Wo-ftr Pollution Series No. 57
For Cleon Water "One River, One Plan"
UPPER PORTION UPPER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN
A COOPERATIVE STATE FEDERAL REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION
1953
s.
MINNESOTA
Department of Health
U. S. DETRIMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
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A REPORT OK WATER POLLUTION
IN THE
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWER BASIN
Prepared by
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Division of Environmental Sanitation
Section of Water Pollution Control
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Division of Water Pollution Control
Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes Drainage Basins Office
DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
1953
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Public Health Service Publication No. 321
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. ....
Summary ......
Conclusions
Physical Description
Economic Development «
Uses of Water Resources
Pollution Discharged to Basin Waters
Effects of Pollution and Damages to Water Resources
Benefits Resulting from a Program of Pollution
Prevention and Abatement
The Pollution Control Program for the Basin ....
TABLES
Table I - Summary of Variations in Analytical Data,
Mississippi River Survey (Turbidity p.p.m. -
Color p.p.m. ) 22
Table II - Summary of Variations in Analytical Data,
Mississippi River Survey (Alkalinity p.p.m. -
pH) 23
Table III - Summary of Variations in Analytical Data,
Mississippi River Survey (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand p.p.m. - Dissolved Oxygen p.p.m.) 24.
Table IV - Summary of Most Probable Number of Coliform
Bacteria per 100 ml. (MPN), Mississippi River Survey 26
Table A - Municipal and Industrial Sources of
Pollution 15
Table B - Existing Industrial Waste Treatment
Facilities 16
Table C - Existing Municipal Treatment Facilities ... 34
Table D - Adequacy of Existing Treatment Facilities . . 35
Table E - Progress in Construction of Pollution
Abatement Facilities -36
Table F - Pollution Abatement Facilities Needed .... 37
Table G - Status of Action on Needed Pollution
Abatement Facilities 37
MAPS
Map No. 1 - Existing Primary Water Uses facing 12
Map No. 2 - Sources of Municipal Pollution and
Existing Treatment Facilities facing 16
Map No. 3 - Sources of Industrial Pollution and
Existing Treatment Facilities facing 16
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MAPS (Cont«d)
Map No. 4- - Location of Sampling Stations facing 20
Hap No. 5 - Municipal Waste Treatment Needs .... facing 34.
Map No. 6 - Industrial Pollution Abatement Needs. . facing 36
FIGURES
Figure 1 - Chemical Characteristics of River Water. facing 24.
Figure 2 - Coliform Bacteria and Dissolved Oxygen. facing 24.
Figure 3 - Biological Data - Bottom Fauna facing 32
APPENDICES
Appendix I - Basic Data on Sources of Municipal
Pollution i
Appendix II - Basic Data on Sources of Industrial
Pollution vi
Appendix II Supplement xii
Appendix III - Municipal Water Supplies xv
Appendix IV - River Pollution Study Sampling
Stations, Mississippi River Survey ....... xviii
Appendix V, Table 1 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Alkalinity Determinations (p.p.m.) .... xxi
Appendix V, Table 2 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Turbidity Determinations (p.p.m. ) xxii
Appendix V, Table 3 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Color Determinations (p.p.m. ) xxiii
Appendix V, Table 4- - Mississippi River Survey
Data, pH Determinations xxiv
Appendix V, Table 5 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Dissolved Oxygen Determinations (p.p.m.) . xxv
Appendix V, Table 6 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Biochemical Oxygen Demand Determinations
(p.p;.m.) xxvi
Appendix V, Table 7 - Mississippi River Survey
Data, Most Probable Number of Coliform Bacteria
per 100 ml. (MPN) xxvii
Appendix V, Table 8 - Variations in Rum River
Survey Data xxxii
Appendix V, Table 9 - Rum River Survey Data,
Most Probable Number of Coliform Bacteria per
100 ml. (MPN) xxxiii
Appendix V, Table 10 - Variations in Crow River
Survey Data xxxiv
ii
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APPENDICES (Cont'd)
Appendix V, Table 11 - Crow River Survey Data, Most
Probable Number of Coliform Bacteria per 100 ml.
(MPN) XXXV
Appendix V, Table 12 - Sauk River Survey Data. . . . xxxvi
Appendix V, Table 13 - Minneapolis Raw Water
Bacteriological Data, Mississippi River Station
M-l, 1941, 1942, and 1952 xxxvii
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INTRODUCTION
This report was produced cooperatively by the Minnesota
Department of Health, Section of Water Pollution Control, and the
Public Health Service, Division of Water Pollution Control, Upper
Mississippi and Great Lakes Drainage Basins Office. It is based on
data available as of January 1, 1953, on sources of pollution and
treatment facilities employed, and on stream conditions revealed by
field surveys made by the Minnesota Department of Health over a period
extending from 1939 through 1952. The report also presents informa-
tion concerning use of water resources, pollution entering water
resources and resulting damages, and benefits which may result from
pollution prevention and abatement. The report has been limited to
known sources of pollution and their effects upon adjacent streams.
No attempt has been made to present data on the remaining large
number of lakes and streams throughout the basin.
The Public Health Service cooperated in the preparation of
this report under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Public
Law 845, passed by the 80th Congress in June 194-8, which requires
the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service to cooperate with
other Federal agencies, with State and interstate water pollution
control agencies, and with municipalities and industries in the
preparation or adoption of comprehensive programs for eliminating or
reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof,
and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground
waters. The Act requires that due regard also be given to
improvements necessary to conserve the waters for public and
industrial water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life,
recreational purposes, agriculture, and other legitimate uses.
Data and knowledge available in the Department of Health
are considered sufficient to permit the evaluation of the pollution
problems within the basin.
An effort has been made to present an accurate picture of the
stream conditions and the water pollution problems in this basin.
This report has been prepared as a step in the cooperative
development of an ultimate comprehensive water pollution control
program for safeguarding the water resources of the area.
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SUMMARY
The area drained by the main stem of the Mississippi and its
tributaries above Minneapolis and St. Paul is about 19,800 square
miles. The major tributaries to the Mississippi in this area
include the Crow Wing, Sauk, Rum, and Crow Rivers.
The economy of the area is based largely upon agriculture
and related industries, especially dairy activities. The 1950
census reveals a basin population of about 4.75,000 with three
cities having populations of 10,000 or more. Iron ore mining and
processing is an important and growing industry in the northeastern
portion of the basin, which contains all of the Cuyuna Iron Range
and the western part of the Mesabi Iron Range.
The large number of lakes and streams of the basin provide
excellent recreational facilities and the basin includes one of
the most important resort regions in the State.
Ninety-six municipalities in the basin have sewer systems
collecting the wastes from an estimated 147,500 people. Sixty-
three of these communities have sewage treatment works serving
89,000 people.
There are 269 industries in the basin which discharge
their wastes directly to the surface watercourses and not to
municipal sewers. Sixty-four of these are iron mines and 24. are
iron ore processing plants. Fifty, of the 88 iron ore industries
which produce inorganic wastes, are known to provide some form of
waste treatment before discharge of the waste. Inorganic wastes
from the iron mining industry have been responsible for some
adverse effects on the streams. There are 181 industries producing
organic wastes, most of which are small dairy products or food
locker plants.
Municipal wastes are responsible for damages in many
sections of the main stem and major tributaries. Canning wastes
have caused considerable damage in the Crow River sub-basin. The
worst pollution conditions have been considerably improved by the
treatment, impoundment, or the complete removal of the offending
waste.
Two municipalities, with a population of 26,000, located
within the basin use surface water as a source of supply.
Minneapolis and St. Paul, with a combined population of 825,000,
located just below the basin, also use the basin's surface water
for their source of supply. There is a constant danger that
untreated sewage being discharged above existing water intakes
will reach these municipal water supplies in such concentration
that the water treatment plants will be unable to produce a safe,
potable water. There is also the danger that taste and odor pro-
ducing substances introduced into the water by pollution may make
it impossible to produce a palatable water.
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In numerous places the stream immediately below a community
was found to have bacterial pollution of a magnitude exceeding that
recommended as safe for bathing purposes.
There are many sources of pollution which adversely affect
desirable water characteristics of the streams. In some instances
the streams recover from one pollution load before they receive the
next, but in other places recovery is incomplete and the pollution
load becomes cumulative.
Considerable progress has been made in pollution control
within the, basin. Most of the pollution sources which were causing
serious damage have been eliminated or have had tha polluting
elements of the waste materially reduced. Some major and many minor
pollution problems still remain to be solved.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The major sources of pollution of the basin waters are
the untreated or partially treated sewage and wastes from the
municipalities, the organic wastes from the dairy and wood products
industries, and the inorganic wastes from the iron ore industries.
2, Sources of organic pollution occur throughout the area
but are much more prevalent in the lower portion of the basin.
The sources of inorganic pollution are concentrated in the two
iron ranges.
3. The most important water uses are domestic water supply,
recreation, agriculture, and industrial supply.
4.. Municipalities and industries are making substantial
progress in the stream pollution control program.
5. Bacterial pollution is serious in many places. Nuisance
conditions exist below communities which are discharging untreated
sewage to the streams.
6. Existing pollution and nuisances can be controlled by
adequate treatment of the raw and partially treated sewage now
entering the streams and by proper disposal or treatment of
industrial wastes.
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PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
The Upper Portion Upper Mississippi jtiyer..Basin includes the
drainage area of the Mississippi River and_.its tributaries above the
Camden Bridge at the^northern edge of Minneapolis. The basin is
roughly rectangular in shape, being approximately 100 miles wide and
260 miles long. It contains about 19,800 square miles and lies
entirely within Minnesota.
The Mississippi River rises in a small lake__named Hernando de
.Soto. It flows north into Lake Itasca, then circles to the north
and east, finally turning and flowing southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
The course of the river within the basin resembles a hugh question
mark in pattern. At the junction with the Crow Wing River it has
flowed 350 miles, yet it is only 75 miles from its source. The
upper portion of the river is a slow, meandering stream dropping only
311 feet from Lake Itasca to Brainerd, a distance of 363 miles.
Below Brainerd the river falls more rapidly, dropping 4-90 feet in the
223 miles between Brainerd and Hastings. This steeper gradient
provides many power sites, some of which have been developed.
The drainage pattern of the area consists principally of
large and small lakes and muskegs, connected by rivers and creeks
which weave a network of waterways. The principal tributaries are
Leech_..Lake-; Willow, Pines, Crow Wing", Sauk, Crow; Prairie, Elk, and
Rum^Rivers. The important lakes are Mille Lacs, Leech, Winnibigoshish,
Bemidji, and Cass. The first three lakes listed above are the
second, third, and fourth largest lakes in Minnesota. Many of the
smaller tributaries are completely dry during the summer months
except for stprm_water runoff.
The topography is gently undulating, having long low swells
and hollows in the north and smooth outwash plains in the southwest.
In some places between the lakes and rivers there are smooth or
gently rolling plains, while in other places there are irregular
ridges and patches of hills. Erosion by the major streams has
exposed portions of the uneven bedrock surface in some places. A
maximum land elevation of about 1,200 feet above sea level is found
near the headwaters.
The basin is generally covered with blue till, a compressed
mixture of sand, clay, and gravel. Most of the top soils, derived
from glacial drift, are arable and are underlain by a heavy clay
sub-soil. There are numerous large and small old lake plains with
rich muck soils throughout the basin. The large amount of peaty
material in the muskeg areas is unsuitable for agriculture.
The native vegetation of the basin consists mainly of two
types of forest: coniferous in the northern two thirds and hardwoods,
mostly oak, in the southern third. Locally there are stands of pine
on sandy soils and black spruce and tamarack on moist soils.
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Practically the entire basin has been cut over and second growth is
quite typical at present. Large expanses of muskeg are common in
the northern part. The forest, lakes, and streams with their game
and fish afford exceptionally fine recreational resources.
Climatology
The climate of the basin is characterized by relatively cold
winters and fairly short, but productive, growing seasons. The
average January temperature will range from 4-° F. in the north to
14° F. in the south. The corresponding average July temperature
ranges from 68° F. to 72° F. The average annual precipitation in
the basin varies from 22 inches in the north to 29 inches in the
south. Most of this precipitation occurs during the growing season.
The average dates of the last killing frost in spring are for the
northern section, May 25, and for the southern section, May 10. The
corresponding dates for the first killing frost in the fall range
from September 20 to September 30.
Hydrology
The flow in the Mississippi River varies widely from year to
year and during the year. For instance, the average annual
discharge at St. Paul ranged from 1,935 to 17,100 c.f.s. (cubic feet
per second) during the period 1933 to 1950. The average flow for
58 years (1892-1950) was 9,424. c.f.s. Mean monthly flows varied
from 864 to 4,804- c.f.s. during the dry year of 1934- and 3,883 to
32,600 c.f.s. during the wet year of 1950.
The minimum flow on record, at St. Paul, 632 c.f.s., occurred
August 26, 1934-, and the maximum known discharge of 107,000 c.f.s.,
April 21, 1881. The water year of lowest flow was 1934-35 when a
discharge of only 820 c.f.s. represented the flow which was
exceeded 95 percent of the time. The average flow for the entire
month of August 1934 was only 864, or slightly greater than the 95
percent flow of 820. Although the lowest flow on record occurred
in August 1934, the normal low flow period occurs during the winter
months when a mean flow of about 1,200 c.f.s, for the minimum ten-
day period of the year will occur about once in ten years.
Reservoirs on the headwaters of the Mississippi, while
constructed primarily for navigation and flood control, have
incidentally been of some aid to pollution abatement by augmenting
low flows.
The effect of river discharge on the time of flow from
upstream points to Minneapolis was shown in Table XX of the Second
Annual Report of the Metropolitan Drainage Commission of Minneapolis
and St. Paul, published in 1928.
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TABLE XX
Showing Effects of the Construction of Dams Upon the Flow
Time in Days in Different Reaches of the Mississippi River
Above St. Anthony Falls
Distance
in Mies
Flow time
before
Construction
of Dams
Flow time
with Existing
and Proposed
Dams
Low water stage
Pokegama to Sandy River 78
Sandy River to Brainerd 104-
Brainerd to Sauk Rapids 72
Sauk Rapids to St. Anthony Falls 74-
TOTAL 328
Ordinary stage
Pokegama to Sandy River 78
Sandy River to Brainerd 104-
Brainerd to Sauk Rapids 72
Sauk Rapids to St.
TOTAL
Anthony Falls 74
328
78
Moderate freshet
Pokegama to Sandy River
Sandy River to Brainerd
Brainerd to Sauk Rapids 72
Sauk Rapids to St. Anthony Falls 74
TOTAL 328
3.5
5.0
3.0
3.5
15.0
2.5
3.5
2.5
3.0
11.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
8.5
8.5
6.0
5
5
8.
13,
36.5
5.5
4.0
7.5
10.0
27.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
7.5
20.5
The discharges of the tributary rivers vary widely from
season to season and from year to year with many having zero flow at
times.
Average, maximum, and minimum flow data for the Mississippi
River is given in the following table.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOWS IN
CUBIC FEET PER SECOND*
Location,of River Ga^e
Near Libby At Aitkin At Royalton Near At Anoka
Elk River
Years of Record
Average Discharge
Maximum Discharge
Minimum Discharge
20
1,681
16,000
83
5
20,000
236
26
3,507
28,000
254
35
4,937
39,000
278
19
6,198
50,700
586
^Prepared from data secured from the Geological Survey Water-Supply
Papers.
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The average flows which occurred on the main stem of the
Mississippi River during the River Pollution Survey sampling
periods are given below.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOWS IN
CUBIC FEET PER SECOND*
Date of Sample
Per5 oi
Location of R:v!,-er
Near Libby At Aibkin At Royalton Near At Anoka
Elk RAver
1939
1Q40
194-6
1949
1951
1952
May
June
July
Aug.
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
Jan.
Aug.
Sep.
Apr.
Aug.
_Aug_.
4-8
13-15
11-13
21-23
18-21
7-9
4-8
10« 18
15-20
19-20
29- May 6
13
14
2,200
840
1,003
871
612
400
1,640
730
2,250
8,350
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
15
12
,920
,560
,660
,340
,050
8?5
,730
,580
,560
,400
,500
9
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
4
21
>
>
>
,
j
y
»
»
»
>
500
400
670
3.SO
54.0
070
560
840
670
200
11
4
4
2
1
1
4
2
6
u
31
,350
,270
,730
,590
,830
,230
,280
,100
,610
,800
,000
12. ^ro
#Data fror: the Water- >supply Papers and from urnrinted records of the
Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Population
The 1950 population of the basin was calculated to be 4.75,700
with 35 percent, or 166,570 persons, residing in 4.6 communities of
1,000 population or more. The 1950 census lists 207 communities in
the basin with a total population of 225,900, One hundred and
fifteen have populations of less than 500, 4,5 have between 500 and
1,000, 39 have between 1,000 .and 5,-000 people, -and 8 have more than
5,000 population. The three largest cities are Bemidji with a
population of 10,001, Brainerd with 12,637, and St. Cloud with 28,410.
In 1952, there were 96 municipalities in the basin with sewer
systems, 63 of which also provided primary or secondary treatment of
sewage or had treatment plants under construction. There were also
12 communities which were planning or constructing their first sewer
systems. These 12 projects included sewage treatment plants at each
place.
The population concentrations in the basin vary widely from
a very few people per square mile in the north to several score per
square mile in the south. The basin as a whole has a population
concentration of 12 persons per square mile.
Agricultural Development
As the virgin timber in the northern portion of the basin was
removed and the cutover areas extended, farmers moved in to clear
the stumps and carry on mixed farming. Many such areas have
developed extensive dairy activities. In other areas, farther south,
growing vegetables for canning has become a substant.-'.sl agricultural
activity, Corn is the most important field crcp? b>.u. considerable
quantities of small grains are also grown. Stock watering is a
common agricultural use of the waters of the basin.
Industrial Development
Iron ore mining and processing is one of the principal
industries in the northeast portion of the basin, which contains all
of the Cuyuna Range and a part of the Mesabi Range. The 1952 Mining
Directory of Minnesota listed 63 active mines, 36 inactive mines
where operations may be resumed on short notice, 67 reserve properties,
and 19 exhausted mines which may be reopened for low grade ore or
taconite.
Four hundred and twenty million tons of iron ore have been
removed from the mines in the basin since operations were started.
Tbe basin produced 17,700,000 tons of ore in 1951 and at that time
had approximately 210 million tons of high grade ore in known
reserves.
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There are 29 iron ore processing plants in the basin,
including 12 washing plants, 8 washing and Hi-density plants, 2
washing, jigging and Hi-density plants, 1 screening plant, 1
washing and jigging plant, 1 washing, Hi-density and cyclone
plant, 1 washing, screening and sintering plant, 2 crushing plants,
and 1 crushing and drying plant.
Many of the mines and processing plants use large quantities
of water and produce or are potential producers of "red water"
wastes which cause objectionable pollution if they enter a
watercourse.
Processing dairy products is also a major industrial
activity throughout the basin. There are 183 creameries, 54-
pasteurization plants, 31 dry milk plants, 11 condensing plants,
and 14. cheese plants in the basin. Many of these are located in
communities which have municipal sewer systems into which the
wastes are discharged. Six cheese plants, 6 dry milk plants, 7
pasteurization plants, and 84 creameries located in communities
without sewer systems discharge their wastes directly to the basin's
watercourses.
A recent industrial development is the establishment of
refrigerated food locker plants. There are 144. of these locker
plants in the basin, 73 of which are located in communities with
sewer systems and 71 in communities without sewers. A large number
of these plants have slaughtering facilities and are sources of
pollution.
There are four paper mills in the basin with a combined
daily capacity of about 255 tons of ground wood and 375 tons of
paper. The chemical pulp needed for paper making is imported from
outside the basin. Industrial wastes from these mills are typical
ground wood and paper wastes.
The basin also contains numerous other industries with
waste disposal problems, such as small meat packing plants, flour
mills, breweries, wood products plants, and granite quarries.
Recreational Development
The large numbers of lakes and streams in the basin,
particularly in the northern portion, provide excellent recreational
facilities and the basin is an outstanding resort region. Summer
resort hotels, tourist camps, tourist cabin motels, golf courses,
hunting and fishing lodges, and communities of summer residences
have been established throughout the basin, notably in the vicinity
of Brainerd, Walker, and Bemidji. Many species of fish are found
throughout the area, although the low seasonal flows and high
temperatures limit game fishing in some of the smaller streams in
the southern portion of the basin. Deer are numerous in some
areas and small game can be found throughout the basin. Upland
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game bird and water fowl hunting is good over the entire watershed
area, with plentiful cover for all species in the farm fields,
ditches, wilderness, slough, and swamp areas. The value of
recreation activities has not been established for this basin but
these activities are of major economic importance. The tourist
industry is Minnesota's second largest industry. The three leading
industries, from an economical standpoint, and in the order of
their importance, are agriculture, tourist, and mining.
Income
The average per capita effective buying income for 1951 in
the basin calculated from data secured from the May 1952 issue of
Sales Management "Survey of Buying Power" was $94-3 per annum compared
to the national average of $1,423. The effective buying income
within the basin ranged from $570 per capita in Anoka County to
$1,74-0 per capita in Hennepin County.
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USES OF WATER RESOURCES
Municipal Water Supplie s
There are two communities within the basin which use surface
water as a source of supply for a combined total of about 26,000
people. St. Cloud takes a daily average of 3 million gallons per
day from the Mississippi River with peak withdrawals reaching 5 to
6 million gallons per day. Akeley uses Eleventh Lake as a source
for 50,000 gallons per day.
Minneapolis and St. Paul, both located just outside of the
basin, are dependent on waters of the basin for their municipal
supplies. Minneapolis withdraws 50 to 60 million gallons per day
from the Mississippi River for 520,000 people while St. Paul,
with a population of 310,000, uses 30 million gallons from the
same river.
The other communities in the watershed area obtain their
water supplies from underground sources. Wells are used by 115
communities while one community gets its supply from a mine shaft.
These 116 places supply 111,000 people with 7.6 million gallons
of water per day. See Appendix III.
Future growth and development of communities in the basin
may result in increased use of surface water for municipal supplies.
Recreational Uses
The waters of the basin are used extensively for recreation-
al activities, particularly in the northern portion. Fishing,
swimming, and boating are all important uses. Hunting, while not
a water use, depends upon the game attracted to the area by the
water available for its use and convenience.
Testimony offered at a hearing held by the Water Pollution
Control Commission at Little Falls indicated considerable game
fishing in the river from Little Falls down through the St. Cloud
area. An investigation was made by the Minnesota Department of
Health in 1951 and covered that portion of the river from Anoka
to Camden, an area of growing importance for residential purposes.
A total of 324. dwellings was counted on both sides of the river and
it was estimated that 70 percent of the occupants owned some form
of small boat. Some docks and private beaches were also observed,
and interviews with a representative portion of the occupants
indicated that approximately 70 percent utilized the river for
boating, fishing, irrigation, or a combination of these purposes.
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LOCATION MAP
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
LIVESTOCK
IRRIGATION
COMMERCIAL FISHING
SAME FISHING
WILDLIFE
BATHING WATER
OTHER RECREATION
NAVIGATION
SCALE OF MILES
10 20 30
40 50
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
EXISTING PRIMARY WATER USES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. I
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Industrial Water Supplies
Several of the industries obtain process water from surface
sources but the majority, especially the food processing industry,
utilize existing municipal water supplies or have their own wells.
Pollution of surface waters does not appear to have been a factor
in the choice of industrial water supply.
The four paper mills use large quantities of water from the
Mississippi River. The quality of this water appears to be
satisfactory for their use at present, but possible contamination
from iron mine wastes is causing considerable concern. Surface
waters are also used by the mines and iron ore processing plants.
Large quantities are needed but as most of these iron ore industries
are in areas where water is in short supply, they are meeting their
needs, in many cases, by reuse of water. Most of the iron ore mines
and processing plants have tailing ponds or settling basins which
are of material benefit to pollution control. Some of these
settling basins were constructed primarily for their value as water
conservation measures, but they all serve as pollution abatement
facilities. Several of the mines rely upon underground sources for
their water supply as surface water is not available at all times.
Sewage and Waste Disposal
Another important use of the basin's waters is for the final
disposal of municipal and industrial wastes. To the extent the
receiving waters are able to assimilate the volume of wastes
discharged into them without being adversely affected or damaged for
other uses this is a legitimate and economic use of the waters.
Agricultural Use
Stockwatering is a common water use in the basin, and
constitutes one of the important agricultural water uses. As a
large proportion of the stock in the basin is dairy cattle, it is
important that pollution of the waters be kept at a minimum.
Hydroelectric Power
The Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, has reported
on 12 possible dam sites on the main stem above Minneapolis. For
the period of record studied and the conditions assumed, the Corps
of Engineers reports that these plants may produce about 87 million
kilowatt hours of primary power and 314 million kilowatt hours of
secondary power annually. Eleven hydroelectric plants are now
located in the basin and are using the surface waters to produce
about 380 million kilowatt hours per year. Eight of these plants
are on the Mississippi River and three are on the tributaries.
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Ice Harvesting
In many areas of the basin, ice is harvested from the
surface during the winter months and stored for summer use.
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POLLUTION DISCHARGED TO BASIN WATERS
Detailed basic data on 365 municipal and industrial sources
of pollution are given in Appendices I and II. Appendix I lists
municipal sources, giving the name of the community, the number of
people served by the sewers, the type of treatment provided, the
adequacy of the existing treatment facilities, the municipal
pollution abatement needs, and the action that the communities are
taking to meet their needs. Appendix II gives the name and
location of the industries discharging wastes, the type of industry
and the type of waste produced, the type and adequacy of the
treatment or pollution control measures provided, the pollution
abatement needs, and the action that the industry is taking to meet
these needs. Map No. 1 shows the location of the municipal sources
of pollution in the basin and Map No. 2 shows the location of the
industrial sources of pollution. Table A is a summary of the
sources of pollution for which the detailed information is given
in Appendices I and II.
TABLE A
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION
January 1953
Source of Pollution
Number of Population Served by
Sources Sewerage System
Municipalities with sewage plants 63
Municipalities without sewage
plants 33
Industries producing organic
wastes* 177
Industries producing organic and
inorganic wastes* 4
Industries producing inorganic
wastes* 88
TOTAL 365
88,962
58,475
not applicable
not applicable
not applicable
*These industrial sources include only those industries that
discharge their waste directly to the watercourse and not through
a municipal sewer system.
Municipal Sources
As shown in Table A, there are 96 communities in the basin
serving a total of 147,437 people that discharge their wastes to
the surface waters. Many of the municipal sewers collect wastes
from industries located in the community and the total pollutional
load of the combined sewage and industrial waste in these communities
is much greater than that indicated by the number of persons served
by the sewer systems. Sixty-three communities, having a combined
-------
- 16 -
sewered population of 89,000 (60 percent of the sewered population),
are served by municipal sewage treatment works. Thirty-three of
the 96 sewered communities of the basin do not have sewage treatment
works. These 33 communities serve approximately 58,000 people, or
4.0 percent of the sewered population, and include eight with
populations under 500, seven with populations of 500 to 1,000,
eleven with populations of 1,000 to 2,500, two with populations
of 2,500 to 5,000, two with populations of 5,000 to 10,000, arid
one with a population over 25,000.
Industrial Sources
A summary of industrial sources of pollution located outside
of municipalities with sewer systems or which do not discharge their
waste to a municipal sewer is shown in Table A. These sources' are
also shown in Table B where they have been listed according to the
type of industry and the treatment provided for the wastes. A
total of 269 industries discharge their wastes directly to the
watercourses. Sixty-four of these are iron mines and 24. are iron
ore processing plants which produce inorganic wastes. Fifty of
these sources of inorganic wastes are known to provide some type of
treatment and only one is known to provide no treatment.
• • • • TABLE B
EXISTING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES :.„.
January 1953
Number Number of Industrial Plants Having
Type of of Treatment No Treatment Undetermined
Industry Plants Facilities Facilities Facilities
Creamery or
Milk Plant 71
Food Locker 60
Creamery and
Food Locker 10
Cheese 10
Condensery or
Dry Milk 7
Canning 8
Meat 2
Brewery 1
Vegetable Oil 1
Flour Mill 1
Rendering 3
Paper 4.
Pharmaceutical 1
Chemical 2
Ore Processing 24
Iron Mining 64.
2
0
0
3
2
5
0
0
1
0
3
4
0
1
19
31
0
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
69
59
10
6
5
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
5
32
TOTAL
269
71
7
191
-------
MINNESOTA
• Crosby
*(j Deerwood
SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION
5,000-AND OVER
EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
Holdingford
tf*
reeport
ry
Richmond Y*
esviile
I I TREATMENT FACILITIES
TREATMENT FACILITIES UNDETERMINED
NO TREATMENT FACILITIES
ST PAUL
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION
a EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 2
-------
LOCATION MAP
Industrie* wtth treatment focllltle*
Industrie* with treatment foeltiile* undttirmln*d
Industrie* with no trtotnint tacllltlt*
HOTC
rtumbtrs offnoriag by tymteti tadicatt total
numbtr of Inauilrlal sourctt of pollution In
ttit or»o lit tftt cottforjf dfttgitotfd
ST PAUL
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
8 EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 3
-------
- 17 -
There are 181 industries producing organic wastes, most of
which are small dairy products or locker plants which do not
contribute large amounts of wastes to the basin's waters. Food
product plants and paper mills are the principal contributors of
industrial organic wastes, and most of these have provided some
waste treatment facilities as shown in Table B. The majority of
the small plants create only local pollution problems.
The major sources of industrial pollution have all been
determined and their effects on the waters are well understood.
Information on several of the smaller sources of industrial
wastes has not been secured. An accurate evaluation of their
significance would require a separate investigation to determine
the degree of pollution in each case.
S^irface runoff from farm fields and barnyards contains
organic materials vMch add to the pollution load and may adversely
affect the basin waters. Silt, eroded from plowed fields, railroad
and highway embankments, and from mine dumps, is another form of
pollution that affects all water use.
-------
- 18 -
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND DAMAGES TO WATER RESOURCES
Damage to Domestic Water Supplies
Polluted water endangers health. It can carry contagious
diseases like typhoid, enteritis, and dysentery. Sewage pollution
damages water for use as a source of a domestic supply by creating
a bacterial hazard which is a direct threat to the health of
consumers who use the surface water directly—for instance, farmers,
campers, fishermen, etc. Communities that have modern water
treatment plants are generally able to produce a safe water from a
bacterial standpoint but occasionally the treatment processes fail
to remove all of the bacteria. One slip may bring on an epidemic.
Minneapolis, with a modern, well equipped, and technically
supervised water filtration plant, experienced a serious typhoid
outbreak in 1935. This outbreak is described in the "Report of
Investigations of the Typhoid Fever Epidemic—Minneapolis, 1935"
by the Minnesota Department of Health. The Minneapolis outbreak
of 1935 with 213 cases of typhoid fever and 7 deaths appears to
have occurred when water pumped to consumers from one of the
municipal filtration plants carried little or no residual chlorine.
This experience demonstrates the danger of a contaminated water
supply source even though a well operated, modern water filtration
plant is provided by the municipality. Extremely heavy bacterial
loadings may require chlorine dosages of such magnitude that
chlorinous tastes are produced. The result is a water which,
though safe from a bacterial standpoint, is unpalatable because
of objectionable tastes. Some types of pollution introduce taste
and odor producing substances which are difficult or impossible
to remove by available water treatment facilities.
Damages to Recreational Water Use
Bacterial pollution, introduced by the discharge of sewage
to the basin waters, damages recreational use by creating a hazard
to bathers and others who come in contact with the water. There
is an additional damage to recreational use in localized areas
because the presence of visual pollution discourages such use.
Pollution, especially "red water" from mining activities, is
reported to have affected recreational use of the waters in some
areas. Pollution prevents the development of recreational
facilities in places where the water quality has been allowed to
deteriorate. If recreational use is to continue and increase,
the waters must be kept free of pollution that is harmful to health
or detrimental to aquatic life and aesthetic values.
Damages to Fish and Aquatic Life
Sport fishing has been curtailed in some places because of
fish kills of considerable magnitude. In other areas, pollution
-------
- 19 -
has driven fish from the waters by destroying their food or by
creating an undesirable habitat. A biological survey made in 194-0
showed that pollution was so severe in the South Fork of the Crow
River at a point l|- miles below Watertown that over 88 percent of
the bottom aquatic organisms were of the pollutional type not
considered to be satisfactory fish food. The condition of the
river has improved since the canning plant which was contributing
a large portion of the pollution load (P.E. of 7,000 in 1937)
began disposing of its waste by irrigation and pollution no longer
reaches the watercourse from this source. Repeated fish kills
occurred on the South Fork of the Crow River prior to the installation
of this irrigation system. Four of the more recent fish kills on
the South Fork are: (l) August 21, 1942 - a fish kill occurred
between Delano and Watertown; depletion of oxygen was suspected.
(2) September 4-, 194-6 - a fish kill occurred between Delano and
Watertown. The dissolved oxygen concentration in the river was 0.0.
Oxygen depletion was attributed to the waste from the corn packing
plant at Watertown. (3) March 6, 194-7 - a fish kill occurred at
Delano, (4-) July 194-8 - a fish kill occurred at Hutchinson.
Complete dissolved oxygen depletion was found.
On October 1, 1947, there was a total fish kill in the North
Fork of the Crow River which was attributed to pollution from
creamery waste. Periodic fish kills occurred in Sucker Creek until
194-1, at which time the Cokato sewage treatment plant was placed
in operation. No fish kills have been reported since that time.
There was a fish loss in Pike Lake, Mounds View Township, Ramsey
County, on July 24, 1939, which was attributed to pollution entering
the lake.
Other Pollutional Damages
Industrial water used by the paper mills must have a very
low iron content or damage to paper quality will result. The
increasing "red water" pollution from the water discharged from
the iron mines and iron ore processing plants is endangering the
water supplies used by the paper mills in the same area.
Pollution of sewage origin may contaminate waters from
which ice is harvested and endanger the health of the people using
the ice for direct cooling of beverages or other foods.
Field Studies of Pollution and Pollution Effects
The pollution entering the water used as a source for
municipal water supply or used for bathing is of grave concern to
those officials responsible for the health of the public in the
affected area. Observations of the rivers at specific points have
been made by the Minnesota State Department of Health from time to
time as local situations required. The first general observations
by the Department of Health were made on the main stem of the
Mississippi River in 1928 in connection with an 5*•••»• ^~J-<
-------
•\
-20-
the river from Minneapolis to La Crosse. Information on these
observations is contained in the report of the investigation
published in the Second Annual Report—Metropolitan Drainage
Commission, 1928.
Analytical data on the main stem of the Mississippi River
above Minneapolis were first collected in 1930. In 1939 a river
study was initiated and a series of sampling stations established
on the basis of these earlier observations at points where changes
in water quality were indicated.
This study included the main stem of the Mississippi River
from the Camden Bridge in Minneapolis to a point above Brainerd;
the Crow River as far as Hutchinson on the South Fork and to a
point ten miles above Jewett Creek on the North For!:, Buffalo
Creek to Glencoe; and the Rum River in its entirety. One survey
was also made on the Sauk River. The location of sampling stations
is shown on Map No. 4-.
Sampling stations used for the study were selected after
careful preliminary observations of the condition of the rivers.
As the study progressed, other stations were added and some of
the original stations abandoned as the data indicated the need
for more detailed coverage in some areas and less coverage in
others. Twenty-nine sampling stations were used on the main stem
of the Mississippi River, 21 on the Rum River, 7 on the main stem
of the Crow River, 9 on the South Fork of the Crow River, 10 on
the North Fork of the Crow River, 4. on Buffalo Creek, and 21 on
the Sauk River.
A complete detailed list of these sampling stations and
their locations is given in Appendix IV.
The laboratory procedures employed in the analyses of the
samples were in accordance with "Standard Methods for the Analysis
of Water and Sewage," 8th and 9th Editions, 1936 and 194-6. The
most probable numbers of coli-aerogenes bacteria were determined
by progressive dilutions of the sample in lactose broth with gas
inner tubes. The incubation period was for 24. and 4-8 hours at
37° centigrade. The positive tests were confirmed on eosin-
methylene-blue plates. The biochemical oxygen demand test included
initial dissolved oxygen determinations, proper dilutions, and
5-day incubation at 20° centigrade. The Alsterberg modification of
the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen was employed in these
studies.
Biological samples for determination of plankton included
both net plankton and centrifuge nanno-plankton samples. The
procedures employed in collecting, concentrating, and microscopic
examination of these plankton samples were in accordance with Part
V of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage.
Biological samples for determination of life on the stream
bottoms were obtained by hand dredge. On sand bottoms, the Peterson
dredge was used whereas for mud bottoms the lighter Ekman dredge
was employed. The procedures employed in screening and examination
of the bottom samples as well as a discussion of the interpretation
of the results are also given in Standard Methods.
-------
• Wabedo
NESOTA
SCALE OF MILES
10 20 50 40
ST PAUL
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public H*oltti Swvie*
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 4
-------
- 21 -
Discussion of Data Collected During Study
Chemical Characteristics - The chemical characteristics of
the water varied only slightly throughout the section of the
Mississippi River included in this study. The variations reflected
in the results of the laboratory analyses are shown in the Summary
Tables I and II and Figure No. 1, which were prepared from the
detailed tabulations of individual analyses included in Appendix V,
Tables 1 through 4.. The tables in the appendices give the analyses
of the individual sample, the date the sample was collected, and the
river flow at the gaging stations above the sampling points.
The volume of river flow evidently has little effect on the
chemical characteristics of the water since no significant
correlation was found betwe'en flows, pH, color, turbidity, or
alkalinity. There were only slight changes in alkalinity and pH
in the Mississippi %ver below the junction with tributary streams
even though these two characteristics of the tributary streams were
quite different from those of the main stem. Color and turbidity
changes in ttN3 Mississippi River had no apparent relationship to the
color or turbidity brought in by the tributaries.
The chemical characteristics of the waters of the tributaries
were found to vary over much wider ranges than those of the main
river. The results of the chemical analyses of these waters are
summarized in Tables 8, 10, and 12 of Appendix V. Apparently the
chemical characteristics of the tributary waters were not greatly
affected by the wastes entering them since no significant
correlation could be established between changes in chemical
composition and known sources of pollution.
Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand - Results of
D.O. (dissolved oxygen) and 5-day B.O.D. (biochemical oxygen demand)
analyses for the Mississippi River are tabulated in Appendix V,
Tables 5 and 6, and are summarized in Table No. III. The D.O. data
has been plotted in Figure 2.
There was a slight but noticeable increase in the 5-day B.O.D.
below Brainerd and Little Falls, at Sartell, and below St. Cloud,
Monticello, Elk "iver, and Anoka. With the vo.lume of water available
in the river the oxygen demand in p.p.m. of the organic material in
that water as measured by the 5-day B.O.D. would not be expected to
be high. It was found that the presence of oxygen consuming
material in the Mississippi River as indicated by the B.O.D. did not
depress the average D.O. below safe limits. The lowest average D.O.
at any station was 6.3 p.p.m., which is well above 4..0 p.p.m., the
limit generally accepted as necessary to support game fish. The D.O.
was found to be below 5.0 p.p.m. in only 5 of the 233 Mississippi
River samples analyzed. During the survey of July 1939, a D.O.
concentration of -4.0 p.p.m. was found in the river pool above the
sources of pollution at Brainerd. At the first sampling station
below Brainerd, the D.O. was 3.8 p.p.m. Twenty-five miles below
Little Falls the D.O. was 1^.2 p.p.m. Between these two points and
-------
- 22 -
TABLE I
SUMMARY OF VARIATIONS IN ANALYTICAL DATA
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY
1939 - 1952
*
Sample Station:
and Community :
M-154
M-132
Brainerd
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
Little Falls
M-100
M-99
M-85
Royalton
M-75
M-70
Sartell
M-69
S-0
M-68
Sauk Rapids
M-66
Saint Cloud
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
Monticello
M-37
M-36
M-27
ELk River
M-26
oo
M-14
R-0
Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M~0
Turbidity
No. of
Samples
2
9
9
8
2
10
1
10
9
1
2
10
3
3
10
10
6
8
2
8
2
6
2
2
8
7
8
8
6
1
8
3
2
3
8
:Aveiv- :
; age i
8
7
10
4
6
6
Mft
7
9
-
5
9
6
7
7
11
6
5
5
5
2
5
5
4
7
25
7
7
7
•
8
7
6
6
9
p. p.m.
; Max- 2
;: Iffiuni:
10
15
20
5
8
19
28
21
19
28
6
35
8
10
15
35
8
7
6
8
3
8
6
6
10
80
15
12
12
4
14
13
10
9
17
1 Color p
•
Min- : No. of:'Av0r»
imum: Samples: aee'
5
2
1
1
4
2
28
2
2
28
4
2
5
A
2
2
2
2
4
2
1
1
4-
2
2
2
2
3
1
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
9
9
8
2
9
0
9
9
0
2
9
3
3
9
9
6
8
2
8
2
6
2
2
8
7
8
8
7
1
8
3
2
3
8
29
43
57
26
25
1*5
w»
45
48
-
26
45
27
26
28
4-5
40
42
26
45
25
49
26
25
41
50
41
50
48
-
43
27
35
30
43
.p.m.
.: -Max— j
r imumr
30
100
120
50
25
100
_
95
100
-
35
40
40
35
40
90
75
90
35
90
35
80
35
35
75
100
80
90
90
21
80
40
50
50
80
MLn-:
imum:
27
20
20
16
18
15
•*
16
15
-
17
16
17
18
16
15
15
20
16
16
15
20
17
14
15
16
13
16
15
21
16
17
20
16
16
-------
- 23 -
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF VARIATIONS IN ANALYTICAL DATA
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY
1939 - 1952
•
Sample Station;
and Community i
:i
M-154
M-132
Brainerd
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
Little Falls
M-100
M-99
M-85
Royalton
M-75
M-70
Sartell
M-69
S-0
M-68
Sauk Rapids
M-66
Saint Cloud
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
Monticello
M-37
M-36
M-27
Elk River
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
Alkalinity
No. of: Aver- s
Samples: age :
2
8
8
7
1
8
0
8
8
0
1
8
2
2
8
8
5
7
1
7
1
6
1
1
7
6
7
7
7
1
7
2
2
2
7
165
U2
149
209
_
166
-
161
165
-
-
169
180
180
211
163
172
169
M»
161
-
167
-
-
167
257
173
171
174
-
167
185
220
195
174
p. p.m.
Max- :
imum:
170
200
220
260
180
220
_
230
220
-
180
230
180
180
280
220
210
215
190
190
190
200
180
180
190
360
200
200
200
170
200
200
220
200
200
#
PH
Min~: No. of: Med*s
imumiSamples: i«n :
168
82
80
180
180
no
-
100
100
-
180
110
180
180
170
no
150
130
190
110
190
120
180
180
130
210
120
120
150
170
130
170
220
190
130
2
9
9
8
2
10
1
10
9
1
3
10
3
3
10
10
6
8
2
8
2
6
2
2
8
7
8
8
8
1
7
3
2
3
8
_
7.6
7.5
8.1
-
7.8
-
7.8
7.8
-
-
7.7
-
-
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
-
8.0
-
8.2
—
-
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.0
8.0
-
8.1
-
-
-
8.0
Max- :
imum:
7.4
8.1
7.9
8.4
7.7
8.4
7.4
8.3
8.2
7.9
7.8
8.1
8.0
8.4
8.4
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.1
8.4
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
7.5
8.4
8.0
7.6
8.2
8,5
«
Min- :
imum:
7,3
7.0
7.0
7.3
7.6
7.2
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.9
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.2
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.9
7.4
7.5
7.5
-------
TABLE III
SUMMARY OF VARIATIONS IN ANALYTICAL DATA
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY
1939 -
*
"Sample Station:
and Community :
„ »l*"— •-' p C
M-154
M-132
Brainerd
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
Little Falls
M-100
M-99.
M-85.
Royalton
M-75
M-70
Sartell
M-69
S-0
M-68
Sauk Rapids
M-66
Saint Cloud
M-63
M-60 ,
M-53
M-38
Monticello
M-37
M-36
M-27
Elk River
M-26
C-0
ft- 14
R-0
Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
34-6
RC
M-l
M-0
Biochemical Oxygen :
Demand p.p»m. ;
No. of
Samples
1
3
3
2
3
5
2
5
2
2
5
5
3
3
5
5
3
2
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
1
3
3
: Aveiv. ;
: aee :
M*
1.8
6.1
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
1.1
3.4
2.2
1.7
1.2
3.7
1.4
1.6
1.6
.9
.9
1.4
1.3
1.6
„
1.9
1.2
1.8
3.4
1.5
2.2
2.2
-
1.9
1.3
w
1.8
1,5
; Max-:
: imum:
3.0
2.4
12.0
1.5
1.3
2.4
1.0
1.8
4.7
3.5
4.4
1.7
8.2
1.7
2.5
1.7
1.3
1.1
2.7
2.3
2.1
_
4.8
1.5
2.6
6.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
1.0
2.2
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.8
Dissolved
P.P.
Min-s No. of
imum: Samples
3.0
1.5
1.2
.8
.9
.2
.7
.4
2.1
.9
.6
.7
1.1
1.1
.5
.5
.3
.8
.7
.8
.9
.,
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
2.0
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.1
2
10
10
9
3
11
1
11
10
1
4
11
4
4
11
11
5
9
3
9
2
7
3
3
9
8
9
4
8
2
9
4
3
4
9
:Averv:
s age ;
6.3
7.1
6.8
8.4
7.4
7.5
-
6.7
7.0
-
6.7
6.9
7.0
7.5
8.5
7.7
7.2
8.5
8.5
7.7
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.2
8.5
8.0
7.5
9.4
7.8
8.9
7.8
8.5
8.9
8.5
3.1
Oxygen
,m.
Max- :
imum;
6.3
9.5
8.3
10.8
7.8
10.8
5.7
8.0
8.1
6.0
7.5
8.5
8.3
8.9
11.2
8.8
8.1
10.0
8.9
8.5
8.8
10.4
8.9
8.7
10.5
11.8
9.3
11.6
8.9
10.0
8.8
9.4
10.8
9.8
9.6
«
•
Min-;
imum;
6.3
4.0
3.8
6.2
6.9
5.5
5.7
4.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
4.2
5.3
5.3
6.3
6.0
5.8
6.4
8.2
5.2
7.9
6.1
7.6
7.6
7.3
2.0
6.0
7.0
7.2
7.7
5.9
7.8
7.2
7.9
6.9
-------
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-------
- 25 -
at the rest of the sampling stations the D.O. was above 5.0 p.p.m.
during this same survey, but it was lower at most of the sampling
stations than that found during the other 10 surveys. Two other
low D.O. values occurred in February 194-0, both above sources of
pollution.
The average 5-day B.O.D. of the water discharged into the
Mississippi River by the tributary streams was higher than the
5-day B.O.D. found in the Mississippi in three instances and lower
in one instance. In three cases the average D.O. at the mouth of
the tributary streams was higher than the average D.O. in the
Mississippi River, but that at the mouth of the Crow River was
slightly lower.
The results of the B.O.D. and D.O. analyses made on the
waters of the tributaries are summarized in Tables 8, 10, and 12
of Appendix V. An occasional high 5-day B.O.D. value was found in
the Rum and Sauk Rivers. High 5-day B.O.D. values vere also found
in the Crow River and its South Fork during the 194-8 survey.
These high values in the South Fork reflected pollution originating
at a cannery in Watertown. This plant now disposes of all its
wastes to irrigation and none reach the river.
Low dissolved oxygen content and at times no oxygen was
found in the Crow River and its South Fork. During one survey no
oxygen was present at several of the stations. The data from
samples collected below Watertown were obtained before the canning
wastes originating at Watertown were completely removed from the
river and do not reflect the present condition of that portion of
the stream.
The average dissolved oxygen found in the Rum River was 4.. 5
p.p.m. or above at every sampling station. However, Station R-0,
at the mouth of the Rum River, was the only station where the D.O.
did not drop below this figure at least once during the study. The
minimum D.O. was found to be 4..0 p.p.m. or above at only four of the
sixteen stations where more than one sample was collected. The
D.O. at eleven of the stations was found to be 2.1 p.p.m. or lower
at least once during the study.
Coliform Bacteria - The effects of the discharge of untreated
sewage or inadequately treated plant effluents to the Mississippi
River are more readily seen in cdliform determinations than in
chemical or oxygen demand tests. Below each municipality, the
coliform density as measured by the most probable number of organisms
per 100 ml. (M.P.N.) increased sharply. See Summary Table TV and
Figure No. 2.
For example, the average M.P.N. for the first six survey runs
increased from 25 at Station M-132 above Brainerd to 13,800 at
Station M-130 below Brainerd. The Brainerd sewage treatment plant
was placed in operation in 1941. The survey made in 194.6 showed an
increase in coliform density from 79 above Brainerd to 1,84.5 below
-------
- 26 -
TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF COLIFQRM BACTERIA PER 100 ml.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY
1939 - 1952
CMP.K)
i :Arith-;
Sample : Maximum: me tic ;
Station : MPN ; Ave. ;
and Community: : MPN ;
O 0 I
M-154
M-132
Brainerd
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
Little Falls
M-100
M-99
M-85
Royalton
M-75
M-70
Sartell
M-69
s-o
M-68
Sauk Rapids
M-66
Saint Cloud
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
Monticello
M-37
M~36
M-27
Elk River
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1
2
92
7
16
2
3
35
13
3
13
1
1
13
7
5
24
16
54
17
16
160
4
7
3
13
16
24
4
92
7
1
13
13
,600
,200
,000
920
,800
,000
,700
,500
,000
,000
,500
,000
,100
,300
,000
,000
,400
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,900
,900
,500
,000
,000
,000
,900
,000
,900
,700
,000
,000
1
13
3
2
1
1
5
4
1
1
2
1
1
10
10
6
6
4
85
2
2
1
2
4
7
1
8
4
5
2
,070
220
,430
280
,350
,580
,740
,550
,620
,910
,570
,800
700
500
,530
,150
,660
,040
,100
,550
,300
,830
,100
,170
,730
,650
,390
,200
,620
,940
,630
,540
970
,700
,160
> t
» <
! Minimum;
; MPN :
> i
540
5
330
7
200
130
780
230
260
2,000
450
130
450
200
240
45
220
1,700
6,400
790
790
130
3,300
330
540
23
230
490
170
23
230
1,300
200
1,300
130
; Number of :
i Samples :
:1,000:
; or :
; over :
1
1
15
0
4
11
1
17
21
6
7
8
1
1
7
10
7
14
3
12
2
8
3
7
12
7
13
11
14
3
12
5
3
5
13
Number of :
Samples :
under :2 , 500:under : 5
1,000: or :2,500:
: over : t
1
15
3
11
3
14
1
12
3
0
4
22
3
6
6
18
5
0
0
1
1
2
0
2
3
2
13
3
3
2
6
0
2
0
5
0
0
9
0
4
7
1
5
13
5
1
6
0
0
4
3
3
13
3
4
1
5
3
2
7
1
7
7
9
2
7
3
0
3
3
2
16
9
11
3
18
1
24
11
1
10
24
4
7
9
25
9
1
0
9
2
5
0
7
11
8-
19
7
8
3
11
2
5
2
15
Number of
Sample s
,000: under
or :5,000
over:
0
0
9
0
2
4
0
0
7
1
0
3
0
0
1
2
1
9
3
4
1
2
2
0
2
0
3
2
7
0
4
3
0
2
1
2
16
9
11
5
21
2
29
17
5
11
27
4
7
12
26
11
5
0
9
2
8
1
9
16
9
23
12
10
5
14
2
5
3
17
-------
- 27 -
Brainerd. On each of the next two surveys one of the samples taken
below Brainerd was collected on the east side of the river where
the sewage plant effluent was channeling and had not mixed with the
river flow. For this reason, these samples do not represent river
conditions and the effect of Brainerd's sewage on the river water
cannot be determined from them. During the survey made in 1952,
the Brainerd sewage treatment plant was being by-passed because of
previous flood damage and the coliform density increased from 200
above Brainerd to 92,000 below.
At Little Falls the average M.P.N. increased from 1,550 above
the city to 5,AOO below. This average does not include one sample,
with a M.P.N. of 24.0,000, that was taken on tne west side of the
river where the waste from the paper mill was channeling and was
not considered a representative river water sample. At St. Cloud, a
M.P.N. increase from 1,150 to 10,04.0 occurred. The increase at
Monticello is shown by Summary Table IV to be from a M.P.N. of
6,300 above to 85,100 below, but the,~e averages represent only
three f.smplos fron above and three from belcw Monticello. A very
plight increase fron 2,170 to 2,730 occurred in the M.P.N. at Elk
River, and an increase from 4.,200 to 7,620 was found at Anoka.
Recovery in the river was evident below each source of pollution,
but only three stations on the river and two stations in the lower
reaches of the tributaries had average coliform bacterial
concentrations of less than 1,000 per 100 ml.
Results of the analyses of each sample taken during the
years 1939 through 1952 are tabui r.ted in Appendix V, Table 7.
The Public Health Service has established safe permissible
limits of raw water pollution which are consistent with the
production of potable water meeting given standards of bacterial
quality.
In order to deliver water conforming to the Public Health
Service standards for drinking water thePS raw water limits expressed
in terms of B. coli numbers have been found to be as follows for the
average water purification system of the type and degree of
elaboration indicateds
Raw water coliform Type and degree of
_]pacter_lal content tre.itrr^nt required
1. Averaging not more than 50 per Simple chlorination
100 ml. in any one month.
2. Averaging not more than 5,000 Rapid sand filtration with
per jOO ml. in any one month pos1>chlorination
and exceeding this number in
not more than 20 percent of
monthly samples.
-------
Raw water coliform Type and degree of
bacterial content treatment required
3. Averaging riot more than 5,000 Rapid sand filtration with
per 100 ml. in any one month pre- and post-chlorination
but exceeding 5,000 per 100 ml. combined.
in more than 20 percent of
samples and not exceeding
20,000 per 100 ml. in more
than 5 percent of samples.
Twenty thousand bacteria per 100 ml. in no more than 5
percent of the samples for any one month represent the maximum
safe limit for pre-chlorination or equivalent treatment.
Waters failing to meet the above requirements are considered
by the Public Health Service as unsuitable for use as a source of
water supply unless they can be brought into conformance with these
requirements by means of prolonged preliminary storage or some
other measure of equal permanence and reliability.
From a practical standpoint, it has been observed that any
general source of raw water supply showing an average coliform
density exceeding 5,000 per 100 ml. not only imposes an excessive
bacterial loading on the average filtration plant but appears to
be generally unsuitable in other respects for producing water of
satisfactory quality.
Bacterial quality for bathing waters has not been definitely
established but experience apparently demonstrates that, if the
monthly arithmetical average M.P.N. does not exceed 1,000, if no
more than 20 percent of the samples exceed 1,000 in any one month,
and if the M.P.N. does not exceed 2,4.00 on any one day, many areas
may be judged suitable for bathing.
Table IV shows the number of samples at each station which
had coliform bacteria concentrations under 5,000 per 100 ml. and
also the number with 5,000 or over. Tabulations for M.P.N.'s of
1,000 and 2,500 are also included.
Coliform bacteria content of 5,000 or more per 100 ml. was
found in 78 of the 4-53 samples analyzed. However, only seven of
these were samples collected from the three stations which represent
the raw water supplies of St. Cloud, St. Paul, and Minneapolis.
Of 28 samples collected from the station immediately above St. Cloud
only two had M.P.N.'s exceeding 5,000 and these were 5,4.00 and
7,000. Three of the five samples representing the raw water at
the St. Paul river intake had M.P.N. »s of 5,,4-00, 6,4.00, and 7,900.
Two of the five river samples representing the raw water supply of
Minneapolis had M.P.N.'s of 9,200 and 13,000.
-------
- 29 -
The maximum bacteria concentrations at these three stations
fall within the safe limits for raw water supplies set forth above
but the average concentration at the station at Minneapolis is 5,700
slightly above the recommended average of 5,000 for any one month.
Additional bacteriological data on the Minneapolis raw water
supply furnished by the Minneapolis Water Department Laboratories
for the years 1941, 1942, and 1952 (Appendix V, Table 13) show a
significant increase in the bacterial concentrations over a
10-year period. The average M.P.N. of 58 samples collected in
1941-1942 was 2,380, with a low of 260 and a high of 9,200. In
1952 the average of 55 samples was 5,190 with a range of 4.50 to
22,000. The corresponding river flows for these sampling periods
were approximately 6,200 c.f.s. in 1941-1942 and 12,400 c.f.s. in
1952. The increase in M.P.N. reflects the large population growth
in upstream communities which discharge raw or inadequately
treated sewage to the Mississippi River and its tributaries, and
imposes an increasing burden upon the water treatment facilities
of Minneapolis and St. Paul.
Data collected show that -the bacteria concentrations can
and do fluctuate over wide limits at any one sampling station.
There is always the constant danger that some of this sewage
pollution will reach one of the municipal water supply intakes in
such concentrations that the water treatment plant will not be able
to produce a safe, potable water. If this happens it will threaten
the health of those dependent upon that water supply.
At all of the 34 stations on the Mississippi River at least
one sample had a M.P.N. of over 1,000. Using a M.P.N. of 2,400 as
a standard for the maximum safe limit for bathing, the water at 29
of the stations was found to be unsafe at least 10 percent of the
time, at 25 stations it was unsafe 20 percent of the time, and at
20 stations the water was found to be unsafe 30 percent of the
time. More than one half of the water samples collected at 13
(over one third) of the stations indicated that the water was
unsafe for recreational use, especially bathing. Station CW-1,
located on the Crow Wing River above its confluence with the
Mississippi River, was the only station where the M.P.N. of coliform
bacteria was within the desirable safe limits for normal
recreational use, bathing in particular, at all times.
Results of the bacteriological analyses of the samples
collected on the Crow River and its tributaries are given in Table
11 of Appendix V. The M.P.N. increased sharply from an average of
630 at Station CS-151 above Hutchinson to an average of 142,000 at
Station CS-150 below. This increase indicates a serious pollution
condition resulting from the discharge of inadequately treated
municipal sewage into a small stream of limited dilution capacity.
The river recovered from this pollution to the extent that at
Station CS-78 the average M.P.N. was 3,500. At Station CS-77,
below Lester Prairie, the average M.P.N. increased to 6,500. At
Station CS-59, just above Watertown, the average M.P.N. was 2,500
-------
- 30-
while at Station CS-58, one-fourth mile below the sewer outlet, an
average M.P.N. of £02,000 was found indicating extremely heavy
sewage pollution. This latter value includes one sample, collected
September 1939, with a M.P.N. of 1,600,000 and one sample,
collected January 194.0, with a M.P.N. of 670,000. The Watertown
sewage treatment plant was reported as being by-passed in August
194-0, and it is possible that the plant was also out of operation
when the two high M.P.N. values were secured. If these two
results are not included, the average M.P.N. at the station below
Watertown would have been 37,000, still a relatively high value.
The river gradually recovered from this pollution and at the
junction of the Crow River with the Mississippi River the average
M.P.N. in the Crow was only 3,300.
The North Fork of the Crow River was found to be a fairly
clean stream from a bacteriological standpoint until it reached
Station CN-7 one-half mile below Kingston. The M.P.N., which was
4.90 at Station CN-8 nine miles above Kingston, increased to 9,200
at Station CN-7 one-half mile below Kingston. Buffalo Creek was
grossly polluted (average M.P.N, 64,,OQO] at Station B-92 below
Glencoe but recovered fairly rapidly and had an average M.P.N. of
5,300 before it entered the South Fork of the Crow River.
The Rum River was found to be a clean stream, bacteriologi-
cally speaking, until it reached Station R-110 just below Milaca.
See Table 9 of Appendix VI. At that point the average M.P.N.
value jumped from 4.00 to 18,000. This result is attributed to the
discharge of untreated sewage into the river a short distance above
this station. The river recovered from this pollution by the time
it reached Princeton, which discharges inadequately treated
sewage into the river. At Station R-78 just below Princeton the
average M.P.N. was found to be 4.3,000 while at Station R-80, only
two miles above, the average M.P.N. was 1,000. The river again
recovered with the average M.P.N. dropping to 1,300 just above
Cambridge. Neither Cambridge nor the State School and Hospital
has sewage treatment facilities. Both discharge raw sewage into
the Rum River. The resulting gross pollution was indicated by a
M.P.N. value of 42,000. The river recovered sufficiently to reduce
the average M.P.N. to 700 by the time it reached Station R~2
located two miles above the confluence with the Mississippi.
Additional bacterial pollution is picked up in the next two miles
as the river passes the State Hospital and flows through Anoka.
This caused the average M.P.N. to increase to 2,300 by the time
the river reached the Mississippi.
The survey made on the Sauk &iver indicated the major
sources of pollution to be Melrose, Richmond, Cold Springs, and
Rockville. The results of the analyses of the samples collected
during this survey are tabulated in Table 12 of Appendix V.
-------
- 31 -
Biological Survey Data
Plankton sampling of the surface waters was restricted to
only a few of the sampling stations because of limited time and
personnel. The stations selected were M-0, M-66, M-132, S-0, and
CW-5 for the Mississippi River; R-0, R-l, R-7, and R-U1 for the
Rum River; and C-l, CN-23, and CS-34- for the Crow River. The
description of these sampling stations appears in the appendices.
It will be noted that the three stations on the Mississippi River
proper and the stations on the Crow and Rum Rivers were not
immediately below the major sources of pollution. In each instance
the self-purification processes of the stream had progressed far
enough, at the points sampled, to provide adequate concentrations
of dissolved oxygen. Settleable solids had largely dropped out, yet
the dissolved nutriment from previous pollution was evidently
sufficient to produce heavy plankton growths.
The plankton at Station M-132 indicated a typical lake
plankton rich in algae, diatoms, and protozoans. Plankton collected
at Stations M-66 and M-0 contained an abundance of diatoms and blue-
green algae, most of which are capable of producing tastes and odors
in drinking water when in great abundance. The Crow Wing and Sauk
River stations were sampled for plankton only once. The Crow Wing
plankton was typical of a normal stream. The Sauk River sample
indicated a rich plankton population which contained certain blue-
green algae indicative of pollution. The plankton in the Crow and
Rum Rivers was rich both in quantity and quality. This was
attributed to the sluggishness of the stream and the fertilizing
effect of previous pollution.
Bottom fauna samples were taken at more stations than were
plankton samples. The location of these sampling stations and the
results of the analyses are shown by "pie diagrams" in Figure 3.
The bottom fauna at Station M-154- were characteristic of swift,
clean streams. At Station M-130 below Brainerd, bottom samples
from the main channel contained numerous pieces of bark and wood
and had a large percent of facultative organisms indicating
moderate pollution. A sample collected from the west side of the
river about one quarter of a mile below Station M-130 indicated a
higher percentage of clean forms than was found upstream.
Figure 3 indicates a polluted condition in the Sauk River.
Large numbers of the small crustacean Hralella azteca feeding upon
decaying leaves and other organic matter caused the percentage of
pollutional forms to exceed the percentage of facultative or
cleaner forms. However, there was a wide variety of forms and it
was concluded that the bottom was relatively clean and well-aerated.
At Station M-66 the major portion, by numbers, of bottom dwelling
organisms was facultative forms. These samples contained wood
fibers and bark fragments from the paper mills upstream. Thirteen
miles downstream at Station M-53 both clean water and facultative
organisms had increased in numbers and pollutional organisms had
decreased, indicating partial recovery of the stream. At Station
-------
- 32 -
M-14-, forty miles further downstream, bottom fauna indicated much
improved conditions with clean-water organisms in the majority.
This station was six miles below the confluence with the Crow
River, which discharges highly polluted water into the Mississippi
as indicated by the large percentage of pollutional organisms
found on the Crow. Very few clean-water organisms were found in
the bottom samples collected on the Crow River. The sample below
Watertown contained 88 percent pollutional organisms.
The Rum River bottom samples indicated relatively moderate
pollution of the river above Cambridge with about 50 percent of
the organisms of the clean-water type. Below Cambridge the quality
of water in Rum River deteriorates rapidly. At Station R-4-0, two
miles below Cambridge, pollutional organisms made up 8/4 percent of
the total. Three quarters of a mile further downstream, 98.7
percent of all forms were pollutional while only .15 percent were
clean-water forms. Seventeen miles below Cambridge at Station R-20
the Rum River had materially recovered from its pollution load as
indicated by 62 percent facultative forms, 31 percent clean-water
forms, and only 6 percent of pollutional organisms.
At Station M-13, one-fourth mile below Rum River outlet,
the water appeared relatively clean while near the north shore on
the Anoka side large amounts of suspended matter and oil were
noticed at the time when biological samples were being collected.
Obviously, mixing of the Anoka sewage with the Mississippi River
water was not taking place at this station. Bottom samples from
the north side contained 80 percent pollutional and facultative
organisms while bottom samples from the south side of the river
had an extremely low count of both pollutional and facultative
organisms. Five miles downstream, at Station M-8, the impounded
area above Coon Rapids Dam acted as a settling basin for sludge
from Anoka's sewers. The bottom fauna samples collected from the
mud bottom of this impoundment revealed a very high percentage of
pollutic-ial organisms, especially sludge worms. At Station M-6
ab'jve SI, Paul water intake and below Coon Rapids Dam, 97 percent
of the bottom organisms were either clean-water forms or facultative.
-------
LEGEND
Pollutlonol
Facultatlvt
(forms preferring
dean water but
tolerant of
moderate pollution)
Clean Water
BIOLOGICAL DATA—BOTTOM FAUNA
RELATION OF POLLUTIONAL TO FACULTATIVE
AND CLEAN WATER ORGANISMS
Adapted from map
prepared by Minnesota
State Department of Health
FIGURE 3
-------
- 33 -
BENEFITS RESULTING FROM A PROGRAM OF
POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT
The benefits arising from corrective and preventive
measures are mostly those values related to public health.
Inadequately treated domestic wastes create a menace to public
health. The provision of adequate treatment of sewage is essential
in reducing the threat of water-borne diseases and protecting the
water for legitimate uses. The health hazard is most acute where
heavily populated areas using surface water as a source for domestic
water supply are located below sources of pollution. Effective
pollution prevention measures would reduce the possibility of
epidemics caused by disease organisms getting through the water
treatment plants. They would also minimize the possibility of
unpalatable water reaching the consumer.
Pollution prevention measures would improve water quality
and provide a safer environment for swimming, boating, and fishing
in many of the areas where pollution is now greater than that
considered safe or desirable for those water uses.
The survey data collected from Station M-132 above Brainerd
and Station M-130 below Brainerd show that an increase in coliform
bacteria density from 25 above Brainerd to 13,800 below occurred
before the sewage treatment plant was placed in operation.
Operation of the plant reduced the coliform density below Brainerd
to only 1,84.5.
Following the complete elimination of cannery waste from
the South Fork of the Crow River at Watertown, there have been no
reports of fish kills in the river below Watertown. No fish kills
have been reported on Sucker Creek since the Cokato sewage treatment
plant was placed in operation although periodic fish kills were
regularly reported previous to the construction of this plant. The
elimination of fish kills is a direct measure of the improvement of
water quality resulting from the installation of pollution abatement
facilities.
The benefits of pollution prevention and abatement to
agriculture through improved livestock watering sources and improved
pasturage may be realized when the value of the meat and dairy
production to the basin is considered. Livestock can be watered by
utilization of the ground water over most of the basin, but the
advantages of surface water are apparent when the cost of obtaining
ground water is compared with the utilization of readily available
surface waters.
The expansion of the recreational activities in the basin is
dependent on water that is satisfactory for bathing, boating, and
fish and wildlife propagation. The impairment of this resource by
pollution would curtail this important water use and reduce its
economic value to the area.
-------
- 34-
THE POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE BASIN
Present water uses and increased or additional uses required
by the expanding population, recreational activities, and industry,
together with adequate protection of water quality, largely
determine the objectives of the pollution prevention program. In
addition, nuisance conditions and the intangible aspects of moral
obligation and aesthetic values exert a strong and positive
influence for the justification of treatment facilities.
One of the more important objectives of the water pollution
control program is protection of water quality in streams used as
sources of public water supplies. The quality of raw water is an
important factor in the design of water treatment facilities and
their operation and maintenance. The factor of safety that can
be incorporated in the best design is inversely proportional to
the specific concentrations of bacteria and objectionable elements
in the water used as source of supply. Therefore, it is desirable
to keep these at a minimum within economic justification.
Another important objective of the pollution abatement
program is the maintenance of water quality suitable for
recreational use. Recreational waters should be free from floating
solids, sludge banks, odors, and discoloration. Bathing waters
should be kept free of contamination by sewage, especially that
of recent origin.
The extent of the water pollution control activities in
the basin is evidenced by the number of sewage and industrial
waste treatment plants now in operation or in the planning and
construction stage. There are 96 communities in the basin which
have provided sewers for collecting and transporting the municipal
waste out of the community. Table C, given below, is a summary
of municipal treatment facilities data appearing in Appendix I.
TABLE C
EXISTING MUNICIPAL TREATMENT FACILITIES
January 1953
Degree of
Treatment
Provided
Number of
Municipalities
Served
Number of
Treatment
Plants
Population
Served
Primary 27 27 27,026
Secondary 36 36 61,936
No Treatment 33 33 58,475
TOTAL 96 96 147.437
-------
El-/"V * Wobedo
MINNESOTA
LOCATION MAP
NO TREATMENT NEEDED
UNDETERMINED
TREATMENT NEEDED
A NEW PLANT
B ENLARGEMENT OR ADDITIONS
C REPLACE EXISTING PLAUT
S CONNECT TO CITY SEWERS
E NEW SEWERS 8 NEW PLANT
Numb»r» appearing by symbols
Indicate number of netds In
the category
SCALE OF MILES
10 M 30 «
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP N0.5
-------
- 35 -
Sixty-three of these communities also provide some form of
treatment for their waste before it is discharged into the basin's
waters. The treatment plants are divided into 27 primary treatment
plants serving 27,026 people and 36 secondary treatment plants
serving 61,936 people. The estimated population served by all of
the communities with sewer systems is 14-7,437.
Twelve additional communities are actively engaged in the
construction of or are planning to construct their first sewer
systems. All of these communities will also provide treatment of
their waste before discharge to the basin's waters. Table D
indicates the adequacy of the capacity and operation of the
existing plants. About 40 percent of the plants do not have
adequate capacity or facilities to produce a satisfactory effluent
under present conditions and water use. Many of these plants are
20 to 30 years old.
TABLE D
ADEQUACY OF EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES*
January 1953
Type of No. of
Plant Treatment
Facilities
Municipal 63
Industrial 71
Sat.
33
55
Adequacy with
Capacity
Uhsat. Undet'd
25 5
15 1
Relation to:
Sat.
36
5?
Operation
Unsat. Undet'd
13 14
12 4
*Summary of data appearing in Appendices I and II
Disposal of industrial waste has not been as pressing a
problem as the disposal of municipal waste. Of the 269 industries
in the basin which may be producing and discharging wastes, 71 are
known to provide some degree of treatment and 7 are known to
provide no treatment. The greatest producers of organic industrial
pollution in the basin are the two major types of industries,
paper and allied products, and food and kindred products. The
paper plants all provide preliminary treatment for their wastes.
Sixteen food and kindred products plants treat their wastes
while 6 provide no treatment. Information is not available for
the other 145 industries, but most of them are small establishments
which are considered insignificant from a basin-wide pollution
standpoint. Many of them may cause localized nuisance, but its
severity has not been sufficient to cause it to be brought to the
attention of the pollution control authorities.
There are 24 iron ore processing plants in the basin and 19
of these are known to provide some type of treatment for their
wastes. The extent of mine drainage waste pollution in the basin
is still partially undetermined. At present, 31 of 64 such
sources are known to provide waste treatment.
-------
- 36-
Table B, appearing in the section "Pollution Discharged
to Basin Waters," lists th6 types of industries in the basin
and the treatment facilities provided for their wastes. Table
D, above, shows the adequacy of the capacity and operation of
these facilities.
Table E shows the construction of waste treatment
facilities during the last five years.
TABLE E
PROGRESS IN CONSTRUCTION OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES
January 1953
Year
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
TOTAL
Sewage Treatment
Plants Completed
2
3
1
1
7
14
Design
Population
10,750
2,450
2,750
1,000
4,150
21,100
Existing sewage and xraste treatment facilities have
provided the desired water quality protection in many areas of
the basin, and many of the polluted sections of the streams
have been eliminated. Areas still remain where pollution or
nuisances are of such magnitude that corrective measures are
considered necessary if the pollutional control program for the
basin is to be fully met.
Sewage and waste treatment measures are designed to
conform to water use requirements following an engineering
evaluation of local conditions and problems. Some municipal
treatment plants provide only for the removal of settleable
material from the water. Where a higher degree of treatment is
necessary, the removal of additional polluting material is
accomplished by biological means. Industrial waste treatment
processes vary widely, often within the same general type of
industry. Changes in plant processes, by-products recovery,
salvage, and improved housekeeping are often very effective
measures of controlling industrial pollution. Control of
industrial waste pollution may also present an entirely different
problem from that of sewage disposal since the wastes may contain
toxic or other objectionable substances not amenable to treatment
by the processes commonly used for municipal sewage. However,
the objective remains the same—protection of water quality by
reduction of objectionable substances to within tolerance levels
compatible with water uses.
-------
NO POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS UNDETERMINED
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDED
A NEW PLANT
B ENLARGEMENT OR ADDITIONS
C REPLACE EXISTING PLANT
S CONNECT TO CITY SEWERS
Mote
Numbers appearing by symbols
and letters indicate number
of needs in category designated
SCALE OF MILES
10 20 30
4O 5O
UPPER PORTION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Heoltti Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 6
-------
- 37 -
Much has already been accomplished on the basin's pollution
control program, but much is still needed before all sources of
pollution or nuisances are brought under satisfactory control.
"able F, prepared from detailed information given in Appendices I
and II, lists the treatment facilities considered necessary to
adequately protect the basin's waters.
TABLE F
POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES NEEDED
January 1953
Needs
Municipal
Population
Number Served by
Sewers
Industrial
Number
New Plant 32
Enlargement of, or Additions
to Existing Plant 18
Replace Existing Plant 6
Connect to City Sewer 2
No Project Required 32
Undetermined 6
57,675
37,240
9,030
1,125
39,020
3,347
9
4
1
55
194
Note: In addition to the above, there are 12 unsewered communities
with a total combined population of 6,590, which are actively
planning the installation of sewers and treatment plants.
The progress being made and the status of action on these
needed facilities is given in detail in Appendices I and II and
condensed in Table G.
TABLE G
STATUS OF ACTION ON NEEDED POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES
January 1953
Status of Action
Number of
Munic ipalitie s
Number of
Industries
Inactive
Active Planning
Plans Approved
Under Construction
Undetermined
15
20
18
1
16
5
5
2
0
8
-------
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-------
-------
APPENDIX II SUPPLEMENT
In addition to the industries listed in the basic data table, there
are several small industries located in communities without sewers and in
unsewered areas of other towns. These industries produce organic wastes
and, as no municipal sewers are available to them, they must discharge
wastes to the basin's surface waters. A list of these industries is given
below:
Community
Akeley
Industry
Akeley Cry. Co.
Type of Industry
creamery
Albany
Avon
Backus
Becker
Belgrade
Bethel
Biscay
Bluffton
Bowlus
Braham
Brooton
Buckman
Carlos
Cedar Mills
Centervillc
Clear Lake
Clearwater
Corvuso
Cosmos
Gushing
Dalbo
Darwin
Dassel
Day
Deer Creek
Delano
Eagle Bend
Grant S. Voshell
IVefelmeyer Pickle Corp.
Holding Farmers Cry.
St. Anthony Coop. Cry. Assn.
Avon Farmers Cry.
Backus Cry. Co,
Arthur Eugener
Becker Cry,
Belgrade Flour Mill Co.
Farmers Coop. Cry. Assn.
J. D. Gordhamer
Bethel Cry.
Biscay Coop. Cry, Assn.
Bluffton Coop. Cry. Assn.
Elm Dale Cry. Assn.
Day Coop. Cry.
Brooton Coop. Cry, Assn.
Grove Lake Cry. Corp,
Alton Jensen
Buckman Farmers Coop. Cry,
Belle River Cry. Co.
Carlos Coop. Cry. Co.
Arthur S. Martin
Cedar Mills Coop. Cry. Assn.
Thomas G. Mitchell
John L. McDonald
Clearwater Coop. Locker Co.
Clearwater Coop. Cry. Assn.
Corvuso Cry. Co.
Cosmos Coop. Cry, Assn,
Gushing Cry. Co.
R. C. Wendberg
Darwin Coop. Cry. Assn.
Dassel Coop. Cry. Assn,
Dassel Food Lockors
Kingston Coop. Cry. Assn.
Pick Food Processing Assn.
Farmers Coop. Cry. Assn.
Delano Coop. Cry. Assn.
Rieder Bros.
Arthur C. Bill
Eagle Bend Coop. Cry.
food locker
canning
creamery
creamery
creamery
creamery
food locker
creamery
food
creamery
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery
creamery & locker
creamery
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery & locker
creamery & locker
creamery
food locker
creamery & locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery & locker
creamery & milk plant
food locker
food locker
creamery
xii
-------
-------
Community
APPENDIX II SUPPLEMENT (Cont'd.)
Industry Type of Industry,
Edon Valley
Elrosa
Folcy
Freeport
Oilman
Groenwald
Grey Eagle
Grove City
Hackonsack
Hamburg
Hewitt
Hillman
Hugo
Isanti
Kimball
Kingston
Lake Lillian
Lastrup
Leader
Lester Prairie
Litchfield
Longvillc
Lorotto
McGregor
Meire Grovo
Melrose
Motley
Nelson
Nevis
New Germany
New London
Now Munic
Nimrod
Osseo
Padua
Art Feis
Elrosa Coop. Cry. Co.
Edwin J. Kochmann
Ramey Farmers Coop. Cry.
St. Francis Cry.
Oilman Coop. Cry.
Greonwald Coop. Cry. Assn.
C. A. Uphoff
Grey Eagle Coop. Cry. Assn.
Theo. H. Schnokloth
Dannialson Cry. Co.
Manannah Cry,
Doad Schroedcr
Hamburg Coop. Locker Assn.
Hamburg Dairy Assn.
Hewitt Coop. Cry.
Clover Belt Coop. Cry, Assn.
John Gotvold
Hillman Coop. Cry.
Andre & Henry J. Marier
Isanti Coop. Cry. Assn.
Isanti County Coop. Assn.
Theo. A. Johnson
C. P. Knaus
Kingston Coop. Dairy Assn.
Lillian Cry. Co.
Lastrup Coop. Cry.
Farmers Coop. Cry. Assn.
Staples Locker System
McLeod-Wright Cry. Co.
Albert Thiel
Forest City Coop. Cry.
Kenneth E. Strait
Eugene C. Koch
John H. Holms
McGregor Cry. Co.
C. A. Uphoff
Micro Grove Coop. Dairies
Spring Hill Cry. Co.
Motley Cry. Co.
Nelson Cry. Assn.
Novis Cry. Co.
Borchert Bros. Dairy
Alois P. Efforts
New London Cry. Assn.
Rose Market
New Munic Cold Storage
New Munic Coop. Cry. Assn.
Nimrod Coop. Cry. Assn.
Andrew John Wishy
C. A. Uphoff
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
food locker
food locker
food locker
creamery & locker
creamery & locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
food locker
food locker
food locker
food locker
creamery & milk plant
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery
creamery
creamery & milk plant
milk plant
food locker
creamery
food locker
food lockor
creamery
creamery
food locker
food locker
Xlll
-------
Community
APPENDIX II SUPPLEMENT (Cont'd.)
Industry T ype of _1 ndustry
Pal is ado
Pease
Poquot Lakes
Pierz
Pillager
Plato
Ramey
Randall
Rice
Rockford
Rockvillc
Rogers
Roscoe
Rosendalo
Royalton
St. Martin
Santiago
Sedan
Shczvin
Silver Creek
Sobieski
Southhavon
Spicer
Spring Hill
Sv/anvillo
Upsala
Vcrndale
V/atkins
West Union
Winsted
Palisade Coop. Cry, Assn,
C. £. Uphoff
Fanners Coop. Cry.
Coop. Cry. Assn.
H. N, Everhart
North Pino Dairy
Myers Dairy
Pierz Coop. Cry. Assn.
J. H. Schaeffcr
Brainerd Locker Co.
Farmers Coop. Cry. Co.
Leonard & Davis Litzav
Plato Dairy Assn.
Lynn Crowe
Don MaGeo
Randall Coop. Cry. Assn.
Rice Farmers Coop. Cry.
William Thiessen
Herman F. Kothrade
Rockville Coop. Cry. Assn.
Elmer Scharber
Schorber Store Co.
Roscoe Cry. Co.
Sauk Valley Cry. Co.
Daniels on Cry. Co.
Little Rock Coop. Cry. Co.
Royalton Coop. Cry. Co.
YJondcl B. Thiessen
Cold Storage Locker Co.
Santiago Coop, Cry.
Sedan Cry. Co.
Farmers Coop. Cry. Assn.
Silver Creek Coop, Cry.
Sobieski Farmers Cry.
J. G. Lies & Sons
Great Lake Locker Plant
Melrose Locker Plant
Swanvillo Coop. Cry. Assn.
ETC alp Sadlcnvsky
Upsala Coop. Cry.
E. E. Davis
Verndalc Cry. Assn.
P. H* Weber
Farmers Coop. Cry. Assn.
City Meat Market
Winstod Farmers Coop. Cry.
creamery
food locker
creamery
creamery
food locker
milk plant
milk plant
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery
food locker
creamery
creamerjr
food locker
food locker
creamery
creamery
creamery & locker
creamery & locker
food locker
food locker
food locker
food locker
creamery & locker
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
food locker
creamery
xiv
-------
APPENDIX III
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES
Municipality
Aitkin
Akeley
Albany
Alexandria
Annandale
Anoka
Atwater
Belgrade
Bomidji
Bertha
Bock
Bovey
Braham
Braincrd
Brooton
Broworville
Brovmton
Buckman
Buffalo
Buffalo Lake
Calumet
Cambridge
Cass Lake
Clarissa
Clear Lake
Cokato
Cold Spring
Coleraine
Cooley
Cosmos
Cromwell
Crosby
Cuyuna
Dassel
Doer River
Doerv;ood
Delano
Eagle Bend
Eden Valley
Elk River
Fie ns burg
Foley
Freeport
Glencoe
Grand Rapids
Greenwald
Grove City
1950
Popula-
tion
2,079
525
1,196
6,319
899
7,396
880
659
10,001
577
96
1,320
697
12,637
669
735
696
173
1,914
724
854-
2,978
297
650
297
1,403
1,488
1,321
113
382
197
2,777
112
962
1,033
572
1,386
691
792
1,399
281
1,080
558
2,801
6,091
207
481
Popula-
tion
Served
1,500
500
600
5,100
270
5,250
540
90
2,970
380
940
350
12,070
280
280
840
20
1,660
350
770
1,350
560
1,120
700
1,200
120
200
2,630
190
700
440
260
1,090
270
780
380
400
1,600
4,875
360
XV
Source of Supply
wells
Eleventh Lake
wells
wells
well
well
well
well
wells
well
see Coleraine
well
wells
well
wells
well
well
well
well
wells
wells
wells
wells
well
rolls
well
well
wells
well
well
well
well
well
well
wells
well
well
well
well
well
Average Plant
Output
Gallons /day
50,000
50,000
60,000
200,000
80,000
260,000
25,000
14,000
300,000
15,000
-_
10,000
700,000
60,000
30,000
84,000
2,000
90,000
20,000
30,000
120,000
38,000
112,000
22,000
120,000
12,000
9,000
150,000
12,000
50,000
50,000
20,000
100,000
4,000
90,000
40,000
25,000
45,000
175,000
16,000
-------
APPENDIX III (Cont'd.)
Municipality
Hackensack
Hamburg
Hector
Honning
Hill City
Holdingford
Howard Lake
Hutchir?son
Ironton
Isle
Kandiyohi
Koev;atin
Kimball
Lake Henry
Lester Prairie
Litchfield
Little Falls
Long Prairie
Loretto
Manganese
Maple Lake
Maple Plain
Marble
Molrose
Monahga
Milaca
Miltona
Monti cello
Montrose
Nashwauk
Now London
Not; Munic
New York Mills
Onaraia
Osakis
Osseo
Parkers Prairie
Park Rapids
Paynesville
Pierz
Pine River
Princeton
Rcmer
Richmond
Riverton
Royalton
St. Anthony
St. Cloud
St. Joseph
St. Michael
1950
Popula-
tion
272
184
1,196
1,004
501
458
1,931
4,690
828
674
293
1,807
479
97
663
4,608
6,717
2,443
179
41
780
479
867
2,106
839
1,917
150
1,231
300
2,029
726
277
977
704
1,488
1,167
900
3,027
1,503
856
835
2,108
412
700
148
500
66
28,410
1,246
487
Popula-
tion
Served
260
880
420
250
210
850
3,000
700
170
190
1,570
310
280
2,100
6,050
2,300
140
530
280
260
2,015
1,140
700
275
2,200
180
450
320
790
390
470
2,600
930
560
1,500
180
390
110
210
24,170
1,055
140
Source of Supply
well
well
well
wells
wells
well
well
well
well
well
wells
well
well
wells
wells
wells
well
wells
wells
well
wells
wells
well
well
Hawkins Mine
well
well
wells
\7CllS
wells
wells
wells
well
wells
well
wells
well
well
well
Mississippi River
well
wells
Average Plant
Output
Gallons/day
4,000
32,000
10,000
50,000
18,000
9,000
300,000
70,000
17,000
19,000
73,000
15,000
30,000
175,000
500,000
140,000
8,000
25,000
15,000
30,000
150,000
114,000
70,000
30,000
172,000
4,000
45,000
12,000
79,000
100,000
30,000
200,000
50,000
56,000
150,000
18,000
39,000
11,000
50,000
1,500,000
100,000
12,000
XVI
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APPENDIX III (Cont'd.)
Municipality
Sartell
Sauk Center
Sank Rapids
Seboka
Silver Lake
Spicor
Spring Hill
Staples
Stewart
Swanville
Taconito
Trommald
Upsala
Verndalo
Wadena
Yfaite Park
Walker
7/atertown
Watkins
Waverly
Willmar
Wins ted
Total wolls
Total surface
1950
Popula-
tion
662
3,140
3,410
802
603
566
91
2,782
695
373
322
117
366
576
3,958
1,639
1,192
837
659
493
9,410
941
170,480
30,849
Popula-
tion
Served
2,200
1,610
500
350
110
2,950
550
210
260
150
400
2,380
740
930
700
480
450
5,600
460
110,720
25,820
Source of Supply
wolls
well
well
well
well
wolls
well
well
well
well
well
wells
well
well
wells
wells
wells
well
well
Average Plant
Output
Gallons /day
205,000
100,000
50,000
19,000
13,000
100,000
55,000
21,000
26,000
1,000
30,000
100,000
40,000
75,000
24,000
15,000
50,000
448,000
15,000
7,579,000
1,630,000
XVll
-------
APPENDIX IV
RIVER POLLUTION STUDY SAMPLING STATIONS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY
Sample stations on the main stem of the Upper Mississippi River
and on major tributaries immediately above their confluence with the
Mississippi River.
Station
Number
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-l
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-33
M-37
M-36
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
Miles
Above
Camden
167
143
138
130
121
113
110
106
104.5
104
95
85
73
72
70
70
68
65
60
55
38
37
36
27
25.5
20
14.5
14
13
9
8
5
5
2.5
0
Station Location
Bridge on STH-6 four miles north of Crosby
Bridge on SAR-3 in impoundment above Brainerd
•5- mile below STP outfall below Brainerd. A long island
creates backwater which channelizes STP discharge past
sampling station
On Crow Wing River at first bridge 1 mile above its
mouth. Large dam is located 1 mile above station
Opposite ferry landing above Camp Rip ley
Bridge at entrance to Camp Ripley
3 miles below station M-108
NPRR bridge by boat works above Little Falls
•g- mile below St. Regis Paper Co. dam in Little Falls
-g- mile below station M-100
Above power dam 2 miles north of Royal ton
Bridge on SAR-2 just west of Rice
In impoundment above St. Regis Paper Co. dam in Sartell
Bridge below St. Regis Paper Co. dam in Sartell
On Sauk River at bridge near its mouth
New bridge on SAR-22 in Sauk Rapids
At St. Cloud water works intake
Opposite country club 2 miles below St. Cloud power dam
Below St. Cloud opposite farm near Long Lake
Opposite old ferry dock at Cloarwater
1 mile above STH-25 bridge in Monti collo
Opposite village park in Monticello
1 mile below STH-25 bridge in Monticello
At STH-101 bridge in Elk River
Opposite roadside park 1-g- miles below Elk River
On Crow River at STH-101 bridge in Dayton
At bridge and occasionally at a point jt mile below the
Champlin bridge in Anoka
On Rum River at foot bridge in park in Anoka
i* mile below Rum Rivor and 1-g- miles below Champlin bridge
in Anoka. The Rum River, heavily polluted with Anoka
sewage hugs the north shore and has not mixed with the
river water at this station
On Coon Creek at USH-10 bridge in Coon Rapids
In pool above Northern State Power Co. dam in Coon Rapids
At St. Paul water works intake north of Fridley
On Rice Creek at SAR-1 bridge in Fridley
At Minneapolis water intake in Columbia Heights
At Camden bridge in North Minneapolis
xvi 11
-------
APPENDIX IV (Cont'd.)
Sample stations on tho Rum Rivor
Station
Number
R-142
R-iAi
R-136
R-127
R-120
R-112
R-110
R-102
R-95
R-80
RW-0
R-78
R-61
R-4.2
R-4.0
R-34
R-18
R-13
R-7
R-2
R-0
Miles
Above
Mouth
U2
1-41
136
127
120
112
110
102
95
80
78
61
42
Station Location
At bridge on STH-27 above dam impounding Lake Onamia
At bridge on CAR-13 below Onamia
At bridge near SAR-7 at USH-169
At bridge on USH-169, 10 miles south of Onamia
At bridge on CAR-6, 1-i- miles west of USH-169
At bridge on SAR-9, lg miles above Milaca
At bridge on USH-169 just above Milaca
At bridge on SAR-4
At bridge on CAR-46 near SAR-1
At bridge on SAR-95 in Princeton
On F'Cst Branch at bridge on USH-169 in Princeton
At bridge on SAR-2 just belov; Princeton
At bridge on STH-56, 10 miles east of Princeton
At bridge on STH-95 above Cambridge
•g- mile belov/ Colony for Epileptics at Cambridge
At bridge on SAR-5, west of Isanti
At bridge on SAR-6 just east of STH-56 at St. Francis
At bridge on SAR-4 just east of SAR-6, 5 miles below
St. Francis
At bridge on SAR-6, 6 miles N. of Anoka
At farm just above State Hospital in Anoka
At foot bridge in park in Anoka
Sample stations on Crow River - North Fork and Buffalo Creek
Station
Number
CN-10
CN-9
CN-8
CN-7
CN-6
CN-5
CN-4
GN-3
CN-2
CN-44
B-95
B-92
B-87
B-84
Miles
Above
Mouth
91
89
84
75
53
39
36
32
28
25
66
63
59
56
Station Location
Bridge 3z ndies above junction of Jewett Creek
Bridge between Jewott Creek outlet and Forest City
Below Forest City, bridge 2 miles above town
-§- mile below Kingston
Below Cokato, bridge on SAR-2
Marys villc - SAR-14
Montrose, bridge on SAR-5
Bridge on STH-25
Bridge on road crossing in twp.-27
Above junction with South Fork
Above Gloncoe, southwest of -town on USH-212
Belov; Gloncoe, southeast of town
Above Plato, bridge on USH-212
Below Plato, bridge on CAR-68
-------
APPENDIX IV (Cont'd.)
Sample stations on Crow River - South Fork and Main Stem
Station
Number
River
Miles
Above
Daton
. Station Location
CS-151 75 Above Hutchinson at dam impounding Otter Lake
CS-150 74 Bolow Hutchinson, bridge on SAR-22
CS-78 53 Above Lester Prairie
CS-77 52 Below Lester Prairie
CS-65 4-2 Below Mayer
CS-59 38 Above Water town, bridge on trunk highway -25
CS-58 36 Bolow Watertown •% mile below sewer outlet
CS-51 29 Above Delano, bridge on trunk highway -12
CS-49 27 Bolow Delano, bridge on twp. highway -36
CN-44. 25 On North Fork of Crow River two miles above its
junction with South Fork on twp. highway -25
C-41 22 Above Rockford
C-39 21 -g- mile below Rockford
C-24 17 Above Hanover on SAR-6 1 mile southv/ost of Hanover
C-23 15 Bolow Hanover, about !§• miles downstream from creamery
C-21 12 1 mile above St. Michael
C-l 1 Above Dayton, -g- mile above Dayton School
C-0 0 Below Dayton, bridge on SAR-11
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 1
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
Station
Number
River flow
near Libby
River flov/
at A it kin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
at Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
Rivor flov;
at Elk Rivor
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flov;
at Anoka 1
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1939=
May :
4- 8 :
2,200
-
_
82
80
200
_
110
_
100
100
_
_
5,920
110
_
-
170
110
-
130
-
110
_
120
_
9,500
—
130
210
120
150
i,350
150
-
130
-
_
-
130
1939
Juno
13-15
840
-
—
110
110
200
.*
150
_
150
150
_
_
2,560
150
_
_
170
150
150
150
_
150
_
170
_
3,400
_
160
250
170
170
4,270
160
_
160
-
_
-
170
: 1939
: July
: 11-13
1,003
-
«.
120
120
200
_
140
_
150
150
-
_
2,660
150
_
_
180
140
150
160
_
140
_
160
_
3,870
—
160
200
170
150
4,730
160
_
140
-
_
_
160
: 1939
: Aug.
: 21-23
871
-
M.
120
140
180
_
160
_
160
160
_
_
1,340
160
_
_
170
160
160
160
_
170
wm
170
_
2,180
_
170
230
180
170
2,590
180
_
170
_
_
_
170
: 1939
: Doc.
: 18-21
612
-
.»
180
ISO
220
M
180
_
180
180
-
_
1,050
190
_
_
200
180
_
190
_
190
*.
200
_
1,540
_
180
290
190
190
1,830
190
_
190
_
_
_
200
1940
Feb.
7-9
400
-
_
200
220
260
H
220
_
230
220
_
_
885
230
_
_
280
220
_
215
_
_
M
_
_
1,070
—
«.
-
_
_
1,230
—
_
_
_
„
_
.
: 1946
: Mar.
= Je*,
-
1,640
170
160
170
200
*
180
_
180
190
_
_
2,730
180
180
180
250
160
210
180
_
180
_
180
_
3,560
—
190
-
180
170
4,280
180
_
180
170
220
190
190
: 1949
: Jan.
: 10-18
-
730
160
160
170
M
180
190
_
140
170
_
180
1,580
180
180
180
270
180
190
«.
190
190
190
«.
180
1,840
180
180
360
200
200
2,100
200
170
200
200
220
200
200
Note — River flows are in cubic foot per second,
XXI
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 2
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
Station
Number
River TTow""
near Libby
River flow
at Aitkin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
s-o
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
River flow
Elk River
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flow
1959:
May :
4-8 :
2,200
-
_
8
15
4
_
9
-
6
10
-
-
at
5,920
7
_
-
4
10
_
6
-
7
_
4
-
at
9,500
_
10
35
9
9
at
Aitkin 11,350
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
Note — Riv
10
-
8
-
-
-
8
1939:
June:
13-15:
840
-
_
7
10
5
_
7
-
10
15
-
-
2,560
10
—
-
10
10
8
7
-
8
—
8
-
3,400
_
10
10
10
8
4,270
12
-
12
—
-
-
. 15
er flows are
1939:
July :
11-13:
1,003
-
_
15
14
4
_
7
_
9
10
-
-
2,660
5
-
-
5
8
6
6
-
5
-
5
-
3,870
_
8
80
15
10
4,730
7
-
9
_
_
-
15
1939:
Aug.:
21-23 :
871
-
_
5
5
2
—
2
-
3
4
-
-
1,340
3
-
-
3
4
3
2
-
2
—
1
-
2,180
_
5
15
5
5
2,590
5
-
5
—
—
-
5
in cubic feet
1939
Dec.
18-21
612
-
_
2
1
1
—
2
—
3
2
-
-
1,050
2
—
-
2
2
—
2
-
2
_
7
-
1,540
_
2
10
2
4
1,830
6
-
3
_
—
-
3
: 1940:
: Feb.:
: 7-9 :
400
-
—
2
4
3
—
2
-
2
2
-
-
885
2
-
-
2
11
—
2
-
-
—
_
—
1,070
w
—
—
_
~
1,230
_
—
_
_
_
—
__
1946:
Mar.:
4-8 :
-
1,640
10
4
8
4
—
5
-
6
19
-
-
2,730
8
6
10
10
15
8
7
-
8
—
6
—
3,560
_
8
_
8
7
4,280
«.
—
7
6
10
6
8
1949:
Jan. :
10-18:
-
730
5
4
11
-
4
3
-
4
7
-
4
1,580
5
5
4
5
8
2
Mf
4
2
1
_
4
1,840
2
4
2
2
3
2,100
1
4
3
3
2
2
2
1951:
Aug.:
15-20 s
-
2,250
-
14
20
4
8
6
-
8
14
-
6
3,560
14
8
7
10
5
8
7
6
5
3
_
6
4,670
6
8
22
8
12
6,610
_*
—
14
13
_
9
17
IS
Au
13-
12,4
per second
XXll
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 3
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
COLOR DETERMINATIONS (p.p.m.)
Station
Number
River flow
near Libby
River flow
at Aitkin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
River flow
Elk River
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flow
at Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1939:
May :
4-8 :
2,200
-
_
100
no
35
_
100
—
95
100
-
-
at
5,920
90
-
_
23
90
—
90
-
90
-
80
-
at
9,500
_
75
55
80
80
11,350
75
-
80
-
-
-
80 _
1939:
June:
13-15:
840
-
—
100
no
30
_
75
-
75
80
-
-
2,560
80
-
-
40
65
55
65
-
50
-
50
-
3,400
_
50
45
45
70
4,270
70
-
50
-
-
-
. . 55
1939:
July:
11-13 :
1,003
-
_
20
120
45
_
85
-
80
90
-
-
2,660
80
-
—
40
80
75
80
-
80
-
80
-
3,870
_.
70
80
70
90
4,730
90
-
80
-
-
-
_70
1939:
Aug.:
21-23:
871
-
_
33
35
25
_
33
_
32
33
_
-
1,340
38
-
_
30
40
38
40
—
38
-
38
-
2,180
_
35
33
35
37
2,590
38
-
36
-
-
—
... .3.5.
1939:
Dec. :
18-21:
612
-
—
28
32
18
_
26
-
27
23
—
-
1,050
22
-
-
19
22
-
22
-
22
-
20
-
1,540
_
21
23
25
22
1,830
20
-
20
-
-
-
19.
1940:
Feb.:
7-9 :
400
-
—
32
38
16
_
28
—
25
24
—
-
885
23
-
—
24
26
_
20
—
_
-
-
—
1,070
_
-
-
—
-
1,230
_
—
_
-
—
-
- _ -_.
1946:
Mar. :
4-8 :
-
1,640
27
25
26
16
_
20
-
25
24
_
—
2,730
25
25
25
28
30
24
25
—
26
—
25
_
3,560
—
25
—
26
25
4,280
25
_
25
25
50
25
25
1949:
Jan. :
10-18:
-
730
30
20
20
—
18
15
-
16
15
-
17
1,580
16
17
18
16
15
15
—
16
16
15
—
17
1,840
14
15
16
13
16
2,100
15
21
16
17
20
16
16
1951:
Aug.:
15-20
-
2,250
-
30
25
25
25
25
-
30
40
-
35
3,560
35
40
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
_
35
4,670
35
40
100
35
60
6,610
«
_
40
40
_
50
_4j5
Note — River flows are in cubic feet per second.
XXlll
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 4
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
Station
Number
Kiver now
near Libby
River flow
at Aitkin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-69
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
River flow
Elk River
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flow
at Anoka
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1939: 1939 : 1939 : 1939 :
May : June : July : Aug. :
4-8 : 13-15 : 11-13 : 21-23 ;
2,200
*.
7.4
7.5
8.1
_
7.8
_
7.7
7.6
_
-
at
5,920
7.6
—
_
7.8
7.5
_
7.3
—
7.7
—
7.6
-
at
9,500
_
7.2
7.7
8.0
7.8
11,350
7.7
-
7.8
_
-
-
7.7
840
_
7.7
7.7
8.1
_
8.0
_
8.0
7.8
_
-
2,560
7.7
—
—
8.4
7.9
8.2
7.9
_
7.9
-
8.3
-
3,400
_
8.4
8.3
8.1
7.9
4,270
7.9
-
8.1
_
—
-
7.8
1,003
_
8.1
7.5
8.4
_
8.1
—
8.3
8.2
_
-
2,660
8.1
-
—
8.3
8.2
8.4
8.2
_
8.2
-
8.3
-
3,870
_
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.3
4,730
8.3
-
8.4
—
-
-
8.5
871
_
8.0
7.7
8.3
_
8.4
_
8.2
7.8
_
—
1,320
7.9
-
_
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.4
_
8.4
_
8.4
—
2,180
_
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.0
2,590
8.2
—
8.3
_
—
-
8.3
1939 :
Dec. :
18-21;
612
_
7.9
7.9
8.1
_
8.0
—
8.0
8.0
_
-
1,050
8.1
-
-
8.0
8.0
_
8.1
—
8.2
-
8.2
-
1,540
_
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.0
1,830
8.2
-
8.2
_
—
-
8.2
1940 :
Feb. :
7-9 :
400
_
7.0
7.0
7.3
_
7.2
-
7.2
7.3
_
-
885
7.3
-
-
7.4
7.7
_
7.7
—
—
-
-
-
1,070
_
-
—
-
-
1,230
_
-
-
—
-
-
-
1946 : 1949 :
Mar. : Jan. :
4-8 : 10-18 :
1,640
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
_
7.5
-
7.5
7.4
_
-
2,730
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.6
—
7.5
-
7.4
-
3,560
_
7.4
-
7.5
7.4
4,280
7.5
-
7.5
8.0
7.6
8.0
7.5
730
7.3
7.4
7.4
-
7.6
7.6
-
7.6
7.2
_
7.2
1,580
7.3
7.4
7.2
7.4
7.4
7.4
-
7.5
7.6
7.4
-
7.5
1,840
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.8
2,100
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.6
: 1952
Apr. 29:
May 6 :
8,350
-
7.6
7.6
8.0
7.7
7.9
-
7.9
7.8
—
7.8
15,400
8.0
8.0
8.4
8.2
8.1
7.7
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
-
8.1
21,200
8.2
8.3
8.1
8.3
8.2
31,000
8.1
-
-
7.9
-
8.2
8.2
: 1952
; Aug.
; 13-14
7.6
7.4
7.5
-
7.6
7.6
12,400
7.4
-
-
8.3
7.5
Note — River flows are in cubic feet per second.
XXIV
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 5
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
DISSOLVED OXYGEN DETERMINATION (p.p.m.) _
Station
Number
River flow
near Libby
River flow
at Aitkin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
River flow
Elk River
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flow
at Anoka 3
M-13
CC
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1939
May
4-8
2,200
-
_
8.0
8.2
9.7
_
8.4
_
7.3
8.1
—
-
at
5,920
8.5
—
_
9.1
8.3
-
8.5
-
8.5
-
8.7
-
at
9,500
—
8.7
8.5
7.5
-
.1,350
8.0
-
7.9
-
-
-
8.5
: 1939
: June
: 13-15
840
-
_
6.8
6.0
6.8
_
8.4
_
7.5
8.1
—
-
2,560
6.8
—
_
9.4
8.4
-
10.0
-
7.8
-
10.4
-
3,400
-
10.5
11.8
7.3
-
4,270
7.6
-
7.8
-
-
-
7.0
: 1939:
: July:
: 11-13:
1,003
-
_
4.0
3.8
7.1
_
6.4
—
5.7
5.2
—
-
2,660
4.2
-
—
7.0
6.0
-
6.4
-
5.2
—
9.3
-
3,870
_
7.3
7.0
6.0
_
4,730
7.3
-
5.9
-
-
-
6.9
1939
Aug.
21-23
871
-
_
8.6
7.2
10.6
—
10.8
_
8.0
7.2
-
-
1,340
6.2
-
—
7.3
7.2
5.8
8.7
-
7.4
-
8.8
-
2,180
—
8.7
7.2
7.7
-
2,590
7.6
-
7.9
-
-
-
JLtl
: 1939:
: Dec . :
: 18-21:
612
-
_
8.7
7.7
9.2
—
8.6
-
7.9
7.7
-
-
1,050
7,7
-
_
8.8
8.2
-
9.1
-
8,5
-
8.8
-
1,540
—
9.3
7.9
9.3
-
1,830
8.9
-
8.5
-
-
-
8.5
1940
Feb.
7-9
400
-
_
4.4
6.2
6.5
_
5.8
-
4.0
6.0
-
-
885
7.6
-
_
11.2
8.8
-
9.6
-
-
-
_
-
1,070
_
-
—
-
-
1,230
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
: 1946
: Mar.
: 4-8
-
1,640
6.3
7.2
7.1
6.2
_
5.9
-
6.0
6.2
-
-
2,730
5.4
5.3
5.7
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.9
-
7.1
-
6.1
-
3,560
_
8.0
—
6.7
10.7
4,280
7.2
-
8.0
8.5
8.6
8.1
7.6
: 1949'
: Jan.
: 10-18
-
730
6.3
9.5
8.3
-
6.9
6.5
-
6.2
6.7
—
6.1
1,580
6.4
7.1
8.9
9.1
8.8
8.1
-
8.3
8.0
—
8.5
8.9
1,840
8.2
9.1
10.9
7.9
11.6
2,100
7.9
10.0
8.8
9.4
10.8
9.8
9.6
: 1951:
: Aug.:
: 15-20:
-
2,250
_
6.6
6.2
10.8
7.4
8.4
-
7.3
7.1
-
6.9
3,560
7.9
7.3
6.8
8.4
7.5
7.5
8.6
8.9
8.2
8.8
_
8.8
4,670
8.7
7.6
7.1
7,8
8.3
6,610
—
_
8.2
8.1
—
8.1
8.2
1952
Apr . 29
May 6
-
8,350
_
7.0
7.1
8.7
7.8
7.4
-
7.6
7.6
-
7.5
15,400
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.4
8.2
8.4
7.9
_
7.6
21,200
7.6
7.5
2.0
7.6
7.0
31,000
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.8
7.2
7.9
8.1
: 1952 ;
: Aug . :
: 13-14 :
5.5
5.7
5.8
—
6.0
6.2
12,400
6.9
—
_
8.5
7.2
Note — River flows are in cubic feet per second.
XXV
-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 6
MISSISSIPPI RIVER SURVEY DATA
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)__DET_ERMINATIONS p.p,m.
Station
Number
River flow
at Aitkin
M-154
M-132
M-130
CW-1
M-116
M-108
M-105
M-102
M-100
M-99
M-85
River flow
at Royalton
M-75
M-70
M-69
S-0
M-68
M-66
M-63
M-60
M-53
M-38
M-37
M-36
River flow
at Elk River
M-27
M-26
C-0
M-14
R-0
River flow
at Anoka
M-13
CO
M-8
M-6
RC
M-l
M-0
1949
Jan.
10-18
730
3.0
2.4
5.3
-
1.0
1.5
-
1.1
-
-
4.4
1,580
.7
8.7
1.4
.5
1.7
1.3
_
2.7
2.3
1.9
-
4.8
1,840
1.0
1.9
1.2
1.7
2.0
2,100
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.0
2.0
1.1
: 1951
: Aug .
: 15-20
2,250
_
1.5
12.0
1.5
.9
1.1
—
1.1
4.7
-
.9
3,560
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.7
.8
1.0
1.1
.9
1.0
.9
-
1.6
4,670
1.5
1.0
2.6
1.0
2.2
6,610
_
_
1.9
1.4
_
1.4
1.8
: 1952
: Apr. 29
: May 6
8,350
_
1.5
1.2
.8
1.3
2.4
-
1.8
2.1
-
1.3
15,400
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.5
1.6
.3
.8
.7
.8
2.1
—
1.3
21,200
1.2
2.6
6.4
1.8
2.4
31,000
2.2
_
2.2
1.3
_
2.1
1.5
: 1952 : 1952
: Aug. i Aug.
: 13 : 14
1.4 .2
1.0 .7
1.2 .4
_ _
.9 3.5
1.4 .6
12,500 12,300
1,1 1.1
- _
— -
1.8 1.5
1.6 .5
Note — River flows are in cubic feet per second.
xxvi
-------
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-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 11
CROW RIVER SUR¥EY DATA
MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF
Station
Number
CS-151
Hutchinson
CS-150
CS-78
Lester Prairie
CS-77
CS-65
CS-59
Watertown
CS-58
CS-51
Delano
CS-49
C-41
Rockford
C-39
C-24
C-23
C-21
C-l
Dayton
C-0
CN-10
CN-9
CN-8
Kingston
CN-7
Cokato
CN-6
CN-5
CN-4
CN-3
CN-2
CN-44
B-95
Glencoe
B-92
B-87
B-84
COLIFORM BACTERIA PER 100 ml. (MEHl_
1939 : 1939 : 1939 : 1939 :
June : June : July : Sept. :
7 s 26 : 24 : 6-8 :
1,300 490 490
49,000 35,000 35,000
9,200 780 2,300
5,400 7,900 4,900
13,000 3,300 2,300
2,400 5,400 3,300
13,000 45,000 35,000
10,000 8,200 1,800
15,000 7,900 13,000
7,000 7,000 1,300
21,000 10,000 2,200
1,600 3,400 1,300
1,200 3,600 3,700
_ _ _
4,800 3,400 1,700
5,000 3,300 3,100
_ _ _
_ _ -
_ - -
_
_ _ -
_ _ -
_ - -
_ — —
_ _ —
5,400 1,100 490
1,600 4,900 24,000
7,000 92,000 92,000
24,000 22,000 7,000
7,900 5,600 2,300
-
240,000
3,300-
11,000
7,900
3,300
1,600,000
2,800
6,700
35,000
18,000
24,000
6,000
—
2,500
7,500
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4,800
-
-
-
-
1939 :
Oct. ;
2 :
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
920
330
490
9,200
3,500
1,700
790
3,100
2,200
790
-
-
-
-
1940 :
Jan.
25-26 :
-
-
-
-
45
670,000
160,000
54,000
1,700
330
1,700
350
-
20
22
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
250
23
22
-
-
-
-
July :
6-12 :
230
350,000
1,700
3,500
1,300
790
54,000
790
17,000
790
5,400
130
1,700
310
920
920
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
330
-
-
-
-
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-------
APPENDIX V, TABLE 13
MINNEAPOLIS RAW WATER BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA*
MISSISSIPPI RIVER STATION M-l
19U-, 19U2, and 1952
Date MPN/100 ml Date MPN/100 ml Date MPN/100
7=SBWjl
8-1-Ul
8-340-
8-5-Ul
8-7-lil
8-9-U-
8-11-Ul
8-13-1+1
8-15-Ul
8-17-Ul
8-19-Ul
8-21-Ul
8-23-Ul
8-25-LO-
8-27-Ul
8-29-Ul
8-31-Ul
9-2-Ul
9-li-la
9-6-iil
9-13-Ul
9-15-10-
9-17-hl
9-20-U1
9-27-Ul
10-2-Jil
10-U-iO-
10-6-Ul
10-20-Ul
10-25-Ul
io-27-ia
10-30-Ul
11-3-Ul
n-5-ia
ll-8-Ul
11-12-Ul
n-17-Ui
11-20-Ul
1,100
260
270
790
790
1,100
700
790
330
1,UOO
1,700
2,UOO
1,700
1,100
790
1,700
2,800
2,200
2,100
1,700
2,200
5,Uoo
2,1|00
3,500
5,hoo
2,IiOO
9,200
2,200
1,300
1,700
1,700
3,500
1,700
2,UOO
3,500
5,Uoo
3,5oo
3,5oo
H^ZL-UI
ll-27-Ul
12-2-ljl
12-ii-iil
12-9-lil
12-13-Ul
1-6-U2
1-11-U2
1-17-U2
1-28-U2
2-3-U2
2-6-U2
2-7-U2
2-13-U2
2-17 -U2
2-2U-4t2
2-2U-U2
3-11-U2
3-20-U2
3-31-U2
1-7-52
1-1U-52
1-21-52 (2:00 AM)
1-21-52 (U;00 AM)
1-21-52 (6;00 AM)
1-21-52 (8:00 M)
1-21-52 (10:00 AM)
1-21-52 (12:00 N)
1-21-52 (2:00 PM)
1-28-52
2-U-52
li-21-52
U-28-52
5-5-52
5-12-52
5-19-52
5-26-52
6-2-52
6-9-52
J,50CT
1,700
3,500
2,200
2,UOO
1,700
1,300
790
2,iiOO
1,700
2,800
5,Uoo
1,100
9,200
2,200
790
2,200
3,500
2,1*00
790
7,000
li,900
3,300
1,700
li,900
U,900
1,300
1,100
U5o
U,900
3,500
95o
61+o
790
2,200
3,500
1,700
9,200
2,300
5-15-52
6-23-52
6-27-52
7-9-52
7-15-52 (6:00 PM)
7-15-^2 (8:00 PM)
7-15-52 (10:00 PM)
7-15-52 (12:00 M)
7-16-52 (2:00 AM)
7-16-52 (lit 00 AM)
7-16-52 (6:00 AM)
7-16-52 (8:00 AM)
7-16-52 (10:00 AM)
7-16-52 (12:00 N)
7-16-52 (2;00 PM)
7-16-52 (U:00 PM)
7-28-52
8-U-52
8-11-52
8-18-52
8-25-52
9-1-52
9-15-52
9-22-52
9-29-52
10-6-52
10-28-52
11-3-52
11-10-52
11-20-52
11-2U-52
12-1-52
12-8-52
12-15-52
12-22-52
12-29-52
7«0
1,700
7,000
U, 900
7,000
9,000
13,000
U,900
2,300
7,90C
li,90C
7,90C
U,90C
U,90C
3,30C
7,00(
7,OOC
11,00'
7,001
7,9a
22,00v"
17,00^
11,OOC
13,OOC
It,6or
2,30(
2,30t
5,Uoi
3,5oc
l,30t
5,iiO(
1,70'
9,20
2,UO'
3,50(
1,70-
Data from Minneapolis Water Department Laboratories
xxxvix
-------
|