?,EPA
MAY 1986
902887001
NIAGARA RIVER
ACTION PLAN
NIAGARA FALLS (N.Y.)
SUB-AREA
TONMAMNOA
MOUTH
TONMWANOA
BUPFALO-UCKMMANM
•UKWEA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
REGION 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, N.Y. 10278
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NIAGARA RIVER ACTION PLAN
Prepared By
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 2 Office, 26 Federal Plaza
New York, N.Y. 10278
May, 1986
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th MOOT
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NIAGARA RIVER ACTION PLAN
MAY, 1986
INTRODUCTION
The 37-mile Niagara River, flowing northward from Lake Erie
to Lake Ontario and forming the international boundary between
the U.S. and Canada, is a major source of water for industry,
for municipalities and for power generation. The quality of
its waters has a significant impact on the quality of Lake
Ontario. The Niagara Frontier is a significant center of
population, industry and tourism. The Niagara area has
therefore long been a focus of major concern and commitment
for U.S. environmental agencies at both the state and federal
leveIs .
This commitment is reflected first in the massive investment
made by all levels of government in municipal wastewater
collection and treatment. Under the Federal Clean Water Act,
passed in 1972, EPA has provided over $550 million to build
these systems, and New York State and local governments have
contributed a like amount. As a result, all the U.S.
municipalities that discharge into the Niagara River have
operating secondary treatment plants. These include advanced
designs at Amherst, North Tonawanda and Niagara Falls to
account for heavy industrial flows. The Niagara Falls plant
has recently come back into full operation, thanks to special
EPA funding of $14 million, and is removing an additional 350
Ib./day of priority pollutants from the river.
Also under the Clean Water Act, EPA and the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) have issued
discharge permits that limit the flow of pollutants from all
significant industrial and municipal point sources. The first
round of these permits concentrated on "conventional" pollutants
(oil and grease, solids, BOD, etc.). Over recent years the
permits have all been revised in a second round to concentrate
more on the elimination of chemical discharge, and are under
review once more to see what additional limits might still be
needed. The permit program is backed up by an annual inspection
and enforcement schedule. All six municipalities (Buffalo,
Tonawanda, Amherst, North Tonawanda, Niagara County, City of
Niagara Falls) along the Niagara have prepared and begun to
enforce industrial pretreatment programs designed to reduce the
discharge of chemicals by industries directly into municipal systems
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EPA has approved all six programs over the past year.
As a result of these point source programs, most indicators
show a marked decline in environmental contamination in the
Niagara Frontier over the past decade. Where environmental
or public health standards exist or are proposed they are
being met.
However, increased sophistication in analytical techniques,
coupled with problems like those at Love Canal, has produced
awareness and concern over low levels of toxic chemical
contamination. To respond to these concerns EPA and NYSDEC have
developed a multifaceted program directed at toxics. Point
sources are addressed through the Clean Water Act programs
described above. Nonpoint sources are addressed through the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which regulates
existing hazardous waste operations, the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA,
or Superfund), which covers the investigation and control of
abandoned sites, and the Clean Water Act, which regulates
nonpoint sources of wasterwater pollution.
Under RCRA, twenty existing active hazardous waste operations
on the Niagara Frontier have been brought under interim
regulation. They are now all in various stages of the final
permit or closure process.
Under CERCLA, EPA and NYSDEC are using a combination of federal,
state and industry resources to investigate abandoned sites
and carry out cleanup or control measures. All 61 sites of
concern listed in the NRTC Report, have been or are being
investigated, and remedial work is underway at several.
EPA allocated $1.2 million to NYSDEC for site investigations
in Fiscal 1985, which was matched by more than $1.5 million
in state funds. In addition, EPA allocated about $600,000
per year in direct contract funds for site investigations in
Fiscal 83, 84 and 85.
At tour major sites in Niagara Falls (Love Canal, Hyde Park,
S-Area and 102nd St.), EPA obligated over $20 million from
Superfund in Fiscal 1985; the agency anticipates obligating
over $10 million in Fiscal 86 and over $8 million in Fiscal 87
to these four sites alone, assuming reauthorization of CERCLA.
Groundwater hydrogeologica1 work being carried out by EPA
contractors at Niagara sites is estimated at $16 million.
Private party cleanups underway under Federal Court Consent
Agreements are expected to cost over $50 million each at Hyde
Park and S-Area.
In summary, EPA, NYSDEC and local governments have invested over
$1 billion to date in ongoing environmental programs along the
Niagara Frontier. These programs constitute a comprehensive,
integrated, ongoing commitment that still totals in the tens
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of millions of dollars per year. Both EPA and NYSDEC are
committed to carry on these programs until the environment,
public health and international waterways are protected to
the full extent required by law and international agreement.
The Niagara River Toxics Committee report, issued in November,
1984, identified gaps in our knowledge of the contamination in
the river, and the effectiveness of control programs. EPA
identified several new initiatives to fill in these gaps, in
cooperation with NYSDEC. These initiatives were announced in
May of 1985. The initiatives, coupled with the ongoing
programs discussed above, constitute EPA's Action Plan for
the Niagara River. In May of 1985, EPA also published specific
responses to the NRTC Report's 24 recommendations.
(see Table I).
It is worthwhile to compare the Niagara Action Plan with the
Five-Year strategy outlined in 1985 by the Great Lakes National
Program Office. GLNPO presented a five-stage strategy for
dealing with environmental problems in the Great Lakes. The
work done so far by the NRTC in its report and recommendations,
coupled with the workplans prepared by EPA Region 2 and NYSDEC
in response, correspond to the first three stages of the
GLNPO strategy — that is, the identification of problems,
the assessment/characterization of these problems, and the
proposal of solutions.
The next several years will be devoted to the remaining two
stages — implementation of solutions and installing a
monitoring/feedback loop for measuring progress.
THE ACTION PLAN
The Niagara River Action Plan consists of the several major
programs EPA has already ongoing under the Clean Water Act,
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act,
combined with a number of specific new initiatives to respond
to gaps identified in the report of the Niagara River Toxics
Committee (NRTC).
EPA's plan is complementary to and supportive of the Niagara
plan being carried out by the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). NYSDEC is the lead
agency for carrying out most environmental programs, both
state,and also federal (under delegations from EPA), on the
Niagara Frontier. Similarly, some work initiatives involving
monitoring, research, and development require close cooperation
with our counterpart Canadian agencies.
Table II summarizes the Plan.
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ACTION PLAN GOALS
The EPA Action Plan is designed to:
- ensure continued progress in the identification, control,
and reduction of point source discharges of toxics
into the Niagara River;
- ensure continued identification, investigation and
control of nonpoint discharges of toxics into the
Niagara River,-
- improve current and future understanding of the
ambient levels of toxics in the Niagara River and
its environs, and to assess accurately the risks
posed by those levels;
- enhance communication and cooperation among U.S.
and Canadian agencies charged with protecting the
environment along the Niagara.
- combine the four preceding objectives into a
coordinated plan for achieving specific reductions
in toxic chemical loadings to the Niagara River
within specified timetables in accordance with U.S.
laws and standards for protecting public health and
the environment and with U.S. obligations under the
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
ACTION PLAN COMPONENTS
Point Source Control
The NRTC identified nine major U.S. point source dischargers,
both industrial and municipal. Their combined discharge of
EPA priority pollutants, based on 1982 data, was estimated as
2488 Lb/day. Based on upgradings, control programs and
shutdowns, that total has already been reduced. Table III
provides a narrative status report on these nine major
facilities.
EPA's program for dealing with point sources of pollutants
consists of the following components (many of which are joint
EPA/DEC responsibilities):
0 SPDES Permits -- NYSDEC and EPA have reviewed State
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits for
all major industrial dischargers, and DEC has reissued
them with stricter controls on the discharge of
toxics. During FY 86, EPA is working with DEC to
carry out enhanced compliance inspections at selected
dischargers.
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Industrial Pretreatment Program -- EPA and NYSDEC have
reviewed and EPA has approved local industrial
pretreatment programs for the 6 U.S. municipal
treatment plants on the Niagara- Developed under
the Clean Water Act, these plans require industries
to reduce toxic discharges to municipal sewerage
systems. They are being enforced by the municipalities.
Table IV is a schedule of implementation and anticipated
loading reductions. EPA, working with DEC, has
developed a contractor-supported technical assistance
program for the municipalities to improve enforcement.
Stormwater Runoff — During FY 86, EPA is carrying out
a project to investigate the contribution of toxics
in stormwater runoff from industrial facilities- A
contractor will identify potential sites, and EPA's
Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) will con-
duct a site-specific demonstration program. The
results of this project will define the need for
future control measures.
Nonpoint Source Control
Toxic contamination of ground and surface water from nonpoint
sources, such as former and existing hazardous waste landfills,
is recognized as a significant problem in the Niagara Frontier.
Both EPA and DEC have given high priority to the identifi-
cation and cleanup of inactive sites through the federal and
state superfund programs, and to the regulation of operating
hazardous waste facilities through the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act and state hazardous waste disposal regula-
tions .
EPA's nonpoint source control program has the following
components:
0 Site Investigation -- The NRTC report identified 61
sites as potential sources of ground or surface
water contamination. These sites have been or are
being investigated through a joint SPA - NYSDEC site
assessment program and, where needed, they are
scheduled for remedial work. Table V summarizes the
status of these investigations and the timetables
for completing them.
0 Remedial Programs — Four major sites in Niagara —
Love Canal, Hyde Park, S-Area and 102nd Street --
are in some stage of the investigative/remedial
process. Table VI summarizes work on these sites.
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0 Groundwater Hydrogeology — One problem hampering the
characterization and control of nonpoint sources is
the complex geology of the Niagara region. To help
address this problem, EPA is developing site-specific
and areawide groundwater models through its CERCLA
contractors and the U.S. Geological Survey.
0 Active Site Control — There are twenty hazardous
waste management facilities in the Niagara Frontier.
EPA has requested Part B permit applications from
all of them under RCRA. All are now in various
stages of the permit or closure process. Table VII
summarizes the status of each of these facilities.
Monitoring Programs
The NRTC identified the need for specific long-term ambient
and point-source monitoring related to toxics in sediments,
biota and water. EPA agrees that a comprehensive monitoring
program is needed for the purpose of establishing long-term
trends in toxic contamination, assessing the effectiveness of
control programs, and identifying the need for modifications or
additions to those programs.
EPA believes that ambient monitoring is an important area for
international cooperation. With respect to point source
monitoring, however, EPA and NYDEC have specific regulatory
responsibilities under the Clean Water Act and will continue
to carry out those responsibilities. For all monitoring
programs, EPA believes it is essential for all four involved
environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada (EPA, NYSDEC,
Environment Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment)
to agree on mutually acceptable sampling protocols, analytical
techniques and data interpretation methods.
EPA's monitoring program is part of a binational effort being
explored with Canada which would consist of the following:
0 Long-Term Ambient Monitoring — EPA is working with
NYSDEC and the Canadian agencies to try to develop
mutually acceptable sampling and analytical protocols
and methods for interpreting data. Some discussions
have already taken place. (Already scheduled is an
evaluation by the U.S. agencies of Canadian high-volume
water sampling techniques.) It is hoped that these
efforts will form the basis for a joint ambient
monitoring project that will determine, where possible,
how the estimated net contribution of chemicals to
the Niagara River varies with time. Trends would be
defined by comparing values at the source and mouth
of the river.
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Point Source Monitoring — New York DEC, under Clean
Water Act delegation, carries on a continuing
compliance monitoring program for point sources on
the Niagara River, EPA is negotiating with the Canadians
to establish a binational effort that would review both
NYSDEC's program and Ontario Ministry of the Environment's
program.
Integrated Enforcement
One of EPA's primary missions is the enforcement of national
laws to control pollution in its many forms, and thereby
protect public health and the environment. The Niagara Area,
because of its industrial diversity and the high flow rate of
the Niagara River, presents a unique set of pollution regulatory
problems, particularly with respect to extremely low levels
of toxic chemical contamination. EPA and NYDEC have recognized
the need to develop enhanced data management tools and
integrated enforcement strategies to help deal with these
problems.
0 Regulatory Coordination — EPA has put into place an
internal management structure to coordinate Niagara
enforcement programs across all media lines. Under
this system, Region 2's new Niagara Frontier Program
Manager, (see page 9), together with designated
representatives from each regional program and the
Office of Regional Counsel, are continually reviewing
source-specific and areawide pollution control
programs in the Niagara area to ensure maximum
effectiveness and to address potential delays or
conflicts in strategies. The region is also
coordinating these activities with NYSDEC and with
EPA Headquarters.
0 Automated Data Systems — Through EPA's Integrated
Environmental Management System, computer software
packages are being examined which may permit a
variety of point source and ambient environmental
data to be collected and analyzed together. These
programs would allow better identification of potential
hotspots and targeting of enforcement activity
where necessary.
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Toxi c Loading Reductions
The main purpose of EPA's Niagara Action Plan is to reduce the
discharge of persistent organic chemicals to the river. Such
reductions are not only required by U.S. environmental laws,
but also by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Many of
the components of the Action Plan are resulting in such reductions,
or have the potential to do so, as indicated in Table II.
Where specific reductions can already be documented or
predicted, they are contained in the Tables at the end of
this document. It is EPA's intention to continue to improve
documentation of reductions and to include this as part of
its regular public reporting on the Action Plan.
Resource Commitment
As described in the Introduction, EPA has maintained a strong
commitment of dollars and staff time in the Niagara area for
a number of years, with Federal investment in pollution
control programs now totalling over $500 million. This
ongoing support for routine environmental programs will
continue, primarily through program support grants for NYDEC
and the NY Department of Health which, on a statewide basis,
total $20 million for Fiscal Year 1986.
In addition, EPA's regional staff will continue to devote
the internal resources required to support this work. It is
estimated that direct staff support for Niagara activities
totals 41 workyears per year, of which 27 work years are in
Region 2 and the balance split among headquarters and other
field programs. This is equivalent to approximately $1.5
million per year, not including indirect costs, laboratory
or contract support.
Several of the new initiatives identified in Table II involve
additional staff or contract support.
Communicationsand Management
EPA recognizes the need for integrated management of its
various programs on the Niagara Frontier. The agency also
recognizes the need for timely and complete exchange of
information with the other agencies and the need to communicate
fully with the public on both sides of the border.
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The following mechanisms have been established:
0 Management — EPA's Region 2 office has the lead
responsibility for the agency's Niagara programs.
The Regional Administrator has appointed a Niagara Frontier
Project Coordinator reporting directly to him and,
through him, to the EPA Administrator. The Coordinator
is responsible for coordinating Niagara programs
within Region 2, with other EPA offices, including
the Great Lakes National Program Office and the
Office of Research and Development, with New York
DEC and with the Canadian agencies.
0 Communication — In 1985 EPA Region 2 established an
information office in Niagara Falls, New York, to
facilitate information exchange with the public and
Canadian agencies. Public meetings and press
briefings also will be held from time to time in order
to convey information about the program, and to elicit
comments on our activities.
0 Progress Reports — EPA Region 2 will issue periodic
status reports on the Niagara Action Plan.
EPA's Niagara River Action Plan should be regarded as a
dynamic document. The Agency intends to review and update it
at least annually.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table I
EPA's Response to the Niagara River Toxics
Committee Recommendations
Table II
Niagara River Action Plan — Major Components
Table III
Status of Nine Major U.S. Point Source
Dischargers
Table IV
Implementation Schedule for Six Municipal
Pretreatment Programs
Table V
Status of 61 Potential Nonpoint Sources of
Ground or Surface Water Contamination
Table VI
Status of Four Major Superfund Sites
Table VII
Status of Permit Activities for
RCRA Hazardous Waste Facilities
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TABLE I
EPA's RESPONSE TO THE NIAGARA RIVER TOXICS
COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS
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MAJOR COMPONENTS
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ETJ fl) rHj)M 4J(C4JWM
IM rHS X1-H3 (CXC O
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C
0
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to
c
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(C
Q) M C
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S , 5
(-3 UJ OH
0 0)
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4J H
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a a)
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C (fl
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4-1 T3
C C
0)
-------
TABLE III
STATUS OF NINE MAJOR U.S. POINT SOURCE DISCHARGERS
-------
CO
OS
w
0
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EC
u
CO
H
Q
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ffl^ 2^^ CO—- 25— O — • CO--' EH «-' EH— Q
s
r-~
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O
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X
2
-------
MARY OF CONTROL MEASURES SINCE 1982
Comments
raded in 1982-83 per Consent Order. Sewer repairs and infiltration
reduce flows are ongoing, as well as, combined sewer overflow
Facility has been in compliance with permit limits, since end of
£ JT o
5 ft 4J
to 3 •
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ft T3 TJ
EH 3 3
2 4J 4-J
IS CO CO
.
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(0
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0)
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ft
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0
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ro
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cu
cu
4J
05
U
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CO
&
nt Plans, reduced acid dumps, increase use of polymers) instituted.
circulation has reduced discharge to approximately 1-2 hours/week.
slaker went on-line 1/86, with second unit to be on-line by 5/86.
cu cu cu
E U E
CU -H
Cn IH r-H
ro cu
C +J *
ro ro r-H l»H
5 U ft
? ft -0 -P
CU X C -H
z cu ro S
eds were installed 7/84. In-house controls include tighter
to prevent chemical spills/loses. Toxics organic load reduced
.Q 05
rH
C C •
0 iH
rQ 4-J 0
in C CTi
50
0 A
controls initiated throughout 1983-84. In-house controls included
hanges and tighter process control. Zinc concentration system was
in 1984 and has shown 50% increase in efficiency. Compliance
rH O TJ
ro cu
•rl Cn T3
•O C (0
CU -rl IH
e ft en
O -H ft
OS ft 3
requires additional structural measures to be completed as part of
Management Plan by early 1987. Facility in compliance with permit
ince 7/85.
0) 4-J 05
r-H "115
3 Q) 05
T3 CO 4->
05 -rH
rC 01 £
0 A -H
05 4-> rH
itoring program was submitted on 9/19/85 to the NYSDEC. It is now
viewed by that agency.
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35
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EH
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-------
TABLE IV
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR
SIX MUNICIPAL PRETREATMENT PROGRAMS
-------
I
01
4J
0>
DI
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01
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rH
4H Q
0 fc
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CO tO ^— ' CO ^*
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co c -- co
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3
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I I I
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-------
TABLE V
STATUS OF 61 POTENTIAL NONPOINT SOURCES OF
GROUND OR SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION
-------
CO
IH
Z
O
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EH
z
H
s
EH
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0
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05
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-------
TABLE VI
STATUS OF FOUR MAJOR SUPERFUND SITES
-------
VI-1
TABLE VI -- STATUS OF FOUR MAJOR SUPERFUND SITES
LOVE CANAL
Background
The Love Canal site is in the southeast corner of the city of
Niagara Falls approximately one-quarter mile north of the Niagara
River, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation (now Occidental
Chemical Corporation) disposed of over 21,000 tons of various
chemicals (including dioxin contaminated trichlorophenols) into
Love Canal between 1942-1952.
The Love Canal property was sold by Hooker in April 1953 to the
City of Niagara Falls Board of Education. During the mid
1950's, home construction accelerated in the area, and in 1954 a
public school was built on the middle portion of the Canal. Over
the next two decades, contaminated leachate came into contact
with the surface of the Canal and nearby basement foundations.
Contaminants also migrated through sewers to two nearby creeks.
Approximately 850 families have been evacuated from the Emergency
Declaration Area (EDA), an area surrounding the Canal which
extends 1500 feet from the Canal. Nearly 1050 families were
eligible for evacuation. All homes on streets immediately hording
the Canal have been demolished, as has the school. Other homes
within the EDA have or are scheduled to be demolished due to
deterioration.
In October of 1978, the first phase of the Love Canal Remedial
Program was initiated. The objective of the first phase was to
contain chemical waste at the site. The program included a tile
drain (leachate collection) system, a clay cover over the Canal,
and an on-site treatment facility.
Leachate moving through the ground is intercepted and conveyed to
a drain pipe. This lowers the level of the water inside the
landfill and causes water in the ground outside the Canal itself
to flow inward toward the pipes. The system is a barrier that
prevents leachate from moving into the groundwater adjacent to
the Canal. The leachate collection system and treatment plant
began operating in December 1979.
-------
VI-2
The clay cap acts as an umbrella, preventing rainwater and
melting snow from mixing with the toxic and hazardous chemicals
underneath. The cap decreases the amount of water entering
the landfill; prevents the runoff of contaminated rainfall;
prevents human contact with the waste in the dumpsite; and
stops atmospheric emissions from the buried chemicals.
Status
On July 12, 1982, a cooperative agreement between NYSDEC and
EPA obligated $6,995,000 from CERCLA. Amendments have increased
the total available CERCLA funding to nearly $17,000,000. The
Cooperative Agreement identified several remedial tasks to be
taken in addition to those instituted in October 1978.
In the fall of 1982, sewers leaving the Canal were severed to
deter future contaminant flow via these pathways. in 1984, an
expanded cap (from 16 to 40 acres) with a synthetic liner was
comple ted.
A long term monitoring/perimeter study began this past fall and
is ongoing. Aside from establishing a monitoring system, this
program will evaluate the effectiveness of the leachate collection
system, and determine the extent of contaminant migration from
the Canal.
This study is in three phases. Phase I was conducted this
past fall and included the installation of wells and piezo-
meters; and collection of water and soil samples for chemical
analyses. phase II (to be conducted this spring and summer)
calls for additional perimeter survey explorations as necessary;
collection of water and soil samples; preparation of a report
on the findings of the perimeter survey and installation of
piezometers in the Canal. phase III consists mainly of the
collection and analysis of groundwater and surface water
samples at stations during the first year of the monitoring
I) r. o
On May 6, 1985 a Record of Decision (ROD) was signed which
approved remediation of dioxin contaminated sewers and creeks
in the Emergency Declaration Area (EDA) to prevent further
migration of contaminated sediments. The collected sediments
will be placed in interim storage at the Canal.
A contractor has been engaged to clean EDA storm and sanitary
sewers which drained from the Love Canal site or which might
have been contaminated by drainage from the site. The work
has begun and should be completed by summer of 1986. Work
entails removal of contaminated sediments by hydraulic cleaning,
followed by remote television camera inspection to assure that
sediments have been removed. The sewer sediments will be
dewatered and eventually placed in an interim storage facility.
-------
VI-3
A contractor is currently being selected to design the creek
remedy. Remediation of the creeks is expected to begin
in the Spring of 1987 with the construction of the interim
storage facility. The removal of contaminated creek sediments
is expected to take place during the 1987 construction season.
Sediment in Bergholtz Creek will be removed from approximately
150 feet above its confluence with Black Creek downstream to
its confluence with Cayuga Creek. Black Creek will be
remediated from 98th Street to its confluence with Bergholtz
Creek.
A temporary berm is scheduled to be constructed in the 102nd
Street outfall delta area to prevent the migration of contami-
nated sediments. The design and location of this berm will
be based upon sediment sampling previously performed by
Malcolm Pirnie (1983 BID) and sampling performed this spring for
the 102nd Street Landfill remedial investigation. Long term
remediation of the delta area will be coordinated with remediation
of the 102nd Street Landfill. To date, neither the long term
remedial action for the 102nd Street Landfill nor the site's
contribution to contamination of the delta area has been
established.
Large quantities of wastes will be generated as a result of
remedial activities at Love Canal. Most of the wastes generated
are likely to be contaminated with 2,3,7,8 TCDD. Since no
commercial facility is presently permitted to treat or dispose
of dioxin contaminated wastes, these wastes are subject to
interim storage at Love Canal. This is consistent with the
fact that interim storage is necessary prior to final
destruction/disposal.
A final means of destroying/disposing these wastes continues
to be investigated. An experimental burn of Love Canal creek
sediments originally scheduled to take place in January at
EPA's Combustion Research Facility has been postponed until
this summer. The experiment should provide an indication of
the i. nninerabi li ty of the sediments as well as the degree of
contamination (if any) in the effluents generated during
their incineration.
The NYSDEC's Plasma Arc was recently transported to Love
Canal. Plans call for the Plasma Arc to thermally treat the
leachate treatment plant "sludge" currently stored at the
site. NYSDEC hopes to conduct test burns with the unit by
the end of this calendar year. Unfortunately, this unit can
only treat liquid wastes at this point in time.
Selection of a contractor to perform a remedial investigation
and feasibility study for the 93rd Street School is also
underway. Remediation will be performed in conjunction with
and highly dependent upon remediation in the rest of the EDA.
-------
VI-4
HYDE PARK LANDFILL
The Hyde Park Landfill is in the Town of Niagara, New York. The
Landfill was utilized by Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation
(now OCC) as a dump site from 1953 to 1975. During that time,
Hooker disposed of approximately 80,000 tons of hazardous materials
at the site, including approximately 3,300 tons of 2,4,5-
trichlorophenol ("TCP") wastes. TCP wastes are known to contain
significant amounts of 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ("TCDD").
Chemicals migrating from the Landfill exist in two liquid phases
- non aqueous phase liquids ("NAPL") and aqueous phase liquids
("APL"). NAPL is a mixture of a wide range of organic chemicals.
This mixture is predominately composed of chemicals with relatively
low solubility in water and a specific gravity heavier than water.
At the Hyde Park Landfill, there is also evidence of a wide range
of organic constituents that are either dissolved in or identified
in surface water, ground-water, soil, sediment or NAPL.
The Landfill is in a complex hydrogeologic environment. Glacial
overburden composed of fine clays, silts, and some sand overlies
a carbonate and shale bedrock. Stratigraphically the bedrock is
composed of the Lockport Dolomite Formation (approximately 60
feet thick) which is in turn underlain by an approximately 240
foot thickness of rock formations composed of limestone, dolomite,
sandstone, siltstone and shale. Below these formations is the
Queenstone Shale.
The bedrock is a fractured medium in which the localized ground-
water flow is often controlled by the orientation and location of
the fractures and joints. The horizontally layered nature of the
Lockport, Rochester, and underlying formations imposes additional
constraints on ground-water flow. Ground-water movement is both
downward and horizontal, from the overburden to the bedrock and
through the bedrock to the Niagara River. Some of this ground-water
exits the Niagara Gorge Face in the form of ground-water seeps.
EPA filed a lawsuit in 1979 to require OCC to remediate the Hyde
Park landfill. After several months of negotiations EPA, the
State, and OCC filed a proposed Stipulation and Judgment Approving
Settlement Agreement on January 19, 1981 ("Settlement Agreement").
S_ta_t_u s
OCC has been implementing the Settlement Agreement subject to
governmental oversight since 1982. The Aquifer Survey was
completed during 1982 to 1983, and OCC's proposed Requisite
Remedial Technology ("RRT")was submitted to EPA and the State
of New York in April and May 1984. This study proposed
remedies for all contaminated areas, except there was no
proposed source control program and no proposed remedy for
certain portions of the contaminated bedrock ground-water.
-------
VI-5
As required by the Settlement Agreement, EPA and the State
responded to OCC's RRT study on September 5, 1984. This
response generally determined that OCC had submitted insuffi-
cient information to conclude that either source control or
remediation of the aforementioned portion of the contaminated
bedrock ground-water was not "requisite" within the meaning
of the Settlement Agreement. The response also outlined what
additional data and requirements would be necessary for each
aspect of the proposed RRT.
Since August 1984, EPA, New York State and OCC negotiated
details of an acceptable RRT program.
EPA used its in-house expertise in conjunction with independent
expert consultants, who worked more than 15,000 hours on the
negotiations at an expense of approximately $1.5 million.
The parties have now agreed on a comprehensive remedial
program described in the Stipulation on Requisite Remedial
Technology Program. When approved by the Court, the agreement
will modify the Hyde Park Settlement Agreement to require OCC to
perform a comprehensive remedial program at the site, including
areas for which there are no specified remedies in the original
Settlement Agreement, in order to make them compatible with
the specified RRT remedies and with newly available information.
Specifically, the RRT includes a number of activities to address:
"Gorge Face seeps;
""Treatment and monitoring of collected liquids (NAPL & APL);
°Deep formations study (Irondequoit/Reynales formations);
"Source Control;
"Containment and collection of contamination in the
overburden and Lockport bedrock;
"Community rn o n t: i. o r i. n g during investigative and remedial
activities.
Within 60 days after the RRT Stipulation becomes approved by
the Court, OCC must submit a schedule for the entire project
for the governments' approval.
OCC has submitted an application for an incineration permit
that would allow them to burn Hyde Park wastes contaminated
with PCB and TCDD. This application is now being reviewed by
EPA and New York State.
-------
VI-6
S-AREA SITE
Background
The S-Area Site is an 8-acre landfill owned by Occidential
Chemical Corporation where approximately 53,000 tons of
organic and inorganic chemicals were disposed of by the site
owner from 1947 to 1961. Use of the site for debris disposal
ended in 1975. Located east of the site, just across 53rd
Street, is the City of Niagara Falls drinking water treatment
facility.
After the landfill was closed, Occidental capped the site.
At the present time, two lagoons exist on site. These lagoons
are for non-hazardous wastewater from plant operations and are
operated under State permits. In 1969, during a routine
inspection of the city water plant, small amounts of chemicals
were found in the intake structures. In 1978, sampling of the
intake structures and one of the bedrock intake tunnels
revealed chemical contamination. Soil sampling of the plant
property also revealed chemical contamination. In 1983, the
the City of Niagara Falls Water Authority closed the contami-
nated bedrock intake tunnel and began utilizing the overburden
intake tunnel.
In December 1979, the Department of Justice filed a civil
action against Occidental. The legal action began a series
of negotiations, which continued until 1984. A Settlement
Agreement was signed in January 1984 that allows the Federal
and State Governments to establish criteria and oversee clean
up activities at both the S-Area Site and the water treatment
plant. The Settlement Agreement was approved on April 15,
1985; the effective date of the Agreement was June 14, 1985.
Status
The Settlement Agreement contains provisions for:
- Surveys and studies program. This requires the
drilling of survey wells and borings, to determine the
areal and vertical extent of chemical migration from
the landfill site in the overburden towards the Niagara
River and in the Lockport Formation.
- Containment program. This details the procedures that
shall be followed in order to contain and collect
chemicals which have migrated from the landfill. The
program addresses conditions at the landfill site,
a small area to the north of the landfill and the
water treatment plant (including intake tunnels).
-------
VI-7
Monitoring program. This entails physical and chemical
monitoring activities at the landfill site, northern
landfill site and the water treatment plant (including
intake tunnels).
Maintenance program. This is designed to insure the proper
performance of the remedial systems installed
pursuant to the containment and monitoring programs.
An environmental health/safety plan will be implemented
during the construction activities associated with
the containment program. The plan is designed to
provide appropriate precautions to protect the health
of all personnel, residents, and nearby workers and
to the environment outside the immediate areas by
controlling the airborne dispersion of particulates
and volatile organic chemicals.
Occidental submitted plans, specifications and pro-
tocols for the subsurface investigative work that is
scheduled to begin in April 1986. The documents have
been reviewed by the governmental parties and comments
provided to Occidental.
PLANNED SCHEDULE
Ac tivi ty Activity Period
From To
- Surveys/Studies Phase November 1985 June 1988
- Containment Systems
o S-Area Landfill May 1989 June 1991
o Northern Area August 1989 March 1990
- Drinking Water Facility
o Main Plant May 1990 June 1994
o Intake Tunnel November 1988 April 1992
Dioxin strategy plan entails sampling of the entire
Buffalo Avenue plant site (excluding S-Area).
Construction activities associated with the water
treatment plant are to be initiated no later than the
beginning of the 4th construction season (1989) after
the effective date of the agreement.
-------
VI-8
102nd STREET LANDFILL
Background
This site is a 20-acre landfill bordering on the Niagara River,
and is owned by Occidental Chemical and Olin Chemicals. An
estimated 89,000 tons of chemicals were dumped at this site.
These chemicals include tetrachloroethene, trichloroethylene,
benzene, arsenic, trichlorophenol, hexachlorocyclohexane(Lindane)
chlorobenzenes, and organic phosphates.
On June 26, 1984 Judge John T. Curtin U.S. District Court
Western District, State of New York approved the Remedial
Investigation (RI) Workplan.
The RI is designed to characterize the nature and extent of the
presence of chemicals originating from the site at both onsite
and offsite locations. This includes studies of: the surficial
soils adjacent to the landfill, the groundwater both on and
offsite, the sediment in the Niagara River, and any seeps
through the bulkhead boqdering the landfill.
The data and conclusions of the Remedial Investigation will be
utilized to perform a Feasability Study (FS) to develop,
evaluate and select final remedial action for the site.
Current Status and Schedule
RI field work began in September 1985.
The groundwater study has begun and will be continued for 12 months
The Niagara River sediment survey, the bulkhead study and the
offsite soils investigation will begin in the spring.
The draft RI report is scheduled for compleation by January 1987
at which time the loading to the Niagara River will be estimated.
The FS wll be performed after approval of the RI report. At that
time the reduction in the loading to the Niagara River will be
estimated.
Design and Implementation of the chosen alternative will take
place after review and comment by the public and approval by
the agency.
-------
TABLE VII
STATUS OF PERMIT ACTIVITIES FOR
RCRA HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES
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VII-4
NARRATIVE SUMMARIES FOR RCRA FACILITIES LISTED IN TABLE VII
1. Olin Corporation, Niagara Falls
Final RCRA permit issued 4/84 for on-site treatment and storage. Facility has
requested permit modification for closure of permitted units and permitting
replacement units.
2. Occidental Chemical Corp. - Niagara Plant
Issues: This facility is applying for a RCRA permit to store and incinerate
on-site generated wastes as well as to store and incinerate Superfund-
wastes (including PCB's and dioxins) generated at OCC's Hyde Park
landfill. The required trial burns are currently prohibited by the
facility's State air and solid wastes permits. The reported needed
State permit modifications for the trial burns will take approximately
one year to complete, assuming that there is no significant public
opposition. The Superfund clean-up of Hyde Park will be slowed down
by the trial burn delay. This will cause problems for CERCLA in
negotiating a final settlement.
Status; The Regional Administrator and State Commissioner have discussed
possibilities of expediting State procedures so that the trial burn
can occur in the near future. An EPA Public Notice for the trial
burn was issued on 12/2/85 and a Public meeting held on 12/3/85.
OCC is currently planning for the earliest trial burns to occur in
the summer of 1986.
Next Step: A final State decision on the trial burn phase of the program has
been made, and OCC has been advised to begin to prepare a draft
State Environmental Quality Review (SEQR) to cover the trial burns.
EPA Superfund personnel will negotiate with OCC on final scheduling
of the Superfund Hyde Park remediation program agreement.
3. Reichold, Niagara Falls
Facility completed closure of storage and treatment units 9/30/85.
4. Battery Disposal Technology
Final RCRA permit was issued in April, 1986 for on-site storage and treatment.
5> Bell Test Center
.Issues: Inactive incinerator, storage pad and surface impoundment will be
closed. (A Department of Defense site.) The impoundment is not
regulated.
Sjtatus; Original (2/85) Closure Plan was revised and resubmitted in 4/86.
Next Steps: Closure Plan review to continue.
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VII-5
5. Frontier Chemical Waste Process, Inc.
Issues^: This is a large, complex, commercial facility which has been improperly
managed and which has contaminated the groundwater.
Status: A revised Part B application was submitted on 9/30/85. A State review
of the application was received by EPA on 1/7/86 and is under review.
A State order for an expanded groundwater monitoring system designed to
assess releases from the plant's operations is being developed. The
State has also issued two orders for interim status violations.
Next Steps: Tracking of State enforcement follow-up will be carried out by EPA.
7. Envirotek, Ltd.
Issues; This is a commercial storage/treatment facility which has has a number
of interim status violations.
Status: A Complaint was issued by EPA in November 1985 for failure to submit a
complete Part B application and other interim status violations. A
settlement conference was held in January to discuss the EPA complaint.
A settlement could not be reached with the company and an amended
complaint was issued in February.
Next Steps: An EPA administrative law hearing will be scheduled on the issue in
the summer of 1986. (The facility's interim status violations have
also been cited in two State Consent Orders.) A Site Investigation
is to be completed in August 1986. A major component of the amended
complaint is that Envirotek shall immediately cease operating its
hazardous waste management units that treat, store or dispose of
hazardous waste.
8. Buffalo Color Corp.
JCs^ues: The facility's groundwater monitoring system has recently been expanded
for the three surface impoundments on site. The Part B application is
not complete.
Status: Surface Impoundment No. 3 is inactive and will be closed. The approved
groundwater system was activated in November 1985. (This recently
expanded groundwater system serves to resolve the 3/84 EPA complaint
issued against BCC.)
Next Steps: Enforcement action has been initiated for a late and incomplete
Part B. A Preliminary Assessment will be completed by DEC by the
end of 2nd Quarter for prior releases, with a Site Investigation
completed by the middle of the fourth quarter. (Past releases are
suspected.)
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VII-6
9. Voelker Analysis, Inc.
Issues: This is a commercial storage/treatment facility. EPA has taken enforce-
ment action against the company for submittal of an incomplete Part B
application.
Status: A review of the facility's revised application is progressing. Some
deficiencies still continue.
Next Steps: Voelker is required to submit a revised Part B application in
July, 1986.
10. Allied Corporation
Final RCRA permit issued 7/84 for on-site treatment and storage.
11. Love Canal Leachate Treatment Plant
Issues: The facility is operated by the DEC to clean-up the Love Canal Superfund
site. Contaminated leachate is treated in an activated carbon system,
with effluent being discharged to the Niagara Falls municipal wastewater
treatment plant. Hazardous waste sludge is a by-product of this treat-
ment process.
Status: Plasma arc technology is planned to destroy the contaminated sludges
that are generated at the facility. Development of the plasma arc
reactor has been progressing in Canada under contract to the DEC.
Next Steps: Future testing schedules and plans for installing the Plasma Arc
unit at the Love Canal site are being developed.
12. SCA, Inc.
Issues: This is a large, complex, commercial storage/treatment/land disposal
facility. The groundwater monitoring system at the site is still not
adequate. Past operating performance has been poor, with many penalties
assessed, particularly for improper management and disposal of PCB's.
Prior releases from solid waste management units have been reported.
Status: An extensive hydrogeologiu study (11/84 - 9/85) of the SCA site has been
reviewed and approved by DEC and EPA. New well installations have begun.
Some 15 of the planned 64 new wells around active units (LF No. 11A, B)
have already been installed. The remaining well installations were
interrupted due to seasonal weather disruptions, but will be completed
by 7/1/86. Once installed, the 64 new wells will undergo an accelerated
groundwater sampling program. An EPA Groundwater Task Force inspection
report was completed in April, 1986.
Next Steps: An EPA/DEC inspection was conducted in December 1985 to investigate
new well construction. Preliminary Assessment work should be
completed by DEC within the second quarter of FY 86 while the State's
Site Investigation phase is to be done in 7/86. Start up of a RCRA
Remedial Investigation for SCA is planned in February, 1987. EPA and
DEC are presently reviewing the RCRA Part B application. It is
anticipated that a RCRA permit may be issued by December, 1987.
-------
VII-7
1 3 . CECOS International,
Issues: This is a large, complex, commercial storage/treatment/land disposal
facility. Two EPA orders are requiring CECOS to implement an expanded
groundwater monitoring program around landfills No. 1 thru 5. NYSDEC
is developing modifications to CECOS1 State Solid Waste permit to expand
the groundwater monitoring system in other areas of the site. CECOS is
planning to construct a new interim status landfill in the center of the
site, identified as the Secure Chemical Residue Facility (SCRF). The new
SCRF landfill will be double lined with leachate collection above and
between the liners.
Status: A revised Part B application was submitted on 9/30/85 for the entire
facility. The design of the planned, new Secure Chemical Residue
Facility (SCRF) landfill has also recently been revised. This revised
design is being reviewed for compliance with the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Acts' Minimum Technology Standards. New well installation is
progressing per EPA's 3008 & 3013 Orders.
Next Steps; Initial review of the revised design for the new SCRF landfill was
completed on 2/14/86, and CECOS has been requested to submit
additional information. EPA/DEC inspected well installations in
December 1985 and found the well system associated with the active
unit (#5) to be in compliance with the Loss of Interim Status
requirement. A comprehensive sampling and analysis program for
groundwater monitoring has just begun. A preliminary assessment will
be completed by EPA in June, 1986. A site investigation will be
pursued by CECOS, with a workplan to be developed by June, 1986. A
Groundwater Task Force inspection is targeted for the middle of 1986.
1 4. Bell Aerospace Textron
Issues; Significant groundwater contamination has been detected on-site as a
result of releases from, as yet, unknown numerous sources. The only
regulated unit, a surface impoundment, was shut down and will be closed.
Status: An expanded groundwater monitoring program is being worked out in final
form to investigate the character and extent of the contamination. DEC
currently plans to public notice the approved closure plan this summer.
Next Steps ; After final closure plan approval, post closure activities will be
monitored. Finalization of the groundwater assessment plan should
occur shortly. A preliminary Exposure Information Report was sub-
mitted by Bell in December 1985. A Preliminary Assessment will be
done by DEC in the 2nd quarter of FY 87 and a Site Investigation
should be completed in the 3rd quarter.
-------
VII-8
15. Occidental Chemical Corp. - Hyde Park
Issues:
Status:
This is a new facility to be constructed for remediation of OCC's Hyde
Park Superfund site. Contaminated leachate from the OCC Hyde Park
landfill will be stored and treated at this facility with a portion,
the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) planned to be incinerated at OCC's
Niagara Plant.
Part B application review has progressed to the point where some
information, concerning an additional storage tank at the site,
remains to be submitted.
Next Steps: Remedial action for this site is dependent on the Superfund Agreement
which has been negotiated between EPA and OCC. The Agreement/clean-up
will probably not proceed without some preliminary approval of OCC's
Niagara plant incinerator as a disposal alternative.
16. Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Issues: BSC is regrading their entire shore front property for the purpose of
constructing an industrial park. Three RCRA inactive landfills are
located in this area. An adequate groundwater monitoring program has
been implemented at the site. However, the closure/post closure plans
have not been developed. BSC is seeking an official delisting determin-
ation for wastes in two of the landfills.
Status; Under the EPA Consent Order, signed 8/85, BSC submitted a closure/post
closure plan on November 23, 1985. An October 1985 groundwater report
submitted by BSC, regarding new well installation and accelerated
monitoring (from 2/85 thru 8/85), has been reviewed. As a result of
this review, EPA is requiring BSC to initiate additional groundwater
monitoring. A temporary cover for one landfill will be installed in
the summer of 1986 until the delisting determination is made.
Next Steps:
Delisting petition as well as the closure/post closure plan are
being reviewed by EPA.
17.
18.
U.S. Air Force - 914 Tactical, Niagara Falls
Draft RCRA permit due 9/86 for on-site storage and treatment.
CMC, Harrison Radiator
Undergoing closure of waste piles.
scheduled for public notice 9/86.
19. Van De Mark Chemical
Post closure permit required. Closure plan
Inactive landfill undergoing closure. Unit is not subject to post closure permit.
20. FMC Corp.
RCRA permit being developed for on-site container storage and storage surface
impoundment. Draft RCRA permit due 7/87.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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