
1. Exposure Potential
o Conditions that indicate potential exposure
Are there drinking water well(s) located near
the unit?
- Does the direction of ground water flow
indicate the potential for hazardous consti-
tuents to migrate to drinking water wells?
3-21
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The investigator should also consider the potential for
exposure from releases or potential releases. This information
can be used to determine the extent of further remedial investiga
tions. Information on the exposure potential of ground water
releases can also provide a basis for prioritizing sites for
remedial investigation. For example, a unit that has a release
and is located near drinking water wells may be a high priority
for further investigation.
B. Examples
Table 3-2 provides specific examples of the kinds of units
which would and .which would not merit remedial ground water
investigations, based on general potential for contamination,
unit specific factors, and exposure potential. This table is not
intended to be a complete listing of the types ;of units and
situations which are expected to be encountered at RCRA-regulated
facilities. It is intended to give a sense of the types of unit
scenarios where remedial investigations generally would and would
not be needed .
3-22
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Table 3-2
GROUND WATER
UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
Unit Tvse
Further Investigation
Needed
Further Investigation
Not Needed
Class IV
Injection Wells
Surface
Impoundments
•
Landfills
r
o All Class IV wells
o Unlined, active impoundments
o Impoundments which closed with
wastes in-placs
o Inactive or active clay-lined
impoundments which held wastes
Cor more than a very short
period of time (e.g., >1 month)
o Small, synthetic lined impound-
ments with evidence or records
af liner deterioration and/or
rupture
o Unlined impoundments which closed
by renoval of wastes, but at
which no ground water monitoring
system, or an inadequate system,
is installed
o Closed/inactive commercial land-
fill units
o Landfill units containing sub-
stantial quantities of municipal-
type solid waste
o Unlined monofills of wastes with
relatively non-mobile constituents,
in areas with high water tables
o Closed, clay-lined landfill units
containing relatively mobile
and/or toxic containerized or
non-containerized wastes
o Areas of facilities with heavily
contaminated soils resulting fron
routine, systematic and deliberate
placement of wastes on the soil
(e.g., wood preservative "kick-back"
areas)
o Mane
o Units which closed by removal of
wastes ("clean closed") in
accordance with 5265.228(b) or
S264.223(a)(l) (see footnote »1)
o Small, clay or synthetic lined
impoundments which held relatively
non-oobile wastes (e.g., certain
fly ashes) for a short period of
time
o Impoundments which were synthetic-
ally or concrete lined, whose
liners have been removed, and where
adequate soil sampling and physical
evidence conclusively demonstrates
that no leakage occurred from the
unit
o Snail rubbish dumps
o Monofills of wastes having very low
potential for migration of con-
stituents Co ground water (e.g.,
insoluble metal salts, certain fly
ashes), and which have been
adequately capped or covered by
structures, in locations where the
uppermost aquifer would never cone
in direct contact with the wastes
o Small units containing wastes with
relatively non-mobile constituents
in arid areas with deep aquifers,
which are constructed with well-
designed liners and leachate col-
lection systems and/or which are
situated over relatively imperm-
eable natural geologic formations
(e.g., clay deposits)
3-23
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Table 3-2 (continued)
Land Treatment
Units
Underground Tanks
Waste Piles
Class I Injection
Wells
o Active or inactive land treatment
units in non-arid areas on which
substantial amounts of wastes
have been placed
o Units on which wastes -were placed
only once, in very small amounts,
in an area with a deep water table
o A very small (e.g., 0.1 hectare)
experimental land treatment plot
which was operated for a limited
period of time, in an area with
a deep water table, where results
of soil testing indicate complete
biological degradation
o Relatively new, well designed tank
(e.g., external and internal epoxy
coating and cathodic protection)
storing non-corrosive and/or
relatively non-mobile wastes/con-
stituents, not likely to come in
direct contact with ground water
o Tank with full secondary contain-
ment (e.g., vaulted tank with
leak detection systsra)
o Old steel tanks (e.g., >10
years old) installed without
external or internal coatings
or cathodic protection, which
have not recently been leak-
tested or had an internal in-
spection by a qualified inspector
o Steel tanks which have been in
frequent or constant contact with
around water for a relatively
long period of time
o Steel or fiberglass tanks for
which recent internal inspection
and/or leak test indicates lack
of tank integrity
o Relatively new, well designed
tank (e.g., cathcdically protected)
storing highly corrosive and/or
highly mobile or toxic wastes, in
an area with high water table and
nearby downgradient drinking
water wells
o Outdoor pile containing relatively o Indoor pile with no free liquids
mobile wastes, not situated on a
liner or base, in area with porous o
soils and/or shallow aquifer
o Tank with recent internal in-
spection and/or "state of the art"
leak test which indicates that t
tank is sound
o Relatively new (e.g., <10 years)
metal tank storing compatible
wastes (e.g., solvents) in an
arid area with clay soils
o Large outdoor pile containing wastes
with particularly toxic constituents,
with physical evidence cf sub-
stantial migration of wastes outside o
the containment structure, in area
with nearby dcwngradient drinking
water wells
Covered outdoor pile situated on
impermeable (e.g., well engineered
synthetic or concrete) base with
adequate containment system for
run-on and run-off
Outdoor pile containing relatively
non-mobile wastes (e.g., certain
fly ashes) situated en clay soils
in area of deep water table
o Well 'with poor compliance history
o Well whose annulus pressure mon-
itoring records indicate that both
o Well which received a UIC permit
after 11/3/34 and the corrective
action requirements of HSVA were
provided for in the UIC permit
3-24
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Table 3-2 (continued)
In-ground Tanks
Container Storage
Units
the tubing and casing have leaked
or records of injection pressure,
volume, and rate indicate an
unaccounted for loss of pressure
or fluid
o Well which recently passed a
mechanical integrity test of
the casing and the tubing and
the well's monitoring records of
annulus pressure, injection rate,
volume and injection pressure
are complete and show no un-
accountable lasses of pressure
or fluid
o Relatively old concrete tank con- o
taining large volumes of wastes,
with visible and substantial
deterioration of exposed walls, or
for which recent internal inspection
indicates serious cracking o
of walls or other signs of
serious deterioration of
concrete
o Large concrete tank with no
protective internal coating
or liner, holding highly toxic
and/or mobile wastes in area
of high water table and
downgradient drinking water
wells.
o Tank with visible evidence of
extensive soil contamination
from apparent (or recorded)
overflow events or other oper-
ational or structural failures,
in area with porous soils
o Containers stored outdoors on
bare soil, with visible signs of
substantial soil contamination,
in area of porous soils and/or
shallow aquifer
o Outdoor area on which very large
volumes of waste containers have
been stored for relatively long
periods of time (e.g., >10 years)
with improper storage practices
(e.g., open containers) and/or
inadequate contairment structures,
with downeradient drinking water
wells and/or highly toxic/mobile
wastes
Relatively small tank with
adequate liner/coating, with
record of frequent inspections
and maintenance schedule
Relatively new, lined/coated
tank in good condition, with no
evidence of releases
o Indoor container area with adequate
containment structure
o Outdoor storage area with adequate
containment system, with no
visible evidence of contamination
o Relatively small outdoor area
where waste containers wera placed
for only a short period of time,
with no evidence of serious
contamination
3-25
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Table 3-2 (continued)
Above Ground
Tanks
Incinerators
o Large, outdoor metal tanks
situated on soil surface with
visible structural deterioration,
holding highly mobile and/or
toxic wastes, in area with shallow
aquifer and dcwngradient drinking
water wells
o Old, outdoor tank, with visible
evidence of massive soil con-
tamination due to apparent (or
recorded) overflow events, in
area o£ porous soils
o Large tank situated on soil
surface, for which recent internal
inspection indicates severe
corrosion on botton, in area of
vulnerable hydrogeology
o Outdoor incinerator with
visible evidence of surrounding
massive soil contamination
resulting from apparent system/
operation malfunction
o Small, indoor tanks with secondary
containment
o Outdoor tanks elevated above soil
surface, with secondary containment
structures
o Outdoor tank in good condition
situated on concrete pad, with no
visible or recorded evidence of
substantial release
o Indoor incinerator with no
apparent evidence of significant
releases to outside environment
1
-' l
d
Footnote:
I/ For such units, monitoring data should be carefully examined for evidence of ground
water contamination; this is of particular concern for units which stored only
characteristic waste.
3-26
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CHAPTER FOUR
SURFACE WATER AND SURFACE DRAINAGE AREAS
I. INTRODUCTION
The site investigation for surface water and off-site surface
drainage areas should determine:
1) Whether or not solid waste management units at the
facility have released and/or will continue to release
hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents to surface
water .^_l
2) Whether or not solid waste management units at the
facility have released and/or will continue to release
hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents to human
or environmental receptors in off-site areas.
For units with identified releases, or for which there is a sub-
stantial likelihood of a release, the owner or operator will be
required to conduct further investigations to actually determine
the extent of a release(s) and/or to characterize the release and
begin developing a corrective measures program.
' EPA is equally concerned with releases to surface water and
releases that migrate overland to off-site areas and potentially
| expose human and environmental receptors (i.e., surface drainage
, releases). Releases to surface water and off-site may result
' from point source discharges, spills, leaks, surface run-off, or
; floods.
Although EPA is concerned with both surface water and surface
drainage releases, this chapter presents a single approach that
addresses surface drainage releases through overland drainage path-
ways as part of the procedure for identifying and investigating
l_l Surface water includes any stream, river, lake, bay,
wetland, estuary, and intermittent stream.
-------
surface water releases. The approach separately addresses sur-
face drainage releases when it is necessary to characterize
factors specific to these releases.
The investigator will need to make determinations regarding
the need for further investigation at a unit on a case-by-case
basis, considering factors that are unique to each unit. For
some units, it may be relatively easy to assess the existence
or probability of surface water or surface drainage contamination
and to determine the need to conduct further investigations. For
other units, it may be more difficult to make these determinations
and the investigator will need to use judgment in deciding whether
further investigations are warranted.
Releases that result in surface water or surface drainage
contamination can be difficult to identify because of their
intermittent nature. For example, a surface impoundment may
regularly overflow and release hazardous constituents during
periods of heavy rainfall. However, unless the site investigation
is conducted during a heavy rainfall, the investigator will not
observe the release. Therefore, he/she should evaluate each unit
at the facility for the likelihood that it is causing surface
water or surface drainage releases during a storm event. If the
unit is likely to have released during a storm event, he/she
should examine the site for evidence that indicates such releases
have occurred or occur on a regular basis. The investigator will
also need to assess whether a release of concern exists before
determining that further investigations are necessary.
The comprehensive investigations called for in the second
phase of the corrective action process require a considerable
-------
investment of time and resources for both the owner or operator
in conducting the investigation, and for the Agency in reviewing
technical plans and analytical results. Therefore, the PA/SI
should serve the dual function of identifying situations which
merit further investigation, and at the same time avoiding
unnecessary investigations.
This chapter describes the factors the investigator should
consider in assessing specific units and the site for their
potential to cause surface water or surface drainage releases.
It also describes the kinds of evidence the investigator should
look for to identify whether or not a release has taken place and
factors to consider in assessing the potential for releases to
threaten human health and the environment.
II. LIKELIHOOD OF SURFACE WATER OR SURFACE DRAINAGE RELEASES
Four factors are important in assessing the potential for
-L surface water or surface drainage contamination from a facility.
They are:
I
o The proximity of the facility to surface water/off-site
receptors;
o The potential for releases to migrate from the
facility to surface water or directly to off-site
receptors;
L
o The design and physical condition of solid waste manage-
ment units at the facility; and
o The type of wastes contained in these units.
The importance of each of these factors is discussed below.
4-3
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A. Proximity to Surface Water/Off-site Receptors
and Release Migration Potential
The potential for surface water contamination from a facility
is directly related to the facility's proximity to surface water.
Facilities located along rivers or other surface water bodies are
more likely to have surface water releases than facilities located
in arid areas, far from significant surface water bodies. As the
distance to surface water increases, it becomes more likely that
hazardous constituents in surface run-off will sorb to soils or
move downward in the unsaturated zone and result in ground water
contamination.
The potential for surface run-off from the facility to
migrate overland to nearby receptors is of particular concern
when the facility is located adjacent to populated areas and no
barrier (e.g., runoff control system) exists to prevent further
overland migration.
Proximity is not the only factor that affects the potential
for releases to migrate to surface water or dra-in off-site. The
facility slope indicates the potential for run-off or spills to
migrate from the facility. For example, releases from a facility
located in a depressed area are unlikely to leave the site as
surface run-off. The composition of the soil and the slope and
vegetation of the terrain between the facility and the nearest
surface water body will also affect the migration potential of
the release. For example, a facility located close to surface
water may have a low potential for surface water releases if the
intervening terrain is characterized by sandy soils and heavy
vegetation. In this case, run-off is more likely to migrate down
-------
into the unsaturated and saturated zones rather than to migrate
laterally overland to surface water (except during flood events or
catastrophic releases). However, facilities located in areas
characterized by clayey soil, and where there is less extensive
vegetation between the site and nearby surface water, have a
greater potential for releases to surface water.
The level of rainfall and the frequency of significant storm
events also affect the potential for run-off from the facility to
contaminate surface water. As mentioned earlier in this chapter,
surface water releases are often intermittent and result from run-
off generated during periods of heavy rainfall. A facility lo-
cated in an area characterized by frequent major storm events
is more likely to generate large volumes of surface run-off than
a facility located in an area where major storm events are less
frequent. Appendix L describes a method for estimating run-off
r- developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The method
accounts for characteristics of the intervening terrain (e.g.,
land use and soil types) and rainfall amounts. Run-off estimates
derived from this method should help the investigator determine
[ whether rainfall above and around the unit tends to migrate down
into the unsaturated zone or tends to run off overland.
The investigator will need to consider all of these factors:
o Proximity to surface water and off-site receptors;
o Soil composition;
o Slope and vegetation characteristics of the facility
and the intervening terrain;
o Rainfall; and
o The frequency of major storm events.
4-5
r:
-------
The investigator will also need to determine how the facility's
location affects the potential for releases to surface water or
the movement of surface run-off to off-site receptors.
B. Unit Design and Physical Condition
As with the other media, the likelihood that surface water
or surface drainage contamination from a solid waste management
unit has occurred is largely dependent on the nature and function
of the unit. For example, open units that contain liquids (e.g.,
surface impoundments) have a greater potential for release than
closed landfill cells that have been properly capped.
Table 4-1 ranks types of solid waste management units, in
a loose descending order on the basis of their potential for
having releases that cause surface water contamination or migrate
off-site. The table is intended to provide a general sense of y^KS
P)
the relative potential for units to cause these types of releases. %t~
The investigator will also need to evaluate unit-specific factors
in determining the potential for release from a particular unit.
The major unit-specific factors the investigator should
evaluate include:
o Unit design. The investigator should determine whether
the unit has engineered features (e.g., run-off control
systems) that are designed to prevent releases from the
unit. If such features are in place, the investigator
should evaluate whether they are adequate (in terms of
capacity, engineering, etc.) to prevent releases.
4-6
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I
TABLE 4-1
RANKING OF UNIT POTENTIAL FOR SURFACE WATER/
SURFACE DRAINAGE RELEASES AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit Type
Surface Impoundment
Landfill
Waste Pile
Land Treatment Unit
Container Storage
Area
Above-ground Tank
In-ground Tank
Incinerator
Class I and IV
Injection Well
Release Mechanism
o Releases from overtopping
o Migration of run-off outside the unit's
run-off collection and containment system
o Migration of spills and other releases
outside the containment area from
loading and unloading operations
o Seepage through dikes to surrounding
areas (e.g., soils, pavement, etc.)
o Migration of run-off outside the unit's
run-off collection and containment system
o Migration of spills and other releases
outside the containment area from
loading and unloading operations
o Migration of run-off outside the
containment area
o Migration of run-off outside the
containment area
o Releases from overflow
o Leaks through tank shell
o Spills from coupling/uncoupling
o pe rat ions
o Releases from overflow
o Spills from coupling/uncoupling
ope rat ions
o Spills or other releases from waste
handling/preparation activities
o Spills due to mechanical failure
o Spills from waste handling opera-
tions at the well head
* The two remaining solid waste management units; waste transfer
stations, and waste recycling operations generally have mechanisms
of release similar to tanks.
4-7
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Operational history. The investigator should examine
the unit's operating history to obtain information that
indicates that releases have taken place. Operational
factors that influence the likelihood of release can
include:
-- Operating life of the unit. Units that have been
operating for long periods of time are generally
more likely to have releases than new units.
-- Operating status of the unit. In some cases, the
operating status of a unit (e.g., closed, inactive,
etc.) may have an effect on the relative likelihood
of release.
— Operating procedures. Maintenance and inspection
records should indicate whether a unit is likely to
have released. Units that are inspected regularly
and properly maintained are less likely to have re-
leases than units that have been poorly maintained.
Physical condition of the unit. The investigator should
examine the units for evidence of releases or characteris-
tics that could cause releases (e.g., cracks or stress
fractures in tanks or erosion of earthen dikes for surface
impoundment s ) .
C. Waste Characteristics
The significance of the release of toxic contaminants into
surface water will depend on several factors: 1) the mass of
contaminants entering the water system; 2) the transport mechanisms
governing the movement and ultimate destination of each consti-
tuent in the surface water system; 3) the persistence of the
constituent; and 4) the toxicity of the constituent.
The potential threat to off-site receptors from a release
carried by surface run-off is linked to the mass of contaminants
that reaches off-site receptors, the persistence of these con-
taminants in various media (e.g., soils, standing water, run-off),
and toxicity of the pollutants. The significance of the first
two factors can only be considered in relation to the last two
factors .
-------
f
In many cases, the investigator will not have complete
information on the wastes and their constituents in a solid waste
management unit. Incomplete waste information will make it
difficult to fully evaluate the importance of each of the factors
listed above in characterizing the significance of a release to
surface water. The investigator will need to use judgment in
making these determinations. To the extent waste Information is
available, the investigator may be able to take these factors
into account. Each factor is discussed more fully below.
1. Mass. The mass of a contaminant relative to the volume
of the receiving-water body may be an important factor governing
the environmental significance of a release. It should be noted,
however, that certain toxic or hazardous pollutants will accumu-
late in biota, and sorb to sediment, remaining in these media
for sometime even if initial quantities of discharge are small.
Other chemicals are highly toxic in very small amounts.
2. Transport Mechanisms. The transport mechanisms governing
the movement of pollutants control their ultimate destination.
The primary transport mechanisms are sedimentation, volatilization,
and downstream transport in the water column. The structure and
properties of each constituent will govern which mechanisms
dominate their transport. While most constituents can be affected
by all three transport mechanisms, it is po??ible in most cases
to partition a constituent to one primary destination. This
information can be used to predict where specific constituents
will result Ln potential exposures. A brief description of each
fate and transport mechanism follows:
4-9
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o Sedimentation. Sedimentation refers to the tendency of
a constituent to sorb onto suspended organic sediments
carried in water bodies. Sorption can be modeled using
a sorption isotherm, which predicts the relative tendency
of a constituent to be partitioned to suspended particles
or to remain dissolved in the water. The sorption parti-
tion coefficient, Ksw, describes the tendency of a con-
stituent to be dissolved in the water phase or to be
sorbed onto a particle. Once a constituent has become
sorbed to a particle in the water, it will usually join
the bottom sediments of the system. An approximate
equivalent Ksw can be derived by multiplying the fraction
organic carbon in sediment (OC) times Koc, a similar
sorption partition coefficient. Koc values for chemicals '
are listed in Appendix J and a value of 0.02 can be used
as OC.
•
o Volatilization. Compounds exhibiting a strong tendency
to volatilize from water will pose little risk to human '
health or the environment through surface water exposures.
Many chlorinated solvents will almost completely vola- 1
tilize from a moving stream within several miles. Com- 1
pounds with large Henry's Law constants will have the
greatest potential for volatilization. (See Appendix J i
for Henry's Law values.) It will be accentuated in
turbulent water systems such as fast moving streams, *"
where the turbulence speeds up the transfer of contain-
inants from water to air. •'
o Downstream transport. Relatively immiscible organic
compounds with densities less than water (e.g., oily
wastes) will tend to float on water surfaces in slicks,
where they may pose a significant threat to water fowl.
Other immiscible compounds which are heavier than water
will tend to sink into the sediments where they will
remain largely undissolved in the water column. Dissolved
constituents will be transported downstream in rivers and
dispersed in lakes where they will be subject to natural
fate proces ses.
3. Persistence. Many fate processes can combine to degrade
a pollutant to a level below which there is no significant risk.
Among the many fate processes are: hydrolysis, photolysis, oxida-
tion/reduction, biotransformat ion, and bioaccumulation. Many
references will report a value for a chemical's half-life in
water based upon a combination of these processes (e.g., prepared
ay W.R. Ma bey, et al., SRI International, for EPA, "Aquatic Face
4-10
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Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants, Final Report»"
1982; and EPA, "Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority
Pollutants, Volumes I and II", December 1979). In this way,
one can make a general assessment of a constituent's persistence
in the environment. The most persistent constituents (e.g., PCBs,
dioxins, etc.) will not be significantly degraded by any of the
fate processes mentioned above and should generally be considered
to pose a considerable risk. Bioaccumulation deserves special
mention due to the unusual threat it poses to animals in the food
chain. Concentrations of constituents that bioaccumulate in fish
and shellfish may be higher in the fish than they were in the
original release. Pollutants that bioaccumulate should be given
special consideration in water bodies used for recreational or
commercial fishing.
4. Toxicity. The most pertinent factor in assessing the
I
-fc significance of a release of hazardous constituents to surface
water will often be the intrinsic toxicity of each individual
! contaminant. Relatively large releases of certain less toxic
f constituents may be diluted in streams or lakes to levels that
do not significantly affect human health or the environment.
However, low concentrations of highly toxic and/or persistent
constituents like dioxin, PCBs, arsenic, and cyanides may pose
a significant human health risk. Unfortunately, toxicity infor-
mation for many of the Appendix VIII constituents is incomplete.
For this reason, it will often be advisable to consider highly
persistent constituents to be of the greatest concern, because
4-1 1
-------
exposures can occur over a considerable length of time with
unknown consequences.
While the overall fate and transport of a constituent in a
surface water system will depend on the specific characteristics
of the system, it is possible to generally describe the likely
fate and transport for certain classes of contaminants. If the
investigator knows the wastes in the unit, this information may
help in determining which contaminants are of particular concern
for surface water releases.
o Metals (e.g., arsenic, chromium, cyanide, and mercury)
usually adsorb and accumulate in sediments in rivers and
lakes. The rate at which they accumulate in the sediments
will depend on the organic content of the suspended
solids in the system and on the concentration of clays in
the water. Most metals will exhibit a tendency to bio-
accumulate in both shellfish and finfish. They will
therefore pose the greatest threat to human health in
waters known to be used for recreational and commerical
fishing. '
o Chlorinated pesticides (e.g., DDT, chlordane, lindane ,
heptachlor, toxaphene , etc.) may be subject to several
fate and transport processes simultaneously. They have
been shown to volatilize, sorb onto sediments, biodegrade,
and bioaccumula te . In large quant i ties-, chlorinated
pesticides may pose a significant risk from exposure
throughout the water body.
o Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., trichlo re thane ,
te trachlore thene , chlorome thane , etc.) generally exhibit
a strong tendency to volatilize from water. Large quan-
tities of these pollutants can be stripped from fast-moving,
turbulent streams, reducing their risk for water-associated
exposures. Although they will not tend to be transported
downstream, they generally do not degrade significantly
in the environment. Many of these compounds may still
pose a significant risk at low concentrations due to
their toxicity.
o Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., napthalene,
phenant hrene , benzo(a) pyrene , etc.) will tend to adsorb
to bottom sediments. These pollutants are generally
susceptible to bi odegr ada tion and hydrolysis in surface
water systems. Because they do not tend to bioac curau la t e ,
4-12
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releases characterized by low concentrations of these
pollutants are likely to be of little concern.
Appendix J provides physical, chemical, and fate data for a list
of chemicals.
D. Summary of Factors Affecting the Likelihood of Release
The investigator should consider all of the factors described
above to determine the likelihood of surface water or surface
drainage release from a unit. In addition, in assessing the
likelihood that a release has occurred, the Investigator should
consider how the various factors affect each other. For example,
an aboveground tank containing relatively toxic, persistent waste
and located within 1000 feet of a river may not have a secondary
containment or other system in place to collect liquid waste that
could leak or overflow from the tank. However, the facility's
records indicate that the tank is relatively new, well designed,
! and well constructed, and that it is inspected regularly for
evidence of leaks. In this case, there is only a low potential
I for a release, and no further investigation would be necessary.
Alternatively, the same situation for an older tank that shows
| signs of deterioration may require further investigation.
III. EVIDENCE OF SURFACE WATER AND SURFACE-DRAINAGE RELEASES
A. Types of Evidence
If the investigator determines that certain units at the
facility are likely to have caused releases to surface water or
to off-site receptors, he/she should inspect the area around the
units of concern and the area between the unit and the closest
surface water body and off-site area for evidence of a release.
4-13
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In addition, if the facility is located adjacent to surface
water, the investigator should examine the surface water for
evidence of releases. The investigator should look for visible
evidence of uncontrolled run-off from units at the facility. If
releases have occurred or are occurring at a unit there is likely
to be evidence around the unit that indicates a release is taking
place. Because of the intermittent nature of releases, it is
particularly important to examine the site and nearby surface
water and off-site areas of concern for physical evidence of
release. The investigator should look for:
o Observable contaminated run-off or leachate seeps;
o Drainage patterns that indicate possible run-off from
units at the facility,
«
o Evidence of wash-outs or floods, such as highly eroded
soil, damaged trees, etc.;
o Discolored soil, standing water, or dead vegetation
along drainage patterns leading from the unit;
o Discolored surface water, sediment or dead aquatic
vege tat ion;
o Unpermitted point source discharges;
o Units (including old fill material that is now considered
hazardous waste) discharging in surface water; and
o Permitted discharges that are of concern (see Chapter 1,
page 1-24).
B. Use of Sampling
Agency personnel should take enough samples during the site
i ns pe ct ion ( s ) to complete a. Hazard Ranking Score. Samples of
run-off, on-site and off-site soils, standing water, surface
water, and/or surface water sediments can be taken to identify a
release or a suspected release. Appendix B describes how to
4-14
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sample to obtain a Hazard Ranking Score. In addition, as explained
in Chapter two of this guidance, there may be certain situations
where unit-specific sampling should be conducted to confirm other
evidence that a release has taken place at a unit or that there
is no release from a unit. This type of sampling should only be
performed to either: confirm a release to surface water or off-
site areas of concern; or compel a remedial investigation or
f
' write permit conditions, or both. Appendix M lists sampling
priorities (e.g., water, sediment, biota) for many compounds.
In general, simple field tests or sampling may be adequate
to obtain a positive confirmation of surface water, soil, stand-
ing water, or run-off contamination. More thorough sampling may
j be necessary to confirm that the contamination results from a
particular unit, but this more detailed sampling may be completed
as part of the next phase of the corrective action process. If
the investigator determines that sampling is necessary, he/she
should follow the procedures that are provided in Appendix C.
Procedures for analyzing samples for hazardous constituents
described in 40 CFR Part 261, Subparts C and D, can be found in
"Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical
Methods (SW-846)."
IV. EXPOSURE POTENTIAL
If the investigator observes discharges or releases to
surface water or to off-site areas of concern or if other evidence
suggests that releases are taking place, he/she may choose to use
exposure information (to the extent it is available for the
4-15
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facility) to: 1) determine the need for further remedial inves-
tigations; and/or 2) set priorities for conducting further inves-
tigations.
The following types of information are useful in evaluating
the exposure potential for surface water or off-site releases:
o Information on the use of the surface water body that
receives the release. The investigator should determine
the use of the surface water body (e.g., no use, commer-
cial or industrial, irrigation, economically important
resource (e.g., shellfish, commercial food preparation,
recreation, or drinking). A release is more likely to
significantly impact surface water that is used as a
drinking water source than surface water in industrial
areas that have a commercial or industrial use.
o Information on the location of any drinking or irrigation
water intakes listed in public records or otherwise known
within a reasonable distance of the release.
o Information on the nature and extent of the contact human
and environmental receptors are likely to have with run-
off from the facility. For example, if people may contact
contaminated soil, run-off or standing water or if
constituents may contact sensitive habitats (e.g., habitat
of highly productive biological community, or community of
rare or endangered plants or animals) or food chain crops.
V. RELEASE DETERMINATION
This section summarizes the unit-specific and site-specific
characteristics that should be evaluated to identify surface
water releases or releases that may affect off-site human or
environmental receptors. Furthermore, it summarizes factors that
determine the relative exposure potential of a release. In
addition, this section gives examples of site-specific situations
that are likely to require further investigation and situations
that probably will not require further investigation. These
4-16
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P
^-
examples relate Che individual unit and site-specific character-
istics to each other to describe the process for making decisions
on what releases should be further investigated.
A. Summary
Exhibit 4-1 is a checklist that should help the investigator
evaluate specific factors to identify releases and determine the
relative effect of the release on human health and the environ-
ment. In identifying releases, the investigator should consider
the series of characteristics described in the chapter and high-
lighted in the checklist that determine the potential for surface
water and off-site releases. These characteristics include:
proximity of the facility to surface water and to off-site recep-
tors; factors such as soil type, slope, and vegetation of the
intervening terrain as well a.s rainfall, all of which affect the
migration potential of a release; the design and physical condi-
tion of solid waste management units at the facility; and charac-
teristics of the waste that may be releasing from the unit. The
investigator should examine each of these factors and how they
relate to each other in determining the potential for release
from units at the facility.
Once the investigator determines that the potential for
surface water and/or off-site releases exists, he/she should
examine areas surrounding the units of concern and the site as a
whole for evidence that releases have occurred or are occurring
at a facility. Due to the intermittent nature of most of the»e
releases, it Is important to look for physical evidence such as
drainage channels with contaminated soils, dead vegetation, etc.,
that indicates that releases have taken place.
4-17
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Exhibit 4-1
Checklist for Surface Water/Surf ace Drainage Releases
Yes NJD_
Identifying Releases
1. Potential for Surface Water/Surf ace Drainage Releases
from the Facility
o Proximity to Surface Water and/or to Off-site
Receptors
Could surface run-off from the unit reach the
nearest downgradient surface water body? ___^ ^^
- Could surface run-off from the unit reach off-site
receptors (e.g., if facility is located adjacent to
populated areas and no barrier exists to prevent
overland surface run-off migration)? ___ _
o Release Migration Potential
- Does the slope of the facility and intervening
terrain indicate potential for release?
- Is the intervening terrain characteri-zed by soils
and vegetation that allow overland migration
( e.g., clayey soils, and sparse vegetation)?
- Does data on one-year 24-hour rainfall indicate
the potential for area storms to cause surface
water or surface drainage contamination as a
result of run-off? -
o Unit Design and Physical Condition
- Are engineered features (e.g., run-off control
systems) designed to prevent releases from the
unit)?
Does the operational history of the unit indi-
cate that a release has taken place (e.g., old,
closed or inactive unit, not inspected regularly,
improperly maintained)?
Does the physical condition of the unit indicate
that releases may have occurred ( e.g. , cracks or
stress fractures in tanks or erosion of earthen
dikes of surface impoundments)?
4-18
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L
Exhibit 4-1 (cont.)
Checklist for Surface Water/Surface Drainage Releases
Yes Np_
o Waste Characteristics
- Is the volume of discharge high relative to the
size and flow rate of the surface water body?
Do constituents in the discharge tend to sorb
to sediments (e.g., metals)?
Do constituents in the discharge tend to
be transported downstream? ___
Do waste constituents exhibit moderate or high
characteristics of persistence (e.g., PCBs,
dioxins, etc.)?
Do waste constituents exhibit moderate or high
characteristics of toxicity (e.g., metals,
chlorinated pesticides, etc.)?
Evidence of Surface Water/Surface Drainage Releases
o Are there unpermitted discharges from the facility
to surface water that require an NPDES or a Section
404 permit?
r
_i o Is there visible evidence of uncontrolled run-off
*' from units at the facility?
Determining the Relative Effect of the Release on Human
Health and the Environment
1. Exposure Potential
o Are there drinking water intakes nearby?
o Could human and/or environmental receptors come
into contact with surface drainage from the
facility?
o Are there irrigation water intakes nearby?
o Could a sensitive environment (e.g., critical hab-
itat, wetlands) be affected by the discharge (if it
is nearby)?
4-19
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The investigator should also consider the potential for
exposure from these releases to determine the relative effect of
the release or suspected release on human health or the environ-
ment. Information on the exposure potential of these releases
provides a basis for prioritizing sites. For example, a re-
lease that could affect both surface water use and a community
adjacent to the site may make the site a high priority for
remedial investigation and eventual clean-up.
B. Examples
Table 4-2 provides examples of situations that are likely
to require further investigation and situations that probably
will not require further investigation. These examples provide
some guidance on making unit-by-unit release determinations.
Examples of where further investigation is required generally
characterize units with inadequate containment, evidence of
off-site release migration, and with some potential for exposure.
The examples of where further investigation is'-not needed
illustrate situations where a unit's containment system is
properly functioning and where there is no evidence of release.
Although these unit illustrations can be helpful in making
determinations, they are only examples and do not characterize
the exact situation at a given site. The investigator will need
to evaluate all the site-specific factors and use his/her judg-
ment in deciding whether further investigation is warranted.
4-20
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TABLE 4-2
SURFACE WATER
UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
Further
Unit Type
Landfills
Investigation
Needed
Waste Piles
Surface
Impoundments
Container
S torage
Areas
Land Treat-
ment Units
Closed units, inadequate
or deteriorating cover,
no run-off control system;
drainage patterns indicate
contaminant migration (e.g.,
discolored soil and/or dead
vegetation); near downgrad-
ient surface water/off-site
receptors
Closed units, waste Inade-
quately covered, no run-off
control system; drainage
patterns indicate migration
of contaminants; near sur-
face water/off-site
receptors
Operating/closed units with
inadequate freeboard or
deteriorating dikes; drain-
age patterns indicate
migration of contaminants;
near surface water/off-site
receptors
Inactive units with leaking
containers; visible evidence
of soil contamination; no
run-off control system;
drainage channels indicate
migration of hazardous
constituents; near surface
water/off-site receptors
Inactive/operating units
with visible evidence of
soil contamination; unit
design allows run-off; near
downgradient surface water/
off-site receptors
Further Investigation
Not Needed
Operating units with
adequate run-off
control systems
Closed units with adequate
caps or covers; no evidence
of run-off from the unit
Operating units with run-
off control systems
Closed units with adequate
caps or covers; no evidence
of run-off from the unit
Older operating/closed
units with adequate freeboard
and well maintained dikes;
no evidence of overtopping
or release
Operating units with new,
well sealed containers; or
adequate run-off controls
Inactive units with well
sealed containers; ade-
quate run-off controls;
limited potential for off-
site migration of consti-
tuents
Inactive/operating units
with adequate run-off
controls; limited potential
for off-site migration of
constituents
4-21
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Table 4-2 (Continued)
SURFACE WATER
UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
Unit Type
Tanks
Incin-
erators
Class I/
IV Injec-
tion Wells
Further Investigation
Needed
Older concrete units with
no secondary containment,
some visible deterioration;
visible evidence suggests
some overland migration of
hazardous constituents;
near surface water/off-site
receptors
Unit with visible evidence
of soil contamination
from apparent (or recorded)
overflow events or other
operational or structural
failures; visible evidence
suggests some overland
migration of hazardous
constituents; near surface
water/off-site receptors
Evidence of recurring spills
that result from waste
handling operations;
drainage channels leading
from the unit indicate
contaminant migration;
near surface water/off-sice
receptors
Evidence of recurring spills
that result from waste
handling operations; drainage
channels leading from the
unit indicate contaminant
migration; near surface
water/off-site receptors
Further Investigation
Not Needed
Well-designed, construc-
ted units; inspected
regularly; no evidence
of leaks
Older units that shown
signs of deterioration;
no potential for off-
site migration of con-
stituents
t
Design ensures containmen
of spills that could occur
during waste handling
ope ra tions
;j
Design ensures containment
of spills that could occur
during waste handling
operations
4-22
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CHAPTER FIVE
AIR
I. INTRODUCTION
The site investigation for air should determine whether solid
waste management units at the facility have released or are likely
to have released hazardous wastes or constituents to the air.
Owners or operators of units with identified releases or that
have a substantial likelihood of a release will be required to
conduct further investigations to actually determine the extent
of a release(s) and/or to characterize the release and begin
developing a corrective measures program.
In general,'two types of air releases can occur at solid
waste management units:
o Releases that are continuous in nature, and
o Releases that are intermittent or catastrophic in nature.
This guidance is primarily concerned with evaluating the likelihood
and significance of continuous releases. It is assumed that all
units that expose hazardous waste to the ambient atmosphere have
air releases; the investigator will need to use judgment in deter-
mining whether these releases are significant enough to warrant
further investigation. For some units it may be relatively easy
to make these determinations; for other units, these determina-
tions may be more difficult.
Because the comprehensive investigations called for in the
second phase of the corrective action process require a considerable
investment of time and resources for both the owner or operator
and for the agency, the PA/SI should serve the dual role of
5-1
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identifying situations which merit further investigations for air
releases while at the same time avoiding unnecessary investigations.
This chapter describes the factors the investigator should
consider in evaluating specific units and the facility as a whole
for their potential to cause air releases. It then describes the
kinds of evidence the investigator should look for to determine
that a release has taken place and factors to consider in asses-
sing the potential for releases to threaten human health and the
environment.
II. POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES FROM THE FACILITY
Three factors are important in assessing the potential for
significant air releases from a facility. They are:
o Unit characteristics, such as size (surface area and
depth), type and use;
o Types of wastes/constituents in the unit; and
o Environmental and geographic conditions (temperature,
wind speed, etc.) that affect exposure resulting from the
release.
This section describes each of these factors in greater detail.
A. Unit Characteristics that Affect the
Potential for Air Releases
When conducting the site investigation for air, Agency
personnel should assess both RCRA-regulated and non-regulated
units and should focus the investigation on operating units.
Operating units have the greatest potential for air releases
because they actively expose wastes to the air on a continuous
basis. Wastes in closed, inactive units are usually covered.
There may be some exposure to the air if a cover has eroded or
5-2
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broken down, but air releases resulting from these situations are
likely to be insignificant.
When assessing the potential for releases, the key factors
to examine Include:
0 Unit size. The size of a unit determines the mass of
potential contaminants available for release. In addi-
tion, volatilization rates are likely to be larger from
open units (e.g., surface impoundments and open tanks)
with large surface areas and shallow depths.
o Purpose of the unit (treatment, storage, or disposal).
In general, units in which active treatment is occurring
have the greatest potential for air releases. In many
cases, treatment is designed to promote volatilization of
constituents. In other cases, this is not the main
purpose of the treatment method in use. However, the
resultant.mixing and movement of wastes leads to high
volatilization rates.
o Design of the unit. Units in which wastes are in direct
contact with the atmosphere have a higher potential for
releases than closed or covered units.
o Current operational status. The nature of air releases
is such that the majority of the mass available for
i release will be released shortly after the waste is
-a placed in the unit. Thus, as mentioned, operating units
are of greater concern than closed units. This is par-
ticularly true for unit types and wastes for which vola-
( tilization is important. Units with potential particulate
I releases may continue to release contaminants well after
closure, especially if the unit has been poorly maintained,
f
I o Unit specific factors. There are specific design and oper-
ational factors associated with each unit type which are
useful in evaluating the possible magnitude of a potential
release. These factors are summarized in Table 5-1.
In addition to considering the individual unit sizes, the investi-
gator should be aware of the total area used for solid waste
management at a facility. Although individual units may have
small releases, the total release from a facility can be signifi-
cant. Table 5-1 lists specific considerations for particularly
important unit types.
5-3
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Table 5-1
UNIT POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES
AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit
Operating Surface
Impoundments
Open Roofed Tanks
Landfills
Land Treatment Units
Waste Piles
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Release
o Wastes directly exposed to atmosphere
promotes vapor phase emissions
o Large surface areas and shallow depths
promote increased volatilization
o Mechanical treatment methods (such as
aeration) increase volatilization
o Wastes directly exposed to atmosphere
(promotes vapor phase emissions)
o Mechanical treatment or frequent mixing
will increase volatilization
o Volatilization of vapor phase constituents
through the sub-surface and daily/permanent
cover
o Poor or no daily cover increases volatili-
zation
o Open trench fill operations allow direct
exposure of waste to atmosphere
o Volatile gases transported by convection
of biogenic gases released via routine
landfill venting (particularly import
in sanitary/hazardous mixed fills)
o Particulate releases generated by machinery
during filling operations
o Particulate releases due to wind erosion of
cover and/or exposed wastes
o Wastes normally in direct contact with
atmos phere
o Application techniques which maximize waste
contact with atmosphere, such as surface
spreading or spray irrigation promote
increased volatilization
o Particulate releases due to wind erosion
o Particulate emissions from uncovered
was te piles
o Location of waste pile in open area with
no erosion protection promotes particulate
generation
o Waste handling activities on arid around
pile increase emissions
o Volatile emissions are likely to be rare,
but can occur based on waste composition
-------
Table 5-1 (cont.)
UNIT POTENTIAL FOR AIR RELEASES
AND MECHANISMS OF RELEASE
Unit type
Drum Storage Areas
Covered Tanks
Incinera tors
*
-C
f
Non-RCRA Wastewater
Treatment Ponds and
Tanks
Other Design and
Operating Practices
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Release
o Vaporization from drums frequently left
open to atmosphere or from poorly sealed
drums
o Vapor emissions from areas containing leaking
drums
o Volatile releases from pressure venting,
poorly sealed access ports, or improperly
operated and maintained valves and seals.
o Stack emissions of particulates
o Stack emissions of volatile constituents
High temperatures may cause volatilization
of low vapor pressure organics and metals
o Volatile releases via malfunctioning valves
during incinerator charging
o Low concentration wastes may volatilize
due to large surface area and active waste
treatment. Releases can be significant
due to generally large treatment
capacities
o Inadequate spill collection systems promote
intermittent air releases
o Lack of vapor collection systems for use
during container/tank cleaning operations
o Absence of dust suppression or particulate
control measures
5-5
-------
In assessing a unit's potential for air release, the inves-
tigator should be aware of the importance of interactions between
the various unit characteristics listed above and the characteris-
tics of the wastes placed in the unit. It is important to
examine how these two factors combine to result in an air release.
For example, a facility may have several large operating surface
impoundments, suggesting a potential for large air releases.
However, if the facility is a steel manufacturer treating only
spent pickle liquor in these ponds, it is unlikely any air
release will occur because the hazardous constituents in the
waste are non-volatile, soluble metals.
The following section discusses the waste and constituent-
specific factors the investigator should consider in assessing a
waste's potential to release airborne constituents.
B. Types of Waste Contained in the Unit
Only certain hazardous constituents have a significant
potential for air releases. This section identifies these con-
stituents and the factors that affect the magnitude of their
release.
Volatile constituents of concern for air releases include
organic vapors and volatile metals (e.g., arsenic and mercury).
Table 5-2 lists a select number of hazardous chemical compounds
which EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAOPS)
considers to be of prime concern with respect to vapor phase air
releases. The table also lists the RCRA waste codes for waste
streams that contain these constituents to aid in their
identification. While these wastes are of primary concern, many
5-6
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TABLE 5-2
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AS VAPOR RELEASES
L
1
Hazardous Constituent
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allylchloride
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Cresols
Cumene (isopropylbenzene)
1,4-dichlorobenzene
1,2-dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Dioxin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylbenzene
Ethyletie oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobutadlene
Hexachloroeyelopentadiene
Hydrogen cyanide
RCRA Waste Codes
K001.U001
KOI 2
K011,K012,K013,U009
F024.F025
F024,F025,K001,K014,K019,K083,K085,K103,K105
K015.K085.P028
F001,F024,F025,K016,K016,K020,K021,K073,U211
FOOI,F002,F024,F025,K015,K016,K085,K105
F002,F024,F025,K009,K010,K016,K019,K020,K073,
K021.K029.U044
F024.F025
F004.U052
U055
F002,F024,F025,K016,K085,K105,U072
K018,K019,K020,K029,K030,K096,F024,F025,U077
F001,F002,F024,F025,K009,K010,K021,U080
F020,F021,F022,F023,F028
K017,K019,K020,U041
F003
U115
K009,K010,K038,K040,U122
F024,F025,K040,K016,K018,K030,U128
F024,F025,K032,K033,K034,U130
F007,F009,F010,K013,K060
5-;
-------
TABLE 5-2 (cont.)
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AS VAPOR RELEASES
Hazardous Constituent
Hydrogen flouride
Hydrogen sulfide
Maleic anhydride
Methyl acetate
N-Dimet hyIn i tr osamine
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
Nitrosomorpholine
Phenol
Phosgene
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Propylene oxide
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinylchloride
Vinylidenechloride
Xylenes
RCRA Waste Codes
K023,K093,U147
U100
F024,F025,K001,K035,K060,K087,U165
F004,K025,K083,K103,U169
KOOI,K022,K087,U188
P095
K016,K023,K024,K093,K094,U190
K085
F024,F025,K016,K019,K020,K021,K030,K095,K096,U209
F001,F002,F024,F025,K016,K018,K109,K020,K021,U210
F005,F024,F025,K015,K036,K037,U220
FOOl,F002tF024,F025,K019,K020,K028,K029,K073,K095,
K096.U226
F001,F002,F024,F025,K016,K018,K.019,K020,U228
K019,K020,K023,K029,K028,F024,F025,U043
F003,F025,K019,K020,F024,K029,U078
F020.U239
5-8
-------
other wastes have the potential to volatilize. Therefore, where
there is a large quantity of waste, the investigator should
address both total volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions as
well as emissions of the specific compounds listed in Table 5-2.
Table 5-3 lists hazardous constituents that are of special
concern for particulate air releases. Particulate emissions from
solid waste management units can contain organic material, heavy
metals, or both. The heavy metals shown in Table 5-3 are
predominantly associated with particulate releases, although
both arsenic and mercury may be present as vapor phase releases
due to their relatively high vapor pressures. Similarly, the
organic compounds shown in Table 5-2 may also be found adsorbed
or bound to soil and/or other particulate matter releases.
The investigator should examine all available information on
wastes handled at the facility to determine the presence of any
i of the wastes or constituents referenced above.
C. Waste Characteristics that Affect the Magnitude of Release
The physical form of the waste contained in a solid waste
management unit will determine to a great extent the potential
for air releases from the unit. Wastes may be solid, dilute
aqueous solutions, dilute organic solutions, or concentrated
solutions. &ir releases from solid wastes, such as those placed
in landfills or waste piles, will be governed by different
principles than govern releases from liquid wastes.
The concentration of specific constituents in each unit is
another factor governing the potential magnitude of air releases.
The higher the concentration of a particular constituent present
5-9
r
-------
TABLE 5-3
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN AS PARTICULATE RELEASES
Hazardous Constituent
Arsen ic
Asbes tos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Niclele
RCRA Waste Codes
DOOO,D004,K060,K02l,K084,P010,
P01I.P012
UO I 3
0000,0006,P015
DOOO,D006,F006,F007tF008,F009,
F061.F062, F064,F065,F067,F068,F069
DOOO,D007,F006,F007,F008,F009,F002,
F064.F069.F086,
DOOO,D008,F006,F009,K003,K044,K048,
K052.K061,K062,K064,K069 KO86,PI 10
D008.K071,K106
F006.F007,F008,F009
5-LO
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in a unit, the greater is Its potential for significant air
release. However, the intrinsic potential for a constituent to
volatilize depends on chemical and physical properties that vary
greatly between different constituents. Accordingly, a highly
concentrated solution of one constituent may result in a lower re-
lease potential than a dilute concentration of another constituent.
As Indicated earlier, the two types of emissions of greatest
t
concern are volatiles and particulates. Each type of emission
has its own set of characteristics which can help the investigator
assess the potential magnitude of a release. These characteris-
tics are discussed below and summarized in Table 5-4, which
outlines the likely unit types and appropriate parameters to
f
I consider when evaluating airborne releases from different types
of waste streams.
4.
L
1 . Volatile Emissions
Constituent-specific physical and chemical parameters are
very important indicators of the potential magnitude of a vapor-
phase release. In some situations, these parameters can be used
to develop constants which can provide the investigator with a
useful means of quantifying relative release potential. The
parameters most important when assessing the volatilization of a
constituent include the following:
Water solubility. Tnt solubility in water indicates the
maximum concentration at which a constituent can dissolve
in water at a given temperature. This value csi help
the investigator estimate the distribution of a constituent
between the dissolved aqueous phase in the unit and the
undissolved solid or immiscible liquid phase. Considered
in combination with the constituent's vapor pressure, it
can provide a relative assessment of the potential magni-
tude of volatilization of a constituent from an aqueous
5-1 1
-------
TABLE 5-4
PARAMETERS AND MEASURES FOR USE IN EVALUATING
POTENTIAL AIR RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONSTITUENTS
Emission and Waste Type
A. Vapor Phase Emissions
— Dilute Aqueous Solution^/
Units of
ConcernV
Surface Imp.,
Tanks, Containers
— Cone. Aqueous Solution^/ Tanks, Containers,
Surface Imp.
Immiscible Liquid
— Solid
Containers, Tanks
Landfills, Waste
Piles, Land Trt.
Useful Parameters
and Measures
Solubility,
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,^/
Henry' s Law
Solubility,
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,
Raoults Law
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure
Vapor Pressure,
Partial Pressure,
Octanol/Water
Partition Coeff.
:i
B. Particulate Emissions
— Solid
Landfills, Waste
Piles, Land Trt.
Particle Size
Distribution,
Site Activities,
Management Methods
£/ Incinerators are not specifically listed on this table be-
cause of the unique issues concerning air emissions from these
units. Incinerators can burn all the forms of waste listed in this
table. The potential for release from these units is primarily a
function of incinerator operating conditions and emission controls,
rather than waste characteristics.
2/ Although the octanol/water partition coefficient of a con-
stituent is usually not an important characteristic in these waste
streams, there are conditions where it can be critical. Specific-
ally, in waste containing high concentrations of organic particu-
lates, constituents with high octanol/water partition coefficients
will adsorb to the particulates. They will become part of the sludge
or sediment matrix, rather than volatilizing from the unit.
•V Applicable to mixtures of volatile components.
5-12
-------
•IS
1.
i:
environment (see Appendix J for the water solubility of
a number of chemicals and see the discussion of Henry's
Law constant below).
*
o Vapor pressure. Vapor pressure measures the pressure of
vapor in equilibrium with a pure liquid. It is best used
in a relative sense; constituents with high vapor pres-
sures are more likely to have significant releases than
those with low vapor pressures, depending on other factors
such as relative solubility and concentrations (i.e. at
high concentrations significant releases can occur even
though a constituents vapor pressure is relatively low).
o Octanol /water partition coefficient. The octanol/water
partition coefficient indicates the tendency of an organic
constituent to sorb to organic constituents in the soil
or waste matrices of a unit. Vapors with high octanol/
water partition coefficients will adsorb readily to organic
carbon, rather than volatilizing to the atmosphere. This
is particularly important in landfills and land treatment
units, where high organic carbon contents in soils or
cover material can significantly reduce the release of
vapor phase constituents.
o Partial pressure. For constituents in a mixture, particu-
larly in a solid matrix, the partial pressure of a consti-
tuent will be more significant than the pure vapor pressure
In general, the greater the partial pressure, the greater
the potential significance of the release. Partial
pressures will be difficult to obtain. However, when
waste characterization data is available partial pressures
can be estimated using methods commonly found in engi-
neering and environmental science handbooks.
The investigator should examine each of the above parameters
in combination with each other and with the specific characteris-
tics of the unit of interest. Several measures are available to
help the investigator with this assessment, provided they are
applied to the appropriate waste types and units. These measures
inc lude :
Henry's Law constant. Henry's law constant is the ratio
of the vapor pressure of a constituent and its aqueous
solubility (at eoui libtium) . It can be used to assess
the relative ease with which the compound may be removed
from the aqueous phase via vaporization. It is accurate
only when used concerning low concentration wastes in
aqueous solution. Thus it will be mos t useful when the
5-13
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unit being assessed is a. surface impoundment or tank con-
taining dilute wastewaters. Generally, when the value of
Henry's Law constant is less than 10E-7 atm-m^ the consti-
tuent will not volatilize from water. As the value in-
creases the potential for significant vaporization increas
es, and when it is greater than IOE-3 rapid volatilization
will occur. Henry's Law constants for many potentially
significant constituents are listed in Appendix J.
Raoult ' s Law - Raoult's Law can be used to predict re-
leases from concentrated aqueous solutions (i.e. solutions
over 10% solute). This will be most useful when the unit
of concern entails container storage, tank storage, or
treatment of concentrated waste streams.
For solid wastes, imiscible liquids, and wastes disposed of
in landfills, land treatment, or waste piles there are no simple
measures that can be used to assess the potential for volatiliza-
tion of a constituent. The investigator will need to consider the
appropriate chemical, physical, and unit parameters, and then use
his/her best judgment in determining the potential for release.
Appendix J summarizes key chemical and physical parameters the
investigator should consider when assessing the different waste/
unit combinations.
2. Particulate Emissions
The likelihood of particulate releases at hazardous waste
management facilities is generally associated with landfills,
land treatment units and/or waste piles. The severity of particu-
late releases is governed by different parameters than those that
affect vapor-phase releases.
For particulate releases, the size distribution of the
particles in the release plays an important role in both dispersion
and actual exposure. Large particles will settle out of the air
more rapidly than small particles, thus they will not travel as
5-14
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far off-site or be diluted as much by dispersion. Very small
particles (i.e., those that are less than 5 microns in diameter),
are considered to be respirable and thus present a greater health
hazard than larger particles. Particulate releases containing a
high proportion of small particles are therefore of greatest
concern. The inspector should examine the source of the parti-
culate emissions to obtain information on particle size.
|
Three mechanism are particularly important in generating
particulate releases at hazardous waste facilities, and the
investigator should examine the site for evidence that these
practices are occurring. They are:
- o Wind erosion; In general, the unit's location will
j affect the potential for the wind to erode wastes in the
unit. The unit's location and orientation with respect
to the prevailing winds and large structures on site will
determine the unit's vulnerability to wind erosion and
the potential for particulate releases. Agency personnel
should determine the location of SWMUs of concern with
respect to prevailing winds and the use of wind screens
(both natural and man-made) and daily covers to determine
the unit's vulnerability to wind erosion.
o Reentrainment by moving vehicles on soil, paved, and
unpaved roads: Vehicles moving on site can generate
fugitive dust emissions. Factors affecting dust emissions
generation include the amount of daily vehicular traffic
at the site and the average size of the vehicles.
o Operational activities; These include the movement of
soils or hazardous wastes by dozers, loading by front-end
loaders, and other activities associated with landfilling
or waste piles may cause fugitive dust emissions.
D. Environmental and Geographic Factors
In assessing the potential significance of air releases from
a solid waste management unit or a facility with several units,
the investigator needs to consider environmental factors that can
affecc the concentrations of airborne contaminants. These include
5-15
-------
o Windspeed and direction;
o Temperature; and
o Amount of rainfall.
These factors directly impact the concentration of released
constituents. Under the right conditions, they can reduce the
importance of a release. However, under other conditions, they
may increase the effects of the release.
Atmospheric dispersion can rapidly dilute the mass of a
contaminant released from a solid waste management unit. In many
cases, a contaminant's concentration decreases as the distance
from the source of release increases. However, specific atmos-
pheric conditions such as wind speed, temperature and geographic
factors such as the moisture content and porosity of soils, can
greatly limit the amount of dispersion. When assessing air
releases, the investigator needs to consider whether any of these
conditions are important at the site in question. Conditions and
factors that affect dispersion include:
o Narrow valleys and urban areas containing large buildings
(artificial canyons);
o Areas dominated by off-shore breezes;
o Areas with atmospheric conditions known to frequently
result in inversions (low average wind speeds, mountain
bas ins, etc.
o Hot dry areas chat are conducive to rapid evaporation.
The investigator may be able to obtain some of this informa-
tion from local weather data bases as part of the preliminary
assessment. However, collection of this information will probably
require a site inspection.
5-16
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III. EVIDENCE OF AIRBORNE RELEASES
Positive identification of airborne contaminants at a site
is an important part of determining whether or not a significant
air release has occurred. However, because air releases are
difficult to observe and monitor, it will generally be difficult
to make a positive identification. In addition, it is doubtful
that adequate monitoring data will be readily available for a
specific site. The investigator will most likely have to rely on
circumstantial evidence based on available data, or, in some
cases, on sampling data collected during the site investigation.
A. Available Data Collection Methods and Sources
The most useful information for determining if a release is
or has occurred is on-site monitoring data. As mentioned above,
it is unlikely that this type of information will be available
for most sites. Sources of this information include the owner or
I operator, EPA regional offices, state, county or local departments
.. of health, or OSHA. Even if this information is available, the
investigator should carefully assess its usefulness, paying
{ particular attention to proper collection of background samples
and the time and weather conditions when samples were taken.
Other useful data includes citizen complaints concerning both
odors coming from the facility and observed particulate emissions.
It is important to note however, that the absence of odor does
not imply the absence of vapor releases, since many constituents
have high odor thresholds. OSHA may have, in addition to air
monitoring data, collected health or personal monitoring data
5-17
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from sice workers. This information may also suggest the presence
of a release.
B. The Role of Sampling
Agency personnel should monitor with portable instruments
and/or take enough air samples during the site investigation(s)
to complete a Hazard Ranking score. Appendix B describes how to
sample to obtain a Hazard Ranking Score. In addition, there may
be situations where the investigator may want to take samples or
require the owner or operator to take samples. For example, the I
investigator may wish to sample the waste in the unit to obtain
specific information on the types and concentrations of specific _j
hazardous constituents in the unit to get a better indication of ,
the potential magnitude of an air release. Other reasons to '
conduct additional sampling would be to: confirm a finding that a >flB V:
N.. M
release or a potential air release from the unit warrants further
5
investigation; compel a remedial investigation; or write a permit '
condi tion. ' --
The investigator may choose to use monitoring equipment,
such as an organic vapor analyzer or a forced air particulate
filter, around the perimeter of the unit to confirm a suspected
release from a unit. The investigator may also choose to take ;
air samples with sample tubes, such as carbon tenex tubes, and
analyze the samples with GCMS. However, without the proper
collection of background samples as well as time series sampling,
the use of such monitoring or sampling equipment during the
course of a site inspection can not confirm that a release is not
taking place.
5-13
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•
The investigator can require the owner or operator to sample
or monitor in certain situations. These are likely to be situa-
tions where the Agency can specify the number and location of
samples, sampling or monitoring methods, and the procedures for
analyzing samples.
IV. POTENTIAL FOR EXPOSURE
Exposure information, to the extent it is available for the
facility, will help in assessing whether and to what extent air
*
releases from the facility could affect human health and the
environment. Again, at this stage in the corrective action
process, the information and the analysis will largely be quali-
tative. However, this information can help in determining the
need to conduct further remedial investigations, (e.g., depending
on the population density around the site); and in setting priori-
ties for the remedial investigation stage of the process.
l_ Population density and distance from the source are the pri-
t- raary factors in determining the significance of a potential
exposure. Distance should be measured from the unit(s) containing
{ the waste rather than from the facility boundary, although total
facility emissions from all solid waste management units must
; also be kept in mind. Most importantly, the investigator should
consider the density of the population residing near the site,
as well as transients such as workers in factories, offices,
restaurants, motels, or students. Travelers that pass through
the area should not be included in any count.
The most significant exposure potential will occur in situa-
tions when there is a high population density very close to the
5-19
-------
site. However, because concentrations can be quite high, even
low density populations in such close proximity to the site are
of concern. Dispersion can significantly reduce concentrations
as distance from a site increases. Thus, the significance of
high population density at larger distances from the site is
reduced.
The investigator needs to consider the relationship between
distance, concentration, and population density in evaluating the
significance of an exposure potential. An additional factor to
consider is the population located along the line of the most
predominant wind direction at a site. Because the PA/SI is
primarily concerned with continuous releases, populations located
along this line downwind of the site are more likely to receive
significant exposures than populations located along other vectors.
If the investigator determines that a solid waste management
unit is releasing large volumes of unsaturated hydrocarbons,
he/she may need to consider population density over a much larger
area. These constituents contribute to the formation of photo-
chemical smog and ozone, which, in combination with other regional
pollutant releases, can cause significant exposures over a wide
geographic area.
V. RELEASE DETERMINATIONS
This section summarizes the unit-specific and site-specific
characteristics that should be evaluated to identify airborne
releases. Furthermore, it summarizes factors that determine the
relative exposure potential of an air release. In addition, this
section gives examples of site-specific situations that are likely
5-20
-------
to require further investigation and situations that probably
will not require further investigation. These examples relate
the individual unit and site-specific characteristics to each
other to describe the process for making decisions on what re-
leases should be further investigated.
A. Summary
i Exhibit 5-1 is a checklist that should help the investigator
evaluate specific factors to identify releases and determine the
%
relative effect of the release on human health and the environment.
In identifying releases, the investigator should consider the
series of factors'highlighted in the checklist that determine the
. potential for air releases from the facility. These factors
include:
»>
o Unit characteristics, such as size (surface area and
depth), type and use;
l
T o Types and characteristics of wastes placed in the unit; and
o The potential of locational factors and constituent-specific
I factors to affect the significance of the release.
[ The first section of this chapter described all of these factors
in some detail in order to give the investigator a. better basis
for determining whether a release is significant or not. While
many units can be expected to have air releases, most of these
releases — either because of certain unit characteristics,
concentrations of specific constituents in the waste, atmospheric
dispersion characteristics, distance to receptors, etc. — will
not be significant enough to warrant further investigation. The
investigator will need to consider each of the factors described
5-21
-------
Exhibit 5-1
Checklist for Air Releases
Yes
Identifying Releases
1. Potential for Air Releases from the Facility
• o Unit Characteristics
Is the unit operating and does it expose
wastes to the atmosphere?
Does the size of the unit (e.g., depth and
surface area) create a potential for air
release?
o Does the unit contain waste that exhibits a moder-
ate or high potential for vapor phase release?
- Does the unit contain hazardous constituents of
concern as vapor releases?
- Do waste constituents have a high potential for
volatilization (e.g., physical form, concentration,
and constituent-specific physical and chemical
parameters that contribute to volatilization)?
o Does the unit contain waste and exhibit site
conditions that suggest a moderate or high potential
for particulate release?
Does the unit contain hazardous constituents
of concern as particulate releases?
Do constituents of concern as particulate releases
(e.g., smaller, inhalable particulates) have
potential for re.lease via wind erosion, reentrain-
ment by moving vehicles, or operational activities?
Are particulate releases comprised of small
particles that tend to travel off-site?
-------
Exhibit 5-1 (cont.)
Checklist for Air Releases
Do certain environmental and geographic factors
affect the concentrations of airborne contaminants?
Do atmospheric/geographic conditions limit constit-
uent dispersion (e.g., areas with atmospheric condi-
tions that result in inversions)?
Is the facility located in a hot, dry area?
Evidence of Air Releases
o Does on-site monitoring data show that releases have
occurred or are occurring (e.g., OSHA data)?
o Have particulate emissions been observed at the site?
o Have there been citizen complaints concerning
odors or observed particulate emissions from
the site?
Determining the Relative Effect of the Release on Human
health and the Environment
1. Exposure Potential
l\ o Is a populated area located near the site?
Yes No
5-23
-------
in Section I of this chapter in determining the potential for
significant releases from solid water management units at the
facility.
Once the investigator determines that the potential for air
releases exists, he/she should examine evidence of air releases
(to the extent it is available) that identifies the presence of
releases. Evidence may include existing air monitoring data,
observed particulate emissions, or citizen complaints about odors
coming from the site.
The investigator should also consider the potential for _J
exposure from airborne releases. Information on the exposure i
potential of off-site air releases provides a basis for priori-
tizing sites. For example, if a populated area is not located 1
close to a site with an air problem, then further investigation _...
'Jfc
may not be necessary. Alternatively, a site adjacent to a popu-
lated area (e.g., a residential development) may be a priority
for a remedial investigation.
B. Examples
Table 5-5 provides examples of situations that are likely to
require further investigation and situations that probably will
not require further investigation for air releases. These examples
provide some guidance on making unit-by-unit release determina-
tions. Examples of where a further investigation is needed
generally illustrate units, such as open roofed tanks or surface
impoundments, that contain large quantities of highly volatile
organic wastes and that probably have ongoing and highly concen-
trated releases, or characterize other types of units with a high
5-24
-------
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potential for air release and that are located near populated
areas. Examples of situations where a further Investigation is
not needed illustrate units that do not contain hazardous consti-
tuents of concern for air releases, or units that are properly
maintained and have adequate waste containment systems.
Although these unit illustrations can be helpful in making
determinations, they are only examples and do not characterize
the exact situation at a given site. Therefore, the investigator
will need to evaluate all the site-specific factors and use
his/her judgment in deciding whether or not further remedial
investigations are warranted.
3-27
-------
1,
[
CHAPTER SIX
SUBSURFACE GAS
I. INTRODUCTION
The site investigation for subsurface gas should determine
whether releases of subsurface gas from solid waste management
units at the facility are occurring. Owners or operators of units
with Identified releases or that have a substantial likelihood of
a release will be required to conduct further investigations to
actually determine the extent of a release(s) and/or to character-
ize the release and begin developing a corrective measures program.
In general, EPA's primary concern is to determine whether
there are gas releases that could reach explosive levels in on-
site or off-site buildings. Therefore, the primary constituent
of concern in the subsurface gas site investigation is methane, due
to its explosive • properties and frequency of detection in subsur-
face gas. However, other potentially hazardous subsurface gases
may threaten human health or the environment in some situations
and the investigator may identify conditions conducive to their
generat ion.
r As with the other media, the investigations required in the
second phase of the corrective action process to determine the
nature and extent of subsurface gas release will be very resource
intensive for both the owner or operator and for the Agency.
Therefore, it is important for the PA/SI to identify units that
do not require further investigation as well as those situations
that clearly warrant further investigations for subsurface gas
releases.
6-1
-------
This chapter first describes the factors the investigator
should consider in evaluating specific units for their potential
to generate subsurface gas. Only certain wastes and certain
types of units are capable of generating subsurface methane.
Therefore, if the investigator determines that either the wastes
in the unit are not conducive to methane generation or the type
of unit does not permit subsurface gas releases, he/she does not
need to look further for evidence of release.
However, if the waste/unit combination has a high potential
for generating methane, the investigator should determine the
potential for gas releases to move through the subsurface to on-
and off-site buildings and may take samples in these buildings to
obtain evidence of a release. The chapter describes these situa-
tions and provides the investigator with guidance on when sampling
might be useful in making a determination that further investiga-
tions are required.
It. POTENTIAL FOR SUBSURFACE GAS RELEASES
As mentioned above, waste type and unit type and design are
the primary factors affecting the potential for subsurface gas
releases from a solid waste management unit. If either the type
of unit or type of waste in the unit precludes methane generation,
the investigator does not need to look further for evidence of
release. Each of these factors is discussed in greater detail
below.
A. Tyoes of Waste Placed in the Unit
The investigator should determine whether wastes conducive
to the generation of methane are present in solid waste management
6-2
-------
units at the facility. Anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes
generates large volumes of methane gas under the proper conditions.
When methane is generated in SWMUs, the potential exists for it to
accumulate under pressure and to migrate from the unit, thereby
posing a significant risk of explosion. The methane may also be
mixed with other volatile hazardous constituents present in the
unit, and may Increase the potential hazard associated with the
accumulated gas.
Conventional solid waste refuse is the primary waste type of
concern for generating methane gas. The volume of gas produced
in the unit depends upon both the quantity and types of refuse
present. Units may either contain primarily refuse or a mixture
of refuse and hazardous wastes. Units where refuse has been
codisposed with hazardous wastes may pose the most serious threat,
because of the potential for other volatile hazardous wastes to
. be mixed with the methane.
•• Higher volumes of methane will be generated at units con-
P taining larger quantities of refuse. The volume of gas generated
also depends upon the age of the unit and how long the waste has
I
I been in the unit. Methane generation will increase slowly after
waste emplacement to a maximum generation rate which will slowly
1 decline as the waste decomposes. The active lifetime for methane
generation from units closed as landfills depends primarily upon
the amount of precipitation infiltrating into the waste. Land-
fills in the arid Southwest will generally produce methane for
20-30 years, while landfills in the humid Southeast may only
generate methane for 4-5 years after waste emplacement. Landfills
o-3
-------
with higher moisture content provide a more suitable environment
for bacterial degradation.
The temperature of waste at the time of emplacement can also
affect the methane generation rate. Wastes placed in landfills
in the winter at temperatures below 10°C may not generate methane
for up to 5 years, even in climates with warm summers, due to the
insulating properties of the waste. The waste can remain at tem-
peratures low enough to effectively inhibit bacterial decomposition
for several years. The types of refuse disposed in the unit can
also affect the rate of methane generation. Descriptions of the
two types of refuse that can generate methane and a brief discus-
sion of other wastes that may mix with methane follow:
o Rapid Decomposable Refuse. Rapid decomposable wastes
will produce methane at high rates under the proper
conditions. These wastes include organic sludges from
wastewater treatment facilities, food wastes, garden
wastes, and other vegetable matter (e.g., grass clippings,
tree trimmings, etc.). The high concentration of readily
degradable organic compounds in these wastes provides an
ideal energy source for the anaerobic organisms that
produce methane. --
o Slow Decomposable Refuse. Slow decomposables will not
produce the immediate high volumes of methane possible
with the rapid decomposables. However, they will produce
methane at lower rates in the unit over a longer period
of time, and thus also pose a substantial threat. Slow
decomposables include paper, cardboard, wood, leather,
some textiles, and several other assorted organic ma-
terials. Slow decomposables are commonly a large percen-
tage of municipal refuse, and should be present in large
quantities if the SWMUs contain municipal refuse.
o Other Wastes of Concern. Volatile organic wastes disposed
in the units of concern for subsurface gas releases may
volatilize into the pockets of methane gas produced by
refuse decomposition and increase the hazard associated
with the gas. This situation could occur where liquids
such as solvents have been disposed of in landfills or
waste piles in high concentrations. These compounds are
not likely to migrate from the unit unless methane is
present to act as a carrier. However, certain volatile
6-4
-------
compounds would be likely to form mixtures with methane
where wastes are codisposed. The volatile wastes and
waste constituents of concern for subsurface gases are
the same as those that have the potential for air
releases. These are listed in Table 5-1.
B. Types of Units with a Potential for Subsurface Gas Releases
Only two types of solid waste management units are of
concern in the subsurface gas site investigation due to their
potential for generating methane or other subsurface gases of
concern. These units include active and closed landfills and
units that have been closed as landfills. Each is described
more fully below:
Landfills . Landfills are the most likely SWMUs to gen-
erate subsurface gases resulting in a release. The
underground deposition of decomposable refuse with or
without hazardous constituents provides a large source of
gas and a driving force that can carry other gases ven-
ting to the atmosphere and/or migration horizontally as a
subsurface gas. Closing landfills with impermeable caps
without venting systems retards the release of these
landfill gases as surface emissions. In these instances,
a large percentage of those gases migrate laterally
through soils along confining barriers such as ground water
tables, clay layers, synthetic liners, and compacted
covers. This migration could cause significant accumula-
tions of potentially explosive gas in facility structures
or in buildings off-site.
Units closed as landfills. Inactive SWMUs that have been
closed as landfills may generate subsurface gases. These
sites include closed surface impoundments or waste piles
containing decomposable or volatile wastes with in place
impermeable covers. Similar to landfills, gases generated
in sices closed as landfills may migrate laterally, pos-
sibly causing significant accumulations. However, closed
surface impoundments and waste piles generally contain
small quantities of decomposable and volatile wastes and
are at shallow depths. Thus, significant gas misration
and subsequent subsurface gas releases are j.ess _ik.ely
for these units than for landfills.
6-5
-------
Other solid waste management units are unlikely to have
subsurface gas releases because gases generated in the units are
more likely to vent to the atmosphere than to concentrate in the
unsaturated soil. Barriers (e.g., paving, compaction, or instal-
lation of covers for closure), can permit some lateral migration
to occur from these units. Generally, however, this lateral
migration will be limited to the extent of the barrier. Therefore,
the potential for releases from shallow SUMUs is usually
ins ignificant.
Although depth is one of several considerations for deter-
mining the potential for releases, the type of SWMU establishes
potential migration pathways and the waste characteristics create
the driving force for subsurface gas movement. Exhibits 6-1 and
6-2 illustrate some potential pathways from a few types of SWMUs.
III. MIGRATION OF SUBSURFACE GAS TO ON-SITE AND OFF-SITE RECEPTORS
Certain natural conditions and engineered structures can act
as barriers or conduits to subsurface gas migration. For example,
venting systems can prevent subsurface gas migration, while under-
ground utility lines can promote migration.
The investigator should examine the site to determine how
natural or engineered structures affect the migration of subsur-
face gas to on- and off-site receptors.
A. Geologic and Hydrogeolgic Factors that Affect Migration
1 . Natural Barriers
Gas raigration=can be impeded or prevented by geologic bar-
riers. Soil effective porosity and permeability are perhaps the
6-6
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6-7
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6-8
-------
most important natural barriers to gas migration. Porosity is
a function of soil type, moisture content, and weathering.
Permeability is determined by soil type. Tight, uniform soils
such as clays, at least to the depth of the unit, are good barri-
ers. Sandy soil will likely encourage venting of gas to the
atmosphere with little chance of horizontal migration. However,
sand and gravel lenses below a less permeable soil layer, are
| excellent conduits for subsurface gas migration. Climatic condi-
<
tions such as precipitation or freezing can also affect gas
migration. Both factors tend to reduce the porosity of surface
soils preventing upward gas migration.
Gas migration can also be impeded or prevented by hydrologic
! barriers such as surface water, ground water, and saturated soils.
t
Subsurface gas does not penetrate ground water and surface water.
Thus, if there is a lake or perennial stream between the unit and
, any structure, migration is unlikely. A high ground water table
•f
L' will restrict migration to the shallow unsaturated zone. High
f* water tables also allow for the use of trenches as gas control
devices.
I Subsurface gases that come in contact with these conditions
will tend to migrate towards the pathway of least resistance,
I
I, usually through a porous soil. As an uncommon example, if a
landfill or site closed as a landfill was surrounded (along all
sidewalls and bottom) fay water, gas migration beyond the confin-
ing barrier would not be expected. In most cases, however, ground
water and saturated soils only partially surround a unit (usually
along the bottom). Thus, lateral or vertical migration can occur.
6-9
-------
2. Engineered Structures
Engineered barriers include:
o Synthetic liners that effectively contain wastes;
o Slurry walls that border landfill units; and
o Gas control or venting systems.
The investigator should review documents on the design and opera-
tion of these systems and inspect the systems to confirm that
they are functioning properly. Subsurface gas control systems
are almost exclusively associated with disposal sites for
municipal-type waste rather than for hazardous waste. These
systems are probably only present at hazardous waste facilities
where municipal waste is codisposed with hazardous waste or where
a sanitary landfill is operating at the same site.
Gas migration from SWMUs may be facilitated by man-made
structures located within the facility or near the property
boundary. Examples of such structures include:
o Underground power transmission lines;
o Sewer and drainage pipes; and
o Underground telephone cables.
Gases migrating from a SWMU may enter these structures and travel
great distances to buildings or other engineered structures,
resulting in a potential hazard. The investigator should inspect
the facility blueprints and check with utilities (to the extent
that these tasks were not completed during the PA) to ensure that
no structures are present that could increase the likelihood of
gas migration to on- and off-site receptors.
6-10
-------
IV. EVIDENCE OF SUBSURFACE GAS RELEASES
If the investigator determines, based on his inspection of
the unit, that there is a significant potential for the unit to
generate methane and that geologic and hydrogeologic conditions
at the site tend to promote gas releases, he/she should examine
structures on and off-site for evidence of these releases. If
such conditions do not exist, the investigator does not need to
look for evidence of methane releases.
A. Role of Sampling in Making These Determinations
In some cases more extensive sampling or monitoring in
on-site or off-site buildings may be needed to compel a remedial
investigation or write permit conditions. Monitoring and sampling
does not confirm that there are no releases from a unit, only
that there were ho releases at the time of sampling or monitoring.
The investigator should be sure that incidental methane sources
(such as gas stoves) do not interfere with the results.
Methane field monitoring can be performed with combustible gas
meters, or by volumetric sampling and subsequent analysis by gas
chromatography. A combustible gas meter will provide a reliable
determination of combustible gas concentrations. It will not
indicate whether or not the combustible gas detected is actually
methane gas. However, if the waste in the unit could generate
methane, then it is likely that the meter is detecting methane.
Any significant gas reading (whether it is methane or not) is of
concern. Reported experience indicates 0 to 100 percent of the
lower explosive limit (LED detection to be accurate with hotwire
catalytic combustion principal instruments. However, many users
6-11
-------
prefer instruments with the capability of determining both the 0
to 100 percent LEL and the percent methane present when the
concentration exceeds 100 percent LEL (i.e., 5 percent methane).
Dual scale instruments are available for this application.
Typically, the 0 to 100 percent gas scale uses a thermal conduc-
tivity sensor. The carbon dioxide in landfill-generated gas is
reported to interfere with the thermal conductivity sensor, so
the investigator should not assume that readings above 100 percent
LEL are accurate. Some of the single scale 0 to 100 percent LEL
instruments can also be fitted with air dilution tubes or valves
to allow readings of the percent gas when the concentration is
above the LEL. Instructions on the use and calibration of these
instruments should be obtained from the manufacturer. Table 6-1
indicates subsurface gas sampling and testing methods and specific
technical requirements for each method.
Monitoring in a facility structure (i.e., those structures
within the facility's property line) should normally be done
after the building has been closed overnight or for a weekend,
and when the soil surface has been wet or frozen for several
days. Monitoring or sampling should be done in confined areas
where gas may accumulate, such as basements, crawl spaces, near
floor cracks, attics, around subsurface utility connections, and
in untrapped drain lines. Gas recovery and gas control equipment
(if any) should be evaluated as part of a monitoring program.
The results, location, date, and time for each sample should be
recorded. The investigator should take safety precautions be-
fore and during monitoring in buildings.
6-12
-------
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6-13
-------
V. RELEASE DETERMINATIONS
This section summarizes the unit-specific and site-specific
characteristics that should be evaluated to identify subsurface
gas releases that migrate to on-site or off-site buildings. In
addition, this section gives examples of site-specific situations
that are likely to require further investigation and situations
that probably will not require further investigation. These
examples relate the individual unit and site-specific characteris-
tics to each other to describe the process for making decisions
on which releases to further investigate.
A. Summary
Exhibit 6-3 is a checklist that should help the investigator
evaluate specific factors to identify subsurface gas releases or
to identify sites that have a high potential far gas release and
gas migration to on-site or off-site buildings. In identifying
releases, the investigator should consider the series of factors
described in the chapter and highlighted in the checklist to
determine the potential for subsurface gas releases from the
unit. The primary factors include: whether or not the unit
contains waste that generates methane or generates volatile
constituents that may migrate along with methane; and the unit's
potential to generate subsurface gas releases. The investigator
should examine these unit-specific characteristics and how they
relate to each other in determining the potential for subsurface
gas releases from units at the facility.
6-14
-------
Exhibit 6-3
Checklist for Subsurface Gas Releases
Yes Np_
Identifying a Release
1. Potential for Subsurface Gas Releases
o Does the unit contain waste that generates methane
or generates volatile constituents that may be car-
ried by methane (e.g., decomposable refuse/volatile
organic wastes)?
o Is the unit an active or closed landfill or a unit
closed as a landfill ( e.g., surface impoundments
and waste piles)?
2. Migration of Subsurface Gas to On-site or Off-site
Buildings
o Are on-site or off-site buildings close to the
unit? -. .
o Do natural or engineered barriers prevent gas
migration from the unit to on-site or off-site
buildings (e.g., low soil permeability and poros-
ity hydrogeologic barriers/liners , slurry walls,
gas control systems)?
o Do natural site characteristics or man-made
structures (e.g., underground power transmission
J. lines, sewer pipes/sand and gravel lenses)
facilitate gas migration from the unit to
buildings?
Determining the Relative Effect of the Release on Human
I Health and the Environment
1. Exposure Potential
o Does building usage (e.g., residential, com-
mercial) exhibit high potential for exposure?
6-15
-------
Once the investigator determines that the wastes in the unit
and the type of unit are conducive to subsurface gas releases,
he/she should decide whether methane gas could migrate to on-site
or off-site structures. Gas migration can be impeded or prevented
by natural barriers or engineered structures. Natural barriers,
such as ground water and surface water prevent lateral gas migra-
tion. Engineered structures, such as liners and slurry walls may
also prevent gas migration. The investigator should also deter-
mine whether gas migration could be facilitated by man-made
structures. For example, gas may travel through an underground
power transmission line to an on-site or off-site building. If
the Investigator determines that there is a significant potential
I
for methane migration to buildings, he/she may choose to sample
to confirm that there is a release from the unit. However, sampl-
ing should not be necessary during most site investigations.
B. Examples
Table 6-2 provides examples of si tuat ioos-_ that are likely to
require further investigation and situations that probably will
not require further investigation for subsurface gas releases.
These examples provide some guidance on making unit-by-unit re-
lease determinations. Examples of where a further investigation
is warranted include units that have a high potential for methane
generation and methane migration to on-site or off-site structures,
or where sampling in these structures indicates a gas problem.
Examples that illustrate situations where a further investigation
probably is not required include units where either the waste in
6-16
-------
Table 6-2
SUBSURFACE GAS
UNIT ILLUSTRATIONS
Unit Type
Closed Landfills
or Other Units
Closed as
Landfills
Further
Needed
Investigation
Units which contain
hazardous constituents
co-disposed with refuse
where gas venting systems
or barriers to gas migra-
tion will not prevent
migration to on-site or
off-site structures
Units where sampling in
either on-site or off-
site structures indicates
dangerous levels of
methane gas has migrated
from the unit
Units where conduits may
facilitate gas migration
to on-site or off-site
structures from units
known to be generating
methane gas
i.
Further Investigation
Not Needed
o Units that never
contained slow or
rapid decomposable
refuse
o Units where inspec-
tion confirms a
properly functioning
gas venting system
o Units where natural
or engineered bar-
riers will prevent
migration of methane
to structures
o Units in humid cli-
mates that have been
closed for over
5 years
o Units in arid cli-
mates that have been
closed for over
30 years
Active Landfills
Units which contain o
hazardous wastes co-dis-
posed with biodegradable
refuse where gas venting
systems or barriers to o
gas migration do not
function properly.
Potential for gas to
migrate to nearby
structures
Units where sampling
indicates that dangerous
levels of methane have
migrated from the unit
to structures
Units with
f unct ioning
ing sys tem
L properly
gas vent-
Units that have never
contained biodegrad-
able refuse or only
insignificant quan-
tities
6-17
-------
the unit or barriers are not conducive to methane generation or
migrat ion.
Although these unit illustrations can be helpful in making
determinations, they are only examples and are unlikely to charac-
terize the exact situation at a given site. For example, at many
sites with a potential methane problem, natural or engineered
barriers may only impede, not prevent, gas migration. In these
cases it will be difficult to determine if gas could migrate to
on-site or off-site structures. Therefore, especially in these
marginal situations, the investigator will need to evaluate all
the site specific factors and how they relate to each other to
determine whether a remedial investigation is required.
6-13
-------
APPENDICES
•
r
-------
APPENDIX A
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT DATA
L
-------
TABLE A-l
RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
SITE DESCRIPTION/MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
f
! RSI #3
o Type of unit
o Location of each unit at facility on a
topographical map
o Wheth-e? the unit is operating
o When the unit closed
«.
Part B
o Interim status ground water monitoring data
o Description of existing contamination
i
*4 o Records on prior releases
1 Compliance Inspections
o Results of owner/operator monitoring data
(
i . o Significant violations of operating standards
Exposure Assessment
o Summary of work-related injuries and illnesses
A-l
-------
TABLE A-2
RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
RSI #3
o General information on waste quantities '
o Description of waste |
-1
Part B
o List of wastes for each unit
o Description of unit sizes and volume
of waste received
Exposure Assessment
o Estimate of annual amount of was-te received
and pretreatraent processes used
o Presence of municipal-type waste/quantities/
locations/dates received (relates to sub-
surface gas problems)
o Summary of waste analyses not already submitted
A-2
-------
TABLE A-3
RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
POLLUTANT DISPERSAL PATHWAYS
'9
I
I
Part B
The following information is submitted on all units,
regardless of whether the units are landbased or not.
This information will be used to evaluate both "old"
and regulated units.
o Facility description (location of units,
drains, ditches, surface waters, etc.)
o Topographical map
o Procedures to prevent release
o Contingency plans in the event of a release
o Access control to active units (relates to
possible direct contact)
The following information must be submitted if the facility
is seeking a"permit for a land-based unit. This information
will assist in evaluating both "old" landfills and impound-
ments as well as regulated units.
o Characterization of uppermost aquifer
(flow rate and direction)
o Ground water table contour maps
o Flood plain data
o Prevailing wind direction/speed
o Procedures to prevent accidental ignition or
reaction
o Plans to control wind dispersal of particulate
mat ter
o Description of corrective action taken at
uni ts
o Systems to control run-on and run-off
o Procedures to prevent overtopping
o Structural integrity of dikes
Exposure Assessment Submission
o Existing aerial photography
o On site accidents involving waste transport or
subsurface gas
o Regional map showing areas of ground water recharge/
d i scharge
o Map showing location of all surface water bodies on
site and within 3 miles (including ditches and
water diversion structures)
o Nearby stream and river velocities
o Description of system used to monitor surface water
quality/ summary 01 surface water quality data
o Description of NPDES permits for the facility/
description of violations
A-3
-------
TABLE A-3 (continued)
RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
POLLUTANT DISPERSAL PATHWAYS
Exposure Assessment Submission (continued)
o Description of known releases to ground water/
surface water/air/soil/subsurface gas; extent
of contamination
o Map of location of any structures or underground ..
conduits within 1000 feet of property boundary ]
o Description of any monitoring or control mechanisms
for subsurface gas release
o General description of the unsaturated zone sur- ]
rounding the unit (soil type, thickness) -.1
o Areas on the site that are paved, capped, or other-
wise made less permeable to gas j
o Results and procedures used for any soil sampling j
o Description on type of release causing soil
contamination
o Description of spill/clean-up procedures for routine
spills/releases
o Procedures used to minimize number/serverity of
transportation accidents
A-4
-------
TABLE A-4
RCRA SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON
TARGET POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
Exposure Assessment Submission
o Summary of risk assessment for liability insurance
o Land use and zoning maps for 4 mile radius
o Previous contamination of public/private supplies
for 3 mile radius
o Known food chain contamination from land-based unit
seeking permit
o Major uses of surface waters
o Location of intakes and population served
~E. o Known food chain contamination from land-based
unit seeking permit
[ o Population within a four mile radius
, o Known food chain contamination from contaminated soils
o Maps showing nearby access and on-site transportation
routes (relates to possible direct contact to hazardous
materials)
A-5
-------
TABLE A-5
REGIONAL CERCLA CONTACTS
Region
I
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Name
Ruth Leabman
Perry Katz
Ed Skernolis
Joel Veader
Don Josif
Jo Johnson-Ballard
Gail Wright
Dave Schaller
Jeff Rosenblum
Debbie Flood
Telephone Number
223-1725 (FTS)
617-223-1725 (ODD)
264-8678 (FTS)
212-264-8678 (DDD)
597-4779 (FTS)
215-597-4779 (DDD)
257-2234 (FTS)
404-881-2234 (DDD)
886-0393 (FTS)
312-886-0393 (DD)
729-9742 (FTS)
214-767-9742 (DDD)
,.758-6864 (FTS)
913-236-6864 (DDD)
564-1532 (FTS)
303-293-1532 (DDD)
454-7513 (FTS)
415-974-7513 (DDD)
399-2722 (FTS)
206-442-2722 (DDD)
A-6
-------
TABLE A-6
GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
•
Site Management Practices
1. TSCA, OSHA, NPDES Compliance Reports
2. Municipal/County/City—Public Health Safety Inspections
3. Fire Marshall
4. Aerial Photography
Waste Quantities and Characteristics
1. CERCLA 103(c) Notification
2. RCRA Enforcement Compliance Reports
3. Existing Owner/Operator Sampling/Monitoring Data
4. NPDES Permits Application/Compliance Reports
5. Industrial Process References
6. Professional Organizations
7. Interview's .-with Current and Former Employees, Residents
Identification of Pollutant Dispersal Pathways
1. RCRA Enforcement Compliance Reports
2. USGS Geological Atlas
3. State Geological Survey Offices
4. Local USDA Soil Conservation Service Maps, Surveys,
and Publications
5. Local Universities/Colleges
6. USGS Hydrological Atlas
7. Local Well Drillers
8. National Weather Service
9. National Climatic Center, Ashville, NC
10. HUD, Flood Insurance Rate Maps
11. Local Property Insurance Agencies
12. Local Fire Marshalls
Target Population Characteristics
1. Maps and Aerial Photographs
a. EPA Aerial Photographic Analysis
b. USGS Land Use Maps
c. Local Planning Commissions/Agencies
2. Local/Municipal Water Departments
3. State/Local Well Installation Registration Offices
(if required by the State law)
4. County Agricultural Extension Offices
5. State Fish and Wildlife Agenesis
6. Local Naturalists or Environmental Groups
7. Local Well Drillers
8. GEMS Population and Housing Data Retrieval System
(available through USEPA only)
A-7
-------
.
APPENDIX B
CERCLA HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
[TO BE INCLUDED]
-------
APPENDIX C
LIST OF INDUSTRIES AND THEIR
RELATED HAZARDOUS WASTES
[PREPARED BY SCS ENGINEERS FOR THE
LAND DISPOSAL BRANCH OF THE OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE]
-------
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1
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Constituents Currently
Without Descriptions
1. Am1no-l.la,2,8,8a,8b,(hexalydro-8-hdroxy methyl)
-8a-methoxy-5Hnethyl-carbanate
2. 01beny[a,hjacor1dine
3. Dibenz[a.j]ac1Hd1ne
4. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
5. 7H-01benzo[c,g3carbazc1e
6. 0-0 dimethyl 0,2 pyrazinyl phosphorothloate
7. 01 ethyl stUbesterol
8. Oihydrosafrd
9. 3,4 D1hydroxy-alpha-(methyl ami no) methyl benzl alcohol
10. HaTomethane -. ,
11. Heptachlor epoxide
12. Methyl methacrylate
13. 2-«ethy1-2-(methylthio) prop1onaldehyde-o-oxirae
14. Nitrogen mustard
15. Nitrogen mustard n oxide
16. N1troqu1nol1ne-l-oxide
17. NUrosanine
18. Mltrosomethy!ethyl amine
19. Ml tro some thy lure a
20. Nitrosomethyl urethane
21. NltrosomorphoHne
22. N1trosonorni cati ne
23. Nltrososarcoslne
24. Selenium and compound
25. Silver and compounds
26. Thallium and compounds
27. 2,4,5 trlchlorophenoxyproplonlc add
28. Trichloropropane (Isomers)
29. 1,2,3 trichloropropane
30. Tr1n1tro benzene
31. Tris (1-azridenyl) phosphene sulfide
32. Tris (2,3-d1bromopropyl) phosphate
33. Yanadlc acid, ammonium salt
34. 2-acetylarainofluorene
35. Aflatoxlns
36. 4-aminoblphenyl
37. Antimony
38. Aramite
39. Aranri te
40. Arsenic and compounds
C-24
-------
Generic Compounds Currently
Without Descriptions
41 i AzaseMne
42. Benzenedrsonlc add
43. BenzoCb] fluorantnene
44. BenzoCj] fluoranthene
45. Beryllium and compounds :
46. N,N-81s (2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine
47. 81s (2-chloro1sopropyl) ether
48. 81s (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate i
49. 2-sec-butyl-4,6-d1n1trophenol . J
50. Cadmium and compounds
51. 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
52. Chloromethyl methyl ether
53. Citrus Red *2
54. 2-cyclohexyl-4,6-di n1trophenol
55. Cyclophosphamlde
56. Oaunomycln
57. Oibenz [a,h] acridlne
58. Oichlorophenylarsine
59. Dlethyl arsine
60. 0-0-d1ethyl S-methyl dithiophosphate
61. Dimethylcarbomoyl chloride
62. Olphenylanrine
63. 2,4-d1th1obiuret
64. Iron dextran
65. Kepone
66. Methyl tnethanesulfonate
67. Mustard gas
68. Propyl thlouracll
C-25
-------
APPENDIX D
REFERENCED STANDARD OPERATING
GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES
r
•te.
{_ [THE MATERIAL IN THIS APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY
THE OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND REMEDIAL RESPONSE (OERR)]
-------
REFERENCED STANDARD OPERATING
GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Please check off the following tasks that will be performed during the course of
the project. Then, at the bottom of the page and on subsequent pages, describe
fully, for each task, the appropriate procedures and actions that will be taken
to provide both quality assurance and quality control. If a given task has
standard operating guidance (SOG) that is documented, please refer to that
guidance. The primary reference would be State Agency Standard Operating
Procedures. List others as appropriate.
Document/Section Description
Ambient Air Sampling (OVA, HNU, etc.)
. Ground-Water Sampling
_______________ Surface-Water Sampling
i _______________ Soil/Sediment Sampling
Tap Water Sampling
Land Surveying
Electrical Resistivity Survey
Electromagnetic Survey
Magnetometer Survey
Metal Detection Survey
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey
Seismic Survey
Water Level Measurements
Perimeter Survey
Soil Borings/Well Installation
Bedrock Fracture Analysis
Pump/Permeability Tests
Preparation of Water Table Maps
Preparation of Bedrock Contour Maps
D-l
-------
REFERENCED STANDARD OPERATING
GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Others (list below):
Determination of Ground-Water Flow
Decontamination Procedures
D-2
-------
REFERENCES
The following portions of the NUS Superfund Division Quality Assurance Manual
describe the quality assurance procedures for the tasks listed on the previous
page:
( ) Number Subject
QAP 2.5 Work Plans
QAP 4.1 Field Data Collection
QAP 4.2 Data Reduction, Validation, and Reporting
QAP 5.2 Contractor Quality Assurance Requirements
QAP 6.1 Preparation of Instructions and Procedures
QAP 7-1 Identification of Controlled Evidentiary
Documents
J. QAP 7.2 Issuance and Distribution of Controlled
i_ Documents
s~: _____ QAP 7.5 Interim Document Review Procedure "
s^B^ QAP 8.1 Control of Procurement Activities
! QAP 8.2 Evaluation and Selection of Contractors
T
QAP 9.1.F2 Chain of Custody
I QAP 9.2.F2 Sample Control
QAP 10.1 Analysis Techniques
QAP 11.1 Offsite Reconnaissance
QAP 11.2 Onsite Inspections
QAP 12.1 Implementation of Measuring and Test Equipment
Controls Materials
QAP 13.1 Packaging, Marking, Labeling, and Shipping of
Samples from Hazardous-Waste Sites
QAP 16.1 Storage and Retrieval of Quality Assurance
Records
QAP 17.4 Preparation for Audit
^^^ QAP 17.6 Quality Notices
D-3
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APPENDIX E
OTHER STANDARD REFERENCE
MATERIALS ON WASTE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
-------
OTHER STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS OF WASTE
AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook
Chemical Process Handbook
Encyclopedia of Chemical Process
CRS Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
SAX, Dangeous Property of Indsutrial Materials
E- 1
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APPENDIX F
EXAMPLE EQUIPMENT LIST
4
I [THE MATERIAL IN THIS APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY OERR;
-------
EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT
BOOTS
Butyl Rubber Boots
Hip Boots Size
Latex Boot Covers
Tyvek Boot Covers
Item
CHEMICALS
Acetone 5 gal.
Acetone 1 gal.
Trichloroe thane 5 gal.
Trichloroethane 1 gal.
Me thy lene-chloride 5 gal.
Methylene-chloride 1 gal.
Hexane i gal.
Gasoline 1 gal.
Gasoline 3 gal.
Nitric Acid 1 gal.
Nitric Acid -. , 5 ml.
Sodium Hydroxide I liter
Motor Oil i qt.
2-Cycle Oil 1/2 pt.
j_ . Alconox 1 gal.
''Baking Soda 2 Ib. box
SAMPLE CONTAINERS
! 40 ml. VOA Bottles 1 each
T * gal. Amber Bottle 1 each
i liter Amber Bottle 1 each
r 3 oz. Glass Jars 1 each
} 1 liter Plastic Bottles 1 each
Plastic Bags 3" x 12" 100 box
Plastic Bags 1C" x 12" 100 box
; Plastic Bags 12" x 20" 100 box
Paint Cans w/lid & snaps 1 gal.
Paint Cans w/lid it snaps ft gal.
Paint Cans w/lid 4 snaps 1 qt.
Vermicuiite * cu. ft.
Quantity Amount
Packat
F-
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EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (Conf d)
Quantity Amount
Item Packaged Required
GLOVES
Neoprene _____
Viton _£
Butyl Rubber _
Cotton Work 3
Latex 3
Leather Work __
P.V.C. Surgical "
CHEMICAL RESISTANT COVERALLS
Tyvek SM
Tyvek MED
Tyvek LG
Tyvek XLG ~
Tyvek XXLG
Saranex SM ______
Saranex MED __
Saranex LG
Saranex XLG / 0
Saranex XXL
SAMPLE TUBES
Glass Tube .5 mm x 300 mm 1 each
Class Tube 1 mml x 300 mm 1 each
P.V.C. Tube 2" x 10' I each
P.V.C. Tube 4" x 10* I each
F-2
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EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (Coord)
Item
Quantity
Packaied
Amount
Required
L
•
Ji.
r
FILM
C-l3J-36-lOO-Prints
C-l3J-36-200-Prints
C-l3J-36-400-Prints
C-l3J-2»-lOO-Prum
C-13J-2»-200-Prints
C-l3J-2»-*00-Printt
C-l3M2-lOO-Prints
C-l3J-l2-200-Prints
C-l35-12-400-Prints
C-l3J-3*-200-Slide
C-l3J-36-25-SUde
B4 V-l 35-20-400-Prin ts
SX-70 Polaroid
Kodamatic
STATIONERY .SUPPLIES
Graph Paper
Manilla Tags
Paper Towels
Felt Tip Markers
Ball Point Pens
Indelible Ink Pens
1 roll
roll
roll
roll
roll
roll
roll
roll
roll
roil
roll
roll
sgL pack
sgL pack
ROPE
Nylon 3/16"
Nylon \lv
Manila 1/4
Manila 1/2
600* roll
1000' roll
100* roll
30' roll
TAPE
Clear Plastic
Duct
Elec. Vinyl
Filament
Flagging
Masking
Transparent
1 each
1 roll
1 roll
1 roll
100' roil
1 roll
I each
F-3
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EXPANDABLE EQUIPMENT (Confd)
Item
Quantity
Packaged
Amount
Required
MISCELLANEOUS
Aluminum Foil
17* Drums 33 gaL
17* Drums 33 gal.
Kim wipes
pH Paper
Plastic Roll 10* x 23*
Trash Bags *3 gaL
Vermiculite
300* roll
1 each
1 each
box
2 rolls
1 roll
20 box
1 bag
Quantity
Packaged
Amount
Required
•Preservatives, calibrating solutions, sample packing materials, and special items of
equipment are the responsibility of the Project Manager.
DEPARTURE DATE:
GROUP MANAGER ^
F-4
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NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT
Equipment Amount Required
CAMERAS
Cannon AE1
Polariod One Step
Polaroid SX70
Camera bag
Binoculars
AIR MONITORING
HNU Photoionization Detector /
Oraeger Tubes Type ft?* + ^ g a a«
Organic Vapor Analyzer /
OVA Chart Recorder " -.
Explosimeter /
Combination Explosimeter and O2 Indicator ____
Oxygen Indicator /
Oraeger Tube Hand Pump /
H2S Gas Indicator /
Mercury Sniffer . .
Photovac
i METERS
Radiation Mini-Alert
Conductivity Meter
pH Meter
Resistivity Meter (Bison)
Resistivity Meter (Soil Test)
Metal Detector
SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
Optical Rang*finder
Level, Hand 2X
Brunton Transit w/case
Compass
200' Fiberglass Measuring Tape
300' Fiberglass Measuring Tape
F-5
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NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (conf d)
Equipment . Amount Required
PUMPS AND LIQUID SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Double Diaphragm Pump I" _________
Submersible Pump I" /
Submersible Pump 2" _________
Pitcher Pump 2" .
Bacon Bomb Sampler /
Kemmerer Sampler /
LG Well Kit Sampler / ;
SM Well Kit Sampler !
SS Bailer
Teflon Bailer ________ }
Bottom Filling Bailer / j
SOIL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT -,
Spoons Lg ________
Spoons Sm .-
Spatula Lg __________
Spatula Sm •
Scoops
Trowel V
Large Stainless Steel Bucket */
Medium Stainless Steel Bucket _
Small Stainless Steel Bucket 3.
Split Spoon Sampler _________
3" Sucket Auger /
3.5" Hand Auger /
Dredge /
DECON EQUIPMENT
[ndian Tank
Heavy Duty Sprayer
John Deer Power Spray w/gas can
30' Sec. Garden Hose
Mop
Lg Hdl Dairy Brushes
SM Hal Dairy Brushes
Scrub Brushes
Bottle Brushes
Whisk Brushes
Wire Brushes
F-6
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j
NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (conf d)
Equipment Amount Required
POWER EQUIPMENT
Digger Mobile
3 HP Water Pump w/gas can
Generator w/gas can
Power Auger w/gas can
Extension Cord-Heavy Duty 100"
Extension Cord-Light Duty 23"
Remote Drum Opener
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Hard Hat -.
Safety Goggles
Safety Glasses .
Splash Shield
Full Face Respirator
Respiratory Cartridges
Butyl Rubber Apron
Encapsulated Suits
Life Vests
Rain Jacket
Rain Pants
j SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
»0l SCBA
t Dual Purpose SCBA
[ CASCADE System
*5 cu. ft. Composite Tanks
Umbilical Breathing Air Lines (50' Sec)
Umbilical Breathing Air System
330 cu. ft. Class "O" Breathing Air Cylinder
STANDBY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
200 Fire Extinguishers
O2 Resuscitator
Stretcher
E;e Wash
Trauma Kit
F-7
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NON-EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT (confd)
Equipment Amount Reguired
HAND TOOLS
Hacksaw
Post Hole Digger
Bung Wrench
Rake
Saw
Ax
Shovel
MISCELLANEOUS
Beeper .
Ventilation Smoke Tube Assy.
IsotempOven
Wind Speed and Direction Finder
Garbage Can
Clipboard
S3 qt. Ice Chest
*0 qt. Ice Chest
Write In:
Departure Gate
Croup Manager Z C I?£ 2 ^O &c?D Approved; y ( -'* •
(Signature)
F-8
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APPENDIX G
SAMPLE QUALITY CONTROL
THE MATERIAL IN THIS APPENDIX WAS DEVELOPED BY OERR]
-------
Sample Quality Control
This appendix describes four types of quality control samples*
blanks, spikes, duplicates, and splits.
Blanks
There are two kinds of blanks of concern for this type of
work: trip blanks and field blanks. Trip blanks are used to
determine if inadvertent contamination is introduced from the
sample containers or from an activity other than sample collection
such as sample shipment, storage. Blanks are prepared by the
sampler using distilled deionized water of known high purity.
These bottles are then sent with the othe sample bottles to the
field but are not opened. One set of trip blanks for each
analytical parameter group (e.g., organics, metals, volatiles)
should be prepared and submitted for each day- of sampling at a
j particular site.
Field blanks are used to determine if contamination is intro-
I duced by the sample collection activities or sampling environment.
They are prepared by bringing a quantity of distilled deionized
«: water to the field and "preparing" a sample by pouring the water
: into the bottles. They can also be prepared by pouring the
sample through sample collection devices such as bailers. A
field blank should be generated for each day of sampling at a
particular site.
Blanks should be submitted in the same manner as the other
field samples, with no distinguishing labeling or markings.
G-l
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Spikes
Spikes are used to measure the analytical accuracy of a
laboratory. A sample is split at the laboratory with a known
quality of a compound added to one portion of the sample. The
samples are analyzed and the percent recovery of the known quality
is determined. One spiked sample is recommended for every ten
field samples. Spiked samples are prepared by the laboratory
performing the analyses after the samples are received at the
laboratory. Although spikes are generally not handled by field
personnel, they are part of the QA process and should be specified
in the sampling plan.
Duplicates
Duplicate samples are another method of checking on the
precision of a laboratory's analytical methods. One duplicate
sample should be taken for every ten samples collected at a
facility. Duplicates are prepared by collecting one portion of
sample, homogenizing it and dividing the sample-into equal
port ions.
Splits
Splits are identical portions of samples split between EPA
and the owtir /ope rator. Splits are required only if the owner/
operator is responsible for collecting and analyzing the samples.
Split samples are used to evaluate the accuracy of analyses
performed by a laboratory. Splits are prepared in the field
exactly like a duplicate, but unlike duplicates, splits are
always analyzed by different laboratories. The owner/operator
G-2
-------
should be instructed to prepare a split of all samples. The EPA
inspector will then select two samples for EPA to analyze from
among all the samples.
i
L
G-3
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APPENDIX
DEVELOPING A SITE SAFETY PLAN
[ SOURCE DOCUMENT FOR THIS APPENDIX IS EPA'S OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANUAL, CHAPTER 9, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
RESPONSES, MAY 5, 1984]
-------
VJMTE3 STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASM;r«.-jrON. O C 20460
NOV I S 1984
MEMORANDUM
r
I
SUBJECT: Standard Operating Safety Guides, November 1984
x*'; ' • "
FROM: William N. Hertaman, Jr., Director r)^
Office of Emergency and Remedial ReWj —
TO:
Regional Office Addressees
The enclosed Standard Operating Safety Guides, November 1984
replaces the Interim Standard Operating Guides, Revised
September 1482. The Guides have been updated and revised to
reflect additional experience EPA personnel have gained in
responding to environmental incidents involving hazardous
substances.
\ The Standard Operating Safety Guides are in accordance and
consistent with the procedures for employee health and safety
contained in EPA's Occupational Health and Safety Manual,
Chapter 9, Hazardous Substances Responses, (1440 TN12),
May S, 1984.
The guides are not meant to be a comprehensive safety
manual for incident response. Rather, they provide information
on health and safety to complement professional judgement and
experience, and to supplement existing Regional office safety
procedures.
If you have any questions or comments concerning the
guides, please contact Mr. Stephen [.ingle. Director, Hazardous
Response Support Division or Mr. J. Stephen Dorrler, Chief,
Environmental Response Team.
Enclosure
Addressees
Director,
Di rector,
Di rector,
Director,
Director,
Director,
Ofc. of Emergence & Remedial Resp. , Region
Hazardous Waste Mgmt. Div., Region HI
Air s Waste Management Division,
Regions IV, vi, vii. viil
Waste Mgmt. Div., Regions I & V
Toxics & Waste Mgmt. Div., Region IX
Air & Waste Division X
II
cc: Gene Lucero, OWPE
John Skinner, OSW
H-l
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PART 9
SITE SAFETY PLAN
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the site safety plan Is to establish requirements for
protecting the health and safety of responders during all activities
conducted at an Incident. It contains safety information, instruc-
tions, and procedures.
A site safety plan must be prepared and reviewed by qualified personnel
for each hazardous substance response. Before operations at an incident
commence, safety requirements must be written, conspicuously posted or
distributed to all response personnel, and discussed with them. The
safety plan must be periodically reviewed to keep it current and techni-
cally correct.
In non-emergency situations, for example, long-term remedial action at
abandoned hazardous waste sites, safety plans are developed simultane-
ously with the general work plan. Workers can become familiar with the
plan before site activities begin. Emergency response generally re-
quires verbal safety instructions and reliance on existing standard
operating procedures until, when time permits, a .plan can be written.
The plan must contain safety requirements for routine (but hazardous)
response activities and also for unexpected site emergencies. The
major distinction between routine and emergency site safety planning
is the ability to predict, monitor, and evaluate routine activities.
A site emergency is unpredictable and may occur anytime.
II. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The site safety plan must:
- Describe the known hazards and evaluate the risks associated with
the incident and with each activity conducted.
- .List key personnel and alternates responsible for site safety,
response operations, and for protection of puolic.
- Describe La-vels of Protection to be worn by personnel.
- Delineate work areas.
- Establish procedures to control site access.
- Describe decontamination procedures for personnel and equipment.
- Estaolish site emergency procedures.
H-2
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. Address emergency medical care for Injuries and lexicological
problems.
• Describe requirements for an environmental surveillance program.
- Specify any routine and special training required for responders.
•
• Establish procedures for protecting workers from weather.related
problems.
III. SITE SAFETY PLAN SCOPE AND DETAIL
The plan's scope, detail, and length is based on:
• Information available about the Incident.
. Time available to prepare a site-specific plan.
. • Reason for'responding.
Three general categories of response exist - emergencies, character-
izations and remedial actions. Although considerations for personnel
\ safety are generic and Independent of the response category, in
scope, detail, and length safety requirements and plans vary consfd-
erably. These variations are generally due to the reason for
responding (or category of response) , information available, and the
severity of the incident with its concomitant.dangers to the respon-
der.
A. Emergencies
1. Situation:
Emergencies generally require prompt action to prevent or
reduce undesirable affects. Immediate hazards of fire, explo-
sion, and release of toxic vapors or gases are of prime
concern. Emergencies vary greatly in respect to types and
quantities of material, numbers of responders, type of work
required, population affected, and other factors. Emergencies
last from a few hours to a few days.
- Information available: Varies from none to much. Usually
information about the chemicals involved and their associ-
ated hazards is quickly obtained in transportation-related
incidents, or incidents involving fixed facilities. Deter-
mining the substances involved in some incidents, such as
mysterious spills, requires considerable time and effort.
- Time available: Little time, generally requires prompt
action to bring the incident under control.
- Reason for response: To implement prompt and immediate
H-3
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actions to control dangerous or potentially dangerous sit-
uations.
2. Effects on Plan
In emergencies, time is not available to write lengthy and
detailed safety plans. Decisions for responder safety are
based on a continual evaluation of changing conditions.
Responding organizations must rely on their existing written
standard operating safety procedures or a generic plan, and
verbal safety instructions adapted to meet site-specific
conditions. Since heavy reliance is placed on veroal safety
instructions an effective system to keep all responders
informed must b<» established. Whenever possible, these inci-
dent-specific instructions should be written.
B. Incident Characterization
1. Situation:
In non-emergency responses,for example, preliminary inspec-
tions at abandoned wastes sites or more comprehensive waste
site investigations the objective is to determine and charac-
terize the chemicals and hazards involved, the extent of
contamination, and risks to people and the environment. In
general, initial inspections, detailed investigations, and
extent of contamination surveys are limited in the activities
Chat are required and number of people involved. Initial or
preliminary inspections generally require 1-2 days. Complete
investigations may last over a longer time period.
- Information available: Much background information. Gener-
ally limited on-site data for initial inspection. On-site
information more fully developed through additional site
visits and investigations.
- Time available: In most cases adequate time is available
to develop written site-specific safety plan.
- Reason for response: To gather data to verify or refute
existing information, to gather information to determine
scope of subsequent investigations, or to collect data for
planning remedial action.
2. Effect^ on Plan:
Sufficient time is available to write safety plans. In scope
and detail, plans tend to be brief containing safety require-
ments for specific on-site work relevant to collecting data.
As information is developed through additional Investigations,
the safety plan is modified and, if necassary, more detailed
and specific requirements added.
H-4
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v,XX % x/"-
XXX sN
% S 0/>,, *S
%
-------
- Facility records.
- Preliminary assessment reports.
- Off-site surveys.
- Topographic and hydrologic Information.
The information initially available or obtained through subsequent
characterization provides a basis for developing a site-specific safety
plan. Information is needed about the chemicals and hazards involved,
movement of material on and off the site, and potential contact with
responders or the public. This type of information is then used along
with the reason for responding (and work plan) to develop the safety
plan. The plan is tailored to the conditions imposed by the incident
and to its environmental setting. As additional information becomes
available the safety plan is modified to protect against the hazards
discerned and to provide for site emergencies that may occur.
V. ROUTINE OPERATIONS
Routine operations are those activities required in responding to an
emergency or a remedial action at a hazardous waste site. These ac-
tivities may involve a high degree of risk, but are standard opera-
tions that all incident responses may require.
Safety practices for routine operations closely parallel accepted in-
dustrial hygiene and industrial safety procedures. Whenever a hazard-
ous incident progresses to the point where operations become more rou-
tine, the associated site safety plan becomes a more refined document.
As a minimum, the following must be included as part of the site safety
plan for routine operations.
- Describe the Known Hazards and Risles
This must include all known or suspected physical, biological, rad-
iological, or chemical hazards. It is important that all health
related data be kept up-to-date. As air, water, soil, or hazardous
substance monitoring and sampling data becomes available, it must
be evaluated, significant risk or exposure Co workers noted, poten-
tial impact on public assessed, and changes made in the plan. These
evaluations-need to be repeated frequently since much of the plan
is based on this information.
- List Key Personnel and Alternates
The plan must identify key personnel (and alternates) responsible
for site safety. It should also identify key personnel assigned to
various sue operations. Telephone numbers, addresses, and organi-
zations of these people must be listed in the plan and pasted in a
conspicuous place.
H-6
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I/11/3S
N«w Paqe M-9
- Designate Levels of Protection to be Worn
The Levels of Protection to be worn at locations on-site or by
work functions must be designated. This Includes the specific
types of respirators and clothing to be worn for each level. No
one shall be permitted 1n areas requiring personnel protective
equipment unless they have been trained 1n Us use and are wearing
It.
- Delineate Work Areas
t
r
Work areas (exclusion zone, contamination reduction zone, and
support zone) need to be designated on the site map and the map
posted. The size of zones, zone boundaries, and access control
points into each zone must be marked and made known to all site
workers.
- List Control Procedures
Control procedures must be Implemented to prevent unauthorized
access. Site security procedures - fences, signs, security pa-
trols and check-in procedures - must be established. Procedures
must also be established to control authorized personnel Into work
'v zones where personnel protection is required.
- Establish Decontamination Procedures
Decontamination procedures for personnel* and equipment must be es-
p tabllshed. Arrangements must also be made for the proper disposal
| of contaminated material, solutions, and equipment.
- Address Requirements for an Environmental Surveillance Program
[ A program to monitor site hazards must be Implemented. This would
include air monitoring and sampling, and other kinds of media
sampling at or around the site that would indicate chemicals
present, their hazards, possible migration, and associated safety
requirements.
- Specify Any Routine and Special Training Required
Personnel must be trained not only in genera! safety procedures and
use of safety equipment, but in any specialized work they may be
expected te do.
- Establish Procedures for Weather-Related Problems
Weather conditions can affect site work. Temperature extremes,
hign winds, storms, etc. impact on personnel safety. Work prac-
tices must be established to protect workers from the effects of
weather and shelters provided, when necessary. Temperature ex-
tremes especially heat and its effect on people wearing protec-
tive clothing, must be considered and procedures established to
monitor for and minimize heat stresr
H-7
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VI. ON-SITE EMERGENCIES
The plan must address site emergencies • occurrences that require
immediate actions to prevent additional problems or harm to respon-
ders, the public, property, or the environment. In general, all
responses present a degree of risk to the workers. During routine
operations risk is minimized by establishing good work practices and
using personnel protective equipment. Unpredictable events such as
fire, chemical exposure, or physical injury may occur and must be
anticipated. The plan must contain contingencies for managing them.
- Establish Site Emergency Procedures
— List the names and emergency function of on-site personnel
responsible for emergency actions along with the special
training they have.
-- Post the location of nearest telephone (if none at site).
— Provide alternative means for emergency communications.
— Provide a list of emergency services organizations that may be
heeded. Names, telephone numbers, and locations must be
posted. Arrangements for using emergency organizations should
be made beforenand. Organizations that might be needed are:
- Fire
- Police
- Health
- Explosive experts
• Local hazardous material response units
- Civil defense
- Rescue
— Address and; define procedures for the rapid evacuation of
workers. Clear, audible warnings signals should be estab-
lished, well-martced emergency exits located throughout trie
site, and internal and external communications plans devel-
oped. An example of codes that could oe used for emergency
operations based on direct-reading instruments is contained in
Annex 7.
— A complete list of emergency equipment sftould be attached to
tne safety pl-an. Trns h'st should include emergency equipment
available on-site, as well as all available medical, rescue,
transport, fire-fighting, and mitigative equipment. "•
a-8
-------
• Address emergency medical care.
— Determine location of nearest medical or emergency care
facility. Determine their capability to handle chemical
exposure cases.
— Arrange for treating, admitting, and transporting of Injured
or exposed workers.
— Post the medical or emergency care facilities location, travel
r time, directions, and telephone number.
— Determine local physician's office location, travel directions,
availability, and post telephone number if other medical care
1s not available.
— Determine nearest ambulance service and post telephone number.
— List responding organization's physicians, safety officers, or
lexicologists name and telephone number. Also Include nearest
poison control center, if applicable.
— Maintain accurate records on any exposure or potential exposure
of site workers during an emergency (or routine operations).
The minimum amount of Information needed (along with any
medical test results) for personnel exposure records is con-
tained in Annex 8.
P - Advise workers of their duties during an emergency. In particular,
_L it is imperative that the site safety officers, standby rescue
•personnel, decontamination workers, and emergency medical techni-
. clans practice emergency procedures.
t - Incorporate Into the plan, procedures for the decontamination of
Injured workers and for their transport to medical care facilities.
r Contamination of transport vehicles, medical care facilities, or
[ of medical personnel may occur and should be addressed in the
plan. Whenever feasible these procedures should be discussed with
appropriate medical personnel in advance of operations.
i- - Establish procedures in cooperation with local and state officials
for evacuating residents who live near the site.
VII. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SITE SAFETY PLAN
The site safety plan, (standard operating safety procedure or a
generic safety plan for emergency response) must be written to avoid
misinterpretation, ambiguity, and mistakes that verbal orders cause.
The plan must be reviewed and approved by qualified personnel. Once
the safety plan is implemented, its needs to be periodically examined
and modified, if necessary, to reflect any changes in site"-work and
conditions.
H-9
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All agencies and organizations which have an active role at the incid-
ent must be familiar with the plan. If possible the plan should
be written in coordination with the organizations Involved. Lead
personnel from these organizations should sign the plan to signify
they agree with it and will follow its provisions.
All personnel involved at the site must be familiar with the safety
plan, or the parts that pertain to their specific activities. Fre-
quent safety meeting should be held to keep all informed about site
hazards, changes in operating plans, modifications of safety require-
ments and for exchanges of information. It is the responsibility
of personnel involved at the site as workers or visitors to comply
with the requirements in the plan.
Frequent audits by the incident manager or the safety designee should
be made to determine compliance with the plan's requirements. Any
deviations should be brought to the attention of the incident manager.
Modifications in the plan should be reviewed and approved by appropri-
ate personnel.
VIII. SAMPLE SAFETY PLANS
Annex 9 and 10 are two examples of Site Safety Pl*ns. Since no one
sample plan or plan format can adequately address all safety require-
ments for the variety of incidents that occur, they should be used
as a guide to help develop an incident-specific plan. They can also
be used, with necessary adaptation, as generic plans for emergency
response.
In some incidents, the sample plans contained in Annex 9 and 10 might
be satisfactory to use by themself. Filling ifi^Wie blanks provides an
effective safety plan. In many incidents they should only be consid-
ered as a check list. Since they do not exhaustively cover every
condition which may need addressed, users of these sample plans and
any other type examples must realize their application to any one
incident may not be acceptable. Therefore they must be used with
discretion and tempered by professional judgement and experience.
They are not meant to be all inclusive but examples of considera-
tions, requirements, and format which should be adapted for inci-
dent-specific conditions.
H-1 o
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j.
APPENDIX I
GUIDANCE ON OBTAINING ACCESS TO
A RCRA FACILITY IF ACCESS FOR
A SITE INVESTIGATION IS DENIED
j [ SOURCE MATERIAL FROM: U.S.E.P.A. HAZARDOUS WASTE GROUND
I WATER TASK FORCE, "REVISED DRAFT PROTOCOL FOR GROUND-
WATER INSPECTIONS AT HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE
; AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES", JUNE 1985]
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APPENDIX K
LIST OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
-------
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
t
L
Metal*
and
Cyanide
Dioxin
Compound Na me
Antimony, Total
Arsenic, Total
Beryllium, Total
Cadmium, Total
Chromium, Total
Copper, Total
Lead, Total
Mercury, Total
Nickel, Total
Selenium, Total
Silver, Total
Thallium, Total
Zinc, Total
Cyanide, Total
2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDO)
Volatile Acrolein
Compounds
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Bromoform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chemical Abstract
Service _Numfaer
7440-36-0
7440-38-2
7440-41-7
7440-43-9
7440-47-3
7440-50-8
7439-92-1
7439-97-6
7440-02-0
7782-49-2
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
7440-66-6
57-12-5
1764-01-6
107-02-8
107-13-1
71-43-2
75-25-2
56-23-5
108-90-7
K- 1
-------
APPENDIX fc. (CONTINUED)
Compound Name
^••^•••^•^••^•^^"^^^^^•^^^^^•w ,
Volatile
Compounds Ch1oroethane
(cent.)
2-Chloroethylvinyl Ether
Chloroform
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropylene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl Bromide
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
Tri chloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Chemical_Abstract
Service Number
75-00-3
110-75-8
67-66-3
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
78-87-5
542-75-6
100-41-4
74-83-9
74-87-3
75-09-2
79-34-5
127-18-4
108-88-3
156-60-5
71-55-6
79-00-5
79-01-6
75-01-4
K-2
-------
APPENDIX j. (CONTINUED)
1
•»=-
Compound Name
Acid 2-Chlorophenol
Compounds
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2, 4-Diroethylphenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrcphenol
_p-Chlor o-m-cr eso 1
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Base/Neutral Acenaphthene
C ompounds
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzidine
Benzo[a]anthracene
BenzoLa]pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
BenzoCghi 3perylene
Benzo[X]fluoranthene
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)
Methane
Bi«{2-chloroethyl) Ether
Chemical Abstract
Service Number
95-57-8
120-83-2
105-67-9
534-52-1
51-28-5
88-75-5
100-02-7
59-50-7
87-86-5
108-95-2
88-06-2
83-32-9
208-96-8
120-12-7
92-87-5
56-55-3
50-32-8
205-99-2
191-24-2
207-08-9
111-91-1
111-44-4
K-3
-------
APPENDIX g. (CONTINUED)
Compound Na me
^••••"•^^•••^••^^^^^••••^••^ • t
Base/Neutral Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)
Compounds Ether
(cont.)
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
4-Bromophenyl Phenyl Ether
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
2-Chlor©naphthalene
4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether
Chrysene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
Oiethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Di-n-Butyl Phthalate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2, 6-Oinitrotoluene
Di-n-Octyl Phthalate
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
(as Azobenzene)
Fluoranthene
Flourene
Hexachlorobenzene
Chemical Abstract
Service Number
102-60-1
117-81-7
101-55-3
85-68-7
91-58-7
7005-72-3
218-01-9
53-70-3
95-50-1
541-73-1
106-46-71
91-94-1
84-66-2
131-11-3
84-74-2
121-14-2
606-20-2
117-84-0
122-66-7
206-44-0
86-73-7
118-74-1
K-4
-------
APPENDIX fc, (CONTINUED)
Compound Name
Base/Neutral Hexachlorobutadiene
Compounds
(cont.) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
IndenoCl,2,3-cdJpyrene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamina
N-Nitrosodi-N-propylanine
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Pesticides Aldrin
alpha-BhC
beta-BHC
gamma-BHC
delta-BHC (Lindane)
Chlordane
4,4'-DDT
4, 4.'-DDE
4,4>DDD
Dieldrin
Chemical Abstract
Service Number
87-68-3
77-47-4
67-72-1
193-39-5
78-59-1
91-20-3
98-95-3
62-75-9
621-64-7
86-30-6
85-01-8
129-00-0
120-82-1
309-00-2
319-84-6
319-85-7
58-89-9
319-86-8
57-74-9
50-29-3
72-55-9
72-54-8
60-57-1
K-5
-------
APPENDIX £. (CONTINUED)
Compound Name
Pesticides alpha-Endosulfan
(cont.)
beta-Endosulfan
Endosulfan Sulfate
Endrin
Endrin Aldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
PCB-1242
PCS-12 54
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
Toxaphene
Chemical Abstract
Service_Number
115-29-7
115-29-7
1031-07-8
72-20-8
7421-93-4
76-44-8
1024-57-3
53469-21-9
11097-69-1
11104-28-2
11141-16-5
12672-29-6
11096-82-5
12674-11-2
8001-35-2-.
K-6
-------
APPENDIX
CALCULATING SURFACE RUN-OFF
[THE METHODOLOGY IN THIS APPENDIX WAS ADAPTED FROM AN
APPROACH FOUND IN-U.S.S.C.S., URBAN HYDROLOGY FOR SMALL
WATERSHEDS, TECHNICAL RELEASE NUMBER 55. JANUARY 1985.]
-------
CALCULATING SURFACE RUN-OFF
This appendix presents a method for estimating surface
run-off for different amounts of rainfall. This method is
based on the use of a matrix developed by the U.S Soil
Conservation Service (U.S.S.C.S). The matrix (in Table L-3)
gives estimates of surface run-off for selected run-off curve
numbers and rainfall amounts.
The run-off curve numbers in the matrix represent the
effect of soil type, land use and vegetative cover on run-off
amount. The investigator must assign hydrologic soil
• '' classifications for soils between the unit and surface water
and/or off-site receptors and identify land uses in order to
derive the weighted run-off curve number. This can be done
by:
1) Determine the hydrologic soil classification(s) for
all soil types in the area between the unit and
surface water and/or off-site receptors. This infor-
mation can.be obtained by:
a) Contacting the nearest SCS office and requesting
r a soil survey of the county where the facility is
located. The soil survey contains maps that
indicate soil names for all areas of the county.
«' b) Using'Table L-l to locate the soil name(s) and
corresponding hydrologic soil classification (e.g.,
t A, B, C, or D).
2) Determine the land use(s) of the area between the
f unit and surface water and/or off-site receptors.
| (see Table L-2 for land use descriptions).
3) Using Table L-2, identify the run-off curve number
' for each land use description/hydrologic soil group
', combination.
4) Calculate the weighted run-off curve number (see the
example given below).
Once the weighted run-off curve number is derived, the
investigator must identify the 1-year 24-hour rainfall amount
and use it and the weighted run-off curve number in the
matrix in Table L-3 to determine run-off.
Below is an example of how to use the matrix to determine
run-of f.
,-1
-------
Calculating Run-off (continued)
Page 2
Example
Compute the run-off from 5 inches of rainfall for a
1,000 acre watershed between a landfill and the nearest
downgradient stream. All the soils are in hydrologic soil
group C. The land use between the unit and the surface water
is 50 percent meadow (good condition); 25 percent pasture land
(poor condition); and 25 percent wood land (good cover).
1. Compute the weighted run-off curve number.
Percent
of total Table L-2
Land use land use Curve number Product
Meadow 50 x 71 3550
(good condition) 1
I
Pasture land 25 x 86 - 2150
(poor condition) ,
Wood land 25 x 70 1750
(good cover)
Toi}! 74JcF
Thus
Weighted CN =• 7450 - 74.5 (use 75)
' "100
2. From Table L-3 using CN « 75 and Rainfall » 5 interpolate
to read run-off - 2.45 inches
-------
TABLE L-l
SOIL NAMES AND HYDROLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Table L-l on the following pages provides soil names and their
hydrologic classifications. The hydrologic classifications, A,
B, C, or D, are indicators of the minimum rate of Infiltration
obtained for a bare soil after prolonged wetting. These hydrologic
classifications and Information on. the associated land use, can
be used to compute run-off curve numbers shown in the appendix.
The hydrologic soil groups, as defined by SCS soil scientists,
are:
A. (Low run-off potential). Soils that have a high infiltration
rate even when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of deep,
well drained sands or gravels.
B. Soils that have a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly
wetted and consist chiefly of moderately deep to deep,
moderately well to well drained soils, with moderately fine
to moderately coarse texture.
C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wetted
and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes
downward movement of water or soils, with moderately fine to
fine texture.
D. (High run-off potential). Soils having a very slow infiltra-
tion rate when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of
clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with a
permanent high water table, soils with a claypan or clay
layer at or near the surface, and shallow soils over nearly
impervious material.
L-3
-------
TABLE L-l
Soil Names and
Hydrologic Classifications
AASf AO
4A4JO
Aa*»M
AAltiltTSTOlM
A4ECG
AaciA
4am.
4af aof f *•
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4f. '.S4^
IF TNI
4F fl)N
AUAI
AG\S* 1 /
404 tE
4^A«A*
AGi'.CT
Afettt
ACMFk
4GMC.
4C. «.S
AGUA
AGuAOtlL A
4CUA :i.>iCF
luoFsi
4(**l 1 t 1 r 4
41-.IJ 1 . <•
4&*iST i «
41*4 rOKt*
41^.
4m. , Ifc ll»
***ff*
4*«*JL r
tf TAN4I*
4M»A»I i**
41 .UNI 1.1
4l«f S
41 »•« *
4llf»
41 SA/f *
AI fc«"ir
41* 1 <4
41 ••• T
AIM
a
c
0
c
a
a
a
a
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
c
a
a
c
c
11
u
II
0
c
a
n
a
c
A
A
3
A
k
C
A
n
C
a
4/0
tf
A
n
i
a
P
a
c
9
II
a/c
a
4
4
C
^
3
0
H
0
c
c
4
1
L
c
c
9
J
n
d
C
n
J
4
ABAC A
AIASIA
AKF.L A
ALAOOIN
AtAE
AIAEIQA
AlACA
AIAIAI
Al.A»A
AIAHAHCE
A14HC
•IAHCSA
AI.AVAHA
414>AI
AlAAA)
Ali>AHO
AlttAH*
Al*AIOAl
Aln«f
Al9CMAKlf
AlHFaf Vlllt
AIM A
AI jicm
Alan ICHTS
AICAIOC
AlCESIt*
AlCOA
AlCOMA
AlCDVA
AlOA
AIOA1
ALUCH
ALOtA
AI.|)E>OAIE
AIUE***UOO
AlOIMO
Alt>MCIK
Alii
AiriAHOCIA
AIHIS
AlFOllO
AlbANSEt
AICIF4S
A4.M»4
AllCt
AllCEl
11 1C 1 A
41104
AllUCMI
AIKO
AlltGASH
AllA'O
AlLFGf^feNT
AllE*AkO^
ALLCM
Allfc4.OAt.fe
AlbENSVI HE
41LC ATI NC
All F. k«UPO
4lLtT
ALLIANCE
All !&Af 0*
All IS
All I SCM
AIICU4 I
AllCMT
Al'AC
Al »F *»A
Al'uMr
4lrV
41LMA
1U»H
Al 0 JNA
4ll*O1>
AlPl'VA
410S
Al i£ A
us: in
41 '•:
At 'UwA
11 Tc^l
41 'US
41 TV AN
41 VIS
41V 1 44
41V 1 *C
A
a
c
^
A
a
A
c
c
a
c
c
0
A
5
C
c
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a
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a
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J
.'
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^
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•
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•
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AHAUOI
AHACCM
4«41U
A* AHA
A0AIGOSA
A»A«tlLC
AHAiA
AfiatASCM
AnaCT
AAtaVA*
AAltCEC
AAttLIA
AUfklA
4HJAICUI
APES
A^HEaST
AH ITT
AMOM
A4WIE
AA*ca
4T
4kACA»A
AHAMUAC
AA>AA*I TE
ARAM A
AkAtCAiE
4kl«CAOI
AAXtC
AkCKIACE
AkCKA tAT
AkCHCI *CINf
ikCLLTE
A»CC
AHCCIS
4kCCASCk
AkCiS
AHCCAIHIA
AAtOOVE*
AHCatS
AkCREIlS
4fc{C
A»(Tk
AkCUICA
AHCEllNA
AHCIi
Ak-ClE
AAClleN
•MCCIA
AHCCSIURA
AMIAK
4»I1A
AH«tk>
IHIAU*
4HHAHEIIA
AkkAkOAl t
Akkl^ICN
4A>CKA
AKCA(S
AAStl *C
AM SOH
AH(E*C
AHf FIAT
AKfHOkV
AHI ItoQ
AATIlCk
«»cicc»
4A TCI kE
4k IT
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a
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AMC* a
AA9UCXIE •
AHCAIA a
ARCH a
AACxAaAi a
AACHE* C
AICHIH C
A*CO a
AACUIA C
AAO C
AHOCH a
Aiibkkvcia a
AUDI LI A C
AKOAIE a
A«F.kA C
AAikAlfeS A
AtLEE
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AIOIA
AFSIOH
AITEAaEAIT
ATTEkAJ
ATTICA
1
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ATUtaOM
ATHATEAI
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AfMCOO
AuaatEMAuMu
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AUOIAH
Aatikof Svliii a AU cacs
AJtkOSA A
AAFk^vlLLC a
AnooHAur a
AAGUELLO a
AACTLE a
A«IIC A
4AI4»UflA C
AAK^CMT E
AHIAHC a
AHIIHC C
AtllkSTUA, A
AHlOVAl C
A9HAI«H fl
AAHIkAfuAi fl
AAPU 1
AAPCLjA 1
A*»STI> C
A«»SI«CMC a
AOUCMtk 0
AanEbAHO a
AAM-4AI C
AMMMfilH C
AAku B
AMGia i
AIIHCf C
IAUCSIPC*
1KOSA 0
1A» 0
AkMlk6TC1 1
1""CLI»» C
AIM sauce
AU«USIA
tuio
AUMA
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AUSIlk
AU A MASSE
4UIQUI
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4AVACA 0
aaavio
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ASCALCH 9
aAcCAfl
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ASHCAIC 9
9AIIE
9AIKMILI.E
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ASMIH 1
AAAF.OV
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ASx i»HNCS C AAUtA
ASx'UH 1
ASMUt t
9AAiA
9ALAAH
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4S«Utlt.r C AALCM
4J«t. C HALO
ASC a oAictA
»»il A ASCI IN C AAlOOCX
1* AC«t
4'AAU 1 fc
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IF 1 Srk
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10*1 • <' 4f c
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4*ei 1 NC
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ft* Tl« 1 S 1C
ii 4
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
•ANCITLM
•AM 4*0
•AftNO
•AVNfkvlllC
•AHNOC*
•ANOUf tE
•A* AMI
•MICA
AA4I4KV
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• IKC14T
•AICUS
AAAO
M*OIN
•A* Olt»
•AkEtA
lAkftlLD
M*FVSS
•AM El
AAME«VIL1E
IM«lfT
• AALANt
•Alt Ok
AAkNAkB
•ACNES
AMNCS1UN
•ACNET
AAKNMAkOT
AAkHST'AO
•AAWMi
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AAkkiM*
lAkkv
•AASTUk
•AkTH
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•ANTON
•AIIOMPIAT
AAAVON
•AiCd"
AASIHnu
•AlNAk
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•ASM E
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AASINCI:«
•ASKIT
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IASSEL
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I4TAVI*
kAIIS
• ATM
• A till CIEMI
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UUM
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• AH TC«
tAITt.VILlE
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lilt IAIC
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NOTtS
•EATTT
M4IXOU*
•EAUfUHO
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MAUMtAlO
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Mill
MLLHCNT4INE
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MkkEGO
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L-5
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
MtNNCt
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alfttTON
tM*o«r
a'icifi
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a*ioct
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CAIG
CAIIO
CAJALCO
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CAIAAAIAS
CALAIS
CALAHIM
CAIAFCOYA
CAIAHAM
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CALOf*
CAlCMfll
CALIAST
CALEa
CALERA
CALHl
CALHOUH
CALICO
CAI 1 'CM
CALIMJS
CALITA
CALUA
CALIIMS
CALL AMAH
CALLEGUAS
CALL m«S
CALLCkAT
CAL*AI
CAlkEVA
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CAL»f*T
CAl»t«TCN
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CAf'MQff A
cim A
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CORILLOS
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CHACRA
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4/0
January 1971
L-6
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
CN(MIA.»m«
CN€t*"l
C**(LSC fa
CM%«»»*
tJ2U°N4'
CNt»»A
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GLf HdAUCK
GLt NCOf
GLf -"OALf
GL^^04LE
GLCkOIVt
GLC *IOO* A
>LEkELG
A HANK HYD
TWO SOIL S»
0
c
c
0
0
A
1
c
0
1
c
0
0
1
c
1
0
t
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1
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c
c
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1
c
c
c
1
c
0
1
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1
9
9
1
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C
1
1
c
c
0
c
c
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9
A
C
C
c
a
i
i
c
i
t/o
a
c
c
a
c
0
c
c
a
c
0
G
a
c
4
C
4
a
4
C
a/C
C
-\
C
a
a
3
C
f
a
e
C
a
•OLOCIC
Cl EM II 10 0 GIAkCf*
GLfkffOftO C C*ANt»EVILLf
CLEfcMALL
ClfkMA*
SLEKHOA
GLfkkALLEN
GLtkOKA
CttMCSE
GLINSIE9
CLtKfON
GLikvtEk
6lf fcvlLLI
GLIDE
Si IMQN
GLOIA
CLCUCfiTi*
GLOVE*
CITMM
CLTkk
GCIH
CCCCAIO
ccooc
CCCEC'E
scoritT
cocm*
GCEGIEIN
CQESSCL
GC'*
GtCIIIC
GGLIIN
GCLCCNOA
CCLOENOAli
GCLCHHO
CtLChILL
GCLUIIAN
GCLO«IOC«
GCLC1UN
GUlUSKin
GOiosron
GULCSfMA*
GCLCVALt
GCLUVEIN
GCLIAfl
&GLLAME*
CC^f I
CCkvIO
C*A4>ILfc
CHAAlC
CMANf
6*A»I SSUHC
SKAIlISUALt
GH4NYILLE
C*A*EVIN*
CMAS*E*E
SHASSkA
CHASST lurTE
S*A It
GHAVCEN
SIAVE
G«AYltY
/O GAAYCALH
SAAY^CMO
GAATLING
GIAYlOC«
C*AY*CINI
EIAYS
S*CAI 9BMJ
GIEELEY
GAEkN ALU"
S*EEk CANYUN
CIEEkCIEE*
CACEkCAL E
C*E Ek^ 1 ELO
SkCCkHCMII
CICkkLEA*
CUCEMCUCM
C*CEk*O* '
C*EEN HIVE*
GMtkS.CMC
GfttkSON
SAEEklON
SIEEkVILlC
CHEENliA fCtf
GllEEk»ICH
GutEkMJCU
C«EE*
SMfeCCi'V
GAtll
MENAOA
GIENVILLE
GUCCH 9 G»l SHAH
GGCCALE C ClfklkCK
GCCOIkG C GUtTSACl
CLCCIkGION C C«EYIULL
GCC3LCH | GAEYCLIH-
GOCC»4N | G«IMY
CCCC1ICM 1 GAH.SION
SCCUSMINCS 0 G«I»$TAO
GCOSE CtEE* 1 C*1S>CLC
GOCSE LAM C SKIVE*
GCCSmjS 1 G*II/LY
GCICO C GICGAN
GCI( a GiOSeCLOSE
GCK6CNIC A GICSS
GC*HA^ a G*t,TCN
GC»lk C MOVE
SC.AIKC C GdCVELAMQ
GC**AH a G«UYE*
COLS A GUCVtlLN
GOIiELL 1 G*UI4S
GOSffk « G*ULLA
GCSHU'E 9 G*U'»!t
GCS'raT C GAUkCY
uCrnAH A CJuvt*
GcrhA»o c G*YCLA
GUTHtC C GUACALu*^
GCIHC C GUAJE
GCLLOING 9 GiiALALA
l-C*4k C UUA»«H|
GCVE 9 GbA«4jlan
»C«tN I GbANICA
G ACE 4 GUAVAaO
G 49Lf a GUATAeGTA
G ALf'Qkr 1 GUAYA0A
0 4CEVILLE t GUaCk
G 4CY 0 GUCXEk
^ AFTCM a GUELFH
G*A»AII 0 GutNCC
G«AIL G GUt«kSEY
G*4» 1 GUt«M*C
G'ANAfH a GuEsr
G«4H9r A/9 Gblk
GilAkOi >CkOE 3 GUL£«
CH4KOFIELC a GULK4NA
GaAkCVIEk C GLH9C3T
1«4Kt» C GU*aA4«El
SOIL ••nil* l»«IC'
C
I/C
1
C
1
c
A
1
c
1
1
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c
c
1
c
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1
1
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1
1
1
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I
1
1
0
1
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1
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1
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r >ir>Y
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.January
GUkN
GUNtEH
CU*AM
UUAkCT
CUSTAVUS
cusriN
GUIHAIE
GUY ION
C»!k
SHIMCTT
SYNE*
HACCIE
H AC IE NO A
HAC*
HACIEHS
RACItTTSrOM
RAOLEY
HAOO
HACEN
HACENOAITH
HAGINi*
RACE*
xAGOHAN
HAG(*Sf CMI
H4CGA
HA 1C
HAIIU
HA ILIA*
RAIkfS
MAI*t
HALAIA
HALCE*
RALE
HALtIM
HALEY
HALF •CCM
RAL f 0*0
HAL>"AY
HAL 11
HALIIHAlLt
HAL IS
HALL
HAL LEO
HALL HAMCH
HALLYILIC
HAL SIT
HAIIA*UA*0*0
HAIIAN
HAH A*
RAMLE*
HAHallCRl
HAPIUAC
HAHEL
HAHEILT
RA^IL fCft
-4«l£T
MARL IN
HAHPOEN
HAM*SH|*E
HAMVTCk
HAffTAH
RANA
HANALE 1
»4kAC4ULU
AfcCEVILlE
AkO
AkO*C*0
ANE V
AkCAAAO
HAkCE4
»4 If Of
HA BINS
HA «S
HA LY
HA kA
/c
HANOVE* G
HAkS C
HANSEL C
-AkSKA C
HANSON 4
HAN FRO a
HANTJ U
HA» a
N4«COOO a
i-4»«EY C
M4««c«u . a
H4««OU«TON
»4>ca a
B4«C6"4k a
HA'OtSTY e
HA.tlkC
,rr.. OFTtB'-ll (r
Tt..JTIrN
1971
1
J
n
L-I 0
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
L
M* POt C* ACM I
MMOt
MMC*Et«E
MAM (US
N*P*EY
MAPI AN
MAPI CM
RMLES'ON
MMUNCfk
MAPPEHl
MA* HUNT
Mt*k«T
MA«P*I»
MIPS
HAIPUM
MMPT
HAPUUA
MAA3UA
MA tlllt
BAM IMAM
MA«li
MAIIISCUPC
MA* A ISO*
MMIISVUlf
HAJSTEM*
MMT
MMT CAMP
MAPTPOPO
MMTU
MM U AkO
HAATlf TOM
HAITI IkE
MAPTSMAtC
MA-liEHS
MA«TV«Ca«
MAP* All)
MPVEl
HAtVET
HAUIll
MAS* INS
MSStll
Msrikfis
MAT
MAT MM?
»4lC»
MATCH»«»
MTPIELO
HATMAMAY
HATTK
MAT TQM
HAUPSTAOT
M***««
HAVE*
HAOEIIT
MAYE4SCM
MM III AM
MPVIMCOOM
M*»4{
M«««elGM
MAM
MAMES
MAX
MAMtYf
MtM'.cll
MAMSPIIMCS
•AiTui
MAVIjOUMMt
MAVftun
MAYOtl
•AYCSTi'k
MAYf SVIllf
MATIIclO
HAV*nrtC
MAVMOMO
MAYNCS&
MAYS! *
p»AYP*rSS
MAVS*U«*
•At If J
MATT 1
•4ATWM >
MA/ fl
• XElAlii
KAi't
"4U««U«ST
• AUt 'Ok
MfAOlf «
HC A03IIAP TEHS
Hf*l*
HftCIT
MttCEM
HfHQ
MttMflk
HtCMT
Hfcm
RfCIA
MtCTCI
MfCOCM
>*0t IC«
XO»Hl.t
HtCME
MflOfN
MflOTMAN
ME 11
HflPOAl.
••EISETOM
MISLEI
Mf 1ST
HfITT
HfITt
Hftltt
HflOT
MflEPAMO
HflfNA
M*HH«
MflVfTIA
HflY
HfM«M
M(MMI
" -feOPPIUO
HtrPSTCM
HfKCAATI
MEMOEISOM
MfMOPICIS
MMtMl
M«Mlk
HfNIEY
M(M.IM(
MtMkKt
MtMlfPIN
MMIINCSfN
MtOAY
H«MSEl
MfMSMAM
HfMSlfY
M(PIE«
M(*«(AT
H(«E*OKO
MCIIIIMEI
MEtlCKC
r-OMISTCK
MtAMCM
MOMWl
Mt«0
(•<•«(»
H(«IIC1
«*>CN
««M«
fASMAl
(SCH
(>PC«
(•SPE'IA
M(S»fAUS
»tsst
MESSel
HfSSEllfIG
MCSSEITINE
MC^SCN
••ttltNCI"
«€U
»» ifl
NIAlEAH
NIAHAfHA
•I«A»«0
Mirimc
/O »IC«C«Y
>IOS
HlUAtCO
M|PEA«AY
MIOEkOCO
HICMA'S
NI&HHH.D
• ir,» :AP
"IGHUHO
»IC»»O«E
Mf(>«« »AMK
M(A«C 0 *(M|»ANU
•»«t" C «IUM«
H'ATl* » M|«Q *t*K
»tai
1
P
C
1
c
c
c
1
c
0
1
C '
0
0
I
1
1
0
1
A
1
1
A
c
1
A
I/O
K
c
1
1
c
(.
c
1
c
0
9
1
a
A
c
c
c
a
1
0
c
0
1
c
a
n
a
A
c
•
• s c
MYQVOI.OC 1 r
s»miri stir
NUCMlN
HIIEA
HUES
MllCf*
MIltAAYE
HIllEMMM
HIllfT
NtllMELO
HIllCATE
MUIIMO
MIllC*
Mlll$»C*O
MlllSCAlf
HllPAl
MIIC
HUT
MUTCH
HlkCIlCY
HI HOES
HlkESMIPft
HlMlE
MIA.MM
MlkSOAiE
HlftKf
HISIf
MITT
Ml YlSTA
•ikASSir
HIMCOO
Hiirck
HCIACKCI
HCIAk
HC4IS
XtSCk
t>CCHHEIP
HICl IMC
MCCIIMSON
RCCIKY
MCCCI
HICCIkS
HCCCSCN
MCEIE
MCElflC
•C»»k
nC»»AM«lliE
NCCAkStUIC
HCCEIAMO
HCCC
I-O4«IS
MCH
HOtPAkM
HCIC
vtlMOCI
MOICOP*
HCIOAIAY
KlOEk
MICEIMESS
(•(ICIECE
hCLLAMO
MClllkCEl
fCHIS
MLILISTEI
MkllCPAH
HLllOAY
MCllY
MCLIY SPPINCS
KCllYkCCC
•Cl'OEl
«1»IS
»ClCrUA
MCLCFAi
KlICYO
MILSIfct
HCIST
nClSTCk
HCII
•H-l'lf
H.'1'YlllE
Hcucir
»0»A
KCH CAPP
HC'dAlE
OCX A
MC'fSIAlE
«>f STEAC
*-Ck«OE
MOIfYWOVC
HOMYYIllt
HCMM
MOMCIAA
MCMCLUA
HOhCPAMU
MCMCtM.IM.1
NONUAUIU
HCUO
MOO 01 f
HCCOSPCIT
MOGOVU*
HOOITCM
JO HOOlfNUA
MOCPAl
Nccrt*
HCOPfSTDl
Mcesic
MCCT
HCbTtk
MCOVtl
HOPE TCN
HCPtkCLl
^QPCCCO
HOPIIhS
HCPIET
MCPPfl
HOQUIAM
MOIATIO
HC*0
HC«CI
HCIkClk.
MWHIN6
^CIMIIOS,
KCAACCIS
HOIirSMQE
MWTCM
OOTCMtllt
MOSIIN
MOSIET
MCSPf*
HOTAM
HCT IM(
MCUOfK
KU«*iTON A/0
MOUI. C
NCULIA C
MOUlTCN C/0
MCUMJIY 0
M^JACIASS 1
HCUSAftMIC 0
•tuSf MCUMTAIN o
l«USt«ULE C
MCUSICfc 0
HCUSTCk UACI C
•OVOE A/C
n.>E» 0
MCYtkXEP C
MU«E»r o
•UVfT C
/O HC>A«C 1
HCkELL C
XklAkO C
H.TC 1
NtTtttOM C
K.YPUS A
HCYI»lllC 0
WIIAIO A
HUtlf 0
HJIE1T 1
/O HU«l£«S»ufcO C
ruCllEBEHMY C
MUOSCN C
HUECC C
»Ut I A
MuEkOr a/c
MjCKMJtKC 0
c HUE* o
C/0 cufMkt A
C MUGCIkS C
t m.»*t s C
1 ruCxESYllkC •
C MJCC 1
D CUICHICA C
1 KtjIIAU A
C WISH »
a MJI 1 s c
0 (HilLT I
C KUIUA 0
1 mj» •
1 KUMACAO »
(•C'tf 0 HUOATAS C
• »s f/r i«-mrATr« TI-« 3-«i>>tr/Tif"Ai"»r> «i
MUVtMCt* 1
HUP! 110 C
MUMIO4.0T
fvmint^
•UPf
MUMESTOk
MUMPIMSTOM
HUPPMPEYS
"WMPTOlIPS
MM SAKE*
MUMtEIS
MMIlMli
HOMTIMtTOM
MUHISYIILE
HUPP
MWUIY
MIMCN
MUPST
HUP k At.
MUSE
MUSSA /O
NUSlMAN
MUTCMIMSOAI
HUTSCk
HUllfY
HYAP
HYAI
HYAITVULf
HTOMUAIC
MTOI
HYOPO
HYMAS
nimuf
HYSfA*
IAO
IIEIlA
ICEkE
10*
IDA III
lOAkA
lOECk
lOMCk
16* AC 10
ICC 0
ICUM.O*!) o
INIEM a
IJA» C
UDMCNSa 1
III* 1
11110* I/O
I -A 1
IMICI 1
IMIAT C
1HMC1ALEE I/O
IPPE«IAl C
IM*YAlE A
IMOIAHOMA C
INOIAk
INOIAk CICEI 0
IMOIAkC C
INOIAMCl* A
INOIO 1
IMA a
IHCAllS 1
IMCAPO a
IMCEMIO C
IMCPAP 0
INIICI a
INIS C
INPAk C
IkPC <
INSMP C
IkvEIHESS C
IM.CCO C
10 a
IOIA A
lOltAU C
IOMA a
IONIA •
ICSCC 1
IPA«A •
IIA C
IPCOtll 0
IMETta* C
HIP C
IPCCI t
i*ck aicssop o
HCk PCUkTAlk 0
nok IIVE* e
IKOkTCk C
mvucick c
THAT' 01'
January 1971
L-li
-------
TABLE L-1 (continued)
f*nl«
ISAAC
I S4AIMAM
ISA«CLL
ISA"
1 $A*if 1
ISMA*
KM »l\*l
1 Si AMD
ISrO**C6A
irswnr
IMA
IVA
l«4«
1 VCS
IVIf
m*s
IIA6U44
lift
JitU
JACACUAS
JACAN*
JAC llfU
J4CI CC»«ILLC
JACU4
Jtti,3W1
JACOri*
JACOUFS
J4C9UI TM
JAC«I*
JA***fcV
JAMJfr»S
J*l
JA«f< CA*TCM
JAOtSf C»M
JA*f
JAWHi
J4NSC1
JMktl
J4«IT\
jA**e
J**»IS
jAiPM
J4INI4N
J404
J4T
J4»»P
JATSON
jE4fc
J( 4ME**f *f
je •*• u «F
JfOJo
J(**t . SUM
jEILf*r
Jfl-
JPM4 1 US
JP** t %^c*t
JEMM SS
Jt**l>«|%fiS
JE'**V
JC4AIII J
jf * f CH.J
Jf*OP?
JttttT
JtSuCl
JtSSe C***
jf s%u*
J* *"T
Jl ..<
^ 1
J t t «' C
j[ rctin
4.'
JC «-s
JIH.I rr
JUPH.
jnc.i
JOH«I>
JUH^N >*()*{•
J«HI\ ;.• t
JunKsFflD
J^MM^. jfti
jTlCf
ji.i i ^ r
ji.«»%niiir
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January 1971
L-12
-------
TABT.E T.-l (continued)
IUVAI4U
1UL4
(ULMALA
CULL IT
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kUMHrtlA
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THO son srours
45 »/r i»«nie4Tfs T«f np4ir-fr/irtpi>4irf» JI
January 19T1
L-13
-------
TABLE L-l (continued).
IV* C
LU«A C
IUMCH C
IUMOIMO C
IU»OY 9
LUHf C
lU'TON 0
LU«A a
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LUTE 0
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luriE a
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lUjtMA 0
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I TUCK 0
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I TOMS 0
LTUMS¥lllt 1
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•
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
M TO*. I US
•ET«I
r
•(IICU
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• IA*I
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•ice:
• ICHflSON
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L-17
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L-18
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
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January 1971
L-19
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
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January 1971
L-20
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
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L-21
-------
TABLE L-l (continued)
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a
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a
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a
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kir»c( c
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rail
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i
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9
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9
•,«nu»s SUCH AS «/c INDICATES *»< ofniHrn/imor'M'irn 'ITUATI^-
:J
January 1971
L-22
-------
TABLE L-2
Run-Off Curve Numbers for Selected
Agricultural,-Suburban, and Urban Land Use
i
LAID USE OESOtXPTTOll
Cultivated land!': without conservation treatment
: with conservation treatment
Pasture or range lanrt: poor condition
good condition
Meadow: good condition
Wood or Forest land: thin stand, poor cover, oo Milch
good co»«ri'
Open Spaces, lavtu, parka, golf course*, cemeteries, etc.
good condition: grass cover on 75$ or s»re of the area
fair condition: eras* cover on 50% to 75* at the area
Commercial and business areas (85X impervious)
Industrial districts (72$ Impervious).
Residential: •*'
Average lot size Average * Impervious-
1/8 acre or less 65
1/U acre 38
1/3 acre 30
1/2 acre 25
1 acre 20
Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.-
Streets and roads:
paved vita curbs and *ton severs-
gravel
dirt
KYDftOLOGIC SOIL GROUP
A
T2
62
68
39
30
U5
25
39
U9
89
81
77
61
57
5<»
51
98
98
76
72
B
81
71
79
61
58
66
55
61
69
92
88
35
75
72
70
68
98
98
»5
62
C
36
78
36
7U
71
•n
70 .
7U
79
9b
91
90
33
31
3o
79
98
96
39
37
0
91
31
39
30
78
33
77
50
SU
95
93
92
37
36
85
3U
98
98
91
99
-' For a lore detailed description of agricultural land use curve auaoers refer to
national Engineering Handbook, Section k, HydrologVi Chapter ?, Aug. 19T2.
-' Good cover is protected froa grazing and litter and irush cover §01:
-/ Curve auaoers are cooputed assvaing tae runoff froa *at souse *nd Irlvevay
is directed towarda t&e street vith a aiaiaum o* roof water directed to lavu
vnere additional Infiltration could occur.
-' de remaiaiag pervious areas (lawn; are considered to be ia good pasture condition
for these curve auneer*.
-' In icoe varaer climates of the country a curve amber of 95 oay be jsed.
L-23
-------
TABLE L-3
Run-Off Depth in Inches for Selected
Curve Numbers and Rainfall Amounts
Rainfall
(inches)
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
- k
5
6
1
8
9
10
11
12
.0
.2
.U
.6
.3
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Curve Number (CN)-/
60
0
0
0
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.17
0.33
0.76
1.30
1.92
2.60
3.33
U.lO
U.90
5. 72
6.56
65
0
0
0.02
0.05
0.09
o.iu
0.30
0.51
1.03
1.65
2.35
3.10
3.90
U.72
5.57
6.U1*
7-32
70
0
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.2U
O.U6
0.72
1.33
2.0U
2.80
3.62
U.U7
5.3^
6.23
7.13
-8.05
75
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.20
0.29
0.38
0.65
0.96
1.67
2.U5
3.28
U.15
5.0U
5.95
6.88
7.82
8.76
80
0.08
0.15
0.2U
0.31*
O.UU
0.56
0.89
1.25
2.0U
2.89
3.78
U.69
5.62
6.57
7.52
8.U8
9.U5
85
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
2.
3.
U.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
17
28
39
52
65
30
18
59
U6
37
31
26
22
19
16__
1U
12
90
0.32
O.U6
0.61
0.76
0.93
1.09
1.53
1.98
2.92
3.88
U.85
5.82
6.81
7.79
3.78
9.77
10 .-76
95
.56
.7U
.92
1.11
1.29
1.U8
1.96
2.U5
3.10
U.U2
5.U1
6.1*1
7.^0
S.Uo
9-^0
10.39
11.39
98
.79
.99
1.18
1.38
1.58
1.77
2.27
2.78
3.77
U.76
f
• 5.76 s
6.76
7.76
3.76
9-76
10.76
11.76
-/ To obtain runoff depths for CN's and other rainfall amounts not
shovn in this table, use an arithmetic interpolation.
L-24
-------
r-
APPENDIX M
SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
L
[
[INFORMATION FROM THE OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND REMEDIAL RESPONSE]
1
-------
SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
f>
Compounds am characterized on the basis of persistence, accumulative capacity and
volatility. "X* indicates the appropriate environmental compartment(s) for initial
sampling.
Environmental Compartment
Compound
Sediment
Biota
I?
I
METALS AND INORGANICS
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanides
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
^
PESTICIDES
Acrolein
Aldrin
Chlordane
000
DOE
DOT
Oieidrin
Endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate
Endrin and endrin aldehyde
Heptachior
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorocyciohexane (a.3.5 isomers)
Y-HexachlorocYCion«xane (lindane)
Isophorone
TCOO
Toxaphene
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M-l
-------
SAMPUNG PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Environmental Compartment
Compound Water Sediment Biota
PCBs AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Polychlorinatad biphenyls (6 PCS arochlors) X X
2-Chloronaphthalene X X
HALOGENATEO AUPHATICS
Chloromethane (methyl chloride) X
Oichioromethane (methylene chloride) X
Tricnioromethane (chloroform) X
Tetracnioromathane (carbon tetrachloride) X
Chloroethane (ethyl chloride) X
1.1-Oichloroethane (ethylidine chloride) X
1,2-Oichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) X
1.t.1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) X
1.1.2-Tnchloroetnane X
1,1.2.2-Tetrachioroethane X
Hexacntoroethane X
Chloroethene (vinyl chloride) X
1,1-Oichloroethene (vinylidine chloride) X
1.2-Trans-dichloroethene X
Tnchloroethene X
Tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene) X
1,2-Oichloropropane X ' ~-
1.3-Oichloropropene X
Haxachforobutadiene X X
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X X
Bromomethane (methyl bromide) X
Bromodichloromethane X X
Dibromochloromethane X X
Tnbromomethane (bromoform) X X
Olcnlorodifluoromethane* X X
Tricnlorofluoromethane* X X
ETHERS
Bis(chloromethyl) ether* X
9is(2-chloroethyl) ether X
* These compounds have been removed from the EPA priority pollutant list.
M-2
-------
SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Compound
Environmental Compartment
Water Sediment Biota
n
ETHERS (Continued)
Bis(2-chloroisopropy()*ther
2-Chloroethyi vinyl ether
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
MONOCYCUC AROMATICS
Benzene
Chiorobenzene
1,2-Olchiorobenzene (o-dicnlorobenzene)
1.3-Olchlorobenzene (m-dichlorobenzene)
1,4-Oicnlorooenzene (p-dichlorobenzene)
1 ,2.4-Tricniorobenzene
Hexacnlorobenzene
Ethyibenzene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
2.4-Oinitrotoluene
2.6-Oinitrotoluene
PHENOLS AND CRE5OLS
Phenol
2-Chlorophenol
2.4-Oichlorophenol
2.4.S-Trichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenoi
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
2.4-Oinitrophenol
2.4-Oimethylphenol
p-Chloro-m-cresol
4,6-Oinitro-p-cre$ol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
These compounds have been removed from the EPA priority pollutant list.
M-3
-------
SAMPLING PRIORITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Environmental Compartment
Comoound Water
PHTHALATE ESTERS
Dimethyl phthaiate
Diathyl phthalate
Oi-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Bis(2-9thyJh8xyl) phthaJate
Butyl benzyl phthalata
POLYCYCUC AROMAT1CS
Acanaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo (a) anthracane
Benzo (b) fluoranthene
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
Benzo (ghi) parylene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chrysene
Oibenzo (a.h) anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno (1,2.3-cd) pyrane
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
NITROSAMINES AND MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS
Dimethyl nitrosamine X
Diphenyl nitrosamine
Di-n-propyl nitrosamine X
Benzidine
3.3'-Dfcniorooer»2idine
1 .2-Oiphenythydrazma (nydrazobenzene)
Acrylonttnle X
Sediment
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
. X
X
X
X
X
X
X
"- X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biota
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Adapted from Chapman, P., G. P. Rombarg and G. Vigers. 1982. 'Design of Momtorim
Studies for Pnontv Pollutants." Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation,
Vol. 5
Number 3.
------- |