ACCN
TYPE
DB
MTI
TRACED
MYDATE
CALLNO
BRANCH
LOCATION
1 3710
2 CAT
3 ELAL
4 Introduction to preliminary assessment training
5 Environmental Response Training Program
6 0094
7 6886-7
8 back
9 elad
INTRODUCTION
TO
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
TRAINING
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Response Training Program
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Section 5:
Section 6:
Section 7:
Section 8:
Section 9:
Title Pace
Introduction
Lecture Notes 1-1
Conducting the Preliminary Assessment Investigation
Lecture Notes 2-1
Case Study 2-12
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
Lecture Notes 3-1
Case Study 3-12
Ground Water Pathway
Lecture Notes 4-1
Case Study 4-23
Surface Water Pathway
Lecture Notes 5-1
Case Study 5-21
Soil Exposure Pathway
Lecture Notes 6-1
Case Study 6-12
Air Pathway
Lecture Notes 7-1
Case Study 7-13
Completing the Preliminary Assessment Investigation
Lecture Notes 8-1
Appendixes
Appendix A - Fact Sheets
Appendix B - Acronym List and Glossary
Appendix C - Integrated Assessments
Appendix D - PA Data and Site Characteristics Form
-------
Section 1:
Introduction
I
-------
INTRODUCTION
What You Can Expect
This course...
• Introduces the site assessment process and how preliminary
assessments (PAs) fit in
• Provides practical advice on conducting PAs and completing PA
scoresheets
• Focuses on existing guidance and how to use it
• Introduces the concept of "integrated assessments"
This course does not...
• Assume you have much background in Superfund site
assessment or with the Hazard Ranking System (MRS)
OH«1
PA Guidance Goals
Assist PA investigators in:
• Conducting high-quality assessments
• Making correct site screening or further action
recommendations
• Achieving national consistency in performing PAs
PA Guidance, section 1.1 OH • 2
Introduction 10/94
page 1-2
-------
INTRODUCTION
PA Guidance Structure
Section 1 • Introduction
Section 2 • Conducting the PA Investigation
Section 3 • Site Evaluation and Scoring
Section 4 • Reporting Requirements
Section 5 • Reviews
References
Glossary
Appendixes
PA Guidance, section 1.1
OH»3
I
Legislative and Regulatory Background
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), section 105
- Hazard Ranking System (HRS), 47 CFR 31180, July 16, 1982
• Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)
• Revised HRS, 55 FR 51532, December 14, 1990
PA Guidance, section 1.2
OHM
4/94
Introduction
page 1-3
-------
INTRODUCTION
SARA Mandate
"...assess the relative degree of risk to human health and the
environment posed by sites."
PA Guidance, section 1.2 OH • 5
4
Notes:
Introduction 4/94
page 1-4
-------
• INTRODUCTION
Superfund Tackles Hazardous Waste Emergencies
and the Nation's Most Serious Sites
Site Discovery and Study: Finding the Most Serious Sites
Long-Term Cleanup: Fixing the Most Serious Sites
National
Priorities
List
RI/FS
Recc
Dcci
>rd of
Iston
Remedial
Design
Remedial
Action
O
&M
Deletion
OH* 6
10/94
Introduction
page 1-5
-------
INTRODUCTION
'Integrated Assessments'
Integrating removal and remedial site assessment
investigation to achieve increased efficiency and shorter
response times
One of many programs associated with the implementation of
the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM)
Site Assessment Goals
Screen
Determine the nation's priorities for remediation
Evaluate
OH«7
Identify and address sites posing immediate threats
Identify sites with lesser threats and refer to appropriate authorities
Identify sites for NPL
Document
Establish defensible documentation
PA Guidance, section 1.3
OH* 8
Introduction
page 1-6
10/94
-------
INTRODUCTION
CERCUS
Sites pA
| Sites
SI/HRS
Sites
NPL
Sites
i-
Site Assessment Screening Process
PA Guidance, section 1.3
OH • 9
The Site Assessment Process:
Preliminary Assessment (PA)
First step to determine whether site warrants further CERCLA
action
Low-cost review of available information (120 hours)
States conduct PAs under cooperative agreements
EPA-led PAs performed by contractors
Results in a decision to proceed with process or NFRAP
PA
*
MRS
SI
*
MRS
Score
PA Guidance, sections 1.3 and 1.4
OH«10
10/94
Introduction
page 1-7
-------
INTRODUCTION
The Site Assessment Process:
Site Inspection (SI)
Involves more detailed data collection
Generally involves chemical sampling for the first time
Intended to test hypotheses and assumptions made at PA
Results in a decision to recommend for HRS scoring or NFRAP
Discovery
•»
CERCLIS
•»
PA
*
HRS
SI
*
HRS
Score
*
NPL
PA Guidance, section 1.3
OH-11
The Site Assessment Process:
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
Tool to consistently screen and identify sites eligible for NPL
Uses information gathered at PA and SI
Assigns a score indicating "relative risk" of a site
Results in a decision to list site on NPL or NFRAP
Discovery
-»
CERCLIS
•»
PA
-
HRS
SI
-
HRS
Score
-
NPL
PA Guidance, section 1.3
OH»12
Introduction
page 1-8
10/94
-------
INTRODUCTION
The Site Assessment Challenge
Evaluate many sites with limited resources
Make sound decisions from limited information
Protect public health without spending excess resources on sites
that pose little threat
PA Guidance, section 1.2 OH»13
The Four Site Assessment Questions
1. Have hazardous substances been deposited at the site?
If so, what and how much?
2. Have hazardous substances migrated from the site?
3. Who and what are likely to be impacted?
4. Must an emergency action be taken?
I
OH»14
4/94 Introduction
page 1-9
-------
INTRODUCTION
Why These Questions?
These questions are the foundation of MRS
Evaluate:
• Waste characteristics
• Likelihood of release
• Targets
OH»15
HRS Factor Categories
Waste
Characteristics
What are the
properties of the
hazardous
substances, and
how much is likely
to migrate?
Likelihood
of Release
What is the
likelihood that a
hazardous
substance has
been or will be
released
to the
environment?
Targets
Who or what is
threatened by the
hazardous
substances?
OH»16
Introduction
page 1-10
4/94
-------
INTRODUCTION
MRS Pathways and Factor Categories
we
LR
T
Waste
Characteristics
Likelihood of
Release
Targets
,J-r~-
s'M ',:
Ground
Water
rsC^b
Surface
Water
-va^
>irT
Air
Soil
Exposure
PA Guidance, section 1.5
OH»17
Notes:
4/94
Introduction
page 1-11
-------
INTRODUCTION
HRS Pathways Mini Exercise
OH»18
Introduction
page 1-12
4/94
-------
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the PA
Differentiate sites that warrant further action from those that pose
little or no threat
Support emergency response and remedial activities
Gather information for the site assessment process
PA Guidance, section 1,4 OH • 19
Scope of the PA*
• Review existing information about the site
• Conduct a site reconnaissance
• Collect information about the site, especially target information
• Reevaluate all information
• Develop a preliminary site score
• Prepare PA summary report
*as defined in section 420 of the NCR (40 CFR Part 300)
PA Guidance, section 1.4
OH* 20
4/94 Introduction
page 1-13
-------
INTRODUCTION •
PA Activities: The Big Picture
Site
Rtconnalsunc*
Data collection
Reporting
Reconnaissance
Scoring
Typical Range
60-80 hours
20-30 hours
10-20 hours
5-15 hours
AVERAGE PA = 120 hours
PA Guidance, section 1.4, figure 1-2 (modified)
OH -21
PA Structure
Follows HRS structure
Divided into four exposure routes (pathways)
Pathways divided into three factor categories
- Waste characteristics
- Likelihood of release
- Targets
Student note: Turn to PA Guidance, Table 1-1,
PA Factors by Pathway, page 9
PA Guidance, section 1.5
OH* 22
Introduction
page 1-14
10/94
-------
INTRODUCTION
PA Strategy
Focus on critical factors—ones that most impact PA score
Maintain nationally consistent evaluation process
MRS model provides all factors involved in decision-making
process
PA Guidance, sections 1.4 and 1.5
OH* 23
PA Critical Factor Example:
Ground Water Pathway
Likelihood of Release
OH* 24
10/94
Introduction
page 1-15
-------
INTRODUCTION
Targets
Who and what are likely to be impacted?
• Targets are critical
- "Uncapped" factors—weigh heavily
- No target = no site
• A comprehensive target survey is possible at PA stage
PA Guidance, section 1.5
OH'25
PA Terminology
Sources
Suspected release vs. no suspected release
Primary targets vs. secondary targets
Yes
I
Primary
Targets
1
Suspected
Release?
1
Secondary
Targets
1 No
Secondary
Targets
PA Guidance, section 1.6
OH* 26
Introduction
page 1-16
4/94
-------
8
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORESHEET
ttwtY Chfffdfnioct
Do you suspect a release isee Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, page 7)7
Is the site locates m karst terrain?
Depth to aquifer
Distance to the nearest drinking water well
Yes
Yes
No
No
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
1. SUSPECTED RELEASE If you suspect a release to ground water (see page 7),
assign a score of 550 Use only column A for this pathway.
2. NO SUSPECTED RELEASE If you do not suspect a release to ground water, and
the site is in karst terrain or the depth to aquifer is 70 feet or less, assign a score
of 500; otherwise, assign a score of 340 Use only column B for this pathway.
LR -
TARGETS
3. PRIMARY TARGET POPULATION. Determine the number of people served by
drinking water wells that you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
substance from the site (see Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, page 7).
people x 10 •
4 SECONDARY TARGET POPULATION: Determine the number of people served by
drinking water wells that you do NOT suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
suostance from the site, and assign the total population score from PA Table 2.
Are any wells pan of a blended system? Yes No
If yes, attach a page to show apportionment calculations
5. NEAREST WELL: If you have identified a primary target population for ground
water, assign a score of 50: otherwise, assign the Nearest Well score from
PA Table 2. If no drinking water wells exist within 4 miles, assign a score of zero.
6. WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA (WHPA): If any source lies within or above a WHPA,
or \f you have identified any primary target well within a WHPA, assign a score of 20;
assign 5 if neither condition holds but a WHPA is present within 4 miles; otherwise
assign zero.
7. RESOURCES
T -
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
8. A. If you have identified any primary target for ground water, assign the waste
characteristics score calculated on page 4. or a score of 32, whichever is
GREATER; do not evaluate part B of this factor.
B. If you have NOT identified any primary target for ground water, assign the
waste characteristics score calculated on page 4.
noon. • (ft ltoo.33
we -
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORE:
LR x T x WC
82.500
(«ub)*ct to • nuxtmufn of
100)
A-15
Introduction
page 1-17
-------
INTRODUCTION
PA Components
Narrative report
References
PA data and site characteristics form
PA scoresheets
Turn to PA Guidance, appendixes A, C, and D for examples
PA Guidance, appendixes A, C, and D
OH»27
Notes:
Introduction
page 1-18
10/94
-------
Section 2:
Conducting the Preliminary
Assessment Investigation
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Preliminary Assessments
PA Activities
Site
Reconnaissance
PA Guidance, section 1.4, figure 1-2 (modified)
Data collection
Reporting
Reconnaissance
Scoring
Typical Range
60-80 hours
20-30 hours
10-20 hours
5-15 hours
AVERAGE PA = 120 hours
OH»1
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-2
4/94
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Data Collection: Strategies
Verify site name and location
Collect and review readily available general site information
Determine site eligibility
Conduct file searches
Obtain and review "desktop" information
Plan and conduct site reconnaissance
f
PA Guidance, section 2 OH • 2
Data Collection: PA Information Needs
Specific information required to conduct a PA is contained in PA
Guidance, Figure 2-1, Checklist of PA Information Needs, page 14
Be familiar with this list before starling data collection activities
PA Guidance, section 2 OH • 3
4/94 Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-3
-------
Figure 2-1
Checklist of PA Information Needs
GENERAL SITE INFORMA TION
Site Name and Location D Owner/Operator Information
CERCLIS ID Number D Operational History
Type of Focility D Environmental Setting
Type of Ownership D Approximate Size of Site
Site Status (active/inactive) D Latitude/Longitude
Years of Operation D Site Sketch
SOURCE AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
Source Types and Locations D Waste Types and Quantities
Size of Sources (dimensions) D Hazardous Substances Present
GROUND WATER USE AND CHARACTERISTICS
G General Stratigraphy and Hydrogeology D Municipal Wells Within 4 Miles
G Presence of Karst Terrain (locations, populations served,
G Depth to Shallowest Aquifer blended systems)
G Private Wells Within 4 Miles D Distance to Nearest Drinking
(locations, populations served) Water Well
O Wellhead Protection Areas
SURFACE WATER USE AND CHARACTERISTICS
D Flood Frequency at Site
O Distance to Nearest Surface Water
D Surface Water Body Types Within 1 B Downstream Miles
O Surface Water Flow Characteristics Within 15 Downstream Miles
O Drinking Water Intakes Within 16 Downstream Miles (locations, populations served, blended systems)
O Fisheries Within 16 Downstream Miles
D Sensitive Environments and Wetlands Within 1 5 Downstream Miles
SOIL EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS
D Number of People Living Within 200 Feet D Number of Workers at Facility
D Schools or Day Care Within 200 Feet (enrollment) D Locations of Terrestrial Sensitive Environments
D Populations Within 1 Mile
AIR PATHWAY CHARACTERISTICS
D Populations Within 4 Miles D Locations of Sensitive Environments
D Distance to Nearest Individual Within 4 Miles
D Acreage of Wetlands Within 4 Miles A
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-4
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Data Collection: PA Information Sources
Site Assessment Information Directory (EPA)
PA Guidelines, Appendix B, PA Information Sources
Go to PA Guidance, appendix B
PA Guidance, section 2
OH-4
Data Collection: File Searches
Existing file information
• EPA RCRA files
• EPA CERCLA files, 103 forms, citizen complaints
• State environmental department files
• State/county health department files
• In-house files
Tax offices
• Historical property/ownership information
PA Guidance, section 2.3
OH* 5
4/94
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-5
-------
• CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Data Collection: "Desktop" Information
• Maps
• Geological information
• Data bases/geographic information systems
• Aerial photography
• Telephone inquiries
PA Guidance, section 2.4
OH* 6
Site Reconnaissance and Documentation
PA Guidance, section 2.5
OH-7
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-6
4/94
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Site Reconnaissance: Objectives
Observe site conditions
Verify
- Site file data
• Population data
- Environmental data
Fill in data gaps identified after conducting file search
Develop documentation for reports, scores, and PA
conclusions
Evaluate need for removal action
PA Guidance, section 2.5 OH • 8
Site Reconnaissance: Preparation
• Review what is known about the site
• Plan to collect data to help determine:
- Source location, size, and condition
- Likelihood of a release
• waste types and containment
• site security
- Targets most likely to be exposed
• distance from source to targets
• targets at greatest risk
• Decide whether to conduct onsite or offsite reconnaissance
• Prepare health and safety plan
• Gather necessary equipment
PA Guidance, section 2.5.1 OH • 9
4/94 Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-7
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION •
Site Reconnaissance: Activities
• Conduct perimeter survey
• Identify emergency response conditions
• Evaluate source types, sizes, and containment
• Assess waste disposal practices
• Estimate quantity
• Assess areas of stained soil and impacted vegetation
PA. Guidance, sections 2.5.2 and 2.5.3 OH • 10
Site Reconnaissance: Activities
• Determine drainage pathways
• Verify nearby targets
• Assess nearby land uses
• Interview local authorities
PA Guidance, sections 2.5.2 and 2.5.3 OH • 11
v y
Conducting the PA Investigation 4/94
page 2-8
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Emergency Reponse Considerations
(integrated Assessment and Response)
Site conditions that might lead to a removal assessment:
• Threat of fire and/or explosion
• Threat of direct contact with hazardous substances
• Threat of continuing release of hazardous substances
• Threat of drinking water contamination
Notify EPA when above conditions are observed
PA Guidance, section 2.6
OH»12
Documentation
• Photodocumentation
Site sketch
Logbook
OH-13
4/94
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-9
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Documentation: Logbook Entry Examples
• Personnel present
• Site location
• Date and time of visit
• Weather conditions
• Visual observations
• Photographic record
• Site sketch
• Conversations
• Housecounts
See example, PA Guidance, page 30
PA Guidance, section 2.5.1 OH • 14
Documentation: Logbook Requirements
• Bound notebook
• Waterproof paper
• Waterproof ink
- Pages numbered
• Each page signed and dated
• Unused space crossed out
Student Note: Turn to Logbook Mini-Exercise
PA Guidance, section 2.5.1 OH • 15
Conducting the PA Investigation 4/94
page 2-10
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Example Logbook Entries-
Good or bad?
1. 0800. Arrived at the site and began the perimeter survey. The
following potential sources were identified: drums, a debris pile, and
some contaminated soil. The site was over 10 acres in size. The
nearest house was between 150 and 250 feet away.
2. 0800. The following were observed in the southwest section of the
property:
• A lagoon filled to within 6 inches from top of freeboard. The
area is estimated to be approximately 100 feet x 200 feet.
Depth is unkown.
• A vertical aboveground storage tank, 1000-gallon size.
Written on tank side: "PENTA." Tank appears to be in good
condition; no indication of leakage.
3. 1125. Followed site drainage from southeast corner of site to stream.
Drainage path was dry and had some orange discoloration. There
appeared to be some stressed vegetation along drainage (photo 13).
Stream was flowing.
4. 1420. Team members Hart and Jones met with Mr. Ralph Singer, chief
engineer, City of Springfield Water Department. He showed us a map
indicating the location of the water intake on Lake Springfield and the
distribution area served. He also provided the following information:
1,476 households are served by this intake, no other sources of water
exist within 15 miles downstream of the site, and the water from Lake
Springfield is not blended with other supplies.
5. 0745. Arrived on site and met with site owner, Ms. Frieda Gluck. We
toured the site and observed several drums and a debris pile. She
said that her husband, who had operated the site, was dead and that
she didn't have any money if EPA wanted to prosecute her.
4/94 Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-11
-------
CONDUCTING THE PA INVESTIGATION
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE
GENERAL INFORMATION
OBJECTIVE
Using background information, inspection reports, and site reconnaissance notes for the ABC
Vacuum Site, complete the "General Information" portion of the PA scoresheet.
METHOD
1. Review the background information, site reconnaissance logbook notes and map,
and the waste management inspection report.
2. Read the PA scoresheet general information instructions provided in this case study.
3. Complete the "Site Description and Operational History" and "Probable Substances
of Concern" portions of the PA scoresheet.
General Overview:
• This 13-acre site is located in Atlas Parish, Louisiana. It is currently inactive.
• The site was operated as a vacuum service and drilling fluids manufacturer from 1975
to 1985 (prior history is unknown).
- Wastewater was extracted from reserve pits created during petroleum exploration
and production activities.
- The facility is believed to have transported hazardous wastes that may have been
discharged into an onsite lagoon.
- The facility manufactured water- and oil-based drilling fluids.
• The perimeter of the site is unfenced. Trespassing occurs infrequently.
• Five homes in a small subdivision are situated between 100 and 200 feet to the
northwest of the site.
• The mean annual precipitation is 57 inches.
Conducting the PA Investigation 4/94
page 2-12
-------
WASTE MANAGEMENT INSPECTION REPORT
10 .
FACILITY,
LOCATION
FACILITY TYTI Vacuum SgrutZ.g- ./>^*A dlr'lUrc^ -v(ut
-------
WASTE MANAGEMENT INSPECTION REPORT - PAGE 2
WXBTZ QPAMTITIE3
/Jf & A
gLr UJfr^Tt.
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-14
-------
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-15
-------
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-16
-------
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-17
-------
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-------
APPENDIX A
OME Approval Number: 2050-0095
Approved for Use Througn: 1/92
PA Scoresheets
t
Site Name:
Investigator-
CERCLIS ID No.:
Street Address'
City/State/Zip-
Agency/Organization-
Street Address-
City/State/Zip
Date
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-19
-------
Introduction
INSTRUCTIONS FOR SCORESHEETS
4
This scoresheets package functions as a self-contained workbook providing all of the basic tools to
apply collected data and calculate a PA score. Note that a computerized scoring tool, "PA-Score," is
also available from EPA (Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Directive 9345 1-11) The
scoresheets provide space to-
• Record information collected during the PA
• Indicate references to support information
• Select and assign values ("scores") for factors
• Calculate pathway scores
• Calculate the site score
Do not enter values or scores in shaded areas of the scoresheets. You are encouraged to write notes
on the scoresheets and especially on the Criteria Lists On scoresheets with a reference column,
indicate a number corresponding to attached sources of information or pages containing rationale for
hypotheses; attach to the scoresheets a numbered list of these references. Evaluate all four pathways
Complete all Criteria Lists, scoresheets, and tables. Show calculations, as appropriate. If scoresheets
are photocopy reproduced, copy and submit the numbered pages (right-side pages) only
GENERAL INFORMATION
Site Description and Operational History: Briefly describe the site and its operating history. Provide
the site name, owner/operator, type of facility and operations, size of property, active or inactive
status, and years of waste generation Summarize waste treatment, storage, or disposal activities that
have or may have occurred at the site; note also if these activities are documented or alleged. Identify
probable source types and prior spills. Summarize highlights of previous investigations.
Probable Substances of Concern: List hazardous substances that have or may have been stored,
handled, or disposed at the site, based on your knowledge of site operations. Identify the sources to
which the substances may be related. Summarize any existing analytical data concerning hazardous
substances detected onsite, in releases from the site, or at targets.
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-20 A_2
-------
2
GENERAL INFORMATION
Site Description and Operational History:
Probable Substances of Concern:
(Previous investigations, analytical data)
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-21
-------
GENERAL INFORMATION (continued)
Site Sketch: Prepare-a sketch of The site (freehand is acceptable). Indicate all pertinent features of
the site and nearby environs, including: waste sources, buildings, residences, access roads, parking
areas, drainage patterns, water bodies, vegetation, wells, sensitive environments, etc.
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-22 A_4
-------
GENERAL INFORMATION (continued)
Site Sketch:
(Show all pertinent features, indicate sources and closest targets, indicate north)
A-5
Conducting the PA Investigation
page 2-23
-------
Section 3:
Site, Source, and Waste
Characterization
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Site Assessment Question 1
Have hazardous substances been deposited at the site?
If so, what and how much?
Evaluate waste characteristics once—use for all four pathways
PA Guidance, section 3.2 OH • 1
How to Structure Your Data Search
Types of sources on file
• Any impoundments? Are they full? Have they overflowed? Can
they? If empty, were they used at one time? Where did the
contents go?
• Any drums? Are they corroding? How are they stored and
protected from weather? Can contents get out?
Waste quantity
• How much?
• What kinds?
• Physical nature (solid or liquid)?
PA Guidance, section 3.2 OH • 2
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization 4/94
page 3-2
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Source/Waste Information Sources
F/7es
• Waste manifests
• Prior inspection reports
i
• Prior enforcement orders
Site reconnaissance observations
• Source size/dimensions
• Containment
• Evidence for waste migration
Aerial photography
• Current and historical source types and locations
• Source size/dimensions
PA Guidance, section 3.2 OH • 3
Site Definition
• A site is an area consisting of the aggregation of sources and the
areas between sources
• A site is independent of property boundaries
• A site should be defined using all information, historical and
present day, regardless of current fences, boundaries, or
ownership
PA Guidance, section 3.2. 1
OH • 4
4/94
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-3
-------
SITE, SOURCE. AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Mini Exercise: Defining the Site
Former XY2;
.-Wh^-l^v-hv . ;
XYZ
Lagoons
" I
•. -.< ,
41
t
Waste
pile
XYZ
Corporation
New
Residential
Community
Current XYZ
property boundary
OH* 5
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-4
4/94
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Source Definition
Definition
• Source: area where hazardous substances have been deposited,
stored, disposed of, or placed. Also, soil that may be
contaminated from hazardous substance migration.
Reminders
• Evaluate present and former sources.
• Generally, source information is limited. However, incomplete
information is still useful.
PA Guidance, section 3.2.1 OH • 6
Types of Sources
Landfills
Surface impoundments
Drums
Containers or tanks
Waste piles
Landfarm/land treatment
Contaminated soil
Other
PA Guidance, section 3.2.1, table 3-1 OH • 7
4/94 Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-5
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
MRS SOURCE TYPE DESCRIPTIONS
Active fire area: An area that is presently burning or smoldering and which, without
remedial action, will continue to do so intensely.
Buried/below-ground containers or tanks: A container or tank, the entire surface area
of which is situated completely below the surface and which is not visible; however, a
buried/below-ground tank may have a small fraction of its associated piping above the
surface.
Buried/backfilled surface impoundment: A surface impoundment that has been com-
pletely covered with soil after final deposition of waste materials.
Bum pit: An uncovered area on or under the land surface that was at one time used to
burn waste materials or was otherwise significantly inflamed but is not presently burning.
Containers or tanks: (1) Any stationary device designed to contain an accumulation of
waste, which is constructed primarily of nonearthen materials (e.g., wood, concrete, steel,
or plastic) which provides structural support. (2) Any portable device in which waste is
stored or otherwise handled.
Contaminated soil (excluding land treatment): (1) An area of soil that contains con-
centrations of a hazardous substance significantly above background. Evidence that the
substance detected is related to the site must be provided to substantiate use of this
descriptor. (2) An area on which available evidence demonstrates that hazardous sub-
stances were spilled. Note: somewhat similar to area of observed contamination but
without the requirement that the hazardous substance be located within 2 feet of the
surface.
Landfarm/land treatment: A method of waste management in which liquid waste or
sludges are spread over land and tilled. Also applies to the shallow injection of liquids.
The distinguishing characteristic is shallow injection or tilling of the soil.
Landfill: (1) A cleared area on the ground surface containing waste. (2) A man-made or
natural hole in the ground containing waste. The landfill may have been backfilled with
soil, either after or contemporary with the waste disposal, covering the wastes from view.
The landfill may have been formed either by excavating the hole or by forming earthen
walls around a cleared area. Due to weathering, erosion, and similar phenomena, how-
ever, once-buried wastes in a landfill may become exposed (e.g., partially buried drums).
The contents of a landfill may include nearly any or all types of wastes, including buried
drums.
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization 4/94
page 3-6
-------
SITE, SOURCE. AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Piles (by type):
Chemical waste pile: A pile consisting primarily of discarded chemical products
(whether marketable or not), by-products, or unused feedstocks.
Scrap metal or junk pile: A pile consisting primarily of scrap metal or discarded du-
rable goods (e.g., appliances, automobiles, auto parts, furniture).
Tailings pile: A pile consisting of primarily of any combination of overburden from a
mining operation and tailings from a mineral mining, beneficiation, or processing opera-
tion.
Trash pile: A pile consisting of primarily paper, garbage, refuse, or discarded non-
durable goods (e.g., food packaging).
Other: A term reserved for use when a pile of indeterminate origin has accumulated and
is shown to contain certain hazardous substances, contaminants, pollutants, or radionu-
clides.
Surface impoundment: A natural topographic depression, man-made excavation,
bermed, or diked area, primarily formed from earthen materials (lined or unlined) which
was designed to hold an accumulation of liquid wastes, wastes containing free liquids, or
sludges that were not backfilled or otherwise covered. The distinguishing characteristics
of a surface impoundment are the emphasis on liquid waste and the general lack of soil
cover. Two types of surface impoundments are distinguished: those at which the depos-
ited liquid has evaporated, volatilized, or leached (dry), and those with exposed liquid
(other). Synonymous terms include lagoon pond, aeration pit, settling pond, and tailings
pond.
4/94 Sfte, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-7
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Waste Characterization
Evaluate each source at a site based on four tiers
• Constituent quantity
• Wastestream quantity
• Source volume
• Source area
For each source, evaluate as many tiers as you have information to
support.
Go to PA Guidance, appendix A,
PA table 1, page A-9
PA Guidance, section 3.2.2 (definitions on page 45) OH • 8
Waste Characterization (continued)
For constituent and wastestream tiers, all quantities are converted
to pounds so they can be added together
Use conversions on table 1 (page A-9)
Constituent and wastestream information is often unavailable at
PA stage
PA Guidance, section 3.2.2 OH • 9
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization 4/94
page 3-8
-------
SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Waste Characterization (continued)
Single source site
• Three waste characterization (WC) values based on ranges of
waste quantity:
- 18
- 32
- 100
• Use Single Source column of table 1a; assign each evaluated tier
a WC score based on its waste quantity
• Highest WC value is WC score for site
PA Guidance, section 3.2.2, page 47 OH • 10
Notes:
4/94 Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-9
-------
• SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Mini Exercise:
Waste Characteristics Score: Single Source
Example: 500 gallons of a spent solvent mixture
disposed of in a landfill that is 600 feet
wide, 1,000 feet long, and 30 feet deep.
Directions: Using PA table 1 (page A-9 of PA
Guidance), determine the waste
characteristic (WC) score for all tiers.
AREA = 600 ft x 1,000 ft = 600,000 square feet
VOLUME = 600 ft x 1,000 ft x 30 ft = 18,000,000 cubic feet
WASTESTREAM QUANTITY = 500 gal x 10 Ibs/gal = 5,000 Ibs of
wastestream
CONSTITUENT QUANTITY = Unknown
OH»11
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-10
4/94
-------
SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
Waste Characterization (continued)
Multiple source site
• Determine waste quantity for each applicable tier of each source
using divisors in Multiple Source column of table 1a
• Select highest waste quantity for each source
• Sum source highest waste quantity values to yield waste quantity
total
• Apply waste total to table 1 b to determine WC score for site
PA Guidance, section 3.2.2, page 47 OH • 12
Notes:
4/94 Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-11
-------
SITE, SOURCE, AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION •
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE
SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION
OBJECTIVE
Using the site information from the site reconnaissance visit, general information from the
previous exercise, and the site map, determine the waste characteristic score for each source.
METHOD
1. Review the source information provided below.
2. Describe each source on the source evaluation worksheet.
3. Use PA Table 1, "Waste Characteristics (WC) Scores," and the source descriptions
to calculate the WC scores for each source. Record the calculations and the scores
on the source evaluation scoresheets.
Potential Sources:
• Two hundred drums are situated on a small concrete pad north of the aboveground
mixing tanks.
• A lagoon on the northwest corner of the site is bounded on the south and west by
drainage ditches. The estimated area of the lagoon is 3,000 square feet.
• There is a 750-square-foot oxidation pond behind the warehouse. Unspecified debris
was observed in the pond during the site reconnaissance.
• A 500-square-foot rubbish pile is located on the southeastern corner of the site.
• Two 1,000-gallon mixing tanks are located on a concrete pad on the northeastern
corner of the site.
• Some parts of the drainage ditches were seen overflowing during reconnaissance.
Three distinct areas of stained soil were observed; total estimated area, 1,000 square
feet.
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization 4/94
page 3-12
-------
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-13
-------
SOURCE EVALUATION
Number and name each source (e.g . 1 East Drum Storage Area, 2 Sludge Lagoon, 3 Battery Rue)
Identify source type according to the list below.
Describe the physical character of each source (e.g., dimensions, contents waste types, containment,
operating history).
Show waste quantity (WQ) calculations for each source for appropriate tiers Refer to instructions opposite
page 5 and PA Tables 1a and 1b. Identify waste quantity tier and waste characteristics (WC) factor category
score (for a site with a single source, according to PA Table 1 a). Determine WC from PA Table 1 b 1or the sum
of source WQs lor a multiple-source site.
Attach additional sheets if necessary.
Determine the site WC factor category score and record at the bottom of the page.
Source Type Descriptions
Landfill: an engineered (by excavation or construction! or natural hole in the ground into which wastes have been
disposed by backfilling, or by contemporaneous soil deposition with waste disposal, covering wastes from view
Surface Impoundment: a topographic depression, excavation, or diked aree, primarily formed from earthen
materials (linec or unlined) and designed to hold accumulated liquid wastes, wastes containing free liquids, or
sludges that were not backfilled or otherwise covered during periods of deposition; depression may be dry if
deposited liquid has evaporated, volatilized or leached, or wet with exposed liquid; structures that may be more
specifically described as lagoon pond, aeration pit, settling pond, tailings pond, sludge pit, etc.; also a surface
impoundment that has been covered with soil after the final deposition of waste materials (i.e., buried or
backfilled).
Drums: portable containers designed to hold a standard 55-gallon volume of wastes.
Tanks and Non-Drum Containers, any stationary device, designed to contain accumulated wastes, constructed
primarily of fabricated materials (such as wood, concrete, steel, or plastic) that provide structural support; any
portable or mobile device in which waste is stored or otherwise handled.
Contaminated Soil: soil onto which available evidence indicates that a hazardous substance was spilled, spread,
disposed, or deposited.
Pile: any non-containerized accumulation above the ground surface of solid, non-flowing wastes; includes open
dumps. Some types ol piles are: Chemical Waste Pile — consists primarily of discarded chemical products, by-
products, radioactive wastes, or used or unused feedstocks; Scrap Metal or Junk Pile -- consists primarily of
scrap metal or discarded durable goods such es appliances, automobiles, auto parts, or batteries, composed of
materials suspected to contain or have contained a hazardous substance; Tailings Pile - consists primarily of any
combination of overburden from a mining operation and tailings from a mineral mining, beneficiation, or processing
operation; Trash Pile -- consists primarily of paper, garbage, or discarded non-durable goods which are suspected
to contain or have contained a hazardous substance.
Land Treatment: landfarming or other land treatment method of waste management in which liquid wastes or
sludges are spread over land and tilled, or liquids are injected at shallow depths into soils.
Other: a source that does not fit any of the descriptions above; examples include contaminated building, ground
water plume with no identifiable source, storm drain, dry well, and injection well.
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-14 A 6
-------
SOURCE EVALUATION
Source
No.:
Source Name'
Source Description-
Source Waste Quantity (WQ) Calculations
Source
No.'
Source Name-
Source Description
Source Waste Quantity (WQ) Calculations.
Source
No.:
Source Name:
Source Description-
Source Waste Quantity (WQ) Calculations:
Site WC-
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-15
A-7
-------
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS (WC) SCORES
WC, based on waste quantity, may be determined by one or all of four measures called "tiers"
constituent quantity, wastestream quantity, source volume, and source area. PA Table la (page bU
is divided into these four tiers. The amount and detail of information available determine which tier(s)
to use for each source. For each source, evaluate waste quantity by as many of the tiers as you have
information to support, and select the result that 0ives you the highest WC score. If minimal,
incomplete, or no information is available regarding waste quantity, assign a WC score of 18
(minimum).
PA Table 1a has 6 columns- column 1 indicates the quantity tier; column 2 lists source types for the
four tiers; columns 3, 4, and 5 proviae ranges of waste amount for sites with only one source, which
correspond to WC scores at the top of the columns (18, 32, or TOO); column 6 provides formulas to
obtain source waste quantity (WQ) values at sites with multiple sources.
To determine WC for sites wrth onty orna source:
1. Identify source type Isee descriptions opposite page 4).
2. Examine all waste Quantity data available.
3. Estimate the mass end/or dimensions of the source.
4. Determine which quantity tiers to use based on available source information.
5. Convert source measurements to appropriate units (or each tier you can evaluate for the source.
6. Identify the range into which the total Quantity falls for each tier evaluated (PA Table 1eJ.
7. Determine the highest WC score obtained for eny tier 118, 32, or TOO, at top of PA Table le columns 3, 4,
5, respectively/.
8. Use this WC score for ell pathways. '
To determine WC for srtej with muftiple sources:
1. Identify each source type (see descriptions opposite page 41.
2. Examine all waste Quantity date available for each source.
3. Estimate the mass end/or dimensions of each source.
4. Determine which quantity tiers to use for each source based on the available information.
5. Convert source measurements to appropriate units for each tier you can evaluate for each source.
6. For each source, use the formulas in column 6 of PA Table Te to determine the WO value for each tier that can
be evaluated. The highest WO value obtained for any tier is the WQ value for the source.
7. Sum the WQ values for ell sources to get the site WO total.
8. Use the site WO total from step 7 to assign the WC score from PA Table 7b.
S. Use this WC score for ell pathways. '
' The WC score is considered in all four pathways. However, if a primary target is identified for the groun^B
water, surface water, or air migration pathway, assign the determined WC or a score of 32, whichever is^
greater, as the WC score for that pathway.
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-16 A_8
-------
PA TABLE 1: WASTE CHARACTERISTICS |WC) SCORES
V
0
I
u
M
E
A
R
E
A
SOURCE TYP€
N/A
N/A
Landfill
Surface
impoundment
Drums
Tanks anc non-
Drum containers
Contaminated soil
Pile
Other
Landfill
Surface
impoundment
Contaminated soil
Pile*
Land treatment
PA T»ble 1»: WC Scorei for Single Source Site* »nd Formulai
for Multiple Sourc* Site*
SINGLE SOURCE SPTES l»»«ign«d WC icoru)
WC - T8
4 1 OO Ib
S 500. 000 Ib
S6 75 million tr1
S250.000 yd'
S6.750 fr1
S2SO yd'
S 1 .OOO drumt
S 50.0OO o^loni
S6.75 million tr1
S250.000 yd'
S6.750 fr>
S250 yd3
S6.750 tr3
S2SO yd3
53*O.OOO fr1
s7.8 «ci««
S1.3OO fr"
SO. 029 «cr««
S3.* million tr1
S78 «cr«.
Si. 300 tr1
SO. 029 «cr..
S 27 .000 f^
SO.B2 «cc»«
i
WC - J2 WC - 700
1
1
> 100 lo 10. OOO Ib
> 50C.OOO to 50 million Ib
> 6 75 million to 675 million fr1
> 250. OOO to 25 million yd'
>C.750 to 675. OOO tr"
>250 to 25. OOO yd1
> l.OOO to 10O.OOO flnjmi
> 5O.OOO to 5 million oalloni
>6 75 million to 675 million tr1
> 250. OOO to 25 million yfl1
>6.750 to 675. OOO IT1
>250 to 25.000 ya1
>S.750 to 675. OOO rr"
>250 to 25.000 vflj
> 3*0. OOO to 3* million tr1
> 7.8 to 760 1.30O to 130. OOO fr1
>0.02S to 2.9 •£/••
>3.* million to 3*0 million tr1
>78 to 7, BOO ic'ii
> '. .300 to 130. OOO ft"
>0 029 to 2.9 «cf«t
> 27.OOO to 2.7 million tr1
>0 62 to 62 «ct«i
> 10. OOO Ib
> 50 million Ib
> 675 million tr1
> 25 million yd1
>675.0OO fr1
> 25. OOO yd'
> 10O.OOO Orumi
> 5 million Qallont
> 675 rrulhon fr1
> 25 nvllion vti3
>675.0OO tf1
> 25. 000 yd'
>675.0OO tr1
> 25. OOO yd'
> 3* million tr1
> 780 «cr«i
> 130. OOO fr1
> 2.S «cr«i
>34O million fr1
> 7.8OO «cr»t
> 130. OOO f^
> 2.S >cfii
> 2.7 million fH
> 62 »cr««
MULTIPLE SOURCE
SITES
Formuli lor
Atngnino Sou'ce
WQ V»lue.
Ib
Ib * 5.000
tT1
- 67,500
-^ 2.500
Ylf •*
drums
gallons
67.5
• 2.5
10
500
tr1
- 2.500
~ 57.5
" * 2.5
57.5
- 2.5
fr
acres
3.400
*• 0.01 B
fr1 * J3
acres — 0.0002S
fr1 - .34.000
acres -*• 0. 7fi
/^ - J3
- O.D002S
* 270
-i- 0.0062
1 ton . 2.000 tb • 1 yd1 - < drumi
• 200 gallon* * Utt • *•• of land Burlact
PA Table 1b: WC Scorei for MultlpU Sourcs Site*
dv pit* not turt*c«
ol Oil*-
WQ TelW | WC Soar,
>0 to 100
> TOO to 10.00O
> 10.OOO
IS
32
100
Site, Source, and Waste Characterization
page 3-17
-------
Section 4:
Ground Water Pathway
Resources
Ground water
population
Wellhead
protection
area
AQUIFER
9
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Pathway
Wellhead
protection
area
AQUIFER
OH'1
Data Search Questions
Aquifer(s)
• What is local stratigraphy?
• What aquifer(s) serves nearby areas?
• How deep is the shallowest aquifer?
Wells (targets)
• How many drinking water wells? Locations?
• Any municipal systems? Private wells?
• How many people are served?
• Is water from different wells blended? Is ground
water blended with surface water?
Go to PA Guidance,
appendix A, page A-11, Ground Water Use Description
PA Guidance, section 3.3
OH-2
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-2
4/94
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Aquifer Definition
Aquifer (as defined by PA Guidance)
• Saturated subsurface zone from which drinking water is drawn
• For site assessment purposes, ground water used for certain
resources, such as agriculture and recreation, is also evaluated
PA Guidance, section 3.3, page 52 OH • 3
Ground Water Information Sources
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
• Well logs
• Water utility
• Local offices
• Site reconnaissance observations
• Files for other, nearby sites
• Data bases
PA Guidance, section 3.3 OH • 4
4/94 Ground Water Pathway
page 4-3
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Site Assessment Questions for Ground Water
Have hazardous
substances been
deposited at the
site? If so, what?
How much?
2. What is the likelihood
that hazardous
substances have been
released to ground
water?
WC x LR
82,500
3. Who and what are
likely to be impacted
by contaminated
ground water?
Ground
Water
Pathway
Score
OH* 5
Ground Water Pathway Evaluation
Waste characteristics (WC)
• Determined during source characterization
Likelihood of release (LR)
• Suspected release
• No suspected release
Targets (T)
• Primary targets
• Secondary targets
PA Guidance, section 3.3
OH* 6
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-4
4/94
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Pathway Criteria List
Contains elements to consider when determining whether
suspected release exists
Contains issues to consider when determining whether any
drinking water wells are primary targets
Not a tally sheet
Consider other site-specific issues
Go to PA Guidance, appendix A,
pages A-12 and A-13, Ground Water Pathway Criteria List
PA Guidance, appendix A
OH-7
Special Considerations for Likelihood of Release:
Depth to Aquifer
Depth to Water
22 feet
I Maximum Depth
of Waste = 5 feet
Depth to Aquifer
22 feet-5 feet = 17 feet
AQUIFER
Depth to Aquifer = Depth to Ground Water from Surface
Minus Maximum Depth of Waste
Not to
Scale j
PA Guidance, section 3.3.1, page 56
OH-8
4/94
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-5
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Special Considerations for Likelihood of Release:
Karst Terrain
Definition: Terrain with unique characteristics of relief and
drainage due to a high degree of rock solubility
• Majority of karst conditions occur in limestone areas, but can also
occur in dolomite, gypsum, and salt deposits
• Karst characteristics: Cavernous porosity, disappearing streams,
abundant springs, and very high transmissivity
PA Guidance, section 3.3.1, page 57 OH • 9
Likelihood of Release
"Suspected Release" or "No Suspected Release"
Suspected release: high likelihood hazardous substance has
been released to ground water
No suspected release: low likelihood of release
Requires professional judgment based on site and pathway
conditions
PA Guidance, section 3.3.1, pages 59 and 60 OH «10
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-6
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Likelihood of Release
a) How likely are hazardous
substances to escape from
source?
^•••niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir''
SOURCE) llilllF
i n i
1 — | MVJUIrcK | — |
b) Once substances have
escaped from source, how
likely are they to reach
ground water?
'
T" ,
OH'11
Example
Suspected Release or No Suspected Release
OH-12
4/94
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-7
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Drinking water supply wells located within 4 miles of the site
Ground water target = well
Ground water population = people served by well
Primary targets are determined by likelihood of exposure
Secondary targets are distance-weighted
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2 OH • 13
Ground Water Targets
Multiple aquifers
• Evaluate all ground water sources within 4 miles as targets,
regardless of aquifer from which they draw
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2 OH • 14
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-8
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
At PA, conduct comprehensive target survey
• Municipal wells
• Community wells
• Private wells
Need to know
• Well locations
• Number of people served
All targets must be plotted on a map
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2
OH»15
t
Ground Water Targets
Nearest drinking water well
• PA considers proximity of nearest drinking water well
• Consult local water authorities for municipal systems
• Conduct "windshield" survey for private wells
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2
OH'16
4/94
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-9
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Target distance categories
• A series of concentric circles around the site with radii of % mile,
Va mile, 1 mile, 2 miles, 3 miles, and 4 miles is drawn on a
topographic map
• Distance circles are used to evaluate secondary drinking water
target populations
• Distance is measured from nearest source to well, not population
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2
OH'17
Ground Water Targets
Target distance categories
(Not to scale)
A = people served
by well A
B = people served
by well B
OH
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-10
4/94
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Blended municipal systems
• Definition: entire system is interconnected by valves or
connecting lines so that water drawn from any supply well and/or
intake can reach any user of the system
• For blended systems, assign a population to each well or water
intake
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, pages 62-64 OH • 19
Ground Water Targets
Blended municipal systems: apportionment of population
• Apportionment is based on each well's contribution
• Base apportionment on average annual production
• Apportionment is not necessary if any well serving the system is a
primary target
• Apportionment is not necessary if all system wells are in one
target distance category
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2 OH • 20
4/94 Ground Water Pathway
page 4-11
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Blended municipal systems: apportionment of population
The "40-Percent Rule"
• If any supply well or intake in a blended system contributes 40
percent or more of the system's annual production, apportion
population to each well based on percent contribution
• If all supply wells and/or intakes contribute less than 40 percent,
apportion population equally among all
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, page 63 OH • 21
Notes:
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-12
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Mini Exercise: Blended Municipal Well System
The 40-Percent Rule
O DW-1
O DW-2
SOURCE
O DW-3
Water from DW-1, DW-2, and DW-3
is blended together and serves 10,000 people
SCENARIO
ONE
Well
DW-1
DW-2
DW-3
Percent Contribution
30
35
35
Population Served
SCENARIO
TWO
t
Well
DW-1
DW-2
DW-3
Percent Contribution
50
20
30
Population Served
OH'22
4/94
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-13
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Worker and student populations
• Should be evaluated if they are served by ground water drawn
from within 1 mile of source
• Generally, do not spend time collecting information about
populations outside of 1 mile because distance-weighting will
greatly reduce their significance
OH»23
Ground Water Targets
Primary or secondary target wells
• Primary targets: high likelihood drinking water wells in question
have been exposed to hazardous substances from site
• Secondary targets: low likelihood of exposure
• Requires professional judgment based on site, pathway, and
target characteristics
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, page 65 OH • 24
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-14
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Primary target population
• Definition: the human population served by drinking water from
primary target wells
• Primary targets are possible only if a release is suspected
PA Guidance, section 3,3.2, pages 66-70 OH • 25
Ground Water Targets
Ground water criteria list
• Primary target well selection is based on:
- Characteristics of site and environs
- Sources, types, and quantities of wastes
- Proximity of well to source(s)
- Characteristics of the well
• Primary target wells are identified using the Ground Water
Pathway Criteria List (PA Guidance, appendix A, page A-13)
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, pages 66-70 OH • 26
4/94 Ground Water Pathway
page 4-15
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Secondary target population
Definition: the human population served by drinking water drawn
from secondary target wells
• If no release is suspected, all targets are evaluated as secondary
targets
• If a release is suspected, some targets may be evaluated as
primary targets and others as secondary targets
• Populations are distance-weighted based on the distance
category in which wells are located
• Populations served by wells located in inner rings carry more
"weight" because contaminants become diluted as they migrate
outward
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, pages 71-72 OH • 27
Ground Water Targets
Wellhead protection area (WHPA)
Definition: a state-designated area restricting certain land uses
and industrial practices around drinking water wells
• Consider if any onsite sources or primary targets are located
within a designated WHPA
• Also consider if neither of the above apply but any part of a
designated WHPA is located within A miles of the site
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, page 74 OH • 28
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-16
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Water Targets
Resources
Definition: use of ground water for purposes other than drinking water
• Irrigation of commercial crops
• Watering of commercial livestock
• Commercial food preparation
• Recreation
• Generally, do not expend significant effort evaluating resources
during PA
• Usually assigned a default value of 5 points
PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, page 75 OH • 29
Ground Water Pathway Scoresheet
PA Guidance, appendix A, pages A-14 through A-17
Directions found in PA Guidance, section 3.3.2, and in appendix A
Secondary target population values determined using PA Table 2,
Values For Secondary Ground Water Target Populations
Go to PA Guidance, appendix A,
Ground Water Pathway Score Sheet, page A-15
OH»30
4/94 Ground Water Pathway
page 4-17
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORESHEET
PatAwty ChfftctmfittJCM
Do you suspect a release (see Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, cage 7)7
Is the site located in karst terrain?
Deotn to aquifer.
Distance to the nearest drinking water well-
Yes
Yes
No
No
It
It
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
1 SUSPECTED RELEASE If you suspect a release to ground water (see page 7),
assign a score of 550 Use only column A for this pathway.
2. NO SUSPECTED RELEASE: If you do not suspect a release to ground water, and
the sue is in karst terrain or the depth to aquifer is 70 feet or less, assign a score
ol 500; otherwise, assign a score of 340. Use only column B for this pathway.
LR -
TARGETS
3. PRIMARY TARGET POPULATION: Determine the number ot people served by
drinking water wells that you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
substance from the site (see Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, page 7)
people x 10 •
4 SECONDARY TARGET POPULATION- Determine the number of people served by
drinking water wells that you do NOT suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
suostance from the site, and assign the total population score from PA Table 2.
Are any wells part of a blended system? Yes No
If yes, attach a page to show apportionment calculations.
5. NEAREST WELL: If you have identified a primary target population for ground
water, assign a score of 50; otherwise, assign the Nearest Well score from
PA Table 2. It no drinking water wells exist within 4 miles, assign a score of zero.
6. WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA IWHPA): If any source lies within or above a WHPA,
or if you have identified any primary target well within a WHPA, assign a score of 20.
assign 5 if neither condition holds but a WHPA is present within 4 miles; otherwise
assign zero
7. RESOURCES
T -
ijg.it.t i.j.i. » 01
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
A If you have identified any primary target lor ground water, assign the waste
characteristics score calculated on page 4, or a score of 32, whichever is
GREATER, do not evaluate pan B of this factor.
B If you have NOT identified any primary target for ground water, assign the
waste characteristics score calculated on page 4
WC -
OQ.JI. . in noa-n. . i«
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORE:
LR x T x WC
82.500
(•uot»ct to
• maximum of IOOI
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-18
-------
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Ground Water Pathway
page 4-19
A-17
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Mini Exercise: Secondary Ground Water Target Population
QDW-1
1.8 miles from source;
serves 1,500 people
DW-2
0.8 miles from source;
serves 842 people
SOURCE
DW-5
5.2 miles from source;
serves town of Baker
Q DW-4
2.5 miles from source;
serves town of Baker
Town of Baker has 3 wells
of equal capacity serving
2,700 people
Q DW-3
0.4 miles from source;
serves town of Baker
OH* 31
Mini Exercise: Secondary Ground Water Target Population
Distance
Category (mi.)
0-1/4
1/4-1/2
1/2-1
1 -2
2-3
3-4
Number
Of People
Distance-Weighted
Population
OH»32
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-20
4/94
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Mini Exercise: Ground Water Target Population
O DW-3
2.4 miles from source;
serves 842 people
O DW-1
0.3 miles from source;
serves 25 people
(Contaminant plume)
(Not to scale)
O DW-2
1.3 miles from source;
serves 137 people
Well
DW-1
DW-2
DW-3
Primary or
Secondary
Distance Category
Population
Population Value
for Secondary Targets
f
OH* 33
4/94
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-21
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY • —
4
Ground Water Scoring
Ground
WC x LR x T Water
82,500
Score
Notes:
OH'34
Ground Water Pathway 4/94
page 4-22
-------
• GROUND WATER PATHWAY •
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
OBJECTIVE
Using background information from file searches, site reconnaissance notes, reference materi-
als, maps, and phone conversation records, complete the "Ground Water Pathway" portion of
the PA scoresheets.
METHOD
1. Review the general ground water pathway information summary provided below and
the file information included with this exercise.
2. Using the information provided, complete the "Ground Water Use Description"
section of the PA scoresheets.
3. Read the instructions for the "Ground Water Pathway Criteria List" and complete the
"Suspected Release" and "Primary Targets" evaluations. Determine whether you
hypothesize a suspected release and identify whether there are any primary targets.
Summarize the rationale for these decisions in the space provided.
4. Using the existing site information and the scoresheet instructions, complete all the
portions of the "Ground Water Pathway Scoresheet." PA Table 2, Values for
Secondary Ground Water Target Populations, should be used to determine
population values for secondary targets if applicable. Remember to evaluate the
"Nearest Well" category.
5. Calculate and record the ground water pathway score.
Ground Water Pathway:
• There are two aquifers of concern:
- A shallow, water-table aquifer (depth to water = 30 feet) that consists mainly of fine-
to coarse-grained sands
- A deeper aquifer (depth to water = 160 feet) that consists mainly of fine- to coarse-
grained sands and gravel
• Five nearby residences use private wells that tap the shallow aquifer.
4/94 Ground Water Pathway
page 4-23
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
• No other private wells exist within 4 miles of the site.
• A blended municipal well system is present within 1 mile of the site.
- The total population served is 8,900.
- The wells tap the deeper aquifer and are screened at approximately 195 feet.
• Ground water is also used in commercial crawfish farms.
• No wellhead protection area is located within 4 miles of the site.
• The site is not located in an area of karst terrain.
Municipal Well System Apportionment:
WELL
IDENTIFICATION
Well A
WellB
WellC
DISTANCE
FROM SITE
2,800 feet
(0.45 miles)
4,000 feet
(0.76 miles)
4,000 feet
(0.76 miles)
PERCENT ANNUAL
PRODUCTION
30
35
35
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-24
4/94
-------
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-25
-------
ABC Vacuum Service
Residential
_ Municipal Wells
O
\
\
\15'
**v.
*^
««
Ground Water Pathway
-------
Geology Of Atlas Parish, Louisiana
By MARY CLARKE
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1989
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-27
-------
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
Atlas Parish is situated in the subtropical zone along the borders of the Mississipi
River. Annual precipitation for this region averages 57 inches and is the major source of
recharge for the aquifers of the area.
GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK
The Atlas Parish aquifer system consists of two aquifers of similar
composition. The shallow aquifer is composed of alluvial sediments, namely fine-to-coarse
grained sands, and has a depth to water of approximately 30 feet. The deeper aquifer
consists mainly of fine-to-coarsc grained sands and gravels with depth to water being
estimated at 160 feet. As a result of these compositions, permeabilities for both aquifers
are high.
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-28
-------
A.U
Originator
PHONE CONVERSATION RECORD
Conversation with:
Name J<£rf4
Company
— -
PrA^r^? «7*. ,'. \Alt«-
TXvA\*< *TVvn<> "T
Tim.
'-
>
3/On
Ong.n.tor Placefl Call
C Ongmator RecwvwJ CaJI
W.O.NO.
NO(M: .
~ Tlckl*
Z Foltew-Up By:
~ Copy /Root* To:
Follow-Up-Achon:,
J J>
Orioinator'3
Ground Wafer Pafhw
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
Ground Wat«r U»« De«cription: Provioe information on ground water use m the vicinity Present the oener
stratigraphy, aquifers used, and distribution of private anc municipal wells
Calculations for Drinking Watar Populations Sarved by Ground Water: Prov.de populations frorr, pnvate weiis
and municipal supply systems in each distance category Show apportionmrn: calculations fc- Dienoec
systems.
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-30 A-10
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
GROUND WATER USE DESCRIPTION
Describe Ground Water Use Within 4-miles of the Site:
(Describe stratigraphy, information on aquifers, municipal and/or private wells)
Calculations for Drinking Water Populations Served by Ground Water:
f
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-31
A- ! 1
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
This "Criteria List" helps guide the process of developing hypotheses concerning the occurrence of a m
suspected release and the exposure of specific targets to a hazardous substance The check-boxes
record your professional judgment in evaluating these factors. Answers to all of the listed Questions
may not be available during the PA. Also, the list is not all-inclusive, if other criteria heip shape your
hypotheses, list them at the bottom of the page or attach an additional page
The "Suspecteo Release" section identifies several sue, source, and pathway conditions that could
provide insight as to whether a release from the site is likely to have occurred If 3 release is
suspected, use the "Primary Targets" section to evaluate conditions that may help identify targets
likely to be exposed to a hazardous substance. Record responses for the well that you feel has the
highest probability of being exposed to a hazardous substance. You may use this section of the chart
more than once, depending on the number of targets you feel may be considered "primary "
Check the boxes to indicate a "yes," "no," or "unknown" answer to each question. If you check the
"Suspected Release" box as "yes," make sure you assign a Likelihood of Release value of 550 for the
pathway.
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-32 A-12
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED RELEASE
PRIMARY TARGETS
Y N
e o
s
D D
Y N U
eon
s k
ODD
D D
D D
D D
D D
D D
D D
D D
D
D
D
D
D D D
D D
D D
Are sources poorly contained?
Is the source a type likely to contribute to
ground water contamination (e.g., wet
lagoon)?
Is waste quantity particularly large?
Is precipitation heavy?
Is the infiltration rate high?
Is the site loc.ited in an area of karst terrain?
Is the subsurface highly permeable or
conductive?
Is drinking water drawn from a shallow
aquifer?
Are suspected contaminants highly mobile in
ground water?
Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest ground water contamination?
Other criteria?
SUSPECTED RELEASE?
Is any drinking water well nearby?
C HI D Has any nearby drinking water well been
closed?
n D D Has any nearby drinking water user reported
foul-tasting or foul-smelling water?
D D O Does any nearby well have a large drawdown
or high production rate?
D D D Is any drinking water well located between the
site and other wells that are suspected to be
exposed to a hazardous substance?
ODD Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest contamination at a drinking water
well?
ODD Does any drinking water well warrant
sampling?
D D Other-criteria?
n D PRIMARY TARGET(S) IDENTIFIED?
Summarize the rationale for Suspected Release (attach an
additional page if necessary):
Summarize the rationale for Primary Targets (attach an
additional page if necessary):
A-13
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-33
-------
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORESHEET
Pathway Characteristics
Answer tne questions at the tor of trie page Refer to the Ground Water Pathway Criteria List ipage 7; to
hypothesize whether you suspect that a hazardous substance associated with the sue has Been released to
grouno water. Record oepth to aauifer (in feet) the Difference between the deepest occurrence of a hazaroous
suDstance and the depth of the top of trie shallowest aquifer at lor as near as possible* to tie sue Note
whether the site is in karst terrain icnaractenzec by abrupt nages, sin*, holes, caverns, springs, disappearing
streams, Recorc tne cistance (in feetl frorr, any source to the nearest well used for drinking water
Likelihood of Release (LR)
1. Suspected Release: Hypothesize based on professional judgment guided by the Ground Water Pathway
Criteria List (page 7} If you suspect a release to ground water, use only Column A for this pathway and do
not evaluate factor 2
2. No Suspected Release: If you do not suspect a release, determine score based on depth to aquifer or
whether the site is m an area of karst terrain If you do not suspect a release to ground water, use only Column
B to score this pathway
Targets (Tj
This factor category evaluates the threat to populations obtaining drinking water from ground wat,er To
apportion populations served by blended drinking water supply systems, determine the percentage of population
served by each well based on us production
3. Primary Target Population: Evaluate populations served by all drinking water wells that you suspect have
been exposed to a hazardous substance released from The site. Use professional judgment guided by the Ground
Water Pathway Criteria List (page 7) to make this determination. In the space provided, enter the population
served by any wells you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous substance from the site If only the numoer
of residences is known, use the average county residents per household (rounded up to the next integer) to
determine population served Multiply the population by 10 to determine the Primary Target Population score.
Note that if you do not suspect a release, there can be no primary target population.
4. Secondary Target Population: Evaluate populations served by all drinking water wells within 4 miles that
you do not suspect have been exposed to a hazardous substance. Use PA Table 2a or 2b (for wells drawing
from non-karst and karst aquifers, respectfully) (page 9). If only the number of residences is known, use the
average county residents per household (rounded to the nearest integer) to determine population served. Circle
the assigned value for the population in each distance category and enter it in the column on the far-right sioe
of tne table. Sum the far-right column and enter tne total as the Secondary Target Population factor score
5. Nearest Well represents the threat posed to the drinking water well that is most likely to be exposed to a
hazardous substance. If you have identified a primary target population, enter 50. Otherwise, assign the score
from PA Table 2a or 2b for the closest distance category with a drinking water well population.
6. Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA): WHPAs are special areas Designated by States for protection under
Section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Local/State and EPA Regional water officials can provioe
information regarding the location of WHPAs
7. Resources: A score of 5 can generally be assigned as a default measure. Assign zero only if ground water
within 4 miles has no resource use.
Sum the target scores in Column A (Suspected Release) or Column B (No Suspected Release!
Waste Characteristics (WC1
B. Waste Characteristics: Score is assigned from page 4. However, if you have icentifiec any primary targe:
for grouno water, assign eitner tne score caiculatec on page 4 or a score of 32, whichever is greater
Ground Water Pathway Score- Multiply the scores for LR, T. and WC Divide the product bv 82,500 Rounc
tne result to the nearest integer If the result is greater than TOO, assign TOO.
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-34 A-14
-------
8
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORESHEET
Pft/twmy Chmractmntocf
Do you suspect a release (see Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, page 7)7
Is the sue located in karst terrain?
Depth to aquifer
Distance to the nearest drinking water well
Yes
Yes
No
No
ft
ft
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
1 SUSPECTED RELEASE. If you suspect a release to ground water (see page 7),
assign a score of 550 Use only column A for this pathway.
2 NO SUSPECTED RELEASE. If you do not suspect a release to ground water, ana
the site is in karst terrain or the depth to aquifer is 70 feet or less, assign a score
of 500, otherwise, assign a score of 340 Use only column B for this pathway
LR -
TARGETS
3. PRIMARY TARGET POPULATION: Determine the number of people served by
drinking water wells that you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
substance from the site (see Ground Water Pathway Criteria List, page 7).
people x
10 -
A SECONDARY TARGET POPULATION: Determine the number of people served by
drinking water wells that you do NOT suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
substance from the site, and assign the total population score from PA Table 2.
Are any wells part of a blended system? Yes No
If yes, attach a page to show apportionment calculations.
5. NEAREST WELL: If you have identified a primary target population for ground
water, assign a score of 50; otherwise, assign the Nearest Well score from
PA Table 2. If no drinking water wells exist within 4 miles, assign a score of zero.
6. WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREA (WHPAI' If any source lies within or above a WHPA,
or if you have identified any primary target well within a WHPA. assign a score of 20;
assign 5 if neither condition holds but a WHPA is present within 4 miles; otherwise
assign zero.
7. RESOURCES
IM » <• • M.I. » a
[JO.!• • t.l.J • 01
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
8. A. If you have identified any primary target for ground water, assign the waste
characteristics score calculated on page 4, or a score of 32, whichever is
GREATER; do not evaluate part B of this factor.
B. If you have NOT identified any primary target for ground water, assign the
waste characteristics score calculated on page 4
WC -
GROUND WATER PATHWAY SCORE:
LR x T x WC
82.500
(•Ub|*Ct to
• maximum of 10O1
A-15
Ground Water Pathway
page 4-35
-------
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-------
Section 5:
Surface Water Pathway
Ukeor
ocean
Gauging
station
Target distance
limit V
f
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Surface Water Definition
Surface water: naturally occurring, and some man made,
perennial water bodies
All surface water is eligible
Intermittently flowing water bodies qualify as surface water in
areas with less than 20 inches mean annual precipitation
Overland flow must reach surface within 2 miles to score pathway
See PA Guidance, glossary,
for detailed definitions of water body types
PA Guidance, section 3.4
OH«1
Notes:
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-2
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Contaminants Can Reach Surface Water by:
Runoff
Overland flow
Flood
Ground water
discharge to surface
water
Runoff
Percolation
Flow
OH-2
Site Assessment Questions for Surface Water
1.
Have hazardous
substances been
deposited at site?
If so, what? How
much?
What is the
likelihood that
hazardous
substances have
been released to
surface water?
3. Who and what are
likely to be impacted
by contaminated
surface water?
WCxLR x'
82,500
PA Guidance, section 3.4
Surface
1 _ Water
Pathway
Score
OH '3
4/94
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-3
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Surface Water Pathway Evaluation
Waste
Characteristics
PA Guidance, section 3.4
Drinking
Water Threat
Likelihood of
Release
Human Food
Chain Threat
Environmental
Threat
OH-4
Characterize the Surface Water Migration Path
• Define overland segment
• Define "in-water" segment
• Determine fiow(s) of the surface water body/bodies
to the 15-mile target distance limit
• Locate targets for all threats
PA Guidance, section 3.4
OH '5
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-4
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Surface Water Information Sources
USGS topographic maps, water resources reports
State water reports
Local water utility
Soil Conservation Service field office
U.S. and state fish and wildlife offices
National Weather Service
Site reconnaissance
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1 OH • 6
Data Search Questions:
Surface Water Pathway
Likelihood of Release
• What is distance wastes must travel to surface water? Where
does site drainage enter surface water?
• Is site subject to flooding? What is flood frequency?
Targets
• Uses of surface water downstream from site? Drinking? Fishing?
Recreation?
• Any wetlands or other sensitive environments downstream that
could be impacted?
PA Guidance, sections 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 OH • 7
4/94 Surface Water Pathway
page 5-5
-------
• SURFACE WATER PATHWAY •
Likelihood of Release
Suspected Release
• Criteria list consideration
• Summarize rationale for suspected release
• Record decision on likelihood of release in "Pathway
Characteristics" box on PA scoresheet
Go to PA Guidance, Criteria List for Suspected
Release to the Surface Water Pathway, pages 78-80
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1 and appendix A, pages A-20 and A-21
OH* 8
Notes:
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-6
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED RELEASE
PRIMARY TARGETS
Y N U
eon
s k
G Q G
a G a
ODD
ODD
ODD
ODD
ODD
ODD
GOD
ODD
ODD
C u G
G G
a D
Is surface water nearby'
Is waste quantity particularly large'
Is the drainage eree large?
Is rainfall heavy?
Is the infiltration rate low?
Are sources poorly contained or prone to
runoff or flooding?
Is a runoff route well defined (e.g., ditch or
channel leading to surface water)?
Is vegetation stressed along the probable run-
off route?
Are sediments or water unnaturally discolored7
Is wildlife unnaturally absent?
Has deposition of waste into surface water
been observed?
Is ground water discharge to surface water
likely?
Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest surface water contamination?
Other criteria?
Y N
e o
s
U
n
k
SUSPECTED RELEASE?
G G — is any target nearDy? If yes
ID DrmKing water intake
G Fishery
G Sensitive environment
G G G Has any intake, fishery, or recreational area
been closed?
G G G Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest surface water contamination at or
downstream of a target?
G G O Does any target warrant sampling? If yes
G Drinking water intake
D Fishery
G Sensitive environment
O G
G G
D O
G D
Other criteria'
PRIMARY INTAKEIS) IDENTIFIED?
PRIMARY FISHERYIIES) IDENTIFIED?
PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT^)
IDENTIFIED?
Summarize the rationale (or Suspected Release (attach an
additional page if necessary):
Summarize the rationale for Primary Targets (attach an
aooitional page if necessary);
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-7
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Likelihood of Release
No Suspected Release
• Special considerations
- Distance to surface water
- Flood frequency
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1 OH • 9
Likelihood of Release:
Distance to Surface Water
Definition: shortest distance runoff would follow from a source to
surface water
• Measured along shortest drainage route ("as the water flows")
• Probable point of entry (PPE): point at which runoff from site
most likely enters surface water
• Identify runoff route and PPE on site sketch in PA scoresheet
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1, pages 81 and 82 OH • 10
Surface Water Pathway 4/94
page 5-8
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Likelihood of Release:
Distance to Surface Water
OH»11
Likelihood of Release:
Flood Frequency
Locate site with respect to surface water floodplains
Use FEMA flood insurance rate maps
Record flood frequency in "Pathway Characteristics" box on PA
scoresheet
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1, page 83
OH-12
4/94
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-9
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY •
Evaluate Three Separate Target Threats
Drinking water threat
People drinking surface water; drinking water intakes;
resources
Human food chain threat
People eating fish taken from surface water; fisheries
Environmental threat
Impacts to sensitive environments (including wetlands,
critical habitats, and national parks) along the surface
water route
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2
OH* 13
1. Begin
measuring in-
water segment
at PPE and
continue
downstream
for 15 miles.
Runoff
route
Target Distance Limit
15
Downstream
from PPE
Go to PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, pages 87 and 88,
for more examples
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 86
2. If in-water
segment ends in
a lake, ocean, or
coastal waters,
measure within
that water body
an arc from
mouth of stream
to shores of
receiving water
body.
OH* 14
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-10
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
Identify drinking water intakes
Identify nearest drinking water intake
Determine flow rates at intakes
Evaluate drinking water population
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2 OH • 15
Notes:
OH-16
4/94 Surface Water Pathway
page 5-11
-------
• SURFACE WATER PATHWAY •
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
• Determine flow at target intakes
- Obtain average flow rate in cubic feet per second (cfs)
- Estimate using water body type (PA table 4, page A-25)
• Sources of information
- Local water authorities
- USGS water data reports
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 89 OH • 17
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
Evaluate Drinking Water Population
• Evaluate population served by each surface water intake
• Estimate __ Number of Average number of
population ~ service X persons per
connections household
• Apply rule of apportionment for "blended" systems
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 90 OH • 18
Surface Water Pathway 4/94
page 5-12
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
Primary drinking water targets
• Target = intake
Population = people served by intake
• Primary target population identified using criteria list
(appendix A, page A-21)
• Primary target intake implies a high likelihood that hazardous
substance has reached intake
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 97 OH • 19
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
Secondary drinking water targets
• Low likelihood that hazardous substance has reached intake
• Secondary targets are dilution-weighted
• Consider workers and students only when information is readily
available
Go to appendix A,
PA tables 3 and 4, page A-25
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 99 OH • 20
4/94 Surface Water Pathway
page 5-13
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Primary vs. Secondary Targets
Municipal
intake
OH»21
Targets:
Drinking Water Threat
• Resources: use of surface water for purposes other than
drinking
• Examples
- Irrigation of commercial food or forage crops (5-acre minimum)
- Watering of commercial livestock
- Ingredient in commercial food preparation
- Major or designated water recreation area
• Generally, sufficient to assign value of 5 as default
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1, page 102
OH-22
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-14
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE AND DRINKING WATER THREAT SCORESHEET
Do YOU suspect a release (see Surface Water Pathway Criteria List, page l 1)?
Distance to surface water
Flood frequencY
What is the Downstream distance to me nearest ormking wate' miane1
Nearest fishery? mnes ^Nearest sensitive environment? -n
Yes
No
Tines
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
1 SUSPECTED RELEASE H YOU susoect a release to surface water Isee oage 1 1).
assign a score of 550 Use only column A lor this pathway
2 NO SUSPECTED RELEASE II you do not suspect a release to surface
water, use the table below to assign a score Dasefl on Distance to surface
water and flood frequency Use only column B for this pathway
Distance to surface water £ I 500 feet I 500
Distance to surface water > 2.500 feet, and
Site in annual or 10-year tlooooiam
Site in 100-year floodoiam
Sue in 500-year floodoiam
Site outside 500-year flooopiain
SOC
44)0
300
100
LR -
DRINKING WATER THREAT TARGETS
3 Record the waler body type. How |if applicable), and number of people served
by each drinking water intake within the target distance limn. If there is no
dunking water intake within the target distance limit, factors i, 5. and 6
each receive zero scores.
Innkt Htm*
_C
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Targets:
Human Food Chain Threat
Fishery: area of a surface water body from which food chain
organisms are taken, or could be taken, for human consumption
Includes both commercial and sport fishing
Identify all fisheries located between the PPE and the 15-mile
TDL
Identify by water body type or flow characteristics
PA Guidance, section 3.4.1, page 91 OH • 23
Targets:
Human Food Chain Threat
Primary target fishery
• It is highly likely that hazardous substances have reached the
fishery
• Identified using the criteria list (appendix A, page 22)
Secondary target fishery
• It is unlikely that hazardous substances have reached the fishery
• Scored on a basis of flow rate
• Evaluated only if a primary target is not identified
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, pages 103 and 104 OH • 24
Surface Water Pathway 4/94
page 5-16
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY (continued)
HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT SCORESHEET
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
f
(Enter Surface Water Likelihood ol Release score Irom page 12 LR »•
I
iuifttclmd
AW»*>*
lfc*OI
A/« St^mf »CI»I/
«^..««
fl»/«*-»«TC**
HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT TARGETS
8 Record the water body Woe and (low (if applicable! lor each fishery within
the target distance limit II there is no fishery within the target
distance limit, assign a Targets score of 0 at the bortom of the page
_cls
_cfs
_cls
els
9 PRIMARY FISHERIES If you suspect any fishery listed above has been exposed
to a hazardous substance from the site Isee Surface Water Criteria Ust. page 1 1)
assign a score of 300 and do not evaluate Factor 10 List the primary fisheries:
10 SECONDARY FISHERIES
A If you suspect a release to surface water and have identified a secondary fishery
but no primary fishery, assign a score ol 210.
B If you do not suspect a release, assign a Secondary Fisheries score from the table
below using the lowest How at any fishery within the target distance limit.
L oMTMr f3o*v
< 10 cts
10 to 100 cfs
> 100 cts. coastal
tidal waters, oceans.
or Great Lakes
So&onatrY f**t*mfi»* Soorm
210
30
12
T -
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-17
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Targets:
Environmental Threat
Sensitive environment
• General definition: terrestrial or aquatic resource, fragile natural
setting, or other area with unique or highly valued environmental
or cultural features
• Most common type of sensitive environment is wetland
Wetland
• General definition: an area that is sufficiently inundated by
surface or ground water to support vegetation adapted for life in
saturated soil conditions
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, pages 92 and 93 OH • 25
Targets:
Environmental Threat
Identify all sensitive environments in or adjacent to in-water
segment
PA table 5 (page A-31) lists sensitive environment types and
assigned values
Measure wetland frontage along water body; see PA table 6
(page A-31) for assigned score
Identify primary targets using criteria list
Go to Appendix A,
tables 5 and 6, page A-31
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, pages 92 and 93 OH • 26
Surface Water Pathway 4/94
page 5-18
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY (cononuad)
ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT SCORESHEET
LIKELIHOOD 0* RELEASE
Enter Surface Water Likelihood of Release score from page 'I LR —
*«»».»
**«zn"'
fl.lWwM—
ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TARGETS
Record the watt' Body wpe and flow (it applicable) lor tach surface water
sensitive environment within the target distance limn (see PA Tables 4
and 5). II there is no sensitive environment within the target distance
limit, assign a Targets score of 0 at The bottom of the pace
Wow
_CfS
_cfs
els
12 PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS If you suspect any sensitive environ-
ment listed above has been exposed to a hazardous substance from the sue (see
Surface Water Criteria LIST, page 1 1). assign a score of 300 and do not evaluate
lactor 13. Usi the primary sensitive environments.
13. SECONDARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS. If sensitive environmtms are
present, but none is a primary sensitive environment, evaluate Secondary
Sensitive Environments based on flow
A For secondary sensitive environments on surlace water bodies with Hows of
100 cfs or less, assign scores as follows, and oo not evaluate pan B of
this factor
So~
cfs
els
CIS
DAi/oo^i w~?Ar
IP* TitJ* *>
1
i i
X
Cisll T
cfs
1 x
£/Tv*/wr>«'W 7yp« ATM/ VA/LM
/PA T,bJ*t S ind 61
.
Tor*'
t
I
.
-
B I! all secondary sensitive environments are located on surface water bodies
with Hows > 100 cfs. assign a score of 10
T -
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-19
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
WC x LR x
WC x LR x
WC x LR x
Surface Water Pathway
82,500
82,500 =
82,500
SURFACE WATER
PATHWAY THREAT
SCORES
Evaluate drinking water, human food chain, and
environmental threats (subject to noted maximums)
Sum scores for each threat to obtain overall pathway
score
PA Guidance, section 3.4.2, page 108
OH-27
Notes:
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-20
4/94
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
OBJECTIVE
Using background information from file searches, site reconnaissance notes, and maps, com-
plete the "Surface Water Pathway" portion of the PA scoresheets.
METHOD
1. Review the general surface water pathway information summary provided below and
the map included with the exercise.
2. Read the instructions for the surface water pathway criteria list and complete the
"Suspected Release" and "Primary Targets" evaluations. Determine whether you
hypothesize a suspected release and identify whether there are any primary targets.
Summarize the rationale for these decisions in the space provided.
3. Using the existing site information and the scoresheet instructions, complete all
portions of the "Surface Water Pathway Scoresheet." PA Table 3, "Values for
Secondary Surface Water Target Populations" and PA Table 4, "Surface Water
Type/Flow Characteristics With Dilution Weights for Secondary Surface Water
Sensitive Environments," should be used to determine population values for
secondary targets if applicable. Remember to evaluate the "Nearest Intake" factor.
4. Calculate and record the surface water pathway score.
Surface Water Pathway:
• Runoff is channeled into intermittent drainage ditches along the perimeter of the
facility.
• These drainage ditches flow 6,000 feet (1.1 miles) into the perennial ditch.
• The perennial ditch readies the bayou 3 miles from the site.
• The bayou empties into a river 10 miles from the site.
4/94 Surface Water Pathway
page 5-21
-------
• SURFACE WATER PATHWAY • ==
4
• Estimated flow rates:
- Bayou = 15 cubic feet per second (cfs)
- River = 75 cfs
• Both the bayou and the river are used for fishing and swimming.
• There are no surface water intakes within the 15-mile target distance limit.
• The following sensitive environments are present:
- A critical habitat for federally designated endangered species is located 14 miles
downriver from the site.
- A 5-acre wetland is located 12 miles downriver from the site. The wetland frontage
equals 0.4 miles.
• The site lies within the 500-year floodplain.
• The drainage basin covers an area of about 165 acres.
Surface Wafer Pathway 4/94
page 5-22
-------
Site
Perennial
Ditch
ABC Vacuum
Service
Surface Water Map
(not to scale)
Endangered
species
habitat
Wetland
15-Mile target
distance limit
Surface Water Pathway
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
Migration Route Sketch: Sketch the surface water migration pathway (freehano is acceptable)
illustrating the drainage route and identifying water bod.es. probable point of entry, flows, anc targets
Surface Wafer Pathway „
page 5-24
-------
w
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
MIGRATION ROUTE SKETCH
Suface Water Migration Route Sketch:
I (include runoff route, probable point of entry, 15-mile target distance limit, intakes, fisheries,
and sensitive environments)
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-25
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
Th,< "Cntena L.sf helps guide the process of developing hypotheses concerning the occurrence of
lu oect d ale se and the exposure of specie targets to a hazardous substance The checK-t>oxe,
suspected release a a these factors Answers to all of the hsteo questions
^
'
hypotheses. l.st them a: the bottom of the page or attach an
The "Suspected Reiease" sect.or identifies several sue, source and pathway conditions mat could
,he Suspected he e IS llke, to have occurred If a release ,s
provide ms,0ht as to wh me r - ele as through ^^^^ Qf $ome ^^^^^ ^
SUSPl riUm, v tara Ts Jly " e exposed to a hazardous substance. Record responses for the
rara'e M hat yo e« h°. sth Ighest prob.ba.tv of bem0 exposed to a hazardous substance, You may
use th'ssecuon of the chart more than once, depending on the number of targets you fee, may be
considered "primary
" nr "unknown" answer to each question If you check tne
ou ass,0n a L^hood o, H.,..,. ..iu. o< SSO ta ,„.
pathway
—
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-26 A-20
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED RELEASE
PRIMARY TARGETS
Y N U
eon
s K
~ H 21 Is surtace water nearby?
3 — — is waste Quantity particularly large'
~ 12 12 Is tne Drainage aree large'
~ 12 — Is rainfall heavy?
12 12 12 Is the infiltration rale low?
12 H 11 Are sources poorly contained or prone to
runoff or flooding ?
12 12 12 Is a runoff route well defined le g . ditch or
channel leading to surface water)?
12 — — Is vegetation stressed along the probable run-
off roine?
12 12 D Are sediments or water unnaturally discolored'
™ 12 12 Is wildlife unnaturally absent?
G 12 12 Has deposition of waste into surface water
been observed?
12 12 D Is ground water discharge to surface water
likely?
12 1i 12 Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest surface water contamination?
12 Z Other criteria'
SUSPECTED RELEASE1
_ _ Is any targe! nearby? I' yes
12 Drinking water intane
~ Fishery
12 Sensitive environment
12 12 Has any intake, fishery, or recreational area
been closed?
122 12 Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest surface water contamination at or
downstream of a target?
12. 12 Does any target warrant sampling? If yes
12 Drinking water intake
12 Fishery
12 Sensitive environment
12 Other criteria?
PRIMARY INTAKE(S) IDENTIFIED?
PRIMARY FISHERY(IES) IDENTIFIED?
PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT^!
IDENTIFIED?
Summarize The rationale for Suspected Release (attach en
additional page if necessary)'
Summarize the rationale for Primary Targets (attach an
aooitionai page if necessary):
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-27
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE AND DRINKING WATER THREAT SCORESHEET
Pathway Characteristics
The surface water pathway includes three threats Drinking Water """hreat Hjman FocC Cha>r Threat anc
Environmental Threat Answer the Questions a: the tec o' tne page Re'e' tc the Surface Water Pariwav Criteria
L'St (page 1 1! to hypothesize whetner yo^ suspect that a nazaroous s^cstance associated wi;r The s.te has bee^
reieasec tc surface water Recora the Distance tc surface wate' '/he s^c'tes: ove'ianc coinage ois:ance "o^-
b soiree :c a surface water Dooy; Recorc the tiooc frecueno a: :ne s'te e c ", OD-yr, 200-y 1* tne site •'
iocatec m more tnar one tioodpiain. use the mos: trecuent fiooomg even; loen: •, surface v\ater jsess; aionc tne
surface water migration path and their cistanceisi from the site
Likelihood of Release (LRj
1. Suspected Release: Hypothesize based on professional iuogment guided bY the Surface Water Pathway Criteria
List (page 1 1). If you suspect a release tc surface water, use only Column A for this pathway ano oc not evaluate
factor 2
2. No Suspected Release: If you do not suspect a release, determine score based on the shortest overland
drainage Distance from a source to a suriace water body If distance tc surface water is 2,500 fee; or less, assign
a score of 500 If distance to surface water is greater than 2,500 feet, determine score based on flood frequency
If you do not suspect a release to surface water, use only Column B to score this pathway
Drinking Water Threat Targets (T)
3. List all drinking water intakes on downstream surface water bodies along the surface water migration path
Record the intake name, the type of water body on which the intake is located, the flow of the water body, and
the numoer of people served by the intake (apportion the population if part o! a blended system)
4. Primary Target Population: Evaluate populations served by all drinking water intakes that you suspect have M
been exposed to a hazardous substance released from the sue Use professional ludgment guioeo by the Surface
Water Pathway Criteria List (page 11) to make this determination. In the space provided, enter the population
served by all intakes you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous substance from the site. If only the number
of residences is known, use the average county residents per household (rounded up to the next integer) to
determine population served Multiply by T 0 to determine the Primary Target Population score. Remember, if you
do not suspect a release, there can be nc primary target population
5. Secondary Target Population: Evaluate populations served oy all drinking water intakes within the target
oistance limit that you do not suspect have been exposed tc a hazaroous substance. Use PA Table 3 (page l 3!
and enter tne population served by intakes for each flow category. If only the number of residences is known.
use the average county residents per household (rounded to the nearest integer) tc determine population served
Circie the assignee value for tne population m each How category anc enter it m the column on the far-right side
of the table Sum the far-right column snc enter tne total as tne Seconcary Target Population factor score
Gauging station data for many surface water bodies are available from. USGS or ether sources in the absence
c' gauging station data, estimate flow using the list c' surface water body types anc associated fiow categories
in PA Table 4 (page " 3). The flow for las most lixeiy tc be exposed tc a
r.ararcous sucs:a"£. I' YOU have icer,: f'ec e primary target popuiat'cr, enter 5C Otherwise, assign tne sccre
from PA Table 3 ipage 13) tof tne lowest-flowing wate' DOOY on wnch there is an
7. Resources: A score of 5 can genera^v be assignee as a default measure Assign zerc only if surface wate'
within the target distance umit has no resource use
Sum the target scores m Column A (Suspected Release) or Column B (No Suspected Release!
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-28
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE AND DRINKING WATER THREAT SCORESHEET
I Do you susoect a release isee Surface water Patnway Criteria ust cage ' ' '
(Distance to surface water
|FiooO treauency
(what is the Downstream distance tc "">e neares; onnicng water mtane' r~
iNeares: ' snerv' "• '»s Nea'est sensitive environment ^ ""nes
Yes
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
SUSPECTED RELEASE i( YOU susoect a release to surtace wate' uee page l i
assign a score o< 550 Use only column A to' this pathway
NO SUSPECTED RELEASE if you oo not susoec: a release to surface
water use the taoie oeiow to assign a score oaseo on Distance to surface
water ana floofl frequency Use only column B 'or this pathway
Distance tc surtace watery! 500 'eei
500
Distance to surface water > 2 500 fee: anc
Sue m annual 0' 10-year
soo
Sue
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Surface Water Pathway
page 5-30
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY (cononu»d!
HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT SCORESHEET
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
Enter Surface Water Likelihood o( Release score trom page 12 LR -
i»»«.CTW
*•••«•
*• Stmeoem
*•<•!«»
HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT TARGETS
E Record trie water body type >n° 'low dl applicable! lor each fishery within
the target Distance limit I* there is no fishery within the target
distance limit, assign a Targets score of 0 at the bortom of the page
fnKmrv Htm* kV«[«- *Wy Typ* «••»
cfs
cfs
cfs
cts
en
S PRIMARY FISHERIES If you susoect any fishery listed above has been exposed
to a Hazardous substance trom the site isee Surface Water Criteria List, page 1 1).
assign a score of 300 ana 00 not evaluate Factor 10 List the primary fisheries.
10 SECONDARY FISHERIES
A H you susoect a 'eiease to surface water and have lOentifiefl a secondary fishery
Cut no primary fishery, assign a score of 210.
8 if you 00 not susoect a release, assign a Secondary Fisheries score from the table
oeiow using tne lowest (low at any fishery within the target distance nmit
I < 10 cts
210
i 10 to 100 cis
30
i > 100 cts. coastal
itidai waters, oceans,
10' Great Lanes
12
T -
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-32
A-27
-------
J
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT SCORESHEET
Likelihood of Release 1LRJ
LR is the same for all surface water pathway threats. Enter LR score from page 1.2
Human Food Cham Threat Targets (T)
8 The onlv human food chain targets are fisheries A fishery ts an area o' a surface water boov frorr
wnich fooc chain organisms are taken or could be taken for human consumption on a subsistence
sporting, or commercial basis Food chain organisms include fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians,
and amphibious reptiles Fisheries are Delineated bv changes m surface water bodv type d e streams
and rivers, lakes, coastal tidal waters, and oceans/Great LaK.es) and whenever the flow characteristics
of a stream or river change.
In the space provided, identify all fisheries within the target distance limit. Indicate the surface watei
body type and flow for eacn fisnery. Gauging station flow data are available for many surface wate
bodies from USGS or other sources. In the absence of gauging station data, estimate flow using thf
list of surface water body types and associated flow categories in PA Table 4 (page 1 3) The flow fo
lakes is determined bv the sum of flows of streams entering or leaving the lake Note That, if there an
no fisheries within the target distance limn, tne Human Food Chain Threat Targets score is zero
9. Primary fisheries are any fisheries within the target distance limit that you suspect have beer
exposed to a hazardous substance released from the site. Use professional judgment guided by tht
Surface Water Pathway Criteria List (page 1 1) to make this determination. If you identify any pnmar\
fisheries, list them in the space provided, enter 300 as the Primary Fisheries factor score, and cfo no
evaluate Secondary Fisheries. Note that if you ao not suspect a release, there can be no pr\m
fisheries.
TO. Secondary fisheries are fisheries that you oo not suspect have been exposed to a hazardous
substance. Evaluate this factor only if fisheries are present within the target distance limit, but none
is considered a primary fishery.
A. If you suspect a release to surface water and have identified a secondary fishery but no primary
fishery, assign a score of 210.
B. If you do not suspect a release, evaluate this factor based on flow. In the absence of gauging
station flow data, estimate flow using the list of surface water boay types and associated flow
categories in PA Table 4 (page 13). Assign a Secondary Fisheries score from the table on the
scoresneet using the lowest flow at any fishery witnm the target distance limit. (Dilution wetgrv
multiplier aoes not apply to PA evaluation cf tnis factor.)
Sum the target scores in Column A (Suspected Release) or Column 5 (No Suspected Release).
A-26
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-31
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT SCORESHEET
Likelihood of Release (LR)
LR is the same for all surface water pathway threats Enter LR score from page 1 2
Environmental Threat Targets (T)
11. PA Table 5 (page 1 61 lists sensitive environments for the Surface Water Pathway Environments
Threat. In the space provided, identify ail sensitive environments located within the target aistan-e
limit. Indicate the surface water body type and flow at each sensitive environment Gauging static'
flow data for many surface water bodies are available from USGS or other sources in the aosence
of gauging station data, estimate flow using the list of surface water body types and associated fio^
categories in PA Table 4 (page 13). The flow for lakes is determined by the sum of flows of streams
entering or leaving the lake Note that if there are no sensitive environments within the target distance
limit, the Environmental Threat Targets score is zero.
12. Primary sensitive environments are surface water sensitive environments withm the targe:
distance limit that you suspect have been exposed to a hazardous substance released from the sue
Use professional judgment guided by the Surface Water Pathway Criteria List (page 1 1 • to make this
determination. If you identify any primary sensitive environments, list them in the space provided
enter 300 as the Primary Sensitive Environments factor score, and do not evaluate Secondary Sensitive
Environments. Note that if you do not suspect a release, there can be no primary sensitive
environments.
13. Secondary sensitive environments are surface water sensitive environments that you do nc;
suspect have been exposed to a hazardous substance. Evaluate this factor only if surface ^ater
sensitive environments are present within the target distance limit, but none is considered a pnrr.ar,
sensitive environment. Evaluate secondary sensitive environments based on flow.
• In the table provided, list all secondary sensitive environments on surface water booies with flow
of 100- cfs or less.
1) Use PA Table 4 (page 13) to determine the appropriate dilution weight for each
2) Use PA Tables 5 and 6 (page 16) to determine the appropriate value for each sensitive
environment type and for wetlands frontage.
3) For a sensitive environment that falls into more than one of the categories m PA Table 5, sum
the values for each type to determine tne environment vaiue (e.g . a wetland with 1.5 mnes
frontage (value of 50) that is alsc a critical habitat for a Federally designate: endangerec
species (vaiue of 100) would receive a total value of 150)
4) For each sensitive environment, multiplv the dilution weight by the environment type (or ler.ct-
of wetlands; value anc record the product in the far-right column
5; Sum the values in the far-ngnt column and enter the total as tne Seconcarv Sens'tive
environments score Do not evaluate part E of this factor
• If all seconoarv sensitive environments are on surface water oodies with flows greater than ', CC
cfs, assign 10 as the Secondary Sensitive Environments score
Sum tne target scores in Column A (Suspected Release) or Column 5 (No Suspected Release,
Surface Water Pathway
A.2s page 5-33
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY (continual
ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT SCORESHEET
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
JEnter Surtace Wate' unelihooa o* Release score from page 11 LR -
.t
M* j«OM««tf
ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TARGETS
Record the wate' Dooy type ana How lit applicable) lor tacn surface water
sensitive environment witnin the target oistance limit (see PA Tables 4
ana 51 H there is no sensitive environment within the target distance
limn, assign t Targets score ol 0 at the oonom of the oao«-
i; PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS M you suspec: «nv sensitive environ-
ment iistea aoove has Oeen exoosed to a hazardous suostance tfom the site (see
Surface Watt' Cmena List, cage 1 \\. assign a score ol 300 ano oo not evaluate
lacior 13 List the primarv sensitive environments.
\1. SECONDARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS. If sensitive environments are
present. Cut none is a primary sensitive environment, evaluate Seconoary
Sensitive Environments based on (low
A for secpnaary sensitive environments on surface water bodies with (lows of
100 cfs or iess. assign scores as lollows. ana Oo not evaluate pan. B of
•nis (actor
non-
ets
:ts
:'s
Oiuoafi tVwynr
If* T<&>« *';
,
»
X
£^vwn^n«nv lyv* *f*d VWw*
tPA Ti&~ S ind SI
.
.
•
ToIV
E It all secmoary sensitive environments are locateo on surface water Codies
WI-M flows > IOC cts. assign a score of '. C
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-34
A-29
-------
PA TABLE 5: SURFACE WATER AND AIR PATHWAY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS VALUES
,5»ns/r/v» Environment
Cnucai habitat tor Federally oaaignateo enoangereo o- threeleneo »oeciei
Manna Sanctuary
National Ptrx
Deeignated Federal Wilderneef Arc*
Ecologically important ereet iflentjfieO unoer the Coeste Zone W'ndernett Act
(Seneitive Areas identified unoer the Nauonei Estue^v progrem or Near Coastal Wate' p'ogram of tha Clean Wat*' Ac;
Critical Ataai identified unoe' tha Claan LaKe« ^rograrr of tria Ci«en Waiar Act nuoartai in i««o§ o' antire jmwi >a>.«i
JNiauonai Mortumant (air cainwav oniyi
jrvauonal Saafhora RacraaOon Araa
iNational Lakashora Racreaoon Area
100
known lo be uaad by Feoerally designated of proposed sndangered or threetaned species
Naoonal Preserve
National or Slata Wildlife Refuge
Unit of Coastal Barnar Reaources System
Federal land deaipnated for the protection of natural ecosystems
Aommistratjvtiy Proposed Federal Wilderness Ares
Spawning araaa cnDca* for tha maintenance of fish/shellfish species within a nyar system, bay. or estuery
Migratory pethwevs and feeding ereea cnncei for the maintenencs of anaoromous fish specie* in a river syster
TerreatnaJ area* uuluad for breading by large or oenst eggregaiions of venabrata animais lair pathway) or
aarTM*aQuatic foragarc laurtaca watar pathway)
National nvar raach Oaaipnatao ai Racraational
Habitat Known to ba ui»o by Slata QaaignataQ endangaraa or thraatanad tpaciai
haOitat known to ba uaad bv a apaciaa undar revtaw ai to it) Fadaral anoangarad or thraatanad itarui
Coaatal Barnar (partially davatopad)
Fedarally datignalad Scanic Q' Wild Rivar
5C
Sttta lano oaatgn«t»d tor wildhta or gama management
Stata daaignatad Scanic or Wild Rwar
Slata daaignatad Natural Araa
Particular araas raiaOvaiv amall in SUB important to rnaintenence of unioua biotic comrnuniDat
IStata Oaaignatac araai tor protection/maintenance ot nouetic 'ite unoer the Clean Water Act
Watlarxli
Sea PA Table 6 (Surface Water Pathwayi
or
PA Table 9 (Air Pathway!
PA TABLE 6: SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
WETLANDS FRONTAGE VALUES
I Totil Length of Wetlands
Assignee Value
Lea* than 0.1 mile
0.1 to 1 mile
Greater than 1 to 2 mnet
Greater than 2 to 3 mne»
{Greater than 3 tc * mnei
jGraata' than 4 tc 8 mnei
iGraeter than 8 to '. I mne«
[Greater than 11 to 16 mnej
i
IGreatar than 1 i to 20 rmiai
IG'aata- than 2C mnei
C
50
•• c
'.CO
* 50
" C0
350
500
A-31
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-35
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY WASTE CHARACTERISTICS. THREAT, AND PATHWAY SCORES
Waste Characteristics fWC) A
14. Waste Characteristics. Score is assigned from page 4 however, if a primary target has been
identified for any surface water threat, assign either the score calculated on page 4 or a score of 32
whichever is greater
Surface Water Pathway Threat Scores
Fill m the matrix with the appropriate scores from the previous pages. To calculate the score for eacn
threat: multiply the scores for LR, T, and WC, divide the product by 82,500, and round the result to
the nearest integer. The Drinking Water Threat and Human Food Chain Threat are each subject to a
maximum of 100 The Environmental Threat is subject to a maximum of 60. Enter the rounded threat
scores in the far-right column
Surface Water Pathway Score
Sum the individual threat scores to determine the Surface Water Pathway Score. If the sum is greater
than 100, assign 100.
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-36 A.32
-------
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY lcondud»*ml
Thrmot Scorv I
LK * T , WC
/ 82.500
' " ' *""' ~ " "x>l
**^*^ '* * ^**^*^ •• '"*"
.
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY SCORE
(Drinking Water Threat * Human Food Chain Threat - EnvironmemaJ Threat)
A-33
Surface Water Pathway
page 5-37
-------
Section 6:
Soil Exposure Pathway
Fence
intanc*
8
H H
200 tMt
e>
Contaminated {
Soil
XY2
Corporation
f
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Soil Exposure Threat
People or other targets coming into direct contact with
hazardous substances
Contaminated soil and accessible site wastes are evaluated
PA Guidance, section 3.5 OH • 1
Site Assessment Questions 2 and 3
for Soil Exposure
2. Is there suspected contamination?
3. Do people live, go to school, or work on or within 200
feet of suspected contamination? Are there terrestrial
sensitive environments?
OH'2
Soil Exposure Pathway 4/94
page 6-2
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Soil Exposure Pathway Evaluation
Waste
Characteristics
Likelihood
of Exposure
Nearby Target
Population
Resident Target
Population
Resource
Environmental
Human
OH»3
Likelihood of Exposure and Targets
Fence
, BTMC*
intano*
H M
200 tMt
; c
School
XYZ
Corporation
CD
8
Contamicuitad '
Soil
OH* 4
4/94
So// Exposure Pathway
page 6-3
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Likelihood of Exposure
For most PAs, assume suspected surface
contamination
Need appropriate quality analytical data to assume no
suspected contamination
Score 550 for suspected contamination and score 0 for no
suspected contamination
Determine area(s) of suspected contamination
Consider mechanisms to transport contaminants to nearby
properties
PA Guidance, section 3.5.1, pages 110 and 111 OH • 5
Likelihood of Exposure:
Suspected Contamination
Definition: Areas known or suspected to contain hazardous
substances not covered by an essentially
impenetrable cover or more than 2 feet of clean cover
material
(Not limited to soils-any accessible surface source is
considered)
PA Guidance, section 3.5.1 OH • 6
So/7 Exposure Pathway 4/94
page 6-4
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Likelihood of Exposure:
What is Area of Suspected Contamination?
Asphalt Paving
""">! ' .. : . v_v2ft I
^OT^««>ii*>««««««>*»w«-«i»*~«^OT 4,"^, «» «, *?jjjhmt»-"— —.»
/ , A % ' V 'v ,S5
Contaminated Soil
PA Guidance, section 3.5.1 OH • 7
Likelihood of Exposure
Evaluate all sources except:
• Sources covered by at least 2 feet of clean material or
impenetrable cover
• Sources not accessible by direct contact-
Examples:
- Wastes secured inside a building
- Ground water plume with no identifiable source
PA Guidance, section 3.5.1 OH • 8
4/94 So/7 Exposure Pathway
page 6-5
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Soil Exposure Targets
Resident population threat
• Residents and students
• Workers
• Terrestrial sensitive environments
• Resources
Nearby population threat
• Residents within 1 mile of contamination
PA Guidance, section 3.5.2 OH • 9
Soil Exposure Targets:
Resident Population Threat Target Evaluation
Resident population factor is defined as:
• Person who resides on or within 200 feet of area of suspected
contamination
• Person who attends school or daycare on or within 200 feet of
area of suspected contamination
Resident population is identified using the Soil Exposure Pathway
Criteria List
Turn to appendix A, Soil Exposure Pathway
Criteria List, page A-35
PA Guidance, section 3.5.2 OH • 10
Soil Exposure Pathway 4/94
page 6-6
-------
IS
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED CONTAMINATION
RESIDENT POPULA TlON
Y N
e o
s
U
n
Surficial contamination can generally be assumec
Is eny resiOence scnoo or rjevcare laciiiiv on
c" withm 200 tee! o1 en eree o1 suspectec
coniarnmalion?
Is eny residence schoo!. or Oavcare facility
locatea on adjacent land previously owned or
leased by the sue owner/operator?
Is there e migration route that might spread
hazardous substances near residences,
schools, or deycere facilities?
Have onsite or ad|acent residents or students
reported adverse health effects, exclusive of
apparent drinking water or air contamination
problems?
Does eny neighboring property warrant
sampling?
Other criteria'
U U
RESIDENT POPULATION IDENTIFIED?
Summarize the rationale for Resident Population (euacn an additional page if necessary);
t
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-7
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Soil Exposure Targets:
Resident Population Threat
I 150 n.
Contaminated ; aoo n.
Soil "
100 n.
School
Playground
OH
Soil Exposure Targets
Resident population threat also includes:
• Workers on facility property or nearby property
• Terrestrial sensitive environments on the area of suspected
contamination
• Resources
Turn to appendix A, Table 7, Soil Exposure
Pathway Terrestrial Sensitive Environment Values
PA Guidance, section 3.5.2
OH* 12
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-8
4/94
-------
PA TABLE 7' SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT VALUES
! Torresr/*M/ Stnsniv* Envtronmarrt
I trrgs mil Sensnivi cnvvonm»/7f ___ _
Terrestrial critical naDuat tor Federally designated endangered or threatened species
National Park,
Vnu
IOC
National Park,
[Designated Federal Wilderness Area
(National Monument
Terrestrial haD'tat Known tc oe used DV Federally designatec 0' proposed threatened or endangered species
National Preserve (terrestrial)
National or State terrestrial Wildlife Reluge
Feoerai land designated (or protection o( natural ecosystems
Administratively proposed Federal Wilderness Area
Terrestrial areas utilized Qy large or dense aggregations ol animais (vertebrate species! for breeding
Terrestrial haDHat userj by State designated endangered or threatened species
Terrestrial haoaai usee by species under review tor Federal designated endangered or threatened status
State lands designated lor wildhle or game management
|Staie oesignaiefl Naiurai Areas
iPamcuiar areas relatively small in size important to maintenance ol unique biotic communities
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-9
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Soil Exposure Targets
Nearby population threat
• Population that does not qualify as resident population but may
come in contact with areas of contamination
• Located within a 1-mile radius of site
Population Within
1 Mile
<10,000
10,000-50,000
>50,000
Nearby Population
Threat Score
1
2
4
PA Guidance, section 3.5.4
OH* 13
Resident Population Threat Score
LE x T x WC
82,500
Note:
T does not include nearby
population threat score; it is
added to the above calculated
value
PA Guidance, section 3.5.4
OH
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-10
4/94
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY SCORESHEET
jDc any people i'*e on 0' withm 100 " of areas ot suspecteo contamination? Yes Nc
Do any people anenO school of caycare or, o<" witnm 200 ft o' areas
i of suspected contamination? Yes Nc
jis ;ne lacmry active' Ves Nc If yes, estimate the number c< wooers
LIKELIHOOD OF EXPOSURE
} SUSPECTED CONTAMINATION Surticia. contamination can generally be assumec.
and a score ot 550 assigned Assign zero oniy if the absence o' suliciai
contamination can De contioently Demonstrated LE ~
RESIDENT POPULATION THREAT TARGETS
2 RESIDENT POPULATION Deterrrune the number ot people occuDYinO residences
or attenomg school or daycare on or within 200 feet Ot areas ol suspected
contamination Isee Soil Exposure Pathway Criteria List, page 18)
people x 10 »
3 RESIDENT INDIVIDUAL It you nave identified a resident population (tactor 2),
assign a score ot 50, otherwise assign a score ol 0
4 WORKERS Use the following table to assign a score based on the total number ot
workers at the facility and nearoy facilities with suspected contamination.
fvumttmf of Wor*«^» | 5cor*
0 I 0
'. tc IOC |5
101 tc i ,000 ! 10
> i 000 i 1 5
5 TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS use PA Table 7 to assign a value
for each terrestrial sensitive environment on an area ot suspected
contamination
[ T*rr*jtn*l 5*>^i/Ov^ Env>rorvn*nt Tyj>* VeJts*
.Sum -
6 RESOURCES
T -
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
7 Assign tne waste characteristic: score calculated on page *• WC -
RESIDENT POPULATION THREAT SCORE: LE X T X WC
82.500
NEARBY POPULATION THREAT SCORE:
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY SCORE:
Resident Populsnon Thraai - Nearby Population Threat
1 — nr . a
.h «• J
nee aa . in
'— '~
i» ) • n
' " " "" "
A-37
So// Exposure Pathway
page 6-11
-------
— • SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY • —
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE "
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
OBJECTIVE
Using background information from file searches, site reconnaissance notes, and maps, com-
plete the Soil Exposure Pathway portion of the PA scoresheets.
METHOD
1. Review the general soil exposure pathway information summary (provided below),
existing source information, and the maps included with the exercise.
2. Read the instructions for the soil exposure pathway criteria list and complete the
"Resident Population" evaluation. Determine whether you can identify a resident
population. Summarize the rationale for this decision in the space provided.
3. Using the existing site information and the scoresheet instructions, complete all
portions of the soil exposure pathway scoresheet. PA Table 7, Soil Exposure
Pathway Terrestrial Sensitive Environment Values, should be used to determine
values for terrestrial sensitive environments, if applicable. Remember to evaluate
the resident individual factor.
4. Calculate and record the soil exposure pathway score.
Soil Exposure Pathway:
• Nineteen residents live within 200 feet of the site.
• No schools or daycare facilities are within 200 feet of the site.
• The site is inactive; therefore, no workers are present onsite.
• Ten people are employed at the crayfish ponds.
• One report indicated that the warehouse complex employed 65 people.
Soil Exposure Pathway 4/94
page 6-12
-------
So/7 Exposure Pathway
page 6-13
-------
ABC Vacuum Service
Residential
Area
\15'
\
Soil Exposure Pathway
naoe 6-14
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
Areas of surficial contamination can generally be assumed. This "Criteria List" helps guide the process
of developing a hypothesis concerning the exposure of specific targets to a hazardous suDstance a:
the site. Use the "Resident Population" section to evaluate site and source conditions that may help
identify targets likely to be exposed to a hazardous substance The check-boxes record your
professional judgment. Answers to all of the listed questions may not be available during the PA
Also, the list is not all-inclusive, if other criteria help shape your hypothesis, list them at the Dottom
of the page or attach an additional page.
Check the boxes to indicate a "yes," "no," or "unknown" answer to each question
Soil Exposure Pathway
A-34. pafle
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED CONTAMINATION
RESIDENT POPULA TION
Surficial contamination can generally be assumed
Y N U
eon
s k
Z Z Z Is any residence, school, or daycare facility on
or within 200 feet of an area of suspectec
contamination?
Z Z Z Is any residence, school, or daycare facility
locateo on adjacent land previously owned or
leased by the site owner/operator?
G Z Z Is there a migration route that might spread
hazardous substances near residences,
schools, or daycare facilities?
Z Z Z Have onsite or adjacent residents or students
reported aoverse health effects, exclusive of
apparent drinking water or air contamination
problems?
Z Z1 Z Does any neighboring property warrant
sampling?
D D Other criteria?
D Z RESIDENT POPULATION IDENTIFIED?
Summarize the rationale for Resident Population (attach an additional page if necessary):
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-16
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY SCORESHEET
Pathway Characteristics
Answer the questions at the top of the page Identify people who may oe exposed to a hazardojs substance
oecause they work at the facility, or resioe or attend school or oaycare on or within 200 feet c' an area of
suspected contamination. If the site is active, estimate the numoe' of full anc pan-time wonce's Note that
evaluation of targets is based on current site conditions
Likelihood of .Exposure (LEj
1. Suspected Contamination: Areas of surficial contamination are present at most sites, and a score of 550 can
generally be assigned as a default measure Assign zero, which effectively eliminates the pathwav !rom further
consioeration, only if there is no sjrficial contamination, reliable analytical data are generally necessary to make
this determination.
Resident Population Threat Targets (T|
2. Resident Population corresponds to "primary targets" for the migration pathways. Use professional judgment
guided by the Son Exposure Pathway Criteria List (page 18) to determine if there are people living or attending
school or daycare on or within 200 feet of areas of suspected contamination Record the numoer of people
identified as resioent population and multiply by TO to determine the Resident Population factor score
3. Resident Individual: Assign 50 if you have identified a resident population; otherwise, assign zero,
4. Workers: Estimate the number of full and part-time workers at this facility and adjacent facilities where
contamination is also suspected Assign a score for the Workers factor from the table
5. Terrestrial Sensitive Environments: In the table provided, list each terrestrial sensitive environment located
on an ares of suspected contamination. Use PA Table 7 (page 20) 10 assign a value for each. Surr. the values
and assign the total as the factor score.
6. Resources: A score of 5 can generally be assigned as a default measure Assign zero only if there is no land
resource use on an area of suspected contamination.
Sum the target scores.
Waste Characteristics [WCI
7. Enter the WC score determined on page 4.
Resident Population Threat Score: Multiply the scores for LE, T, and WC Divide the product bv 82,500
Rounc the result to the nearest integer. If the result is greater tnan TOO, assign TOO.
Nearby Population Threat Score: Do not evaluate this tnreat \' you gave c zero score to Livelihood o? Exposure
Otherwise, assign a score based on the population within c. 1-miie racius (use tne same 1 -mile radius population
you evaluate for air pathway population targets):
Population Within One Mile Nearbv p;p'j!at!C^ Threat Score
< 10,000 1
10,000 to 50,000 2
> 50,000 4
Soil Exposure Pathway Score: Sum the Resident Population Tnrea: score and the IMearoy Populate Tnrea:
score, suoject to z maximum of 100.
So// Exposure Pathway
A-36
-------
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY SCORESHEET
|Do any peooie live on or within 200 It ot areas ot suspected contamination?
Do any people anerx) school or daycare on or wiinin 200 ft ot areas
I ot suspected contamination?
is me tacmry active? Yes No If yes, estimate the number ot workers
Yes
Yes
No
No
LIKELIHOOD OF EXPOSURE
' SUSPECTED CONTAMINATION Surticiai contamination can
and a score ot 550 assigned Assign zero only it the absence
contamination can be continently demonstrated
generally be assumed.
of surficiai
LE -
Com * m/nt oo/»
RESIDENT POPULATION THREAT TARGETS
2 RESIDENT POPULATION Determine the number of people occupyng residences
or attenomj scnool or daycare on or within 200 leet Ot areas ol suspected
contamination isee Son Exposure Pathway Criteria List, page 18)
people » 10 -
3 RESIDENT INDIVIDUAL if you have identified a resident population (factor 21,
assign a score of 50, otherwise, assign a score of 0.
A WORKERS Use the following table to assign a score baseo on the total number ot
workers at the facility ano nearby facilities with suspected contamination.
Nurnomr ot tVor*«r» 1 Scoro
o ; o
• to 100 I 5
10' to l .000 ! 10
1 > 1 000 | 1 5
5 TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Use PA Table 7 to assiQn a value
tor eacfi terrestrial sensitive environment on an area ot suspected
contamination
i 7«rfejr/iW ,S«rw/t?f« £nv>rprvn**tr Typ* VmJw
5um -
6 RESOURCES
T -
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
7 Assign :ne waste characteristics score calculated on pagt - WC -
RESIDENT POPULATION THREAT SCORE-. LE x T x we
82.500
NEARBY POPULATION THREAT SCORE:
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY SCORE:
Resident Population Threat - Neeroy Population Threat
Ml !D 1 • a
.1 • il
UK X • >P
~— - • -" - »
u 1 . .,
IV^MM • « ~^mT_l—
Soil Exposure Pathway
page 6-18
A-37
-------
PA TABLE 7: SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT VALUES
S»nsrtiv* fnwonmtm
Assignee
|Terresttiai c'Uicai haPuat tor Federally designated endangerec 0' threatened species
[National Pam
(Designated Federal Wilderness Area
JNalionai Monument
IOC
[Terrestrial naouat unown to oe usec Dy f-eoerany oesigriateo c< :roooseo tnreateneo or enoangerea soecies
JNational Preserve (terrestrial)
National or Slate terrestrial Wildlife Refuge
Feoerai lane Designates tor protection ot natural ecosystems
Adminisirativeiy pfoposed Feoerai Wilderness Area
Ter'estnal areas utilized by large or dense aggregations o* animals (vertebrate speciesl tor breedirtc,
Terrestrial naouat used by State designated endangered or threatened species
Terrestrial narjitat used Dv species under review tor Federal designated endangered or threatened status
State lands designated tor wildlife or game management 25
State designated Natural Areas
(Particular areas relatively small m size, 'mponant to maintenance of unique Diotic communities
So/7 Exposure Pathway
page 6-19
-------
Section 7:
Air Pathway
Threat
Potential source*
of a release to air
Fire
Bum operation (odors,
gases, paniculate*)
Contaminants may
settle on buildings or
settle onto soils
Mine tailings
pile
Sensitive Environment
(e.g., habitat, park, or
recreation area)
Dry and dusty
conditions may cause
participates to be
blown off site
Waste water
lagoon
May release
vapors/gases that are
detected by nearby
residents/workers
Contaminated
soils
-------
• AIR PATHWAY
Threat
Potential sources
ot a release to an
Fir*
Bum operation (odors,
Bases particulates)
Waste water
lagoon
Air Pathway
Mine tailings
pile
May release
vapors/gases that are
detected by nearby
residents/workers
Contaminants may
settle on buildings o<
settle onto sols
Scnslttvs Environment
(e o . habitat. parK or
recreation area)
Dry and dusty
conditions may cause
particulates to be
blown ottsrte
Contaminated
soils
OH»1
Air Pathway Evaluation
Waste
Characteristics
Likelihood
of Exposure
PA Guidance, section 3.6
Human
Population
Targets
Sensitive
Environment
Targets
OH-2
Air Pathway
page 7-2
4/94
-------
• AIR PATHWAY
Site Assessment Questions 2 and 3 for Air
2. What is the likelihood that hazardous substances are being
released to air and can be detected through sampling?
3. Who and what are likely to be affected?
PA Guidance, sections 3.6.1 and 3.6.2 OH • 3
Likelihood of Release
• Evaluated differently than other migration pathways
• Based on likelihood of detecting airborne hazardous substances
during SI sampling
• Scored on "suspected release" or "no suspected release"
• Determined using the Criteria List for Suspected Release to Air
Pathway (appendix A, page A-41)
PA Guidance, section 3.6.1 OH • 4
4/94 Air Pathway
page 7-3
-------
AIR PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED RELEASE
PR/MARY TARGETS
n
k
Z Are odors currently reported?
~ has release o! e nezercous suDstence to me eir
been aneclly ooserved"
~ Are Ihere reports o' adverse health effects
le.g , headaches, nausea, dizziness) potennally
resulting from migration of hazardous
substances thtough the BII?
Z^ Does eneiy^'cal or circumstantial evidence
suggest a release to the air?
Other criteria?
SUSPECTED RELEASE?
I' you susoec^ 2 ipiesse to an. evaluate- a1! popuieuonr anc
sensitive environments withir 1/^ mile iinciuamg tnose
onsite; as Ffimery targets
Summarize the rationale lor Suspected Release (attach an additional page if necessary)
Air Pathway
page 7-4
-------
AIR PATHWAY
Air Targets
People living, going to school, or working within 4 miles of site
Sensitive environments (terrestrial and aquatic) within V2 mile
Resources
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2
OH»5
Air Targets:
Target Distance Categories
(Not to scale)
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2
0
%
Vz
1
2
3
- V* mile
- y* mile
- 1 mile
- 2 miles
- 3 miles
- 4 miles
OH»6
4/94
Air Pathway
page 7-5
-------
AIR PATHWAY
Human Population Targets
Residential populations
• Identify population onsite and in each of the six distance
categories
• Can use data bases or housecounts depending on distance from
site
Worker and student populations
• Identify those within % mile of site
• Use readily available information
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, pages 131 and 132 OH • 7
Human Population Targets
Data Bases
Automated data bases based on U.S. Census population are very
useful
Graphical Exposure Modeling System (GEMS)
Other population data base resources:
- National Planning Data Corporation (NPDC)
- Local city/county planning offices
- Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and
Referencing (TIGER)
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2 OH • 8
AirPathway 4/94
page 7-6
-------
AIR PATHWAY
Data Bases
Limitations of automated
population data bases:
• "Census tracts" based on
population density
(smaller in urban areas; larger in
rural areas)
• Population is assigned to
centroid of tract
• Result: underestimation or
overestimation of population for
small, close-in, distance
categories (Vi mile, Va mile)
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, page 131
OH»9
Data Bases
Solution:
Verify close-in population with house counts from topographic
maps, aerial photos, reconnaissance windshield survey, or
combination of all three
Generally, automated population data bases are sufficiently
accurate beyond V* mile
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, page 132
OH'10
4/94
Air Pathway
page 7-7
-------
• AIR PATHWAY •
Human Population Targets
Nearest individual
• Defined as the closest person to any source at the site
• Indicates the magnitude of threat to the person who is most likely
to be exposed
• Represented by nearest regularly occupied building
• Distance to nearest individual is noted on the pathway
characteristics box of the air pathway scoresheet
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, page 137
OH-11
Sensitive Environment Targets
Identify all sensitive environments
either onsite, within % mile of the
site, or within Y2 mile of the site
Include terrestrial and aquatic
environments
PA table 5 (appendix A, page A-31;
lists qualifying sensitive
environments
Wetlands are scored on acreage
totals within each distance ring
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, pages 132-134
OH»12
Air Pathway
page 7-8
4/94
-------
AIR PATHWAY
Primary and Secondary Targets
All populations and sensitive environments out to and including
the Vi-mile distance category are considered primary targets
Must have suspected release to identify primary targets
All targets beyond 1/4 mile are considered secondary targets
Secondary target population values are assigned using PA table 8
(appendix A, page A-45)
PA Guidance, section 3.6.2, pages 134-136 OH • 13
Notes:
4/94 Air Pathway
page 7-9
-------
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Air Pathway
page 7-10
A-45
-------
• AIR PATHWAY •
Values for Secondary Target Populations
Distance
from Site
Onsite
0 to Vi mile
>% mile to V-3. mile
>Vz mile to 1 mile
>1 to 2 miles
>2 to 3 miles
>3 to 4 miles
Population Range: 1,001 to 3,000
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(PA table 8)
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(PA table 2a)
—
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101
52
29
21
13
OH '14
Likelihood of Release
No suspected release vs. suspected release
• Primary targets
O Secondary targets
OH«15
4/94
Air Pathway
page 7-11
-------
AIR PATHWAY SCORESHEET
jOc yo^, suspec" ^ re'ease ise> - '
Distance 10 me nearest moivi.._,s
atena L>S' page -
No
LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE
SUSPECTED Rt'.tK
score 01 b&C Use
cage .. ' or
A fo'
NO SUSPECTED RELEASE i' you oc nc' s,s;e:' e (eiease tc aif assign a
SCO'e Of 600 Use Only CCi'jmr, 6 10' U»S oa'lwav
TARGETS
PRIMARY TARGET POPULATION Determine the numoer of people iuD
10 exposuie Irom a susceciefl release o' najaroous suDsiances lo tne air
people * 10
E
SECONDARY TARGET POPULATION Determine the number ol people not
suspected tc oe exposed to t release to m anc assign the total population
score using PA Table 6
NEAREST INDIVIDUAL « you have idenM.ea any Pnmary Targe1, Pooulauor.
tor the air pathway, assign a score of 50 otherwise assign the Nearest
Inoividual score from PA Taoie 8
PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Sum the sensitive environment values
(PA Taoic 5l and wetland acreage values IPA TaDie 91 for environments subiect
to exposure trom a suspected release to the air
7 SECONDARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Use PA Table 10 to determine
the score lor secondary sensitive environments
8 RESOURCES
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
A It you nave identified any PiimarY Targtl lor ',ne »ir pathway, assign tne wasie
characteristics score calculated on page *. or a score of 32. whichever is
GREATER. 00 not evaluate pan B of this lac'.or
B II you have NOT identified any Primary Targe: to/ the air pathway, assign the
waste characteristics score calculated on sase *
WC -
AIR PATHWAY SCORE:
LR x
x WC
82.500
Air Pathway
page 7-12
-------
AIR PATHWAY
CASE STUDY: ABC VACUUM SERVICE
AIR PATHWAY
OBJECTIVE
Using background information from file searches, site reconnaissance notes, and site maps,
complete the Air Pathway portion of the PA scoresheets.
METHOD
1. Review the existing site information, site reconnaissance notes, population data
base information, and map included with the exercise.
2. Read the instructions for the air pathway criteria list and complete the "Suspected
Release" evaluation. Determine whether you can hypothesize a suspected release.
Summarize the rationale for this decision in the space provided.
3. Using the existing site information and the scoresheet instructions, complete all
portions of the air pathway scoresheet. PA Table 8, Values for Secondary Air Target'
Populations; PA Table 9, Air Pathway Values for Wetland Area; and PA Table 10,
Distance Weights and Calculations for Air Pathway Secondary Sensitive
Environments should be used to evaluate sensitive environments and secondary
targets. Remember to evaluate the nearest individual factor.
4. Calculate and record the air pathway score.
Air Pathway: GEMS Population Data for ABC Vacuum Service
North Latitude: 30° 30' 18" West Longitude: 91° 19' 16" Total Population: 6,489
Record
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Population
0
0
1096
1254
1733
2406
House
0
0
320
330
456
710
Distance
kilometers
0.40
0.81
1.60
3.20
4.80
6.40
miles
0.25
0.50
1
2
3
4
Sector
1
1
1
1
1
1
4/94
AirPathway
page 7-13
-------
Air Pathway
page 7-14
-------
AIR PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
This "Criteria List" helps guide the process of developing a hypothesis as to whether a reiease tc the
air is likely to be detected The checK-Doxes record your professional judgment Answers tc all of tie
listed questions may not be available during the PA. Alsc, the list is not ai>-!ncius:ve, if cine- crnens
help shape your hypothesis, hst them at the oottom of the page or attach an accitionai page
The "Suspected Release" section iaentifies several conditions that ccuia prcviae insight as tc wnetne-
a release from the site is likeiy to be aetected ." s release is suspectec primary targe:s are an,
residents, workers, students, and sensitive environments on or within '/. mile of tne site
Check the boxes to indicate a "yes," "no," or "unknown" answer to each question If you check the
"Suspected Release" box as "yes," make sure you assign a Likelihood of Release value of 550 for the
pathway.
Air Path way
page 7-15
-------
AIR PATHWAY CRITERIA LIST
SUSPECTED RELEASE
PRIMARY TARGETS
v N
eo
_ Are odors currently reported7
_ Ha? release o* e neze'Sous suipstance Tc 'he eir
Deen directly Observed"
Z Are there reports of adverse health effects
(e g , headaches, nausea, dizziness! potentially
resulting from migration o* hazardous
substances through the air'
Z Does analytical or circumstantial evidence
suggest a release to the BIT'
Other criteria?
I I' VOL. suspec! e release u ei< evaluate ah populations anc
I sensitive environments within 1 '4 mile (including those
onsite! as primary targets
SUSPECTED RELEASE1
Summarize the rationale for Suspected Release (attach an additional page it necessary)
Air Pathway
page 7-16
-------
AIR PATHWAY SCORESHEET
Pathway Characteristics
Answer the Questions e: the top o' the page Refer tc the Air PethwBv Criteria _ist '.page 2"' tc hvpc"hes.2e whether
you suspect that e hazeraous substance release to the air couic be detected Due to dispersior releases to e>\< are no'
as persistent as releases tc water migration pathways ana are much more difficult to aetec' Deveior- vour • /pothesis
concerning the release of hazardous substances to air based or "rea* time" consioera: ions Recede 'he a^\e'.~t , ir- fee;
trorr, any source tc the nearest regular^ occupied Duiiamg
Likelihood of Release (LP.i
1 Suspected Release- Hypothesize based on protessiona< iudgmem guioec p\ tne Air Pathway Criteria _T- ipape 2'
I' you suspect e release to air, use oniy Column A I or 'his pathway anc do no; evaluate (actor 2
2. No Suspected Release If you 00 not suspect a release, enter 50C ana use oniy Column E for this pathway
Targets (T)
3 Primary Target Population. Evaluate populations subiect to exposure from release of B hazardous suDstanci- trorr the
site If you suspect a release the resident, student, ana worker populations on and within ,. miie of the site die
considered primary target population I! only the number of residences is known, use the average county residents per
householc Irounoeo up tc the next integer' to determine the population Ih the space provided enter this cupuiauo0
Multiply the population by '0 to determine the Primary Target Population score Note that if you dc no; suspect a release
there can be no primary target population
A. Secondary Target Population: Evaluate populations in distance categories not suspected to be subject to exposure from
release of e hazardous substance from the site If you suspect a release, residents, students, and workers in the '/. • to
4-mile distance categories are secondary target population It you do not suspect a release, all residents, students, and
worKers onsite and within 4 miles are considered secondary target population
Use PA Table 8 (page 23). Enter the population in each secondary target population distance category, circle the assigned
value, and record it on the far-right side of the table Sum the far-right column and enter the total as the Secondary
Target Population factor score
5. Nearest Individual represents the threat posed tc the person most likely to be exposed to e hazardous substance release
from the site. If you have identified a primary target population, enter 50. Otherwise, assign the score from PA Table
8 (page 23) for the closest distance category in which you have identified z secondary target population
6. Primary Senshive Environments: If a release is suspected, all sensitive environments on or within '/. mile of the site
are considered primary targets List them and assign values for sensitive environment type (from PA Table 5, page 16i
and/or wetland acreage (from PA Table 9, page 23) Sum the values eno enter the total as the factor score
7. Secondary Sensitive Environments: If a release is suspected, sensitive environments in the '/. - tc Vi-mile distance
category are secondary targets; greater distances need not be evaluated because distance weighting greatly diminishes
the impact on site score. If you do not suspect e release, all sensitive environments on and within '/i mile cf the Site are
considered secondary targets List each secondary sensitive environment on PA Taoie " C (page 23) enc assign e vaiue
to each using PA Teoies B end S Multiply each value Sy the maicetec distance weight and recorc the product in the far-
ngn: column. Sum me products enc enter the total as the facto' score
E. Resources: A score of 5 can generally be assigned as e default measure Assign zerc oniy if there is nc lehc resource
use within '/a mile
Su~, the te'ge: scores in Coiumr, A !Suspec:ec Reieese1 o: Co;u-nr. E INc Suscectec Release
V«aste Characteristics fWC'
S Waste Cheractenstics: Score is assignee 4rom page 4 —cwe^ev if you have identifiec any primary tarpe' to' the er
pathway, assign eitner the score calculated or page 4. o- e score ct 32 wmcneve- is g^eate-
Air Pathway Score- Multiply the scores to- LR, T, and VVC Divide the product bv £2 50C Rounc the result tc the
nearest intege' If the result is greater thar 'DC, assign IOC
Air Pathway
A-42 page 7-17
-------
AIR PATHWAY SCORESHEET
| DC you suspect a release (see An Pathway Criteria us: page 21)
D'Siancs to me starts: moividua
Nc
JKEUHOOD OF RELEASE
SJSPEC""E~ CE:_:LA3E '• vo_ sjsoec" a 'e^edst •; a" iset past 2' ais.cn
score c* r 5 C use c' i < c c i u ^r ^ ' of ' r 15 ciat^vva*
NC SUSPECTED RELEASE >' you ac not sjsoec; a .
rARGETS
• PRIMARv TARGET POPULATION Determine me numder of people suDieci
TO exposuf? Tom a suspected release o' nazaroous suostances 10 trie air
people «
l SECONDARY TARGET POPULATION Dtitfmme tne numon o' people not
suscecteo :c Oe exposed to a release to a>r anc assign tne totai population
score using PA TaDie B
i NEAREST INDIVIDUAL II you have iQeniiliei any Pnmar> Target Population
lor the air pathway, assign a score ol 50. otherwise, assign the Nearest
Inoividuai score from PA Table 8
5 PRIMARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Sum tne sensitive environment values
(PA Table 5l ana wettanc acreage values (PA Taote 9) toi environments
to exposure from a suspected release 10 me a»
Typt
7 SECONDARY SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Use PA Table ' C to determine
the score tor secondary sensitive environments
B RESOURCES
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
S A II VOL lave identified any Primary Targe; tor tne air pathway, assign the waste
characteristics score calculated on page * or a score o' 32, whichever is
GREATER, ao not evaluate pan B o< this (actor
E r you nave NOT identified any Pnmar> Target 'cr the ai' pathway, ass.gn the
waste characteristics score calculated cr sa;e *
Sum •
WC -
AIR PATHWAY SCORE:
WC
62.500
Air Pathway
page 7-18
-------
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Air Pathway
page 7-19
-------
Section 8:
Completing the PA Investigation
Data
Summary
Form
Narrative
Report
PA
Scoresheets
Complete PA Package
-------
COMPLETING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Completing the PA Investigation
Site Scoring
and
Summary
Reporting
Requirements
Review
PA
Package
OH*1
Site Score
• Combines scores for all four pathways
• Uses a root-mean-square formula:
Site Score =
V
Calculate score using matrix provided in the PA
scoresheet (appendix A, site score calculation,
page A-47)
PA Guidance, section 3.7
OH-2
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-2
4/94
-------
COMPLETING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Summary
Provides a qualitative evaluation of relative risk of targets
exposed to hazardous substances from the site
Cross-checks individual pathway scores
Identifies affected targets
Used as basis for site hypotheses
Summary table and instructions are found in appendix A,
pages A-46 and A-47
PA Guidance, Section 3.7 OH • 3
Notes:
4/94 Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-3
-------
SITE SCORE CALCULATION
In the column labeled S, record the Ground Water Pathway score, the Surface Water Pathway score, m
the Soil Exposure Pathway score, and the Air Pathway score. Square each pathway score and record
the result in the S2 column. Sum the squared pathway scores. Divide the sum by 4, and take the
square root of the result to obtain the Site Score.
SUMMARY
Answer the summary questions, which ask for a qualitative evaluation of the relative risk of targets
being exposed to a hazardous substance from the site. You may find your responses to these
questions a good cross-check against the way you scored the individual pathways. For example, if
you scored the ground water pathway on the basis of no suspected release and secondary targets
only, yet your response to question #1 is "yes," this presents apparently conflicting conclusions that
you need to reconsider and resolve. Your answers to the questions on page 24 should be consistent
with your evaluations elsewhere in the PA scoresheets package.
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-4
A-46
-------
SITE SCORE CALCULATION
GROUND WATER PATHWAY
SCORE (S,J:
S2
SURFACE WATER PATHWAY
SCORE (S.J:
SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
SCORE (S,):
AIR PATHWAY
SCORE (S.):
SITE SCORE:
SUMMARY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Is there a high possibility of a threat to any nearby drinking water well(s) by migration of e
hazardous substance in ground water?
A. If yes, identify the well(s).
B. If yes, how many people are served by the threatened well(s)?
Is there a high possibility of a threat to any of the following by hazardous substance
migration in surface water?
A. Drinking water intake
B. Fishery
C. Sensitive environment (wetland, critical habitat, others)
D. If yes, identify the target(s).
Is there a high possibility of an area of surficial contamination within 200 feet of any
residence, school, or daycare facility?
If yes, identify the propertydes) and estimate the associated populetion(s).
Are there public health concerns at this site tnat are not addressed by PA scoring
considerations? If yes, explain
YES
D
D
D
a
D
a
NO
D
D
D
D
a
m
* i
A-47
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-5
-------
COMPLETING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Data
Summary
Form
Narrative
Report
PA
Scoresheets
PA Guidance, section 4
Reporting Requirements
Complete PA Package
OH* 4
Reporting Requirements
Potential hazardous waste site preliminary assessment form (PA
Guidance, appendix D)
Narrative report
- May be a letter report or a stand-alone document
- Factual statements must be keyed to a supporting reference
- References not available to general public are attached to report
- Must include latitude and longitude worksheet
- Table 4-1 (pages 145-147) contains PA report outline
PA Guidance, sections 4.1 and 4.2
OH-5
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-6
4/94
-------
Table 4-1
PA Narrative Report, Outline of Contents
INTRODUCTION
t
• State that a PA was performed, name the agency or organization performing it, and
state the authority under which it was conducted (i.e., CERCLA as amended by SARA,
and EPA contract or cooperative agreement). Include the site name, CERCLIS
identification number, and location (street address, city, county, state).
• Briefly state the purpose of the PA (i.e., to assess the immediate or potential threat
wastes at the site pose to human health and the environment and to collect information
to support a decision regarding the need for further action under CERCLA/SARA) and the
scope of the investigation (e.g., research and review file information, comprehensive
target survey, and an off site or onsite reconnaissance).
SITE DESCRIPTION. OPERATIONAL HISTORY. AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
• State brief directions to the site. Provide latitude/longitude coordinates. Identify the
type of site (e.g., plating facility, chemical plant), whether it is active or inactive, and
years of operation. Describe its physical characteristics (e.g., dimensions, size,
structures, buildings, borders, drainage patterns), and setting (e.g., topography, local
land uses). Include a USGS 7.5-minute base map locating the site and showing a 1-mile
radius. On the map, identify the surface water drainage route; nearest well, intake, and
residence; wetlands and other sensitive environments. Include a drafted site sketch
showing features on and around the site.
• Provide an operational history of the site. Identify current and former owners and
operators, and describe site activities. Identify and describe wastes generated,
quantities, disposal practices, and source areas. Indicate source areas on the sketch.
Describe any removals, whether conducted by facility operators or regulatory authorities.
• Describe past regulatory activities including permits, violations, and inspections by local,
state, or Federal authorities. Present available analytical data in a table and discuss.
PATHWAY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Ground Water
• Describe the local geologic and hydrogeologic setting (e.g., stratigraphy, formations,
aquifers, karst features, depth and permeability to the shallowest aquifer).
• On the basis of the site description, operational history, local geology and hydrogeology,
and any available analytical data, state whether release of a hazardous substance from
the site to ground water is suspected. If analytical data are available, summarize them
in a table.
• Discuss ground water use within a 4-mile radius. Identify the nearest drinking water
well and state the distance to it. Quantify drinking water populations served by wells
within 4 miles. Differentiate between populations served by private wells and those
served by municipal wells; identify blended systems. Identify drinking water wells
suspected to be primary targets and quantify the populations associated with each.
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-7
-------
Table 4-1 (continued)
PA Narrative Report, Outline of Contents
PATHWAY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT (continued)
Surface Water
• Describe the local hydroloojc setting, including site location with respect to floodplains,
and the overland and downstream portions of the surface water migration path. State
the distance from the site to the probable point of entry (PPE) to surface water. Identify
the water bodies within a 15-mile downstream distance, and state the length of reach
and flow characteristics of each. Include a drafted sketch of the surface water
migration path.
• On the basis of the site description and operational history, local hydrology, and any
available analytical data, state whether release of a hazardous substance from the site to
surface water is suspected. If analytical data are available, summarize them in a table.
• Indicate whether surface water within a 15-mile downstream distance supplies drinking
water. Identify each drinking water intake and state the distance from the PPE to the
nearest intake. Quantify the drinking water population served by surface water and
identify blended systems. Identify surface water intakes suspected to be primary targets
and quantify the populations served by each.
• Indicate whether surface water along a 1 5-mile downstream distance supports fisheries.
Identify each fishery and state the distance from the PPE to the nearest fishery; identify
the fishery with the lowest flow characteristics. Identify fisheries suspected to be
primary targets.
• Indicate whether sensitive environments are present in or adjacent to the surface water
migration path (overland and along a 15-mile downstream distance). Identify each
sensitive environment and state the distance from the PPE to the nearest; identify the
sensitive environment with the lowest flow characteristics. Identify sensitive
environments suspected to be primary targets.
Soil Exposure and Air
• Indicate the number of onsite workers and the number of people who live onsite or
within 200 feet of areas of known or suspected contamination. Identify schools and day
care facilities onsite or within 200 feet of areas of known or suspected contamination,
and state the number of attendees. Quantify the populations (residents, students, and
workers) within 4 miles of the site; state the distance to the nearest regularly occupied
onsite or offsite building. Identify sensitive environments onsite and within 4 miles of
the site. Discuss the likelihood of a hazardous substance being released to the air. If
analytical data are available, summarize them in a table.
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-8
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f
Table 4-1 (concluded)
PA Narrative Report, Outline of Contents
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
• Briefly summarize the major aspects of the site and its history that relate to the potential
for releases of hazardous substances and the exposure of targets. Identify principal
pathways and targets of concern. Discuss additional qualitative considerations or
unusual circumstances that should be brought to the attention of Regional EPA site
assessment personnef.
PHOTODOCUMENTATION LOG
• As an attachment, provide original photographs of the site and pertinent site features
(e.g., waste source areas, stained soil, stressed vegetation, drainage paths) taken during
the site reconnaissance. Provide a written description on the back of each photo, in
captions, or in an accompanying text. Key each photo to its location on the site sketch.
REFERENCES
• Provide a numbered list, in bibliographic citation format, of all references cited in the PA
report.
• Attach copies of references cited in the PA report. Include complete copies of site-
specific references (e.g., USGS topographic quads, records of communication, drinking
water population apportionment and calculation worksheets, GEMS and other database
printouts, waste handling records or shipping manifests). Include only the title page and
pertinent excerpts of general references (e.g., geologic reports, census reports, other
publicly available documents).
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-9
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COMPLETING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Reporting Requirements
PA scoring
• PA scoresheets
- Must be included
- Provide national consistency in reporting
- Found in PA Guidance, appendix A
- Also available from EPA
- Regional variations may exist
• PA-Score
- Computer program developed by EPA
- Performs all factor value table look-ups and mathematical
calculations
- PA-print used to print scoresheets, references, and PA data
summary form
PA Guidance, section 4.3 OH • 6
PA Guidance, section 5.1
Reviews
Checking for internal consistency
• Look at:
- Criteria lists
- Pathway characteristics boxes
- Scoring columns "A" and "B"
- PA tables 1-10
- Summary questions
• Use Table 5-1, Checklist for Internal Consistency
(PA Guidance, pages 151-152)
OH-7
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-10
4/94
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COMPLETING THE PA INVESTIGATION
Reviews
Review of PA hypotheses
• Ensure hypotheses are reasonable and well-founded
• Evaluate responses on criteria lists for appropriate
conclusions
• Resolve any differences of opinion
• Avoid inappropriate NFRAP recommendations
PA Guidance, section 5.2
OH-8
The Next Step...
Site
Discovery
CERCLIS
Preliminary
Assessment
Site
Inspection
t Yes
PA
Score
> 28.5?
No
NFRAP
Recommen-
dation
OH«9
4/94
Completing the PA Investigation
page 8-11
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APPENDIX A
Fact Sheets
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PB93-963341
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Directive 9345 1-16FS
EPA540-F-93-038
September 1993
4MEFA
Integrating Removal and
Remedial Site Assessment
Investigations
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Hazardous Site Evaluation Division (52Q4G)
Quick Reference Fact Sheet
Increased efficiency and shorter response times are the primary objectives of integrating removal and remedial site
assessment investigations under the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM). This is based on the
assumption that there is duplication of effort between the programs. A critical element of SACM is a continuous
and integrated approach to assessing sites. The concept of integrating removal and remedial site assessment
activities was introduced in Assessing Sites Under SACM—Interim Guidance (OSWER Publication 9203.1-051,
Volume 1, Number 4, December 1992). This fact sheet examines areas of duplication and key differences between
the two types of investigations, and describes some approaches for integrating assessments. The primary audience
for this information is the site assessment community which includes EPA On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Site
Assessment Managers (SAMs), their counterparts in state or other federal agencies, and assessment contractors-.
t
REMOVAL ASSESSMENTS AND
REMEDIAL SITE ASSESSMENTS
Figure 1 illustrates traditional assessment activities of
the removal and remedial programs prior to SACM.
Typically, when EPA is notified of a possible release
(under CERCLA Section 103), the removal program
determines whether there is a need for emergency
response by EPA. If a response is deemed
necessary, an OSC and/or a removal program
contractor will visit the site. If circumstances allow,
a file and telephone investigation should be initiated
prior to the site visit. The OSC may decide to take
samples during this initial visit or may postpone
sampling. EPA can initiate a removal action at any
point in the assessment process. If the OSC
determines that the site does not warrant a removal
action, he may refer the site to remedial site
assessment or the State for further evaluation, or
recommend no further federal response action.
The remedial site assessment process is similar to that
of the removal program. Once a site has been
discovered and entered into the CERCLIS data base,
the SAM directs that a preliminary assessment (PA)
be performed at the site. The focus of PA data
collection is the set of Hazard Ranking System (MRS)
factors that can be obtained without sampling (e.g.,
population within 1/4 mile). The PA includes a file
and telephone investigation, as well as a site visit (the
PA reconnaissance, or "recon"). The PA recon
differs from the typical removal site visit because
samples are not collected and observations are often
made from the perimeter of the site (although some
Regions prefer on-site PA recons). From the PA
information, the SAM determines if a site inspection
(SI) is needed (i.e., whether the site could score
greater than the 28.5 needed to qualify for inclusion
on the National Priorities List (NPL)). The SI would
include sufficient sampling and odier information to
allow the SAM to determine whether the score is
above 28.5. Even in cases where SI data are
adequate for this decision, it may be necessary to
conduct an expanded site inspection (ESI) to obtain
legally defensible documentation.
In general, th'e remedial site assessment process is
more structured than the removal assessment and
operates on a less intensive schedule. The remedial
site assessment process is focused on collecting data
for the MRS, while Removal assessments are based
on whether site conditions meet National Contingency
Plan (NCP) criteria for a removal action.
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INTEGRATING ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
While there are differences in objectives between
ovaJ and remedial assessments (i.e., NCP
'removal criteria versus MRS), many of the same
factors are important to both programs: the potential
for human exposure through drinking water, soils,
and air pollution; and threats to. sensitive
environments such as wetlands Similarities in the
activities required by both assessments—telephone
and file investigations, site visits or PA recons,
removaJ or SI sampling visits—suggest that the
activities can be consolidated. The challenge of
integrating assessments is to organize the activities to
enhance efficiency.
The basic goals of an integrated assessment program
under SACM are:
• Eliminate duplication of effort.
• Expedite the process. At a minimum, avoid
delays for time-critical removal actions or early
actions (see Early Aaion and Long-Term Action
Under SACM— Interim Guidance, OSWER
Publication 9203.1-051, Volume 1, Number 2,
December 1992, for details on early and long-
term actions).
• Minimize the number of site visits and other
steps in the process.
• Collect only the data needed to assess the site
appropriately.
The last point is critical to enhancing efficiency since
not aJl sites need to be assessed in depth for both
removal and remedial purposes. Integrating
assessments does not mean simply adding together the
elements of both assessments for all sites—efficient
decision points must be incorporated into the
integration process. The elements deemed necessary
for an integrated assessment depend on the particular
needs of a specific site and could involve similar,
additional, or slightly different activities from
traditional removal or remedial site assessments.
i
9
Figure 2 shows an approach for integrating the two
assessments and indicates ways to eliminate
(Unnecessary data collection. The most important
features of the approach are the combined
notification/site discovery/screening function; the
single site visit for both programs; phased file
searches as appropriate, and integrated sample
planning and inspection This approach is detailed
below.
Notificalion/Site Discovery/Screening
This "one door" notification process is a combination
of the current removal and remedial program
notification/discovery All remedial and removal
program discovered sues are screened for possible
emergency response. The screening step would
determine whether there is time for a file search prior
to the initial site visit
(Classic) Emergency
If an emergency is identified, the response would be
implemented immediately. Emergency responses
require immediate sampling and removal actions and
allow linle or no time for file or telephone
investigations prior to site activity.
File Search
The integrated file search includes all elements of the
current removal assessment file search. All file
search elements should be thoroughly documented to
serve the needs of both programs. Table 1 lists data
elements that are commonly a part of the file search.
The timing of the file search relative to the initial site
visit would be determined during the
notification/screening step.
Table 1: File Search and
Telephone Investigation
Elements Common to Both Programs
Regulatory program file search (e.g., RCRA,
water, state)
Site access information and property
ownership
Site history, industrial processes
Substances used at site
Past releases (substances, locations, impacts)
Latitude and longitude
Topographic maps
Generally Removal Assessment Only
Potentially responsible party (PRP) search
Treatment technology review
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Initial Field Investigation/PA Recon
The integrated site visit combines elements of both
removal assessment field visit and the remedial
A recon. Because removal and remedial program
site visit activities are similar, only a small increase
in effort would be required to meet the needs of both
programs. Documentation needs of remedial site
assessment might require slight revision of removal
assessment procedures. For example, one might need
to document the distance to the nearest residence, m
addition to locating any contaminated residential
properties; for removal assessment needs, one might
need to assess the extent of contamination. The
assessment team will need to gain site access
approval for the site visit, in contrast with current
remedial PA recons performed from the perimeter in
some Regions. Table 2 lists elements that are
commonly part of the screening site visit.
Sample (Optional)
Integrated assessment sampling should follow the
current removal assessment approach, except that
HRS data needs should be considered in selecting
sample locations and laboratory analyses. The
fnphasis, however, is on removal assessment needs.
'Review Data/Decide Further Action
Both removal and remedial programs would jointly
recommend a course of action, taking into
consideration any previous removal actions. A site
might undergo either a continuation of the removal
assessment, a remedial site assessment PA, or both
concurrently. Alternatively, a time-critical removal
action could be performed prior to deciding whether
the site should undergo a PA. Completing the PA
might be expedited in order to determine early in the
process whether remedial site assessment
requirements should be included in sampling plans.
When planning the site inspection, the Region may
also want to consider the effect of a removal action
on the HRS score (see The Revised Hazard Ranking
System: Evaluating Sites After "Waste Removals,
OSWER Publication 9345.1-03FS, October 1991).
Complete the PA
Collect any information needed for the remedial site
sessment that was not part of the earlier file search,
and calculate the preliminary HRS score. For sites
assigned the SEA (site evaluation accomplished)
Table 2: Data Elements of the Site Visit
Elements Common to Both Programs
Current human exposure identification
Sources identification, including locations,
sizes, volumes
Information on substances present
Labels on drums and containers
Containment evaluation
Evidence of releases (e.g., stained soils)
Locations of wells on site and tn immediate
vicinity
Runoff channels or pathways
Location of site or sources relative to surface
waters
Nearby wetlands identification
Nearby land uses (e.g., residential, schools,
parks, industrial)
Distance measurements or estimates for wells,
land uses (residences and schools), surface
waters, and wetlands
Public accessibility (e.g., site fence)
Blowing soils and air contaminants
Photodocumentation
Site sketch
Generally Removal Assessment Only
Petroleum releases (eligible)
Fire and explosion threat
-Urgency of need for response
Response and treatment alternatives evaluation
Greater emphasis on specific pathways (e.g.,
direct contact)
Sampling
Generally Remedial Site Assessment Only
Perimeter survey (in some Regions)
Number of people within 200 feet
Some sensitive environments (e.g., endangered
species habitats)
Review all pathways
designation, also complete the PA report. Depending
on circumstances and the Region's approach, the PA
report might be included as part of a comprehensive
PA/SI report for sites scoring above 28.5. Table 3
lists typical data dements of this activity. If after the
PA it is evident that a site is likely to qualify for the
NPL, the site would be referred to the Regional
Decision Team (RDT). (See SACM Regional
Decision Teams—Interim Guidance, OSWER
Publication 9203.1-051, Volume 1, Number 5,
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Table 3: Data Elements Needed to Complete the PA
Population within 1 and 4 miles
All pnvate and municipal wells within 4 miles
Depth to ground water (sometimes also collected for removal assessment)
Local or regional geology and climate
Distance to surface water measured (removal assessment only estimates distance)
Fisheries along a 15-mile surface water migration pathway
Sensitive environments along a 15-mile'surface water migration pathway
Siz£ of wetlands
Preliminary HRS score
December 1992, for details on the composition and
role of the RDT.)
Integrated Sampling Plan
This combines planning for the current screening
level SI (see section 2.1 of the Guidance for
Performing Site Inspections Under CERCLA, OSWER
Directive 9345.1-05, 1992) and any removal
sampling activities not already addressed by the initial
visit. When it appears that a remedial action will be
appropriate, and the site looks like a candidate for
NPL listing, a Remedial Project Manager (RPM)
should join the OSC and SAM in sample planning to
incorporate the objectives of any potential long-term
actions at the site. For applicable sites, this will
enhance the efficiency of progressing from
assessment to remediation, or starting a remedial
investigation prior to NPL proposal. Likewise,
sample planning should anticipate the needs of any
possible engineering evaluation/cost analysis (EE/C A)
that might be needed for subsequent non-time-critical
removal actions.
Si/Removal Assessment Sampling
This is a single sampling event designed to meet the
needs of both programs, where appropriate. Along
with the site visit and the file search, integrating
sampling would improve efficiency. Table 4.
describes differences in emphasis between removal
and remedial site assessment sampling approaches
which need to be considered when developing a joint
sampling plan.
RDT Decisions
The RDT determines the course of action needed to
address a site, based on the outcome of the sue
assessment PA, Si/removal assessment, and any time-
critical removal actions. This can include proposing
to list the site on the NPL; conducting an early
action; starting the remedial investigation (RI) early;
or combining the RJ with the data collection needed
for listing.
ESI/RI
One option open to the RDT is to start the RI as soon
as it is apparent that the site will qualify for the NPL
(e.g., after a PA), even if further documentation is
needed for NPL rulemaking. The needs of NPL
listing and the RI can be integrated into a single
sampling plan to give a headstart to a long-term
action.
Flexibility in Approach
Figure 2 addresses the most likely approaches for
screening site assessments; in fact, the approach will
vary according to the site and other factors. Time-
critical removal actions can occur at any time.
Enforcement, community relations, and remedial
planning considerations can be factored into data
collection as needed at any point along the process.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Methods of recording or documenting information
vary between programs. Documentation is a major
consideration for both programs, but the HRS
requires a specific data set. In order for a common
data element to be used by both programs, HRS
documentation needs to be addressed.
Timing and duration of the activities also need to be
considered by Regional personnel who are setting up
integrated assessments. One critical timing
consideration involves the step "complete the PA."
At some sites this can proceed on a routine schedule,
but if a Region decides that sampling is needed to
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Table 4: Site Inspection/Removal Assessment Sampling
Remedial Site Assessment Emphasis
Attribution to the site
Background samples
Ground water samples
Grab samples from residential soils
Surface water sediment samples
HRS factors related to surface water sample locations (e.g., floodplains, walershed area)
Fewer samples on average (10-30) than removal assessment
Strategic sampling for HRS
Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) usage (no separate funding for analytical serv,ces)
Full screening orgarucs and inorganics analyses
Definitive analyses
Documentation, including targets and receptors (e.g., maps, census data)
Computing HRS scores
Standardized reports
Removal Assessment Emphasis
Sampling from containers
Physical characteristics of wastes
Treatability and other engineering concerns
On-site contaminated soils
Composite and grid sampling
Rapid turnaround on analytical services
Field/screening analyses
PRP-lead removal actions
Goal of characterizing site (e.g., defining extent of contamination)
Focus on NCP removal action criteria
determine whether to undertake a time-critical
removal action, the PA should be completed before
developing the integrated sampling plan. Otherwise,
the remedial site assessment sampling needs may not
be appropriately factored into the sampling plan. By
collecting enough data to develop a preliminary HRS
score, the Region can determine whether the site may
be eligible for the NPL and whether it is worthwhile
to collect HRS-related samples. The PA report can
be combined with an SI report at a later time, if
appropriate.
An integrated sampling approach implies the need for
a coherent approach to sample analysis. Some
general principles should be followed to avoid major
problems. Analytical data must be suitable for NPL
purposes. Analytical services should include the
appropriate reporting requirements to allow for data
validation at a later date, if necessary. Table 5 lists
some data quality considerations for analytical data
used to support an HRS score.
The focus of this fact sheet is on the technical
integration of assessments at sites where there is a
potential for no action, early actions, or long-term
actions. In some cases, the Region will rule out the
need for one of those, and the assessment process
under SACM will be similar to a traditional removal
or remedial site assessment.
Integration of assessments under SACM will reduce
duplication of effort at sites by addressing them with
a single assessment approach which incorporates the
objectives of both programs as applicable to each
site.- Integration of assessments is an efficient
blending of similar procedures which may be
appropriate at some sites and meets the objectives and
needs of both programs.
7
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Table 5: Analytical Data Quality Needs For HRS Obs-erved Releases
Sampling procedures, location, and conditions documented in field log
Cham of custody.
Field blanks for each parameter for each day of sampling The concentration of contaminants detected must be at
least one order of magnitude below corresponding sample results
Initial 2-pomt calibration. Low level standard at or below concentration level of concern High concentration
standard no more than 2 orders of magnitude above the low concentration standard
Continuing calibration using low level concentration standard after 10 to 15 sample analyses, or at the end of the
day/sampling event, whichever occurs first. (This step ensures consistent instrument response )
Blanks run after high level samples to avoid cross contamination.
Specific examples of acceptable field methods:
• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for metals with site-specific standard matrix or with 10 percent lab confirmation by
accepted EPA atonuc absorption (AA) method.
• Field headspace or vadose zone VOC analysis with site specific standards, coupled with previous site information
such as spill composition, 10 percent split for verification by an accepted EPA method, or successful field
analysis of a PE or reference sample.
Additional copies can be obtained from:
Public EPA Employees
National Technical Information Service (NT1S) or Superfund Documents Center
U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5285 Port Royal Road 401 M Street, SW (OS-245)
Springfield, VA 22161 Washington, DC 20460
(703) 487-4650 (202) 260-9760 or (202) 260-2596 (FAX)
Order #: PB93-963341
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
5204G
Washington, DC 20460
$300 Penalty for Private Use
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Directive 9285.7-14FS
PB94-963311
EPA/540/F-94/028
July 1994
Using Qualified Data to
Document an Observed Release
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Hazardous Srte Evaluation Division (5204G)
Quick Reference Fact Sheet
Abstract
Data validation checks the accuracy of analytical data, and qualifies results that fall outside performance criteria of
the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP). Results qualified with a "J" are estimated concentrations that may be
biased, but may be used to determine an observed release in Hazard Ranking System (HRS) evaluation. This fact
sheet explains the conditions for use of "J"-qualified data, and introduces factors which compensate for variability
and enable their use in HRS evaluation.
Why Qualify Data?
Chemical concentration data for environmental
decision-making are generated using analytical
methods. EPA analytical chemistry methods are
designed to provide the definitive analyte
identification and quantitation needed to establish an
observed release under the Hazard Ranking System
(HRS). Routine operational variations in sampling
and analysis inevitably introduce a degree of error
into the analytical data. Data validation checks the
usability of the analytical data for HRS evaluation and
identifies the error (bias) present. The validation
process qualifies the biased data. Certain types of
qualified data for release and background samples
may be used to determine an observed release.
EPA Data Qualifiers
EPA analytical methods (e.g., SW-846" and Contract
Laboratory Program [CLP]) introduce a number of
Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
mechanisms during the course of sample analysis to
measure qualitative and quantitative accuracy.3/w
Such mechanisms include matrix spikes, matrix spike
duplicates, laboratory control samples, surrogates,
blanks, laboratory duplicates, and quarterly blind
performance evaluation (PE) samples. Surrogates
and spikes are chemically similar to the analytes of
interest and thus behave similarly during the
analytical process. They arc introduced or "spiked"
at a known concentration into the field samples
before analysis. Comparison of the known
concentrations of the surrogates and spikes with their
analytical results measures accuracy, and may indicate
bias caused by interferences from the sample medium
(matrix effect).1"25 Laboratory control samples
contain known concentrations of target analytes and
are analyzed in the same batch as field samples.
Their results are used to measure laboratory
accuracy. Blanks are analyzed to detect any
extraneous contamination introduced either in the
field or in the laboratory. Laboratory duplicates
consist of one sample that undergoes two separate
analyses; the results are compared to determine
laboratory precision. Quarterly blind PE samples also
evaluate lab precision.
CLP and other EPA analytical methods include
specifications for acceptable identification, and
minimum and maximum percent recovery of the
target analytes and QA/QC compounds. Data are
validated according to guidelines which set
performance criteria for instrument calibration,
analyte identification, and identification and recovery
of the QA/QC compounds. 3*f The National
Functional Guidelines for Data Review used in EPA
validation were designed for data generated under the
CLP organic and inorganic analytical protocols.1-2J/4
The guidelines do not preclude the validation of field
and non-CLP data; many EPA Regions have adapted
the National Functional Guidelines for Data Review to
validate non-CLP data. Data which do not meet the
-------
guidelines' performance criteria are qualified to
indicate bias or QC deficiencies. The data validation
report usually explains why the data were qualified
and indicates the direction of bias when it can be
determined. Most EPA validation guidelines use the
data qualifiers presented below. u (Other data
qualifiers besides these are in use; always check the
validation report for the exact list of qualifiers and
their meanings.)
• "U" qualifier -- the analyte was analyzed for,
but was not detected above the reported
sample quantitation limit. For practical
purposes, "U" means "not detected"; the result
is usable for characterizing background
concentrations for HRS eval»
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Qualified Data and Direction of Bias
Qualified data may be used when it can be
demonstrated that the data meet the HRS rule for
determining an observed release despite the bias in
the reported concentrations. This condition depends
on the direction of bias: low bias data may be used
for release samples, and high bias data may be used
for background samples. Low bias release samples
are underestimates of true concentration. Under-
estimated release concentrations that still meet the
HRS criteria (e.g., they are still three times
background level) clearly establish an observed
release. High bias background samples are
overestimates of background level. If the
concentration of unbiased release samples still
significantly exceeds an overestimated background
level according to HRS criteria, an observed release
is clearly established. Similarly, an observed release
is established when low bias release concentrations
significantly exceed high bias background
concentrations according to the HRS criteria.
These scenarios show that low bias "J-"qualificd data
may be used for release samples at their reported
concentrations, and that high bias "J-"qualified data
may be used for background samples at their
reported concentrations.
High bias release samples may not be used at their
reported concentrations because they are an
overestimate of true concentration; the true
concentration might be less than the HRS criteria for
an observed release. The reported concentration for
low bias background concentrations may not be
compared to release samples because it is most likely
an underestimate of background level; the release
sample concentration might not significantly exceed
the background concenti ation. However, high bias
release data and low bias background data may be
used with factors which compensate for the variability
in the data. The factors will enable these types of
biased data to meet HRS criteria for determining an
observed release.
Factors for Biased Data: Tables 1 through 4 (pages
6-13) present analvte-specific factors to address the
uncertainty when determining an observed release
using high bias release data and low bias background
data. The factors are derived from percent recoveries
of matrix spikes, surrogates, and laboratory control
samples in the CLP Analytical Results Database
(CARD) from January 1993 to March 1994.
The range of CARD data for each analyte includes 95
percent of all percent recoveries. Discarding outliers
left 95 percent of the CARD data available for
calculating factors. The factors are ratios of percent
recovery values at the 97.5 and 2.5 percentiles. The
ratios generally show a consistent pattern.
An attempt to "convert" a biased value to its true
concentration is not recommended because the
CARD data do not differentiate and quantify
individual sources of variation. The factors are
applied as "safety factors" to ensure that biased data
can be used to meet HRS criteria for determining an
observed release. Dividing a high bias value by a
factor effectively deflates it from the high end of the
range to the low end (low bias • alue). Multiplying a
low bias value by the factor effectively inflates it to a
high bias value. Use of the ratio of percentiles is a
"worst-case" assumption that the data are biased by
the extent of the range of CARD data considered.
The factors cither inflate the values to the high end of
the range, or deflate the data to the low end, and thus
compensate for the apparent variability when
comparing a high bias value to a low bias value (see
Exhibit 1).
Factors have been selected for all analytes in the CLP
Target Compound List (organic analytes) and Target
Analyte List (inorganic analytes). Some organic
factors were derived from matrix spike percent
recoveries, and some from surrogate percent
recoveries, depending on availability of data. When
both matrix spike and surrogate data were available
for the same compound, the larger value
(representing more extreme high and low percent
recoveries) was used. Laborato.y control samples
were used to calculate some of the inorganic factors.
A default factor of 10 was used for analytes when
percent recovery data were unavailable.
Application of the Factors: Exhibit 1 shows how to
apply the factors to "J" qualified data. High bias
background data, low bias release data, and unbiased
data may be used at their reported concentrations.
Multiply low bias background sample data by the
analyte-specific factor to bring them to their new
value. The new background value •ffcctively becomes
a high bias value that may be used to determine an
observed release. Divide high bias release sample
data by the analyte-specific factor to bring them to
their new value. The new release sample value
effectively becomes a low bias result that may be used
-------
Exhibit 1: Use of Factors for "J"-QuaIified Data
Type of Sample
Background
Sample
Release
Sample
Type of Bias
No Bias
Low Bias
High Bias
Unknown Bias
No Bias
Low Bias
High Bias
Unknown Bias
Action Required
None: Use concentration without factor
Multiply concentration by factor
None: Use concentration without factor
Multiply concentration by factor
None: Use concentration without factor
None: Use concentration without factor
Divide concentration by factor
Divide concentration by factor
to determine an observed release. Note: Adjusted
release and background values must still meet HRS
criteria (e.g., release concentration must be at least
three times background level) to determine an observed
release.
Examples Using Trichloroethcne in Soil:
1. Release sample data biased low, background
sample data biased high.
Release sample value:
Background sample value:
30 MgAg CO low
10 MgAg (J) high bias
In this instance, the direction of the bias indicates
that the release sample concentration exceeds
background by more than three times, so an observed
release is established (provided all other HRS criteria
are met). Use of the factors is not needed.
2. Release sample data unbiased, background sample
data biased low.
Release sample value:
Background sample value:
30 MgAg no
10 MgAg GO iow bias
To use the data to establish an observed release,
multiply the background sample value by factor given
for trichloroethene (1.8). No factor is needed for the
release sample.
New background sample value:
(10 MgAg) x (1.8) = 18 MgAg (J) high bias
The release sample concentration does not exceed the
new background level by a factor of three, so an
observed release is not established.
3. Release sample data biased high, background
sample data unbiased.
Release sample value: 75 fig/kg (J) high bias
Background sample value: 15 tig/kg no bias
To use the data to establish an observed release,
divide the release sample value by the factor for
trichloroethene (1.8). No factor is needed for the
background sample.
New release sample value:
(75 MgAg) + (1-8) = 42 MgAg (J) low bias
The new release sample concentration does not
exceed background concentration by a factor of three,
so an observed release is not established.
4. Release sample data biased high, background
sample data biased low.
Release sample value: 100 MgAg (J) high bias
Background sample value: 10 MgAg (J) low bias
To use the data to establish an observed release,
divide the release sample value and multiply the
background sample value by the factor given for
trichloroethene in soil (1.8).
-------
New release sample value:
(100 Mg/kg) H- (1.8) = 56 Mg/kg (J) low bias
New background sample value:
(10 Mg/kg) x (1.8) = 18 Mg/kg (J) high bias
The new release sample concentration is three times
the new background concentration, so an observed
release is established, provided all other HRS criteria
are met.
Documentation Requirements for Use of Qualified
Data: When using T-qualified data to determine an
observed release, include the T-qualifier commentary
from the data validation report in the HRS package.
This step will ensure that the direction of bias is
documented.
Use of Other Factors: EPA Regions may substitute
higher factor values other than the ones in this fact
sheet on a case-by-case basis when technically
justified. For example, other factors may be applied
to conform with site-specific Data Quality Objectives
(DQOs) or with Regional Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs).10
Detection Limit Restrictions: Factors may only be
applied to "J" data with concentrations above the CLP
Contract Required Quantitation Limit (CRQL) or
Contract Required Detection Limit (CRDL). "J"-
qualified data with concentrations below CLP
detection limits cannot be used to document an
observed release.
Use of "UJ"-Qualified Data
A combination of the "U" and "J" qualifiers indicates
that the reported value may not accurately represent
the concentration necessary to detect the analyte in
the sample. Under limited conditions, "UJ" data can
be used to represent background when determining
an observed release. These conditions include
instances when there is confidence that the
background concentration has not been detected and
the sample measurement that establishes the observed
release equals or exceeds the SQL or other
appropriate detection limit. This reasoning is based
on the presence of a high bias in the background
sample. Thus, UJ data can be used only when all of
the following conditions apply:
• The "UJ" value applies to the background
sample and represents the detection limit,
• The "UJ" value is biased high, and
• The release sample concentration exceeds the
SQL (or applicable detection limit) and is
unbiased or biased low.
Summary
Data validation checks the usability of analytical data
and identifies certain errors (bias). "J'-qualified data
identify that analytes are present, but the reported
values represent estimated concentrations associated
with bias. Low bias release data and high bias
background data may be used at the reported values.
High bias release data and low bias background data
may not be used at their reported concentrations
because they do not establish an observed release
with certainty. Application of factors introduced in
this fact sheet compensate for this u icertainty, and
enable "J" data to be used to determine an observed
release.
-------
Table 1: Factors for Volatile Organic Analytes
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
ANALYTES
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
1 .1 ,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
1 ,1 ,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
1,1-DICHLOROETHANE
1,1-DICHLOROETHENE
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
1,2-DICHLOROETHENE (TOTAL)
1 ,2-DICHLOROPROPANE
2-BUTANONE
2-HEXANONE
4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE
ACETONE
BENZENE
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE
BROMOFORM
BROMOMETHANE
CARBON DISULFIDE
SOIL MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
—
11144
-
11144
2064
11144
11144
~
11144
11144
11144
11144
2060
—
—
11144
11144
Factor
10.0
1.5
10.0
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.4
10.0
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
10.0
10.0
1.4
1.4
WATER MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
—
9180
-
9179
1484
9179
9179
-
9179
9180
9180
9179
1482
-
-
9179
9179
Factor
10.0
1.2
10.0
1.3
2.0
1.3
" 1'3
10.0
,3
1,
1.2
1.3
1.5
10.0
10.0
1.3
1.3
-------
Table 1: Factors for Volatile Organic Analytes (continued)
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
ANALYTES
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROBENZENE
CHLOROETHANE
CHLOROFORM
CHLOROMETHANE
CIS-1 ,3-DlCHLOROPROPENE
DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE
ETHYLBENZENE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
STYRENE
TETRACHLOROETHENE
TOLUENE
TRANS-1 ,3-DICHLOROPROPENE
TRICHLOROETHENE
VINYL CHLORIDE
XYLENE (TOTAL)
SOIL MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
-
2058
11144
11144
11144
-
-
11144
11144
11144
11144
2029
-
2046
11144
11144
Factor
10.0
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
10.0
10.0
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.0
10.0
1.8
1.4
1.5
WATER MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
-
1480
9179
9179
9179
-
-
9180
9179
9180
9180
1468
—
1452
9179
9180
Factor
10.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
10.0
10.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
10.0
1.5
1.3
1.2
-------
Table 2: Factors for Semivolatile Organic Analytes
SEMIVOLATILE
ORGANIC
ANALYTES
1 ,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
1,2-DICHLOROBENZENE
1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
2.2'-OXYBIS(1 -CHLOROPROPANE)
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL
2,4-DIMETHYLPHENOL
2,4-DINITROPHENOL
2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
2,6-DINITROTOLUENE
2-CHLORONAPHTHALENE
2-CHLOROPHENOL
2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE
2-METHYLPHENOL
2-NITROANILINE
2-NlTROPHENOL
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZlDINE
3-NITROANSLINE
4.6-DINITRO-2-METHYLPHENOL
4-BROMOPHENYL-PHENYL ETHER
4-CHLORO-3-METHYL.PHENOL
4-CHLOROANlLINE
4-CHLOROPHENYL-PHENYL ETHER
4-METHYLPHENOL
SOIL MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
1978
11899
11899
1980
11899
11889
11889
11896
11896
11889
1979
11889
11889
1930
11896
1 1 8')9
11°89
11?96
11898
-
-
-
1927
11896
I
11899
11899
Factor
3.5
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
8.9
8.9
4.0
4.0
8.9
3.4
8.9
8.9
3.2
4.0
3.8
8.9
4.0
4.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
3.6
4.0
8.9
3.8
WATER MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
1375
7951
7951
1-73
7951
7952
7952
7949
7949
7952
1375
7952
7952
1376
7949
795.
7952
7949
7951
-
-
-
1375
7949
7952
7951
Factor
2.9
4.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
3.6
3.6
2.5
2.5
3.6
2.6 ^
3.6 ^
3.6
2.9
2.5
4.0
3.6
2.5
6.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
3.5
2.5
3.6
_4.0^
-------
Table 2: Factors for Semivolatile Organic Analytes (continued)
SEMIVOLATILE
ORGANIC
ANALYTES
4-NITROANIUNE
4-NITROPHENOL
ACENAPHTHENE
ACENAPHTHYLENE
ANTHRACENE
BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE
BENZO(A)PYRENE
BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE
BENZO(G,H,I)PERYLENE
BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE
BIS(2-CHLOROETHOXY)METHANE
B!S(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE
BUTYLBENZYLPHTHALATE
CARBAZOLE
CHRYSENE
DI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE
DI-N-OCTYLPHTH 4LATE
DIBENZ(A,H)ANTHRACENE
DIBENZOFURAN
DIETHYLP.HTHALATE
DIMETHYLPHTHALATE
FLUORANTHENE
FLUORENE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
SOIL MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
11889
1905
1965
11889
-
11898
-
-
-
-
11896
11899
11898
11898
-
11898
-
--
11889
11889
11889
11889
-
11889
--
11896
11889
Factor
8.9
4.8
3.1
8.9
10.0
4.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
4.0
3.8
4.3
4.3
10.0
4.3
10.0
10.0
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
10.0
8.9
10.0
4.0
8.9
WATER MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
7952
1368
1361
7952
-
7951
-
-
--
-
7949
7951
7951
7951
-
7951
-
--
7952
7952
7952
7952
--
7952
-
7949
7952
Factor
3.6
4.5
3.0
3.6
10.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
2.5
4.0
6.0
6.0
10.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.0
3.6
10.0
2.5
3.6
-------
Table 2: Factors for Semivolatile Organic Analytes (continued) ^
SEMIVOLATILE
ORGANIC
ANALYTES
HEXACHLOROETHANE
4-NlTROPHENOLINDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE
ISOPHORONE
N-NITROSO-DI-N-PROPYLAMINE
N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE (1)
NAPHTHALENE
NITROBENZENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PHENANTHRENE
PHENOL
PYRENE
SOIL MATRIX
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
11899
-
11896
1966
—
11896
11896
1895
-
1924
1901
Factor
3.8
10.0
4.0
3.7
10.0
4.0
4.0
18.8
10.0
3.2
8.3
WATER MATRIX ^
Number of
CARD
Samples
Reviewed
7951
-
7949
1345
—
7949
7949
1359
-
1368
1369
Factor
4.0
10.0
2.5
3.7
10.0
2.5
2.5
3.7
10.0
3.5
4.9
10
-------
Table 3: Factors for Pesticide/PCB Analytes
PESTICIDE/PCB
ANALYTES
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
ALDRIN
ALPHA-BHC
ALPHA-CHLORDANE
AROCLOR-1016
AROCLOR-1221
AROCLOR-1232
AROCLOR-1242
AROCLOR-1248
AROCLOR-1254
AROCLOR-1260
BETA-BHC
DELTA-BHC
DIELDRIN
SOIL MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
—
-
1801
1870
—
-
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1886
Factor
10.0
10.0
7.4
7.9
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6.2
WATER MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
-
~
1353
1350
-
-
23305
23305
23305
23305
23305
23305
23305
-
-
1350
Factor
10.0
10.0
4.6
4.8
10.0
10.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
10.0
10.0
2.8
11
-------
Table 3: Factors for Pesticide/PCB Analytes (continued) ||
PESTICIDE/PCB
ANALYTES
ENDOSULFAN 1
ENDOSULFAN II
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE
ENDRIN
ENDR1N ALDEHYDE
ENDRIN KETONE
GAMMA-BHC (UNDANE)
GAMMA-CHLORDANE
HEPTACHLOR
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE
METHOXYCHLOR
TOXAPHENE
SOIL MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
-
~
-
1866
—
-
1872
—
1877
-
-
-
Factor
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.5
10.0
10.0
4.5
10.0
4.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
WATER MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
-
—
-
1348
—
-
1350
-
1351
-
—
-
Factor
10.0
10.0
10.0
3.4
10.0
" 10.0
3.1
10.0
3.6
10.0
10.0
10.0
12
-------
Table 4: Factors for Inorganic Analytes
INORGANIC
ANALYTES
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
CYANIDE
IRON
LEAD
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILVER
SODIUM
THALLIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
SOIL MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
1147
1153
1208
1149
1150
1148
1163
1148
1153
1154
884
1149
1331
1143
1151
1563
1150
-
1190
1152 .
-
1197
1152
1154
Factor
1.5
1.8
1.6
3.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.2
10.0
2.3
1.6
10.0
1.7
1.2
1.3
WATER MATRIX
Number of CARD
Samples Reviewed
1686
1688
1701
1686
1686
1685
1685
1686
1685
1683
-
1687
1727
1686
1685
-
1685
-
1695
1684
-
1691
1685
1689
Factor
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
10.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
10.0
1.2
10.0
1.3
1.3
10.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
13
IB
-------
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.
CLP National Functional Guidelines for Inorganic
Data Review. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. Publication 9240.1-05-01.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.
CLP National Functional Guidelines for Organic
Data Review. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. Publication 9240.1-05.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work for
Inorganics Analysis. Document No. ILM02.0
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work for
Organics Analysis. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. Document No. OLM1.8
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
Hazard Ranking System Guidance Manual. Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Directive 9345.1-07.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments
Under CERCLA. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response. Publication 9345.0-OLA.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
Guidance for Performing Site Inspections under
CERCLA. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response. Directive 9345.1-05.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
Quality Assurance/Quality Control Samples.
Environmental Response Team Quality Assurance
Technical Information Bulletin.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, I98o. Test
Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846):
Physical and Chemical Methods. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Document No.
SW-846.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.
Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund.
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
Directive 9355.9-01.
14
ir
-------
Additional copies can be obtained from:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) •
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
Order #94-963311
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
5204G
Washington, DC 20460
$300 Penalty for Private Use
-------
APPENDIX B
Acronym List
and
Glossary
-------
ACRONYM LIST
t
AALAC ambient aquatic life advisory concentration
AOC area of observed contamination
AWQC ambient water quality criteria
BCF bioconcentration factor
BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs
BLM Bureau of Land Management
BPF bioaccumulation potential factor
BPFV bioaccumulation potential factor value
BTAG Biological Technical Assistance Group
CA cooperative agreement
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information
System
CERI Center for Environmental Research Information
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CLP Contract Laboratory Program
CRDL contract-required detection limit
CRQL contract-required quantitation limit
ODD dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethane
DDE dichloro-diphenyl-ethane
DDT dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
DL detection limit
DNAPL dense nonaqueous phase liquid
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EECA engineering evaluation/cost analysis
EIS environmental impact statement
EP extraction procedure
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERCS Emergency Response Cleanup Services
ERD Emergency Response Division
ERT Environmental Response Team
FDAAL Food and Drug Administration advisory level
FRDS Federal Data Reporting System
FWRS Fish and Wildlife Reference Service
CIS Geographic Information System
GW ground water
HFC human food chain
MRS Hazard Ranking System
HRSGM Hazard Ranking System Guidance Manual
HWQ hazardous waste quantity
IAG interagency agreement
IDL instrument detection limit
LNAPL light nonaqueous phase liquid
LR likelihood of release
MCL maximum contaminant level
MCLG maximum contaminant level goal
MDL method detection limit
MMS Minerals Management Service
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAWDEX National Water Data Exchange
NCP National Contingency Plan
Acronym List
page 1
-------
NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL National Priorities List
NPS National Park Service
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRT National Response Team
NSFF National Sport Fishing Federation
NWI National Wetlands Inventory
OSC Onscene Coordinator
OSM Office of Surface Mining
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
OVA organic vapor analyzer
OWRS Office of Water Regulations and Standards
PA preliminary assessment
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PPE probable point of entry
PRP potentially responsible party
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
RA removal action
REAC Regional Engineering Analytical Contract
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RDT Regional Decision Team
RI/FS remedial investigation/feasibility study
RREL Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
RRT Regional Response Team
SACM Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SAV submerged aquatic vegetation
SC screening concentration
SCDM Superfund Chemical Data Matrix
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SF slope factor
SI site inspection
SQL sample quantitation limit
SW surface water
SWDA Solid Waste Disposal Act
TAT Technical Assistance Team
TCLP Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TDL target distance limit
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSDF treatment, storage, or disposal facility
USC U.S. Code
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USFS U.S. Forest Service
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
UV ultraviolet
WC waste characteristics
WPA wellhead protection area
I
Acronym List
page 2
-------
GLOSSARY
Apportioned population: In the evaluation of drinking water target populations associated with a
blended system, that portion of the population evaluated as being served by an individual well or
intake within the system.
Aquifer: A saturated subsurface zone from which drinking water is drawn.
Blended system: A drinking water supply system which can or does combine (e.g., via connecting
valves) water from more than one well or surface water intake, or from a combination of wells and
intakes.
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.
CERCLA Information System: CERCLIS, EPA's computerized inventory and tracking system for
potential hazardous waste sites.
CERCLIS: CERCLA Information System.
Coastal tidal waters: Surface water body type that includes embayments, harbors, sounds,
estuaries, back bays, etc. Such water bodies are in the interval seaward from the mouths of rivers
and landward from the 12-mile baseline marking the transition to the ocean water body type.
Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980: Legislation that
established the Federal Superfund for response to uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances to
the environment.
Contaminated soil: Soil onto which available evidence indicates that a hazardous substance was
spilled, spread, disposed, or deposited.
Depth to aquifer: The vertical distance between the deepest point at which hazardous substances
are suspected and the top of the shallowest aquifer that supplies drinking water.
Distance to surface water: The shortest distance that runoff would follow from a source to surface
water.
Drinking water population: The number of residents, workers, and students who drink water drawn
from wells or surface water intakes located within target distance limits.
Drums: Portable containers designed to hold a standard 55-gallon volume of wastes,
Emergency response: See "removal."
Factor: The basic element of site assessment requiring data collection and evaluation for scoring
purposes.
Factor category: A set of related factors. Each pathway consists of three factor categories --
likelihood of release or exposure, targets, and waste characteristics.
Federal Register: Daily publication of the Government Printing Office; contains public notices,
rules, and regulations issued by the Federal Government. Cited as " FR ."
Glossary
page 1
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FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency. -
Fishery: An area of a surface water body from which food chain organisms are taken or could be
taken for human consumption on a subsistence, sporting, or commercial basis. Food chain
organisms include fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, and amphibious reptiles.
FR: Federal Register.
GEMS: Geographical Exposure Modeling System.
Geographical Exposure Modeling System: Population database maintained by EPA's Office of Toxic
Substances; provides residential populations in specified distance rings around a point location.
Hazard Ranking System: EPA's principal mechanism for placing sites on the NPL.
Hazardous constituent: Hazardous substance.
Hazardous substance: Material defined as a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant in
CERCLA Sections 101(14) and 101(33).
Hazardous waste: Any material suspected to contain a hazardous substance, pollutant, or
contaminant that is or was in a source.
HRS: Hazard Ranking System.
Karst: A kind of terrain with characteristics of relief and drainage arising from a high degree of
rock solubility. The majority of karst conditions occur in limestone areas, but karst may also occur
in areas of dolomite, gypsum, or salt deposits. Features associated with karst terrain may include
irregular topography, abrupt ridges, sinkholes, caverns, abundant springs, disappearing streams,
and a general lack of a well-developed surface drainage system of tributaries and streams.
Lake: A type of surface water body which includes:
• Natural and artificially-made lakes or ponds that lie along rivers or streams (but excluding
the Great Lakes).
• Isolated but perennial lakes, ponds, and wetlands.
• Static water channels or oxbow lakes contiguous to streams or rivers.
• Streams or small rivers, without diking, that merge into surrounding perennially-inundated
wetlands.
• Wetlands contiguous to water bodies defined as lakes are considered to be part of the lake.
Landfill: An engineered (by excavation or construction) or natural hole in the ground into which
wastes have been disposed by backfilling, or by contemporaneous soil deposition with waste
disposal, covering wastes from view.
Land treatment: Landfarming or other land treatment method of waste management in which liquid
wastes or sludges are spread over land and tilled, or liquids are injected at shallow depths into
soils.
Glossary
page 2
-------
t
National Contingency Plan: Regulation that establishes roles, responsibilities, and authorities for
responding to hazardous substance releases. The NCR established the MRS as the principal
mechanism for placing sites on the NPL.
National Priorities List: Under the Superfund program, the list of releases and potential releases of
hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants that appear to pose the greatest threat to
public health, welfare, and the environment.
NCP: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, commonly known as the
National Contingency Plan.
NFRAP: No further remedial action planned; site disposition decision that further response under
the Federal Superfund is not necessary.
No suspected release: A professional judgement conclusion based on site and pathway conditions
indicating that a hazardous substance is not likely to have been released to the environment. (No
suspected release is the PA term analogous to the HRS "potential to release.")
NPL: National Priorities List.
Ocean: A type of surface water body which includes:
• Ocean areas seaward from a baseline distance of 12 miles from shore.
• The Great Lakes, along with wetlands contiguous to them.
PA: Preliminary assessment.
PA-Score: EPA's computer program that automates PA site scoring.
Pathway: The environmental medium through which a hazardous substance may threaten targets.
The PA evaluates the migration and threat potential through the ground water, surface water, air,
and soil exposure pathways.
Pile: Any non-containerized accumulation above the ground surface of solid, non-flowing wastes;
includes open dumps. Some types of piles are: Chemical Waste Pile — consists primarily of
discarded chemical products, by-products, radioactive wastes, or used or unused feedstocks; Scrap
Metal or Junk Pile -- consists primarily of scrap metal or discarded durable goods such as
appliances, automobiles, auto parts, or batteries, composed of materials suspected to contain or
have contained a hazardous substance; Tailings Pile -- consists primarily of any combination of
overburden from a mining operation and tailings from a mineral mining, beneficiation, or processing
operation; Trash Pile -- consists primarily of paper, garbage, or discarded non-durable goods which
are suspected to contain or have contained a hazardous substance.
PPE: Probable point of entry.
Preliminary assessment: Initial stage of site assessment under Superfund; designed to distinguish
between sites that pose little or no threat to human health and the environment and sites that
require further investigation.
PREscore: EPA's computer program that automates site scoring with the Hazard Ranking System.
Glossary
page 3
-------
Primary target: A target which, based on professional judgement of site and pathway conditions -
and target characteristics, has a relatively high likelihood of exposure to a hazardous substance. •
(Primary target is the PA term analogous to the MRS target exposed to Level I or Level II actual
contamination.)
Probable point of entry: The point at which runoff from the site most likely enters surface water.
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.
Removal: An action taken to eliminate, control, or otherwise mitigate a threat posed to the public
health or environment due to release or threatened release of a hazardous substance. Removals
are relatively short-term actions to respond to situations requiring immediate action.
Resident: A person whose place of residence (full- or part-time) is within the target distance limit.
Resident individual: Under the soil exposure pathway, a resident or student within 200 feet of any
area of suspected contamination associated with the site.
Resident population: Under the soil exposure pathway, the number of residents and students
within 200 feet of any area of suspected contamination associated with the site.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976: Legislation that established cradle-to-grave
accountability for hazardous wastes, from point of generation to point of ultimate disposal.
SARA: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
Secondary target: A target which, based on professional judgement of site and pathway conditions
and target characteristics, has a relatively low likelihood of exposure to a hazardous substance.
(Secondary target is the PA term analogous to the HRS target exposed to potential contamination.)
Sensitive environment: A terrestrial or aquatic resource, fragile natural setting, or other area with
unique or highly-valued environmental or cultural features.
SI: Site inspection.
Site: The area consisting of the aggregation of sources, the areas between sources, and areas that
may have been contaminated due to migration from sources; site boundaries are independent of
property boundaries.
Site inspection: Second stage of site assessment under Superfund, conducted on sites that receive
a further action recommendation after the PA; builds on PA information and typically includes
sampling to identify hazardous substances, releases, and contaminated targets; identifies sites that
pose the greatest threats to human health and the environment.
Source: An area where a hazardous substance may have been deposited, stored, disposed, or
placed. Also, soil that may have become contaminated as a result of hazardous substance
migration. In general, however, the volumes of air, ground water, surface water, and surface
water sediments that may have become contaminated through migration are not considered
sources.
Stream flow: The average rate of flow of a water body, expressed in cubic feet per second (cfs).
Glossary
page 4
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Stream or river: A type of surface water body which includes:
• Perennially-flowing waters from point of origin to the ocean or to coastal tidal waters,
whichever comes first, and wetlands contiguous to these flowing waters.
• Aboveground portions of disappearing rivers.
• Artificially-made ditches only insofar as they perennially flow into other surface water.
• Intermittently-flowing waters and contiguous intermittently-flowing ditches in areas where
mean annual precipitation is less than 20 inches.
Student: A full- or part-time attendee of a daycare facility or educational institution located within
the target distance limit.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthqrization Act of 1986: Legislation which extended the Federal
Superfund program and mandated revisions to the HRS.
Surface impoundment: A topographic depression, excavation, or diked area, primarily formed from
earthen materials (lined or unlined) and designed to hold accumulated liquid wastes, wastes
containing free liquids, or sludges that were not backfilled or otherwise covered during periods of
deposition; depression may be dry if deposited liquid has evaporated, volatilized or leached, or wet
with exposed liquid; structures that may be more specifically described as lagoon pond, aeration
pit, settling pond, tailings pond, sludge pit, etc.; also a surface impoundment that has been covered
with soil after the final deposition of waste materials (i.e., buried or backfilled).
Surface water: A naturally-occurring, perennial water body; also, some artificially-made and/or
intermittently-flowing water bodies. See "water body type" and subsequent definitions for more
detail.
Suspected release: A professional judgement conclusion based on site and pathway conditions
indicating that a hazardous substance is likely to have been released to the environment.
(Suspected release is the PA term analogous to the HRS "observed release.")
Tanks and non-drum containers: Any stationary device, designed to contain accumulated wastes,
constructed primarily of fabricated materials (such as wood, concrete, steel, or plastic) that provide
structural support; any portable or mobile device in which waste is stored or otherwise handled.
Target: A physical or environmental receptor that is within the target distance limit for a particular
pathway. Targets may include wells and surface water intakes supplying drinking water, fisheries,
sensitive environments, and resources.
Target distance limit: The maximum distance over which targets are evaluated. The target
distance limit varies by pathway: ground water and air pathways — a 4-mile radius around the site;
surface water pathway --15 miles downstream from the probable point of entry to surface water;
soil exposure pathway -- 200 feet (for the resident population threat) and 1 mile (for the nearby
population threat) from areas of known or suspected contamination.
Target population: The human population associated with the site and/or its targets. Target
populations consist of those people who use target wells or surface water intakes supplying
drinking water, consume food chain species taken from target fisheries, or are regularly present on
the site or within target distance limits.
Glossary
page 5
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Terrestrial sensitive environment: A terrestrial resource, fragile natural setting, or other area with
unique or highly-valued environmental or cultural features. M
USF&WS: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
USGS: U.S. Geological Survey.
Water body type: Classification of a surface water body. Water body types include: streams and
rivers; lakes; oceans {includes the Great Lakes); and coastal tidal waters. See the specific
definition of each water body type for more detail.
Wetland: A type of sensitive environment characterized as an area that is sufficiently inundated or
saturated by surface or ground water to support vegetation adapted for life in saturated soil
conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.
Worker: Under the soil exposure pathway, a person who is employed on a full- or part-time basis
on the property on which the site is located. Under all other pathways, a person whose place of
full- or part-time employment is within the target distance limit.
Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments Under CERCLA, USEPA, Sept. 1991
Glossary
page 6
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APPENDIX C
Integrated Assessments
-------
Appendix C
Integrated Assessments
-------
INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Lecture Overview:
Integrated Assessment
Integrated Assessments and SACM
Introduction to the Removal Program
Integrated Assessments Approach
OH»1
Integrated Assessments
integrated Assessments and SACRl
Introduction to the Removal Program
Integrated Assessments Approach
OH* 2
Integrated Assessments
page C-2
4/94
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
'Integrated Assessments"
integrating removal and remedial site assessment
investigation to achieve increased efficiency and shorter
response times
One of many programs associated with the implementation of
the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM)
OH* 3
SACM History
Developed to increase efficiency of the Superfund program by
streamlining cleanup efforts at all Superfund sites
Designed to combine immediate action with continuing study as
necessary
Should restore public confidence in Superfund process
Hazard Ranking System Guidance Manual,
EPA 540-R-92-026, November 1992
OH«4
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-3
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Traditional Approaches
Removal assessments are traditionally based on whether site
conditions meet National Contigency Plan (NCP) criteria for a
removal action
Remedial site assessments are focused on collecting data for
MRS
The need to integrate these programs is based on the
assumption that there is duplication of effort between the
programs
EPA Directive 9345.1-16FS (Fact Sheet), Integrating Removal and
Remedial Site Assessment Investigations, September 1993
OH-5
Integrated Assessments
Integrated Assessments and SACM
Introduction to the Removal Program;
Integrated Assessments Approach
OH* 6
Integrated Assessments
pageC-4
4/94
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
What is the Removal Program?
Federal response capability for releases or threatened releases of:
• Hazardous substances that present a threat to public health, welfare,
or the environment
• Oil spills into or on navigable waters and shorelines
• Petroleum releases from underground storage tanks
OH«7
What are the Removal Program Authorities?
Statutory
• Clean Water Act (CWA) as amended by the Oil Pollution Act
of 1990
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)
• Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
• Oil Pollution Act
Regulatory
• NCP
OH* 8
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-5
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Initiating Removal Actions
Authority to approve a removal Is generally based on estimated cost..
• Less than 50K - onscene coordinator (OSC)
• $50K to $2M - regional adminisrator
• Over $2M - assistant administrator, OSWER
PRP search
• NCP requirement
Action memorandum
• Criteria for qualifying site
• Proposed removal action
• Estimated cost
Note: Cost criteria are under revision
OH'9
What are Removal Actions?
Near-term response actions taken to prevent, minimize, or
mitigate threats to public health, welfare, or the environment
including, but not limited to:
• Collection and analysis of samples
• Provision of alternate water supplies
• Onsite treatment
• Source control/stabilization
• Offsite storage, treatment, destruction, or disposal
• Temporary relocation of threatened individuals
• Installation of security fencing/guards
OH«10
Integrated Assessments 4/94
page C-6
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Classification of Removal Actions
Classic emergency
• 33 percent of removal actions since 1985
• Immediate action required
Time critical
• Planning period of less than 6 months
Nontime critical
• Planning period of greater than 6 months is available
• Agency conducts an engineering evaluation/cost analysis
(EE/CA)
OH'11
f
How is the Appropriate Response Selected?
^ No release
Discovery or ^ Removal Site mm^^,m
Notification Evaluation -"~—
or threatened
release
w Nonfederal party
* undertaking proper
response
Removal action
,fr (removal action
memo to
document a
threat)
w Remedial
^ action
OH -12
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-7
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
The Removal Evaluation
Removal preliminary assessments and site inspections are
conducted to determine and evaluate:
• Presence and magnitude of threat to health or environment
• Source and nature of the release
• Activities required to mitigate threat
• Ability of nonfederal party(ies) to undertake response
• Need for CERCLA-funded removal
OH»13
Removal Criteria
Actual or potential human or animal food chain exposure
Actual or potential drinking water contamination
Fire or explosion threat
Hazardous substance in containers that pose a threat of release
Highly contaminated soils at the surface — direct contact threat
Weather conditions that may cause substances to migrate
Unavailability of other response or enforcement mechanisms
OH'14
Integrated Assessments 4/94
page C-8
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
How are Removals Implemented?
Technical response support
• Technical Assistance Team (TAT) - Contractor
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
• Environmental Response Team (ERT)
Mitigation/cleanup response
• Regional Emergency Response Cleanup Services (ERCS) -
Contractor
• Site-specific contracts
Cooperative agreements (CAs) with states
OH-15
ERCS
Analytical services
Containment and countermeasures
Cleanup, mitigation, and disposal
Site restoration
OH»16
V ,
4/94 Integrated Assessments
page C-9
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
EPA Emergency Notification Procedures
The National Response Center (NRC; 1-800-424-8802) alerts
regional EPA or USCG OSC about most spill notifications
OH«17
Integrated Assessments
Integrated Assessments and SACM
Introduction to the Removal Program
Integrated Assessments Approach
OH-18
Integrated Assessments
page C-10
4/94
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Removal and Remedial Assessments
Similarities in programs'goals
• Evaluate potential for human exposure to drinking water, soil,
and airborne contaminants
• Evaluate threats to sensitive environments (e.g., wetlands)
Similarities in activities
• Telephone and file investigations
• Site visits or PA recons
• Sampling visits
Fact sheet, page 3 OH • 19
SACM Goals: Integrated Assessment
Eliminate duplication of effort
Expedite the process
Minimize the number of site visits and other steps in the process
Collect only the data needed to assess the site appropriately
Fact sheet, page 3
OH-20
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-11
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• INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS •
Integrated Assessment Approach
Important features
• Combined notification/site discovery/screening function
• Single site visit for both programs
• Phased file searches
• Integrated sample planning and inspection
See Figure 2, Integrated Assessment, Integrating Removal
and Remedial Site Assessment Investigations Fact Sheet,
EPA 540-F-93-038, September 1993
Fad sheet, page 4
OH* 21
Integrated Assessment Approach
Notification/site discovery/screening
• "One door" notification process
• All sites screened for emergency response
• Determine whether there is enough time for a file search before
initial site visit
Classic emergency
• Respond immediately
• Little or no time for file search or telephone
investigation
Fact sheet, page 3
OH* 22
Integrated Assessments
page C-12
4/94
-------
INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Integrated Assessment Approach
File search
• Includes all elements of a removal assessment file search
• Table 1, File Search and Telephone Investigation, lists
elements
• Document all elements for both programs
Fact sheet, page 3
OH* 23
f
Integrated Assessment Approach
Initial field investigation/PA reconnaissance:
• Combines elements from removal field visit and remedial PA
reconnaissance
• Documentation procedures for removal assessment may require
revision to meet remedial assessment needs
• Would require onsite reconnaissance at all sites
• Table 2, Data Elements of the Site Visit, lists data needs for both
programs
Fact s/ieef, page 5
OH* 24
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-13
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS • *==S£=£S=s===s===
s 4
Integrated Assessment Approach
Sample (optional)
• Should follow current removal assessment approach
• Should consider MRS data needs
Review data and decide further action
• Both programs meet to decide next step(s)
• May continue removal assessment, PA, or both concurrently
• May expedite PA to determine whether remedial site assessment
requirements should be included in sampling plans
Fact sheet, page 5 OH • 25
integrated Assessment Approach
Complete the PA
• Collect additional information needed to complete PA
• Calculate preliminary MRS score
• Prepare PA report
• Table 3, Data Elements Needed to Complete the PA, should be
consulted
• Refer site to regional decision team if score is greater than or
equal to 28.5
Fact sheet, page 5 OH • 26
Integrated Assessments 4/94
page C-14
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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS
Integrated Assessment Approach
Integrated sampling plan
• Combines screening level SI plans and remaining removal
sampling activities
* For sites going to NPL, remedial project manager (RPM) should
be consulted
• Could include sampling for long-term objectives
Si/removal assessment sampling
• One event
• Meet needs of both programs
See Table 4, Integrating Removal and Remedial Site
Assessment Investigations Fact Sheet, EPA 540-F-93-038,
September 1993
Fact sheet, page 6
OH* 27
Integrated Assessment Approach
Emergency site inspection/remedial investigation
• Option allowing Rl to start as soon as site appears to qualify for
NPL
• NPL listing needs and Rl needs can be incorporated into single
sampling plan
Fact s/)eef, page 6
OH* 28
4/94
Integrated Assessments
page C-15
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APPENDIX D
PA Data and Site Characteristics Form
-------
APPENDIX D
PA DATA AND SITE CHARACTERISTICS FORM
This form summarizes PA information and serves three functions:
• Records administrative information to update and maintain CERCLIS
• Records descriptive site information to update and maintain EPA's database of CERCLIS
site characteristics
• Identifies and provides space to record technical data to evaluate PA sites
D-1
-------
OMB Approval Number: 2050-0095
Approved for Use Through: 1/92
AEPA Potential Hazardous identification
WaSte Site Sulc CERCLIS Number
Preliminary Assessment *orm CERCUSD..^^.*
7. General Site Information
Name
City:
Latitude
o ,
Street Address
State Zip Code County Co. Code Cong
Dist
Longitude Approximate Area of Site Status of Site
D Active Lj Not Specified
0 Acres D Inactive D NA (O\V plume, etc )
' . "
Square Ft
2. Owner/Operator Information
Owner
Street Address
City
State- Zip Code:
Type of Ownership.
D Private
D Federal Agency
Name
D State
D Indian
Operator.
Street Address
City
Telephone State- Zip Code Telephone.
How Initially Identified
D County D Citizen Complaint D Federal Program
D Municipal D PA Petition D Incidental
D Not Specified D State/Local Program D Not Specified
D Other D RCRA/CERCLA Notification D Other
3. Site E valuator Information
Name of Evaluator.
Street Address
Agency/Organization Dale Prepared
City Stale
Name of EPA or Slate Agency Conlact Slreel Address
City
Slate. Telephone
1 4. Site Disposition (for EPA use only)
Emergency Response/Removal CERCLIS Recommendation Signature
Assessment Recommendation 3 Higher Pnonry SI
^2 Yes Z Lower Priority S!
1 Z No Z NFRAP Name (typed)
Dair H RCRA
~ Other
Date Posiuon
D-3
-------
SEPA
Potential Hazardous Waste Site
Preliminary Assessment Form - Page 2 of 4
CERCLIS Number
5. Genera/ S/'te Characteristics
Predominant Land Uses Within 1 Mile of Site (check ill that apply)
D Industrial D Agriculture D DOI
D Commercial G Mining D Other Federal Facility
Q Residential G DOD
D Forest/Fields D DOE
D Other
Site Selling
G Urban
G Suburban
G Rural
Years of Operation
Beginning Year
Ending Yeai
G Unknown
Type of Site Operations (check all that apply)-
D Manufacturing (must check subcalegory)
D Lumber and Wood Products
D Inorganic Chemicals
G Plastic andJor Rubber Products
Q Painu, Varnishes
O Industrial Organic Chemicals
G Agricultural Chemical]
(e.g., pesticides, fertilizers)
G Miscellaneous Chemical Products
(c.g , adhesives, explosives, ink)
Q Primary Metals
O Metal Coating, Plating, Engraving
D Metal Forging, Stamping
Q Fabricated Structural Men! Products
O Electronic Equipment
Q Other Manufacturing
Q Mining
G Metals
D Coal
G Oil and Gas
Q Non-metallic Minerals
D Retail
O Recycling
G Junk/Salvage Yard
O Municipal Landfill
D Other Landfill
D DOD
D DOE
G DOI
D Other Federal Facility
D RCRA
G Treatment, Storage, or Disposal
G Large Quantity Generator
Q Small Quantity Generator
O Subtitle D
G Municipal
G Industrial
D "Converter"
Q 'Protective Filer"
Q -Non- or Late Filer"
D Not Specified
Q Other
Waste Generated
Q Onsite
G Offsite
Q Onsile and Offsite
Waste Deposition Authorized By
Q Present Owner
Q Former Owner
Q Present & Former Owner
Q Unauthorized
D Unknown
Waste Accessible to the Public:
G Yes
Q No
Distance to Nearest Dwelling,
School, or Workplace
Feet
6. Waste Characteristics Information
Source Type:
(check all that apply)
Source Waste Quantity.
(include units)
Tier
D Landfill
Q Surface impoundment
G Drums
Q Tanks and Non-Drum Containers
Q Chemical Waste Pile
D Scrap MetaJ or Junk Pile
G Tailmgs Pile
G Traib Pile (open dump)
G Land Treatment
G Cooununated Ground Water Plume
(unidentified source)
D Contaminated Surface Water/Sediment
(unidentified source)
G Contaminated Soil
G Other
G No Sources
C = Constituent, W = Wastcstream, V = Volume, A = Area
General Types of Waste (check all that apply)
G Metals
D Orgamcs
G Inorganics
D Solvents
G Paints/Pigments
O Pesticides/Herbicides
Q Acids/Bases
D Oily Waste
O Municipal Waste
C Mining Waste
G Laboratory/Hospital Waste Q Explosives
Q Radioactive Waste G Other
O Construction/Demolition
Waste
Physical Stale of Waste as Deposited (check all Uut
»pp'y)
D Solid G Sludge G Powder
Q Liquid G Gas
D-4
-------
Potential Hazardous Waste Site
Preliminary Assessment Form - Page 3 of 4
CERCLIS Number
7. Ground Water Pathway
Is Ground Water Used for Drinking
Water Within 4 MJes:
~ Yes
C No
Type of Dnnking Water WeUs
Within 4 Miles (check »U that
apply)
1C1 Municipal
CD Pnvile
3 None
Depth to Shallowest Aquifer.
Feet
Kirst Temm/Aquifer Present
1. Yes
D No
Is There a Suspected Release to Ground
Wiler
CD >es
CD No
Have Prun»r> Target Drinking Water
Wells Been Identified
D Yes
G No
If Yes, Enter Primary Target Population
People
Nearest Designated Wellhead Protection
Area
D Underlies Site
D > 0 - 4 Miles
D None Within 4 Miles
List Secondary Target Population Served by Ground Water
Withdrawn From:
0 - « Mile
>* - 'A - 1 Mile
> 1 - 2 Miles
>2 - 3 Miles
> 3 - 4 Miles
Total Within 4 Miles
8. Surface Water Pathway
Type of Surface Water Draining Site and 15 Miles Downstream (check all
that apply)
"2 Stream D River D Pond D Lake
D Bay D Ocean D Other
Shortest Overland Distance From Any Source to Surface Water:
Feet
Miles
Is There a Suspected Release to Surface Water:
CD Yes
D No
Site is Located in:
Q Annual - 10 yr Floodplnin
D > 10 yr - 100 yr Floodplain
C > 100 yr - 500 yr Floodplain
D > 500 yr Floodplain
Drinking Wiirr Intakes Located Along the Surface Water Migration Path.
C Yes
CD No
Have Pnmar> Target Drinking Water Intakes Been Identified.
CD Yes
CD' No
If Yes, Enter Population Served by Primary Target Intakes
People
List AU Secondary Target Drinking Water Intakes-
Name Water Body Flow (cW Population Served
Total within 15 Miles
Fisheries Located Along the Surface Water Migration Path
CD Yes
~ No
Have Pnmarv Target Fisheries Been Identified
3 Yes
~ No
List AU Secondary Target Fisheries
Walt' Bod''''Fisher^ Name Flo*' (cfs'i
D-5
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&EPA
Potential Hazardous Waste Site
Preliminary Assessment Form - Page 4 of 4
CERCLIS Number
5. Surface Water Pathway (continued)
Wetlands Located Along the Surface Water Migration Pith
a YCI
D No
H«ve Primary Target Wetlands Been Identified
D Yes
D No
List Secondary Target Wetlands
Water Body Flow (cfs) Frontage Miles
Other Sensitive Environments Located Along the Surface Water Migration Path
n Yes
D No
Have Primary Target Sensitive Environments Been Identified
D Yes
DNo
List Secondary Target Seniiuve Environments
Water Body Flow (cfs) Sensitive Environment Type
5. So/7 Exposure Pathway
Are People Occupying Residences or
Attending School or Daycare oo or Within 200
Feet of Areas of Known or Suspected
Contamination:
D Yes
D No
If Yes, Enter Toul Resident Population:
People
Number of Workers Onsite
C None
D I - 100
D 101 - 1,000
D >1,000
Have Terrestrial Sensitive Environments Been Identified on
or Within 200 Feet of Are»s of Known or Suspected
Contamination:
D Yes
D No
If Yes, List Each Terrestrial Sensitive Environment.
10. Air Pathway
Is There a Suspected Release to Air
D Yes
D No
Enter Toul Population oo or Within'
Onsue
0- « Mile
> « - •/-. Mile
> l/i - 1 Mile
>1 - 2 MUM
>2 - 3 Miles
> 3 - 4 Miies
Toul Within 4 Miles
Wetlands Located Within 4 Miles of the Site
D Yes
D No
Other Sensitive Environments Located Within 4 Miles of the Site
2 Yes
d No
List Al! Sensitive Environments Within '/s Mile of the Site
Distance Sensitive Environmcn! Type/'Wcliands Area (acres)
Onsite
0- K Mile
> » - i/i Mile
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
D-6
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