i-State Development Agency
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ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA
COOPERATING AGENCIES
STATE OF MISSOURI
DIVISION OF HEALTH
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
EDUCATION AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
STATE OF ILLINOIS
SANITARY WATER BOARD
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Bi-State Development Agency
I
dten
ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA
1954
STATE OF MISSOURI
DIVISION OF HEALTH
COOPERATING AGENCIES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
EDUCATION AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
STATE OF ILLINOIS
SANITARY WATER BOARD
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This survey was made possible through the fine cooperation and support
provided by the participating agencies as well as the various other Federal,
State, and local agencies which were contacted for information and assistance,,
Vftiile it is not practicable to individually acknowledge all those who con-
tributed to the project it is desired at this time to give recognition to the
several agencies and their representatives who contributed in one way or
another during the course of the survey0
In addition to the participating agencies it is desired that due recog-
nition and appreciation be extended the following s
I;
St0 Louis, Missouria City Water Department
l>: Uo So Coast Guard (2nd Coast Guard District)
••<) Ue So Geological Survey, ^i>0 Louis, Missouri
U0 S0 Corps of Engineers, Ste Louis District Office
Illinois Natural History Survey
Illinois Department of Conservation
Missouri Conservation Commission
Illinois State Health Department
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PERSONNEL
Personnel for the survey field staff were provided by the several par-
ticipating agencies. These personnel, some of whom were associated with the
project on a part-time basis, are listed as follows:
Milton M« Kinsey, Project Director (Bi-State Development Agency)
Stanley G. Monroe, Project Manager (U. S. Public Health Service)
Victor E. Tinderholt, Chemist-Bacteriologist (Bi-State Development Agency)
Claude Williams, Chemist (Division of Health of Missouri)
Eugene ¥. Surber, Biologist (U« S. Public Health Service)
Clifford L. Summers, Public Health Engineer (Division of Health of Missouri)
William E, Budd, Public Health Engineer (Illinois State Health Department)
Charles L. Ritchie, Public Health Engineer (Illinois State Health Department)
Robert Schiffman, Biologist (Illinois State Health Department)
This report was prepared by the Project Manager, and was approved by the
Advisory Board,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Summary of Recommendations
SECTION I
1
5
SECTION II
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The Pollution Problem
Initiation of the Investigation
Organization of Survey
8
8
9
13
SECTION III
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Geography and Topography
Climate
Hydrology
Industrial Development
Population
17
17
17
18
18
19
SECTION IV
USES OF WATER RESOURCES OF AREA
Municipal
Industrial
Fish and Wildlife
Recreation
Agricultural
Navigation
Waste Disposal
26
26
27
33
33
34
34
34
SECTION V
HIDROMETRIC DATA
River Discharges
Flow Velocities
Low Flow Frequencies
Water Temperatures
36
36
40
44
47
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SECTION VI
FIELD SIEVE! OPERATIONS 50
Field Investigations 50
Industrial Wastes Inventory 50
Main River Sampling 53
Outfall Sewer Sampling 57
Biological Studies 58
Miscellaneous Studies 58
Laboratory Operations 59
SECTION VII
POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLATION AND SANITARY DISTRICTS 61
Stats Water Pollution Control Agencies 6l
Existing State Laws 61
Legislation Governing Sanitary Districts 63
SECTION VIII
SOURCES OF POLLUTION 74
Municipal Wastes 80
Industrial Wastes 82
Pollution Loading 83
SECTION IX
PRESENTATION OF LABORATORY RESULTS 86
Laboratory Methods 86
Significance of Laboratory Analyses 86
Presentation of Analytical Data 90
Discussion of Laboratory Data 106
SECTION X
DISCUSSION OF FMDINGS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES 119
Influence of Missouri River 119
Water Quality 120
Pollution Contributed from Area 122
Effects of Pollution on Water Uses 127
Pollution Control Measures in Effect 131
Stream Flows 132
Pollution Abatement Policy 134
Water Quality Objectives 137
Waste Treatment Needs 139
Benefits Derived from Abatement of Pollution 141
Planning and Coordination of Abatement Program 142
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 144
Figure FIGURES
1 Population Growth 18?0 - 1970 21
2 Density of Population (1950) 24
3 Monthly Mean Flows (Mississippi & Missouri Rivers 1951-52) 37
4 Minimum Monthly Average Flows (Mississippi River) 38
5 Monthly Average Flows - Mississippi River (1933-50, 51, 52) 39
6 Discharge Duration Curves, Mississippi River (Alton & St0Louis) 41
7 Velocity - Discharge Curves, Mississippi River 42
& Time of Flow, Mississippi River below St0 Louis 43
9 Flow Frequency Distributions, Mississippi River (Sta Louis) 45
10 Flow Frequency Distribution, Mississippi River (Alton) 46
11 Water Temperature Distribution, Mississippi River (1946-50) 49
12 Sampling Stations, Mississippi River (Metropolitan Area) 55
13 Cumulative Number of Samples Collected (1951-52) 60
14 Distribution of Pollution Load (Total) 85
15 Seasonal Laboratory Results (R), 1951-52 91
16 Seasonal Laboratory Results (C), 1951-52 92
17 Seasonal Laboratory Result* (L), 1951-52 93
18 Seasonal Phenol Results (R)? 1951-52 94
19 Seasonal Phenol Results (C), 1951-52 95
20 Seasonal Phenol Results (L), 1951-52 96
21 Seasonal Turbidity Results (R & L), 1951-52 98
22 Laboratory Results (Station 202,5 to Station 53,0) 99
23 Laboratory Results (Cross-sectional samples) 105
24 Dissolved Oxygen Reduction (Station 202,5 to Station 53.0) 115
A Percentage Clean Water, Falcultative & Pollutional Organisms A-73
vii
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Table TABLES Page
1 Estimated Population Growth 1950-70 22
2 Population in Incorporated Areas (1000 or more) 23
3 Population Distribution (density per square mile) 23
4 Municipal Surface Water Supplies 28
5 Municipal Ground Water Supplies 29
6 Industrial Surface Water Supplies 30
7 Industrial Ground Water Supplies 31
8 Minimum Monthly Mean Flows (frequency) 44
9 Percent of Time (years) Minimum Flows Occurred 47
10 Monthly Average Water Temperatures (1940-49) 48
11 Industrial Establishments Surveyed 52
12 Sewer Outlets (Missouri) 75
13 Sewer Outlets (Illinois) 79
14 Garbage Quantities, Ground and Sold (St, Louis) 81
15 Pollution Load (Domestic and Industrial) 84
16 Sewer Outfalls Sampled (Missouri) 102
17 Sewer Outfalls Sampled (Illinois) 103
Vlll
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SECTION I
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Mississippi River Water Pollution Investigation in the St, Louis
metropolitan area was a cooperative study undertaken by the Bi-State Develop-
ment Agency, the States of Missouri and Illinois, and the U, S, Public Health
Service, The field work, carried on during the period 1951-52, covered the
stretch of river between Alton Dam and Jefferson Barracks Bridge and included
the collection of river water samples for physical, chemical, and bacterio-
logical examination; studies. pertaining to the biological life in the
streamj study of hydrometric dataj determination of the sources and
magnitude of the pollution loading from the areaj and the collection of data
relative to uses of the water resources. The primary objectives of the
survey were: (l) collection and evaluation of sufficient data to determine
whether a stream sanitation problem was present, (2) determination of the
extent and nature of the problem, and (3) recommendations for corrective
action if such action were deemed necessary for the protection of water uses.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1, The Mississippi River at St, Louis is characterized by wide varia=»
tions in seasonal flows. Normally there is a considerable rise occurring
during April and again during June, Minimum flows normally occur during
December and January, Future regulation of Missouri River flows by proposed
impoundments in the Missouri Basin will, to a limited extent, increase the
unregulated minimum flows in the Mississippi River at St, Louis,
2, A study of flow records indicate that minimum monthly average flows
of 52,000 cfs and 45»000 cfs may be expected once in 5 and 10 years respec-
tively at St, Louis (below the mouth of the Missouri River), Similarly
minimum monthly average flows of 28,000 cfs and 24,500 cfs may be expected
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once in 5 and 10 years respectively at Alton (above the mouth of the Missouri
River). The monthly average flows in the Mississippi River at St. Louis
during the period of the survey were 291,000 cfs and 203,700 cfs for the
years 1951 and 1952 respectively,, The average for the previous 18 year
period (1933-50) -was 166,900 cfs0
3<> Pull utilization, of the available dilution water in the stream is
not realized for a considerable distance downstream due to the width of
stream and flow characteristics,) The results show a considerably higher
degree of pollution in the lateral zones of the. river throughout the metro-
politan area due to the channeling of wastes down the shorelines on both the
Missouri and Illinois sides of the river0
4. The 1950 population in the Bi-State District was 1,732,570 and on
the basis of present trends the 1970 population is estimated at 2,000,000e
It has also been predicted that the present trend of industrial expansion
will continue for another two or three decades,. The waste load from the
area will thus be correspondingly increased over the present load*
5» Industrial wastes from the metropolitan area vary widely in
characteristics „ The most important effect on present water uses is the
objectionable tastes produced in water supplies and also in fish taken from
this section of river and further downstream,, Thisa together with an or-
ganic load having a population equivalent approximately three times the
domestic load, contributes to undesirable stream conditions.
60 The principal compla,ints in connection with water uses in the area
have been caused by the objectionable tastes in -water supplies and fish, as
well as by the sludge banks and floating solids0
7o The East St0 Louis water supply intake is affected by the waste
loads from the upper reaches of the metropolitan area0 This is the most
seriously affected supply in the area from taste and odor producing wastes „
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Other plants downstream are affected to a lesser degree. The greatest
difficulty is usually encountered at low river stages during low temperature
periods* Although the situation has been improved in recent years due to
waste reduction measures provided by the industries there is still a problem
during certain river conditions.
8. There has been a sharp decrease in the commercial fish catch since
1947, according to reports by the Upper Mississippi Conservation Committee.
This decrease cannot be wholly attributable to pollution conditions but is,
to a considerable extent, due to economic and other factors.
9. Sludge deposits are in evidence in the lateral zone areas as far as
100 miles downstream. These are formed for the most part by settleable
sewage and garbage wastes, and cause nuisance conditions during low summer
flows.
10. Evidence of oil pollution was observed by the frequent appearance
of oil films on the surface of the stream, and also in the bottom samples
collected in connection with the biological studies. Oily mud was noted as
far downstream as T/fegner Landing, a distance of approximately 100 miles
from the center of the metropolitan area,
11, The laboratory results indicate that, in general, the oxygen
content of the river was quite satisfactory during the survey. However, the
abnormally high stream flows during most of the survey period and the ad-
ditional dilution provided must be taken into consideration when evaluating
the capacity of the stream to assimilate organic pollution.
12. A series of downstream samples collected during the fall of 1952,
when river flows were at the lowest stage (70,000 cfs) during the period of
the survey, indicated a continued reduction in the oxygen content of the
river as far downstream as the vicinity of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri (mile
122). During low summer flows and maximum water temperatures a critical
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deficit may occur in this stretch of river.
13• The biological studies indicated the predominance of pollution
tolerant organisms in the bottom mud samples collected from the river in and
below the metropolitan area. The presence and/or absence of certain species
at some sampling points -was indicative of chemical pollution as well as
pollution from domestic and organic wastes,. Samples collected during the
lower river stages indicated that pollution was limiting the total number of
different species of organisms in the section of river surveyed as well as
bringing about an increase in the number of certain organisms which thrive
on organic pollution.
14. The off-flavor experiments on fish were conducted on a limited
scale, and although not conclusive,, did produce evidence indicating that the
off-flavors were acquired from wastes discharged in this area.
15« The present stream conditions do not provide a favorable habitat
for propagation of a well balanced fish fauna. This would be particularly
true during summer low flow periods when the oxygen resources of the stream
would be at a minimum,,
160 The Mississippi River must serve as the ultimate means of dis-
posal of wastes from the metropolitan area* Proper control measures or
treatment will provide the favorable stream conditions that are necessary
for the protection of other legitimate -water uses.
17« The State of Missouri does not have comprehensive legislation
for the effective control of water pollution,
18. The stretch of river through the metropolitan area and for
approximately ISO miles downstream to the mouth of the Ohio Siver is under
the jurisdiction of the water pollution control agencies of the States of
Missouri and Illinois. A pollution abatement program for this stretch of
the Mississippi River is a joint problem and should be properly coordinated
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through an appropriate interstate agency or compact. The Bi-State Develop-
ment Agency can act as the coordinating interstate Agency in such a pollution
abatement program for the area,
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of the findings resulting from this investigation it is
recommended:
1. That the Water Pollution Control Agencies of Missouri and Illinois
adopt the following water quality objectives as a basis for a comprehensive
program to control pollution of the Mississippi River:
General Objectives
All wastes, including sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial
effluents, shall be in such condition when discharged to the Mississippi
River that they will not create conditions in that stream which will adversely
affect the use of those waters for the following purposes: source of do-
mestic vater supply or industrial water supply, navigation, fish and wildlife,
recreation, agriculture and other riparian activities.
In general, adverse conditions are caused by;
A. Excessive bacterial, physical or chemical contamination.
B. Unnatural deposits in the stream, interfering with fish and wild-
life, recreation, or destruction of aesthetic values.
C. Materials imparting objectionable colors, tastes or odors to waters
used for domestic or industrial purposes*
D. Floating materials, including oils, grease, garbage, sewage solids,
or other refuse.
Specific Objectives
In more specific terms, adequate controls of pollution will necessitate
the following objectives for:
A. Sanitary Sewage and Storm Water
Sufficient treatment for adequate removal or reduction of
solids, bacteria and chemical constituents which may interfere
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unreasonably with the use of these waters for the purposes afore-
mentioned. Adequate protection for these waters would be provided
bys
(a) Substantially complete removal of floating and
settleable solids| and
(b) Removal of not less than forty-five per cent of
the total suspended solids.
B, Industrial Wastes
(l) Chemical Wastes - Phenolic Type
Industrial waste effluents from phenolic hydrocarbon
and other chemical plants will cause objectionable tastes
or odors in drinking or industrial water supplies and may
taint the flesh of fish. Adequate protection should be
provided for these waters if the concentration of phenol or
phenol equivalents doss not exceed a monthly average of 2
parts per billion and a maximum of 5 parts per billion at
any point in these waters following initial dilution.
(2) Chemical Wastes - Other Than Phenolic
Adequate protection should be provided if:
(a) The pH of these waters following initial dilution
is not less than 6.7 or more than 8.5*
(b) The odor~preducing substances in the effluent are
reduced to a point that following initial dilu-
tion with these waters the mixture does not have
a monthly average threshold odor number in excess
of 10 and a maximum daily odor number in excess
of 30.
(c) Oils and floating solids are reduced to a point
such that they will not create fire hazards,
coat hulls of water craft,,, injure fish or wild-
life or their habitats or will adversely affect
public or private recreational development or
other legitimate shoreline developments or uses.
In order to accomplish this it will be necessary
to reduce concentrations of such materials dis-
charged to the point i-jhere after initial dilution
the stream shall be free of noticeable floating
solids, oils jrease, and sleek*
(3) Highly Toxic Wastes
Adequate protection should be provided for these waters
if substances highly toxic to human,, fish, aquatic or wildlife
are eliminated or reduced to safe limits.
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(4) Deoxygenating Wastes
Adequate protection of these -waters should result if
sufficient waste reduction process changes or if sufficient
treatment is provided to accomplish substantially the same
objectives as are herein set up for sanitary sewage.
2. That the municipalities, sewer districts, sanitary districts, and
industries contributing to the pollution take definite steps towards pro-
viding the corrective measures necessary to accomplish these objectives.
The design of abatement works should be based on the treatment plant
effluent requirements necessary to attain the desired stream quality
objectives during critical low flow periods. The study of frequency of low
flows in this report was based on minimum monthly averages and, on this
basis, it is concluded that the design of abatement works for this area
should be at least adequate to meet requirements during a minimum monthly
average flow period with a recurrence interval of 10 years*
3. That the State of Missouri enact comprehensive water pollution
control legislation to provide more effective authority to carry out the
pollution abatement program*,,
4» That the State of Missouri adopt legislation identical to Senate
Bill 364 adopted by the 68th General Assembly of Illinois, which will enable
the Bi-State Development Agency to more actively participate in the control
of water pollution in the metropolitan area.
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SECTION II
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
THE POLLUTION PROBLEM
The Mississippi River, an interstate stream dividing the states of
Missouri and Illinois,, has long served the St. Louis - Alton - E. St. Louis
metropolitan area as the principal scarce of water supply and also as a
means for disposal of municipal and industrial wastes,, It has also served
as an important artery of transportation, has provided for extensive
ocfflBiercial and recreational fishing throughout its entire length, and is
also used to a considerable exberit- for recreational purposes in many areas.
In view of the multiple uses for which this valuable natural resource is
utilized it has played an important role in the economic development of the
metropolitan area« The continued utilisation of this resource for the
varied purposes it is eapabls of serving will be an important factor in the
future economy of the area. The preservation cf this resource for all the
useful purposes it now serves., or is capable of serving, can only be assured
by the prevention of the unreasonable use of the stream for any one or more
purposes. This is particularly true in the case of its use as a means of
•waste disposal for either municipal or industrial wastes. It is therefore
imperative that this watercourse be protected from any unreasonable usage if
it is expected to serve the domestic,, industrial, commercial, recreational
or other uses which it is capable of serving in this metropolitan area or
downstream.
Over a period of years there have been complaints alleging pollution of
the Mississippi River in the metropolitan area0 Many of these complaints
were received from commercial fishermen operating in the stretch of river
vdthin the metropolitan area and downstream for approximately 75 to 100
.Tiles» These complaints were with reference to foreign tastes occurring in
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the fish taken during certain periods, presumably due to stream pollutants,
which made them unmarketable and resulted in financial loss to the fisherman.
Certain public -water supplies in the area have, from time to time, en-
countered considerable difficulty with the taste problem in the supply taken
from the river. This supposedly is caused by certain types of industrial
wastes in the stream.
The pollution problem in this area has been a matter of increasing
importance as a result of the continued population growth and industrial
expansion,. The increasing domestic sewage load creates a potential health
problem as a result of the increased bacterial pollution. The industrial
development involving new products and processes has tended to increase the
complexity of the industrial wastes control problem. The variations in
these -wastes produce effects in addition to and different from those pro-
duced by domestic sewage, and therefore, may impair in different ways 'the
quality of the water used for domestic, industrial, and other purposes.
The existence of a pollution problem resulting from wastes discharged in this
metropolitan area, and the adverse effects on certain water uses, has long
been recognized by interested groups.
INITIATION OF THE INVESTIGATION
Since this is an interstate stream and the pollution contributed
originated in both Missouri and Illinois it was considered advisable that
the problem be considered by interested agencies from both States and also
the Federal Government. As a result, a meeting was held in the offices of
the Metropolitan Plan Association, St. Louis, Missouri, on April &, 1948, in
order to discuss the problem* Organizations represented at this meeting
were as follows: State of Missouri, State of Illinois, Metropolitan Plan
Association, City of St. Louis, U. S. Public Health Service, Missouri
Outdoor Writers' Association, and Horner & Shifrin, Consulting Engineers,
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St. Louis, Missouri. The outcome of this meeting resulted in the appoint-
ment of a sub-committee (Stream Sanitation Committee, Missouri-Illinois
Metropolitan Area) to summarize the information brought out at the meeting
and to further study the problem in a preliminary manner and to submit a re-
port to the Metropolitan Plan Association outlining the problem and
recommending a course of action to be followed.
The above preliminary report brought out the fact that the major
portion of the domestic sewage and industrial wastes originating within the
metropolitan area discharges directly to the Mississippi River between the
Alton Dam and Jefferson Barracks, or within a stretch of approximately 35
miles. It was also pointed out that industrial process wastes are a matter
of considerable significance in the stream sanitation problem in this area.
The industry of the area is widely diversified and, while a considerable
number of industries in the area can be considered as producing no waste
products of significance as stream pollutants, a sizeable number do discharge
•wastes which have a definite pollutional effect. The characteristics of
industrial wastes and their effect on a receiving stream vary widely. On the
other hand, the characteristics of domestic sewage are fairly well defined
and remain fairly constant regardless of location, which makes it possible
to better estimate its effect on a stream. The characteristics of garbage
are less well defined and a reasonably accurate estimate of its effect on a
stream would require considerable study of the local problem. It was pointed
out in the above Stream Sanitation Committee report that in evaluating the
stream sanitation problem all these factors must be integrated into the
whole problem.
The conclusions reached by the above committee as a result of its pre-
liminary study of the problem are summarized as follows?
"1. Objectionable conditions do at times exist in the Mississippi
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River in and below the Metropolitan Area.
"2, The actual extent and magnitude of the objectionable river condi-
tions cannot be estimated within any reasonable degree of accuracy
due to the virtual absence of data on river conditions and the ef-
fect on the river of wastes discharge.
"3. No accurate data are available at the present time on the overall
waste loading discharged to the river in this area.
"4o Due to the scarcity of data and the lack of facilities for the col-
lection of such data, it has been impossible to outline the stream
sanitation problem or to even determine definitely whether a problem
exist So11
In view of the above conclusions resulting from its preliminary study the
committee recommended that a survey be made in sufficient detail and of suf-
ficient duration to definitely establish whether a stream sanitation problem
was present,, If such a problem was present, its extent and nature should be
established in sufficient detail so that recommendations for corrective action
could be made on the basis of the survey data collected. In order to accom-
plish this, a comprehensive survey covering the effect of the waste discharges
on water uses, as well as definitely establishing the waste loading discharged
from the outlets in the area? would be necessary0 The committee felt that a
survey of this scope would have to be conducted through the cooperative effort
of several organizations, and it suggested that this could best be performed
by the U. S0 Public Health Service in cooperation with the various interested
State agencies in both Missouri and Illinois0 The authorization for the U. S.
Public Health Service to enter into survey work such as this had been recently
set up and provided for in Public Law 845. The comnittee therefore recommended
that the Metropolitan Plan Association formally request the water pollution
control agencies of the States of Missouri and Illinois to take such action
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as was deemed necessary and advisable to conduct a cooperative survey with the
U« S. Public Health Service of the stream sanitation problem presented by the
discharge of domestic and industrial wastes to the Mississippi River from the
Metropolitan Area.
Subsequent conferences of the interested agencies were called to formulate,
in a preliminary mannerj plans for a proposed survey of the Mississippi River
in the St. Louis - E. St. Louis Metropolitan Area. In the meantime the States
of Missouri and Illinois entered into a compact through legislation passed by
their respective State Legislatures creating the Bi-State Development Agency
and the Bi-State Metropolitan District. The Bi-State Metropolitan District en-
bodied the following territory; The City of St. Louis and the counties of St»
Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson in Missouri, and the counties of Madison, St.
Glair, and Monroe in Illinois. The Bi-State Development Agency (hereinafter
referred to as the Bi-State Agency) assumed the functions formerly performed
by the previously mentioned Metropolitan Plan Association. A part of the
functions of the Bi-State Agency authorized under the above compact include:
Ifl« To plans construct, maintain,, own and operate bridges, tunnels, air-
portsj, and terminal facilities and to plan and establish policies
for sewage and drainage facilities5
"2. To make plans for submission to the communities involved for co-
ordination of streets5, highways,, parkways, parking areas, terminals,
water supply and sewage and disposal works9 recreational and con-
servation facilities and projects, land use pattern and other matters
in which joint or coordinated action of the communities within the
areas will be generally beneficial.**
It was planned that this survey be conducted usingj, in part, funds provided
under Public Law 845 of the U, S. Congressg and that the participating agencies
would consist of the U« S. Public Health Service^ Bi-State Agency, Division of
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Health of Missouri, and the Illinois Sanitary Water Board. After the Bi-State
Agency had been formally set up and the commissioners appointed and it was de-
termined that the Agency -was eligible for allotment of funds under Public Law
845, the proposed project was presented to the Agency for its approval., In
turn the Agency forwarded an application to the U. S. Public Health Service
for an allotment of funds under the above mentioned Public Law 845. The Bi-
State Agency?s application for allotment of funds for the project was approved
and the allotment received early in the fall of 1950*
The funds available to the Bi-State Agency were not sufficient to make
as detailed or comprehensive a -survey as had been proposed by representatives
of the States of Missouri and Illinois* The extent of the survey was therefore
reduced in line with the funds available from the participating agencies. It
was planned to limit the survey to a two-year period on an active basis. The
stretch of river to be studied would extend from Alton Dam to the vicinity of
Jefferson Barracks bridge3 or a stretch of approximately 35 miles of river ex-
tending through the metropolitan area.
Detailed arrangements were worked out for the inauguration and operation
of the project by representatives of the participating agencies. This in-
volved reaching an agreement relative to type and extent of assistance to be
provided by each cooperating agency,, securing laboratory facilities, recruit-
ment of personnel, purchase of equipment, etc. It should be mentioned that
the final arrangements agreed upon for the operation of the project were mutu-
ally satisfactory as a result of the cooperative approach taken by the agencies
concerned. Actual sampling operations were begun during January 1951, and ex-
tended until December 1952,
For purposes of this report the project shall be referred to as the
Mississippi River Pollution Survey, St. Louis Metropolitan Area,
ORGANIZATION OF SURVEY
As previously mentioned this survey was planned as a cooperative project
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between the Bi-State Agency, Division of Health of Missouri, State Sanitary
Water Board of Illinois, and the U. S. Public Health Service. The Bi-State
Agency s or the sponsoring agency, received a Federal grant -under the provi-
sions of Section 8a of Public Law 845 for the purpose of conducting the investi-
gation This was supplemented by the additional assistance provided through
agreement by the other participating agencies. This assistance consisted of
provision of personnel, equipment, advisory services, etc. in addition to
that provided by the Bi-State Agency. The participation of the U. S. Public
Health Service was provided through the Upper Mississippi - Great Lakes Drain-
age Basins Office of the Division of Water Pollution Control, and the Robert
A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. The section of river
designated for study under this project is located within the area of juris-
diction of the Upper Mississippi - Great Lakes Drainage Basins Office, Chicago,
Illinois.
In connection with the planning and operation of the project a Project
Advisory Board, consisting of a representative from each participating agency,
was appointed for the purpose of providing advisory and consultant services
in the administration of the project. This Board consisted of the following!
Milton M. Kinsey - Chief Sagineer, Bi-State Development Agency
W. Q. Kehr* - Division of Health of Missouri
A. Paul Troemper — Illinois State Sanitary Water Board
Paul W. Reed - U. S. Public Health Service
(*- Replaced by Clifford L, Summers in April 1952)
!
The survey organization included a Project Director and a field staff
consisting of a Project Manager, Chemist-Bacteriologist, Laboratory Technician,
Sample Collector, and Motorboat Operator. The field staff was supplemented
from time to time by personnel provided by the two States and the Upper Missis-
sippi ~ Great Lakes Drainage Basins Office, P.H.S.
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A major-portion of the laboratory equipment was purchased by the Bi-
State Agency with the grant funds allotted to it. Upon completion of the field
work this equipment was sold and the amount realized from the sale ms added to
the balance remaining in the grant fund to be xised toward defraying the cost of
preparation of the survey report* Additional laboratory and survey equipment
was loaned by the participating and other cooperating agencies, A pick-up
truck was provided and operating costs assumed by the Division of Health of
Missouri, A mobile laboratory unit was provided for a period of time on two
different occasions by the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board in order to
facilitate the handling of special work. All main river sampling was done by
boat and the U. Se Coast Guard and the Illinois Natural History Survey co-
operated in furnishing motorboats for this purpose* Personnel and boat were
furnished by the Illinois State Department of Conservation for use in con-
nection with the biological sampling program which was carried on at periodic
intervals throughout the survey. This same agency also furnished a boat and
operator for use in connection with a special downstream water sampling program
which was carried on for about three weeks during the fall of 1952. Sampling
equipment used on the survey was furnished by the Robert A«> Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, PeH.S«,
Field headquarters for the survey were located at the St. Louis, Missouri,
Chain of Rocks Water Filtration Plant located on Riverview Drive. This was
made possible through the cooperation of ths St. Louis Water Department which
provided laboratory and field office space at its Chain of Rocks Plant„ This
also included the provision of utilities and field office equipment, and also
the use of certain -water plant laboratory equipment« This arrangement., togeth-
er with other services provided., greatly facilitated field operations.
Administrative matters such as the accounting in connection with the dis-
bursement of grant funds, etc. were handled by the Project Director and his
15
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staff in the Bi-State Agency office. Direction of all field activities
•under the direct supervision of the Project Manager with headquarters at the
above mentioned Chain of Rocks Water Filtration Plant.
16
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SECTION III
GMMAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA
GEOGRAPHY AMD TOPOGRAPHY
The Mississippi River, for purposes of this report, comprises the stretch
of river extending within the limits of the Bi-State area. This section of
river is bounded by St» Charles, St. Louis, and Jefferson Counties, and the
City of St. Louis on the weste It is bounded by Madison, St. Glair, and
Monroe Counties on the east. Major tributaries entering this reach of river
include the Missouri and Meramec Rivers. The Missouri River enters the Mis-
sissippi about 5 miles above the north limits of the City of St» Louis while
the Meramec enters about 11 miles below the southern limits of the City.
Drainage from the entire Bi-State area, an area of approximately 3»600 square
miles, is direct to the Mississippi or its tributaries. The Mississippi
River at St. Louis drains an area of 701,000 square miles or about 23 percent
of the total area of continental United States.
The main river and its principal tributaries in the northern part of the
Bi-State area are bordered by alluvial flood plains along most of their
courseso The flood plains are at an altitude of 400 to 450 ft. and reach a
maximum width of about 11 miles. The ground surface rises abruptly at the
edges of the flood plain onto a gently rolling upland which ranges from 550
to 700 ft. in altitude. A large part of the City of St« Louis is on this up-
land „
CLIMATE
The climate in the St. Louis area could be considered as about average
for the United States. Periods of extreme high and low temperatures rarely
occur, and long rainy periods or prolonged droughts are uncommon. The average
annual precipitation during 100 years of record is about 39 inches. During
17
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the past 50 years the extremes ranged from 23.23 inches in 1930 to 57.12 inches
in 1946. The average snowfall is 17.4 inches and ranged from 0,7 inches in
1931-32 to 67-6 inches in 1911-12.
The average annual temperature is about 56° F. Temperatures above 90° F.
occur on about 35 days a year while temperature of 0* F. or lower occur about
2 days a year. The average relative humidity is 64 percent (4)«
HYDROLOGY
The Mississippi RiverP at St. Louis, is characterized by wide variations
in seasonal flows„ The period of record indicates a significant rise usually
occurring during the spring and another during early sumaer. The first rise
usually occurs during April following the melt of the snow blanket over the
interior plains e The June rise results from the snow melt in the upper reaches
of the Mississippi and Missouri basins combined with spring rainfall in the
lower basin area. Following the June rise there are occasional rises through-
out the summer and early autumn caused by heavy rains. The winter season is a
period of low flows. With the exception of limited areas along the shore line
and above wing-dikes there is no ice coverage encountered in this stretch of
river«
The average monthly discharge at St0 Louis for the 18-year period from
1933 to 1950 was 166S900 cfs. During the period of this study or during the
years 1951 and 1952 the average monthly discharge was 291,000 cfs during 1951
and 203j,700 cfs during 1952.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT (l)
The Bi-State area is characterized by its wide diversification of in-
dustrial activities. Manufacturers in the area include 357 of the 468 clas-
sifications used by the Bureau of the Census. Of the nineteen classifications
used by the Federal Reserve Banks only one of these (food) accounts for more
18
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than 10 percent of the total industrial employment. Manufacturing represents
the largest single source of employment or about 35 percent of the total em-
ployment, while the retail and wholesale trade falls in the second category
with about 20 percent of the total,
During the past 50 years the two leading industry groups have been iron
and steel products and food products* A significant recent trend has been an
increase in the textile products and apparel groups. Other industrial groups
showing marked increases in employment since 1940 are chemicals, non-electrical
machinery,, electrical machinery, and transportation equipment (including auto-
mobiles )„ More than two-thirds of the industrial employment is provided by-
establishments within the City of St. Louis while other major locations of in-
dustrial employment are in Madison and St» Glair Counties in Illinois. From
1939 to 1947 the most important gains in industrial employment occurred in the
City of St» Louis and St. Charles County, Missouri, and in Madison County,,
Illinois.
The great expansion of trade and industry in the Bi-State area can be
credited largely to the location and transportation facilities available in
this area. It is predicted that the present trend of industrial expansion,
trade, and population growth in the Bi-State area will continue for at least
the next two or three decades,
POPULATION (1)
The population of the Bi-State area has more than tripled in the past 80
years. The ratio between the population of the United States and the Bi-State
area has remained quite constant since 1930» being 8? »2 to 1 in 1950. A long
range estimate by the Bureau of the Census, prior to the 1950 census, showed
a 1970 national population of 177*000,000 persons. Assuming a continuation of
the 87 to 1 ratio between the population of the United States and the popu-
lation of the Bi-State area, the 1970 population of the Bi«-State area would be
19
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approximately 2,000,000 persons.
In recent years St. Louis County has been the most rapidly growing part
of the area. The population growth since 1870 and the estimated future growth
through 1970 for the subdivisions in the Bi-State area are showi in figure 1,
It will be observed that most of the population growth has occurred in St.
Louis, St. Louis County, and Madison County.
During the period between 1940 and 1950 the population of the Bi-State
area increased by 255*705 persons, distributed as follows?
City of St. Louis 40,748 15.9$
St0 Louis County 132,119 51«7
St. Charles County 4,272 1.7
Jefferson County 5,984 2.3
St. Glair County 39,096 15.3
Madison County 32,958 12.9
Monroe County 528 0.2
Total 255,705 100.0
Based on present trends it is assumed that one-fourth of the 1970 popu-
lation in the M~State area will be found in Illinois and three-fourths in
Missouri. Estimated increases over the 1950 population are indicated in
table 1, as follows;
20
-------
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
2
O
Q.
O
ct
100,000
50,000
10,000
Bl-STATE DISTRICT
CITY OF ST. LOUIS
ST. LOUIS COUNTY
ST. CLAIR COUNTY
MADISON COUNTY
JEFFERSON COUNTY
ST. CHARLES COUNTY
MONROE COUNTY
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 I960 1970
YEARS
BI~$TATE DISTRICT POPULATION GROWTH
(1870-1970)
21 FIGURE J
-------
Table 1 - ESTIMATED POPULATION GROWTH 1950-1970
Estimated Estimated
Area Population 1950 Population 1970 % Increase
Monroe County
Madison County
Ste Glair County
Total in Illinois
Jefferson County
St. Charles County
St. Louis County
City of St. Louis
Total in Missouri
Bi-State District
13,282
182,307
205,995
401,584
38,00?
29,834
406,349
356,796
1,330,986
1,732,570
20,000
230,000
250,000
500,000
50,000
40,000
510,000
900,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
51
26
21
25
32
34
26
5
11
15
In 1950 there were 171 incorporated communities in the Bi-State area and
82 of these had a population of 1^000 or more* At that time 83*6 percent of the
population of the area lived in incorporated communities of more than 1,000
persons (table 2)*
22
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Table 2 - POPULATION LIFING IN INCORPORATED MUNICIPALITIES OF MORE THAN
1000 POPULATION
Area
City of St. Louis
St. Louis County
St. Charles County
Jefferson County
Madison County
St. Clair County
Monroe County
Bi-State District
1950 Population of
Population Incorporated Areas*
856,796
406,349
29,834
38,007
182,307
205,995
13S282
1,732,570
856,796
268,858
15,541
15,658
145,477
152^688
5,000
1S448S156
% Living in
Incorporated Areas*
100.0
66.1
52.1
41.2
79.8
74.1
37.3
83.6
* Of more than 1000 persons*
The density of population or persons per square mile varies widely in the
Bi-State area^ as shown in table 3« This varies from a high of 45*700 persons
per square mile in part of the City of St« Louis to 1.3 persons per square mile
in a section of Monroe County0 The .1950 density of population distribution in
the Bi-State area is shown in figurs 2 (l)0
Table 3 - POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (Density per sq. mic)
Density
Persons/sq. mi.
Less than 100
100 to 3,000 ..- ' .
More than 35000
Area
2S970 Sq,, Mi.
448 » "
148 " "
Percent of
Total Area
83
13
4
Percent of
Total Population
5
17
78
23
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MISSOURI. - ILLINOIS
METROPOLITAN DISTRICT
BI - STATE DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
J
1950 DENSITY OF POPULATION
N
p~ ~"| LESS THAN IOO PERSONS PER
IOO TO BOO PERSONS PER
5OO TO IOOO PERSONS PER
IOOO TO 2SOO PERSONS PER
25OO TO 5OQO PERSONS PER
5OOO- TO tq,OOO PERSONS PER
100QO TO 20000 PERSONS P£R
20OOO TO 3OOOO PERSONS PER
3OOOO TO 50OOO PERSONS PER
CZ3
Bijigjft
SQUARE Ml
SQUARE M
SQUARE Ml
SQUARf Ml
SQUARE Ml
•SQUARE- Ml
SQUARE Ml
SQUARE
SQUARE «l
FIGURE 2
-------
The population spread out into St» Louis County during recent years has
been a fairly even circular development with a greater tendency to grow to
the -west than to the north or south. Although the trend has been toward popu-
lation growth and increased commercial development in outlying locations there
has been lesser tendency for industry to seek sites in these areas. The City
of St. Louis has and is attracting the major share of the new industrial
development of the area.
-------
SECTION IV
USES OF WATER RESOURCES OF AREA
MUNICIPAL
The Mississippi River is the main source of public water supply in the
St, Louis metropolitan area. The City of St. Louis pumps about two-thirds of
its supply from this source at the Chain of Rocks pumping station. The bal-
ance of the supply is taken from the Missouri River at the City's Howard Bend
plant. A large proportion of the developed area in St, Louis County is sup-
plied by the St. Louis County Water Company which obtains its raw water supply
also from the Missouri River. These two Missouri River supplies are taken
from the river approximately 36 miles above the confluence of the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers. The City of St. Louis Chain of Rocks intake on the Missis-
sippi River is about 5 miles below the mouth of the Missouri River.
A major part of the public supplies serving Illinois communities bordering
the river are obtained from the Mississippi River. The Alton plant, operated
by the Alton Mater Company, is located a few miles above Alton Dam, on the Mis-
sissippi River. The East St. Louis and Interurban Water Company operates the
E. St. Louis and Granite City plants which serve E. St. Louis, Granite City,
Madison, Venice, and other towns and unincorporated areas in St. Glair, Madison,
'?
and Monroe Counties, Illinois. The intake for these two plants is located on
the Illinois shoreline approximately midway between the mouth of the Missouri
River and the St. Louis Chain of Rocks intake,
The nearest public supplies taken from the Mississippi River below the St.
Louis area are at Chester, Illinois, and Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Chester,
Illinois, is located about 70 miles downstream from St. Louis, and Cape
Girardeau, Missouri, is about 12? miles downstream.
Several smaller towns and unincorporated communities of the area use
ground water supplies. Many of these communities are not readily accessible
26
-------
to public or otherwise satisfactory surface supplies. The alluvial deposits
underlying the flood plains of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers are an im-
portant source of ground water in the area. The available supply is apparent-
ly adequate for the communities using this source.
Information on the public water supplies in the St. Louis Metropolitan
Area is shown in tables 4 and 5«
INDUSTRIAL
A large portion of the industrial water supply is obtained from public
water supply systems« However, a number of industries have developed inde-
pendent sources which either totally supply their needs or augment the supply
obtained from public systems. Some of these industries utilize the Missis-
sippi River, but the majority utilize the ground water available.
Information on independent industrial supplies is shown in tables 6
and 7.
2?
-------
Table 4 - MUNICIPAL SURFACE MATER SUPPLIES (St. Louis Metropolitan Area)
Municipality
St.
Sto
St.
Louis, Mo.
Louis, Mo.
Charles, Mo.
Soiree of
Mis.a. ,R.
Mo. R.
Mo. R.
, J^ta**
FHD
FHD
FHD
Ay., Pw^page
... .(Gal.^daF)
l©@y©§0,QO©
50,CX3Q,000
1,182,000
St<> Louis County
Water Co.
Webster Groves, Mo.
Florissant, Mo.
Public Water Supply
District #3, Mo.
Valley Park, Mo,
Kirkwood, Mo.
Alton, 111,
E. Ste Louis, 111.
Mo. R. FHD 22,000,000
(Served by St. Louis County Water Co.)
(Served by St. Louis County Water Co.)
(Served by St. Louis County Water Co.)
Meramec R. SD rs 95,000
Meramec R. FHD 1,800,000
Miss. R. FHD 6,750,000
Miss. R. FHD 29,000,000
(Serves E. St. Louis, Granite City, Madison,
Venice, and other towns and unincorporated areas in
St. Clair, Madison, and Monroe Counties, HI,)
Freeburg, 111,,
Marissa, HI.
Masuoutah, 111.
New Athens, Til.
Highland, ILL.
Waterloo, HI.
-""Treatment
Siver Cr.
Mud Cr*
Reserv. & Cr.
Kaskaskia R.
Silver Cr.
Fountain Cr.
Total (14 systems)
D - Chlorination
H - Softening
F - Coagulation, sedimentation,
S - Coagulation, sedimentation
FHD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
and filtration
120,000
70,000
154,000
126,000
300,000
325,000
211, 922, 000
-------
Table 5 - MUNICIPAL GROUND WATER SUPPLIES (St. Louis Metropolitan Area)
Municipality
Wentsville, Mb.
0* Fallen, Mo,
Lebanon, 111*
Millstadt, 111.
Collinsville, 111.
Edwards ville, 111.
Roxanas I110
Wood River, 111*
Bethalto, 111.
Hartford, HI.
Glen Carbon, IH0
Valmeyer, 111,
Maryville, Ille
Troy, 111.
Source of
Supply
Wells
ti
n
tt
n
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
(Served by
(Served by
Treatment*
N
N
FED
N
N
N
IF
N
N
FHD
ID
HID
Collinsville, 111.)
Collinsville, 111.)
Total (14 communities)
Av. Pumpage
(Gal./day)
45,000
10,000
95,000
25,000
1,195,000
830,000
30,000
587,000
99,000
65,000
5,000
80,000
2,600
50,000
3,118,600
•^Treatment
N - None
H - Softening
I - Iron removal
F - Filtration
D - Chlorination
29
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Table 6 - INDUSTRIAL SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES (St. Louis Metropolitan Area)
Industry
Source of
Supply
Av. Pumpage
(Gal./day)
Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.
National Lead Co.,*
St. Louis, Mb.
St. Louis Coke Plant,*
St. Louis, Mo.
Union Electric Co. of Mo.:
Miss. R, (not available)
Miss. R.
Miss. R.
4,500,000
3,200,000
Ashley Plant
Cahokia Plant
Venice #1 Plant
Venice #2 Plant
Mound Plant
#* (1) Meramec - Unit 1
*# (2) Meramec - Units 1 & 2
** (3) Meramec - Units 1, 2, 3 & 4
Olin Industries, Lie.*
E» Alton, HI.
Standard Oil Co,,*
Wood River, 111.
Total (10 industries)
Total (10 industries)
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
Miss.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
4,940,000
164,300,000
164,300
494,000,000
16,430,000
130,000,000
(260,000,000)
(520,000,000)
3,000,000
30,000,000
850,534,300
1,240,534,300
(Present pumpage)
(Ultimate pumpage)
•«• (River pumpage supplemented by City supplies or wells)
** (l) Present pumpage (l unit in operation)
** (2) 1954 Pumpage (2 units)
** (3) Ultimate pumpage(4 units)
(Above pumpage figures do not include supplemental supplies used from other
sources.)
30
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Table 7 - INDUSTRIAL GROUND WATER SUPPLIES (St. Louis Metropolitan Area)
Industry
American Smelting & Refining Go»*
Alton, in.
Owen-Illinois Glass Co.
Alton, 111.
Alton Box Board Co.*
Alton, 111.
Shell Oil Co.*
Roxana, 111,,
International Shoe Co.
Hartford, 111.
Wood River Refinery (Sinclair)*
Hartford, 111.
Armour & Co,*
National City, 111*
Swift & Co,*
National City, HI.
Union Starch & Refining Co.*
Granite City, 111.
Granite City Steel Co.*
Granite City, HI.
General Steel Castings Co.*
Granite City, 111,
Laclede Steel Co.*
fedison, nio
Madison Packing Co.*
Madison, 111.
Hunter Packing Co.*
E, St. Louis, 111.
Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.*
E. St. Louis, 111.
Aluminum Co. of America*
E. St. Louis, 111.
American Agricultural Chemical Co.*
E. St. Louis, 111.
Source of
Supply
Wens
Wens
Wens
Wens
Wells
Wens
Wens
Wells
Wens
Wells
Wells
Wens
Wens
Wens
Wens
Wells
Wens
Av. Putnpage
(Gal./day)
115,000
1,550,000
6,000,000
10,000,000
1,250,000
1,000,000
4,562,000
2,500,000
4,250,000
25,600,000
1,300,000
70,000
550,000
2,790,000
1,400,000
2,100,000
230,000
31
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Table 7 - (continued)
Industry
American Asphalt Roof Corp.*
E, St. Louis, HI.
Csrtain-Teed Products Co**
E« St. Louis, 111.
To J. Moss Tie Co.*
E. St. Louis, HI.
C0 K. Williams*
E. St. Louis, 111.
0? Bear-Hester Glass Co**
E, St. Louis, 111.
Virginia-Car olina Chemical Co,*
Ee St. Louis, 111.
E. St. Louis Rendering Works*
E. St. Louis, in.
Inter-Coastal Paint Corp.*
Eo St. Louis, 111.
Allied Chemical & Dye Corp.*
Fairmont City, HI.
Illinois Farm Supply*
Fairmont City, HI*
American Zinc Co. of HI.*
Fairmont City, HI.
Lswin Metals Corp.*
Monsanto, 111.
Mid-West Rubber Reclaiming Co.*
Monsanto, 111.
Sterling Steel Castings*
Monsant o , 111 .
American Zinc Co. of 111.*
Monsanto, 111.
Monsanto Chemical Co,*
Monsanto, 111.
Total (33
Source of
Supply
Wells
Wens
Wens
Wells
WeHs
Wells
Wens
Wens
Wens
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wens
Wells
Wells
industries)
Av. Pumpage
(Gal./day)
139,000
800,000
2,000
1,440,000
500,000
38,000
12,000
50,000
200,000
25,000
1,866,000
2,160,000
2,400,000
102,000
3,000,000
11,000,000
89,001,000
* (Ground water supplies supplemented by City supplies.)
(Above pumpage figures do not include supplemental supplies used.)
32
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FISH AND WILDLIFE
Commercial fishing has been quite extensive throughout the entire length
of the Mississippi River, including the section of river adjacent to and below
the St, Louis Metropolitan area* However, there has been a significant decrease
noted in the commercial fishing activities in recent years along the stretch
between Alton Dam and the mouth of the Ohio River. A number of instances have
occurred, particularly during low river stages, -when objectionable tastes were
present in many of the fish taken. This situation has had an adverse effect
on the marketability of fish taken from this section of the river. According
to opinions of commercial fishermen in this area the occurrence of these for-
eign tastes has been the major factor responsible for the progressive decrease
in commercial fishing along the section of river downstream from Alton Dam«
However, there are economic and other factors that should also be considered
as contributing to this decline in the commercial fishing industry of the area.
Such factors include improved and less expensive transportation of fresh sea
food to the inland markets, superior earning power offered by industrial em-
ployment, and elimination of spawning areas by construction of flood control
and navigation projects.
There appears to be little evidence indicating that other forms of wild-
life such as migrating waterfowl,, etc., have been adversely affected to any
extent by conditions attributable to pollution in this section of the river.
RECREATION
The use of the stream in the St0 Louis area for boating appears to be the
major recreational activity* Several boat clubs are located along the St.
Louis waterfront and upstream from the main section of the city. The extent of
this activity is probably comparable with other river towns located on navigable
streams.
Recreational fishing is done both in and below the St« Louis Metropolitan
33
-------
Area,, but not to the extent that it is carried on upstream from the St* Louis-
Alton areas. Although data are available relative to hook and line licenses
issued in counties bordering this stretch of river it was difficult to estimate
to what extent these licenses were used for fishing this section of river. So
far as could be observed during the period of survey the amount of recreational
fishing in the St. Louis area and below was quite limited. The extent of this
type of fishing was no doubt largely influenced by the species of fish avail-
able and also the occurrence of foreign tastes in the fish taken during certain
periods.
The river is used very little for bathing purposes in the St. Louis area.
The sanitary condition of the river throughout the St. Louis area makes it un-
safe fee* bathing since heavy shoreline pollution is present throughout this
saction*
AGRICULTURAL
Insofar as could be learned the agricultural usage of the Mississippi in
and. below the Metropolitan Area is very limiteda The information available
did net indicate any usefor irrigation purposes nor its use for stock water-
ing except possibly in a few scattered locations downstream,
NAVIGATION
The Mississippi River is an important artery of transportation and has
played an important role in the growth and economy of the Metropolitan Area.
Its navigational value and importance on the economy of the area might be best
illustrated by the statistics on tonnage hauled through the Port of St. Louis.
According to data from the Corps of Engineers the tonnage passing through this
port increased from about 1,400,000 tons in 1944 to 5,300,000 tons in 1952.
WASTE DISPOSAL
The Mississippi River serves as the waste disposal facility for the entire
34
-------
Metropolitan Area since practically all the municipal and industrial -wastes
are discharged directly to this -watercourse* The municipal wastes include
domestic sewage from all sewered areas and also a considerable quantity of
ground garbage from the City of St0 Louis, A small percentage of the do-
mestic sewage wastes receive some degree of treatment prior to discharge to
the river, but by far the largest percentage is discharged untreated to the
river. Industrial wastes are discharged either to municipal sewers or direct
to the river through company owned sewers. Several industrial plants pro-
vide some degree of processing for their wastes prior to discharge but the
majority of the wastes are discharged without treatment* More detailed in-
formation relative to the municipal and industrial waste loading and their
effects on the river is presented in other sections of this report.
35
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SECTION V
HYDROMETRIC DATA
DISCHARGES
Stream discharge records were supplied by the St. Louis District Office,
U« S. Geological Survey and the St. Louis District Engineer Office, Corps of
Engineer-So Daily discharge figures were obtained during the period of the
survey in order to correlate laboratory results with the pollution load en-
tering the river. Previous discharge records over a period of years were
obtained for the purpose of predicting low flow frequencies. These discharge
data were obtained for the Mississippi River at both Alton and St. Louis, or
above and below the mouth of the Missouri River respectively.
Daily flow data were obtained for the Mississippi River at Alton, 111.,
and Stc Louis, Mo«, during the period of the survey. The flow figures for
the days on which samples were collected are presented in the "Summary of
Individual Results" included in appendix E of this report. In the "Summary
of Seasonal Results," also included in appendix E, the average, maximum, and
minimum flow figures represent only the flows on days that samples were col-
lected during the season indicated. The monthly mean flows shown on the charts
are based on the continuous flow record for the period indicated.
The monthly mean flows during the period of survey for the Mississippi
River at Alton and St, Louis and for the Missouri River at its mouth are
shown in figure 3» The discharge from the Missouri River was determined by
difference since there are no other tributaries of any significance entering
the main stem of the Mississippi between the Alton (Hartford) and the St.
Louis gaging stations* The minimum monthly average flows of the river at
3te Louis during the period of 1900-1952 are shown in figure 4»
A comparison of the monthly average flows for the Mississippi River at
St0 Louis during the periods of 1933-50, 1951» and 1952, is shown in figure 5«
36
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700
600 —
... L
MISS.R (ST.LOUIS)
• MISS R (ALTON)
-A MO. R. (AT MOUTH)
JAN. FEB.-MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV PEC
1951 1952
K* —- , *H K—•—• • • .- — . - *H
PERIOD tl£5l-52)
MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE (1951-52)
MISS RIVER (ST LOUIS ,MO. 9t ALJQN, ILL.) MO. RIVER (AT MOUTH)
37
FIGURE 3
-------
(S'J'D 0001) S39y\/HOSIQ 39VU3AV A1H1NOW
3rt
o
FIGURE
-------
700
600
/ 166,900 C FS -7 \
/ (18 YR.AV. 1933-50) \
LEGEND
o ° (YEAR-I95I S 1952
o ° (18 YEAR AV. 1933-50
\ 203,700 C F S
(AV-1952
/ (18 YR AV. 1933-50) \
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR, APR. MAY JUNE: JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1951 .. . . 1952
FIGURE 5
PERIOD (1951-52)
MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE
MISS. RIVER (ST. LOUIS, MO.)
39
-------
It will be noted that the monthly averages during the year 1951 and first half
of .1952 are considerable higher than the preceeding 18 year averages (1933-50)
for the same respective months of the year. The yearly average during the 18
year period (1933-50) was lbo.,900 cfs a? compared to 291,000 cfs and 203,700
cfs for the years 1951 and 1952 respectively,. Not until June and July and
also September through December 1952 did the monthly average flows drop below
the 18 year average from 1933 tc 1950 inclusive.
The discharge duration curves for the Mississippi River at Alton and St.
Louis are shown in figure 6. The curve for the river at St. Louis is based"
on 50 years (1900-50) of record,, -while the curve for the river at Alton is
based on 22 years (1928-37 and 1940-51) of record. Attention is called to
the fact that there is no direct correlation between the two duration curves
since the duration of flows at St. Louis are also influenced to a great extent
by the flow entering from the Missouri River,
Discharge data at St» Louis are obtained at the Market Street gage lo-
cated at river mile 179»6o Data for the river above the mouth of the Mis-
souri. River are obtained at the Hartford gage at river mile 196.8, or 1»8
miles above the mouth of the Mis-sour- o
FLOW VELOCITIES
The mean velocities of flew at St. Louis were obtained from a rating
curve, furnished by the District Engineer Office, Corps of Engineers, for
the river at McArthur Bridge at river mils 178.9« The velocity-discharge
curves for the river at this point are shovel in figure ?• The time of flow
curves to points downstream, from St. Louis are presented in figure 8 and
represent time cf flow for river discharges of 20, 10j, 5S and 2 year frequen-
cies . It was assumed that the mean velocity cf flow throughout the downstream
stretch of river would average approximately the velocity of flow at St. Louis.
40
-------
(SdO 0001) 39dVHOSIQ NW3W AlHiNOW
FIGURE 6
-------
500
450 —
400 —
350 —
300 —
to
o
o 250
o
o
T
150
100
50
0
MI./HR
r L
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
MEAN VELOCITIES
VELOCITY-DISCHARGE CURVE
NHSS.R, AT ST.LOUIS
5.0 6.0
fIGURE 7
-------
too
90
80
70
£60
o
o
X
o
UJ
3O
20
10 ->
o>
40,000 C.F.S- 1.35 ML/HR. (20 YR. FREQUENCY)
45,000 C.F.S.-1.40MI./HR. I 10 YR. FREQUENCY)-
52,000 C.F.S.-I.50 MI./HR. ( 5 YR.FREQUENCY)
67,000 C.F.S.-1.75 Mt./HR.(2 YR.-FREQUENCY)
133 HRS. TO OHIO R.)
MILES ABOVE MOUTH OF OHIO RIVER
TIME OF FLOW
MISS.R. BELOW ST. LOUIS
43
FIGURE 8
-------
LOW FLOW FREQUENCIES
A study was made of flow records to determine the frequency of low
monthly mean flows in the Mississippi River above and below the mouth of the
Missouri River or at Alton and St. Louis respectively. The flow frequency
distribution curves for the river at St. Louis and Alton are shown in figure
9 and figure 10 respectively. The frequency curve at St. Louis is based on
50 years of record covering the period 1901-50, and the curve for Alton is
based on 23 years of record covering the periods 1928-37 and 1939-51* From
these curves the flow frequencies are summarized in table 8.
Table 8 - MINIMUM MONTHLY MEAN FLOWS, IN GFS, THAT MAI BE EXPECTED ON AN
AVERAGE OF DICE IN:
(1 yr») (2 yrs.) (5 yrs.) (10 yrs.) (20 yrs.) Minimum
Miss. R. (St. Louis) 100,000 66,000 52,000 45,000 40,000 31,300*
R. (Alton) 50,000 35,000 28,000 24,500 22,500 22,300*
(Minimum monthly mean flow during period of record used in study.)
During the above mentioned periods of record the percentage of years
during which the minimum monthly mean flow occurred during the month in-
dicated are presented in table 9»
44
-------
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39VH3AV
45
X1H1NOW
FIGURE 9
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o
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MOld 39VU3AV A1H1NOIN INHWINIW A1B\/3A
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eg
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O CC
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d
FIGURE 10
-------
Table 9 - PERCENT OF YEARS IN WHICH MINIMUM FLOW OCCURRED DURING MONTH
INDICATED
Month
Jan0
Febo
Mar.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Septo
Oct0
Nov.
DeCo
Misso Ro (St0 LouisJ
% of Time (Irs,)*
44
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
10
4
36
Miss,, R6
% of Time
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
17.
4
26
13
17.
(Alton)
(Yrs.)**
5
5
Covers 50 years of record«
Covers 22 years of record.
WATER TEMPERATURES
A eontiiraous daily record, of average water temperatures of the Missis-
sippi River at 5t0 Louis was not available* However, temperature records at
the St» Louis Water Works intake (mile 19004) and the E. St» Louis Water
Works intake (mile 192) were obtairiecU The monthly average -water temperatures
at these two points for the pericd 1940-49S tabulated from the water works
records^ are summarized in table 10,
47
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Table 10 - MONTHLY AVERAGE WATER TEMPERATURES (1940-49)
Month
Jan.
Feb .
Mar.
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
St, Louis
36»
37°
43°
54°
64"
73°
79°
79°
71°
61«
49°
39°
(Intake)
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
E, St. Louis (Intake)
38°
38°
43°
55°
66°
76°
82°
83*
77°
65°
53*
41°
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
F.
The water temperature distribution graph showing the percent of days
during the period 1946—50 that the temperatures were within indicated ranges
is shown in figure 11, This graph is based on daily records of the St. Louis
intakes.
48
-------
CO
5
o
CO
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..m^^^m^K
O
lO
lO
00
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ro
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ro cvJ cvJ
39NVd Q31VOIGNI NIH1IM '
ir> o 10 o
«31VM SAVQ JO !N30d3d
49 FIGURE
-------
SECTION VI
FIELD SURVEY OPERATIONS
Representatives of the participating agencies agreed upon preliminary
plans covering the scope and extent of the field work, organization of the
field survey staff, assistance to be furnished by the different participating
agencies, administrative procedures, etc. Meetings of the Advisory Board were
held from tine to time during the course of the survey to discuss matteis of
concern to the Board and to review the progress of the work.
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
With the funds and facilities available a major part of the field work
was confined to a study of the main stretch of river between Alton Dam and the
vicinity of Jefferson Barracks Bridge. The work extended over approximately
a two year period and included:
A. An industrial waste inventory and appraisal,
B« Assembly and study of hydrometric data.
C« Collection and analysis of main river water samples.
D. Biological studies.
E. Collection and analysis of main river water samples downstream
from the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.
F. Collection and analysis of samples from principal sewer outfalls
in the Metropolitan Area,,
G. Miscellaneous studies.
Industrial Waste Inventory
A survey was made of industrial establishments discharging significant
pollutional wastes either direct to the river or to public sewage collection
systems. The States of Missouri and Illinois each furnished an engineer to
make this survey of the industries located in their respective areas. Whenever
50
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possible^ information "was obtained with a vie1/; to making a quantitative es-
timate of the organic pollution in ter:as of population equivalents. The data
obtained from the industries include.! the type of industry, location, number
employees, operation seiisdulss including seasonal variations, water supply,
quantity of raw materials and finished products, volume and characteristics
of wastes, type of waste treatment,, ana point of disposal of wastes„
This inventory was made during th.3 early stages of the survey and in-
cluded industrial establishments located ir. both the Missouri and Illinois
areas that discharged significant pollutional wastes either direct to the
river or to public sewage collect ion systems „ There were approximately 94
Missouri and 52 Illinois industries reported on« These industries are listed
according to type -under 18 general classifications in table 110 The industries
listed are only those considered to be discharging a significant pollutional
load to public collection systems or direct, to the rivere In the majority of
cases the industrial wastes ar*j discharged without any type of treatment prior
to discharge. In some cases trie -waste loads are reduced by waste by-product
recovery processes. The scope of this industrial t^s'oe inventory, as original-
ly planned, did net include the sampling and analysis of individual plant wastes,
However, with the dabs, obtained ia the iv-.v^n^o^y together with analytical data
already available on wastos :Vror.; identical industries or processes it was pos-
sible tc make a fair estiaiats c? the pollution load in population equivalents
being discharged in a large rvoKibe:.1 c,? the riant s surveyed0 In other cases an
evaluation c:c the magnitude and characteristics of the pollution load from in-
dividual indust-ries would require s. more detailed study and analysis than was
practicable with the fac.OJ.ties available on this survey» This was particular-
ly true of industries employing a wide, range of processes with variable oper-
ation schedules«
-------
Table 11 - INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS SURVEYED
Type of Industry
Brewery
Com products
Dairy industry
Meat industry
Tanneries
Food process
Auto assembly plants
Glass finishing
Plating
Non-ferrous metal
Ferrous metal
Textile
Chemical
Paper industry
Petroleum
Asphalt products
Creosote products
Rubber industry
Mo.
6
1
13
25
3
2
4
1
16
2
10
2
9
-
-
-
-
-
111.
1
1
-
8
1
-
-
2
1
6
10
-
10
1
4
4
2
1
Total
7
2
13
33
4
2
4
3
17
8
20
2
19
1
4
4
2
1
Total 94 52 14.6
52
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Since some of the data contained in t he inventory reports on individual
industries were not released by the industries for publication this material is
not made a part of this report. However, they are in the files of the respec-
tive State water pollution control agencies concerned. In some cases recom-
mendations pertaining to improvements in waste reduction or disposal were made
to the industries by the respective State Engineers who made the inventory
survey.
Main River....Sampling
Sampling Stations - At the start of the survey it was decided to select
sampling stations that would be used for routine sample collections throughout
the period of the survey. By using the same stations over an extended period
the analytical results under variable climatic and river conditions such as
seasonal changes, river stages, etc., would be comparable. The selection of
these stations was made with a view to obtaining, insofar as could be ascer-
tained, a representative picture of the sanitary condition of the river as a
whole0 In locating these stations due consideration was given to the locations
of the sources of pollution such as main sewer outfalls, etc. Within this
stretch of river there are some 225 to 230 sewer outlets of varying sizes,
while the width of stream varies from 1500 to 2000 feet during normal river
stages. It can be readily realized that, with sampling operations confined
to this limited stretch of river, a wide range could be expected in the char-
acteristics of samples collected depending on the location of the point of
collection. Since available laboratory facilities and personnel limited the
number of samples that could be analyzed it was important that sampling
stations were selected that would show the most representative overall picture
of this entire section of river. Stations are designated by mileage points
representing miles above the mouth of the Ohio River.
53
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^-Sampling stations selected to be sampled routinely are listed as follows:
(Mile) (Description of Location)
(202»5) - 0»4 mile downstream from Dam No. 26 at Alton, Illinois
(196»8) - 1,8 miles upstream from mouth of Missouri River
(l?9«l) - 0.2 mile upstream from McArthur Bridge
(176.0) - 0.1 mile upstream from head of Arsenal Island
(168.0) - Oe7 mile downstream from Jefferson Barracks Bridge
Station 202.5 was selected as a control sampling station since it is above
sources of pollution originating in the Bi-State District. Locations of main
sampling stations are indicated on Mississippi Rivei map (fig. 12).
Sampling Procedures - Samples were collected routinely at quarter points
acroas the stream, at each of the above sampling stations. The point of col-
lection was identified by station mileage and quarter point such as 202.5 R.,
C.a or L« indicating station 202.5 and right, center, or left quarter point
across river when facing downstream. All samples were collected at approxi-
mately mid-depth by means of a depth sampler. The sample collector recorded
the time of collection, water temperature, and noted any abnormal river con-
ditions observed at time of collection. During the summer season all samples
-\rere iced immediately after collection Upon completion of the sampling trip
the samples were immediately transported to the field laboratory so that a
minimum of time elapsed between the time of collection and the analysis of the
samples.
All sampling was done by boat since the height and locations of bridges
made it inadvisable to attempt to carry on such operations from these struc—
v-£:*es «
Sampling Equipment and Personnel - The mot or boat used during the first
six months cf field work was provided through the cooperation of the U. S.
54
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GRANITE CITY,
/OVERLAND,'
~"~< i
OLIVETTE <
ADISOtj) j
VENICE
,'NATIQNAL
' CITY\
,.J CLAYTON /
\ ;--'~SRENTWOODJ
• ', -' •—':
EAST
(JAROMDELET
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
SAMPLING POINT LOCATIONS
( MET ROPOLITAN AREA)
-------
Goast Guard, 2nd Coast Guard District. This was an M-l open type boat and at
times was not too satisfactory for this purpose under the adverse conditions
•during •which sampling operations were often carried on. In June 1951* a Chris-
Graft cabin cruiser was made available for sampling operations through the co-
operation of the Illinois Natural History Survey * Arrangements for the use of
this boat were made by the Illinois Sanitary Water Board. This equipment was
utilized during the balance of the survey and was more suitable for the purpose*
In both cases the maintenance and operation of the boat equipment was provided
by survey personnel,
A two-man crew, consisting of motorboat operator and a sample collector,
•kias used on the main river sampling operations. Due to the current conditions,
etc. s in this section of river it was necessary to use a two man crew in order
to handle the sampling operation satisfactorily.
Sampling Schedules - The survey field office and laboratory were lo-
cated about 5 miles upstream from the mid-point of the stretch of river being
studied. During the first part of the survey sampling trips were made upstream
and downstream on alternate days. Starting in January 1952, the schedule was
changed so that only every third sampling run was made upstream. The down-
stream stations, which consisted of stations 1?9»1» 176.0, and 168^0, were lo-
cated in the more polluted section of river. All sample collections were made
during the morning hours in order that the samples could be delivered to the
field laboratory for analysis during the afternoon* Most of the collections
were made during the interval from 7sOO A.M. to UsOO A»M«
Regular sampling operations had to be discontinued at frequent intervals
during the winter and spring seasons due to adverse river conditions. Periods
were encountered when floating ice and debris made operation of the sampling
boat too hazardous. The flood during the summer of 1951 necessitated the dis-
continuance of regular sampling operations for about a month during that period.
56
-------
Boat repairsj, etc0j, accounted for other temporary interruptions in the regular
sampling schedule0
Outfall Sewer Sampling
A survey of the principal sources of pollution in this section of river
•was conducted during 1952. The details are given in appendix C0 This con-
sisted of the collection and analysis of samples from the major sewer outfalls
discharging to the stream from both the Missouri and Illinois sides of the
river* The purpose of this study -was to arrive at a quantitative estimate of
the pollution load being discharged together with the characteristics of the
i-astes insofar as practicable0
Samples were collected and analyzed from ten outfalls discharging wastes
from the Illinois side of the river« Samples were collected at hourly inter-
vals over a twenty-four hour period, and analyses were made on the twenty-four
hour composite samples* Outfall discharge measurements were made during the
period of sample collections. All the sampling, analyses, etce, in connection
with this sewer outfall survey was performed by personnel of the Illinois
State Sanitary Water Board.
On the Missouri side the outfall survey consisted of sampling and analy-
ses of the effluents from nine principal outfall sewers discharging to the
river,, In most cases the sampling operations were conducted over a twenty-*
four hour period and analyses made on twenty-four hour composite samples „
Sample collections and flow gauging were performed by personnel of the Division
of Health of Missouric Laboratory analyses on samples were performed by Bi-
State Agency laboratory personnel*, Due to the limited laboratory facilities
available at the Bi-State field laboratory these analyses were made in a
mobile laboratory unit loaned by the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board
during the period of this sewer outfall survey0
57
-------
A biological survey of the Mississippi River was carried en concurrently
vi'cli the other studies on the river to determine the effect of pollution on the
bottom fauna, and other aquatic life. This bottom sampling program was ear-
ned on from Alton,, Illinois, (mile 202.3) to below Gape Girardeau, Missouri,
(mile A8.0) or a stretch of approximately 154 miles* Sample collections were
made at approximately three month intervals during the course of the survey
in order to take into account any seasonal effects that might be significant.
Details of the sampling methods, etc., are outlined in appendix C, Biological
Studies, of this report „
The biological portions of the survey was a cooperative study carried
out by personnel from the Illinois Sanitary Water Board, Illinois and Missouri
Conservation Departments, Illinois Natural History Survey, and the U* S. Public
Health Service* The Illinois Department of Conservation provided a motorboat
and opsrating crew on the sample collection trips*
A total of eight series of collections were made during the years 1951
and 1952° Samples were collected from 15 locations within this stretch of
river (mile 202»3 to 48*0 => miles above mouth of the Ohio River) in each
series*
During the fall of 19525 a series of downstream samples were collected
in order to determine the effects of pollution from the St. Louis area,. These
samples were collected over a 115 mile stretch of river extending from mile
1.68 <>0 (Jefferson Barracks bridge) to mile 53°0 (Gape Girardeau, Mo»)« At this
time the river was at comparatively low stage for a period of several weeks,
The two States furnished additional personnel and laboratory facilities for
carrying on these additional sampling operations,, During this period a mobile
laboratory unit was provided by the Illinois State Sanitary Water Board for
58
-------
handling the additional analytical work. The Illinois Department of Conser-
vation cooperated by furnishing a inotorboat and operating crew for use in col-
lection of the downstream samples.
A series of cross sectional sampling studies were made at the regular main
river sampling stations during October and November 1951* Nine samples were col-
lected across the river at equidistant points between the Illinois and Missouri
shore lines at each main sampling station. The purpose was to show the cross
sectional distribution of the pollution load at each of the sampling stations
in this stretch of river.
LABORATORY OPERATIONS
During the course of the survey a total of approximately 2400 river water
samples were collected for analysis. An average of 8 to 10 laboratory tests
were made on each sample. The cumulative number of samples collected during
each month is presented in figure 13. The decrease in collections indicated
during certain periods was due mostly to hazardous river conditions^ break-
do^gns in equipmentg time lost in obtaining personnel replacements, etc«
59
-------
2400
2200 —
5 S SI £ | 5
o u. ^ < 5 ^
UJ
(/)
CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF SAMPLES
COLLECTED (1951-53)
60
FIGURE 13
-------
SECTION VII
STATE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES
The State Sanitary Water' Board is the official -water pollution control
agency of Illinois Q The original Act establishing this agency was passed in
1929« The original law was repealed and a new law passed in 1951«
The Division of Health of Missouri is the official water pollution control
agency of ffissourio It has the primary responsibility for water pollution
control in that State 0
EXISTBfG STATE LAWS
Illinois ~ A synopsis of the present Illinois State Sanitary Water Board
Law setting forth the organization, powers^ duties and responsibilities , penalty
provisions of the Acts etec is as follows 8
The official water pollution control agency of Illinois is the Sanitary
Water Board0 The original act establishing the Sanitary Water Board was passed
in 1929 1 however 9 the original "law was repealed, by the 67th General Assembly in
19510 and a new law embodying the general provisions of the old laws but strength"
ening and bringing them up to datea was passed at that time0 The Board consists
of the Directors of the Departments of Public Health 9 Conservation^ Agriculture,,
Public Works and Buildings^, and two members selected by the Governor ^ one repre=
senting manic ipalities and one representing industry* A Water Pollution Gdotrol
Advisory Council to the Board is also provided, for0 The Chief Sanitary Engineer
of the Department of Public Health is the Technical Secretary of the Board*
The Sanitary Water Board has the powers tog (l) determine if pollution
exists in any of the waters of the State | (2) to adopt rules and regulations!
(3) to hold public hearings! (4) to make, alter # or modify orders requiring
the discontinuance of pollution of the waters of the State f (5) to institute
61
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legal proceedings to obtain compliance with the Act} (6) to issue, continue
in effect, or deny permits for the discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or
other wastes or for the installation or operation of sewage works| (?) to
revoke or modify any permit issued} (&) to cause such investigations to be
made as it may deem advantageous to the public interest.
The Board is specifically authorized to adopt rules and regulations gov-
erning: (l) procedure of the Board with respect to hearings? (2) the method
and manner under which plans and specifications for sewage works shall be sub-
mitted} (3) design of sewage works* (4) preparation and submission of reports
of operation of sewage works} (5) filing of reports} (6) issuance of permits}
(?) certification of technical competency of sewage works operation personnel}
(8) filing and sealing of abandoned water wells and drainage holes.
The Board hass among others, the duty and responsibility to: (l) en-
courage voluntary cooperation in the preservation and restoration of the
waters of the State} (2) encourage the formation of cooperative groups of
municipalities, industries, etc», for the purpose of prevention and abatement
of pollution} (3) advise, consult, participate, cooperate, and enter into
agreements with other agencies for the purpose of preventing or abating pol-
lution} (4) plan for the abatement and prevention of pollution of waters of
the State} ($) require the submission of plans and specifications for sewage
works, and to issue permits therefor.
The penalty provisions of the Act provide for? (l) a fine not to exceed
$500 for the first day and $100 for each succeeding day for each day during
which violation continues} (2) imprisonment} (3) recovery of money for the
value of fish and aquatic life destroyed as a result of pollution} (4) in-
junction.
The Act does not apply to the disposal of wastes from oil production
operations or to a sanitary district having a population in excess of one mil-
lion persons.
62
-------
Missouri - At the present time the State of Missouri has no coniprehen-
sive stream pollution iawffl The Division of Health considers each problem in-
dividually and requires such treatment of wastes as may be necessary to provide
an effluent of satisfactory quality. Written approval of the Division is re-
quired for any new waste treatment works or alterations in existing facilities «
LEGISLATION GOVERNING SANITARY DISTRICTS
j - A synopsis of the East Side Levee and Sanitary District Act
(1907 Sanitary District Act) which includes the E» St, Louis area is as follows s
19C7 SANITARY DISTRICT ACT
(East Side Levee and Sanitary District)
~° Purpose^ - To drain and protect the areas within the district from over-
flow for sanitary purposes and to provide for sewage disposal,
20 Organization
(a) S;££ili2£Z, °~ ^W area °£ contiguous territory within the limits of
two counties, having within its limits two or more incorporated cities
or villages, and an aggregate population of not less than thirty-five
hundred inhabitants, situated as to be subject to overflow from any
river or tributary thereof and the maintenance of one or more levees
for the protection of the same against such overflow and of a new or
improved outlet for the drainage thereof.
(k) ForBation - Three hundred legal voters resident within the limits
of such proposed district, may petition the county judge of the county
in which the majority of such petitioners reside, to cause the ques-
tion to be submitted to the legal voters of said proposed district.
The county judge together with a dircuit judge and the Judge of the
other county constitute a Board of Commissioners to consider the
proposed, boundaries, hold public hearings s determine the boundaries
based on the hearings e After submitting the issue to the voters if
favorably considered the county judge calls an election to elect the
corporate authorities of the district e
(c) Gton^es_jji^T8j]TJ.t.ory_ - No provision is made in the act for annex-
ation, disannexation, or dissolution Presumably this must be ac-
complished by an amendment to the act, passed by the State Legisla-
ture, for each individual case,
3o Cory)org.te_JAutho^ity. - The corporate authority is a Board of Trustees con-
sisting of five members who hold elective office for four years. The Board
63
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manages district affairs, may elect a clerk, treasurer, engineer and attor-
ney, may prescribe dities and fix compensation of all officers and employees,
elects from their number a president. Salary of president shall not be more
than .$2,000 per year and other members ^1,000 psr year. Amount received by
any attorney shall not exceed y>3»500 per year. All trustees are bonded.
4. Powers and Duties of the Board
(a) To pass ordinances, rules and regulations necessary to do business
and carry out objectives*
(b) To maintain a police force for protection of property of the district.
(c) To acquire (or sell) by purchs.se, condemnation or otherwise, any and
all real and personal property, rights of imy and privileges either
within or without its corporate limits, required for its corporate
purposes.
(d) To construct, improve, operate and maintain drains, conduits, treat-
ment plants, pumping plants, works, ditches, channels or outlets in-
side and outside the districts
(e) To conduct financial affairs in that the district mays
(l) Borrow money and issue bonds subject to referendum, not in excess
of 5 percent of the assessed valuation of taxable property.*
(2) Levy and collect a direct tax for corporate purposes, exclusive
of the amount levied for the payment of bonded indebtedness and
interest thereon, not in excess of o333 per cent of valuation of
taxable property*
(3) Issue (as provided for in the 1941 Sanitary District Act)** sewer-
age revenue bonds for entire district, or for particular locality,
to finance sewage works* (Particular locality provision has
questionable constitutionality because of the principle of uni-
formity in taxes.) Revenue bonds are limit3d to forty-year term
and six per cent interest rats, ordinance being in effect within
ten days after publication, unless referendum is petitioned by
300 electors. Bonds are not considered as indebtedness within
statutory limitation. Revenue may be used for operation, main-
tenance, retirement of bonds, depreciation, and extending and
improving systems.
* Full, fair cash value as equalized and assessed by the Department of Revenue*
-x-x- The powers as stated as being derived from the 1941 Sanitary District Act
are implied and are not contained as such in the 190? Sanitary District Act.
64
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(4) Borrow from Reconstruction Finance Corporation^ or other agency»
to finance sewage works or to satisfy outstanding general obli-
gation bonds (as provided for in the 1941 Sanitary District Act),
(5) Establish rates and charges for sewerage services (as provided
for in the 1941 Sanitary District Act)0
(6) Make and enforce rules to regulate improvements by revenue bond
financing (as provided for in the 1941 Sanitary District Act)0
(7) Sue user of system for delinquent sewerage service charges.,
(8) Contract with municipalities for use of sewerage facilities<=
There are also presented herewith abstracts of the 1917 Sanitary District
Act and the 1936 Sanitary District Act (6)0 Most of the sanitary districts in
Illinois are incorporated under the 1917 Act while several are incorporated
under the 1936 Act.
Abstract of the 1917 Act (6)
"An Act to create sanitary districts and to provide for sewage disposal.,"
(Approved June 22, 1917. L. 1917, p. 396j Illinois Revised Statutes 1951j>
Chapter 42, Sections 299-319J.)
1« Purpose - "- - - the construction and maintenance of a plant or plants
for the purification and treatment of sewage and the maintenance of one or
more outlets for the drainage thereof, after having been so treated and
purified by and through such plant or plants will conduce to the preser-
vation of the public health, comfort and convenience^, - - - "and to prevent
contamination of water supplies*
2» Organizat ion
(a) Territory - Any area of contiguous territory containing one or
more incorporated municipalitieso No territory shall be included
which is not inside, or within three miles, of municipalities» No
portion can be in more than one sanitary district organized under
this or any other Act,
(b) Formation - One hundred legal resident voters petition the county
judge, who with two judges of the circuit court constitute a Board
of Commissioners to consider the proposed boundaries8 hold public
hearings, and publish an order0 After having submitted the issue
to the voters, the county judge declares the results0
(c) Changes in Territory
65
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(1) Annexation of contiguous areas may be accomplished by a petition
of ten per cent of the voters in the area, and a majority approval
by them to assume a proportionate share of any bonded indebted-
ness,,
(2) Disannexation is possible in the same manner as annexation pro-
vided certain financial obligations are satisfied,,
(3) Dissolution of a district is not provided for0 (Districts no
longer wishing to exercise powers merely become inactive, ioe0,
trustees are not reappointed and taxes are not levied,)
3« Corporate Authority - The corporate authority is a Board of Trustees con-
sisting of three members, one appointed each year, for a three-year term,
by the county judge who requires bonde No more than two trustees may be
appointed from the same municipality^ none shall be interested in enter-
prises doing business with the district. The Board manages the district
affairsa elects from their number a president and a clerk, and may elect an
engineer, an attorneyp and form a board of local improvements0 Salaries of
trustees shall not exceed $1000 a year®
4. Powers and Duties of the Board
(a) To pass ordinances, rules and regulations necessary to do business
and carry out objectives.
(b) To maintain a police force having jurisdiction to prevent pollution
of waters within fifteen miles of a water supply intake0 (Must first
abate own pollution^)
(c) To acquire for corporate purposes (or sell) real and personal property,
drains, sewers, outlets, rights-of-way, and privileges, inside and out-
side of district by purchase, condemnation or otherwise0
(d) To construct, improve, operate, and maintain;
(l) Conduits, ditches, outlets, pumping stations, sewage treatment
facilities, and water supplies for flushing and diluting purposes,
inside and outside the district.
(2) Dams, within three miles of district, to control stream flows0
(After sewage treatment is provided.)
(3) Ditches, within three miles of district,, (After sewage treat-
ment is providedo Understood primarily to apply to permissive
cleaning, dredging, and removing of debris„)
66
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(e) To enter into agreements such ass
(l) Contracts with U* S. Government or its agencies for use of dis-
trict facilities,
(2) Contracts with areas outside of district for use of district
facilitieso
(3) For easements through publicly controlled properties. (Subject
to State and Federal regulations.)
(4) Leases9 not exceeding 50 yearss and transfers and sale of prop-
erty to U. Se Government, and leases to othersj deeds» (Lease
payments shall be made from current funds and shall not con-
stitute indebtedness.)
(f) To apportion and collect additional charges from the producer, for
district treatment of industrial wastes.
(g) To conduct financial affairs in that the district mays
(l) Borrow money and issue bonds, not in excess of five per cent of
the assessed valuation of taxable property,*
(2) Levy and collect a direct tax^ for corporate purposes, not in
excess of «083 per cent of valuation of taxable property,*
(3) Levy and collect upon approval of voters, up to an additional
.083 Per cent. (May be terminated by majority vote at referendum
petitioned for by ten per cent of voters,)
(4) Issue special assessment bonds, general obligation bonds, or both,
for construction of sewers and adjuncts•
(5) Levy and collect a public benefit tax of .05 per cent of valua-
tion of taxable property,, (A special fund. Tax in addition to
statutory limit*)
(6) Issue sewerage revenue bonds for entire district, or for particu-
lar locality, to finance sewage works. (Particular locality pro-
vision has questionable constitutionality because of the principle
of uniformity in taxes,) Revenue bonds are limited to foxtty—year
termp ordinance being in effect within ten days after publication,
unless referendum is petitioned by 300 electors. Bonds are not
considered as indebtedness within statutory limitation. Revenue
may be used for operation, maintenance, retirement of bonds, de-
preciations, and extending and improving system,
(7) Issue special general obligation bonds upon referendum, levy and
collect taxes in special manner to pay claims and indebtedness
incurred prior to July 10, 1936* (Emergency measure.)
#Fullp fair cash value,, as equalised and assessed by the Department of Revenue.
67
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(6) Borrow from Reconstruction Finance Corporation, or other agency,
to financs sewage works or to satisfy outstanding general obli-
gation bonds .
(9) Establish rates and charges for sewerage services,,
(.10) I-Iak-3 arid enforce rules to regulate improvements by revenue bond
financing;
(11) Sue user of system for delinquent sewerage service charges.
(12) Contract with municipalities for use of sewerage facilities,
(l-fcLnieipality will collect revenue charges from residents and
pay tc district. Municipality may sue own residents for de-
linquer.t service charges.)
and Requirements:
(a) The Board of '.Trustees must provide adequate and suitable sewage treat-
ment facilities as rapidly as possible. Failure to do this within a
"reasonable" time constitutes a misdemeanor of the Board of Trustees,
subjecting the trustees, upon conviction, to a penalty of $100 to $500
and ousting from office. The sanitary Water Board is responsible for
enforcement, through the Attorney General or the State* s Attorney.
(b) The Board, ci Trustees siay adopt any feasible method of accomplishing
the objectives for -which the district is created.
(c) The Boe.rcl cf Trustees may not:
(l) Permit flew of sewage to Lake Michigan
(2) Infringe en vested water rights without "due process of law."
(3) Operate a mx>er supply system for the inhabitants of the district,
(4) "Jse sever revenue depreciation funds for sewer extent ions*
(5) Let contract? exceeding $1000 without advertising for bids and
letting to lot-rest responsible bidder,
END OF ABSTRACT
Absitra£tnQfiithei1936 Act (6)
(Sanitary District and Sewage Disposal Outside Municipalities)
"An Act- to create sanitary districts and to provide for sewage disposal and
tc provide for the aricexs/oioia cf additional territory to any such district and
to authorize sanitary districts to acquire by purchase or construction and upon
-------
acquisition to maintain and operate a waterworks and to improve and extend the
same and issue, bonds to pay the cost thereof payable sol sly from revenues of such
waterworks and to provide for a method of dissolution of such sanitary districts,8'
Approved July 2, 1936. L* 1935-36, Fourth Sp«. Setfe.-,, p* 16. Title as amended
by act approved July 25? 1951- Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 42? Section
412 „
ide for the collection and the disposal of the
sewage - - - and the drainage of such district and to save and preserve the
water supplied to the inhabitants of such district from contamination."
2, Oranization
(a) ZSEEiiSiX ~ -^Ry area oi> contiguous territory in. a single county,
outside the limits of a municipality^
('D) FoiTjiation - Twenty per cent of resident voters petition county judge,
who, with two circuit court judges constitute a Board of Commissioners
to consider the proposed boundaries, hold public hearings, and publish
an order, After having submitted the issue to the voters f the county
judge declares the results, (Twenty days notice of public hearing;
after order, sixty days for election which shall be publicized 20 days
before election, )
(l) Annexation of contiguous non-incorporated areas may be accom-
plished by a petition of ben per cent of the voters to the county
judge, who shall act with Board of Commissioners in the 'nar^ier
that the original district was formed* The voters of dfir.sccet'.
territory must elect to assume a proportionate share of the
bonded indebtedness of the district,,
(2) Annexation may also be accomplished by a majority of la,"'!?;,! ag-^
who petition the county judge,. The Board of Gommissior<3rF con-
sider the petition and the enabling ordinance s if passed by
district, trustees, annexes the territory*
(3) There is no provision for disannexation of territory*
(O The district may be dissolved by a majority of votes cast after
an election petitioned to the county judge by fifty voters in
the district Bonds and contracts are obligations which muei.
eventually be discharged,, and remaining money shall be part of
the district school fund.
3» ^££^§.^g_Aubhori1:;£ - A Board of Trustees consisting of three members «,
appointed, one each year for Lhree-year terms, by the county judge, shall
69
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govern, control and manage the affairs and business of the district,, They
shall elect one as president and one as clerk| they may elect a treasurer 5,
an engineer^, and an attorney. None shall be interested in enterprises
which involve financial interests and business with the district0 Compsn—
sat ion of trustees is limited to v300 annually.
4» Powers and Duties of the Board
(a) To pass ordinances, roles and regulations for proper management and
conduct of" business and for carrying out objectives for which district
is formed0
To maintain a police force having jurisdiction of pollution cf water?
within fifteen mile's of a water supply intake« (Must first abate own
pollution,,)
(c) To acquire for corporate purposes by purchase, condemnations or other-
wise, real and personal property, rights-of-way, and privilegesg inside
and outside of district. May by condemnation and proper compensation^
by gross or installment rental, use drains, etc., of another sanitary
district or a municipality if an agreement is not reached. District
nay dispose of property when no longer required,
(d) To construct (improve), operate, and maintains
(l) Conduits and appurtenances of any type for the carrying off,,
disposing, and purifying of sewage. May procure diluting waters,,
(2) After providing sewage treatment works, dams in streams for
control of flow0
(3) Ditches and adjuncts, vd-thin three miles of" district <, in;lading
cleaning, dredging, and removing of refusee
(e) To cooperate and enter into contracts with other sanitary di=tri;;ts
and municipalities for necessary drainage and sewage disposal0
(f) To enter into agreements withg
(l) The Federal Government and its agencies for property transfers,
uses, services, and financial aid0 Includes Contra.:tss deedsP
leases, etce
(2) State and Federal agencies for easements through public property.
(g) To apportion and collect additional charges from the producerp £:-
-------
(i) To conduct financial affairs in that the district nays
(l) Borrow money and issue bonds for corporate purposes , not in
excess of five per cent of the assessed valuation of taxable
property.
(2) Levy and collect a direct annual tax for corporate purposes^
not in excess of 0,25 per cent of the assessed value of tax°>
able property.
(3) Upon approval of voters, an additional 0*25 per cent may be
levied but nay be terminated^ upon petition^, by majority vote
of electors.
(4) Issue special assessment bonds, general obligation bonds, or
both for construction of sewers and adjuncts «
(5) After authorizing election, issue revenue bonds of 30— year
term for costs of acquiring waterworks, or for "waterworks
improvements ,
(6) Issue revenue bonds for sewers as provided in separate enabling
act.
(?) Arrange for loans and grants from Federal sources „
(8) (Do those acts necessary for the carrying out sewer revenue
bond financing under separate act0)
5. General J^njd^Sp^cific iLmitatjioj[is_^^_Rejguirgmentst
(a) The board of trustees shall proceed as rapidly as possible to provide
sewers and treatment t Failure to do so is a misdemeanor on part of
trustees who are liable to punishment by penalty of $100 to ',5300 fiae
and ousting from office. It is the duty of the Department of Public
Health to enforce this provision through the Attorney General or
State's Attorney,
(b) The board may not;
(l) Permit flow of sewage to Lake Michigan
(2) Infringe on vested water rights without "due process of Iaw0n
(3) Let contracts exceeding $500 without advertising and letting to
lowest responsible bidder,
JEWD OF ABSTRACT
Missouri •= The recent creation of the St» Louis Metropolitan Sewer District
has consolidated a great portion of the heavily developed area of St. Louis and
St. Louis County into a single body having authority to maintain, repair and
71
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construct sanitary and storm sewers as needed« Those areas outside the district
must provide sewer service through mechanics permissible to cities, towns, or
villages, if the area is incorporated, or by creation of additional sewer
district. Additional districts will be required to serve the Meramec River
•watershed in the future, however, such district can be created by petition of
property owners to the circuit court when the need arises. The Metropolitan
District can also be expanded to serve contiguous areas.
The City of St« Louis is not completely included in the Metropolitan
District. The central portion of the City, discharging sewage directly to
the Mississippi River, is administered by the St. Louis Sewer Department.
This area has been sewered for many years, and the major problem confronting it
is the provisions of treatment when required»
Regulations of the Missouri Division of Health provide that plans and
specifications for all sewerage works be submitted and approved by the Division
before construction is begun. These regulations apply to all areas except the
City of St. Louis which is excluded by the Statute empowering the Division of
Health to enact and enforce regulations 0 The City of St» Louis, under Missouri
Statutes, is responsible for design and construction of all works within the
corporate limits.
Under present Missouri Law, Cities, Towns, Villages, and Sewer Districts
may construct, extend, or improve a sewerage system, and cost may be met bys
(l) expenditure of any funds on hand which may be used for that purposej (2)
issuance of bonds for that purpose, payable by taxes to be levied against
property! (3) the proceeds of special assessments levied and collected in
accordance with law when the area served is within the corporate limits of a
municipality! (4) the proceeds of revenue bonds issued and payable from
revenues to be derived from the operations of the sewerage systemj (5) any
combination of all such methods of providing funds.
72
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The issuance of bonds requires approval by a Tote of the citizens. Con-
struction financed by special assessment or by funds available can be author-
ized by the governing body at any time* Many municipalities find it necessary
to combine revenue and general obligation bonds in their financing programs»
The amount of general obligation bonds which can be issued is limited to twenty
percent of the assessed valuation of the municipality or districto Often
general obligation bonds cannot be issued in sufficient numbers to provide an
adequate financial program for cost of needed construction*
In generals the laws permitting the creation of sewer districts and gov°-
erning financing of such works by citiess townss eteos are adequate,, They are
not uniform in outlining procedures and limits for the several classes of
cities, and a general revision, aimed toward uniformity^ should be consideredo
73
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SECTION VIII
SOURCES OF, POLLUTION
By far the major portion of the municipal and industrial wastes origi-
nating in the metropolitan area are discharged -untreated to the Mississippi
Rivero These -wastes are discharged at numerous points along a 35-mile stretch
of river extending through the area,. The survey disclosed a total of 200 out~
lets of various sizes which discharge to this section of the stream,. These
consist, of storm sewerss sanitary sewers9 combined storm and sanitary sewers,,
and industrial waste outlets* There are approximately 155 outlets discharging
to the river from the Missouri side between mileage points 16802 and19000 or
within a 22 mile stretch of rivere Of thess 125 consist of sanitary ^ combined
storm and sanitary ? and industrial waste sewers„ The balance consist of storm
sewers 3, and sewers carrying principally cooling "water discharged from various
industries,, There are 45 outlets discharging to the river from the Illinois
silie between mileage points 1?3«5 and 202049 or with.ii: a 29-mile stretch of
river e Twenty-five of these outlets ojonsisi of sanitary$ combined storm and
sanitarys and industrial •wastes sewers* Ths balance ^onsist of storm sewerss
outlets; from drainage ditches s arid, seitf&r'r: .'.anyiog principally pooling water
discharged from various industries
A list of outlets discharging to the Mississippi River within the St0
Louis Metropolitan Area is presented in tables 12 and 13 o The location of
outlet by river mileage*, type of sewer<> designation^ and description are in<=
dicatedo
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Table 12 - GREATER STC LOUIS MM (Sewer Outlets, Missouri Side, llissis*
sippi River)
River
Mile
Sewer
Sewer
Outfall
Description
¥-168.20
¥-169.35
VM.69.63
¥-=169.82
¥-170,83
¥-171.34
W-171.70
W-171.89
W=171»94
¥-=172.12
W-172.51
¥-172.60
¥-172.68
¥-172 o91
¥-173.19
¥-173.30
¥-173.42
¥-173.47
¥-173 * 55
¥-173.86
¥-173.91
¥-175.00
¥-175.07
¥-175.52
Storm & Sanitary
Storm & Sanitary
Storm
Storm & Sanitary
Storm & Sanitary
Storm & Sanitary
Storm & Sanitary
Storm, Sanitary
& Industrial
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Combination
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Sanitary
Sanitary
Sanitary
Combination
Storm
Combination
Combination
Combination
Koch Hospital
Vet's Hospital
Vet«s Hospital
Jeff. Barracks
Jeff. Barracks
Notre Dame
Me* Ship Bldg. Corp0
National Lead Co0
Titanium Division
River de Peres
Catalin St0
Mb,, Pa,c0 Elevator
Lowell Bleachery
Steins St0
Quincey St0
Cent0 Valley Vinegar
Not known
18" V.C.P.
3? x 8* Culvert
12* Ditch
32" V.G.P.
Not Known
Hot Known
17 Separate Outlets
158? open channel
9* x 8*-8" Brick Arch
8 Separate Outfalls
15" V0G.P0
4» x 5»-6" Brick Arch
5« Dia. Concrete
8" V.C..PO
Stc Louis Steel Casting 10" V0C0P.
Marquette Cement 4n C0I»PB
Miss, Valo Iron Works 1811 V,C.P.
Fillmore St»
Foot of Elwood
Barret Go0
Dakota St0
lleramac Street
B% Dia. Concrete
12" VoCoP.
1 at 4" V.GaP.^ 2 at 15"
C.I.Po
5? x 6? Brick Arch
36" C.I.P.
75
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Table 12 - (continued)
River
Mile
Type
Sewer
Sewer
Designation
Outfall
Description
¥-175o62
¥-176e14
¥-176067
W-176.77
W-176,90
¥-177.11
¥-177.34
¥-177o43
¥-177o50
¥-177*52
¥-177.55
¥-177.77
¥-177.90
W-178oL2
¥-178,32
¥-1780 53
W-17S.70
¥-178084
¥-179.06
¥-179oil
¥-179»25
W-179.30
¥-179c37
W-179.42
Combination
Storm
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Southern
South-Arsenal Relief
Utah Street
U.S.E. Boatyard
Arsenal Street
Dorcos Street
Louisa Street
Rowing Club
Miss, Valley Steel Co.
Victor Street
Miss e River Sand &
Material
Barton Street
Trudeau
Lesperance
Carrol
Miller Street
Mill Creek Relief
Old Mill Creek
Gratiot Street
Cedar Street
Poplar Street
Valentine Street
Spruce Street
Clark Street
10f-6° Concrete Arch
12* Dia. Concrete Semi
3» Dia. Brick
5 Outfalls
8» x 9* Concrete Arch
30" C.I.P.
4*-8" x 5* Sect. Concrete
12" C.I.P.
16" C.I.P.
12" V.C.P*
6" VoC»P.
5f Dia. Concrete
6f x 8T Concrete Arch
4»-6" x 5»-6» Con. Arch
4* x 5f Brick Blips.
31 x 3»-8" Brick Elips.
I6f x l6f Con. Horseshoe
23T-4" x 13T-4" Stone Arch
2»-6» x 4T Brick Elips.
2»-6» x 3* Brick Elips.
5'-6» x 6» Stone Arch
12" V.C.P.
1- x 1-1/2« Rect. Stone
2» x 2»-6" U Brick
76
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Table 12 <= (continued)
River
Mile
Sewer
Sewer
Designation
Outfall
Description
8 Combination
¥-179.52 Combination
¥-179 o 60 C ombination
¥=179065 Combination
¥-179.70 Combination
¥•=•179 «.76 Combinat ion
¥~r7868l Combination
¥-179.89 Combination
¥=179»46 Combination
¥~180«04 Combination
¥-180,11 Combination
¥-180.16 Combination
¥-180.24 Combination
¥-180.34 Combination
¥-=180 <>45 Combination
¥-180.48 Storm & Combi-
nation
¥-180.55 Combination
¥-180.60 Combination
Ii-.180.66 Combination
¥=•180,81 Combination
¥-181.00 Sanitary
Elm Street
¥alnut Street
Market Street
Chestnut
Pine
Olive
Locust
Vine
Washington
Lucas
Delmar
Franklin
Walsh
Carr
Diddle
Union Electric
Ashley
0»Fallen
Dickson
Florida
Laclede Gas
2* x. 2«==6» U Brick +
5? x 5» H«S.
2? x 2»-6" U Brick
2« x 2»-6'» U Brick
2«-10n x a'-lO" Brick &
Plank
l»-6" x 2»-10n Brick &
Plank
2*«6» x 3? Brick & Plank
3»-0" x 3?»6" Brick &
Plank
2»r3tt x 4t-0" Brick &
Plank
x 2* -4" U Brick
3» Dias Brick
3* Dia0 Brick
2«»4» x 2»-0" Brick Arch
1» x 2« Stone
2»-6» x 3? Brick Arch
H.S. +
23 Points of Discharge
1=1/2 » x 3f
3f x 4* Arch - Concrete
2=1/2 « x 3-1/2*
3? x 4f Brick Arch
3 at 3* x 4f wood - 6" C.I.P.
- 14" C.I.P.
77
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Table 12 - (continued)
River
Mile
Type
Sewer
Sewer
Designation
Outfall
Description
¥-181.11
¥-l8l042
¥-!81o45
¥~181064
¥-!81o70
¥~!82oOO
¥-182 .10
¥-!82o44
¥-182 o48
¥~182<,54
¥=-183 023
¥-183*32
¥-183 063
¥-183 084
¥-183 08?
¥-184 095
¥-185 o 58
¥-186 oOO
¥-186,97
¥-!87o24
¥-18?' 065
¥-188 030
¥-188 . 65
¥-189 o 5
¥~19002
Combination
Combination
Combination
Storm
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Sanitary
Sanitary
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Sanitary
Storm
Storm
Sanitary
& Combination
Brooklyn
Chambers
Madison
No» Market Relief
Benton
Palm
Branch
Destreham
Mallenkradt Chemical
Salisbury
Bremen
Ferry
St» Louis Water Wks»
Ste Louis Water Wks,
CoB0 & Q. Elevator
Prairie Ave.
Harlen Creek
Humbolt
Baden
Gimblin
Maline Creek
Mo0 Porto Cement
Foot of Garden
Foot of Garden
St« Louis Water Wks,
(Chain of Rocks)
36" C.I.P.
4f x 5* Rect, Concrete
2?" V.C.P.
7* Concrete
4-1/2' x 5-1/2» Arch
18» x 14T Concrete Arch
141 x 11» Concrete Arch
Not known
24" V.C.P.
1 at 5* Brick - 1 at
5» x 3» Brick Arch
4» x 5* Brick Arch
8» x 10* Ifesonery Arch
34" C.I.P.
36" C.I.P.
3 Outfalls
8»-3" x 8»2» Brick Arch
30» Brick Arch
10* x 8» Concrete Arch
36* x 20» Open Channel
4» x 6» Brick, Enipt»
58* open channel
2-1/2* Cement
6* x 6* Concrete Box
6* x 7f Concrete Box
11 Oatlets
(8« to 2* x 2»)
78
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Table 13 - E. ST. LOUIS - ALTON AREA (Sever Outlets,, Illinois Side^
Mississippi River)
^iver
Mile
E-173.6 (Approx.)
E-178.1 (Approx.)
Type
Sewer
Combination
Combination
Sewer
De_si^mtion
Dupo
Monsanto Village
Outfall
Description
14" C.I.P.
54-1/2" x 56-1/2"
E~17803 (Approx.) Sewers & Intakes
E—160.6 (Approx.) Combination
Union Electric
(Cahokia Plant)
E. Sto Louis
(ApproXo)
(Approx.)
(Approx.)
(Approxe)
(Approx<,)
(Approx.)
(Approx.)
(Approx.)
(Approx,)
(Approx.)
(Approx,)
E=-201,0 (Approx.)
E-201.7 (Approx.)
E=201S9 (Approx.)
E-202.4 (Approx.)
E-182.7
E-183.2
E-184.0
E-197.1
E-197,3
B-197.5
E-197.5
E-198ol
E-198ol
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Combination
Sewers & Intakes
Combination
Venice
Madison
Granite City
Hartford
Sinclair Oil & Ref.Co0
International Shoe Co0
Shell Oil Go«
Standard Oil Go«
Wood River
E. Alton
Am. Smelting & Ref.Go.
Alton Box Board Go.
Shields Branch (Alton)
Owens — Ills Glass Co0
Piasa St. (Alton)
Rect. Concrete
14 Outlets & Intakes
3-(l2» x 12») Rect.
Concrete Sections
30" VoC.P.
36" V.G0P0
6? dia. outlet
48" Cone,
24" VoCeP.
24" Cone.
36ft
58" Cone.
36" Conc0
24" V,C.P0
3-(6", 8", & 12")
outlets
24" V9C<,P,,
5» dia,
5 Outlets & Intakes
10» x 12* Rect. Gone,
79
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTES
In addition to the domestic sewage, the municipal wastes discharged to
the river in the area also include ground garbage from the City of St. Louis,
Mis-souri» The domestic sewage load from the City of St» Louis together with
that from several of the adjacent or nearby county municipalities is dis-
charged to the river without treatment0 The collection systems of several of
these county areas discharge through the City of St, Louis sewers* A number
of towns and housing developments located in the county area have provided
-sewage treatment facilities of one form or another. It is estimated that the
domestic sewage load from a population of approximately 1,000,000 is dis-
charged to the river from the Missouri sidee This pollution load is dis-
charged at various points along a 22 mile stretch of river«
Garbage collected in the City of Ste Louis is transported to a grinding
plant where a part of it is sold to farmers for hog feeding pur poses „ The
balance is ground and discharged to the river through the city sewers0 The
tonnages of garbage ground and discharged to sewers and tonnages sold during
the year 1951 and 1952, as furnished by the St0 Louis Division of Refuse Col-
lect ion5 are listed in table 14 o
The daily maximum quantity of garbage collected occurred in August 1948 »
when a total of 628 tons were collected,, Of this total, 173 tons were sold
and the remaining 455 tons were ground and discharged to the sewers0 During
the period of this survey, which extended through the years 1951 and 1952, the
maximum monthly discharge of ground garbage to sewers occurred during July and
December respectively,. Ordinarily the period of heaviest collections occurs
from June 15 to September 15 » It will be noted from the tonnage figures in
table 14 that there was a continued decrease in the quantity of garbage sold
during the last few months of 1952 which accounts for the maximum quantity of
garbage ground and discharged to sewers having occurred during December of that
80
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Table 14
GARBAGE (SOUND AND SOLD, ST0 LOUISA MISSOURI
Average
1951
Ground Sold*
(to sewers)
Tons Tons
1952
Ground Sold*
(to sewers)
Tons Tons
Jan »
Feb0
Mar,
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept,
Oct.
NOVa
Dec,
1614*66
2233.50
1302.47
1122.84
1374.18
1938.93
3156.06
3083.55
2124,04
1957.41
1837*67
1753.37
3540.93
2877.91
3987.61
4135.71
4438*75
4839.85
4917.47
5134.19
4640008
4612.94
3752,08
3116,89
1558.37
1254*42
1178o78
990 „ 6?
996087
127808!
1782,84
2358,10
2737.66
2370.02
2969*32
424 5 o 20
3613.03
36l4»l6
3918,42
42.03.22
4330,26
4675.86
4999.37
5010036
3950el7
3099.44
2206 e 89
1878 o 55
1958
4166
1977
3792
Max*,
(Monthly)
3156
4245
s" Weight after drainage. Weight shrinkage after drainage is estimated to
amount to about 4 percent» Drainage is discharged to city sewer along with
ground garbage.
A summary of totals for the years 1950-52 is as followss
Total Total Groxmd
Year
1950
1951
1952
75,578 tons
73,492 tons
69 ,,221 tons
37,364 tons (49.5:0
23,499 tons (32.0:iO
23,721 tons (34.3$)
-------
year* Assuming a five-day collection schedule per week, the daily average
quantity of garbage discharged to sewers during July 1951* and December 1952,
would be approximately 144 and 193 tons per day respectively. The maximum
daily -discharge to sewers during 1951* and 1952S was 3H«o3 and 348.98 tons
per day -which occurred on July 24 and August 7 respectively* The grinding
and discharge of garbage to sewers is ordinarily carried on from about 6;00
or 7:00 A«M, until about 2iOO or 3*00 P.M. The grinding period will vary
with the quantity processed but the operations are generally carried out
within the above time range. Ground garbage is discharged to the river
through the Old Mill Creek sewer outlet located at river mile 178<,84» Do-
mestic se:iiage from Illinois communities bordering the river in the metro-
politan area is discharged direct to the river. Discharge outlets are
located at various points from Alton, Illinois, to Dupo, Illinois, or along
a stretch of approximately 29 miles of shore line. This domestic sewage
load is discharged without treatment, and it is estimated that the contrib-
uting popriation is approximately 140,000*
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
The industrial waste load discharged to municipal sewers or directly
tc the river from the metropolitan area constitutes a pollution load of wide
diversity in character. An industrial \vastes inventory conducted during the
coarse of the survey included approximately 150 industries which were con-
sidered as contributing a significant pollution load. The industries surveyed
were designated under 18 general classifications„ Available survey facilities
did not permit a detailed study and analysis of each individual waste. How—
3ver? in a considerable number of cases the waste characteristics could be
fairly well ascertained on the basis of industrial waste studies previously
made of similar industries in other areas. In some cases the characteristics
of the wastes wers not definitely known and an evaluation of the pollution
82
-------
load In terms of population equivalents cciild not be determined -without further
study and analysis„
Approximately 90 percent of the Missouri industries surveyed discharged
their wastes to public sewer collection systems while the remainder discharged
wastes direct to the rivere In the case of the Illinois industries surveyed
about 70 percent discharged x^rastes to public collection systems while the re-
mainder discharged wastes direct to the river. In most of the cases the major
industries operated on a continuous schedule so that the wastes discharged to
the river were distributed, over a 24-hour periods
POLLUTION LOADING
An attempt was made to arrive at a reasonable estimate of the overall
pollution load being discharged to the river from the metropolitan area in
terms of industrial wastes and domestic sewage wastes loadings Since a con-
siderable part of the industrial wastes are discharged to public collection
systems it was decided to sample and analyze the effluents from the principal
outfall sewers in order to obtain a figure for the total load. The industrial
waste load was then obtained by deducting the estimated sewered population
contributing domestic wastes®
The pollution loading is expressed in terms of population equivalents
(P,E.) based on 5-day BOD requirements of the -wastes. A breakdown of the
pollution load contributed from the metropolitan area is presented in table
15• The total P.Eo is based on the analysis of the outfall sewer samples $ and
the domestic P0E» loads are the estimated, sewered population contributing.,
The industrial P.E. loadings are obtained by difference,,
-------
Table 15 - POLLUTION LOAD (Domestic and Industrial)
(Expressed as population equivalents based on 5-day BOD)
Area
Alton area (H10)
Wood R. - Hartford area (I110)
Eo 3to Louis Area (IU»)
Illinois (Total)
Missouri (Total)
Total
(P.E.)
283,000
188,000
955,000
1,426,000
3,500,000
Industrial
(P.E.)
253,000
178,000
855,000
1,286,000
2,500,000*
Domestic
(P.E.)
30,000
10,000
100,000
140,000
1,000,000
Total (Metropolitan Area)
4,926,000
3,786,000
1,140,000
* 'This figure includes the P0E0 of the ground garbage discharged to sewers
•during the outfall sewer sampling operations. At that time (Jan, 1952) the
monthly average quantity of ground garbage discharged was approximately 80
tons per day,, assuming 20 collection days during that month,. On the basis of
a BOB of 150 Ibso per ton for wet garbage the PoE8 attributable to the garbage
load would be approximately 70,0000 This would leave a PJS, of 2,430,000
chargeable to industrial wastes discharged by the Missouri industries, and a
domestic P<,E» of 1,070,000 during the period of sewer outfall sampling,, The
pollution load entering the Mississippi River from the metropolitan area is
represented graphically as population equivalents in figure 14» The magni-
tude and location of point of discharge (river mileage) from the principal
se-.fer outlets are shewn, together with the location of water works intakes,
i-iver structures., tributariess sampling stations, etc« The waste loadings
inoisated wars determined on the basis of the analyses of the outfall sewer
•samples collected,, It should be pointed out that a number of the smaller
outlets -were not sampled but the values shown do represent the major part
of the pollution load entering the river in the metropolitan area.
84
-------
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FIGURE
-------
SECTION IX
PRESENTATION OF LABORATORY RESULTS
LABORATORY METHODS
Routine laboratory analyses on the river samples included the determi-
nation of temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, phenol,
alkalinity, turbidity, chloride, and most probable number (MEN) of coliform
organisms. Five main river stations were sampled routinely and are described
in Section VI* The analysis for phenolic compounds was only made routinely on
samples from certain sampling points* Other points -which seldom showed the
presence of phenolic materials or, if sos only in light concentrations were
only spot checked at occasional intervals, A brief explanation of the above
t'ssts and their significance is presented in the following section.
In general, the chemical and bacteriological analyses and examinations
•;rere made in accordance with the procedures set forth in "Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Sewage^,*1 9th Edition, 19465 of the American Public
Health Association (2).
SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY ANALYSES
Temperature - The oxygen solubility and thus the saturation level of
dissolved oxygen is dependent on the temperature of a stream*. The natural
purification rate and bacterial growth is increased or diminished with higher
or lower temperatures,, respectively*, Water temperatures were recorded to the
nearest one-half degree (* C) at the time of collection of sample.
Dissolved Oxygen (D.^Ot,) - Dissolved oxygen is essential to the natural
purification of stream, waters, the maintenance of fish and other aquatic life,
and the prevention of nuisance conditions associated with putrefactive de-
composition of waste materials in a streanu Usually the amount of oxygen dis—
solved in stream water is limited by the saturation value (9*17 ppta at 20e C.)
36
-------
which Is a function of -water temperature,. In some eases # due to the photo-
synthetic action of some water plants 5 such as algae s the normal saturation
level may be exceeded, in -which case 3, supersaturated condition occurs 0 A
deficiency in the dissolved oxygen content of a stream appreciably below the
satiation level usually Indicates the presence of polluting organic substances
which are absorbing oxygen from the stream water0 The degree of this deficien-
cy is one measure of the dsoxygenating effect of polluting matter 0
Mien a stream receives se-wage or industrial -wastes at a single point and
rapid admixture with the stream water takes place^, the dissolved oxygen content
tends to follow a typical sag curve on the basis of time and temperatures,
reaching a, minimum point usually in '1 to 3 dayfs time of flow below the source
of pollution,, depending on the temperature of the stream, oxygen demand, of the
organi:. polluting matter s and rate of reaeration,, The specific- rate of atmos=
pherii; reaeration of a stream is influenced slightly by stream temperature,
but more largely by the turbulence of flow<> 'The lowest point of the oxygen sag
curve marks the most unfavorable condition that may affect, fish and other aquatic
life a or the possibility of the occurrence of nuisance conditions in a streanio
toe measure of the affect ^f pollution if iDdicated by the-- -.^flciency in the
dissolved oxygen, content b-slow saturations The resulting effect of the disposal
of -wa.i'te matter to streams depends on the- relationship between the character s
quantity and strength of the Hastes^, and the chara:-ier and volume of flow of the
receiving stream,,
The dissolved oxygen data presented in this report are reported as parts
per million (ppm) and the eorr^pondiiig percent- saturation values 0 The sodium
a tide modification of the KflnkJer method wa?1- the analytical procedure used in
the D00e determinations on this sur
5day at 20® Cc (BpOoD0) - The standard test,
for B,OoD0 involves the incubation of sealed, sample-s of river water for 5
37
-------
at 20° C* and the determination of the dissolved oxygen loss or depletion by
the sample during the period of incubation. This loss represents the 5-day bio-
chemical oxygen demand of the sample, and is a measure of the oxygen necessary
to satisfy the biochemical oxidation requirements of the pollutioi. present at
the time the sample -was collected. The rate of biochemical oxidation increases
as the temperature rises •while under the same temperature conditions the dis-
solved oxygen present decreases. Critical stream conditions will therefore
usually result during the warm months particularly since the higher tempera-
tures often occur during periods of low stream flows. B*0»D. data recorded are
ir, parts per million (ppm).
pjH - pH is defined as the negative logarithm, of the hydrogen-ion con-
centration. The pH value indicates the relative acidity or alkalinity of a
ijater, with the neutral point at a pH of 7»0* Values lower than 7«0 indicate
the presence of acids or acid salts while values higher than 7*0 indicate the
presence of alkalies or alkaline earth salts.
Alkalinity - The alkalinity of a natural water represents its content of
carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally borates, silicates, and
phosphates. In comparison with pH, alkalinity may be considered as a quantity
factor while pH would be an intensity factor* Alkalinity results are reported
as ppm GaCOo,
Turbidity - Turbidity in stream waters is due tc suspended matter which
may be material that will settle out on standing or may be colloidal in nature.
The turbidity measurement is an index of the density of silt, or other suspended
mauter, carried by a stream. It is measured in terms of parts per million of a
standard suspension of diatomaceous earth, To a limited extent there is a cor-
relation between turbidity, B.O.D. values and high or low river stages.
-------
Chlgridg, => Fresh waters usually contain chlorides, the normal amount
varying in different areas 0 AJI increase above normal is an indication of con
tamination from sevts,ge or industrial wastes,, In this survey the reason for
including this analysis was for purposes of comparison ors in other words, to
serve as one indicator of the increased pollution load at each consecutive
sampling station downstream,, and to also serve as an indicator of the cross
sectional distribution of the pollution load at the main sampling stations 0
The results are reported as ppm (Cl~) 0
~ This determination affords the most
accurate and specific test for pollution of stream •waters by sewage, as it
shows the approximate density of a group of bacteria which a^e always present
in large numbers in sewage and are relatively few in number? in other stream
pollutants, and are also normally found only in very small numbers in natural
unpolluted streams 0 Coliform bacteria are normally present in the intestines
of •warm=>blooded animals and are discharged in vast numbers in human feces
whioh constitute the main source, of these bacteria in sewage 0 The results of
this test are recorded as the most probable, number (MPN) or organisms per 100
mle of sample,
Phenol - Phenolic compounds are present in certain types of industrial
washes ands due to their- reaction with chlorine used in water treatment plant s^,
form chlorophenol compounds which cause cbjestionable tastes and odors in
•water supplies,, These tastes and odors are variously described as medicinal,,
chemical, or iodcform,, Very small concent tat ions of phenolic material can
produce taste and odor problems in connection with water treatment „ Phenolic
compounds may be absorbed by fish directly from the water- and. this type of
waste may be one of the contributing cauees of tainted fish taken from a;reas
at certain times where this type of -waste ia present <> At higher concentrations
-------
this waste can be toxic to fish, the toxicity level varying with the species
or fish. Normally, natural waters contain no phenolic compounds* The use of
/'•.- aminoantipyrine for the colorimetric determination of phenolic material was
the method followed in the analysis of samples collected on this survey. Phenol
results are recorded as parts per billion (ppb) in this report,
PRESENTATION OF ANALYTICAL DATA
Main River Samples - The summaries of laboratory data on all river samples
together with corresponding river flow data are presented in Appendix E of this
report* These summaries include a tabulation of individual laboratory results,
seasonal results, and also a summary of the individual results of the cross
sectional sampling conducted at each main sampling station for a period of time
during the fall of 1951* The seasonal summaries show the average, maximum,
and minimum values with the exception of the coliform bacteria group of results
in which the median value instead of average is used. The median value was
used in order to eliminate the undue influence of a few extremely high or low
results. The periods used in the seasonal grouping of laboratory results are
as follows: Summer — June, July, August, and September| Winter — December,
January, February, and March;; Intermediate ~ April, May, October, and
November.
The seasonal laboratory results for the five main sampling stations are
plotted in figures 15, 16, and 1? for the R, C, and L samples respectively,
T.ie data presented include the seasonal average B»0»D, and D*0, values, the
median and maximum values of coliform organisms in (MPN/100 ml,), the maximum
15,0=3, and also the minimum D.O*, values for the season indicated, The seasonal
average river discharges are also indicated at each sampling stations, These
averages are based only on the river flows on the days when samples were col-
lected.
The seasonal average and maximum phenol results are plotted in figures 18,
19, and 20 for the R, C, and L samples respectively,
9©
-------
300,000
200,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
£ 40,000
O
o
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0- 20000
£
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i 8,000
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SEASONAL LABORATORY RESULTS (1951-52)
(R) SAMPLING POINT- (MO.)
91
FIGURE 15
-------
300,000
200,000
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SEASONAL LABORATORY RESULTS (1951-52)
(L) SAMPLING POINT —(ILL,)
FIGURE 17
93
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FIGURE 20
-------
The seasonal average turbidity result? for the R and L sampling points at
sampling stations 196085, 1?961£ 1?6005 and IoS00 are plotted in figure 210
These curves show the marked effect of the Missouri River on the turbidity of
the Mississippi River in the Sta Louis area,, particularly along the Missouri
ride of the river0
Dowistream_Sag^les «=> During the period from October 2B9 19523 to November
Hig 1952, a series of samples were collected downstream from the routine sampling
stations*, Samples were collected, at R, C9 and 1 points at ten sampling stations
from mile 149°5 to mile 53 °0 at- Cape Girar-deati^ Missouri,, This additional
sampling program was made possible through assistance in the form of personnel
and equipment provided by the Division of Health of Missouri,, Illinois State
Sanitary Water Board^ and the Illinois Department of Conservation which furnished
a sampling boat and operating cre^o Sampling and, analytical work at the regular
sampling stations (mile 20205 to mile 16S00) v&s continued during the same period
by the regular survey staff in order to obtain data that, would be comparable vdtt
the downstream data0 A series- of & collections w?re made from station 149• 5 to
109»59 and only 2 collections were made from stations 91»5 to 53o00 During tb-^
same period 7 collections were mads at the regular sampling =tat.icne from ?0?,C5
to 168,00 The number of downstream sample collection-* was amit-si d1,^ to th^
limited time that the extra sampling boat and personnel werc ^•••"aila.b^ - '"••i
this worke If possibles it -'-fotild have been dt^irs-ble to h^ve c-ontr'ri'jed t-his
do^^nstream study over a longer period in oraer to obtain a more ronpiete picture
of the downstream effects of the pollutlors load from the metropolitan area.
The laboratory results of this series of samples are plotted in figure 22a
Only the R and L sample point results are plotted,0 The average D0C0a B000Dn<,
phenol, and median value colil'orm organisms (1-IPE)^ together' with the irtixisfiar,
B0OoDes phenol^ and coliform (MPH) results and the minimum D0C0 results of the
series are plottecu The points of cellec1"-ion of samples representing the-
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FIGURE 21
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FIGURE 2.2. CONT'D
100
-------
maximum or minimum values are indicated on the curves by (R), (C), or
Average water temperatures ana approximate river discharges at each sampling
station arc also shown. It might be noted that the flow figures indicated
for stations downstream from station l68»0 are on the low side since the in-
flow from tributaries have not been taken into account,, However9 these
tributary flows were not considered sufficient at this time to have any signifi-
cant influence on the results of this series of samples. The individual labo=>
ratory results on this series are presented in Appendix E«
Outfall_Sgwgr ,Samp_les- - The purpose of this study "was to obtain data
upon which to base a quantitative estimate of the total pollution load^ both
industrial and domestic sewage, being discharged to the river from the metro-
politan area0 The loading was calculated in terms of population equivalents
(based on 5-day B^QeDs at 20® G») and was presented graphically in figure li;.
In these calculations a B»0»D» of 0.1? Ib. per capita per day was usedn The
total pollution load arrived at by this method of calculation is considered
to be on the conservative side since it will be observed in the analytical
results that the chemical oxygen demand (C0OeD.) resultss where determined on
sewer discharges carrying a predominate industrial waste load, are generally
considerably higher than the B.O.D. results. Howevers since the oxygen r3Guire<=
ment indicated in the BeO.De test is the result of biochemical action it is felt
that the oxygen demand indicated by this test more nearly represents the demand
that will be placed on the oxygen resources of the receiving streanu The sever
outfalls that were sampled and analyzed in this study^ together '^ri.th their' ap=>
proximate river mileage location., are listed in tables 16 and 1? for the
Missouri and Illinois areas respectively,*
The laboratory results together with the accompanying reports of the
respective State Engineers are presented in Appendix C of this report0 (Notes
In the case of the Shell Oil Company data^, only the monthly average results are
101
-------
presented. The individual daily results referred to in Tables X-A to X-I in
the Illinois report have been omitted in the appendix of this report* Simi-
larly, Tables XI-A toXtD containing individual daily results of analyses at
the Standard Oil Company have been omitted.)
Table 16 - SEWER OUTFALLS SAMPLED AMD ANALYZED (Missouri)
Sewer
Catalin St.
Arsenal St.
Trudeau St.
Old Mill Creek
Biddle St*
Branch St.
Ferry St.
Harlem Creek
Baden
Total flow
Discharge
53.0 nug.d.
10.6 m«g*d*
8.9 m.g.d.
61^7 nug.d*
2,8 m.g.d.
5.3 m.g.d.
6,7 m.g.d.
9.1 m.g<»d.
7
-------
Table 1? - SMEE OUTFALLS SAMPLED AIID AIJALIZED (Illinois)
Sewer
Monsanto Village
E» St. Louis
Madison
Granite City
Hartford
(international Shoe Co*)
(Sinclair Oil & Ref. Co*)
Discharge Location (river
36*0 nug.d. (178.1)
27.00 m.g.d. (180.6)
Ia54 m.g.d. (133.2)
38.35 irug.d. (184.0)
(197.5)
Oe97 m.g.d.
1»32 m.g.d.
mile)
Roxana
(Shell Oil Co.)*
Wood River
(Standard Oil Co.)";a'c
Alton
(Alton Box Board Go.)
Alton (Shields Branch)
Alton (Piasa St.)
30.0 irug.d.
4*52 m.g.d.
7.09 m.g.d.
54o36 nug.d.
(197.5)
(198.1)
(201.0)
(201.7)
(202.4)
Total flow
206*5 m.g.d.
-"• Sampled from master separator box effluent during Feb. - Nov. 1952.
Analyses by Shell Oil Go9 Check analysis made by Sanitary '/later Board on
Dec. 8,, 1952o
-"-«- Sampled from master separator box effluent during Feb. «= Oct. 1952.
Analyses by Standard Oil Co. Check analyses made by Sanitary vfeter Board on
Dec. 9 and 10, 1952.
-------
In either direction to the Missouri and Illinois shorelines* In addition, a
shoreline sample was collected on each side of river, the distance from the shore
being governed by the proximity that the sampling boat could approach the shore-
line at each station* In most cases the shoreline samples were collected between
10 to 20 yards from shore. Sampling points were designated as LS, 3/4L> 1/2L,
1/ALj, C, 1/4R, 1/2R, 3/4R, and RS. L and R indicate left or right point facing
downstream, and LS and RS indicate the left shore and right shore samples
respectively, A series of four to five collections were made at each main
sampling station downstream from Station 202«,5, The analyses included D.O*,
B.G.D., turbidity, alkalinity, chloride, phenol, and coliform organisms (MPN).
A summary of the individual laboratory results is presented in Appendix E.
The average results of this study are plotted in figure 23*
The plotted data in figure 23 illustrates the heavy pollution conditions
in tha lateral or shoreline section of the river. This condition is still
quite pronounced at Station 168.0 although the leveling off of the plotted
curves Indicate a gradual lateral dispersion of the pollution load across the
streams Station 168.0 is approximately four miles downstream from the nearest
major source of pollution on the Missouri sidet and about ten miles below the
nearest major source on the Illinois side. Considering the width of the stream
(approximately 1500? to 2000s) it is improbable that uniform dispersion of
wastes throughout its entire width is accomplished until a considerable distance
downstream.
It might be mentioned that the quantitative values of the laboratory re-
sults plotted can only be correlated to a limited extent between the four main
.sampling stations that are plotted in figure 23 since the samples at each
station were collected during different periods» The principal objective was
to show the relationship of samples collected at equidistant points across the
stream at each individual sampling station*
104
-------
q \,OOQ.OOO
IO.OOO
120
M-0
100
90
80
70
60
5O
I I I i I. I
AF'PTOX 1800'
AV FLOW 117,000 CFS
I I
APPROX 1700'
J L
AV FLOW 327,000 CFS
_L
LS J
I . I I t
APPROX 1800'
AV FLOW 236,000 CFS
H C ?R jR
S A 196 9
RS LS
?L C iRjRiRRS LS^L-jL^L C J-R
STA 17-9 I S ' A 176.0
LABORATORY RESULTS
CROSS-SECTIONAL VARIATION IN SAMPLES
105
I I I-
APPR.OX 2000'
AV FLOW 232,QOOr (,f
?L C ^R
STA 168 0
FIGURE 23
-------
The biolo0ical studies conducted in conjunction with
the overall survey are referred to earlier in this report under Section VI,
Biological Studies, -which sets forth the purpose, procedures, and organization
for conducting these studies. These studies consisted of (a) Bottom Fauna
Studies, (b) Fishery Studies, (c) Effects of Pollution on the Fisheries, and
(d) Off -flavor Studies with Fish. The report covering these studies is pre-
sented in appendix D, A discussion of the results of these biological studies
and conclusions relative to the effect of pollution on the bottom fauna and
other aquatic life are presented in connection with each phase of this bio-
logical survey* General conclusions are presented at the end of the report
that indicate that the biological life in this stream is being definitely af-
fected as a result of pollution originating in this area.
DISCU3SIOH OF LABORATORY DATA
The seasonal laboratory results plotted in figures lp, 16, and 17 for
the H, C, and L sampling points respectively at the five main sampling stations
reflect the effects of the entrance of pollution throughout this stretch of
river. Average flows and iiater temperatures are indicated at each sampling
ota'cion and represent the averages on only the days sample collections were
made* This accounts for the fact that the indicated average flow at downs treau
stations is, in a few instances, lower than at upstream stations. The average
and minimum D»0(, values, the average and maximum 3,0»D, values, and the median
arid maximum most probable number (1IPK) coliform organisms are plotted for each
season. In evaluating the analytical results it shoii d be kept in mind that
the average flows during a major part of the survey were considerably higher
than normal. This condition has a very significant effect on the D.O, and
3»0»D. results, especially during the usually critical summer months when the
oxygen deficit in a stream is most always greatest* The comparison of the
monthly average flows during the period of survey (1951-52) and the preceding
ic6
-------
18 year average ( 1933=50) is Illustrated in figure 5» The yearly average for
the 18 year period (1933-50) vjae 166^900 efs, as compared to 291P000 cfs and
2033700 ofs for 1951 and 1952 respectively. It was not until the latter half
of 1952 that the monthly average flews dropped below the above IS year monthly
averages *
~ ^ several, the survey results plotted in figures 15,
16, and 17 indicate that the average summer D00. level in this stretch of river
is quite satisfactory. At no time did the average D.0«> curve drop below 602
ppm for the summer season* The seasonal average D.O* level during the summer
season was considerably higher than the corresponding average oxygen require-
ment level as indicated by the B»0,D» curve* This differential is correspond^
ingly greater during the intermediate and winter seasons when the De00 level is
higher. The mininrooi oxygen balance occurred during the simmer season at the R
and L sample points at station 16S00 -when the average D.O. was 6e4 ppm and 6«,2
ppm and the average BeC«D* was 2.6 ppm and 2<>4 ppn respectively. During the
intermediate season the minimum oxygen balance in the stream occurred at the
R sampling point at Station 176*0 vihen the average D«0» and B«00D0 waF 9ol ppm
and 4»2 ppm respectively. During the winter season the minimum oxygen balance
occurred at the R sampling point at Station 168,0 vhen the average D0'Je and
B.O.D, vjas 11C8 ppm and 3=9 ppm respectively^
Ho'i/.-Bver,, attention Is called to the fact that, the abovs -ia,t-a ars average1?
s,n.d do not necessarily indicate the mont critical conditions encountered* Su?h
critical Condition*; will generally occur during the summer minimum flow periods 0
In order to indicate the potential critical conditions thai, .may ocsur the
minimum D.O. results and maximnm B«0»D. results obtained during the survey
^ers also plotted for each season. These maximum and mixdjaijm values ssepresen fc
the entire season covered and do not mean that they occurred simultaneously
at each station,* During the course of the survey there were very few samples
-------
jollectad that showed a B.G.D, value higher than D,C, c en tent of the sample
v;h'-5n collected. Of the seasonal maximum B,Q.D. values plotted only six were
equal to or higher than the available D,0. in sample at time of collection.
Five of these occurred during thu summer season and one during the inter-
mediate season* In this group five were R quarter-point samples and one was
C point sample*
Since all samples collected vrere catch samples it is difficult to as-
certain if the above conditions were of sufficient duration to cause damage
to barsficial vjater uses, such as damage to fish and other aquatic life in the
stream. The results abovs mentioned occurred at different sailing stations
on /ridely scattered dates and? in all probability,, were caused by slugs of
pollution and were of short durations However, the occurrence of conditions
vfcera the oxygen demand oquais or exceeds the oxygon resources of the stream^,
although infrequent.<> does indicate 'the possibility of a critical oxygen de~
pletion developing during poi-iods of lev; summer floi-is in the stretch of river
below the St* Louis metropolitan arav,^
Of the total number of sample? collected during the survey there were
only 13 in 'which the actual eba.arv^d D,0« dropped belov; 5*0 ppm,, the mini-
raufr. being 4*5 P?HU Nxna of th^se occurred or.. Jurie 26, 19>2, at all P., C5
and I, poir.ts at Stations 179*1> l^'c.O,, and. 16«, 0, Samples were not col—
looted at Sts.tions l'?6.£ anc 202.;; on tbis date so t-hat th'3 D,0» at these
stations is not kno/jna The average daily flow at t.ac stations sampled on this
daoe vjas 323,OOC cfs and the vfcitar temper?.ture i/jas 26° G. The average E»0SD.
cf the Rj, Cj and L samples at Stacicns 17/"*!.) 17c»0a and 1SL/J on this date
"jas 2,4 PIJlr-5 2,4 ppn5 and £ 1 ppm respectiyely. The trubidities at all
th:.aeo stations on this de.te averaged approximately ii.000 ppm -"/jhila the tur-
bidities at the stations aocva 'v;hera the Ili.c;souri Hivsr enters were running
in the neighborhood of 20C ppm during the period prior to and following this
108
-------
date. The samples from Stations 179 -I, l^-bsC),, and l6S5,0 were collected between
7^30 A.M. and 9iOQ Arl-L on bhis date* Or, July 1, 1952, the D»0^ of the I, samples
at stations 179.1 and 160.0 dropped to 4.9 ppm and 4.6 ppm respectively, vMlo
the 3. 0«D. was 2,4 ppm and !.,> ppm respectively. The average flow on this date
was 234,000 cfs and the water temperature 2o.5* G» 'The turbidities at the L
sample points at stations 179 »1 and l6£,,0 v/ere 1200 ppm and 1500 ppm respective-
ly on this date^ and sample collections were made between 8*30 A«M. and 9?30 A. II.
In the absence of upstream D,0. data on June 26$ 195*-5 and the lack of evi-
dence that any abnormal pollution load was discharged to the stream during this
period no definite, conclusion could be drawn regarding the cause of this sigr;.;Lf:L«=
cant drop in DC0 at all the downstream sampling points on this particular date,
However, during this period the 0*0*. content of samples collected just below
Alton Dam (Station 202.5) were generally at a low level. It was estimated that
the segment of water sampled at the downstream stations had been released througi:
Alton Dam about 10 hours previous to the time of sample collection^ or around
midnight o It appears reasonable to assume that a heavy plankton growth bad de-
veloped in the Alton pool which could have depleted the D«0, to a low level
during the night hours,. If such was the case^ the flow reaching the ec^fliia'-xo
with the llissouri River during the early morning hours would be dif.'.'us'ac1. wiv..
the highly turbid ffissouri River water,, The turbidity then encc-ia'.':^.:0':^". -ns suf-
ficient to prevent or greatly retard the buildup of the I*,C* content by photo«=
synthesis,
average B^O.-Dj, results for the
R, C_, and L samples at the five main sampling stations are plotted in figures
15s, 1^, and 17 respectively. The maximum seasonal Bt,0 .Dp results are similarly
plotted on the same charts. The B*0»D« is a measure of the oxidizable organic
matter in a stream and represents the oxygen demand, to be placed on the stream^
The organic pollutant may not necessarily in itself cs harmful but the depletion
-------
of the stream's oxygen resources beyond a certain point may be harmful. Certain
Chemical Hastes, other than organic, nay also exert an oxygen demand on the re-
ceiving stream^ A high BE0»D. may also result from natural pollution such as
surface runoff9 plankton growthss etc*
The effect of the discharge of pollution in this stretch of river is clear-
ly indicated by the plotted B»OeB« values in the above-mentioned charts« The
maximum values plotted represent the seasonal maximum at each individual station.
The drop in the seasonal average B0Q»D» curve between Stations l?6eO and
168*0 in some cases iss in all probabilitys due to the greater dispersion and
lonpequently greater dilution of the wastes in the stream by the time a segment
of stream reaches the downstream sampling station*
Coliform t Organisms (MPH) - The most probable number (MPN) of coliform
organisms are plotted as seasonal median and maximum values in figures 159 16,
arid 2.7 e The median values were plotted in order to eliminate the undue in-
fluence of the extremely high or low results. The mediaji values thus plotted
represent a conservative picture of the bacterial pollution since the average
coliform. (MPN) vias considerably higher than the median value in most eases,,
These organisms are found in very large numbers in sewage and are indicative
of this type of pollution. They ars also found in large numbers in surface
runoff from cities and agricultural areas* This t>,cb should therefore be
taken into account in interpreting coliform counts under various conditions%
The plotted results indicate a high degree of bacterial pollution origi-
nating from this area* This is clearly indicated by comparison of the plotted
results between Station 196*8 and the domstream stations e By comparison of
the Bj C, L sampling point data it will be noted that R sample results are
considerably higher than the corresponding C and L sample results at Stations
179»lj> 1?6.Os and 168^0* The reverse is trae at upstream Stations 202.5 and
iy6&o due to the pollution load originating from the Alton-Wood River area on
no
-------
the L side of river. It should be borne in mind that the plotted results are
the median values covering "die 2~year period of 1951-52 „ Considering the
median values for the year 1952 alone it will be found that the median values
are much higher for the summer season. From the Summary of Seasonal Results
in appendix E it will be found that the 19,52 median summer values for the R
sample point at Stations 179.1, 1?6,0S and 168.0 are 43,0005 235*OQOj and
240pOOO respectively. The average flow on sampling dates during the 1952
summer season was 167^000 cfs as compared to an average flow of 212,000 cfs
covering the two season period of 1951 and 1952* The Maximum values occurred
in the R sample at. the downstream Stations 179*1, 1?6«0S and 168*0 showing
evidence of the. greater sewage pollution from the 1-Iissouri side of the river.
- The seasonal average turbidity results for the Mississippi
River are plotted in figure 21 for Station 196.6 above mouth of Missouri River,
and also Stations 179.1, 176.03 and 168»0 vjhich are below the mouth of the
Missouri River. Only the R and L sample averages are plotted and show the
gradual dispersion of the turbidity from the Missouri to Illinois shores at
the successive downstream sampling stations* A comparison of the curves for
Station 196.8 with the balance of the stations clearly indicates the great
influence of the Missouri River on the turbidity of the Mississippi River at
St. Louis 3, and especially on the Missouri side of the riv?r> as far downstream
as Station 168.0.
Hienol *- The seasonal average and maximum phenol results for the Rs C,
arid L sampling points at all the main sampling stations s.re plotted in figures
iBc, 19 « and 20 respectively, A review of the individual phenol results in the
Summary of Individual Result sp appendix E of this report, reveals a wide fluctu-
ation in the phenol content of samples from day to day. Likewise,, the seasonal
averages plotted in the above charts show a significant- seasonal variation at
-------
i lent leal sampling stations« It is generally known that phenolic compounds
tend to persist for longer periods in the lowsr temperature ranges, while during
the higher temperature ranges with the accompanying greater bacterial activity
they tend to be dissipated or broken down at a more rapid rate. Another factor
that has to be considered in comparing seasonal averages are the river flows
during each season which determine the dilution factor and thus the concen-
tration of the wastes. In the plotted results there is a decrease in average
phenol values between consecutive downstream, stations in some instances.
Phis is probably due in part to the dissipation or breakdown of the wastes
but is probably due mostly to the increased dispersion of the wastes as they
are carried downstream. The entrance of the Missouri River provides increase
dilution between Stations 196SS and 179.1, 'The general location of the sources
of these wastes are quite clearly indicated on the plotted graph where signifi-
cant increases in the average -values are shown„
The source of phenols is, by and larges from industrial wastes. The
presence and concentration of these substances is therefore indicative, to
sorrto extent., of the character and magnitude of the industrial waste loading on
tho stream*
AUgalLinity - The alkalinity results were not plotted but a review of
the Summary of Seasonal Results indicates that they were fairly consistent
throughout the survey at all the sampling stations., The pollution from the
area did not appear to have any particularly significant effect on the average
alkalinity levels at any of the stations,, In general, the alkalinity results
•rare slightly lower during the winter season at all sampling stations,, and
there was little variation in the average results from station to station®
Chloride - The seasonal average chloride results listed in the Summary
of Seasonal Results reflect a progressive increase in pollution load at each
112
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successive downstream station, and also the lateral dispersion of the load
across the river. At Stations 202.5 and 196.8 there is generally a decrease
in chloride content from the Illinois to the Missouri shore, while at Station
179.1, 176,0, and 168.0 there is a decrease from the Missouri to the Illinois
shore* A comparison of the R, G, and L sample results at Station 168.0 -with
similar samples at Station 176.0 indicate to some extent the cross sectional
dispersion of the pollution load from upstream as it reaches Station 168.0.
Downstream . l^bfigftfeyy Data - The results of samples collected from
Station 202,5 to Station 53 ,0 are plotted in figure 22 for the period from
October 2?, 1952 to November 13, 1952, The plotted data are based on 7 sample
collections from Station 202^5 to 168«0, 8 sample collections from Station
149.5 to 109.5, and 2 sample collections from Station 91«5 to 53.0. Stream
flows and -water temperatures were fairly constant during this period. Only
the results for the R and L sample points are plotted. At Stations 131.5,
12264, 82.0, and 63^0 the D^O. determinations were the only analyses per-
formed. The data plotted includes the average and minimum D.0» results, the
average and maximum B»0«D» and phenol results, the median and maximum coliform
results (MPN), and also the average stream flows and water temperatures are
indicated for each station«
The D*0. results show a steady decline throughout the stretch of river
as far downstream as Station 131.5 while there is an abrupt drop and recovery
between this station and Station 122*40 From Station 122*4 the DfO. level
remains fairly constant downstream to Station 53*0, with a slight recovery
indicated at the last two stations. The drop indicated at Station 127.0
was due to one day*s sample in which the L sample showed a marked drop in
D*0. as compared to the other samples collected from the same point. This
brought the overall average down for the L point. Apparently a slug of pol-
lution with high oxygen demand may have been in this segment of river prior
113
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to th? time of sample collection at this poir.t. Ths R sample shoved a ;.eady
decline in D00» to Station 122«4# after -which the DeOo level remained fairly
constant. On the minimum. D»0» curve the location of the sample having the
minimum Do,00 value at each station is Indicated by Rs G9 or L»
The average B«OaD«, results plotted show a steady decline below Station
149o5 for both the R and L samples„ The curve of maximum values follows the
same patterr..0 With the river flows occurring during this period of sampling
it was estimated that the time of flow from Station 1?9*1 to Stations 127*0
and 53oO were 1»4 days and 3*3 days respectively* With the 'water temperature
levels at that time and the corresponding rates of reaction of BeQ0D0 it was
estimated that the B&Q0D, (5-day 20® C») i-iar- approximately 20 percent satisfied
it Station 127S0 and 45 percent satisfies at Station 53*0* At this rate the 5-
day B.OeD» would not be satisfied until well below the mouth of the Ohio River0
However9 the plotted data indicsts that ihn natural reaeration of the stream
below Station 7200 would likely more than offset the oxygen demand provided no
additional aajor pollution load is placed on the river» Assuming similar flow
conditions and a maximum, summer 'water temperature of approximately 28® Ce the
BeOoDo (5™day 20® C«) would be 60 percent satisfied in about 104 days or vAien
tne flow reaoVied the, vicinity of Station I2'7o00 This c-xtid. result IP. a critical
oxyger, deficit in the stream between Staticr. I79ol and Station 127 yO during a
-jutraier low flow period* The observed di.-6'soli-ed oxygen values for the above
.'•eries of samples are. plotted in figure 24o The average water temperatures
and river flows are indicated for eaoL samplljig station*
"The median and maximum oolifonn organisms i,l-iPrIy! plctted for- this series
of samples are :icnsiderably lower than the summer results. The isone of heavy
sewage pollution is clearly indicated in the sone between Station I$6»B and
16S000 The general decline indicated fram Station 179«>1 t.o 12~aO is no doubt.
largely due to the increased dispercsion throughout the cross section of the
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river as the load is carried downstream, and also the bacterial death rate
expected. A fairly constant level is maintained below Station 127»00
The average and maximum phenol results as plotted may appear somewhat
inconsistent at a few stations such as at Station 149«5 where the high valves
are indicated. It should be mentioned that the daily phenol results throughout
the survey showed a wide fluctuation indicating the intermittent discharge or
a wide variation in the concentration of these wastes as discharged. This
could result in slugs of wastes at irregular intervals and is probably the
most logical explanation for the results indicated at Station 149«5 since
there is no known source of this type of wastes located between Station 168.0
and Station 149«5« The plotted data show a gradual merging of the L and R
curves at successive points downstream indication a continued cross-sectional
dispersion and a decrease in the concentration of the wastes<,
Cross-Sectional Sampling Data - The cross-sectional sampling results
plotted in figure 23 give a picture of the cross-sectional dispersion of the
pollution load at successive stations downstream., It should be pointed out
that there is not necessarily a direct correlation of the level of results
between stations since the stations were sampled on different dayso The in-
tended purpose is primarily to show the relation of the results of samples
collected at various points from shore to shore at each station independently*
To a limited extent the station to station results could be compared since,
in general5, the river conditions such as flowss water temperatures, etc0 were
in the same range,, In a stream of this width, along with the prevailing flow
characteristics, it was expected that pollution conditions in the shoreline
zones would be quite evident for a considerable distance downstream*
The curves clearly indicate the heavy shore zone pollution and the lateral
distribution of the pollution load across the river at the main sampling sta-
tions » The BoOoDo and coliform results are indicative of the areas of heavy
116
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sewage pollution^, while the phenol res-aits are principally indicative of the
industrial wastes load* The turbidity curves clearly show the effects pro-
duced by the flow from the Missouri River. The results plotted for Station
168.0 show a leveling off or ^rose-sectional dispersion of the pollution load,
although there is still a distinct- indication of pollution concentration in
the lateral zones of the river*
Biological Data - The -data collected in connection with the biological
studies are presented as a separate report in appendix D0 A major part of this
study consisted of a study sf the bottom fauna with a view to determining the
effects of pollution on the biological life in the streanu A series of bottom
mud samples were collected at fxftsen points between mile 202,3 (immediately
below Alton Dam) and mile 48*0 (bslow Cape Girardeau) * The number and type of
bottom organisms were classified, a,s pollution tolerant9 falcultative, or clean
water organisms, and the averages of all collections are shown on a percentage
basis in figure A (appendix D}0
The predominance of the pollutional type organisms is significant in that
it is indicative of the pollution conditions prevailing below the metropolitan
area. Station 202,3 (Alton Dam) is referred to as a control point in the report
on the biological studies e Howevera the results indicated are not representative
of conditions to be expected above sources of pollution. The bottom mud sampler
collected at this point were affected by the discharge from a nearby sewer out<=
fall, particularly during the lower river stagese This factor no doubt accounts
for the high percentage of pollutiona! and facultative type organisms found at
this point.
It is also doubtful if the results Indicated, for Station 1?6«0 are actual"
ly representative. The river at this point is characterized by fairly swift.
currents and shifting sand bottom^ a,nd it was difficult at times to locate a
suitable mud bottom deposit for samplingo The total number of bottom organisms
11?
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per square yard at this point was also considerably less than at most c the
(>~oher sampling points. It appears that the scouring action at this point has
liad considerable affect on the habitat and conditions required for growth of
jottom aquatic organisms, and also on the type of organisms found.
The results of the biological studies need to be interpreted in the
lir/it of past as well as prevailing conditions. Low river stages in a pol-
luted stream are followed by an increase in the number of pollution tolerant
organisms and a reduction in. the number of species. During this survey high
river stages prevailed during a major part of the tijne. Howevers even durirr;
these conditions, the samples collected at most stations below the metro-
politan area contained an overall average of over 90 percent pollutional type
organisms during the period of the survey. During the latter part of the
survey \-A\en the river was at the lowest stage during the survey the data col-
lected indicated that pollution conditions were not only limiting the total
number of different species of organisms found but were also resulting in a
significant increase in the number of certain species which thrive on organic
•oollution*
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SECTION X
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES
INFLUENCE OF MISSOURI RIVER
The most significant effect on the Mississippi River resulting from the
discharge from the Missouri River are the high turbidities created. This is
very pronounced as can be observed from a comparison of the results at Station?1.
196.8 and 179*1 during a major part of the time. Any significant pollution ef-
fects from the Missouri River flow would be most noticeable in the analytical
results of the R sample at Station 179d* For comparison purposes the analyti-
cal results on Missouri River samples collected in 1950 were obtained from the
report (3) on a cooperative State-Federal survey made at that time. The
Missouri River samples were collected at Stations 1.4 and, 8»3 miles above the
mouth,. There are no significant sources of pollutioa between these stations
and the mouth of the river so for this purpose the results can be considered
as approximately representative of conditions at the mouth. The seasonal
average results for the above Missouri River samples and the seasonal results
during 1951-52 for Mississippi River Station 179*1 (R-sample) are tabulated as
f ollovre s
River
Mo« R.
Miss. R.
Mo, R.
Miss. R.
Mo, R.
Miss Rs
Station
(8.3)
(I79.ua)
(8.3)
(179. IB)
(1.4)
(179.15)
Season
Summer
Summer
Intermediate
Intermediate
Winter
Winter
Flow
93,500
212,000
83,000
228^000
57S200
221,000
DO
(ppm)
7*2
6.6
9*1
11*6
rus
BOD
2.1
2.3
3,0
3*2
2.0
3.5
Coliforms
(MPK)
31,000*
43,000*
26,600*
23^000-;;-
3,100*
11,600*
*Median values
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It is believed that the Missouri River results could, be considered as
.fairly representative of conditions during the 1951—52 seasons. However, the
seasonal average flows in the Missouri during the years 1951~52 were considerab-
ly higher than during 19509 particularly during the intermediate and winter
seasons* If anything, the results should have shown an improvement due to the
higher dilution during 1951<=>52,» especially the DO and BOD results,, In com«=>
paring the above Missouri River results with the Mississippi River results at
Station 179*1R it should be borne in mind, that there are several points be>=
tween the iLouth of the Missouri and Station 179*1R where pollution enters the
Mississippi River from the Missouri side a Station 179 <>1R is 15 »9 miles down—
•stream from the mouth of the Missouri Rivere
The available data indicate that the pollution load discharged from the
Missouri River is comparatively small as compared, to the total load discharged
to the Mississippi River from the metropolitan area. Aside from the turbidi-
ties previously mentioned it appears that the effect of pollution from the
Missouri on the Mississippi River in and below the St. Louis area cotild be
considered as of relatively minor significance,, at least during a major part
of the time. The flow in the Missouri is now controlled to some extent by
ths Fort Peck Dam, and will bs further regulated when ether main stem impound"
ments in the Missouri Basin program are completed,, The regulation of minimum
flows should result in the improvement of the quality in many respects of the
Missouri River water as it reaches the Mississippi* The effect of the proposed
upstream impoundments on 'the turbidities at the mouth of the Missouri is subject
tc question. While clear water may occur immediately below the impoundments9
it is questionable •whether low turbidities -will extend a considerable distance
dovjnstream due to the character of this stream and its drainage area<,
WATER QUALITY
The chemical quality of both the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers upon
120
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reaching the metropolitan area is generally good,, The hardness is such as to
require softening, in addition tc conventional -oreatment, in order to provide
a satisfactory finished -water for most domestic and industrial uses. The
chloride content is relatively lew, although higher in the Missouri than in
the Mississippi River* The average monthly hardness of the raw river water for
the period of 1940-49 at the intakes of the following water treatment plants
in the area were: St. Louis Howard Bend Plant (Mos R.)-189 ppnj St. Louis
Chain of Rocks Plant (Miss. R«)-188 pprn| Alton, Illinois,Plant (Miss. R.
above Alton Dam)-200 ppm| and Ee St. Louis, Illinois,Plant (Miss, R0)-182 ppm
(4)» During this period (1940-49) the average monthly watsr temperatures
ranged from 36 to 79° F. at the Howard Bend Plant (Mo, R»), and from 34 to
82* F. at the Alton, Illinois, Plant (Kiss0 Rffl)» The turbidity concentration,
as previously mentioned, is extremely high in the Missouri River as compared
to the Mississippi above the confluence cf the two rivers during a major part
of the time. The bacterial quality of the water in each stream as it reaches
the area requires that filtration and disinfection be employed in the treat-
ment processes in order to assure a safe supply for domestic consumption* This
degree of treatment Is nearly al-ways essential where the raw water supply Is
obtained from surface sources which drain irihabitated areas.
Water quality requirements are governed by the legitimate uses made of
a stream or body of water. Among the legitimate uses of inland streams and
bodies of water might be listed the following (not listed in the order cf
economic importance nor in the order of vjater* quality requirements);
lc Domestic water supply
2, Industrial water supply (including cooling vjater)
3» Agricultural water supply (including irrigation)
4» Stock and wildlife watering (including refuge for waterfowl)
5. Propagation of fish and other aquatic life
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6* Swimming and bathing
7» Boating and esthetic enjoyment
S. Mater power and navigation
9» Disposal of sewage and industrial wastes
The abuse or overtaxing of a stream for one purpose may damage or prevent its
utilization for certain and sometimes most other legitimate uses. This is more
so in the case of -waste disposal than any of the other usess With the growth
of urban areas the use of natural watercourses for waste disposal is necessarys
and for the same reason the preservation of the stream water quality for other
legitimate uses is increasingly important and in some cases^ necessary* This
-;an only be accomplished by proper control of the disposal of wastes by treat-
ment a the type or degree of treatment being governed by the nature and uses made
of the receiving body of water in each case. Within certain limitations9 the
development in water treatment methods has permitted the continued use of surface
waters as a source of water supply even though such waters have been subjected
to uncontrolled discharge of wastes 9 both as to character and quantity in many
cases. This does not hold for many of the other uses for which a stream or
body of water serves, such as propogation of fish and other aquatic life, swim—
ming and bathing^, etc. In those cases the water uses are primarily dependent
on the natural purification processes of the stream for a water of suitable
quality.
There is a marked effect on water quality resulting from %?rastes discharged
tc the river in the metropolitan area? as measured by the analytical results of
water samples collected on this surveye The resulting influences on water uses
in and below the metropolitan area are discussed in subsequent sections of
this report*
POLLUTION CONTRIBUTED FROM AREA
A summary of the pollution load in tesns of population equivalents
122
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discharged to the river from the metropolitan area has been presented pre-
viously in this report. This loading is evaluated on the basis of B.O.D*
results or the oxygen demand placed on the oxygen resources of the stream.
At present this is one of the best indexes for evaluating the organic waste
loading and the capacity of a stream for assimilating this load. Although it
presents an overall picture it does not necessarily reflect the presence of
specific pollutants^ especially those originating largely from industrial
wastes. Some such wastes may have a relatively small oxygen demand and1 may^,
even in small coneentrations8 produce harmful effects on certain water uses
such as taste and odor problems in i-iater supplies., toxic effects on fish and
other aquatic life, etc. Laboratory facilities available on this survey did
not permit a detailed analysis of all the potential pollutants being dis-
charged at numerous points throughout the metropolitan area. The work had to
be principally restricted to tests that would be indicative of the overall
ultimate effect or condition produced in the stream^, together with the result-
ing effect on legitimate stream uses.
The pollution contributed from the metropolitan area can be classed
under two main categories, namely? (l) industrial wastes, and (2) municipal
wastes. Pollution resulting from natural causes such as the high turbidities
prevailing during a part of the time in and below St« Louis cannot be attributed,
to this area. The summary of the pollution loading presented in table 15 in-
dicates a total waste load equivalent to approximately 5^000 ,,000 population
is contributed from the metropolitan area. Approximately 75 percent of the
total is attributable to industrial wastes. It is predicted that the present
trend of industrial expansion and population growth in the area will continue
for at least the next two or three decades. This will be accompanied by a
proportionate increase in the waste load contributed by the area*
Industrial wastes - As previously pointed out, under the section of
.123
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:/iis report dealing with Economic Development, the iretropolitan area is charac-
terized by its ^^ri.de diversification of industrial activities, A significant
recent trend has been an increase in the textile products and apparel groups,
v.tiile the other groups showing marked increases in employment since 1940 in°-
elude chemical, machinery,, and transportation equipment (including automobiles),
The broad diversification of industrial activities in the area indicates an in-
dustrial wastes load with a wide range in character» By far the majority of
industrial plants in the entire metropolitan area utilize municipal facilities
and discharge their wastes to city sewers • Approximately cQ% of the industries
cohered in the Industrial Wastes Inventory discharge their wastes through public
cowers,
The breakdown of the total pollution load between industrial and munici-
pal or domestic wastes indicates about 75 percent of the total attributable to
the industrial waste load. This was based on the sewer outfall sampling program
described in a previous section of this report The sampling and analysis of
,-jaste effluents from each individual plant was beyond the scope of this survey.
However, in a few cases this was done where industries with a significant
quantity and type of wastes \fsre discharging directly to the river through
theiv own outfall sewers, The industrial %-ra.stes inventor; provides a basis for
evaluating the waste loads discharged by the various industries, In many cases
oerrective measures were recommended to the industries by the respective States
cor.cerned.
The abatement of industrial pollution presents a. variety of problems de-
pending on the characteristics of the particular wastes Some types are amena-
ble to standard sewage treatment processes while other types may require special
treatment procedures In rnraerous cases waste reduction is possible within the
industry itself such as through water conservation and reclamation, by-products
recovery, changes in processes, good housekeeping practices, etc- As can be
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readily seen each case needs to be individually evaluated relative to its
effect upon the stream and stream uses^ and the type and degree of treatment
necessary pri. or to discharge to a natural watercourse.
Municipal Wastes - Municipal -wastes from this area consist of domestic
sewage, ground garbages and surface run-off. The latter is of minor signifi-
cance as compared to the other municipal wastes mentioned.
The estimated sewage load^ in population equivalentss contributed by the
area is estimated at 1,000,000 from the Missouri area and 140,000 from the
Illinois side of the river, or a total of 1$140,000 from the metropolitan
area. These figures were arrived at from an estimate of the population con-
nected to sewers discharging to the river. The pollution due to the domestic
sev*age load is best indicated by the coliform density (MPN) data presented in
figures 15, 16, and 1?, in which the seasonal median values and maximum values
are plotted.
Another municipal waste discharged directly to the river through public
sewers is a part of the garbage load collected in St. Louis, Missouri. A
part of the wet garbage is sold for hog feeding purposes while the balance is
ground and discharged to the city sewers and thence to the river. The proce-
dures followed and quantities ground arid discharged to sewers are presented
in Section VII. Normally the grinding operations extend over an 8=hour period
or less, and the garbage elements are reduced in size to a 1-ineh cube or less.
The quantity discharged to sewers varies from day to day depending on the
quantity sold for hog feeding^ and also varies with the season of the year.
The heaviest collections usually occur from June 15th to September 15th. Prior
to the period of the survey the maximum daily collection occurred in August
1942, when 628 tons were collected, of which 173 tons were sold and the re-
maining 455 tons were ground and discharged to sewers. The oxygen demand of
green garbage may be expected to show considerable variation depending on its
125
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nature, and the locality and season collect-ad. For purposes of estimating popu-
lation equivalent loading in this report a figure of 1.50 lb» (5) per ton for the
B»Q,De of green garbage is used* This appears to be a reasonable average figure
to use for the purpose of this report« On this basis the population equivalent
pa?? ton of garbage would be approximately 900, The population equivalent on the
day of maximum discharge (455 tons) above mentioned would have been approximate-
ly 400,000. Attention is called to the fact that the sewage load in population
equivalents of 1,000,000 mentioned above for Missouri does not include the
garbage loading. In other words, the population equivalent of the total munici-
pal v-iaste load on the day of maximum garbage discharge would have been approxi«-
mately 1,400,000. During the maximum month of 1952 the quantity of garbage
ground and discharged to sewers was 4245 tons or an average daily discharge of
212 tons, assuming a 20-day collection schedule during the month. This would
amount to an average of approximately 191S000 population equivalent loading on
the river in addition to the 1,000,000 sewage population equivalents per day.
'This additional garbage load was discharged to a segment of river equivalent to
approximately an 8-hour flow or less;
Aside from the oxygen demand requirements placed on the stream by the
garbage wastes and the increase in bacterial contamination, floating solids
create an unsightly condition and settleable solids cause sludge banks which
often give rise to objectionable conditions. Evidence of this was observed at
considerable distances downstream in connection with the biological studies,
These deposits of settleable refuse are most in evidence along the shore line
areas, and frequently in areas below jetties constructed out into the river
for controlling currents, The bottom deposits have been formed in part from
settleable sewage solids as well as from ground garbage solids that have
settled out.
Subsequent to the period of this survey it has been learned that a much
126
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higher percentage of the garbage collected in St. Louie is being ground and
discharged to the sewers. It is understood that this is the result of the en-
forcement of the interstate quarantine, regulation prohibiting the interstate
shipment of uncooked garbage.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON WATER USES
The effects of organic pollution on a stream will always be most critical
during low summer stream flow periods. These conditions are the governing
factors in determining the type and degree of -waste treatment necessary to
maintain satisfactory stream coaditions0 In the evaluation of the data col-
lected on this survey it should be borne in mind that stream, flows were con-
siderably above normal during a major part cf the time® However, even under
these conditions, the data indicate a very appreciable effect resulting from
the pollution load contributed by the metrpolitan area. These laboratory data
were discussed under Section VIII cf the report. The pollutional effects are
reflected in the results of the BeOoD*, DsO®, phenol, turbidity, and coliform
(MPrl) determinations presented in figures 15 to 22» Observed effects, other
than those indicated by the laboratory results, include frequent appearances
of oil slicks on the stream surface, the formation of bottom sludge deposits
at points where flow conditions permitted settleable materials to settle out
and accumulates and floating refuse consisting of garbage^, poultry processing
plant wastes, etc0
The density of coliform organisms and the dissolved oxygen content are
the two major characteristics of a polluted water which have an important
influence on the use made of the water,, The coliform count is an index of
the concentration of domestic sewage in the stream and the potential health
hazards from intestinal disease germs, B The dissolved oxygen content indicates
its suitability as a habitat for fish life, and also the probability of nuisance
or septic conditions occurring with the accompanying foul odors0 The phenol
12?
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concentration has an important bearing on :'ertain Crater uses, particula i.y in
connection with public water supplies due to the taste and odor problems as=
sociated with this type of waste. Oil wastes are detrimental to many water
uses such as water supplies, recreational uses, aquatic life in the stream,
eto» The high turbidity or silt load is a form of pollution affecting many
•water uses such as certain types of fish and other aquatic life, industrial
and domestic water supplies, recreational facilities, etc,
The water uses that have been principally affected by pollution from the
metropolitan area have been water supplies, ana propagation of fish and other
aquatic life. Certain water treatment plants in the area, using river water
as a source of supply, have encountered considerable difficulty in the re-
moval of tastes and odors present .in the raw supply. This problem has been
most critical during periods cf low river flows and low water temperatures,.
Under similar river conditions numerous ;,omplaints have originated from fisher-
men relative to objectionable or off-flavors in the fish taken from the river
in and below the St. Louis area. The nature of the problem indicates the.
cause to be of industrial waste origin.
Water Supplies - The only water pupply in the area that has been
seriously confronted with the tasts and odor problem is the Ee St. Louis
supply* This plant, operated by the E9 St.. Louis and Interurban Water Co0,
serves 19 incorporated municipalities in Str Glair and L&dison Counties,
Illinois. This has been a problem over a number of years, and the nature of
the problem indicates that the raw supply is subject to a type of pollutant
not encountered by other supplies in the area* The location cf the raw water
intake is such that it is directly affected by refinery -wastes from the Wood
River area. Certain of these types of vja&tes, especially phenolic compounds,
appear to be more persistent at the lower temperatures* Over a 50-year period
of record the yearly minimum average monthly flows ir, this stretch of river
12f)
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occurred during the months of December and January in 80 percent of the years.
With the low dilution available during low stream flows, together with the low
temperatures, it can be seen that the taste and odor problem ordinarily causes
the most difficulty during the winter season. It is understood that treatment
facilities installed by the refineries have alleviated the condition to some
extent and that the taste and odors in the raw supply at the water plant have
not been so pronounced as during former years. It is reported that, in ad-
dition to the phenolic compounds, other groups of compounds such as mercaptans
ana nitrogen bases in the refinery wastes are also responsible to a great
extent for the objectionable tastes in the water supply and are ths most dif-
ficult to eliminate in the -water treatment processes. Supplementary treat-
ment, processes have been used to combat this condition at the water plants
but with only a limited degree of success. During the period of this survey
the river stage was above normal during a Tnajor part of the time which re-
sulted, no doubt, in there being no serious taste difficulties developing
during this period. The St. Louis Chain of Rocks plant intakes are so located
that the above mentioned wastes can be avoided. The closest water supply down-
stream from the metropolitan area using the Mississippi River as a. source of
supply is at Chester, Illinois, approximately 70 miles downstream from the
center of the St. Louis area. According to reports of water works officials
at Chester, no special difficulty of this nature has been encountered at that
plants or at least not to the extent that it could not be satisfactorily
combated»
The control or elimination of tastes and odors in water supplies presents
a difficult or serious problem, often involving additional treatment costs. In
many cases the condition can only be partially eliminated by known treatment
methods,, and the finished water is still objectionable for human consumption.,
This appears to have been the situation at E* St. Louis at periodic intervals
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at times, for extended periods*
Fish and Other Aquatic Life - Over a period of years there have been
numerous complaints from commercial fishermen relative to off-flavors in fish
caught at certain intervals* This condition usually occurred during low river
stages and low water temperatures* The complaints generally occurred during
extended periods of low water stage ire-ing the winter months and also usually
coincided with periods of prolonged taste difficulties at the above-mentioned
water treatment plant. The complaints have originated in connection with fish
catches made as far as 100 mll^s downstream from the metropolitan area* The
condition has seriously affected the marketability of fish caught during these
periods. The off-flavors encountered have been variously described "gassy,"
"oily.,'1 "medicinal/1 "chemical," etc.
In briefly summarizing "the results of the biological studiess the bottom
fauna studies definitely indicate the presence of pollution and the resulting
effect on the type of fish food organisms preesnt in th& bottom muds, A
number of other factors have to be taken into consideration in evaluating the
ultimate effect on the fishery population. Some of ths conditions observed
were indicative of chemical pollution tvhile others were of domestic wastes or
organic pollution* The data presented in connection with fi?h catches from
the stretch of river between Alt or and G.iiro as compared with the upper Missis-
sippi above Alton show a wide differ an -;e» This difference cannot be entirely
attributable to pollution conditions in the Alton to Cairo section of river but
Is no doubt due to some extent to economic factors.
The off-flavor experiments on fish9 although not conclusives did produce
evidence indicating that the off-flavors were acquired as a result of wastes
discharged in this area, Ths result? did indlea.t.3 that a more comprehensive
study of this problem than was possible on this survey would be needed to show
conclusively which specific waste or combination cf wastes were chiefly
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responsible for the objectionable tastes produced in fish from this area.;
The biological studies did indicate the extent of river in which there
was visible evidence of wastes originating in the metropolitan area. The
bottom fauna studies showed the presence of oily mud in samples collected as
far as 100 miles downstream. Visual evidence of other wastes, particularly
from poultry processing industries, was also noted at points the same distance
downstream.
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES IK EFFECT
Hone of the towns or unincorporated communities bordering the Missis-
sippi River on either the Missouri or Illinois side of the river provide any
type of sewage treatment for municipal vjastes. A number of communities not
immediately adjacent to the river discharge their wastes to public collection
systems which drain direct to the stream. This is the case of several towns
or communities located along the westerly side of the City of St. Louis in St,
Louis County, which discharge untreated sewage into the City of St. Louis sew-
age collection system. A number of incorporated and unincorporated areas in
St.- Louis County provide treatment for their wastes that are discharged to
open watercourses tributary tc the Mississippi River* It is estimated that
SO percent of the urban population on the Missouri side of the Mississippi
River are connected to collection systems discharging untreated sewage direct
to the river. On the Illinois side it was estimated that 75 percent of the
urban population bordering the river were connected to collection systems dis-
charging untreated, sewage direct to the river.
A large percentage of the industries in both Missouri and Illinois dis-
charge their wastes to public collection systems. A few of the larger in-
dustries discharge wastes direct to the river through privately owned sewers.
Some industries have provided facilities for reducing the waste load dis-
charged. This is true of the refineries, but further reduction or treatment
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of the discharged wastes should, be provided to eliminate the damages to rater
uses in and below the Ste Louis area* In general,, the need for abatement of
the waste load also applies to other industries*
STREAM FLOWS
The flow in the Mississippi River at and below St» Louis is unregulated*
The lock and dam (No, 26) at Altons Ills, immediately above the St« Louis area,,
and other dams upstream on the Mississippi River are for the purpose of pro«=
viding minimum channel depths for navigation* The effect of these impoundments
or. natural river flows below Alton Dam can bs considered as negligible,, A
drawdown of the Alton pool^ for one purpose or another, would only provide a
temporary increase in flow in and below the St« Louis area and would therefore
only provide a limited temporary benefit during a period of low flow* The
flow in the Mississippi at St« Louis is directly Influenced by the Missouri
River flows. The flow in the Missouri. Is now controlled to some extent by the
Fort Peck Dam and will be further regulated upon the completion of other pro-
posed dams in the has in 0 It is expected thats with the completion of this
control program^ the flows in the Missouri River will be maintained at or
a'bo\re a desired minimum level® This will benefit the St» Louis area to some
extent by increasing the minimum flows during periods of low flow in the Mis-
sissippi River» With the data available at the present time It could not be
ascertained to what extent the normally expected minimum flows at St. Louis
would be increased* In view of thiss the frequency and level of low flora
based on the past period of record of unregulated stream flows at St. Louis
will be used for purposes of this report in predicting the future expected
frequency and volume of low flows»
The organic pollution load wnich a stream can assimilate vrithout causing
damage to water uses or creating nuisance conditions is primarily dependent on
the volume and temperature of low flows a The maintenance of desired oxygen
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levels in a stream receiving pollution is governed by these factors. Since
the oxygen level is lower at the higher temperatures, the low summer flows
usually govern the pollution load that a stream can satisfactorily assimilate.
In cases where the pollutant material may not necessarily place a significant
demand on the oxygen resources of a stream but may have a toxic or otherwise
harmful effect on certain water uses if above a certain concentration level j,
the quantity of such pollutants that can be safely discharged will be governed
by low flow conditions. Minimum flow conditions are therefore the basis for
determining the type and degree of sewage treatment required to protect water
uses and prevent nuisance conditions in streams.
In this survey a study of past records of stream discharges was made to
ascertain the probable future frequency of low flows. This study was based
on minimum monthly average flows occurring at St. Louis during a 50-year period
of record (1901-50), and at Alton (above mouth of Missouri River) during a 23-
year period of record (1928-37 and 1939-51)• These data are plotted in figures
9 and 10 and indicate the percent of years that the yearly minijiium monthly
average flows equaled or exceeded a certain indicated volume of flow. The
minimum monthly average flow that may be expected once in 1, 2, 5* 10* and
20-year periods was also indicated. The data do not indicate the daily or
instantaneous minimum discharges that occur. From the curve in figure 9 the
minimum monthly average flows that may be expected at St. Louis once in 1
year., 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, and 20 years are 100,000 cfs, 66,000 cfs,
52,000 cfs, 45,000 cfs, and 40,000 cfs respectively. The minimum monthly
average flow occurring during the period of record studied (1901-50) was
31,300 cfs. During this period of record the minimum monthly average flows
occurred during December and January in 80 percent of the years, during August
in 4 percent of the years, and during September in 2 percent of the years.
During the other 14 percent of the time they occurred in October and November.
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Although the record indicated the occurrence of" minajnum flows during the
winter months a major part of the time^ it must also'be kept in mind the pos-
sibility of minimum flows occurring during the summer season* One of the lowest
minimum monthly average flows during this period of record (43j>500 cfs) occurred
during August 1936. Again in. August, 1941 * the monthly average flow was 62,500
cfs. No data were available relative to the sanitary condition of the river
during August 1936. However3 on the basi-? of data obtained downstream from
St. Louis during October and November 1952j, when the flow was approximately
70,000 cfs and the water temperature less than one half of the normal August
water temperatures? it appears that there can be little doubt but that a criti-
cal oxygen deficit occurred in the river below St« Louis during August 1936.
Complete records for the same period were not available for the Missis-
sippi River at Alton* The frequency .distribution is based on only 23 years of
record. There is a stretch of only about 7 miles of river between Alton and
the mouth of the Missouri where additional dilution is provided from the Missouri
River* From figure 10 the minimum monthly' average flows that may be expected
at Alton once in 1 year^ 2 years,,, 5 years., 10 year?s and 20 years are 509000 cfs,
35<>OOQ cfs, 29,000 cfs 3 24^500' >t£ss and 22g500 sfs respectively. The minimum
monthly average flow during the period of record studied (1928-37 and 1939-51)
was 22^,300 cfs9 and this occurred during August 1936* During this period of
record at Alton the minimum monthly average flows occurred during December and
January in 39»5 percent of the years, during August 17»5 percentj, during
September 4 percent, and during October and November in 39 percent of the
years.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLICY
The primary purpose of -water pollution abatement is to reclaim or render
•waters suitable for the several legitimate uses by the public and riparian
owners* The adoption of a standard pollution abatement policy applicable to
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all areas or conditions does not appear desirable or even practical due to the
wide range of factors or conditions existing in different areas. Each problem
is different and should be studied on its merit« ani the policy adopted should
be such that it best suits the needs of the particular area in each case« There
are two basic types of standards- or criteria that have been in common use in
water pollution control. One typea commonly referred to as "stream standards,u
deals with the quality of the, receiving body of water,-. The others knoim as
"effluent standardss" refers to the quality of wastes to be discharged from a
given plantB
Stream standards or standard- of quality of the receiving water are based
on limiting values for specific rubotance-; in the water and are dependent on
the uses to which the water may be put» The application or use of stream
standards is often correlated 'with a =y?tem jf stream classification or zoning
in which separate standards are adopted for each stream, or aone0 This system
of classification or zoning of public waters as to use is becoming more widely
adopted by water pollution control agencies'. One of the principal advantages
in the use of stream quality standard? is that they take into account the
dilution and assimilative capacity oi the receiving water and mays in some
eases,, lead to an economy of treatment worK? for pollution abatement,, On the
other hand such standards are iroi-e difficult tc define and administer in a
pollution abatement program*
In the adoption of a pollution abatement policy in this area it would
appear that the water pollution Control agencies concerned should designate the
appropriate uses of the watercourse .in and below" the; metropolitan area and
adopt a basic stream quality objective fsr tnls stretch of the river* All sew-
age arid most liquid industrial yjastss must,, in 'whole or in parta eventually be
discharged to watercourses or other public bodies of watera and it is reason-
able to require the reduction in the quant.ities cf polluting substances to
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such a degree as to prevent damage or impairment of appropriate water uses.
In a previous statement the term "objective" instead of "standard" was used in
reference to adopting an abatement policy for the restoration of stream water
to a quality suitable for appropriate water uses* The intent of the word
"objective" is to establish a desirable end or eventual accomplishment.
In adopting a pollution abatement policy for this area the question, arises
as to whether it should be established on the basis of stream water quality
objectives or on effluent standards. In actual operation there is little basic
difference since the effluent requiremert s are usually based on stream water
quality objectives. In this stretch of river it would appear that a satis-
factory control program would involve the adoption of stream quality objectives
to be provided following initial dilution.
The wastes treatment measures necessary to attain the stream quality ob-
jectives to be adopted will be governed by critical low flows and the frequency
of such flows. The design of abatement works to meet objectives during a low
flow expected once in 50 years i-rould be uneconomical,, nor would it be satis-
factory to provide abatement works that would fail to meet objectives during
a low flow that might be expected once in 2 yearsc The selection of a critical
low flow for design purposes will normally lie between these two extremes and
will be based principally upon the effect or consequences resulting from a
failure of the pollution control measures0 A partial failure to meet the ob-
jective may not cause serious damage to, for instance, aquatic life if there
occurred a limited drop in dissolved oxygen below the objective level over a
limited stretch of stream for a limited time. However, in the case of toxic
wastes a temporary concentration above a tolerance level could constitute a
threat to public water supplies, or may result in destruction of all desir-
able aquatic life.
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WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
The need for a joint approach to a control pro gran in this area requires
that water quality objectives be adopted that will be acceptable to the water
pollution control agencies having jurisdiction* The following objectives, de-
veloped by the Advisory Board s are therefore submitted as a basis for a
comprehensive program to control pollution of the Mississippi River in this
area .
General Objectives
All wastes,, including sanitary sewage^ storm water, and industrial ef-
fluents , shall be in such condition when discharged to the Mississippi River
that they will not create conditions in that stream which will adversely af-
fect the use of those water--, for th-j following purposes; source of domestic
water supply or industrial water supply,, navigation, fish and wildlife,
recreation^ agriculture arid other rsparian activities.
In genera^ adverse condition^ are caused byj
A, Excessive bacterial,, physical or chemical contamination*
B, Unnatural deposit? in the stream,, interfering with fish and wildlife,
recreation,, or destruction of aesthetic values t.
0. Materials imparting objacc 1 enable Colors., tastss or odors to waters
used for domestic or industrial pirrposes,
D. Floating materials,, .including eilss grease^ garbage, sewage solids,
or other refuse.
In more specific terms,, adequate controls of pollution will necessitate
the following objectives for;
A,. Sanitary Set^age and Stcc^m. Water
Sufficient treatment for adequate removal or reduction of
solidSc, bacteria and chemical constituents which may interfere
unreasonably with the. use of these waters for the purposes afore-
mentioned. Adequate protection for these waters would be provided
by?
(a) Substantially complete removal of floating and
settleabie solids j and
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(b) Removal of not less than forty-five percent of the
total suspended solids*
B, Industrial Wastes
(l) Chemical Wastes - Phenolic Type
Industrial 'waste effluents from phenolic hydrocarbon
and other chemical plants •will cause objectionable tastes
or odors in drinkirg or industrial water supplies and may
taint the flesh of fish. Adequate protection should be
provided for these -waters if the concentration of phenol or
phenol equivalents does not exceed a monthly average of 2
parts per billion and a maximum of 5 parts per billion at
any point in these 'waters folio-wing initial dilution.
(2) Chemical Wastes - Other Than Phenolic
Adequate protection should be provided if,;
(a) The pH of these waters following initial dilution
is not less than 6.7 or more than 8,5*
(b) The odor-producing substances in the effluent are
reduced to a point that following initial dilu-
tion with these waters the mixture does not have
a monthly averages threshold odor number in excess
of 10 and a maximum daily odor number in excess
of 30,
(c) Oils and floating solids are reduced to a point
such that they will not create fire hazards,
coat hulls of watar craft,, injure fish or wild-
life or the-ir habitat-s or -will adversely affect
public or private recreational development or
other legitimate shoreline developments or uses.
In order to accomplish this it, will be necessary
to reduce •;;oneentrations of such materials dis-
charged to the point where after initial dilution
the stream, shall b--j frse of r...of,liveable floating
soli-Is,, oil 3 grease,, and sl-sek,
(3) Highly Toxic Wastes
Adequate protection should be provided for these waters
if substances highly toxic tc human, fishj, aquatic or wildlife
are eliminated or reduced to safe limits*
(4) Deoxygenating Wastes
Adequate protection of these waters &ould result if
sufficient waste reduction process changes or if sufficient
treatment is provided to accomplish substantially the same
objectives as are herein set, up for sanitary sewage.
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WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
The determination of pollution abatement, measures or waste treatment
facilities needed is largely bas^d on present water uses,, potential uses with
an improved water quality,, and the protection of vat/or rights and property
values. The data presented in this report indicate the magnitude and diversity
of the waste load being discharged bo the river throughout the metropolitan
area. The analytical data indicc.te a very definite effect on the stream water
quality. It should be borne in nind that, these data were obtained during a
period when abnormally high stream flows existed during a major part of the
time, and are therefore indicative of less pollutional damage than actually
occurs during periods of minimum stream flews, This fact has to be con-
sidered in ascertaining the abatement measures necessary.
The pollution load from the. metropolitan area is discharged at numerous
points along a considerable stretch of river.. A study of possible plans for
collecting and conveying these wastes to a suitable site or sites for treat-
ment on both the Missouri and Illinois sides of the river was beyond the scope
of this survey. The determination of the type of waste treatment facilities
would involve the consideration of both domestic sewage, including garbage
\«rastes? and industrial wastes. In some instances separate treatment methods
may be necessary for certain types cf wastes, Treatment processes for munici-
pal or domestic wastes are fairly well established for the degree of treatment
or effluent requirements that may be desired. Removal of substantially all
settleable solids and a reduction of 30 to 40 percent in the BOD cf domestic
wastes can usually be accomplished by conventional primary treatment processes.
Further treatment to remove nonsettleable and dissolved polluting material by
biological methods is termed secondary treatment, and is generally effective
in removing 75 to 85 percent of the organic polluting material and a reduction
of approximately 90 percent reduction in the BOD of the wastes.
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Effective treatment of industrial pollution oftsn presents a different
problem from that of treatment of municipal pollution since industrial wastes
may contain toxic or other objectionable materials not amenable to convention<=
al municipal wastes treatment processes Industrial waste treatment processes
vary widely and mays depending on the nature of wastes^ require specialized
processes. In many cases considerable reductions can be accomplished by
changes in plant operations^ by-products recovery^, -water conservation and
reclamation, improved housekeeping practicess etc. As previously mentioned
the industrial wastes from the metropolitan area vary widely in character andj,
in some casess may require special treatment methods.
The waste treatment measures necessary must be based on the attainment of
the adopted water quality objectives during periods of critical low flows. The
study is based on monthly average flows and indicates that a minimum monthly
average flow of 52,000 cfs and 28S000 cfs at St. Louis and Alton respectively
may be expected on an average of once in five years® Minimum daily flows will
occur during these minimum monthly flow periods that may be considerably below
the monthly average and may continue foi- several consecutive days during a pro=
longed drought periods In view cf this and in order to provide a reasonable
margin of safety for the protection of -water uses it would appear that, at leasts
abatement works should be designed on the basis of minimum monthly average flows
of a 10-year frequency,, or 45S000 cfs and 240500 sfs at St0 Louis and Alton
r aspectively.
In the case of municipal wastes and many industrial wastes from this area
the attainment of the above mentioned objectives could be accomplished through
the provision of primary treatment facilities. In the case of certain in-
dustrial wastes containing toxic or other wastes detrimental to water uses it
will no doubt be necessary to provide separate treatment facilities or special
processes for accomplishing the objectives set forth. Primary treatment for
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removal of floating substances ani settlsable scliis is regarded by most. State
'water pollution control agencies as a mininrxm rsasenable objective. It is in
the public health interest for the Stats? ^oncemed to maintain favorable stream
conditions and prevent insofar as practicable the occurrences of nuisances.
BENEFITS DERIVED FROM POLLUTION ABATEMENT
The benefits resulting f>oT, adequate control of pollution may be divided
into tangible and intangibis benefits,, Tangible benefits would include the
protection of public -water supplies arc", public health, prevention of nuisances,
improved aquatic habitat for fish ana ,»rlLdlife,, f£/.~orable stream conditions for
recreational developments,, and increased ur-aoillty of downstream water. Among
the major benefits in this area, would be the improvement of -water supplies and
also an improved aquatic habitat fcr fish ana wildlife* Savings are realised
from reduced operational costs at municipal and industrial water treatment
plantsj> in addition to tha benefitc. made possible by provision of a safer and
more satisfactory quality of vat-sr fee- public: consumptior,, An improved aquatic
habitat will lead to insrea&sd incomer; from the development of recreational
areas and sport and commercial f LsMr-g?
There are also intangible bsnsfits that are iifiicuit to measure by
monetary standards. Thy va!:/:1 rf an iripo'il/itsd stream, for recreational pursuits
is recognized as an important factor in the health and welfare of people. There
is also the aesthetic vali:.e of a clean t-.t-'sam v±..".ri,h -.s an important but one of
the less tangible aspects of p'.llv:ier_ cc'vcrol, Tha potential public health
dangers associated either directly or In-iirse-cly with polluted streams and ac-
companying nuisance conditrlcns are reccgniGed as an important factor in. the need
for satisfactory pollution control ir: public -wet arc our ses,
llany upstream communities in bc'.th the Misscro^'i River and Mississippi River
basins have provided or are proceeding ,'C.t1- plans to provide pollution abate-
ment facilities for the proteotic:-: cf dovjii^treara -"jater uses in accordance with
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recommendations of "water pollution control agencies,, According to a cooperative
State-Federal report on water pollution in the lower Missouri River basin (3)
such cities as Kansas City9 Kansas, Kansas City, Missouri, and others are initi-
ating basic plans for treatment, works. The same report has recommended that
primary treatment of wastes are needed at such cities as Jefferson City, Hermann,
Washington, and St. Charles, Missouri«
PLANNING AND COORDINATION OF ABATEMENT PROGRAM
The entire metropolitan area is comprised of a number of municipalities
and subdivisions or developments OH both the Missouri and Illinois sides of the
river. It is apparent that the only satisfactory and economical solution to
the waste collection and disposal problem is on an area wide basis for both the
Missouri and Illinois areas* Since the Mississippi River is the source of waste
disposal common to both the Missouri and Illinois areas and the pollutional ef-
fects on certain water uses concerns bcth States it is desirable, and in fact
essential,, that the pollution abatement programs in both States be coordinated
in this metropolitan area*. This ear. best be accomplished, as has been the ex-
perience in other areas involving interstate streams, through an appropriate
interstate agency or compact„ At the present time fch.3 only interstate agency
having jurisdiction in this area is the Bi-State Agency created for the purpose,
among other things9 of coordinating the future planning and development of the
Bi-State Metropolitan District. A copy of this compact between Missouri and
Illinois creating the Bi-State Agency is presented in appendix A of this report0
Among the powers of the Bi-State Agency provided for in the compact are the fol-
lowing, quoted in parts "to plan and establish policies for sewage and drain-
age facilities" and "to make plans for submission to the communities involved
for coordination of streets,, highways, parkways, parking areas, terminals, water
supply and sewage and disposal works, recreational and conservation facilities
and projects," etc.
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A copy of Senate Bill 364 adopted by the oSth General Assembly of Illinois
is presented in appendix B of this report. This bill will not become effective
until adopted by the State of Missouri-. Certain provisions contained in the
bill will enable the Bi-State Agency to more actively participate in the control
of -water pollution in the metropolitan area.
Due to the geographical separation of the Missouri and Illinois metro-
politan areas by the Mississippi River it will doubtless be necessary that
separate abatement facilities be provided for each area. The problems in con-
nection with the collection, handling, and disposal of wastes are, to a large
extent, common to both areas. Most other metropolitan areas in the country,
with similar problems to those confronting these two areas, have found coordi-
nation of abatement activities would be necessary for solution of such problems.
It would appear that such responsibilities would logically be a function of the
Bi-State Agency, in view of the fact that the citizens of both States have
already designated this agency as coordinator of other metropolitan affairs®
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1« Development of the Miss our i-Illinois Metropolitan District^ Bi-State
Development Agency (Harland Bartholomew & Associates),
20 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Sewage, (9th Edition-
1946) - A.P.H.A.
Lower Missouri River Basin, Water Pollution Investigation, Water Pol-
lution Series No. 47 - October 1952»
Water Resources of the St* Louis Area, Missouri and Illinois0 Geologi-
cal Survey Circular Noe 216.
5« Sewage Works Journal, Vol. XIXS No. 39 May 1947.
6» Technical Release No, 20-3* November 1951* Division of Sanitary Engineer-
ing, Illinois Dept* of Public Health,
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APPENDIXES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix
- Compact Between Missouri and Illinois
Bi State Development Agency A~2
B - Senate Bill Ucu 364g 68th General Assembly
of Illinois A
C - Reports on Sewer Outfall Studies A
Illinois - Report and Laboratory Results
Missouri-Report and Laboratory Results
D - Biological Studies
Bottom Fauna Studies
Fishery Studies
Effect of Pollution on the Fisheries
Off -Flavor Studies on Fish
E - Analytical Results A-98
Summary of Individual Results
Summary of Seasonal Results
Summary of Cross-Sectional Sampling Results
A-l
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APPENDIX A
Compact Between Missouri and Illinois
Creating the Bi-State Development Agency
and the Bi-State Metropolitan District
A-2
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COMPACT BETWEEN MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS
CHEATING THE BI-STATE DEVELOPMENT AOEKCY
AND THE BI-STATE METROPOLITAN DISTRICT
The States of Missouri and Illinois enter into the following agreement:
ARTICEE I
They agree to and pledge each to the other faithful cooperation in
the future planning and development of the Bi-State Metropolitan District,,
holding in high trust for the "benefit of its people and of the nation the
blessings anc. natural advantages thereof„
ARTICLE II
To that end the two states create a district to be known as the
"Bi-State Metropolitan Development District" (hereinafter referred to as
"The District") \*hich shall embrace the following territory: The City of
St. Louis and the counties of St. Louis and St. Charles and Jefferson in
Missouri9 and the counties of Madison,, St. Glair, and Monroe in Illinois.
ARTICLE III
There is created the Bi-State Development Agency of the Missouri-
Illinois Metropolitan District (hereinafter referred to as the Bi-State
Agency) which shall be a. body corporate and politico The Bi-State Agency
shall have the following powers;
1. To plan, construct„ maintain, own and operate bridges8 tunnels,
airports and terminal facilities and to plan and establish policies for
sewage and drainage facilities^
20 To make plans for submission to the communities involved for co-
ordination of streets,, highways, parkways B parking areas, terminals, water
supply and sewage and disposal works„ recreational and conservation facili-
ties and projects, land use pattern and other matters in which joint or co-
A-3
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ordinated action of the communities within the areas will be generally
beneficial;
3 „ To charge and collect fees for use of the facilities owned and
operated by it;
4. To issue bonds upon the security of the revenues to be derived
from such facilities; and,, or upon any property held or to be held by it;
5 - To receive for its lawful activities any contributions or moneys
appropriated "by municipalities„ counties,, state or other political sub-
divisions or agencies; or by the Federal Government or any agency or of-
ficer thereof;
6, To disburse funds for its lawful activities, and fix salaries
and wages of its officers and employees;
7° To perform all other necessary and incidental functions; and
So To exercise such additional powers as shall be conferred on it
by the legislature of either state concurred in by the legislature of the
other or by act of Congress.
No property now or hereafter vested in or held by either state,, or
by any county„ city, borough,, village9 township or other political sub-
division!, shall be taken by the Bi-State Agency without the authority or
consent of such states county, citys borough, village„ township or other
political, subdivision;, nor shall anything herein impair or invalidate in
any way any bonded indebtedness of such state, county„ city,, borough, vil-
lages township or other political subdivisions, nor impair the provisions
of law regulating the payment into sinking funds of revenues derived from
municipal property,, or dedicating the revenues derived from any municipal
property to a specific purpose„
Unless and until otherwise provided,, it shall make an annual report
to the governor of each state„ setting forth in detail the operations and
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transactions conducted by it pursuant to this agreement and any legislation
thereunder,,
Nothing contained in this compact shall impair the powers of any munici-
palitiy to develop or improYe terminal or other facilities.
The Bi-State Agency shall from time to time make plans for the develop-
ment of the district; and when such plans are duly approved by the legisla-
tures of the two states, they shall lie binding upon both states with the
same force and effect as if incorporated in this compact.
The Bl~State Agency may from time to time make recommendations to the
legislatures of the two states or to the Congress of the United States,
based upon study and analysis„ for the improvement of transportation,, term-
inal0 and other facilities in the district.
The Bi-State Agency may petition any interstate commerce commission (or
like body), public service commission;, public utilities commission ( or like
body)a or any other federal„ municipal„ state or local authority, administra-
tive „ judicial or legislatives having jurisdiction in the premises, for the
adoption and execution of any physical improvements,, change in method, rate
of transportation,, system of handling freight, warehousing, docking, light-
ering or transfer of freights which, in the opinion of the Bi-State Agency,
may be designed to improve or better the handling of commerce in and through
the district,, or improve terminal and transportation facilities therein.
It may intervene in any proceeding affecting the commerce of the district.
ARTICLE IV
The 5i-State Agency shall consist of ten commissioners, five of whom
shall be resident voters of the State of Missouri and five of whom shall
be resident voters of the State of Illinois. All commissioners shall reside
within the Bi-State District, the Missouri members to be chosen by the State
A-5
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of Missouri and the Illinois members "by the State of Illinois in the manner
and for the terms fixed "by the legislature of each state except as herein
provided„
ARTICLE 7
The Bi-State Agency shall elect from its number a chairman,, a vice-
chairman,, and may appoint such officers and employees as it may require
for the performance of its duties,, and shall fix and determine their quali-
fications and duties.
Until otherwise determined by the legislatures of the two states no
action of the Bi-State Agency shall be "binding unless taken at a meeting
at which at least three members from each state are present„ and unless a
majority of the members from each state present at such meeting shall vote
in favor thereof. Each state reserves the right hereafter to provide by
law for the exercise of the veto power "by the governor thereof over any
action of any commissioner appointed therefrom.
Until otherwise determined by the action of the legislatures of the
two states, the Bi-State Agency shall not Incur any obligations for sala-
ries,, office or other administrative expenses,, prior to the making of ap-
propriations adequate to meet the same.
The Bi-State Agency is hereby authorized to make suitable rules and
regulations not inconsistent with the constitution or laws of the United
States or of either state,, or of any political subdivision thereof, and
subject to the exercise of the power of Congress,, for the improvement of
the DistrictD which when concurred in or authorized by the legislatures
of both states0 shall be binding and effective upon all persons and cor-
porations affected thereby.
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The two states shall provide penalities for violations of any order,
rule or regulation of the Bi-State Agencyf and for the manner of enforcing
same,,
ARTICLE 71
The Bi-State Agency is authorized and directed to proceed with the
development of the District in accordance with the Articles of this Compact
as rapidly as may be economically practicable and is vested with all neces-
sary and appropriate powers not inconsistent with the constitution or the
laws of the United States or of either state„ to effectuate the same, ex-
cept the power to levy taxes or assessments.
It shall render such advices, suggestion and assistance to all municipal
officials as will permit all local and municipal improvements, so far as
practicable,, to fit in with the plan,,
ABTICLE VII
II WITNESS THBREOF9 We have hereunto get our hands and seals under
authority vested in us by law,
(Signed)
In the Presence ofi
A-7
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APPENDIX B
Senate Bill No, 364;
68th General Assembly of Illinois
A-8
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68th GJU SENATE BILL NO, 36^ 1953
1 Introduced by Senators Crisenberry„ Mueller, Gray, April 22, 1953=
2 Bead "by title, ordered printed,, and referred to Committee on
Assignment of Bills.
A BILL
For an Act further to effectuate that certain compact between the
States of Missouri and Illinois made and entered into on September
20, 19^9i> creating the Bi-State Metropolitan Development District
and the Bi-State Development Agency.
Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented
in the General Assembly.
Section 1. In further effectuation of that certain compact be-
tween the States of Missouri and Illinois heretofore made and entered
into on September 20S 19^9» the Bi-State Development Agency» created
by and under the aforesaid compacts, is authorized to exercise the fol-
lowing powers in addition to those heretofore expressly authorized by
the aforesaid compacts
(1) To acquire by gift, purchase or lease, and to plan9 constructs
operate and maintain,, or lease to others for operation and maintenance,
bridges, tunnels,, airports, wharves, docks,, harbors,, warehouses,, grain
elevators, commodity and other storage facilities, sewage disposal plants„
parking facilities for motor vehicles, passenger transportation facilities,
A-9
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and airs water, rail, motor vehicle and other terminal facilities „
(2) To contract with municipalities or other political subdivi-
sions for the services or use of any facility owned or operated by the
Bi-State Agency,, or owned or operated "by any such municipality or other
political subdivision„
(3) To "borrow money for the acquisition, planning,, construction
and equipping of any facility which it has the power to own or to operate
or to own and to operate, and to issue the negotiable notes, bonds or
other instruments in writing of the Bi-State Development Agency in evidence
of the sum or sums so borrowed,,
(4) To issue negotiable refunding notes, bonds or other instruments
in writing for the purpose of refunding, extending or unifying the whole
or any part of its valid indebtedness from time to time outstanding,
whether evidenced by notes, bonds or other instruments in writing, which
refunding notes, bonds or other instruments in writing shall not exceed
in amount the principal of the outstanding indebtedness to be refunded
and the accrued interest thereon to the date of such refunding.
(5) To provide that all negotiable notes, bonds or other instru-
ments in writing issued either pursuant to paragraph (3) or pursuant to
paragraph (4) hereof shall be payable, both as to principal and interest,
out of the revenues collected for the use of any facility or combination
of facilities owned or operated or owned and operated by the Bi-State
Development Agency, or out of any other resources of the Bi-State Develop-
ment Agency, and may be further secured by a mortgage or deed of trust up-
on any property owned by the Bi-State Development Agency« All notes9 bonds,
or other instruments in writing issued by the Bi-State Development Agency
as herein provided shall mature in not to exceed thirty (30) years from the
A-10
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date thereof, shall bear interest at a rate not exceeding six per centum
(6$) per annum,, and shall be sold for not less than ninety-five per cen-
tum (95%) of the par value thereof. The Bi-State Development Agency shall
have the power to prescribe the details of such notes, bonds or other in-
struments in writing,, and of the issuance and sale thereof „ and shall have
power to enter into covenants with the holders of such notes9 bonds or
other instruments in writing,, not inconsistent with the powers herein
granted to the Bi-State Development Agency,, without further legislative
author!ty.
(6) To condemn any and all rights or property„ of any kind or char-
acter,, necessary for the purposes of the Bi-State Devlopment Agency,, sub-
ject „ however„ to the provisions of the aforesaid compact; provided,, how-
ever,, that no rights or property of any kind or characters now or hereafter
owned,, leased,, controlled,, operated or used,, in whole or in part,, by any
common carrier engaged In interstate commerces shall be taken or appro-
priated by the Bi-State Development Agency without first obtaining the
written consent and approval of such common carrier„ If the property to
be condemned be situated in the State of Illinois, the said Agency shall
follow the procedure of the Act of the State of Illinois providing for
the exercise of the right of eminent domain,, and if the property to be
condemned be situated in the State of Missouri„ the said Agency shall
follow the procedure provided by the Laws of the State of Missouri for
the appropriation of land or other property taken for telegraph,, tele-
phone or railroad right-of-ways.
(?) To contract and to be contracted with,, and to sue and to be
sued in contract.
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Section 20 All proptertyB real and personals, owned, or held by the
Bi-State Development Agency., and all interest income derived from any notes,
"bonds or other instruments in writing issued "by the Bi-State Development
Agency, shall possess the same status, with respect to taxation in the
State of Illinois, as is now or may hereafter "be possessed "by property,
real and personal, owned or held "by cities within said State of Illinois,
and "by the interest income derived from notes,, "bonds or other instruments
in writing issued "by such cities.
Section 3° Any notes,, "bonds or other instruments in writing issued
"by the Bi-State Devlopment Agency pursuant to the provisions of the afore-
said compact or pursuant to the provisions of this act are here"by recog-
nized to be securities in which all state and municipal officers and "bodies,
all "banks„ "bankers, trust companies, savings banks, savings associations,,
"building and loan associations„ investment companies„ and all other persons
carrying on a "banking "business, all insurance companies, insurance associa-
tions, and other persons carrying on an insurance "business, and all admin-
istrators,, executors,, guardians,, trustees and other fiduciaries and all
other persons whatsoever who are now or who may hereafter be authorized
to invest in bonds or other obligations of the State of Illinois may prop-
erly and legally invest any funds, including capital, belonging to them,
or within their control; and the said obligations are hereby recognized
as securities which may properly and legally be deposited with and shall
be received by any state or municipal officer or agency for any purpose
for which the deposit of bonds or other obligations of this state is now
or may hereafter be authorized,,
A-12
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Section 4-0 This act shall take effect as provided by the
Constitution of the State of Illinois, provided that the State of
Missouri shall then have enacted into law legislation having an
identical effect with this act. In the event that legislation of
identical effect with this act shall not have "been enacted into law
in the State of Missouri on the date when this act would otherwise
become effective in this state,, then this act shall not become
effective until such time as such legislation shall have "been
enacted into law by the State of Missouri.
Note;
This bill passed Senate unanimously May 26„ 1953» and passed House
unanimously June 26, 1953• Signed by Governor Stratton July 15, 1953
A-13
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APPHTOIX C
Reports on Sewer Outfall Studies Page
Illinois - Report and Laboratory Results A-15
Missouri - Report and Laboratory Results A-38
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Report on Sewer Outlet Sampling
Mississippi River - St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Illinois Sanitary Water Board
1952
Description of Outlets - Sampling and ?low Measurement
Alton-Piasa street Sewer
The Piasa street sewer consists of a 10-foot by 12-foot concrete box
discharging from the end of the downstream wall of the Alton Lock. The sewer
was surcharged at the time of sampling due to the river elevation being
approximately four feet above the top of the sewer at the outlet „ Flow
measurements were made 'by introducing fluorescein dye into the sewer at a
manhole 723 feet above the outlet and observing the time required for the
dye to appear at the outlet. Inasmuch as the sewer was flowing full through
this entire section the flow was computed by multiplying the observed ve-
locity by the cross-sectional area of the sewer. Two flow measurements were
made each day during the time of sampling,, one measurement being made in the
morning and the other in the afternoon,,
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of in-
dividual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period.
This sample was collected at the manhole 723 feet above the outlet. A
separate composite sample was collected for phenol determinations. The
sample for phenols was treated with copper sulfate and iced during the sam-
pling period. The other sample used for the balance of the determinations
was also iced during the sampling period. Analytical data for this sewer
are reported in Table I .
Branch J3gwer
The Shields Branch sewer is a five-foot-diameter sewer. Velocity of
flow was determined by introducing fluorescein dye into the sewer at the
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valve structure on top of the levee and observing the time required for the
dye to appear at the outlet„ The depth of flow in the sewer was also meas-
ured each time a velocity measurement was made,, By means of this datum the
flow in the sewer was computed. Three measurements were made each day during
the time of samplings, "being in the morning, midday and afternoon,,
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of in-
dividual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period,,
This sample was collected at the sewer outlet on the stream banko A separate
composite sample was collected for phenol determinations„ The sample for
phenols was treated with copper sulfate and iced during the sampling period,,
The other sample used for the balance of the determinations was also iced
during the sampling period. Analytical data for this sewer are reported in
Table II.
\
Alton - Alton Box Board Company Sewer
Flow measurements at the Alton Box Board Company were made on the plant
sewer in the plant utilizing the Parshall flume and recording flow meter
which are permanently installed on this sewer. Samples were collected "by
the automatic proportional sampler,, also permanently installed on this
sewer "by the Alton Box Board Company,, Samples thus collected "by the Alton
Box Board Company were turned over to Sanitary Water Board personnel daily
for transportation to and analysis in the Springfield laboratories available
to the Board,, Analytical data for this sewer are reported in Table 111 =
East St. louis Sewer (Front & WinterStreets)
The East St. Louis outlet consists of three 12-foot~wide8 rectangular8
concrete box sewers discharging under the same head through the levee.
Velocity of flow was determined by a Gurley current meter at the outlet end
of each box0 The meter was lowered to mid-depth at the quarter points of
A-16
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each "box, A number of velocity determinations were made at each point (varied
from 2 to 10 determinations depending upon the checks obtained and averaged 5
determinations per point each time flow was measured). Since the sewers were
partially silted up a depth measurement was also made at each quarter point
each time the flow was measured. A flow measurement was made at least once
daily and twice daily when time permitted. On one day during the survey period
the current meter was out of service and velocity was determined by the use of
floats,
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of indivi-
dual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period. Thib
sample was collected at the sewer outlet on the stream "bank. A separate com-
posite sample was collected for phenol determinations. The sample for phenols
was treated with copper sulfate and iced during the sampling period. The other
sample used for the balance of the determinations was also iced during the
sampling period. Analytical data for this sewer are reported in T&3le IV.
Granrte City Sewer
The Granite City sewer consists of a seven-foot-diameter sewer and a
nine-foot-diameter sewer joining and discharging through a common outlet.
Inasmuch as it was not possible to measure flow at the outlet,, measurements
were made on the seven-foot sewer and the nine~foot sewer individually.
Velocity was measured by timing floats between manholes on each sewer. The
distance between manholes was 463 feet on the nine-foot sewer and 483 feet on
the seven-foot sewer. The depth of flow in the sewer was also measured each
time a velocity measurement was made. By means of this datum the flow in the
sewer was computed. Two flow measurements (morning and afternoon) were made
on each sewer on each day of the survey period except one, on which one flow
measurement on each sewer was made.
-------
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of
individual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period.
This sample was collected at the sewer outlet on the stream "bank. A
separate composite sample was collected for phenol determinations. The
sample for phenols was treated with copper sulfate and iced during the
sampling period „ The other sample used for the balance of the determina-
tions was also iced during the sampling period „ Analytical data for this
sewer are reported in Table V«
Hartford °> International Shoe Company Sewer
The International Shoe Company flow was measured by placing an 18-inch
rectangular weir with modified end contractions in the flume below the
spillway from the waste lagoons „ Head over the weir was measured manually
at hourly intervals over the 24-hour sampling period „
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of
individual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period „
This sample was collected at the weir0 A separate composite sample was
collected for phenol determinations. The sample for phenols was treated
with copper sulfate and. iced during the sampling period „ The other sample
used for the balance of the determinations was also iced during the sam=
pling periods Analytical data for this sewer are reported in Table VI =
The Sinclair Refining Company sewer consists of a 24-inch diameter
sewer through the levee „ Velocity was measured by timing floats through
a 284-foot-long section of this sewer „ The depth of flow in the sewer
was also measured each time a velocity measurement was made. By means of
this datum the flow in the sewer was computed „ An average of four flow
-------
measurements were made per day with the exception of one day in which
no flow measurements were made„
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of
individual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey period,
This sample was collected at the sewer outlet at the stream "bank. A
separate composite sample was collected for phenol determinations and
another separate composite sample was collected for oil determinations.
The oil sample was not iced. The phenol sample was treated with copper
sulfate and iced during the sampling period,, The other sample used for
the "balance of the determinations was also iced during the sampling period.
Analytical data for this sewer are reported in Table VII.
Madijjon Sewer
The Madison velocity of flow was measured by taking the time re-
quired for a float to reach the manhole at Klein Avenue from the first
manhole upstreanu The distance "between these two manholes is 796 feet.
The sewer at this point is ^2 inches in diameter,, The depth of flow in
the sewer was measured each time a velocity measurement was made. By
means of this datum the flow in the sewer was computed, Two flow measure-
ments (morning and afternoon) were made on each day of the survey period.
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of
individual hourly portions was collected for each day of the survey
periodo This sample was collected at the Klein Avenue manhole,, A
separate composite sample was collected for phenol determinations,, The
sample for phenols was treated with copper sulfate and iced during the
sampling periodo The other sample used for the 'balance of the determina-
tions was also iced during the sampling period. Analytical data for this
sewer are reported in Table VIII.
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Mo n san t o_Vi_llage Sewe r
The Monsanto village sewer is a 5^ 1/2-inch wide "by 56 1/2-inch
high rectangular "box sewer from the pumping station "behind the levee
to the river. Velocity was measured by timing floats through an
8^0-foot-long section of this sewer. The depth of flow in the sewer
was also measured each time a velocity measurement was made,, By means
of this datum the flow in the sewer was computed,, The section used for
flow measurement extended from the valve structure on top of the levee
to the manhole 8^-0 feet "below it. An average of two flow measurements
were made per day on four of the seven days this sewer was sampled.
On the other three days the river elevation was up to the point where
it was impossible to make flow measurements due to surcharge of the
sewer.
A composite sample over the twenty-four-hour period consisting of
individual hourly portions were collected for each of the seven days of
the survey period. This sample was collected at the outlet from the
pumping station. A separate composite sample was collected for phenol
determinations and another separate composite sample was collected for
oil determinations. The oil sample was not iced. The phenol sample was
treated with copper sulfate and iced during the sampling period. The
other sample used for the balance of the determinations was also iced
during the sampling periodo Analytical data for this sewer are re-
ported in Table IX.
Flow measurements were made and samples collected of the master
separator box effluent by Shell Oil Company during the period February
through November, 1952. The analytical results on these samples were
-------
reported to the Sanitary Water Board at monthly intervals,, Samples for
oil5 suspended solids, pH;, phenol;, dissolved solids9 nitrogen "bases5 and
chemical oxygen demand were composited over the 2^-hour period at two-
hour intervals^ The samples for oil0 pH0 phenols, and nitrogen "bases
were analyzed daily„ The daily composite samples for suspended solids„
dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand were composited over a
seven-day period and then analyzed^ Samples for sulfide9 mercaptan,
threshold odor were grab samples collected daily and analyzed daily-
A summary of the monthly average results for this sewer are re-
ported in Table X» The individual daily results from which the monthly
average was made are reported in Tables X-A - X-I»
Check samples were run in. the Sanitary Water Board laboratories
for the date December 89 1952 „ The results of these check samples
are reported in Table X=-J« Seasonable good agreement was reached in
the results from both laboratories on all except the oil and sulfide
determinationso Inasmuch as different procedures for these tests were
used in the two laboratories„ a close check could hardly be expected0
Wood Hiver - Standard Oil Company Sjgwer
Flow measurements were made and samples collected of the master
separator box effluent by Standard Oil Company during the period Feb-
ruary through October, 1952. The analytical results on these samples
were reported to the Sanitary Water Board at monthly intervals„ Sam-
ples for oil determinations were collected several times during the
month and were generally 48-hour composites. Samples for B-00Do were
collected several times during the month and were generally grab sam-
ples. Samples for suspended solids9 pH0 turbidity, and C.O.D. were
collected once a month and were generally grab samples,, Starting in
-------
July a recording pH meter was installed and the results after that date
'represent monthly averages,, Samples for phenol;, free ammonia,, and ni-
trogen bases were collected once a month and were generally 2^-hour com-
posite samples.
A summary of the monthly average results for this sewer are re-
ported in Ta"ble XI., The individual daily results from which the monthly
average was made are reported in Tables XI-A -XI-IK
Check samples were run in the Sanitary Water Board laboratories
for the dates December 9» 19520 and December 109 1952« The results of
the check samples are reported in Table XI-E. Seasonably good agree-
ment was reached in the results from both laboratories on all except
CoOoDoj, free ammonia9 and nitrogen bases. Inasmuch as different pro-
cedures were used for these tests in the two laboratories„ a close
check could hardly be expected„
Laboratory Determinations
Analysis of all samples except those from Shell Oil Company and
Standard Oil Company were made by Sanitary Water Board personnel.,
The Shell and Standard samples were analyzed in their own laboratories
with check analyses being run by the Sanitary Water Board as reported
previously,, The following samples were run in the Sanitary Water Board
mobile field laboratory which was then stationed at Granite City0
Alton - Shields Branch Sewer
Alton - Piasa Sewer
Granite City Sewer
Madison Sewer
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Due to the complexity of some of the determinations certain sam-
ples could not be analyzed in the mobile laboratory,, These samples
were transported to Springfield daily and analyzed in the Sanitary Water
Board laboratories there. A list of these samples is as follows:
East St. Louis Sewer
Monsanto Village Sewer
Hartford - International Shoe Company Sewer
Hartford - Sinclair Oil & Befining Company Sewer
Alton - Alton Box Board Company Sewer
The methods of analysis of all samples run by the Sanitary Water
Board laboratories are indicated below0
Beducing Substances as .Stilfi
-------
Biochemical Oxygen Demand - Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Sewage - 19^ „
Threshold Odor - Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Sewage -
These determinations were all made by the laboratories of the
East St., Louis and Inter-urban Water Company.
A. Paul Troemper
Sanitary Engineer
-------
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Table X-J
Results of Laboratory Examination
Master Separator Box Effluent
Shell Oil Company - Wood River, Illinois
(Sample Taken December 89 1952)
Results Results
by Shell by State
Oil, ppm 314 230
Total Solids, ppm - 2120
Suspended Solids, ppm - Total - 210
Volatile - ?0
Ammonia 1 - 50
N. Bases as KH^ 90 89
Sulfide S. 89)
Mercaptan S. 6) °^
C.O..D. 1100 1200
Phenols 4-5 50
PH 9.3 9.5
B.O.Do (5-Day) - 340
-------
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TalDle XI-E
Analyses of Refinery Effluent Samples
Collected December 9 and 10, 1952
Illinois State Standard Oil
Sanitary Water Board Laboratory
Free Ammonia
N Bases ( as quinolines
corrected for free ML,
Nitrogen Bases
Suspended Solids
Phenols
pH
Oil
75
3»5
4.9
35
0,5
7.4
19
7
ppm
ppm
ppm*
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
12C
5
4
5
25
0
7
18
_
ppm
02 ppm
06 ppm**
.8 ppm*
ppm
o 45 ppm
.55
ppm
* Eeported as NEU (includes free
** Eeported as quinoline
-------
THE DIVISION OF HEALTH
OP MISSOURI
A REPORT ON SEWER OUTFALLS
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
INTRODUCTION
As a portion of an overall study to determine the effect of river
pollution "by the St. Louis Metropolitan area, the Division of Health of
Missouri conducted a survey of the St0 Louis sewer outfalls during the
months of January, 1952 and December, 1952. Flow measurements and analy-
ses of sewage were made.
DISCUSSION
The St. Louis sewerage system for the most part is a combined
system. Those sewers studied carried the sanitary flow from approx-
imately 90$ of the developed areas in St. Louis and adjoining St. Louis
County. It is estimated that the population contributing to the sewers
makes up approximately 80$ of the urban population on the Missouri side
of the Mississippi River„ All of the major sewers were studied. How-
ever, due to insufficient time and personnels, many small sewer outfalls
serving, for the most part, areas immediately adjacent to the riverfront
were omitted from the study. An attempt was made to include all in-
dustrial flow of any consequence„
Laboratory analysis was made at the Bi-State Development Agency
Laboratory, Chain of Rocks Water Plant, St. Louis, Missouri. Flow
measurements were made in the field by various methods including velocity-
cross-section measurements and depth-grade calculations, and are expected
to be accurate within 10 per cent. The accumulated flows indicate sewage
flows of 152 gallon/capita/day in the total area served. This figure
compares favorably with water consumption data furnished by the St. Louis
Water Depar tment.
-------
The attached table describes the location;, contributing in-
dustry, the average daily flow and analyses of the composited sam-
ples collected for those outfalls included in the study.
In general, the elevations of the St. louis sewer outfalls are
below the surface of the Eiver and all sampling was necessarily accom-
plished during river stages below 3«0 feet on the Market Street gauge.
A brief description of the sewer outfalls and areas served follows.
CAgALIJ. STREET SEWER (Eiver Des Peres^ Foul Water)
The Eiver Des Peres originates in the west central section of St.
Louis County,, A tributary to the Eiver originating near Wellston,
Missouri, has been paved to its junction with Eiver Des Peres near the
city of Maplewood and Eiver Des Peres is paved to the Mississippi Biver.
The Hiver Des Peres follows the southern city limits of St„ Louis to the
Mississippi Eiver0 -"-he paved invert of the River is so constructed as
to allow flow of sewage wastes in a partially enclosed channel or tube
below the Siver bottom during dry weather periods,, ^he sanitary flow
is deverted from the Biver Des Peres to the Catalin Street sewer in
the vicinity of Virginia Street.
The Catalin Street outfall consists of a 5' x 8" stone arch sewer
carrying an average sanitary flow of 82.0 c.f.s. This flow originates
from those built-up areas in eastern St. Louis County and from the
western and southern portions of the City of St. Louis, bounded generally
by Wadada Street on the north, Kingshighway on the east as far south as
Magnolia and southeasterly to the corner of Grand and Gravois Streets,
hence in a southerly direction to the Eiver Des Peres.
ABSEWAL STEEET SEWER
The Arsenal Street sewer serves that portion of south St. Louis
between Grand Avenue on the west, Meraraec Street on the south, Sidney
-------
Street on the north and the Mississippi Hiver on the east. The majority
of sanitary flow from this area is carried through an 8" circular "brick
sewer located on Arsenal Street, Storm water flow is deverted to the
southern Arsenal relief sewer located under President Street.
TSUDEAU STHSET SEWER
The Trudeau Street sewer serves a narrow corridor approximately
five "blocks wide and extending from the Hiver to Missouri Street. The
sewer is a 51 x 6* stone arch.
OLD MILL CREEK SEWER
The Old Mill Creek sewer is a 20« x 15' arch sewer with a stone
invert. The sewer drains the central portion of the City of St. Louis
east of Kingshighway. It is "bounded on the south "by Magnolia Street
and on the north "by Easton Avenue. The central portion of this area
is heavily industrialized, however, the extreme western portions are
for the most part residential. This sewer receives ground garbage
from the City of St. Louis Garbage Stations,
BIPDLE STRET.T SEWER
The Biddle Street sewer drains that area "bounded "by Delmar on
the south, 25th Street on the west and Mullanphy Street on the north.
The area is largely slum area and the contributing industries consist
of a brewery and a tannery. The sewer is a 61 diameter brick sewer
and the average flow was found to be 4.4 c.f .s.
BRANCH STRICT SEWER
The Branch Street sewer serves that area north of easton Avenue,
east of Taylor and south of Carter. The sewer is a 6! brick arch sewer
and storm flow is deverted to the Palm Street relief sewer. The major
portion of the St. Louis packing industry is located in this water shed.
-------
FERRY STHIBET S?.WSR
The Ferry Street sewer serves a residential area bordering the
northern edge of the Rocky Branch sewer district,, east from Carter
Avenue and north to East Grand. The major industries in the area are
located near the waterfront and consist of a soap company and plate
glass factory,, ^he old city reservoirs are located in this area,, The
sewer is a 6s x 8' with a ^ archs constructed of timber*
HARLEM CREEK" SEWER
The Harlem Creek sewer is a 25' x 15" concrete arch sewer. It
serves a large portion of Worth St. Louis and St. Louis County, "bordered
on the west "by Lucas and Hunt Road9 on the south by Cote Brilliantej, and
on the north by Galvary, Lillian, and Natural Bridge Road. The area is
largely residential, but does contain some heavy industry in the vicinity
of Goodfellow Boulevard and Natural Bridge Hoad and "below Broadway to
the riverfront,,
MIEN. STREET SEWER
The Baden sewer is a 23' x 17" stone arch sewer with a paved invert.
This sewer carries the sanitary flow from the remainder of North St. Louis,
There is very little industry in this area.
HALIIvE CREEK SEWER
Maline Creek originates near the City of Normandy and discharges to
the Mississippi Biver near the North St. Louis city limits,, The stream
receives sewage from the north center portion of St. Louis County, some
of which is treated. A closed sewer has been constructed from the River
westward to Bellfountaine Road.
A-U
-------
GHAYOIS CHEEK
Gravois Creek, a tributary to Eiver Des Peres, was also sampled
during this period. The stream receives sewage effluent from built-up
areas in South St. Louis County. The stream receives sewage effluent
from built-up areas in South St. Louis County. This area was studied
because it is felt that there is a need, for trunk-line sewers in the
area.
-------
Sewer Outfall Analyses
St. Louis, Mo
A vg. Daily Date
River "Plow Sam-
Mile Sewer c.f.s pled
¥-172.12 Catalin St. 82.0
(R.Hes Peres
Toul Water)
y-176o 90 Arsenal St. 16.5
W-377.90 Trudeau 13,7
¥-178o84 Old Mill
Creek 95.5
¥-180.45 Biddle 4.4
¥-182.10 Branch 8.2
¥-183.23 Ferry St. 10.4
W-184.95 Harlem Creek 14.1
¥-186.00 Baden*** 11.2
¥-187.24 Maline Creek 8.3
12/16/52
12/17/52
1/28/52
'1/29/52
1/30/52
1/28/52
1/29/52
1/30/52
1/24/52
1/25/52
1/28/52
1/29/52
1/21/52
1/22/52
1/23/52
1/20/52
1/23/52
1/24/52
1/17/52*
1/18/52*
1/17/52*
1/18/52*
1/17/52*
1/18/52*
6/25/52
Total
Solids
ppm
_
—
2~) 1 7
2718
2216
2028
1989
2166
1022
1074
1000
1034
1676
1039
5240
1676
1039
5240
-
_
-
»
-
Analysi s
Susp.
Solids
ppm
226
296
480
880
1008
624
5^8
440
320
324
288
224
_
224
200
_
640
360
-
_
-
M
-
B.C. 3).
ppm
125
208
30?0
1700
675
1700
1405
940
317
428
351
287
332
319
617
440
395
524
141
256
125
279
31
257
C.O.D. pH
ppm
7.8
- —
1310 11.2
2140 10.4
- 10.3
995 10.3
905 10.4
8.3
502 10.5
550 9.2
610 9.6
625 10.0
- 7.0
440 8.0
224
- 6.8
735 7.7
675 -
- £-3
6.2
- 8.7
- 6.8
- 6.7
- 7.7
No significant depletion in D.O.
five-day incubation
Gravois Creek 12.6
^t, ••*
6/26/52
_
•»
4.2
period.
— *•
Phenol
ppb
1300
1885
25
32
34
25
32
34
49
60
41
61
224
71
156
150
56
160
300
518
71
150
_
300
duri ng
—
***
* Pour-hour composite.
** Tributary to Siver T)es
*** Ho Major Industry.
Peres one mile above mouth.
-------
APPENDIX D
Page
Biological Studies
Introduction
Bottom Fauna Studies
Fishery Studies A-77
Affect of Pollution on the Fisheries A-80
Off-Flavor Studies on Fish A-8^
General Conclusions A-9&
-------
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TEE POLLUTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER "FROM
ALTOU, ILLINOIS TO THE MOUTH OF THE OHIO RIVER
BY
EUGENE W. STOKER, BIOLOGIST
UPPER MISSISSIPPI-GREAT LAKES DRAINAGE BASINS OFFICE
INTRODUCTION
Over a period of years many persons have "been concerned about the
effect of wastes discharged to the Mississippi River in the Metropolitan
St. Louis Area. One of the groups vitally interested in this matter was
the commercial fishermen who had claimed that pollution had caused tastes
and odors in fish flesh vrhich caused their catches to "be rejected at the
market. This complaint was reinforced by studies made by official agencies
which showed that commercial fisheries had declined to almost a point of
non-existence in recent years.
In 19^48 the water pollution control agencies of Illinois and
Missouri made a preliminary investigation of this matter and issued a
report entitled "Preliminary Report of Mississippi River Pollution in
Missouri-Illinois Metropolitan Area, 19^8." This report summarized the
general problems, described the water uses and damages in the ares, and
listed 225 sewer outlets in the area between Alton, Illinois, and Jefferson
Barracks. Most of these were on the Missouri side of the river, but the
report stated that some of the most serious problems occurred on the Illinois
side of the river where, for example, three large oil refineries in the
Wood River area discharged a total of about 22,000,000 gallons of wastes
per day containing phenols, mercaptans, ouinoline, etc., which are injurious
to aquatic life. The Committee which performed this preliminary survey
recommended that a survey be insde in stifficient detail to establish
"\irhether a stream sanitation problem exists."
-------
Previously Ellis _/ had described conditions in the Mississippi River
at St<> Louis and one of the principal problems at that area,, namely,, the
effects of discharge of ground garbage to the river by the City of Sto Louis.
He observed that the dissolved oxygen content of the Mississippi
River water as it came in to Sto Louis was 7 parts per million. The wastes
from the Stc Louis area dropped the D»0o content to 408 pap,nu in the
Jefferson Barracks area0 From this point it increased to 7»2 p«,p0mo at the
mouth of the Meramec Hiver before decreasing again to a minimum of 408 poponio
near Cape GrirardeaEu The river had only recovered to 5°5 p»pom» at a point
Io9 miles above Cairo<> He further observed that even the Ohio River did
not completely satisfy the oxygen demand of he wastes from St. Louis and
vicinity0
He pointed out that the 15 miles of shore between St<> Louis and the
mouth of the Merramee River near Kimmswiek,, Missouri,, were heavily polluted
with wasteso Mud samples taken from the bottom of the river in the shallow
water along shore yielded almost no animal, life except tubificid wormso
On the basis of data obtained from the City of St0 LOUISA he estimated
that a deposit of 600 tons daily of ground p^vr .-;y ^ into the river during
low^ater periods in summer could force the oxygen content to 40 0 p0p»mo
or less, -which would create critical conditions for fish and many aauatic
2,
organisms =/0
i/ Bills, Mo Mo
19^40o A study of the Mississippi River from Chain of Rocks„ St, LOUD „
M0o0 to Cairo, I1100 with special reference to the proposed
introduction of ground garbage into the river by the C' y.
Sto Louis0 UoSo Depto of the Interior,, Bureau of Fishe,-". ;s9
Spec. Scientific Report No0 89 22 p0
£/ According to Mr° Deering9 Commissioner of Garbage and Refuse Collect > ,
75«578 tons of garbage were collected in 1949-1950 in the 12 months rr"
to June 63 19508 Of this9 40091^ tons were sold to hog feeders and J. 9
tons were ground up and flushed into the river„
-------
Laboratory experiments with ground garbage showed that BoO.D.
developed more rapidly for garbage than for domestic sewage due to
differences in bacterial flora and fine suspension of materials due to
grinding* But in five days9 99 per cent of the BoOeD, was met whereas
about 68 per cent is met ordinarily in municipal wastes during the same
period-
The total ammonia content of the river water also rose during
Ellis' survey from Crystal City to Claryville (mile 109) to a maximum
of 3<>S6 p0p0m0 Their studies showed that nitrogenous wastes projected
downstream 65 - 70 miles before maximum ammonia production was reached.
The results of water duality studies along the Mississippi were
also summarized by Platner (1946) _/ for the year 1944 when stations were
visited between Miningers Minnesota (Hastings Pool)5 and Caruthersvillej
Missouri9 112 miles below Cairo* This report contained results of water
analyses and data on physical factors at many points along the main stem
of the river. Most of the stations were visited during three periods-
low water, during winter,, and during high water periods.
Platner1s studies on the river in the St. Louis area showed a
marked increase in turbidity from an average of 300 p.p.mo for mile 25806
to 196oO» The average from mile 19600 to Cairo (below the mouth of the
Missouri "River) was 1880 p<,p*m,, during a low-water period.
Observations on oxygen consumed in Platner8 s study showed an average
of 22 p.p.m. for the Upper Hiver (mile 800 to mile 170) and 36 p.p.m. for
the section between St. Louis and Caruthersvillej, Missouri.
•i
__/ Platner9 Wesley So
1946,. Water quality studies of the Mississippi River, U» S. Dept»
of the Interior, Pish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific
Report Noo 30, 77 p.
A-4-7
-------
The Mississippi River "became progressively more acid downstream.
The average pH for the upper section of the river is pH 8.3 while the
lower section averaged pH 7«9» Relatively high "buffering capacity
prevented any considerable changes in the St. Louis area-
In the river above St. Louis8 according to Platner, the
Mississippi River averages 0.06 p.p.m. ammonia as KHo "between mile
580 and mile 1?0 (St0 Louis area). Below St. Louis, the amount of
ammonia as NH« in the river increased slightly to an average of 0»l2
p0pom8
BOTTOM JTAUNA STUDIES
In order to determine uhe effect of pollution on the bottom fauna
and other aauatic life it was decided to perform a "biological survey of
the Mississippi River from Alton, Illinois (mile 20203) to "below Cape
GirardeaUj Missouri (mile ^.0) concurrently with other studies on the
river _/„ Since Alton Dam (No. 26) is the last in the series of • avig -
tion dams of the Upper and Middle Mississippi River,, the section sampled
represents a stretch of approximately 15^ miles of the natural unimpounded
river.
The turbidity of the river increases sharply below the mouth of
the Missouri River which enters at mile 1950 but the muddy wa er does
not become thoroughly mixed with Upper Mississippi River water unt'l
reaches the vicinity of Jefferson Barracks (mile 169,6)0 At mile 1?6,
near the lower edge of St» Louis, turbidity data collected by the survey
2y The biological portion of the survey was a cooperative effort of
personnel from the Illinois Sanitary Water Board, Illinois and Mis son,
Conservation Departments8 Illinois Natural History Survey and the U- S.
Public Health Service„
-------
showed that the water was not thoroughly mixed. Since turbidity is an
ecological factor which may limit acmatic life, data on this factor when
-.hey have teen available have "been noted in the introductory paragraph
for the results of each series of samples.
The nature of the river "bottom is an important factor in determining
what kinds of "bottom animals may live there. It was soon found that cross-
section sampling of the river was not practical "because midriver samples
invariably contained nothing tut sand which was evidently "being continually
shifted which prevented "bottom animals from "becoming established, Midriver
samples could auite readily "be taken with a Peterson dredge, "but no bottom
animals could be found there„ and the examination of large quantities of
coarse sand involved a great deal of time spent with no reward.
Sand comprises the river bottom wherever there are strong or
?^en moderate currents in this section of the river. Sampling was,
therefore, confined to areas of the bottom covered with mud. These areas
fremently occurred below the jetties of piling driven into the river
bottom by the Corps of Engineers in the construction of structures for
the deflection of river currents away from eroding banks or for the
purpose of deepening or confining the flow of the river for a deeper
navigation channel.
In the selection of stationss care was taken to sample muds
which were obviously being influenced by continually fresh supplies
of water circulated from the main channel,, On the first sampling run,
it was noted at Horse Island opposite Chester, Illinoisp that bottom
A—*',
-------
faunas chiefly "burrowing mayflies of Hexagenia, increased in numbers in
going into the "bay "behind the tip of the island away from the effects of
the river. It was evident, therefore, that care was needed to select
sampling points which were truly representative of main stream conditions.
During the survey the flow in the river fluctuated widely* Most
of the time the flow exceeded the 17-year average of 168S500 c.f.s, although
a low of ^3»300 c.f.s. was .experienced a few months before the start of the
"biological studies. Care was taken throughout the survey to "be sure that
the sampling points were undisturbed by high flows* The high flows provided
an unusual amount of dilution for wastes and therefore provided a more
favorable environment for clean water bottom organisms but otherwise did
not affect the survey. Flows during each sampling period are given in the
discussion of results,,
The Petersen dredge with medium weights attached was used through .ut
the survey for the collection of bottom samples8 two of which were collected
at each station. Mud samples were placed in a tub9 diluted with ri er
water, and thoroughly stirred before sieving tlirough a Standard Efo0 30
Soil Sieve (30 meshes to the lineal inch), ?ire sand, which readily
passed through the 30-mesh sieve, occurred in nearly all samples,, Tht
samples taken at mile 196 below the Wood River Refineries often conta ned
coarse sand and some small gravel^ as well as large quantities of oily
debris.
Notes were made of unusual conditions occurring in samples wit
regard to odors emanating from the bottom materials, the presence of
large riuantities of oil or tar, particles of fat, feathers, etc. 8 and
presence of oil slicks on the water surface.
-------
Oil sl;i -ucs wer prevalent in the St. Louis area below the Wood
River ?;ef"nririeso The.; Wvre very noticeable at Chain-of-Rocks Bridge
-11 sampling di^e: xc = pt the last two,, Oil slicks were present
-n these dater. also, but heir distribution was 'n more scattered patches
as the f ms *T.i evidently bro.xn up or dispersed by the "boiling" nature
-•f the river o
The presence v£ surface slicks of oil have biological significance
in t at they will be entrapied by the special setae which occur about the
ti o'' ai" tubes or racle of certain aquatic insects which must go
to the surface for ai--, there... pr. venting these insects from carrying air
iih hem beneath the surface as they must to survive. The presence of
oil ,cr only a short time (an hour or less) may be the means of eliminating
irtuall all sue: aoua ic 'nsects as Corixidae (water boatmen)0 Notonectidae
\baekswimm«rs), DytiiC-ir-e (diving beetles), Hydrophilidae (water scavenger
beetles),, Tipulidae (crane f lie s)8and even such pollution-tolerant fly
larvae as ths Psychodidae represented in samples by Psvchoda alternata and
Telmatoge pus alipunct . us. JQiere is a noticeable scarcity of all such
air-bre.'thing insects in this section of the river.
BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR ORGANISMS
Th > station below Alton Dam was selected as a "control" station
because no pollution likely to prove harmful to aauatic organisms was
known to occur there. Since the river is impounded by Dam Ho. 26 above
Alton9 a river control station with lotic conditions within a reasonable
distance above Alton could not be selected. Bottom samples could be
collected along the left bank where there was ample mud bottom and8 at
-------
first,, moderate pollution from domestic wastes from Alton entering through
the tailraoe of the lock in Dam No. 26 was not a problem. Samples could not
"be collected along the right bank because of the presence of sand.
At the beginning of this survey, a total of 17 species of bottom
animals occurred at Alton. The list of species (See Taole 1 ncluded
several species, of mostly hardy midgefly larvae. Among them ere t e
following; A form designated by J. R. Malloch (";i ) _/ as Tanypus
Species A8 (pollution status unknown), the polluti .n-tolerant Procladius
culiciformi.s. a form designated as a clean-water ype Ch'ronomus stylifera
(C. digitatus of Malloch) _/, the pollution-tolerant species Chironomus
t entans -plumo sus and C,. lob if erus. and a facultative form Pentaneu,a n.onilis .
Facultative forms are those animals which can live -> both po luted and
unpolluted environments. In the tables which follow, clean-water sp ies
are designated by the letter (C), facultative form by (]P , and po lu ion-
tolerant animals by (P).
In addition to the midgefly larvae listed fo the A ton statio ,
the caddisfly larvae of a typical large river species (Potamyia f lava )
occurred here in considerable numbers. It is de ignated along with
Hydropsy che simulans as a clean-water species.
MallochD J. R., 1915- The chironomidae9 or midges, of II inois, 'i
particular reference to the species occurring °n t e Illin s Riv r.
Bull. 111. State Lab. Natural History 101275-5^3.
-------
Mayf i.y nymphs of Hexagenia limbata-Mlineata are designated as
facul tative,. They are \fithout doubt one of the most characteristic bottom
animals of this river. Distribution of the species in this survey indicates
that they may "be expected to "be present where pollution is not severe.
In acmariaj they were able to live until the oxygen content of the
aquarium water reached 2.2 parts per million,, a level which is below
to. ' lower limit for game fish and probably most species of rough fish.
The,T burrow through rich organic muds for from one to three years, depending
upon water temperatures*, Below Alton Dam on April 10, 1951, the average
numbcr of these mayflies was 1,8^3 per souare yard* Two additional species
of burrowing mayflies (Pentaeenia vittigera and Ephemera (species undetermined)
occurred infreauently in the survey .
The tubificids Limnodrilus or Tubifex. or bothB occurred in virtually
all samples which contained bottom animals*, Limnodrilus. particularly,
is . no.iial inhabitant of rich organic muds,, These aquatic earthworms
are cl»ss1J"ied as pollution-tolerant,, When they occur virtually alone in
rel :,i^el^ few numbers up to several hundred per square yard, it is
Believed that their presence may be indicative of moderate pollution.
When th / occur in large numbers, heavy pollution of a type upon which
they thri'/e may be suspected.
One of the best criteria of habitats is the number of species present.
Where several or many species are present that include a variety of midgefly
larvae, mayfly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, mollusks, dragonfly and damselfly
nymphs, one may conclude that the section of river being considered is not
severely polluted,,
-------
Probable age of the aquatic organisms present is another consideration
in analyzing "biological data for aquatic earthworms and most midgeflies have
short life cycles,, whereas "burrowing mayflies have long life cycles. The
presence of the "burrowing mayflies therefore is indicative that the habitat
under consideration has "been free from severe pollution for some time,
Finally9 it is probable that the character of the bottom deposit
itself may limit aquatic life,, Fluffy or very light bottom materialss or
those recently overturned by river currents are not conducive to the establis -
ment of bottom animals„ It has been noted that Hexagenia nymphs burrow in mud
the consistency of which allows their burrow walls to remain unco!3apsed in
their vicinity thereby enabling oxygen in the water to get to their gil]s<>
The animals are not uniformly distributed over the bottoms therefore^
variation in samples even from a limited area can be expected* More sampling
would be reouired to obtain a significant expression of the actual number
present, but the time required for additional sampling and laboratory exami-
nation normally does not justify the results obtained* Population trends
of bottom animals,, eogo,, are the pollutional for^s increasing or decreasing,
are of primary interest since they will yield the greatest amount of inf r-
mation on the environment with the least expenditure of timep Quan itative
analysis is done on the samples collected although it is eaXized ti'"-->> "
sufficient number of samples were not collected to deter ine confidence
limits since the Quantitative analysis does contribute to the information,
on the environment.
-------
Bottom animals generally reflect water ouality prevailing over a
iven area of stream bottom for a considerable period. One of the key
-> anisms in this survey "because of the time reauired to complete its
li e c'^le was Hexagenia limbata-bilineata. The scarcity or non-existence
of the organism at certain sampling points is indicative that pollution
has existed at some time to interrupt this life cycle.
he results of each survey are tabulated in Tables 1-8. Discussions
of t';- Jesuits of each series of collections follows?
TABLE 1
BOTTOM FAUHA. DATA
APRIL 10=12, 1951 SERIES
The river was very high and muddy during the collection of these
samples. Plow at the Washington Avenue gage was ^31,000 c.f.s. on April 11.
The river deposits of mud in the area above Wood River had a good
population of "bottom animals represented "by 16 species. There was a
sharp reduction in the number of bottom animals per souare yard and the
>.umber of species of animals below the Wood River refineries and below
St. Loui ir the vicinity of Jefferson Barracks Bridge.
The fact that a variety of bottom animalss including some relatively
cl* an—water forms occurred at mile 176 within the St. Louis area indicated
hat a thorough mixture of polluted water with unpolluted water had not
occurred at this station. Pollution-tolerant tubificid worms and facultative
Inirrowing mayflies (Hexagenia) increased in numbers below St* Genevieve.
Some organic enridament of the bottom muds could have occurred
as a result of pollution entering at St. Genevieves but it seems more
likely that the increase represents biological recovery and fertilization
by the organic wastes contributed in the St. Louis area.
-------
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Th most drastic reduction of number of species of bottom animals
occurred between Jefferson Barracks (about mile 1?0) and Durfee Bar
(mile 1^0). At Durfee Bar, as many as 10 species occurred in this
particular series, but several species were merely represented.
Of particular interest and analytical value for the series that
follow, is the fact that the burroxiring mayfly Hescagenia limbata-bilineata.
the caddis larva Potamvia flava. and midgefly larva of Chironomus tentans-
plumosus could liv<~ in the ri er below St. Louis in spite of increased
turbidity below the mouth of e Missouri,, The possibility that sampling
may have been done in an area which during normal stages was cfuite protected
has been considered, but the presence of the lotic species Potamvia flava
seems to rule out this possibility.
The generally few species and small number of bottom animals that
occurred below Jefferson Barracks indicates far-reaching effects of
pollution, but high water in this series kept tubificid populations
relatively low through prevention of great enrichment of the bottom muds
with organic matter.,
TABLE 2
BOTTOM FAUNA DATA
AUGUST 28-30, 1951 SERIES
The river stage during this period was high (flow at St. Louis
280,000 c.f.s. August 28, 3^4,000 August 30) and rising. It had been
high continually since the first series of samples was taken. The average
turbidity at Alton Dam during the bottom sampling period was 265 p.p.m.
while it averaged 2,127 p.p.m. at Jefferson Barracks below the mouth of
the Missouri.
-------
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Pollution-tole-ant tuMficid worms, mostly Limnodrilus. predominated
in n rly all samples including those "below the refineries at Wood River,
"out their numbers were not high at any station. Considerable numbers of
the "burrowing mayfly Hexagenia limbata-bilineata were collected at Alton
Dams, t very few at downstream stations,. Other species of insects, including
the midges were few in number 0 No more than four species occurred at any
station.
The possible efferts of pollution are not ruled out because, as it
will be shown in the February 1952 series, a slug of pollution strong
enough to kill burrowing nryflies is able to enter this section even when
the river flow is over 200S000 c<,f0s. The scarcity of species in comparison
to the November series suggests that summer emergence of insects might have
contributed ^o the fact that few insect species were present.
Prolonged high and muddy water no doubt has limiting influence.
TABLE 3
BOTTOM FAUHA. DATA
NOVEMBER 2?«309 1951 SERIES
The average flow of the river at St* Louis, was about 233«000 c.f.s.
on this sampling date. This represented a considerable decrease in flow
over the stage of the river in August, but the river still remained well
above the average flow of l689500 c.f.s. for this station.
Ho data was collected on turbidity at this time, but receding
waters by October 10-12 had reduced turbidity at the Alton Dam to an
average of about 120 p.p*m.s while at Jefferson Barracks the average
turbidity was 577 p.p.m.
Bottom animalSj principally tubificid worms, burrowing mayflies
-------
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of Hexagenia and caddis larvae Hydropsyche simulans were abundant at
Alton Dam where a total of eight species were recorded. Tubificids
*-;e re even more numerous "below the Wood River refineries, and a number
of "burrowing mayfly nymphs were found there, although they declined in
numbers at this and the succeeding stations at St. Louis, "below the
Jefferson Barracks Bridges and at White House. At Kimmswick where the
"b oxa muds seemed to be particularly favorable for burrowing mayflies,
Hexagenia limbata-bilineata occurred in abundance. Tubificids increased
in number and at several of the stations downstream, but particularly
below St. Genevieve,, Mo. The greatest variety of species were taken
abo"ve St. Genevieve, and it was apparent that the river was not highly
polluted at this time.
TABLE k
BOTTOM FAUM DATA
FEBRUARY 19-21, 1952 SERIES
The river was still at a high stage (217,000 c.f .s. at St. Louis)
when this series of samples was collected. At Alton Dam the average
turbidity was 118 p.p.m. and at Jefferson Barracks 283 p.p.m.
The largest number of species and second largest number of
animals (mostly tubificids and burrowing mayflies) occurred at Alton.
The largest number of animals (1,820 tubificids per square yard)
occurred at Chestere
In general, the bottom fauna populations at this time were small.
Ho bottom animals were found in the samples collected at mile 176 at the
lower edge of St. Louis.
When the samples were collected at Kimmswick, it was noted that
A-D.
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the burrowing mayflies were dead when collected,. It was verified in the
laboratory that virtually alls if not all9 had "been killed very recently,
probably by a slug of pollution which had entered the river at St, Louis,
a few days at the most, before sampling,, The limp bodies of an average of
832 Hexsgenias per square yard were found. Only one individual animal
could have been alive at the time. The bodies of the few tubificids in
the same samples were well preserved*
Apparently this slug of pollution affected bottom fauna populations
to the extent that only a few species survived, even the hardy tubificid
worms apparently suffered as indicated by the relatively few found. This
is borne out by the succeeding series of samples,,
TABLE 5
BOTTOM FAUHA DATA
10-11, 1952 SERIES
On June 10 and 11, 1952» the average flow of the river at St. Louis
was about 205,000 c. f.s. to which it had receded from the very high April
stage when the Upper Mississippi reached record stages,, The turbidity
of the river at the time of sampling at Alton Dam averaged 2^7 p. p.m., but
at Jefferson Barracks below the mouth of the Missouri River, the average was
Except for pollution- tolerant tubificid wormss most of the other
species of bottom animals which had occurred in earlier samples had
disappeared,, Burrowing mayflies were totally absent from below Wood
River to Cape Girardeau. Tubificids which occurred in relatively small
numbers at most of the stations constituted the only form of life present
in most samples. This may have been due to the previous kill reported in
the preceding series of samples..
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-------
The lowest dissolved oxygen of the survey occurred at this time.
On June 26, a low of 4.6 p .p.m. of dissolved oxygen occurred at mile 1?6
and at the same time the record dissolved oxygen low of ^.5 p.p.m. was
found at Jefferson Barracks.
TABLE 6
BOTTOM FAUNA DATA
AUGUST 26-28, 1952 SERIES
River flow data for this: period shows a flow of 157,000 c.f.s. as
river stages declined after th> June sampling. At this time, the average
turbidity was 1^2 p.p.m, at Alton Dam and 683 p°p«m. at Jefferson Barracks.
Pollution-tolerant Oligochaet worms (mostly tubificids) increased
in number at nearly all stations, but particularly at mile 160.7 (Kimmswick).
Heres Hexagenia 1imbata-bilineata, "burrowing mayflies have been abundant
prior to February,, More than a thousand tubificids per square yard
occurred at Kimmswick9 below St.. Shaevieve, and at Wagner Landing. The
general increase in tubificids indicated an increase in pollution.
Dragonfly nymphs of the genus Gomphus appeared in small numbers
at six stations below St. Louis and several species of hardy midgefly and
other dipterous larvae including Telmatoscopus albipunctatus and the
phantom midgefly Ohaoborus, punctipennis occurred. The midgeflies Chironomus
stylifera (£«, digitatus of Malloch) and Procladius culiciformis predominated.
Chironomous stylifera has been classified previously as a clean-water form,
but its occurrence under rugged conditions with pollution-tolerant midges
indicates that it probably should be designated,, at least, as a facultative
form.
-------
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TABLE ?
BOTTOM FAUNA DATA
OCTOBER 13-3A, 1952 S1RIES
River stages had continued to recede to the point where sand "bars
were visible, so the series represented the lowest river stage at which
"bottom sampling had "been carried out up until this time. The river was
at a normal stage for the first time since the sampling was "begun. The
river flow at the St. Louis gage was 683000 c.f.s. on October 13,, The
river turbidity had decreased to an average of 63 p.p.m. at Alton Dam,
and to an average of 35^ P°P«in° at mile 1?6»
Phenols were at their highest level a"bout this time for on October
l69 20, and 21, 19529 the phenol content of the water on the Illinois side
of the river at mile 1?6 was 175» 175s and 160 parts per "billion, respectively.
At Jefferson Barracks on October 16 and 2i, 1952, W and 33 parts per billion
of phenols were recorded.
Oxygen levels were depressed in the Jefferson Barracks areas "but not
to a critical level for fish or "bottom animals»
The "bottom fauna data showed large increases in pollution-tolerant
aauatic earthworms at Jefferson Barracks9 Crystal City, Durfee Bars and
Chester over the preceding sampling date, "but when the worms recorded in
the samples were totaled for this date for stations at mile l680 Jefferson
Barracks and on downstream9 the total number of woims remained about the
same«
Burrowing mayflies were entirely absent from all samples below
St. Louis, but they were still present at Alton Dam in large numbers.
-------
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Aside from tubificidae,, there was little else in the way of "bottom
animals in the sampleSo
An increase in pollution was indicated for most of the stations
including mile 202,3 at Alton where tubificid worms increased sharply
in abundance* It was interesting to note for this station that Hexa/genia
decreased sharply in numbers since the August sampling.
TABLE 8
BOTTOM FAUNA DATA
DECEMBER 3, b, AND 58 1952 SERIES
The final series of "bottom samples were collected at a period when
the river was at a low stage (808000 c0f<,So at Ste Louis).
The average turMdity of the river water was 60 at Alton Dam, On
December 10, the average turMdity at mile 1?6 was 178 p»p.mn
The "bottom fauna data showed a rapid increase in pollution-tolerant
tuMficid worms at nearly all stations including Alton where the number of
tubificids more than doubled in number. At points such as Wood River9 at the
lower edge of St. Louis, Kimmswick, Durfee Bar, Wagner Landing, Bee Bluff„
and the stations above and below Cape G-irardeaUp the tubificids bad multiplied
several times over their number in mid-October samples.
It is believed that burrowing mayflies at Alton Dam found conditions
so bad that they left the polluted area along the left bank and swam with
the aid of the strong currents and were carried for miles downstreamj
perhaps to the lower edge of St. Louis or even farther downstream. Their
increase in number at the station below Wood River certainly could not
have been because the river had improved there» but it was probably because
they could obtain oxygen from the water in their burrows during a brief
period when conditions were not critical there.
.i-69
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Of special interest was the occurrence of sewage fly larvae
Psychoda alternata and a closely related form Telmatoscopus albipunctatus.
at Jefferson Barracks.
Other than pollution-tolerant tubificid worms9 there were relatively
few species of animals in the "bottom muds,
DISCUSSION OP THE RESULTS OF BOTTOM FAUNA STUDIES
The tot torn animals collected at each station throughout the survey
have teen classified as to pollutional status and totaled for all collection
datesg to enable the calculation of percentages of clean-water, facultative,,
and pollutional animals occurring through the two years of sampling.
The results of this summary are presented in Table 9 ancl Figure A,
With the exception of the stations at Alton Dam and at mile 1765 the
percentage of pollution-tolerant animals at all stations runs well over
80 per cent,, At most of the sis ions below Sto Louis, the pollution-
tolerant animals exceeded 90 per centj which indicates a high degree of
pollution. Even if all of the doubtful animals classified as facultative
were entered into the clean water groupa the overall picture would not
be changed great ly.,
The most prevalent species of bottom animal was the aquatic
earthworm Limnodrilua claparedianus» It sometimes occurs as a normal
inhabitant of the richer organic bottom sediments of the river. Bottom
fauna data collected by Bartsch and Scott on the Upper Mississippi River,
Table 109 indicates that the number of tubificids in relatively unpolluted
habitats average about 28 per sauare yard* When tubificid worms at all
Mississippi River stations, polluted and unpolluted, sampled by Bartsch
and Scott are considered$ the average number was ^-30 per square yard»
They found a maximum of 29 736 tubificids per souare yard 200 feet below
a sewer outfall at Prairie du Chien8 Wisconsin, This may be compared
-------
TABLE 9
Percentage of Clean-Water, Facultative, and Pollutional
Animals at Bottom Sampling Stations for All Sampling Dates.
Mississippi Hiver - St. Louis Area 1951-1952
STATION »
Alton Dam
Below Wood Hiver
St. Louis
Jefferson Barracks
White House
Kimmswic k
Crystal City
Durfee Bar
Below St.Genevieve
Chester
Wagner Landing
Grand Tower
Bee Bluff
Above Cape Girardeau
Below Cape Girardeau
,ES ABOVE
H OF OHIO
202.3
196.2
176.0
168.4
163.9
160.7
148.0
140.0
121.3
109.8
97.^
79.9
66.0
52.5
48.0
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
12,477
4,018
2,144
4,689
900
15,841
7,563
9,348
4,189
11,828
8,034
1,115
3,698
1,193
1,933
PER CENT
CLEAN-WATER
5.5
0,3
34.8
2.8
2.2
0.6
0.5
2.1
0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.3
FACULTATIVE ]
39.2
12.3
14.2
3.6
8.4
10.1
6.2
1.7
6.3
1.4
18.2
5.0
1.9
2.8
8.6
POLLUTK
55.3
87.4
50.9
93*6
89*3
89«3
93.3
96.2
93.1
98.6
81.2
93*9
97.2
96.6
91.1
-------
202.3
196.2
176.0
ALTON DAM
168.4
POLLUTIONAL
JEFFERSON BARRACKS
148.0
FACULTATIVE
CRYSTAL CITY
109.8
CLEAN-WATER
BEE BLUFF
BELOW WOOD RIVER
163.9
WHITE HOUSE
140.0
DURFEE BAR
97.4
WAGNER LANDING
52.5
ABOVE CAPE
GIRARDEAU
KIMMSWICK
121.3
BELOW ST. GENEVIEVE
79.9
GRAND TOWER
48.0
BELOW CAPE
GIRARDEAU
PERCENTAGE OF CLEAN-WATER, FACULTATIVE,AND POLLUTIONAL
ANIMALS AT BOTTOM SAMPLING STATIONS FOR ALL SAMPLING DATES.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER-ST. LOUIS AREA 1951-1952
FIGURE A
A-73
-------
with a maximum noted in this survey on December ^8 1952 of 118232 tut if icids
per square yard at Durfee Bars J6 miles below Sto Louis. When the tubificids
in all of the samples in the final collecting trip December 3-5 are averaged8
the average number per sample (2,76b) exceeds the maximum found in the
Mississippi Survey of the Wisconsin State Committee on Water Pollution,,
The tuMficid average for the Sto Louis area exceeds the average for the
river section "between Lacrosse and Dubuque "by over 600 per cent. Perhaps
somewhat higher numbers of tubificids might have "been taken by Bartsch
and Scott had they used a 30-mesh sieve instead of an 18-mesh sieve8
"but these worms curl upon disturbance, and it is believed that the majority
of them would "be retained by the larger meshed sieve.
All samples collected at Alton Dam during the regular survey were
collected on the Illinois side because efforts to find mud on the sandy
Missouri side failed during the high stages that prevailed during the
early part of the survey,, However, a special search for mud was made
on the Missouri side on January 28 8 1953? following the survey, at a
time when the river was at a very low stage. Mud was located after a
considerable search and the samples contained Hexaffenias. dragonfly
nymphs and some Limnodrilus. On the Illinois side, nothing "but Oligochaet
wo BUS were found. These were very numerous and although some Limnodrilus
were present^ the predominating form was identified from living material
as Dero o"btusa. It seemed proba"ble from observations on January 29, at
Crystal City and Chester that this form was on the increases and that
had another series of samples been taken down the river at that time,
an even greater number of pollution-tolerant aquatic earthworms would
have "been found»
-------
When the Lower Mississippi River data are compared with the Upper
Mississippi River datas Table 108 collected "by Bartsch and Scott there
is an outstanding difference in the fact that there are virtually no
mollusks below St> Louis„ This9 it is believed^ can be attributed more
to chemical pollution than domestic wastes since the Sphaeridae (small
clams) are considered tolerant to organic pollution.
The increased silt load "below the mouth of the Missouri River
apparently has not affected greatly the distribut ion of some kinds of "bottom
animals* For example^ at Kimmswiek about 16 miles below St. Louis and
at Wagner Landing about 79 miles downstreams Hexagenia (burrowing mayflies)
numbered over laOOO to the square yard in individual samples* The caddis
fly larvae of Potamvia flaya occurred in moderate numbers at the lower
edge of St. Louis where silt loads are heavy9 at Durfee Bar below Crystal
City9 and above St» Genevieve at different times. At mile 1769 where clean-
water species have sometimes been collected;, mainly on the Illinois side9
turbidity data collected by the survey indicated that the river was not
thoroughly mixed at this pointo On August 28, 1951s for example;, the
turbidity on the Missouri side was 3»000 p.p.m., while on the Illinois
side 1,960 pop<>m<, of turbidity was observed. It is probable that most
of the river species are quite hardy and generally tolerant to silt»
It is obvious from the data collected late in the survey when
fee river was lower and clearer that pollution was both limiting the
total number of species in the river throughout the section surveyed as
well as bringing about an increase in aquatic earth-worms which thrive
on organic pollution.,
A-?:1.
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There was a general lack of air-breathing insects in this section of
river which may "be attri"buted to oil pollution. Surface films of oil gather
on the setae or hairs about the spiracles of air-breathing insects9 making
it impossible for them to return to the bottom with bubbles of air* The
pollution-tolerant moth fly larvae of Psychoda alternata and Telmatosco-pus
albipunctatus occurred in the area9 but were relatively scarce*
Of the refuse carried down the river from St. Louis, that from the
poultry processing industry could most readily be detected. This was
evidently carried downstream for over a hundred miles for in February,
1952 feathers and what appeared to be bits of fat were dredged up at
Jefferson Barrackss Kimmswickj Crystal City9 Durfee Bar, above St. Genevieves
Wagner Landing, and Bee Bluff.
Unusually oily or greasy mud occurred below Wood River , Jefferson
Barracks, Zimmswick9 Durfee Bar9 and Wagner Landing.
3TUDXES
On October 1^ and l68 19528 fish were collected with a seine 75s x 6«
x 1/V at mile 167 near Jefferson Barracks,, St, Genevieve and Crystal City9
Missouri E in order to get some idea of the species of fish present as
indicators of river condition,, At the time of collections,, the river
water had the following dissolved oxygen contents? 7«0 p. p.m. at mile 176,
7»^ p0p<,m. at mile 168.^ (Jefferson Barracks ), 7»9 p.p.m, d> mile 165.0.
These latter were mid-morning samples at 60°Fe
At mile l67s a haul on the Illinois side produced 66 adult shortnose
gar Lepisosteus platostomus. ^ small gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and 1
catfish,,
At Crystal City it was planned to make a seine haul on the Missouri
-------
side "but there was so much pollution in the way of fat, feathers,
poultry dressing refuse, garbages, etco8 that it was necessary to collect
again on the Illinois side along a sand "bar. Here the following were
taken in a single haul? ^ emerald minnows Hotropis atherinoides.. 25 flat-
headed chubs Platygobio eracilis. 12 Storer's chubs Hybopsis storerianus,
12 gizzard shadB and 137 river shiners Hotropis blennius. Ho game fish were
found*
Fifty-eight specimens of flat-headed chub Platygobio gracilis, 1 carps
2 drums 3 gizzard shads 3 small channel catfish Ictalurus, lacustris punctatus
and 2 young smallmouth buffalofish Ictiobus bubalus were taken in a seine
haul at mile 12^4- on the Illinois side» The data for these collections are
combined in Table 11 to show the sizes of fish present*
The presence of such normal clean-water minnows as the emerald shiner
and river shiner torether with the very pollution-tolerant forms9 such as
gar and carp discouraged efforts^ for the present9 to correlate fish
distribution with pollution,.
On October l68 175 p<.p»bo of phenols were recorded on the Illinois
side at mile 176. Farther downstream at Jefferson Barracks (mile 168)
phenols were present to the extent of ^ p»p.b0 on the same date.
As far as can be determined;, fish kills have not occurred below
St. Louis. No doubt more critical conditions exist for fish than was
found during this surveys particularly during the warmer months when
temperatures are high and oxygen saturation and flow are low.. The existence
of sloughs,, bayous, bays9 etc.,, into which the main body of water does not
circulate during low stagess makes it possible for fish to find refuge.
These minnows were here perhaps because high river stages had prevailed for
many months prior to these collections which were made at a time when the river
was Iow0
A-78
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EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE FISHERIES
There have been numerous complaints of fish with a "gassy" or
off-flavor in the Mississippi River "below St. Louis, These complaints
have "been registered with the Illinois Sanitary Water Board9 Illinois
Department of Conservation, Missouri Conservation Department, and U. S =
Fish and Wildlife Service "by commercial fishermen at least as far down-
stream as Chester, Illinoiso Oscar and Herbert Bennett, commercial fish-
ermen operating out of St. G-enevieve, with whom the survey party had contact
on every trip, have observed that their fish are edible during high stages
of the river, but have a strong off-flavor when the river falls to stages
below 9-11 feet on the river gage at St. Genevieve„ This flavor has
been variously described as "gassy," "medicinal," "chemical," etc.
In the first progress report of the technical committee for
pollution of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee (Proceedings
of the Eighth Annual Meeting, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee,
State Office Building9 Madison 2S Wisconsin, February 1, 1952, 1^3 p.),
the following was reported by the chairman?
"The commercial catch (in the Alton-St. Louis area and below) has
been dropping off annually from this section of the river. In 19508
Missouri catch from four counties along this section dropped off 20.7
per cent from the previous year. The Illinois commercial catch in 1950
from the Alton-Cairo section of the river amounted to only 169,^27 pounds."
"The condition apparently clears up with high river stages as was
the case in 1951 after February. However, during January and February
commercial fishermen stated that they were having trouble with fish that
tasted like chemicals.11
A-80
-------
At the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee in Sto Paul on February 13 9 1953 s it was disclosed that the Illinois
catch in 1951 for the Alton to Cairo section had further declined 58 per cent
to ?19908 pounds valued at $9,391.61.
The following figures (Table 12) are available for the Illinois
fisheries along the Mississippi above and "below Alton, Illinois;, as
reported by Dr0 William Co Starrett and Sam Ao Parr (1951). The impounded
section of the river in Illinois (canalized section) extends from mile 580»7
to mile 202,59 above the mouth of the Ohio River,, or about 378 miles* In
Illinois9 the catch per mile of canalized river in 1950 amounted to about
6S928 pounds per mile compared with 83? pounds per mile in the river on
the Illinois side "below Alton* This catch in the relatively unpolluted and
impounded section amounts to eight times that in the river below Alton»
1i
Barnickol_/ expressed the opinion that the contaminated condition
of the river might be reflected by the high percentage (by weight) of carp
and other species tolerant to pollution and by the scarcity of less tolerant
2
catfish and game fisho He stated,, "'In our hoop net catches ^J carp alone
average 60 per cent by weight of the total catch at Cliff Cave (10 miles
_/ "Summary Statement of P0 G, Barnickol8 Aquatic Biologist, Illinois
Natural History Survey" in Report on the Investigation of the Fisheries
Resources of the Upper Mississippi River with SpecialReference to the
Effect of Pollution Upon the Fish Population and the Commercial Fishery
below Sto LouiSo Prelim., Rep* of Mississippi River Pollution in Missouri-
Illinois Metropolitan Areas 19^9 prepared "by Stream Sanitation Committee,
Missouri-Illinois Met« Areao
rt
_/ Test net survey made in June& July»
A-81
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"below McArthur Bridge), Crystal City (20 r..iles "below), and St. Genevieve
(60 miles below McArthur Bridge)6 "but only about 39 per cent of the catches
at all stations in the unimpounded section of the river;, including those of
the above three stations,, Catfish made up 23 per cent "by weight of the
total catch at all stations between Alton and Oaruthersville, "but only 15 per
cent of the catch at the three stations below St°Louis» ]?urthermores no game
fish were taken at any of these three stationss although they made up 3 = 5 per
cent of the catch at all stations in this unimpounded section of the river„"
The following 3s offered as an indication of the possible magnitude of
the degradation of the fisheries below St° Louis.
When the fishery statistics for the Upper Mississippi River for the
section between Lake Pepin and Lake Keokuk for 1932 (Fiedler, H. fL 9 John
Ruel Manning;, and F. Fa Johnson,; 1933)_/» a distance of approximately
360 mileSj are placed on a basis of total catch in pounds per mile0 it
was found that the Upper River averaged 7/133 pounds per mile in 1932 before
impoundment „
At the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Upper Mississippi Conservation
n
Committee in St» Louis on January 5S 1951 _/s Fisher reported a decrease of
42 per cent in the number of licensed commercipl fishermen from 19^3 to
1.
^J Fiedlers R. Ho, John Ruel Manning, and F. F» Johnson*
1933*. Fishery Industries of the United States. U0 S. Department of
Commerce9 Bureau of Fisheries,, Appendix 1 to Report of the Commissioner
of Fisheries for the Fiscal Year 193^» 237 pa
2
_J Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting,, Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committees, De Soto Hotel,, St. Louis, Missouri, January 5
1951.
-------
in the Missouri portion of river from Jefferson through Cape Girardeau
Counties "below Sto Louis (112 river miles). The take decreased from ?6S133
pounds in 19^7 to 38,280 pounds in 19*4-9 (^9.7 per cent). Between 19^9 and 19508
a further reduction of 20,7 occurred. In 19508 the Missouri catch of fish
was apparently at the rate of 271 pounds per mile., At this rate, the section
of river on the Missouri side from St. Louis to Birds Point (opposite Cairo)
would have produced roughly 5^877 pounds of fish. When this total for
Missouri is added to a total of 169,^27 pounds (1950 figure of Starrett
and Parr) produced by the Illinois section of river from Alton to Cairos
the estimated current catch from the river is about 1,107 pounds per mile.
This is less than one sixth the productivity of the upper, smaller but
clearer, section of the Mississippi River in 1932°
These calculations indicate a reduction of as much as 80 per cent
or more in the fishery.
There are no yardsticks for measurement of the damage to fish
productivity except possibly reduction in productivity of burrowing mayflies
and other aquatic fishfood organisms as indicated in this survey and a
previous survey by Ellis, 19^0»
OFF-FLAVOR STUDIES WITH FISH
A series of experiments with bluegill sunfish as test fish were
conducted at the Chain of Rocks Filtration Plant at St. Louis to determines
if possible, from what effluents fish might acquire an off-flavor in the Miss-
issippi River water.
A dozen 10-gallon aquaria were obtained and set up in a battery under
a canopy at the filtration plant. Bluegill sunfish for the experiment were
furnished through the cooperation of the Illinois Conservation Department.
-------
The bluegills used in the first series of experiments averaged ?-*l inches
in length. Those in succeeding series of experiments were about 5 inches
long. Each aquarium was filled with 30 liters of water and stocked with
3 to 5 "blue gill sunfish each depending on their size*. _/
In those aquaria where river mud was used9 four liters of the wet
mud were measured into each aquarium which was filled carefully to prevent
roiling of the water „
Ao Experiments with river water and bottom mud collected below
Wood River refineries,, etc0
Aquarium 1» Control with Alton,, 'Illinois9 mud and fisho
Jour liters of river mud (relatively unpolluted) from
immediately below Alton Dasu The water used was the
regular St0 Louis city water supply to which a crystal
of sodium thiosulphate was added to neutralize any
residual chlorine which might be present.,
Aquarium 20 Same as lo
Aquarium 3° Oily mud with fisho
Four liters of polluted mud taken on the Illinois side
of the river9 a short distance above the mouth of the
Missouri River and below the Wood River (Illinois)
refineries,) were placed on the bottom of the aquarium9 and
it was filled with City of Sto Louis water and stocked as
above. In spite of the oily condition of the mud at this
1
Fish of the same size were used in each series of experimentso
-------
station ^/8 some "bottom animals, "burrowing mayflies,
Hexagenia limbata-Mlineata. lived there. Hexagenia
removed after several days in polluted mud in aquaria six
and seven were fed to the fish in those aquaria. The
purpose of permitting the fish to feed from a polluted
mud "bottom was to determine whether they would pick
up an off-flavor "by feeding from the "bottom,,
Aquarium ^o Same as 3«
Aquarium 5« Same as 3»
Aquarium 6. Oily mud with "bottom animals, for feeding, 3» ^> 5<> Four
liters of oily mud containing "bottom animals, Hexagenia
and tuMficid worms. A depth of afcout six inches of water
was maintained over the mud. No fish.
Aquarium 7« Sane as 6.
Aouarium 8. Control Alton mud with "bottom animals for feeding 13 2 and
10. Four liters of unpolluted mud were stocked with "bur-
rowing mayflies from "below Alton Dam and covered with a"bout
six inches of City of St. Louis water. Stock tank of "bottom
animals for feeding. No fish.
Aquarium 9» Same as 8.
Aquarium 10o Same as 1 and 2.
The Illinois Department of Public Health determined from a sample of
mud collected at mile 196.2 on the Illinois side of the Mississippi
River that 630.^- grams (dry weight) of mud contained 0.5168 gram
(820 p.p.m.) of oi!9 extracted with petroleum ether.
A-86
-------
Aquarium 11. Polluted Mississippi River water collected a short
distance above the mouth of the Missouri River and
"below the Wood River refineries. This water was
changed weekly* It was stocked with five "bluegiilso
Aquarium 12 „ Same as 11 „
The water in all aquaria was aerated "by means of a small piston
pump0
The fish in the aquaria containing pollxxted river water were fed
hamourger and "bread,, The fish in the aouaria containing only mud were
fed "burrowing mayflies from the polluted mud while the controls were
fed with bottom animals from aquaria Nos0 8 and 9 (unpolluted mud)0
RESULTS MD CONCLUSIONS
On November 2S 1951s when the experiment was concluded^ the fish
from each series of experiments were placed in clean glass jars and placed
on ice» They were killed^ entrails and heads removed9 and they were wrapped
in separate lots in aluminum foilo After "broiling for five minuteB9 the
three tasters (AB D0 and H) were ready for blind samplingj arranged by
one of the experimenters (B)0
The tasters8 AB H9 and "D,, were non-smokers. Each was given a sheet
of paper upon which to register in silence his reaction to each lot of
fish given to him«>
The results of the tasting experiment were as followsg
-------
TABLE 13
PRESENCE OH ABSENCE OF OFF-FLAVOR,, POLLUTED RIVER WATER AND OILY
MUD FROM WOOD RIVER AREA
Tasters
D A H
Lot 1 Unpolluted mud and city
water No No No Percent yes 0.0
Lot 2 Polluted river water Yes No Yes " " 66„?
Lot 3 Control unpolluted mud and
city water No No Yes " " 33 ,,3
Lot ^ Oily mud and city water Yes No Yes " " 66=7
Lot 5 Oily mud and city water ? No No
Tasters H and D observed independently that the strongest off-flavor
occurred in Lot 2. H described the flavor as "phenolic," while D described
the flavor as "oily" and "medicinal."
A evidently could not distinguish flavors at this time for all the
fish seemed tasteless to him,
It was concluded that the strongest off-flavor was imparted by the
river water itself. Apparently fish only needed to swim and live in the
water to absorb an off-flavor.
B. EXPERIMENTS WITH TYPICAL TANNERY WASTES
Each of 11 aquaria were stocked with three bluegill sunfish 4.5 inches
long on July 8, 1952. They were exposed to the following dilutions of tannery
waste effluent until July 29, when the experiment was terminated. The solu-
tions were renewed weekly.
A-88
-------
Aquarium 1 Tannery wastes 1:?09700 with city water /
Aquarium 2 Tannery wastes 1;20,700 with city water
Aquarium 3 Tannery wastes 1;20,700 with city water
Aquarium 4 Tannery wastes 1;100350 with city water
Aquarium 5 Tannery wastes 1:100350 with city water
Aquarium 6 Tannery wastes Iil09350 with city water
Aquarium 7 Tannery wastes 1:735 with city water
Aquarium 8 Tannery wastes Is735 with city water
Aquarium 9 Control city water
Aquarium 10 Control city water
Aquarium 11 Control city water
__/ Sodium thiosulphate added to neutralize residual chlorine.
TABLE 14
RESULTS OF OFF-FLAVOR EXPERIMENTS. JULY 29,1952 TYPICAL TANNERY WASTES
Tasters
Dilution T& C F A D
1. Tannery wastes 1:208700 No No Yes Yes Yes
2. Tannery wastes 1;208700 Yes Yes Yes No No
3. Tannery wastes 1;209700 Yes Yes Yes Yes No
4. Tannery wastes 1;10»350 No Yes Yes No No
5. Tannery wastes 1;100350 Yes No Yes No No
6, Tannery wastes 1;108350 Yes Yes Yes No No
7o Tannery wastes 1:735 Yes No No No No
80 Tannery wastes 1:735 Yes No No Yes Yes
9. Control city water Yes No No No No
10. Control city water Yes Yes Yes No Yes
11. Control city water E'o Yes No No No
Yes = off-flavor noted
No = normal or not objectionable
A-89
-------
1:20,700 percent yes - 66.7
1:10,350 percent yes - 46.7
1:735 percent yes - 40.0
control percent yes - 40.0
CONCLUSION
There is an apparent "but rather weak evidence of an inverse relation-
ship "between off-flavor and dilution of the tannery wastes. It is believed
that the failure of this experiment was due to the decision to cook the
fish in an autoclave rather than "by "broiling.
C. EXPERIMENTS WITH TYPICAL OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT AND RIVER WATER
Each of 10 aquaria were stocked with three "bluegill sunfish 5«4 inches
in length on June 13, 1952. Dilutions as listed "below were "based on a sewer
discharge of 30 m.g.d. into a low flow of 40,000 c.f.s. Solutions were re-
newed weekly.
Aquarium 1. River water from mile 196.4, undiluted
Aquarium 2. River water from mile 196.4, undiluted
Aquarium 3« River water from mile 196.4, undiluted
Aquarium 4. Control (Chain of Rocks tap water)
i 'Aquarium 5. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:735
Aquarium 6. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:735
Aquarium 7. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:735
Aquarium 8. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:365
Aquarium 9. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:365
Aquarium 10. Oil refinery effluent, dilution 1:365
On July 8, 1952, the fish surviving in each aquarium were wrapped in
aluminum foil after dressing and kept on ice until they were placed in an
autoclave for five minutes at 15 pounds pressure,,
A-90
-------
The results of determinations of off-flavor in the fish by tasting
are given below;
TABLE 15
POLLUTED BIVER WATER AND OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT
Tasters
Dilutions I J K F B
1. River water from mile 196.4S undiluted No Yes No No -
20 Biver water from mile 196.4, undiluted No No No Yes Yes
3. Biver water from mile 196.4, undiluted No Yes No No No
4. Control (Chain of Bocks tap water) - Yes - No No
5= Oil refinery effluent, 1:735 No No Yes Yes No
6. Oil refinery effluent, Is735 No No No No No
7. Oil refinery effluent, 1:735 Yes No Yes No Yes
8. Oil refinery effluent, 1:365 No No No -
10. Oil refinery effluentBl:365 Yes Yes - Yes Yes
Yes = off-flavor noted
No = normal or not objectionable
Polluted river water, percent yes 28.6
Control,, percent VPS 33.3
Oil refinery effluent Is735. percent yes 33.3
Oil refinery effluent 1:365, percent TBS 57.1
CONCLUSION
Although very definite off-flavor remarks were included for several
fish in this experiment, the objective analysis applied above does not
give conclusive results^
The most positive evidence of off-flavor was given by aquarium No.10
with refinery effluent at a dilution of 1:365. The positiveness of this re-
sult was neutralized by its counterpart aquarium No. 8, in which no off-flavor
was detected. It is believed that the failure of this experiment was due to
the decision to cook the fish in an autoclave rather than by broiling,,
A-91
-------
D. OIL RSFIHERY EFFLUENT
The aquaria stocked with three bluegill sunfish0 were set up as
follows on July 299 1952. Solutions were renewed weekly.
Aquarium 1. River Water collected at mile 196.4
Aquarium 2. River water collected at mile 196.4
Aquarium 3° River water collected at mile 196.4
Aquarium 4. 1°5,200 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 5° 1:5,200 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 6. 1:5,200 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 7= 1:2,600 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 8. 1:2,600 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 9° ls2B600 dilution of oil refinery effluent with city
water
Aquarium 10. St. Louis city water (control) with crystal of sodium
thiosulphate
Aquarium 11. St. Louis city water (control) with crystal of sodium
thiosulphate
The experiment was terminated on August 20 „ 1952.
Dilutions were "based upon a discharge of five million gallons of
refinery effluent into 26,000 million gallons (300;,000 gallons per second)
of river water per day (Is5o200) and upon the same discharge to half that
flow.
The fish were wrapped in aluminum foil and broiled as in the first
and following experiments.
A-92
-------
TABLE 16
RESULTS OF FISH TASTING EXPERIMENTS AUGUST 20, 1952
Tasters
Dilution A G C B
1. River water (mile 196.4) No No Yes Yes
2. River water (mile 196.4) No No No No
3* River water (mile 196.4) No Yes No No
4. Oil refinery effluent 1:5,200 No No No No
5. Oil refinery effluent 1:5,200 No No No No
6. Oil refinery effluent 1:5,200 No Yes No No
?. Oil refinery effluent 1;2,600 No No Yes Yes
8. Oil refinery effluent 1:2,600 Yes No Yes No
9. Oil refinery effluent 1:2,600 No No No No
10. Control (city water) No No No No
11. Control (city water) No No No No
Yes = Off-flavor noted
No = Normal or not olDjectiona"ble
River water, percent yes 25=0
Oil refinery effluent 1:5,200 percent yes 8.3
Oil refinery effluent 1:2,600, percent yes 33.3
Control, percent yes 0.0
CONCLUSION
No positive effects of off-flavor could "be detected "by these tests.
A-93
-------
E. MONSANTO (ILLINOIS) VILLAGE SEWER EFFLUENT
An experiment with Monsanto village sewer wastes was started August
22, 1952, and terminated September 12, 1952. Fresh solutions were prepared
of the following dilutions August 22 (initial), August 29, September 3i and
September 10, 1952:
1. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:800
2. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:800
3« Monsanto, etc., wastes 1;400
4. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:400
5. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1/200 Fish died within 24 hours. Wastes toxic.
6. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1/200 Fish died within 24 hours. Wastes toxic.
7° Monsanto, etc., wastes 1/300
8. Monsanto,, etc., wastes 1:300
9. Control - city water
10o Control - city water
11= Control - city water
Three bluegill sunfish of an average length of 4.5 inches were ex-
posed in each aquarium. Determination of off-flavor was performed as
described in the first section by tasting the fish broiled in an oven
for five minutes in aluminum foil.
-------
TABLE 1?
RESULTS OF EXPERTMEOTS WITH MONSANTO VILLAGE SEWER WASTES
Tasters
Dilution A C D
1. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:800 Yes No No
2. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:800 Yes No Yes
3. Monsanto, etc.p wastes 1:400 Yes Yes Yes
40 Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:400 Yes No Yes
7. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:300 Yes No Yes
8. Monsanto, etc., wastes 1:300 Yes No No
9. City water wastes control No No No
11. City water wastes control No No No
Yes = off-flavor noted
No = normal or not disagreeable
1:800 percent yes 50
1:400 percent yes 83.3
1:300 percent yes 50.0
Control percent yes 0.0
CONCLUSION
These wastes provided the most conclusive evidence of off-flavor
provided "by any of the series of off-flavor experiments, particularly
at the 1:400 dilution. Half of the answers for the 1:800 and 1«300
dilutions were positive for off-flavor. Since the controls were en-
tirely negative,, the positive results seems to indicate off-flavor
effects at these dilutions also.
A-95
-------
GENEBAL GOKCLUSIOKS
1. The "bottom fauna studies indicate that about Ik species of bot-
tom animals nay occur at any one time in the river muds during high-water
in spite of the high turbidity characteristics of this section of river,
2. The Alton station which seemed relatively unpolluted during the
early high water collections, proved about as badly polluted as the sta-
tions downstream from St0 Louis.
3. Air breathing aquatic insects, even such pollution-tolerant forms
as Psychoda alternate probably eliminated by oil slicks, were very scarce.
Fingernail clams which are abundant in the river in relatively unpolluted
sections were entirely absent.
4. Oily mud occurred below Wood River at Jefferson Barracks, Kimmswick,
Durfee Bar, and Wagner landing.
5. The degree of pollution and its biological effects evidently vary
from time to time. In February 1952, there was a reduction in number of
species indicating an apparent slug of pollution. Following this, burrow-
ing mayflies of Hexagenia virtually disappeared. Low river stages are fol-
lowed by an increase in aquatic earthworms, an increase in pollution-tolerant
forms, and a reduction in number of species.
6. When river levels reached a low stage in the fall of 1952, pol-
lution-tolerant tubificid worms reached their maximum abundance when they
averaged 2,76^- per square yard. This average has been compared with an
average of 28 per square yard for six relatively clean-water stations be-
tween LaCrosse, Wisconsin, and Dubuque, Iowa, or an average of *4-30 tubi-
ficids per square yard found for both polluted and unpolluted stations
according to two surveys made by the Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution
in 19^8.
-96
-------
?. The "bottom muds tear olfactory and visual evidence of pollution
particularly from poultry processing industries as far downstream as
Grand Tower, Illinois, 100 miles below St. Louis.
8. On October 14 and 16, 1952, when the river was low and phenols
were at about their maximum, a few fish collections showed relatively
clean-water minnows together with pollutional tolerant species along
the river close to areas of maximum pollution. However, oxygen con-
ditions were satisfactory at this time and phenols were below toxic
levels.
9. The Upper Mississippi Conservation Committee reports a sharp
decrease in the commercial catch of fieh since 19^7° During low-water
periods, fishermen are not able to market their catch because of off-
flavor imparted to fish flesh by wastes entering the river in the St.
Louis area.
10. Experiments in the off-flavoring of fish with effluents from
suspected sources were not conclusive. In one set of experiments, the
river water alone, collected below the Wood River refineries produced
off-flavor. In another series, Monsanto village sewer wastes produced
the most conclusive evidence of off-flavor.
-------
APPESDIX E
ANALYTICAL RESULTS Page
Summary of Individual Results A-99
Summary of Seasonal Results A-172
Summary of Cross-Sectional Sampling Results A-21?
A-98
-------
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