INTERSTATE  AIR  POLLUTION

                                            STUDY
 BI-STATE  DEVELOPMENT
        AGENCY

ST.  LOUIS  DEPARTMENT OF
 HEALTH AND HOSPITALS

ST.  LOUIS  - DIVISION OF
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
        PHASE  II PROJECT REPORT
  EAST ST. LOUIS -  AIR
   POLLUTION CONTROL
      COMMISSION
    ST. LOUIS COUNTY
   HEALTH  DEPARTMENT

    EAST SIDE HEALTH
       DISTRICT


    MISSOURI  DIVISION
       OF HEALTH


   ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT
    OF  PUBLIC HEALTH

 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF
 METROPOLITAN ST.  LOUIS
II. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
 ILLINOIS AIR POLLUTION
     CONTROL BOARD
         DHEW
  PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

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          INTERSTATE  AIR POLLUTION  STUDY
               PHASE  II PROJECT REPORT
          II. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
                       prepared by

                        R. Venezia
                        G. Ozolins
             U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
             Region 5, Library  (5PL-16)
             230 S. Dearborn St-'-eet, Room 1670
             Chicago, IL   60604
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

                   Public Health Service

    Bureau of Disease  Prevention and Environmental Control
           National Center for Air Pollution Control
                      Cincinnati,  Ohio

                  Revised December 1966

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                                 FOREWORD
    The Interstate Air Pollution Study was divided into two phases.  Phase I, a
general study of the overall air pollution problems  in the St. Louis - East St.  Louis
metropolitan area, was conducted to determine specific  activities that would require
further study in Phase II  of the project.  The effort was divided into two phases to
provide a logical stopping point in the event that interest and resources  for proceed-
ing further might not materialize.   The necessary impetus did continue, however,
and the Phase II operation was-also completed.

    The Phase I operation resulted in a detailed report,  designed primarily for use
of the Executive Committee members and their agencies in making decisions con-
cerning the Phase II project operation.  A Phase I  summary report was  also pre-
pared; it received wide distribution.

    Numerous papers, brochures,  and  reports were prepared during Phase II
operation, as  were some  18 Memorandums of Information and Instruction con-
cerning the project.  All  of these documents were drawn upon in the preparation of
the Phase II project report.   The Phase II project  report consists of eight separate
volumes under the following titles:

            I.  Introduction
           II.  Air Pollutant Emission Inventory
           III.  Air Quality Measurements
           IV.  Odors - Results of  Surveys
           V.  Meteorology and Topography
           VI.  Effects of Air Pollution
          VII.  Opinion Surveys and Air Quality Statistical Relationships
         VIII.  Proposal for  an Air Resource Management Program.

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                                  CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION	,	   1

SUMMARY OF RESULTS  	   4
FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES	   5
   Methodology	13
      Industrial	14
      Steam-Electric Utilities	18
      Residential	18
      Other	18
   Results	18
      Industrial	18
      Steam-Electric Utilities	22
      Residential	22
      Other	24
SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL	26
   Methodology	28
      Combustible Refuse Generated	28
      Municipal Incinerators	28
      Open-Burning Dumps and Sanitary Landfills	29
      On-Site Incineration	29
      On-Site Open Burning	29
   Results	29
TRANSPORTATION SOURCES	30
   Methodology	30
      Road Vehicles	30
      Aircraft, Railroads, and Vessels	32
   Results	32
      Road Vehicles	32
      Aircraft, Railroads, and Vessels	34
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS	35
   Methodology	35
   Results	35
      Oil Refineries	35
      Cement Manufacturing	'	36
      Asphaltic Concrete Manufacturing   	37
      Steel Manufacturing	37
      Foundries	37
      Grain Handling and Processing	37
      Coffee Roasting	37
      Chemical Industry	37
      Solvent Evaporation	37

REFERENCES	40

APPENDIX  - EMISSION FACTORS	41

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                   II.  AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
INTRODUCTION
    Knowledge of sources of air pollution in a community and the quantities of the
various pollutants emitted to the air can provide the basic framework for further
air conservation activities.   Through an emission inventory,  information relating
to the quantities of the various pollutants released, the relative contribution of
pollutants from the different source categories, and the geographical distribution
of pollutant emissions within the study area may be obtained.  The results of an
emission survey may be used effectively in metropolitan planning, pollution abate-
ment activities, sampling programs,  and diffusion models for predicting atmospheric
levels of pollutants.

    An emission inventory was conducted during 1963-1964 as part of the St. Louis -
East St. Louis Interstate Air Pollution Study.  The Study covered an area of 3, 567
square miles and included the City of St. Louis  and the six surrounding counties  - St.
Louis, St.  Charles, and Jefferson Counties in Missouri and  Madison, St. Clair,  and
Monroe Counties in Illinois.  More than 95 percent of the population and almost all
of the industrial activity are located in the 400 square miles of the centrally located
urbanized part of the Study area.  The pollutant emission data presented can be
almost entirely attributed to this urbanized portion of the'area.  Population density
and land-use maps, which provide an excellent index to  the areal distribution of
most pollutant emissions, are presented in Figures  1 and 2.

    The pollutants considered in this  survey are those emitted in large quantities
from a variety and multitude of sources dispersed throughout the area.  Included
are aldehydes, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (calculated as
nitrogen dioxide), sulfur  oxides (calculated as sulfur dioxide), particulates, and
benzo(a) pyrene (B(a)P).  The emissions  of other pollutants are generally associated
with a specific process or operation and, in general, are not distributed throughout
the community.


    The sources of air pollution in the Study area may be subdivided into the five
following general categories:

    1.  Fuel combustion  in stationary plants.
    2.  Combustion of refuse material.
    3.  Fuel combustion  in transportation vehicles.
    4.  Industrial process emissions.
    5.  Solvent evaporation.
    The geographical variations of pollutant emissions within the Study area are
delineated by presenting emission data for the City of St. Louis and each of the six

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                                                                < 499

                                                                 5OO-1.999
                                                                2,000-4,999

                                                                5,000-9,999

                                                                10,000-20,000
                                                                > 20,000
         "' 410   420   430  440  450   46C   470   480   490   500M'  510   520   530   540  550

         Figure 1.  Population by 5, 000-foot-square grid cells - I960  census.
counties individually.  In addition,  pollutant emissions were designated for 10, 000-
foot-square grid cells.*  Pollutants by grid cells are shown in Figures 3,  4,  9,
and  10.
*Grid cells refer to the  area north and east of the designated point,

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9 • * -* -.
    o  t   t  i*  3
                       EXISTING  LAND USE
                   INDUSTRIAL    CZ3 RESIDENTIAL
                                       OTHERS
Figure 2.  Land use in Metropolitan St. Louis  in 1957.

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    The procedure for conducting an emissions survey consists of two parts.  The
first part involves collection and compilation of basic data such as quantities of fuels
and refuse material burned, the combustion equipment  and techniques employed,
selected chemical analysis  of fuels used, and the quantities and types of materials
handled or processed.  In the second part of the survey,  average emission factors
are applied to the measured data to translate these quantities into pollutant emission
rates.  An emission factor  represents  the average emission rate of a pollutant per
unit quantity of material handled,  processed, or burned.  The emission factors used
in this survey are presented in the Appendix.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

    The following is a brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources in the
Study area:

    1.  Particulate matter  is emitted primarily from the combustion of coal,
        various industrial processes, and the open burning of refuse.  The com-
        bustion of coal contributes 56 percent,  industrial processes 27 percent,  and
        open burning of refuse  10 percent of the total particulate emissions.

    2.  More than 90 percent of the sulfur oxide emissions  are discharged during
        the combustion of fossil fuels.   The burning of  coal contributes more than
        87 percent and fuel oil 4 percent of total emissions.

    3.  Oxides of nitrogen are discharged primarily from the burning of coal (51%),
        transportation sources  (35%), and burning of gas  (7%).

    4.  Motor vehicles emit more than 63 percent and open burning of refuse almost
        •23 percent of the total hydrocarbons released.

    5.  The major source of carbon monoxide is the operation of gasoline-powered
        motor vehicles, which emit almost 98 percent of the total.

    The emissions of pollutants discharged  to the  air of the Study area are sum-
marized in Table 1 for the Study area and Tables 2 through 8  for each of the political
subdivisions.  The geographic distribution of particulate and sulfur oxide emissions
are shown in Figures 3 and 4.   The validity  of the  results depends  primarily on the
accuracy and applicability of the presently available emission factors.  These
factors,  for the most part,  represent the average  emission rates  for a particular
industry or fuel group. Because of the differences in emission rates among the
plants or fuel users  within a given category, the application of the  emission factors
to any individual plant or even a small  number  of similar plants or processes may
result in a considerable discrepancy between the actual and calculated emissions.

    The incompleteness of data relating  to pollutant emissions from  some processes
and fuel uses has resulted in the omission of some air pollutants and air pollution
sources in the area.  For the most part, these omissions have been confined to
source categories or sources contributing relatively small quantities of pollutants.
The emission inventory should therefore be  fairly representative of total area
emissions of the principal pollutants.   This  inventory of commonly occurring pollu-
tants  cannot, however, be used to identify some kinds of pollutant sources, which
are few in number but which may cause objectionable neighborhood pollution problems

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            Table 1.  SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN
         INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1963 (tons/yeara)
Source
category
Transportation
Road vehicles
Other
Combustion of fuels
stationary sources
Industry
Steam-electric util.
Residential
Other
Refuse disposal
Incineration
Open burning
Industrial process
emissions
Solvent evaporation
Totals
Aldehydes
1,800
1, 600
200
600
200
16
360
28
1,240
90
1, 150
nab
nab
3,640
Carbon
monoxide
1,088,000
1, 083, 000
5, 000
26,500
2, 600
1,200
19,000
3,600
150
150
nab
nab
1, 115,000
Hydro-
carbons
236,000
232,000
4,300
6,200
900
500
4,000
800
84,000
50
83,900
11,700
36, 000
373,900
Nitrogen
oxides
48,000
43, 400
4,700
85,600
22,700
53,200
8, 000
1,800
500
300
200
4,200
nab
138,300
Sulfur
oxides
4, 400
3,600
800
421, 000
113,000
244, 000.
50,000
14,000
500
200
300
29,600
455,000
Partic-
ulates
7, 100
4,700
2,400
87,000
39,000
22, 400
19,900
5,500
15,800
1,700
14, 100
37, 500
14? 400
B(a)Pa
489
456
33
641
427
7
156
51
416
15
401
nab
1,546
 aBenzo(a) Pyrene in Ib/year".
 bna = Information not available or not reported.
because of particulates or odors.  The maps in Figures 5, 6, and 7, showing loca-
tion of several types of sources of this kind, are of some assistance in evaluating
the potential problems that may be associated with these kinds of sources.
FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES

    Coal,  fuel oil, and gas are the principal fuels used in the Study area to supply
heat and power for industries, steam-electric utilities, households,  and commer-
cial establishments.  The combustion of these fuels produces various products,
which, when released to the air  of the community, contribute significantly to the
deterioration of the air quality.  In fact, these releases constitute the major sources
of particulates,  oxides of  sulfur, and oxides of nitrogen present in the air of the
Study area.  To more accurately define the sources of pollution and provide better
estimates of emissions, the area fuel use was subdivided into the following consumer
categories:

    1.   Industrial

    2.   Steam-electric utilities

    3.   Residential

    4.   Other (commercial,  institutional,  etc.)

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                                               PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,tons/year
                                           MULTIPLE SOURCES    SINGLE SOURCES
                                          I    I          100
                                          |   "|    100 -  500
                                          ,,,,,,,,,    500 -1,000
                                                 1,000 -3,000
1,500 - 3,000

3,000 - 6,000
6,000 - 13,000
        430    440   450   460    470    480   490    500°°°'  510    520   530   540
                  Figure 3. Emissions of participates in study area.
The emissions of pollutants are not only dependent upon the types and quantities of
fuels burned but also on the chemical composition of fuels, firing techniques and
equipment employed,  and efficiency of air pollution control devices used.  Where
applicable, these parameters have been considered in the emission calculations.

Methodology

     Fuel consumption data for the Study area were obtained through the use of a
variety of techniques and from numerous information sources.  These varied from
individual contact, mostly by questionnaires,  to the use of city or metropolitan area
totals as  reported by the U.S.  Bureau of Census or national fuel associations.  Where
possible, the data have been cross-checked by using different techniques and sources.
                                                                                 13

-------
                                           SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,tons/years
                                           MULTIPLE SOURCES
                                               (grid totals)        SINGLE SOURCES
                                                  0 -   100
                                          |    |  100 - 1,500
                                          lilij 1,500 - 5,000
                                              5,000 - 10,000
    3,000 - 10,000
(Q)  10,000- 20,000
   50,000- 60,000
 420   430    440    450   460    470    480   490    500000'  510    520    530   540
                Figure 4.  Emissions of sulfur oxides in study area.
Fuel-use data were compiled by consumer categories  and by major political subdivi-
sions of the Study area.  The techniques used in assessing the fuel consumption of
each of the user categories  are briefly summarized below.

Industrial - With the cooperation of the Industrial Waste Council and the Metropolitan
St.  Louis Chamber of Commerce,  the largest 900 of the approximately 3,300 manu-
facturing firms in  the Study area were sent questionnaires.  Approximately 330 of
these establishments returned  usable data.  Although the percentage of response
was small,  these firms actually burn a large majority of the fuel consumed in the
Study area, especially coal  and residual fuel oil, and thus contribute  the majority of
pollutants from this consumer  category.   For example,  23  of the 24 largest indus-
trial coal users  in the Study area replied to the questionnaire.  Most  of the firms
 14

-------
not surveyed are engaged in light manufacturing, which requires little fuel for pro-
cess use, and which generally uses gas or distillate fuel  oil to satisfy their space
heating requirements.
                     • SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL SITE
                     4. MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR
          Figure 5. Solid-waste disposal sites and municipal incinerators.
                                                                               15

-------
   410   430    450   470   490   510   530   550   570    410   430
                                                      450   470   490    510   530    550   570
                            GHAT MOM 1 STEEL FOUNDRY
                            NON FERROUS METAL FOUNDSr
                      Figure 6. Major industrial operations.
     To check the validity of the survey results, the survey data were compared
with those reported by the U. S. Bureau of Census for the St. Louis Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area.   Industrial coal consumption agreed within 10. 5
percent, fuel oil consumption within 7. 5 percent,  and gas consumption within
37 percent of the amounts reported by the U. S.  Bureau of Census.  The predomi-
nant use of gas  in the smaller industrial establishments not surveyed accounts for
 16

-------
                       Figure 7.  Major industrial operations.
the larger discrepancy in the gas consumption data.  Since, however, the comous-
tion of gas  produces relatively insignificant amounts of most pollutants, the resulting
error may be considered negligible.  It is, therefore,  estimated that the responses
to the questionnaire accounted for more than  90 percent of the area industrial fuel
use.
                                                                              17

-------
Steam-Electric Utilities - The annual consumption of fuels by each of the five public
utility steam-electric generating plants in the area was obtained by questionnaires
and verified by information published by the National Coal Association.

Residential -  The residential use of the respective fuels was  estimated on the basis
of the number of dwelling units  using  each fuel and the average heating requirement
per unit per degree-day.   The number of dwelling units using a giveji fuel for each
political subdivision was obtained from the U.S.  Bureau of Census.   This method
of estimating domestic fuel consumption has been proved relatively accurate in
instances where  actual fuel consumption data were available for comparison.

Other - There are more than 12,000 commercial establishments in the Study area.
Included in this total,  in addition to commercial  concerns,  are public and private
institutions, schools,  and hospitals.  Questionnaires relating to fuel use and waste
disposal practices and one followup letter were mailed to 899 of these concerns;  a
response  of 64 percent was obtained.   The 899 establishments were preselected to
include businesses and institutions large enough  to possibly burn considerable
quantities of fuels.  Many  of the 899 establishments are large office buildings, some
of which house as many as 100 individual commercial  concerns.  The multitude of
the smaller concerns  and shops  did not allow more complete  sampling of this  con-
sumer category.

    On the  basis of the information received,  the fuel use was extrapolated to
include all of  the 899 large establishments sampled.  The total fuel use  by all of the
establishments in this consumer category could not be extrapolated in a similar
manner.  More than 85 percent of the area commercial-institutional fuel use is
thought to be consumed by the 899 establishments.  This is only a  rough  approxi-
mation and  should be interpreted as such.  In  any event, the presented fuel use data
and the resulting pollutant emissions from this .consumer category are minor when
compared to the  total  emissions from fuel use  in the Study area.

Results
    During 1963,  approximately 7.5 million tons of coal, 242 million gallons of
fuel oil,  and 131 billion cubic feet of gas were burned in the Study area.  This con-
sumption represents a total heating value of 345 x 10   Btu per year, of which 52.2
percent was supplied by coal, 40. 0 percent by gas,  and 7. 8 percent by fuel oil.  In
addition, 1. 3 million tons of coal was used in the area for the production of coke.
A breakdown of these  totals by consumer category and major political jurisdictions
is given in Tables 9 and 10. The locations of the 57 largest consumers of  fuels -
coal,  fuel oil and  gas  - in the area are presented in Figure 8.   The quantities of
pollutants released in the Study area by the combustion of fuels are summarized in
Table 11.

Industrial - During 1963, the manufacturing industry consumed 22 percent of the
coal,  47 percent of the fuel oil (mostly residual),  and 52 percent of the gas burned
in the Study area.   The combustion of these fuels resulted in an emission of  39,000
tons of particulates,  113, 000 tons of oxides of sulfur, and 23,000 tons of oxides of
nitrogen.   These emissions accounted for between 20 and 30 percent of the area
totals of these  pollutants.

    The coal consumption of individual  plants ranges from  a few tons per year to
over 250,000 tons annually. A study of the major coal consumers (industrial,
 18

-------
     410       430
450
  i igure 8.  Locations of fuel consumers that use 565 x  10  or more Btu per year.


steam-electric utilities, and commercial) in the area conducted by the National
Coal Association indicated the following distribution.

    50 plants use between   1,000 and  25,000 tons per year

    12 plants use between  25, 000 and  50, 000 tons per year

     4 plajits use between  50,000 and 100,000 tons per year
                                                                              19

-------
     8 plants use between 100,000 and 250,000 tons per year

     6 plants use         250,000 or more    tons per year.

    The amounts of particulates released by the combustion of coal are not only
dependent upon the quantity and type  of coal burned, but also on the firing equip-
ment  used and the collection devices employed.   Table 12  summarizes industrial
coal use by burner type and lists the annual coal consumption according to types of
air pollution  control devices used.

    The quantity of sulfur oxides  released are dependent directly upon the sulfur
content of the fuels used.  The sulfur content of the coal used in the area averages
from 1. 0 to 3. 3 percent with a mean of slightly less than 3. 0 percent.   Approxi-
mately 90 percent of the fuel oil used by industries is residual,  with the remaining
10 percent distillate.  The sulfur  content of distillate fuel oil is approximately 0. 3
to 0. 7 percent and that of residual of 1.5 to 3.6 percent.  The sulfur content of gas
is negligible.  Selected chemical analyses of the fuels  used in the area are sum-
marized in Table 13.
                   Table 9.  ANNUAL, FUEL CONSUMPTION IN
               INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA,  1963

Fuel
Coal, tons /year




Fuel oil- -residual,
gal/year



Fuel oil- -distillate,
gal/year



Gas, million cubic
feet/year




Consumer category
Industry*
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Annual
c on s umpti on
1,628,000
4,874, 000
738,000
222, 000
7,462, 000
106,223,000
642, 000
nb
nb
106,865, 000
8,284, 000
0
120, 543, 000
6,414, 000
135,233, 000
68, 151
9,252
51,078
2,974
131,454
Percent
of total
21.8
65.3
9.9
3.0
100.0
99.0
0. 5
nb
nb
100.0
6. 1
0
88.9
5.0
100.0
51.8
7.0
38.9
2.3
100.0
        aAn additional 1, 327, 000 tons is used in the production of coke.
        bn  = Negligible.
 20

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-------
   Table 11.  AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
     STATIONARY SOURCES IN INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA,
                                  1963 (tons/yeara)
Fuel
Coal

Fuel oil



Gas

User category
Industrial
Steam electric
Residential
Other
Totals
Industrial
Steam electric
Residential
Other
Totals
Industrial
Steam electric
Residential
Other
Totals
Grand totals
Aldehydes
3
11
1
nb
15
93
nb
113
6
212
111
4
244
20
379
606
B(a)Pa
414
7
157
31
609
10
nb
1
11
2
nb
1
3
623
Carbon
monoxide
2, 442
1,220
18,873
3,587
26, 100
94
nb
113
6
213
89
74
5
168
26,500
Hydro-
carbons
814
487
3, 682
714
5, 697
93
nb
113
6
212
nb
244
20
264
6, 173
Nitrogen
oxides
16,276
51,261
2,945
571
71,053
2, 055
41
2,015
103
4,214
5,376
1,793
2, 935
210
10, 314
85,581
Sulfur
oxides
98,390
244, 443
46, 194
13, 800
402, 827
14, 300
31
3, 590
198
18, 119
15
3
9
27
420, 973
Partic-
ulates
37,990
22, 400
18,873
5,450
84,713
683
nb
671
34
1,388
423
68
354
27
872
86,973
  aBenzo(a)Pyrene in Ib/year.
  bn = Negligible.
Steam-Electric Utilities  - The steam-electric generating plants are the major coal
consumers in the Study area.  During 1963, collectively they burned almost 4.9
million tons of coal, which represents  65. 3 percent of the coal used in the area.  In
addition,  the steam-electric plants consumed 642,000 gallons of fuel oil (residual)
and 9. 3 billion cubic feet of gas, or 0. 3 and 7 percent,  respectively, of the total
oil and gas used.  The steam-electric utilities emitted  53. 6 percent of the oxides of
sulfur,  15 percent of the particulates,  and 38. 5  percent of the oxides of nitrogen
released to the air of the Study area from all pollution sources.

    Four of the five steam-electric utilities are fully equipped with electrostatic
precipitators  that range  in efficiency from 90 to 98 percent.  The remaining installa-
tion is equipped with settling chambers and mechanical collectors,  with an overall
efficiency of approximately 70 percent.  In summary, approximately 2. 5  million
tons of coal is burned in installations of 98 percent collection efficiencies;  1. 4
million tons,  in installations of 92. 5 percent collection efficiencies; 0. 5 million
tons,  in installations of 90 percent collection efficiencies; and 0.5 million tons,  in
installations  of approximately 70 percent collection  efficiency.

Residential -  Approximately 50 percent of the dwelling  units in the  Study area use
gas as the heating fuel.  Coal, distillate fuel oil, and other fuels were used in 22,
21, and 7 percent, of the dwelling units, respectively.   Collectively, the  residential
use of fuels accounted for 39 percent of the gas, 50  percent of the fuel oil,  and 10
percent of the coal burned in the Study area.

    A considerable area variation in the use of  a particular fuel is evident. Natural
gas is used in approximately 57 percent of the dwelling units in the Missouri portion,
 22

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-------
            Table 13.  SELECTED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS IN
               INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA,  1963
Fuel
and
source
Coal
Belleville District
Southern Illinois
East Kentucky
Miscellaneous
Residual fuel oil
Distillate fuel oil
Gas
Quantity
consumed
annually
(tons)
&, 411,600
2, 600,000b
450,000°
250,000
(gallons)
106,865,000
(gallons)
135,233,000
(106 ft3)
131,454
Selected chemical analysis of fuelsa
Sulfur,
%
3. 3
1. 5
1. 0
1.6d
0.4d
0.0008
Ash,
%
10
8
5
ne
ne
ne
Volatile,
%
36
34
38
100
100
100
Average
heating value
(Btu/lb)
11, 300
12,200
13, 500
(Btu/gal)
151,000
(Btu/gal)
142, 000
(Btu/ft3)
1,050
       aAs-burned basis.
       ^876, 000 tons used for coking.
       C450, 000 tons used for coking.
 Estimated average.
en = Negligible.
but in only 30 percent in the Illinois part; whereas coal is used in 35 percent of
dwellings on the Illinois side and only 17 percent in Missouri.  A summary of the
domestic heating fuels by county and the City of St. Louis is given in Table 14.
Emissions of particulates and sulfur oxides from residential uses are shown in
Figures  9 and 10.
Other - The commercial-institutional use of fuels is minor when compared to the
other consumer categories.  Similarly, the pollution load arising from these estab-
lishments is  relatively small.   This consumer category consumed less than 10 per-
cent of any of the fuels used in the area.

     On the basis of the returned questionnaires,  the following generalizations
relating to the use  of fuels and types of firing  equipment and control devices used
may be made.  Approximately 29 percent of the establishments use coal as the
heating fuel,  16 percent use fuel oil, 45 percent use gas, and 11 percent use various
combinations  of these fuels.  The use of coal is centered primarily in the City of
St.  Louis,  where coal is used in 52 percent of the establishments.

     The  returned questionnaires indicated that 150 establishments are heating with
coal; 135 of these are equipped with underfeed stokers, 8 with chain grate stokers,
3 with spreader stokers,  3 with hand-fired, and 1 with traveling grate.  Only 9 of
the 150 establishments are equipped with air pollution control devices (7 with settling
chambers and 2 with  multiple cyclones).  The types of firing equipment used and the
quantity of coal burned are summarized in Table  15.
 24

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                                                         MADISON    CO
                                                                 CLAIR, CO
                                               PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,_
                                                     tons/year
                                                          o-  ,00   BELLEV)
                                                        100- 500
                                                        500-1,000
                                                           > 1,000
 420    430   440   450   460    470    480   490   500°°°'  510   520    530   540
        Figure 9.  Emissions of particulates from the residential use of fuels.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

    Refuse material generated within the Study area is disposed of through municipal
and on-site incineration, open-burning dumps, backyard or on-site open burning,
sanitary landfills,  and salvage operations.  (On-site means that the  refuse is dis-
posed of on the premises on which it is produced.)  A variation of disposal practices
among the different political subdivisions within the Study area is clearly  evident and
is therefore considered in making emission estimates.  For example, the City of
St.  Louis operates two municipal incinerators;  St. Louis County operates  a sanitary
landfill;  and the surrounding counties have open-burning dumps  scattered  throughout
the area.  In addition to these, on-site incineration and open burning are employed
to a varying extent in all of the jurisdictional areas.
 26

-------
                                                               -  f—t-
                                                           MADISON     CO
                                                SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
                                                      tons/year
                                                          0 - 100
                                                 LI I    100- 500
                                                         500- 1,000
                                                        ,000 - 3,000
420    430    440   450   460    470    480   490    500°°°'  510    520    530   540

       Figure 10.  Emissioas of sulfur oxides from the residential  use of fuels.
    To estimate the pollution load released by the combustion of refuse material,
the quantities of refuse material incinerated and burned openly had to be determined.
This attempt was severely hampered by the lack of authentic and complete data.
The available data relating to refuse quantities handled at collective disposal sites
ranged from relatively accurate records  for the municipal incinerators to "rough"
estimates for the landfills  and dumps.  The only way possible,  within the available
resources,  to estimate the quantities burned on-site was to assume average per
capita production of waste  inaterial  and assume that the difference  between the
quantity generated and the  quantity disposed of at collection sites was that disposed
of on-site.  Any interpretation of the data should then be viewed within  the accuracies
and limitations of these  estimates.
                                                                                 27

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   Table 15.  COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL COAL USE BY BURNER TYPEa IN
                  INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1963




Burner type
Underfeed stokers
Chain grate stokers
Traveling grate stokers
Spreader stoker with
ash reinjection
Spreader stoker without
ash reinjection
Hand-fired units
Totals
With air pollution
control devices

Number of
installations
3
4
-

1

1
-
9
Quantity of
coal burned,
tons /year
326
15,629
-

2,000

682
-
18,637
Without air pollution
control devices

Number of
installations
132
4
1

-

1
3
141
Quantity of
coal burned,
tons /year
20,082
7,747
30,785

-

4,000
328
62,492
 aUnexpanded partial total,  based only on returned questionnaires.
      presented numbers refer to installations,  not individual boilers.
Methodology

    For the purposes of this investigation, it was assumed that the total refuse
generated was 4.5 pounds per capita per day (household, commercial and industrial)
and that 75 percent, or 3. 4 pounds per capita per day, was combustible.  These per-
capita averages are based on the results of past studies in 12 cities conducted by the
American Public Works Association.   An average per-capita collection of refuse of
approximately 4 pounds per day with a range of 3. 0 to over 4. 5 pounds per day was
observed.  Since, however,  the amount collected does not include the portions of
refuse disposed of on-site, an  estimate higher than 4 pounds per capita per day is
likely.

    The variations among the sectors of the Study area in the per capita generation
of combustible waste are assumed to be negligible; therefore 3. 4 pounds per capita
per day seems reasonable for all sectors of the Study area.  The amount of com-
mercial and industrial refuse undoubtedly decreases in the predominately residential
counties of the area; however,  an increase in yard and garden rubbish in residential
areas would tend to minimize the variation.
Combustible Refuse Generated - The quantity of combustible refuse generated in
each area is based on the estimated 1963 population and 3.4 pounds per capita per
day.  The per capita average of 3. 4 pounds per day compares favorably with the
3. 1 pounds per day reported for St. Louis County by Horner and Shifrin. ° Since the
3. 1 pounds per day was based on the amount collected, a total production of more
than 3. 1 is likely.

Municipal Incinerators - Data relating to the quantities of refuse material burned at
the two St. Louis municipal incinerators was supplied by the City of St. Louis.
 28

-------
Open-Burning Dumps and Sanitary Landfills  - The quantities of refuse brought to the
dumps and landfills  are based on estimates obtained in cooperation with the Illinois
and Missouri Health Departments.  Since actual weights were unavailable, estimates
were generally based on the number of loads brought in per day and an estimate of the
weight of refuse in the  average load.

On-Site Incineration - The quantity of refuse disposed of by on-site incineration at
major commercial and industrial establishments was supplied in the questionnaires
and expanded to include the establishments not responding.  The quantity of refuse
disposed of in domestic incinerators was based on the number of gas-fired incinera-
tors in use and an estimated quantity burned per  unit.  Since, however, information
on the number of domestic incinerators in use was available only for  the City of
St.  Louis and St. Louis County, the estimated quantities disposed of in residential
incinerators are undoubtedly low.

On-Site Open Burning - The difference between the amount of waste generated and
that disposed by the above mentioned means  in each of the political subdivisions was
assumed to be burned on-site.

Results
    An estimated 1,329,000 tons of combustible refuse material is generated
annually in the Study area.  A breakdown of this total by county and the City of
St.  Louis individually is given in Table 16.  Table  16 also presents the quantities
of refuse material disposed of by the various disposal methods in each political
subdivision.  In some instances  refuse material is  transported from one jurisdic-
tional area to others for disposal.  Where possible this transfer has been taken
into account.  For this reason the quantities given in Table 16 may show more
refuse disposed of than generated in a given county.  The predominant direction of
refuse material transfer was from the City  of St. Louis and St. Louis  County to the
counties on the Illinois side of the river.

    An estimated 948,000 tons,  or 70 percent, of the total refuse generated is
disposed of at collection sites, with the remainder  being burned on-site.  The
locations of the collection disposal sites  are shown in Figure 5.
          Table 16.   REFUSE DISPOSAL IN INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION
                          STUDY AREA,  1963  (tons/year)

Political
subdivision
St. Louis City, Missouri
St. Louis County, Missouri
St. Charles County, Missouri
Jefferson County, Missouri
Madison County, Illinois
St, Clair Comity, Illinois
Monroe County, Illinois
Totals

Combustible
refuse
generated
440, 000
480, 000
40,000
50,000
145, 000
165,000
9, 000
1,329, 000

Incineration

Municipal
223,000
--
--
--
--
--
--
223,000

On-site
44, 000
13, 000
100
2, 500
1, 000
2,000
na
62. 600
•


Landfills
100, 000
296, 000
26,000
19, 000
na
n*
na
441, 000

Open burning

Dumps
--
--
--
55, 000
29,000
185,000
15, 000
284,000


On-site
88, 000
45, 000
14, 000
9,000
75,000
82, 000
5,000
318, 000

  an = Negligible.
                                                                               29

-------
    On-site open burning is used for the disposal of approximately 25 percent of the
total refuse generated in the  area.  Included in this total, however,  are the com-
mercial and industrial on-site incinerators not shown on the questionnaires,  and
the residential non-gas-fired incinerators.  Similarly,  since this total was obtained
by difference, any errors in  the assumed per capita generation or in the quantities
handled at the collective disposal sites  will be reflected in these figures.  In addi-
tion,  since the quantity  of refuse transported from the City of St. Louis  to areas
outside could not be estimated accurately, the on-site open burning may be subject
to considerable error.

    The quantities of air pollutants released during the burning of refuse material
are shown in  Table 17.  Since the landfills in the area burn only intermittently, no
pollution load is ascribed to this method of refuse disposal.  The pollutants generated
by refuse burning are primarily hydrocarbons and  particulates.  Approximately
85,000 tons of hydrocarbons  and 15,000 tons of particulates are released annually
from this source category.  Open burning, on-site or at dumps, accounts for more
than 90 percent of these pollutants from this source category.
    Table 17.  AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL IN
         INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA,  1963 (tons/yeara)

Category
Incineration
Municipal
Residential
Industrial
Other
Open burning
On-site
Dumps
Total

Aldehydes
150
39
25
52
34
1, 140
572
566
1,290
Carbon
monoxide
377
33
nab
208
136
nab
nab
nab
377

Hydrocarbons
396
33
19
208
136
84, 300
44, 500
39, 800
84,696
Nitrogen
oxides
323
268
25
17
13
165
80
85
488
Sulfur
oxides
226
201
25
nab
nc
297
127
170
523

Particulates
1,486
1,004
80
262
140
14, 147
7,473
6,674
15,633

B(a)Pa
14
3
nab
6
5
402
245
157
416
 aBenzo (a) Pyrene in Ib/year.
 bna = Information not available or not reported.
 cn = Negligible.
TRANSPORTATION SOURCES

    The transp'ortation sources of air pollution include any vehicles that are powered
by the combustion of fuels.  Road vehicles (automobiles,  buses, and trucks) are by
far the most important community-wide transportation source of air pollution.  Other
transportation sources include railroads, aircraft, and river vessels.
Methodology

Road Vehicles - The quantity of gasoline and dies el fuel consumed in a community
is an index to the amounts of the various pollutants released to the air of the com-
munity from the operation of automobiles, buses, and trucks.
 30

-------
     The quantity of gasoline sold in a metropolitan area is approximately the same
as the amount consumed in the area. For the purposes of this investigation,  gaso-
line sales in the Study area,  less evaporation and other losses, are considered to
equal the amount burned.  The effect of through traffic, i. e. ,  the purchase of gaso-
line outside the area and its consumption inside and vice versa, is  considered insig-
nificant when compared to the total gasoline consumption in the area.  Since the
service boundaries of the gasoline distributors do not coincide with those of the
Study area, gasoline sales data for the  entire Study area could not be obtained
directly.  Actual gasoline sales,  in  gallons, were available for only the City of
St. Louis.  These data allowed direct verification of the methodology used in calcu-
lating gasoline sales for the entire area.   Gasoline sales were determined from the
following data:  (1)  service station sales in each county and the City of St. Louis,  '
(2) service station sales in the States of Missouri and Illinois,"1 ^ and (3) gasoline
sales in gallons for the  States of Missouri and Illinois. H Since the ratio of gasoline
sales to the value of service station sales is relatively constant throughout a state,
this ratio and the  service station sales  for each county were used to determine  the
gallonage sold.

     The validity of this method was  tested by comparing the results with those
obtained for  surrounding states, other urban areas in the country,  and the City of
St. Louis.  The calculated and actual gasoline sales 12 for the City  of St. Louis
agreed within 6 percent. The annual per-capita gasoline  consumption compared
favorably with other  metropolitan areas,  being somewhat higher than cities with
rapid transit facilities and slightly lower than others without these  facilities.

     The evaporation of gasoline from gas tanks and carburetors adds  to the pollution
arising from vehicular traffic and also  reduces the quantity of gasoline available  for
combustion.   An average of 1. 5 percent by volume of the gasoline sales is assumed
to approximate these evaporation losses. ^

     The gasoline  consumption within each county and the City of St. Louis was
estimated on the basis of gasoline sales in each area adjusted to reflect the inter-
area travel.   On the  basis of traffic  studies, employment data,  and location of
principal shopping areas, an estimated 20 percent of the gasoline sold in the Missouri
counties and 10 percent sold in the Illinois  counties are burned within  the City of  St.
Louis.  This is  only  a rough estimate and should be considered as such.


    The consumption of diesel fuel may not be approximated in the  same manner.
The prime users of this fuel, the  long-haul trucks, may purchase the fuel within
the area, but use the majority of this fuel outside the area.  By comparison with
gasoline usage,  the annual consumption of diesel fuel, and therefore the quantities
of pollutants  emitted,  is minor.  The errors introduced by the rough method of
estimating diesel fuel consumption will  therefore be small when considering the
total emissions from transportation  or mobile sources of pollution.
    An estimate of diesel fuel consumption in the Study area was obtained by con-
sidering trucks and buses individually.   The annual consumption of diesel fuel by
buses was obtained from the local transit companies.   For lack of more definitive
information, national averages of diesel-powered vehicles  in urban areas and their
fuel consumption per mile were used to estimate the consumption of diesel fuel by
trucks traveling in the  area. *•**

-------
 Aircraft, Railroads,  and Vessels - The emissions of pollutants from aircraft,
 railroads,  and vessels were based on the following:

     Aircraft  -  Number of flights originating or terminating in the area
                  (Lambert Field).

     Vessels   -  Quantity  of fuels  burned as  determined by considering the number
                  of vessels passing through the Study area and the average opera-
                  ting conditions.

     Railroads -  Quantity  of fuels  consumed  in the area.   These quantities were
                  supplied  by the individual railroad  lines.

 Results

 Road Vehicles -  An estimated 759 million gallons of  gasoline,  including gasoline for
 non-highway uses,  is  sold annually in the  Study area.  As shown in Table 18, gaso-
 line sales in the  City of St. Louis account for 28 percent and in the St. Louis County
 for 42 percent of the total Study area gasoline sales.  A comparison of per-capita
 and per-vehicle use of gasoline in the  Study area to those  of the nation,  surrounding
 states, and selected metropolitan areas is shown in Table 19.

     Estimates of gasoline consumption in each of the political subdivisions in the
 Study area are given in Table 20.  Approximately 9.5 billion vehicle   miles is
 traveled annually in the Study area  distributed among the political subdivisions
 according to the  gasoline consumption data  presented in Table 20.

     The annual diesel fuel  consumption in the Study area is approximately 12. 5
million gallons, with 7 million gallons consumed by buses  and the remaining 5. 5
million gallons by diesel-powered trucks (Table 21).

     The quantities of pollutants attributed to vehicular traffic are summarized in
Table 22.  More  than  1 million tons of carbon monoxide, approximately 220,000 tons
of hydrocarbons, and over  40,000 tons of oxides of nitrogen are contributed annually
by the movement of vehicular traffic in the  area.  The contribution of diesel fuel is
almost insignificant in comparison  with that of gasoline.
                     Table 18.   GASOLINE SALES FOR 1962 IN
                   INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA


Jurisdiction
St. Charles County
St. Louis County
Jefferson County
City of St. Louis
Madison County
Monroe County
St. Clair County
Study Area
Retail service
station sales,
million dollars
6.5
85. 1
7. 1
56.7
21.9
1.2
23. 7
202. 2
Gasoline sales
Per capita,
gal
470
468
414
294
333
262
306
366
Total,
million gal
24. 9
329. 0
27. 5
220. 0
74. 6
4. 0
80. 0
759. 0
 32

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Table 19.  COMPARISON OF STUDY AREA USE OF GASOLINE
           WITH SELECTED STATES AND  CITIES
Jurisdiction
United States
Missouri
Illinois
Indiana
Cincinnati
District of Columbia
Los Angeles County
Study area
1960
population,
millions
179.3
4. 3
10. 1
4. 7
1. 1
0.8
6.8
2. 1
1963
gasoline
consumption,
million gallons
66, 144
1,804
3,328
1,865
340
217
2,701
759
1962
vehicle
registration
79,023,000
1,698,000
3,977,000
2, 174,000
356,000
217,000
3,450,000
780, 000
1962
persons
per
vehicle
2.27
2.53
2.54
2.16
3.23
3.52
1.97
2.66
Per capita
use of
gasoline,
gallons
369
417
323
400
310
286
390
366
Per vehicle
use of
gasoline,
gallons
837
1,060
812
860
930
1, 000
783
975
   Table 20.  GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL CONSUMPTION
         IN STUDY AREA POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS
                    (million gallons/year)
Political
subdivisions
City of St. Louis
St. Louis County
St. Charles County
Jefferson County
Madison County
St. Clair County
Monroe County
Total
Gasoline
Consumption
306. 0
257.7
19.6
21.6
65.8
70.6
3. 5
744. 8
Evaporation
6.3
5.3
0.4
0.4
1. 3
1.4
0. 1
15.2
Diesel
consumption
9.3
1.9
0. 1
0. 1
0.5
0.6
na
12. 5
   an = Negligible.
   Table 21.  GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL CONSUMPTION
     ROAD USE IN INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY
              AREA, 1963 (million gallons/year)
           Fuel and use
Quantity
          Gasoline

           Road use

           Evaporation

          Diesel fuel

           Buses

           Trucks
   744

    15
     7

     5.5
                                                                  33

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 Table 22.  AIR  POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN
          INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1963 (tons/year21)
Source
Road vehicles
Gasoline
Exhaus.t
Blowby
Evaporation (tank
and carburetor)
Diesel
Exhaust
Aircraft
Jet
Turboprop
Piston
Railroad
Vessels
Totals
Aldehydes
1, 560

1,500
nb

60
28
17
2
9
140
60
1,800
Carbon
monoxide
1, 083, 000

1, 083, 000
nb

370
3,945
230
15
3,700
800
360
1, 088,000
Hydrocarbons
232, 000

147, 200
48, 100
35,500

1, 000
722
50
2
670
2, 500
1, 100
236, 000
Nitrogen
oxides
43, 400

42, 000
nb

1,400
289
110
9
170
3,000
1, 350
48, 000
Sulfur
oxides
3,600

3, 400
nb

200
18
15
2
1
500
250
4, 400
Partic-
ulates
4,700

4, 100
nb

600
211
190
4
17
1, 500
670
7, 100
B(a)Pa
456

445
nb

11
nac
nac
nac
nac
24
9
489
 aBenzo(a) Pyrene in Ib/year.
 ^n = Negligible.
 cna = Information not available or not reported.
Aircraft, Railroads, and Vessels - In  1963  itinerant operations (flights  that do not
originate and terminate at  St. Louis) totaled 226,748; local operations (flights that
do originate and terminate at St. Louis)  totaled 29,988. 15 An "operation" as
used here means a takeoff  and landing.  A summary of air traffic activity by cate-
gory is given in Table 23.  Aircraft emissions at Lambert Field by aircraft type
are given in Table 22.   Emissions  from aircraft activity in other parts of the survey
area may be considered negligible.
    Railroads consume about 27 million gallons of diesel fuel per year in the Study
area.
                      Table 23.  AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT
                      LAMBERT FIELD, ST. LOUIS COUNTY,
                      MISSOURI, FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1963


Air carrier
General aviation
Air Force and Army
Navy
Totals
Itinerant
operations
90, 970
119, 085
12, 681
4, 012
226, 748
Local
operations
None
22,977
5,470
1, 541
29,988
 34

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    Approximately 10,300 vessels, primarily dies el-powered tugs,  pass through
the Study area each year.^"  An estimated 13,000 gallons of fuel oil is consumed
per month per mile of river.  Emissions from vessels are also given in Table 22.

    Collectively,  aircraft, vessels, and railroads contribute extremely small
amounts of pollutants to community-wide air pollution.  The quantities are, however,
considerable if considered in specified locations within the area.

INDUSTRIAL  PROCESS EMISSIONS

    The quantities of the different pollutants discharged from most industrial and
some commercial establishments are attributable to two  general types of operations,
the pollutants generated by the combustion of fuels and the pollutants produced and
discharged from the industrial processes.   Unfortunately, emission factors are
available for only a small number of processes and  industries.  In addition, quanti-
ties of pollutants discharged or the production data upon which to base emission
estimates were not available in all cases.  For example, data relating to the emis-
sion of benzo(a)pyrene from processes involving the treatment of hydrocarbon
materials such as coal tars, asphalts, and petroleum  were not reported.  The indus-
trial process  emissions presented herein are therefore only a fraction of the area
total.

    In addition to the seven  major pollutants included  in this  survey,  other pollutants
such as aluminum oxide, ammonia, chlorine, chlorinated cyanic acid, fluorides,
hydrogen sulfide,  hydrogen cyanide, ilmenite, magnesium oxide,  nitric acid,  phos-
phorous pentoxide, potassium  meta bisulfite, potassium cyanide, sodium fluoride,
sodium bifluoride, sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, and others are
generated and released by the  various industrial processes.  The industrial process
emissions of common pollutants  that were obtained are summarized in Table 24.
The geographical locations of  the major industrial establishments are shown in
Figures 6 and 7.

Methodology

    Data relating  to materials handled or processed and  the types  of processes
employed were collected by  the use of the industrial questionnaires and supple-
mented by personal contact with  a number of industry  groups. A detailed descrip-
tion of the sampling procedures, percentage of responses,  and the treatment of data
is included in the section on industrial fuel use.

Results
    The St. Louis Metropolitan Area is a heavily industrialized complex.  In 1963
almost 260, 000 employees were employed by the area's industries.  Almost all of
the major types of industrial activity are present in the area.  The most prevalent,
in terms of employment, are the fabricated metals, primary metals, food and kindred
products, and chemical products manufacturing industries.  The types and quantities
of pollutants discharged vary not only among the various industrial categories, but
also within these categories.

Oil Refineries  - Four large  oil refineries are located within the boundaries of the
Study area - three in the Alton-Wood River  area and one in Monsanto,  Illinois.  The
most important factors affecting refinery emissions are crude oil processing capacity,
                                                                               35

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        Table 24.  SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS IN
        INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA,  1963 (tons/year)


Pollutant and sources
Participates
Coffee processing
Sulfuric acid manufactur-
ing
Asphaltic concrete batching
Steel foundries
Gray iron foundries
Nonferrous foundries
Steel mills
Superphosphate manufac-
turing
Coke plants
Cement plants
Grain industry
Other sources reported on
industrial questionnaire
Totals
Sulfur oxides
Sulfuric acid manufactur-
ing
Other sources reported
on industrial question-
naire
Totals
Nitrogen oxides
Nitric acid manufacturing
Cement plants
Other sources reported on
industrial questionnaire
Totals
Hydrocarbons
Sources reported on indus-
trial questionnaire
Missouri
St. Louis
City

18

0
28
217
265
32
0

0
9
0
1,907

188
2,664


0


nab
nab

0
0

5
5


9,447
St. Louis
County

na

77
94
0
0
1
0

57
0
3,600
0

6
3,835


8,663


nab
8,663

0
1,387

nab
1,387


1
St. Charles
County

0

0
0
0
0
3
0

0
0
0
0

50
53


0


nab
nab

0
0

nab
nab


nab
Jefferson
County

0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

8,000
8,000


0


1, 150
1, 150

2,475
0

nab
2,475


800
Illinois
St. Clair
County

2

115
7
0
158
4
0

166
0
0
3,813

2,435
6,700


11, 118


3,250
14,368

0
0

300
300


1,500
Madison
County

18

0
69
300
14
1
11,438

0
64
0
975

3, 384
16,263


0


5,500
5, 500

0
0

nab
nab


nab

Area
total

38

192
198
517
437
41
11,438

223
73
3,600
6,695

14,063
37,515


19,781


9,900
29,681

2,475
1,387

305
4, 167


11,748
an -Negligible, less than 0. 5 ton/year.
bna • Information not available or not reported.
the processing techniques  employed, level of maintenance and housekeeping, and
the air pollution control measures used.  Hydrocarbons,  oxides of sulfur and nitro-
gen, carbon monoxide, and odors are the primary pollutants emitted from this
operation.  The reclamation of sulfur from various hydrocarbon streams containing
hydrogen sulfide has resulted in approximately 95 percent reduction of sulfur dioxide
emissions from two of the refineries.  Previously these gas streams were used as
boiler fuel.   This  use  resulted in the conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxides
and their subsequent release to the atmosphere.  During  1963 none of the refineries
had carbon monoxide boilers to burn the carbon monoxide in catalyst regenerator
effluents; since then, however, one refinery has installed such a boiler.  The hydro-
carbon emissions  from this source category have been included under solvent
evaporation.

Cement Manufacturing - Two large cement plants, with a combined capacity of 7. 6
million barrels per year,  are located in the Study area.  An estimated 3,600 tons
of particulates and 1, 400 tons of oxides of nitrogen are discharged annually from
36

-------
the two plants.  They are equipped with electrostatic precipitators and multiple
cyclones.  The overall collection efficiency is approximately 95 percent.

Asphaltic Concrete Manufacturing - Approximately 600,000 tons of rock is processed
annually at the 14 asphaltic concrete plants in the area.   Dust from the  rotary drier
and related handling  operations is the principal  pollutant.  To minimize particulate
emissions, 13 of the 14 plants in the area employ one or more primary dry cyclones
followed by a wet  scrubber.  The remaining plant uses only a primary dry cyclone.
Collectively,  these plants  emit an estimated 198 tons of particulates annually.

Steel Manufacturing - Two  major steel plants are located in the Study area, one in
Granite City and one in Alton, Illinois.  One plant operates blast furnaces, open-
hearth furnaces, and coke ovens; the other operates open-hearth furnaces and sup-
plements  its  production with cupolas.  The steel manufacturing industry emits an
estimated 11,400  tons of particulates annually.

Foundries - Eight steel foundries, 18 gray-iron foundaries and 30 nonferrous found-
ries located in the Study area annually discharge approximately 517, 417,  and 41
tons of particulates,  respectively, to the atmosphere.  Particulate emissions from
eight electric arc  furnaces  are controlled by the use of cloth collectors, whereas
ten are uncontrolled.  Eleven open-hearth furnaces in steel foundries and 16 gray-
iron cupolas  are being operated without the use  of any control equipment.   Emissions
from two  cupolas  are controlled by the use of wet cap scrubbers.  Control equipment
is not used to reduce the emissions from five electric induction furnaces; the emis-
sions from these are, however, negligible if only the clean scrap is  charged.

Grain Handling and Processing -  St.  Louis is a  large grain handling  and processing
center.  Grain processing plants  are located in  Granite  City, Alton,  Belleville, and
the City of St. Louis. Grain storage facilities are scattered throughout the area.
The particulate  emissions from grain processing and handling, based on a loss
factor of 0. 3 percent of the grain handled,  are estimated as 6, 000 tons annually.

Coffee Roasting -  Processing of approximately 32,000 tons of green  coffee beans
annually in the Study area results in a particulate emission of approximately 38 tons
per year.  In  the indirect-fired roaster a portion of roaster gases is recirculated
through the combustion area to reduce some  of the smoke and odors.  In the direct-
fired  roaster, however, all of the roaster gases are vented directly  to the atmosphere.
In addition to  roasting, some particulate matter is also  released from the stoners,
coolers, cleaners, and handling systems.

Chemical Industry -  The lack of emission factors and production data, and incom-
plete reporting of process emissions on industrial questionnaires made  it impossible
to estimate emissions from chemical industry operations in most cases.  The manu-
facture of 950,000 tons of sulfuric acid by five firms  in  the area results in an esti-
mated annual  discharge of 20, 000 tons of sulfur  dioxide  and 192 tons of sulfuric acid
mist.  Mist eliminators are used in all plants to reduce the acid mist emissions.
Nitric acid manufacture causes an estimated emission of about 2,500 tons of nitro-
gen oxides per year.  Superphosphate fertilizer  manufacture results in emission of
an estimated 225 tons of particulates per year.

Solvent Evaporation - Solvent usage in 1963 amounted to approximately 7 million
gallons, or 21.5 pounds per capita per year.  Table 25 lists solvent  emissions in
the Study  area by  consumer type.  Solvents are  used primarily in the application
                                                                              37

-------
3j3 *
H *» ttJ
^ Mn (JJ
u
PH


.
cp oS
•>
.-H •(->
3
• O
% u
§£
|J
g ^
™ a
>2 3
CO
.

p u
4-*
w

I
I


O
0
0
fj1
i-H
o
o
o
r-H
o
o
o
^jT
vO
(M
o
o
0
«
o
0
0
£
o
0
0
m"
SO

o
0
0
1— 1
00
r~



o
o
0

*
l-H
r-
ri
a
o
• H
a!
I
O
CO
•— t

oo o r-

CO CO CO
r-H
m *^ ^^
Is- OO CO
•^ r-H O
m" TjT rt<"

0s 00
| (SI (SI
1
-H If) xO
in I-H o-
m m ^



(SI sO O
i— t in ^P
^
xO O in
co in "^*
r-H r-H

(SI (Si
1 r-H l-H



O CO OO
IT! (SI v^5
r-H in •*
•^ r— t l-H





\£) \^ [-•_
(SI OO CO
(SI co CO

C7^ r-H r-H




r-H
OB at
d -rl
-a Lj
Category
Industrial
Dry cleani
Nonindust:
CO
m

r-H
rsi
rs»
CT-
xO
*>
CO
IS1
m

(SI
m
l-H


oo
0
csf
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.
CO
p
CO
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u

o

p
n)
,
^
aEstimated
38

-------
of protective coatings, metal cleaning and degreasing, dry cleaning, and printing.
Based on the assumption that 100 percent of the solvents used ultimately reach the
atmosphere, total solvent emissions  are approximately 24,000 tons per year, or
approximately 7 percent of the hydrocarbons emitted in the Study area.

    Evaporation of gasoline from stationary sources was also included in this
category.   Bulk storage tanks predominately have floating roofs, however, fixed-
roof storage accounts for evaporation of over 7,000 tons per year.  Other gasoline
evaporation amounts to approximately 5,000 tons per  year.
                                                                             39

-------
                                  REFERENCES
 1.   Fuels and electric energy consumed in manufacturing industries:  1962-1963
     census of manufactures.   MC63(l)-7.  U. S. Bureau of Census. U. S. Govern-
     ment Printing Office.  Washington 25, D. C.  pp. 68-69.

 2.   Steam electric plant factors , National Coal Association.   15th ed. National
     Coal Association.  1130  17th St. , N.  W.  Washington,  D.  C.  Sept.  1965.

 3.   U. S. Census of Housing - I960.  Vol.  1 report HC(1).  U. S. Bureau of
     Census.  U.  S.  Government Printing Office.  Washington  25, D.  C.   1962.

 4.   Mullen, J. W.  Personal communication.  National Coal Association.   1130
     17th St. , N.  W.  Washington, D. C.  Aug. 22, 1963.

 5.   Blade, O.  C. Burner fuel oils.  Mineral Industry Surveys.  U.  S. Bureau  of
     Mines.   1961.

 6.   Personal communication.   Shell, American, Standard and Mobil Oil Refineries.
     St. Louis, Missouri, area.  Nov. 1965.

 7.   Municipal refuse disposal. American Public Works Association.  Public
     Administration  Service.  Washington, D. C.  1961.  p.  24.

 8.   Solid waste disposal study for St. Louis County,  Missouri.  Homer  and
     Shifrin.  St.  Louis, Mo.   1964.

 9.   Retail trade  - Missouri.   1963 Census of Business.  U. S. Bureau of the
     Census.   U.  S.  Government Printing Office.  Washington  25, D.  C.   1964.

10.   Retail trade  - Illinois.   1963 Census  of Business.  U. S. Bureau of the Census.
     U. S. Government Printing Office.   Washington 25, D. C.   1964.

11.   Petroleum facts and figures.  American Petroleum Institute.  1271 Avenue of
     the Americas.  New York, N. Y.  1963.  p. 152.

12.   Vogelsang,   Personal communication.  St. Louis City Comptroller's Office.

13.   Mayer,  M.   A compilation of emission factors for combustion process  gasoline
     evaporation and selected industrial processes.  Tech.  Rep.  Division of Air
     Pollution.  R. A.  Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.  U. S.  Public Health
     Service.  Cincinnati, Ohio.   May 1965.

] 4.   Motor truck  facts.  Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.  Detroit,
     Mich.  1964.

15.   Civil Aeronautics Board,  Federal Aviation Agency.   Airport activity statistics
     of certified route  air carriers.  June 1963.

16.   Personal communication.   U. S.  Army Corps of Engineers.  St.  Louis  District
     Office.  St. Louis, Mo.  May 15, 1964.
40

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                        APPENDIX - EMISSION FACTORS
    The emission factors in this report were prepared after a thorough investigation
of previous work by personnel of the Technical Assistance Branch,  Division of Air
Pollution.  At the time of publication these factors are the best available for use in
air pollution emission inventories.  As technical advances are made in this area,
these factors may in time become obsolete.  Before these factors are used for other
studies, careful attention should be paid  to developments in the field to determine
whether the emission factors have been up-dated.

    Emission factors  utilized in the Interstate Air Pollution Study are listed in
Tables  A-l through A-17.  The references cited are given at the end of the Appendix.
                      Table A-l.  COMBUSTION OF COAL --
                            GASEOUS POLLUTANTSa
                            (pounds/ton of coal burned)
Pollutants
Aldehydes (HCHO)
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons (CH^)
Nitrogen oxides as N©2
Sulfur oxides as SO£
Power plants
0.005
0.5
0.2
20
38 Sb
Industrial
0.005
3
1
20
38 Sb
Domestic and
commercial
0. 005
50
10
8
38 Sb
         aTaken from Reference 1.
          S =  % sulfur in coal.
                     Table A-2.   COMBUSTION OF COAL --
             EMISSIONS OF  PARTICULATES AND BENZO(a)PYRENE
Type of unit
Pulverized - general
Dry bottom
Wet bottom -
Without reinjection
With reinjection
Cyclone
Spreader stoker
Without reinjection
With reinjection
All other stoker
Hand-fired equipment
Particulate emission, a
Ib/ton of coal burned
16 Ac
17 A

13 A
24 A
2 A

13 A
20 A
5 A
20
B(a)P emission, b
|j.g/ton of coal burned
600




6,000d
700


100, 000
12,000,000
        aTaken from Reference 1.
        '•'Taken from Reference 2.
CA  =  % ash in coal.
ATaken from Reference 3.
                                                                                41

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                   Table A-3.  COMBUSTION OF FUEL, OIL
                   (pounds/I, 000 gallons of fuel oil burned)"
Pollutants
Aldehydes
Benzo(a)pyrenec
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides as NO£
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Particulate
Large sources
(1, 000 hp or more)
0.6
5,000 ((j.g/1,000 gal)
0.04
3.2
104
157 Sd
2.4 Sd
8
Small sources
(1, 000 hp or less)
2
40,000 ((Jig/1,000 gal)
2
2
72
157 Sd
2 Sd
12
      aTaken from Reference 4.
      ^Density of fuel oil equals 8 Ib/gal, and 42 gal = 1 barrel.
      °Taken from Reference 2.
      dS = % sulfur in oil.
                Table A-4.  COMBUSTION OF NATURAL GASa
                    (pounds/million cubic feet of gas burned)
Pollutants
Aldehyde s
Benzo(a)pyrenec
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Particulate
Power plants
1
n^
390
0.4
15
Industrial
boilers
2
20,000 (fig/106 ft3)
0.4
214
0.4
18
Domestic and
commercial
heating units
130,000 (jig/106 ft3)
0.4
116
0.4
19
    aTaken from Reference 5.
    bn = Negligible.
    cTaken from Reference 2.
    "na =  Not available.
42

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        Table A-5.  INCINERATION OF REFUSE (pounds/ton of refuse burned)
Pollutants
Aldehydes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Particulate
Municipal
multiple
chamber
0. 35
6,200
(jig/ton)
0.3
0. 3
2.4
1.8
9
Industrial and
commercial
Single
chamber
1. 1
106, 000
(fj-g/ton)
4.3
0.45
1.6
0.8
25.0
Multiple
chambei
0.3
520, 000
(|o.g/ton)
0.5
0.25
2.0
1.8
4.0
Domestic0
Single chamber
Without auxiliary
gas burning
5. 5
nad
300
100
7
ne
39
With auxiliary
gas burning
2
nad
nad
1.5
2
ne
6.3
aTaken from References 2,  and 5 through 15.
 Taken from References 2 and 10.
cTaken from References 9-11, 13,  and 14.
 na - Information not available.
en = negligible.
                    Table A-6.  OPEN BURNING OF REFUSE
                          (pounds/ton of refuse burned)
Pollutant
Aldehydes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Hydrocarbons
Particulate
Burning dumpa
4. 0
232, 000 (fig/ton)
nad
0.6
1. 2
280
47
Backyard burning"
3.6
365,000 ((ig/ton)
nad
1
0.8
280
47
Uncontrolledc
automobile
body burning


10 Ib/car
       aTaken from References 5 and  13.
       bTaken from References 5,  8,  and 12-14.
       cTaken from Reference 16.
       dna = Not available.
                                                                            43

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         Table A-7.  AUTOMOTIVE AND DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS
                     (pounds/1, 000 gallons of fuel burned)
Pollutant
Aldehydes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Particulates
Gasoline engines3' "
Exhaust
4
0.27 (g/1,000 gal)d
2,910
524f
113
9
11
Diesel enginesc
10
0. 4 (g/1, 000 gal)e
60
180
222e
40
110
         alncludes blowby emissions,  but not evaporation losses.
         "Taken from Reference 17.
         cTaken from Reference 18.
         dTaken from Reference 19.
         eTaken from Reference 20.
          Includes 128 lb/1, 000 gal blowby emissions.
                Table A-8.  GASOLINE EVAPORATION EMISSION

Point of emission
Storage tanks (refinery and bulk terminal)"
Cone roofc
Floating roof
25% cone roof, and 75% floating roof
Filling tank vehicles6
Splash fill
Submerged fill
50% splash fill, and 50% submerged fill
Filling service station tanks*
Splash fill
Submerged fill
50% splash fill, and 50% submerged fill
Filling automobile tanksS
Automobile evaporation losses (gas tank
and carburetor)*1
lb/1, 000 gal
of throughput

438
73
164

8. 2
4.9
6.4

11. 5
7. 3
9.4
12
92
Percent loss
by volume

7. 16
1. 19
2.68

0. 14
0
0. 11

0. 19
0. 12
0. 15
0. J9
1.50
     aAn average gasoline specific gravity of 0. 73 is assumed.
     ^Tank capacity basis.
     cTaken from Reference 21.
      Taken from Reference 22.
     eTaken from Reference 23.
     ^Taken from Reference 24.
     §Taken from Reference 25.
      Taken from Reference 26.
44

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 Table A-9.  PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COFFEE PROCESSING
            (pounds/1, 000 pounds of green beans processed)
Process
Roaster
Direct fired
Indirect fired
Stoner cooler cleaner and
handling systems combined
Instant-coffee spray dryer
Particulate emissions
without cyclonea

3.8
2. 1

0.7
always controlled
Particulate emissions
•with cyclone

1. 1
0.6

0.2
0.7
aTaken from Reference 27.
bTaken from Reference 28.
             Table A-10.  EMISSIONS FROM PRODUCTION
                        OF SUPERPHOSPHATE21
Den production
28 tons/hr
SiF^ particulate emissions
490 Ib/hr
              Taken from Reference 29.
         Table A-ll.  FERROUS AND NONFERROUS EMISSIONS3
Process
Gray-iron melting cupolas (avg)
Electric steel melting furnaces (avg)
Less than 5-ton capacity
5- to 20 -ton capacity
50- to 75-ton capacity
Brass -bronze, crucible or open-
flame furnace
Aluminum, magnesium
Crucible, open-flame, or electric
furnace
Reverberatory furnace
Zinc
Uncontrolled
14.7
8.6
10. 6
5.7
9.6

3.5


3.5
5.2
14. 0
Controlled
0.26b
0. 17b
-
-
-

-


-
2. lc
5.1d
                                          Aerosol emission factor,
                                                 Ib/ton of
                                          raw material processed
      aTaken from Reference 5.
      bWith baghouse control.
      cWith packed column scrubber and either baghouse or electro-
       static precipitator as  a secondary collector.
       Slag cover used as the only control method.
                                                                        45

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                Table A-12.  EMISSIONS FROM HOT ASPHALTIC
                             CONCRETE PLANTSa
                Uncontrolled
                 (primary dry cyclone)

                Controlled
                 (wet scrubber)
                                       Emissions of particulates,
                                             Ib/ton of raw
                                          material processed
      0.45
                aTaken from Reference 5.
          Table A-13.  EMISSION FACTORS FOR AIRCRAFT BELOW
                         3, 500 FEETa (pounds/flight*3)
Pollutants
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Aldehydes
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Fuel consumption, c
gal/flight
Jet aircraft
34
40
3.6
9.1
19.5

625
Turboprop aircraft
2 engines
0.59
2.02
0.26
0.27
1. 13

50
4 engines
2.54
8.71
1. 14
1. 18
4.86

216
Piston-engine aircraft
2 engines
0.36
73.5
0. 16
14.72
4.41

30
4 engines
1.21
245.0
0.53
49. 1
14.7

100
   aTaken from Reference 30.
   °A flight is the combination of a landing and a takeoff.
   cTaken from Reference 31.
               Table A-14.  EMISSION FACTORS FOR SULFURIC
                             ACID MANUFACTUREa
                       Pollutant
              Sulfur dioxide
              H SO  mist (with eliminator)
               2  4
     Emissions,
Ib/ton  of acid produced
         45
          0.4
               Taken from References 14 and 32.
          Table A-15.  EMISSION FACTORS FOR NITRIC ACID PLANTS3
Pollutant
Oxides of nitrogen
Particulate: (ammonium nitrate)
Emission rate
55 Ib/ton of acid produced
4% of ammonium nitrate production
      aTaken from Reference 33.
46

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Table A-16.  EMISSION FACTORS FOR  CEMENT
          MANUFACTURING PLANTSa
Type of process
Wet process (avg)
Dry process (avg)
Particulate emissions,
Ib/barrel of cement produced
28
45
 aTaken from Reference 34.
  Table A-17.  EMISSIONS FROM STEEL MILLSa

Operation
Blast furnace
Sintering machine
Sinter machine
•creener, and cooler
Open hearth
(Not oxygen lanced)
Open hearth
(With oxygen lance)
Electric arc furance
Bessemer converter
Basic oxygen
furnace
Scarfing machine
Coke oven*
(By-product type)
Before control
Stack loading,
grains/scf
7-10
0.5-3.0
6.0
0. 1-0.4-2.0
0. 1-0.6-2. 5
0. 1-0.4-6.0
0.8 - > 10
5-8
0.2-0.8
No data
Ib/ton
of product
200
5-20-100
22
1. 5-7. 5-20. 0
9.3
4. 5-10.6-37.8
15-17-44
20-40-60
3 Ib/ton of
steel pro-
cessed
0. 1% of coal
(rough
estimate)
Emission with control
Control
usedb
Preliminary cleaner
(settling chamber or
dry cyclone)c
Primary cleaner
(wet scrubber)c
Secondary cleaner
(E.S.P. or V,S.)C
Dry cyclone
E.S.P. (in series"
with dry cyclone)
Dry cyclone
E.S.P.
v.s.
Bughouse
E.S.P.
V.S.
High efficiency
scrubber
E.S.P.
Baghcuae
No practical method
V.S.
E.S.P.
Settling chamber
Emissions can be
equipment design
and operational
techniques
Stack loading,
grains/Kef
3-6
0.05-0. 3-0. 7d
0.004-0.008
0.2-0.6
0.01-0.05
0.4
0.01-0.05
0.01-0.06
0. 01
0.01-0.05
0.01-0.06
0.01
0.01-0.04
0. 01
0. 03-0. 12
0.05
No data
No data
Ib/ton
of product
5.4
0. 1-1.4
2 0
1.0
1.5
0. 15
0. 15-1. 1
0. 07
0.2
0.2-1.4
0.2
0.3-0.8
0. 1 -0. 2
0. 4
0. 4
No data
No data
Approximate
efficiency, %
60
90
90
90
95
93
98
85-98
99
98
85-98
Up to 98
92-97
98-99
99
99
No data
No data
Approximate volume
of gases handled
87. 000 scfm for a
1 , 000-ton per day
furnace.
120,000-160,000 scfm
for a 1, 000-ton per day
17, 500 scfm for a
1 , 000-ton per day
machine.
35,000 scfm for a
175-ton furnace.
35,000 scfm for a
175-ton furnace.
Highly variable
depending on type
of hood. May be
about 30, 000 scfm
for a 50-ton furnace.
Varies with amount
20 to 25 scfm per
cfm of oxygen blown.
85,000 scfm for a
45-inch, four-side
machine.
No data
*Taken from Reference 20.
V.S. means ventun scrubber. E. S. P. means electrostatic precipitator.
cUsed in series. Data on that basis.
When three values are given, such aa 5-20-100, the center value is the approximate average and values at either end are the lowest and
highest values reported. All data are highly variable depending on nature of a specific piece of equipment, materials being processed,
and operating procedure.
                                                             47

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 REFERENCES FOR EMISSION FACTORS
 1.   Smith, W. S. and C. W.  Gruber.  Atmospheric emissions from the combustion
     of coal - an inventory guide.  PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-24.  R. A. Taft Sanitary
     Engineering  Center. Cincinnati, Ohio.  1965.

 2.   Hangebrauck, R.  P. , D. J.  von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker.  Emissions of
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 3.   Cuffe, S.   Private communication.  Division of Air Pollution.  R. A. Taft
     Sanitary Engineering Center.  U. S. Public Health Service.   Cincinnati, Ohio.
     Oct.  1964.

 4.   Smith, W. S. Atmospheric  emission from fuel oil combustion.  An inventory
     guide. PHS  Publ.  No. 999-AP-2. R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.
     Cincinnati, Ohio.   Nov. 1962.

 5.   Weisburd, M. I.  Air pollution control field operations manual - a guide for
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 6.   Bowerman, F. R. , editor.  Summary of the Conference on Incineration.  Rubbish
     disposal and air pollution.  Report No.  3.  Air Pollution Foundation.   Los Angeles,
     Calif. Jan.  1955.

 7.   Feldenstein, M. ,  S. Duckworth,  H.  C. Wohlers,  and B.  Linsky.  The contribution
     of open burning of land clearing debris  to air pollution.  JAPCA.  13:542-45. Nov.
     1963.

 8.   Health officials' guide to air pollution control.  American Public Health  Associa-
     tion,  Inc.  1962.

 9.   How the Bay Area APCD's regulation 2 affects incinerator operations.  Technical
     Information  Bulletin No. 2.   Air  Currents.   Vol.  2,  No.  2.   Bay Area Air Pollu-
     tion Control  District.  San Francisco, Calif.  Sept. I960.

10.   Kanter, C. V. ,  R.  G.  Lunche,  and A.  P. Fudurich. Techniques of testing for
     air contaminants from combustion sources.  JAPCA.   6:191-99.  Feb.  1957.

11.   Larson,  G. P., G. I. Fischer, and J.  W. Kamming.   Evaluating sources  of air
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12.   Unpublished  emission factors.  New York Air Pollution Control Board.  Albany,
     N.  Y. Undated.

13.   Proceedings - National Conference on Air Pollution. Washington, D.  C.
     Nov.  18-20,  1958.  PHS Publ. No.  654.  1959.
14.  Stern, A. C.  Air pollution.  Vol. I and II.   Academic Press.  New York, N. Y.
     1962.
48

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 15.   Technical Progress Report.  Vol.  I.  Air Pollution Control District.  County of
      Los Angeles.  Los Angeles, Calif.  Apr.  I960.

 16.   Gerstle, Richard.  Personal communication.  Division of Air Pollution.  R. A.
      Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.   U.  S.  Public Health Service.  Cincinnati,
      Ohio.   Mar.  1965.

 17.   Chass,  R.  L. ,  et al.  Total air pollution emissions  in Los Angeles County.
      JAPCA.  10.  Oct. 1960.

 18.   Wohlers, H.  C. and G. B.  Bell.  Literature review of metropolitan air pollutant
      concentrations.  Stanford Research Institute.  Menlo Park, Calif.  Nov. 1956.

 19.   Begeman, C. E.   Carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile  exhaust
      effluents.   Presented at the 1962 Automotive Engineering Congress.  Society of
      Automotive Engineers.  Jan.  1962.

 20.   Mayer,  M.  A compilation of  emission factors for combustion processes, gaso-
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 21.   Evaporation loss  from fixed roof tanks. API Bulletin 2518.  Division of Technical
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 22.   Evaporation loss  from floating roof tanks.  API Bulletin 2517.   American Petro-
      leum Institute.  New York, N. Y.  Feb. 1962.

 23.   Loading and unloading  speeds  for gasoline delivery trucks.  API Bulletin 1605.
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      Oct.  1961.

 24.   Chass, R. L. ,  et al.  Emissions from underground gasoline storage tanks.
      JAPCA.  13:524-30.  Nov.  1963.

 25.   MacKnight, R.  A. , et  al.  Emissions of olefins from evaporation of gasoline and
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      report.  Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District.  Los Angeles, Calif.
      Mar.  19, 1959.

 26.   Clean  Air  Quarterly.  8{ 1):10.  Bureau of Air Sanitation.  State of California
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 27.   Coffee processing - process flow sheets and air pollution controls.  Committee
      on Air Pollution.   American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists.
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28.   Partee,  F.  Air pollution in the coffee roasting industry.  PHS Publ. No.
      999-AP-9.  R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.  Cincinnati, Ohio.  Sept.
      1964.

29.   Sherwin, K. A.  Effluents  from the  manufacture of superphosphate and com-
      pound  fertilizers.  Chemistry and Industry.  Oct.  8,  1955.
                                                                                49

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30.  Johnson,  H. C. and N. E. Flynn.  Report on automobile, diesel, railroad,
     aircraft and ship emissions  in the  Bay Area Air Pollution Control Districts.
     Unpublished report.  Bay Area Air Pollution Control District.  San Francisco,
     Calif.  Jan.  1964.

31.  Johnson,  H. C.  Private communication.  Bay Area Air Pollution Control
     District.  San Francisco,  Calif.  Jan. 1965.

32.  Atmospheric emissions from sulfuric acid manufacturing processes.  PHS
     Publ. No. 999-AP-13.  R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.  Cincinnati,
     Ohio.   1965.

33.  Graham,  H.  Measurement of nitrogen dioxide and total nitrogen oxides.
     Unpublished industrial hygiene report.  Chemical Engineering Department.
     Tennessee Valley Authority.  Wilson Dam, Ala.   1961.

34.  Kemnitz, D.  Air pollution in the cement  industry.  Unpublished report. Division
     of Air Pollution.  R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.   U. S.  Public Health
     Service.  Cincinnati,  Ohio.   1965.
               U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
               Beglcn  5,  Library  (5PL-16)
               230 S.  Dearborn St r-eet, Room  1670
               Chicago. IL   60604
50

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