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.ITY CRITERIA
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12.
REFERENCES
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1979). Pennsylvania Department of Natural
Resources, Title 25, Chapter 93: Water Quality Standards.
Federal Register. Vol. 44, No. 52, March 15, 1979..
Federal Register, Vol. 44, No. 144, July 25, 1979.
Federal Register, Vol. 44, No. 191, October 1, 1979.
Great Lakes Water Quality Board. Group 2 - New and Revised Specific Water
Quality Objectives Proposed for the 1972 Agreement Between the United States
and Canada on Great Lakes Water Quality by the Great Lakes Water Quality
Board.Windsor, Ontario, January 1978.
Great Lakes Water Quality Board. New and Revised Specific Water Quality
Objectives Proposed for the 1972 Agreement Between the United States and
Canada on Great Lakes Water Quality by the Great Lakes Water Quality Board.
Windsor, Ontario, September 1976.
International Joint Commission. New and Revised Great Lakes Water Quality
Objectives, International Joint Commission Report to the Governments of the
United States and Canada.2 vols. Washington, D.C. and Ottawa, Ontario,
International Joint Commission, 1977.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Water Management Goals, Policies.
Objectives and Implementation Procedures- of the Ministry of the Environment.
Toronto, Ministry of the Environment, 1978.
State of Illinois (1977). Illinois Pollution Control Board Rules and
Regulations, Chapter 3: Water Pollution.
State of Indiana (1977). Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board Regulation
SPC IR-4: Water Quality Standards for All Waters Within the State of Indiana.
State of Indiana (1978). Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board Regulation
SPC 4R-2: Water Quality Standards for Lake Michigan and Contiguous Harbor Areas.
State of Michigan (1973). Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources
Commission General Rules, Part 4: Water Quality Standards.
State of Minnesota (1973). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Regulation
WPC 15: Criteria for the Classification of the Interstate Waters of the State
and the Establishment of Standards of Quality and Purity.
State of Ohio (1977). Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality
Standards.
State of New York (1974). New York Department of Environmental Conservation
Title 5, Part 701: Classification and Standards of Quality and Purity.
-------
13.
State of Wisconsin (1977). Wisconsin Administrative Code Chapter NR 102:
Water Quality Standards for Wisconsin Surface Waters.
United States Department of State and Canada Department of External Affairs.
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978: Agreement with Annexes and
Terms of Reference, Between the United States of America and Canada. Windsor,
Ontario, International Joint Commission, 1978.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1976). Qua!ity Criteria for
Water. (Red Book).
-------
APPENDIX 1
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA
APPLICABLE TO THE GREAT LAKES
-------
General Criteria, Objectives and Standards Applicable To The Waters of the
Great Lakes System"
Waters of the Great Lakes should be free from substances attributable to
wastewater or other discharges that:
1) Settle to form objectionable deposits;
2) Float as debris, scum, oil, or other matter to form nuisances;
3) Produce objectionable color, odor, taste, or turbidity;
4) Injure or are toxic or produce adverse physiological responses
in humans, animals or plants; and
5) Produce undesirable or nuisance aquatic life.
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,_
ONTARIO
UER UUAL
OBJECTIVE
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WISCONSIN
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-------
ONTARIO
MATER qUAUTV
OBJECTIVES
i
PENNSYLVANIA
WISCONSIN
0
I
a
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MICHIGAN
I
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MATCR
(JUAtlTy
OBJtCTIVES
33
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-------
APPENDIX 2
MIXING ZONES
-------
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-------
23.
201 Mixing Zones ILLINOIS
(a) In the application of any of the rules and regulations
in this Chapter, whenever a water quality standard is
more restrictive than its corresponding effluent stan-
dard then an opportunity shall be allowed for the
mixture of an effluent with its receiving waters. Water
quality standards must be met at every point outside
of the mixing zone. The size of the mixing zone cannot
be uniformly prescribed. The governing principle
is that the proportion of any body of water or seg-
ment thereof within mixing zones must be quite small
if the water quality standards are to have any
meaning. This principle shall be applied on a case-
by-case basis to ensure that neither any individual
source nor the aggregate of sources shall cause ex-
cessive zones to exceed the standards. The water
quality standards must be met in the bulk of the
body of water, and no body of water may be used
totally as a mixing zone for a single outfall or
combination of outfalls. Moreover/ except as other-
wise provided in this Chapter, no single mixing zone
shall exceed the area of a circle with a radius of
600 feet. Single sources of effluents which have
more than one outfall shall be limited to a total
mixing area no larger than that allowable if a
single outfall were used.
In determining the size of the mixing zone for any
discharge, the following must be considered:
1. The character of the body of water,
2. the present and anticipated future use of
the body of water',
3. the present and anticipated water quality
of the body of water,
4. the effect of the discharge on the present
and anticipated future water quality,
5. the dilution ratio, and
6. the nature of the contaminant.
(b) In addition to the .above, t
desicr.ed as to assure a rea
for acuatic lifs in which ~
mixing zone snail be so
sonable zone of passage
ie water quality standards
il not: intersect any area
are met. The mixing zcr.s 3
cf any such waters in such a manner that the mainte-
nance of acuatic life in the body of water as a whole
would be adversely affacted, nor shall any mixing
z c ^ e cont^'n T.o**3 ~ h a "i 25^ o the cross^ssc^ionai area
cr volume cf flew cf a stream except for those streams
where the dilution razio is less than 3:1.
-------
MIXING ZONES
29.
INDIANA
Sec. 5. (Mixing Zone) The mixing zone snail be considered
a place where waste and receiving waters mix and not as a place where
effluents are treated. All mixing zones will be determined on a. case-by-
case basis by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board after consideration
of the following:
(a) The dilution ratio,
(b) The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
the receiving body of water,
(c) The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
the waste effluent,
(d) The present and anticipated uses of the receiving body of
water,
(e) The existence of and impact upon any spawning or nursery-
areas of any indigenous aquatic species, and
(f) The synergistic effects of overlapping mixing zones or
the aggregate effects of adjacent nixing zones.
MICHIGAN
R 323.1082. Mixing zones.
Rule 1082. (1) A mixing zone to achieve a mixture of a point source
discharge with the receiving waters shall be considered a region in which
organism response to water qua-ity characteristics is time-dependent. Exposure
in mjtAliig zones shall r.ct cruse IT. irre"ฐ^''i'^ip response which results in
deleterious effects to populations of important aquatic life and wildlife.
As a minim-urn restriction the toxic substance 96 hour TL^ for important species
of fish or fishfood organisms shall not be exceeded in the mixing zone a; any
point inhabitable by these organisms, unless it can be demonstrated to the
commission that a higher concentration is acceptable. The mixing zone a;
any transect of a stream shall contain not more Chan 253 of Che cross-sectional
area or volume of flow of the stream or both unless it can be demonstrated ;o
the commission that designaticr. of a greater area or volume of streamflcv will
allow passage of fish and fishfood organisms so that effects on cheir immediate
and future populations are negligible or not measureable. Watercourses or
portions thereof which, without one or more point source discharges, would have
no flew except during periods of surface runoff may be considered as a mixing
zone for a point source discharge. For Lake Michigan, mixing zones shall r.oc
exceed a defined area equivalent Co chat of a circle of radius cf 1,000 feet
unless the discharger can demonstrate to the commission that the defined area
for a thermal discharge is more stringent Chan necessary to assure the
protection and propagation of a balanced indigenous population of aquatic life
and wildlife in the receiving water.
(2) All mixing zones established by the commission pursuant to subruie
(1) shall be determined on a case-by-case basis.
-------
30.
MIXING ZONES
MINNESOTA
Means for expediting mixin-? ard dispersion of sewage,
industrial wrists, or other waste effluents in the receiving
interstate waters arc to b= provide-4 so far as practicable
when dcered necessary by the r.ro.ncy to maintain the Quality
of the receiving interstate waters in accordance with
'applicable standards. Mixinr zones hf- established by the
Agency on an individual basis, with primary consideration bein
given to the following
-------
3745-1-11 LAKE ERIE STANDARDS OHIO
(B) MIXING ZONE
(1) Non-Thermal
31
For Lake Erie, outside of the aceptad areas established
in Division (C) of this rule, the following criteria
will apply:
(a) Except as subsequent provisions of this section
provide different limits, no mixing zone shall:
(1) interdict the mouth of a stream, thereby
blocking any portion of it; or
(2) interdict the migratory routes or
interfere with natural movements,
survival, reproduction, growth, or
increase the vulnerability to pre-
dation of any representative aquatic
species; or
(3) include spawning or nursery areas of
any representative aquatic species; or
(4) include a public water supply intake; or
(5) include any bathing area where bath
houses and/or lifeguards are provided;
(6) contact the shoreline, whenever such
contact can be avoided.
(b) At least 90 percent of the volume of the mixing zone
shall not exceed at any time the 24 to 96 hour LC^Q
for any representative aquatic species, as determined
by static bioassays for persistent toxicants and
dynamic bioassays for non-persistent toxicants in
accordance with methods described in "Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 15th
Edition, 1975 published by the American Public
Health Association, American Water Works Association
and the Water Pollution Control Federation.
(2) Thermal
(a) A thermal mixing zone to perait dilution and cooling of
a waste heat discharge shall be considered a region in
wnich organism response to tsrnoerat'jre is tine-dependent.
Exposure ;o temperatures in a thermal -nixing zone shall
not cause an ineversiole response which results in
deleterious effects to the wildlife and acuatic life
representative of the receiving waters. The daily
-------
3745-1-11 LAKE ERIE STANDARDS OHIO 32ซ
average temperature in a thermal mixing zone at the
point'nearest to the discharge chat is accessible to the
resident aquatic organisms snail not exceed the temperatures
in Table 7d at the corresponding ambient temperature.
at ambient temperatures of 59ฐF (15ฐC) and above the_
daily average temperature in a thermal mixing zone will
be determined on a case-by-case basis.
(b) Thermal mixing zone size limitations shall be
established by the Director cursuant to Section
(B)(2)(a) of this rule on a case-by-case basis
for all point source discharges subject to
permit.
(c) Except as Divisions (8)(2)(a) and (B)(2)(b) of
this rule establish different limitations, no
thermal mixing zone shall:
(1) interdict the migratory routes or interfere
with natural movements, survival, reproduction,
growth, or increase the vulnerability to
predation of any representative aquatic
species;
(2) interfere with or prevent the recovery of
an aquatic community or species population
'that could reasonably be expected as pre-
viously limiting water quality conditions
improve;
(3) include a public water supply intake, or;
(4) include any bathing area where bath houses
and/or life guards ara provided.
(d) Closed-cycle cooling blowdown discharge will be exempt
from Divisions (B)(2)(a) and (b) of this rule.
-------
3745-1-11 LAKE ERIE STANDARDS
OHIO
33.
Table 7d: Daily average temperatures of thermal mixing zones at corresponding
ambient temperatures. Shown as degrees Fahrenheit and (celsius).
Ambient
Daily Average
Temperature
Ambient
Daily Average
Temperature
32(0)
33(0.6)
34(1.1)
35(1.7)
36(2.2)
37(2.8)
38(3.3)
39(3.9)
40(4.4)
41(5.0)
42(5.6)
43(6.1)
44(6.7)
45(7.2)
41(5.0)
41(5.0)
43(6.1)
45(7.2)
46(7.8)
48(8.9)
50(10.0)
52(11.1)
53(11.7)
55(12.8)
57(13.9)
59(15.0)
61(16.1)
62(16.7)
46(7.8)
47(8.3)
43(3.9)
49(9.4)
50(10.0)
51(10.6)
52(11.1)
53(11.7)
54(12.2)
55(12.3)
56(13.3)
57(13.9)
53(14.4)
59(15) and
65(18.3)
66(18.9)
68(20.0)
70(21.1)
71(21.7)
73(22.8)
75(23.9)
77(25.0)
78(25.6)
80(25.7)
32(27.8)
84(28.9)
86(30.0)
above-daily
average limit will be
determined on a case-by-
case basis.
-------
34.
MIXING zones
'!ev/ York:
The following criteria shall apply to all waters of the State receiving thermal
discharges, except as provided in Section 704.6.
(a) The Department shall specify definable, numerical
limits for all mixing zones (a set linear distance
*rom the point of discharge, surface area involvement,
or volume of receiving water entrained in the thermal
plume).
(b) Conditions in the mixing zone shall not be lethal in
contravention of water quality standards to aquatic
biota which may enter the zone.
(c) The location of mixing zones for thermal discharges
shall not interfere with spawning areas, nursery areas
and fish migration routes.
-------
POLICY 5 - MIXING ZONES ONTARIO 35
Terms and conditions related to the mixing zones may be
outlined in Certificates of Approval, based on the minimum re-
quirements outlined below. Inherent in these conditions, a mixing
zone may not be used as an alternative to adequate treatment. The
mixing zone dimensions will be kept as small as possible while
ensuring that the Provincial Water Quality Objectives are met at
the boundary of the mixing zone.
1. Mixing zones should not contain:
- materials which form objectionable deposits, i.e. scums, oil
or floating debris:
- substances producing objectionable colour, odour, taste or
turbidity;
- substances which produce objectionable growths of nuisance
plants and animals:
- substances which render the mixing zone aesthetically un-
acceptable.
2. The presence of a mixing zone should in no way pose a threat
to the species survival of any organism in the receiving water
outside the mixing zone.
3. No conditions within the mixing zone should be permitted
which:
a) are rapidly lethal to important aquatic life (resulting in
conditions which result in sudden fish kills and mortality
of organisms passing through che mixing zones): or
b) cause irreversible responses which could result in detrimen-
tal post-exposure effects: or
c) result in bioconcentration of toxic materials which are
harmful to the organism or its consumer: or
d) attract organisms to the mixing zones, resulting in a pro-
longed and lethal exposure period.
4. A mixing zone shall not be allowed to create a barrier to the
migration of fish and aquatic life.
5. Rapid changes in the water quality which could kill organisms
by shock effects must not be present. Such conditions could
have the effect of creating a higher toxicity value.
6. Municipal and other water supply intakes and recreational
areas, as a general rule, should not lie within a mixing zone.
However, knowledge of the effluent characteristics and the
type of discharge associated with the mixing zone could allow
such a mixture of uses.
7. Mixing zones may overlap unless the combined effects exceed
the conditions specified in these mixing zone guidelines.
8. Limitations on mixing zones should be established by che
Ministry on a case-by-case basis, where "case" refers to both
local considerations and the waterbody as a whole or segments
of the waterbody.
9 Existing biological, chemical, physical and hydroiogica! condi-
tions should be known when considering the location of a ne'.\
mixing zone or limitations on an existing one.
iO. The design ind location of the outfall should be cor.siderec on
a case-'cy-case casis to reduce the impact of the mixing rone
on the receiving waters.
1 !. Total loadings into all the mixing zones within a river, laxe or
segment thereof, must not exceed the accer table I racings
ircm ail point-sour,:; discharaes required to maintain sjt.sia.-
;or> .\ater ouahtv
-------
APPENDIX 3
ONTARIO DISSOLVED OXYGEN OBJECTIVE
-------
ONTARIO OBJECTIVE
37.
Dissolved Oxygen
At no time should dissolved oxygen concen-
trations be less than the values specified
below:
Tempera-
ture
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
Cold Water Warm Water
Biota Biota
% Satura-
tion
54
54
54
54
57
63
mg/L
% Satura-
tion
47
47
47
47
47
48
mg/L
7
6
5
5
4
4
In situations where additional physical and/or
chemical stresses are present these minimum
levels may prove inadequate and more strin-
gent Objectives may be necessary.
In some hypolimnetic waters, dissolved oxygen
is naturally lower than the above-specified
concentrations. Such a condition should not
be altered by adding oxygen demanding mate-
rials causing a depletion of dissolved oxygen.
-------
APPENDIX 4
GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY AGREEMENT
ANNEX 3
CONTROL OF PHOSPHORUS
-------
C1
< II
w in -ซ
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** - .c
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>1 lowing table establishes phosohorus 1
1976) and future i>hosphoi us loads. The
Jith the State and Provincial Governmei
The ft
i base year (1
cooperation v
J= C
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loadings are required to meet the goa
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-------
APPENDIX 5
TEMPERATURE
-------
41
PEMPERATURE
Water Quality Objective
There should be no change in temperature that would adversely affect
any local or general use of the waters.
Minnesota
No Material Increase
Pennslyvania
No rise when ambient temperature is 58ฐF. or above; not more than 5ฐF.
rise above ambient temperature until stream temperature reaches 58ฐF.;
not to be changed by more than 2ฐF. during any one-hour period.
-------
42.
XED BOOK
TEMPERATURE
CRITERIA
Fresh-water Aquatic Life
For any time of year, there are two upper limiting temperatures
for a location (based on the important sensitive species found
there at that time):
1. One limit consists of a maximum temperature for short
exposures that is time dependent and is given by the species-
specific equation:
Temperature (ฐC) - l/b[logjo (time in minutes)-a] -2
Where:
a - intercept on the "y" or logarithmic axis of the line fitted
to experimental data which are available for some
species from Appendix II-C, NAS, 1974.
b " slope of the line fitted to experimental data which are
available for some species from Appendix II-C, NAS,
1974.
2. The second value is a limit on the weekly average tempera-
ture that:
a. in the cooler months (mid-October to mid-April in the
north and December to February in the south) will
protect against mortality of important species if the
elevated plume temperature is suddenly dropped to the
ambient temperature, with the limit being the acclima-
tion temperature minus 2ฐC when the lower lethal
threshold temperature equals the ambient water temper-
ature (in some regions this limitation may also be
applicable in summer); or
b. in the warmer months (April through October in the
north and March through November in the south) is
determined by adding to the physiological optimum
temperature (usually for growth) a factor calculated as
one-third of the difference between the ultimate upper
incipient lethal temperature and the optimum tempera-
ture for the most sensitive important species (and
appropriate life state) that normally is found at that
location and time; or
c. during reproductive seasons (generally April through
June and September through October in the north and
March through May and October through November in
the south) meets site-specific requirements for successful
migration, spawning, egg incubation, fry rearing, and
other reproductive functions of important species. These
local requirements should supersede all other require-
ments when they are applicable: or
d. is a site-specific limit that is found necessary to preserve
normal species diversity or prevent appearance of nui-
sance organisms.
-------
ILLINOIS
43.
(e) Temperature (STORET numbers - (ฐF) 00011 and (ฐC)
00010):
(1) (A) All sources of heated effluents in exis-
tence as of January 1, 1971 shall meet
the following restrictions outside of a
mixing zone which shall be no greater
than a circle with a radius of 1000 feet
or an equal fixed area of simple form.
(i) There shall -be -fig abnormal tempera-
ture changes thac may affect aquatic
life.
(ii) The normal daily and seasonal tempera-
ture fluctuations that existed before
the addition of heat shall be maintained.
(iii) The maximum temperature rise at any
time above natural temperatures shall
not exceed 3ฐF. In addition, the water
temperature shall not exceed the maxi-
mum limits (ฐF) indicated in the following
table:
JAN. 45 JUL. 80
FEB. 45 AUG. 80
MAR. 45 SEPT. 80
APR. 55 OCT. 65
MAY 60 NOV. 60
JUN. 70 DEC. 50
(B) The owner or operator of a source of heated
effluent which discharges 0.5 billion British
Thermal Units per hour (BTU/HR.) or more shall
demonstrate in a hearing before this Board
not less than five nor more than six years
after the adoption of this regulation, that
discharges from that source have not caused
and cannot be reasonably expected in future
to cause significant ecological damage to the
Lake. If such proof is not made to the satis-
faction of the Board, backfitting of alterna-
tive cooling devices shall be accomplished
within a reasonable time as determined by the
Board.
(C) The owner or operator of a source of heated
effluent shall maintain such records and con-
duct such studies of the effluents from such
source and of their effects as may be re-
quired by the Environmental Protection Agency
or in any permit granted under the Environ-
mental Protection Act.
(D) Backfitting of alternative cooling facilities
will be required if, upon complaint filed in
accordance with Board rules, it is found at
any time that any heated effluent causej sig-
nificant ecological damage to the Lake.
-------
44.
ILLINOIS
(2) Any effluent source under construction as of January
1, 1971, but not in operation, shall meet all the
requirements of Section 1 of this regulation and
in addition shall meet the following restrictions:
(A) Neither the bottom, the shore, the hypo-
limnion, r.or the therraocline shall be
affected by any heated effluent.
(B) No heated effluent shall affect spawning
grounds or fish migration routes.
(C) Discharge structures shall be so designed
as to maximize short-term mixing and thus
to reduce the area significantly raised
in temperature.
(D) No discharge shall exceed ambient tempera-
tures by more than 20ฐF.
(E) Heated effluents from more than one source
shall not interact.
(F) All reasonable steps shall be taken to
reduce the number of organisms drawn into
or against the intakes.
(G) Cleaning of condensers shall be accomplished
by mechanical devices. If chemicals must
be used to supplement mechanical devices, the
concentration at the point of discharge shall
not exceed the 96-hour TLm for fresh water
organisms.
(3) (A) Ho source of heated effluent which was not
in operation or under construction as of
January. 1, 1971 shall discharge more than
a daily average of 0.1 billion BTU/Hr.
(B) Sources of heated effluents which discharge
less than'a daily average of 0.1 billion
BTU/Hr. not in operation or under construction
as of January 1, 1971 shall meet all require-
ments of Sections 1 and 2 of this regulation.
-------
45,
INDIANA
TEMPERATURE
(ee) All new waste heat discharges or .enlargements
of existing facilities exceeding a daily average
of 0.5 billion BTU/hour, which had not begun
operation as of February 11, 1972, and which
plan to use Lake Michigan waters for cooling,
shall be limited to the amount essential for
blowdown in the operation of a closed cycle
cooling facility. Plants not in operation as
of February 11, 1972, will be allowed to go
into operation provided they are committed to a
closed cycle cooling system construction schedule
approved by the State and Federal Regulatory .
Agencies.
(ff) Water intakes shall be designed and located to
minimize enrrainment and damage to desirable
organisms. Requirements may vary depending
upon local conditions but, in general, intakes
are to have niniaium water velocity and shall
not be located in spawning or nursery areas of
important fishes. Water velocity at screens
and other exclusion devices shall also be at a
minimum.
(gg) Discharges other than those now in existence
shall be such that the thermal plumes do not
overlap or intersect.
Chh) Facilities discharging more than a daily average
of 0.5 billion BTU/hour of waste heat shall
continuously record intake and discharge temperature
and flow and sake those records available to
regulatory agencies upon request.
-------
INDIANA
(5] (Temperature) The following temperature standards
and criteria shall apply:
(aa) All temperatures are expressed both.in degrees
Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius. In all receiving
waters the points of measurement shall normally
be in the first meter below the surface at such
depth as to avoid thin layer surface wanning
due to extreme ambient air temperatures, but
where required to determine the true distribution
of heated wastes and natural variations in
water temperatures, measurements shall be at a
greater depth and at several depths as a thermal
profile.
(bb) There shall be no abnormal temperature changes
so as to be injurious to fish, wildlife, or
other aquatic life or the growth or propagation
thereof. In addition, plume interaction- with
the bottom shall be minimized and shall not
injuriously affect fish, shellfish, and wildlife
spawning or nursery areas.
(cc) The normal daily and seasonal temperature fluc-
tuations that existed before the addition of
heat shall be maintained.
(dd) At any time and at a maximum distance of a
1,000 feet arc inscribed from a fixed point
adjacent to the discharge and/or as agreed upon
by the Stream Pollution Control Board and
Federal Regulatory Agencies, the receiving
water temperature shall not be more than 5 Fahrenheit
above the existing.natural water temperature
nor shall the maximum temperature exceed those
listed in Table I below, whichever is lower:
46,
TABLE I
ฐF ฐC
January 45 7.0
February 45 7.0
March 45 7.0
April 55 13.0
May 60 15. S
June 70 21.0
July 80 26.5
August 80 26.5
September 80 26.5
October 65 13.5
November 60 15.5
December 50 10.0
-------
47,
3745-1-11 LAKE ERIE STANDARDS OHIO
(34) Temperature
(a) There shall be no water temperature
changes as a result of human activity
that cause mortality, long-term avoidance,
exclusion from habitat, or adversely
affect the reproductive success of
representative aquatic species, unless
caused by natural conditions.
(b) At no time shall water temperature exceed
a monthly or bi-weekly average, or at
any time exceed the daily maximum temperature
as indicated in Table 7a and 7b. The
average and daily maximum temperature
standards shall apply and be measured outside
of a thermal mixing zone at any point on a
thermal mixing zone boundary at depths
greater than three feet, as defined in
Rule 3745-1-11(B)(2)(a) and (b) of the Ohio
Administrative Code.
(c) The temperature of the hypolimnetic waters
of Lake Erie shall not exceed at any
time a daily maximum as indicated in
Table 7c.
Table 7a: Lake Erie Western Basin - includes the area of Lake Erie west of a
line drawn from Pelee Point, Canada to Scott Point on Catawba Island.
Shown as degrees Fahrenheit and (Celsius).
Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May May
1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31
Average: - - - - - 53 59 65 75
(11.7) (15.0) (18.3) (23.9)
Daily
Maximum: 35 38 39 45 51 56 64 72 73
(1.7) (3.3) (3.9) (7.2) (10.6) (13.3) (17.8) (22.2) (25.6)
June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Nov.
16-30 1-31 1-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-3Q
Average: 80 83 83 78 76 66 60 ป 53
(26.7) (28.3) (23.3) (25.6) (24.4) (18.9) (15.6) (11.7)
Daily
Maximum: 83 85 85 83 81 71 65 58 46
(28.3) (29.4) (29.4) (23.3) (27.2) (21.7) (18.3) (14.4) (7.3)
-------
48.
3745-1-11 LAKE ERIE STANDARDS OHIO
^ Table 7b: Lake Erie Central Basin - includes the area of Lake Erie east of a
line drawn from Pelee Point, Canada to Scott Point on Catawfaa Island
to the Pennsylvania-Ohio state line. Shown as degrees Fahrenheit
and (Celsi us).
Jan. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May May June
_ 1*31 1-29 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15
9 ~~~
Average: .... 43 53 59 63 75
(6.1) (11.7) (15.0) (17.2) (23.9)
Daily
_ Maximum: 35 38 39 45 48 56 63 72 78
(1.7) (3.3) (3.9) (7.2) _ (8.9) (13.3) (17.2) (22.2) (25.6)
June July Aug. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Nov. Dec.
. 16-30 1-31 1-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-30 1-31
Average: 80 83 83 76 71 66 58 -48
(26.7) v (28.3) (28.3) (24.4) (21.7) (18.9) (14.4) (8.9)
Daily
Maximum: 83 85 85 81 76 71 63 53 46
(28.3) (29.4) (29.4) (27.2) (24.4) (21.7) (17.2) (11.7) (7.8)
Table 7c: Seasonal daily maximum temperature limitations for the hypolimnetic
regions of Lake Erie. Shown as degrees fahrenheit and (celcius).
' Month Daily Maximum
January 44 (6.7)
February 44 (6.7)
March 44 (6.7)
April 47 (8.3)
May 51 (10.6)
June 54 (12.2)
July ' 59 (15.0)
August 59 (15.0)
September 55 (12.8)
October 46 (7.8)
November 41 (5.0)
ง December 38 (3.3)
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49,
WISCONSIN
NR 102.05 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior thermal stand-
ards. For Lake Michigan and Lc.ks Superior the following chorrr.si
standards nrc established 30 33 to minimize effects on the aqua:ic
biota in the receiving waters.
(1) (a) Thermal discharges snail not raise the receiving water
temperature more than o'F abo\e tnc existing natural te.T.persturs ac
the boundary of mixing zones established in paragraphs ib) and at the boundary of
llic established mixing zone above the following limits:
January -15ฐF May GO*
February lo' June - TO"
March -15ฐ July SO"
April 55ฐ August 80"
September 80ฐ November 60s
October 65" December 50ฐ
Histar>: C'r. Keenttr. Sซpซปsi*>ซr. 19T.1. No -Kl. r!{. IO-1-T3. r. and recr. ((<-Kiปtซr. -luly.
I97.S. Nซ- CIA. rif e-l-7j.
-------
50.
MICHIGAN
R 323.1069. Temperature: general considerations.
Rule 1069. (1) In all waters of the state, the points of temperature
measurement normally shall be in the surface 1 meter; however, where turbular.ce,
sinking plumes, discharge inertia or other phenomena upset the natural
thermal distribution patterns of receiving waters, temperature measurements
shall be required to identify the spatial characteristics of the thermal
profile.
(2) Monthly maximum temperatures, based on the ninetieth percentile
occurrence of natural water temperatures plus the increase allowed at the edge
of the mixing zone and in part or long-term physiological needs of fish, nay
be ayf-aoAoA fnr short npri ods when natural water temperatures exceed the
ninetieth percentile occurrence. Temperature increases during these periccs
may be permitted by the commission, but in all cases shall not be greater than
the natural water temperature plus the increase allowed at the edge of the mixing
zone.
(3) Natural daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations of the receiving
waters shall be preserved,
R 323.1070. Temperature; Great Lakes and connecting waterways.
Rule 1070. (I) The Great Lakes and connecting waterways shall not receive
a heat load which would warm the receiving water at the edge of the mixing zone
more than 3 degrees Fahrenheit above the existing natural water temperature.
(2) The Great Lakes and connecting waterways shall not receive a heat
load which would warm the receiving water at the edge of the nixing zone to
temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit higher than the following monthly maximum
temperatures:
(a) Lake Michigan north of a line due west from the city of Pentvater:
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
J
40
F
40
Lake Mic!
J
45
Lake
J
38
Lake
J
40
Lake-
J
40
F
45
M
40
A
50
ligan south
M
45
A
55
Superior and the
F
36
M
39
Hurfcn north
F
40
Huron
F
40
M
. 40
south
M
40
A
46
of a
A
50
of a
A
55
M
55
of a
M
60
St.
M
53
line
M
.60
line
M
60
J
70
line
J
70
J
75
due
J
80
A
75
west
A
80
S
75
from
S
80
0 N
65 60
the city
0 N
65 60
D
45
of Pentwater:
D
50
Marys River:
J
61
due
J
70
due
J
75
J
71
east
J
75
east
J
80
A
74
ฃ T" ""ปm
* * ' ' I**
A
80
from
A
80
S
71
Tawas
S
75
Tawas
S
80
0 N
61 49
Point:
0 N
65 55
D
42
D
45
Point, excepc Sagir.aw b.:
0 N
65 55
D
45
-------
51
MICHIGAN
(f) Lake Huron, Saginaw bay:
(s>
00
f< \
V " /
(j)
J
45
St.
J
40
Lake
J
40
n* *. .ป
j
40
Lake
J
45
F
45
Clair
F
40
St.
F
40
F
40
Erie
F
45
M
45
river:
M
40
Clair:
M
45
j ._ . .. .
M
45
:
M
45
A
60
A
50
A
55
A
60
A
60
M
70
M
60
M
70
M
70
M
70
J
75
J
70
J
75
J
75
J
75
J
80
J
75
J
80
J
80
J
80
A
85
A
80
A
83
A
83
A
85
S
78
S
75
S
80
S
80
S
80
0
65
0
65
0
70
0
70
0
70
N
55
N
55
N
55
N
55
N
60
D
45
D
50
D
45
D
45
D
50
-------
NEW YORK 52.
No discharge which will be injurious
to fishlife or make the waters
unsafe or unsuitable for any best
usage determined for the specific
waters which are assigned to each
class. See Part 704.
Section 704.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARD FOR THERMAL DISCHARGES.
(ft) All thermal discharges to the waters of the Stare
shall assure the protection and propag-.ci'jr. of r.
balanced, indigenous population of shellfish, fish,
and wildlife in and on the body of water!
(b) The criteria contained in this Part shall applv
to all thermal discharges and shall be complied
with, except as provided in this Part.
Section 7C4.2 CRITERIA GOVERNING THERMAL DISCHARGES.
(a) General criteria. The following criteria shall
apply to all waters of the State receiving thermal
discharges, except as provided in Section 7C4.6:
1. The natural seasonal cycle shall be retained.
2. Annual spring and fall temperature changes
shall be gradual.
3. Large day-to-day temperature fluctuations
due to heat of artificial origin shall be
avoided.
4. Development or growth of nuisance organisms
shall not occur in contravention of water-
quality standards.
5. Discharges which would lc'.;er receiving -,:?. ter
temperature shall net cavs^ a violation, of
water quality standards and Section 704.3.
6. For the protection of the aquatic biota from
severe temperature changes, routine shut down
of an entire thermal discharge at any sice
shall no" be scheduled during the period from
December through March,.
-------
NEW YORK
(b) Special criteria. The following criteria shall
apply to all waters of the State receiving thermal
discharges, except as provided in Section 704. 6:
1. Non-Trout Waters.
(i) The water temperature at the surface of
a stream shall not be raised to mere than
90ฐF at any point.
(ii) At least 50 percent of the cross sectional
area and/or volume of flow of the stream
ป Tl/~ 1 ir] ' f\rr -1 ni-f 11 -| r" 1 'r*l (-> " /-| } 1 ^ _ f 1 -) -f >- ("1 r^ (" \- |-j p
suriuee as meai'-ureu j.roni tjnuru LO :>aoj.u
shall not be raised to more than 5 Fahrenheit
degrees over the temperature that existed
before the addition of heat of artificial
origin or to a maximum of 86ฐF whichever is
less .
(iii) At least 50 percent of the cross
sectional area and/or volume of flow
of the stream including a minimum of
one-third of the surface as measured
from shore to shore shall not be
lowered more than 5 Fahrenheit degrees
from the temperature that existed
immediately prior to such lowering.
2. Trout Waters.
(i) No discharge at a temperature over 70ฐF
shall be permitted at any time to streams
classified for trout.
(ii) From June through September no discharge
shall be permitted that will raise the
temperature of the stream more than
2 Fahrenheit degrees ever that which
existed before the addition of heat of
artificial origin.
-o-
(iii) From October through May, no discharge
shall be permitted that will raise the
temperature of the stream more than
5 Fahrenheit degrees over that which
existed before the addition of heat of
artificial origin or to a maximum of
50ฐF whichever is less.
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54.
NEW YORK
(iv) From June through September no discharge
shall be permitted that will lower the
temperature of the stream more than
2 Fahrenheit degrees from that which
existed immediately prior to such lowering.
3. Lakes.
(i) The water temperature at the surface of
a lake shall not be raised more than
3 Fahrenheit degrees over the temperature
H, * i j i f j i j i i. * r"i ^
ior ^'ซ-> (? | r\r\ K n ! r-sT* rป r rt i"* r> / *' i i ^ i mi or K^-if
ol ai-Liiiciai ui3.^1.11.
ซ
(ii) In lakes subject to stratification as
defined in Part 652, thermal discharges-
that will raise the temperature of the
receiving waters shall be confined to
the epilimnicn.
(iii) In lakes subject to stratification as
defined in Part 652, thermal discharges
which will lower the temperature of the
receiving waters shall be discharged to
the hypolinmion, and shall meet: the
water quality standards contained in
Parts 701 and 702 in all respects.
4. Coastal Waters.
(i) The water temperature at the surface of
coastal waters shall not be raised more
than 4 Fahrenheit dpgrees from October
through June nor more than 1.5 Fahrenheit
degrees from July through September over
that which existed before the addition of
heat of artificial origin.
(ii) The water temperature at the surface of
coastal waters shall not be lowered more
than 4 Fahrenheit degrees from October
through June nor more Than 1.5 Fahrenheit
degrees from July through September from
that which exir-ted immediately prior to
such lowering.
-------
55,
ONTARIO OBJECTIVE
Temperature 1) General
The natural thermal regime of any body of
water shall not be altered so as to impair the
quality of the natural environment. In partic-
ular, the diversity, distribution and abundance
of plant and animal life shall not be signifi-
cantly changed.
2) Waste Heat Discharge
(a) Ambient Temperature Changes
The temperature at the edge of a mixing zone
shall not exceed the natural ambient water
temperature at a representative control loca-
tion by more than 10Cฐ (18Fฐ). However, m
special circumstances, local conditions may
require a significantly lower temperature
difference than 10Cฐ (18Fฐ). Potential dis-
chargers are to apply to the Ministry of the
Environment for guidance as to the allowable
temperature rise for each thermal discharge.
This Ministry will also specify the nature of
the mixing zone and the procedure for the
establishment of a representative control loca-
tion for temperature recording on a case-by-
case basis.
(b) Discharge Temperature Permitted
The maximum temperature of the receiving
body of water, at any point in the thermal
plume outside a mixing zone, shall not exceed
30ฐC (86ฐF) or the temperature at a represen-
tative control location plus 10ฐC (18ฐF) or
the allowed temperature difference, which-
ever is the lesser temperature. These maxi-
mum temperatures are to be measured on a
mean daily basis from continuous records.
(c) Taking and Discharging of Cooling Water
Users of cooling water shall meet both the
Objectives for temperature outlined above
and the "Procedures for the Taking and Dis-
charge of Cooling Water" as outlined in the
Implementation Procedures for Poiicv 3 ipaae
15).
-------
APPENDIX 6
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
-------
57.
WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
NEW YORK
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Unspecified non-persistent toxic substances and complex
effluents of municipal, industrial or other origin should
not be present in concentrations which exceed 0.05 of the
median lethal concentration in a 96-hour test for any
sensitive local species to protect aquatic life.
Any substance toxic to aquatic life shall not exceed one-
tenth of the 48-hour median tolerance limit 96-hour TLm)
for native fish or essential fish food organisms.
(Toxic Substances) Concentrations of toxic substances
shall not exceed one-tenth of the 96-hour median lethal
concentration CLCen) for important indigenous aquatic
species and those artificially propagated by the Indiana
Department of Natural Resources. More stringent application
factors shall be used when justified on the basis of avail-
able evidence and approved by the Board after public notice
and opportunity for a hearing.
(Persistent or Bicconcentrating Substances) Concentrations
of organic contaminants which can be demonstrated to be
persistent, to have a tendency to bioconcentrate in the
aquatic biota, and are likely to be toxic on the basis of
available scientific evidence, shall be limited as determined
by the Board after public notice and opportunity for a
hearing. (Note: For substances in 6(b)(2) and 6(b)(3),
the United States Environmental Protection Agency Admini-
strator 's Quality Criteria for Water will be among the
documents used in establishing water quality standards for
toxic and/or persistent substances).
None in amounts that will interfere with use for primary
contact recreation or that will be injurious to the growth
and propagation of fish, or which in any manner shall
adversely affect the flavor, color or odor thereof or
impair the waters for any other best usage as determined
for the specific waters which are assigned to this class.
-------
58.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
MICHIGAN
R 323.1057. Toxic substances
Rule 1057. (1) Toxicity of undefined toxic substances not specifically
included in subrules (2) and (3) shall be determined by develonmer.t of 96
hour Tin's or other appropriate effect end points obtained by continuous-
flow or in situ bioassays using suitable test organisms. Concentrations of
undefined toxic substances in the waters of the state shall not exceed safe
concentrations as determined by applying an application factor, based en
knowledge of the behavior of the toxic substances and the organisms to be
protected in the environment, to the TL^ or other appropriate effect end point.
(2) For all waters of the state, unless on the basis of recent ir.f crmzrisr.
a more restrictive limitation is required to protect a designated use,
concentrations of defined toxic substances, including heavy metals, shall be
limited by application of the toxic substances recommendations contained in
the chapter on freshwater Organises, "Rcyur;. uf the. Mcticr.-l Tcchnic?" i.-"->ซnry
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Water Quality Criteria, 1965", or
by application of any toxic effluent standard, limitation or prohibition
promulgated by the administrator of the United States environmental protection
agency pursuant to section 307 (a) of the United States Public Law 92-500,
whichever is more restrictive.
(3) In addition to the standards prescribed in subrules (1) and (2),
waters of the state used for public water supply shall, at the point of water
intake, not exceed the permissible inorganic and organic chemicals
criteria for raw public water supply in "Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior, Water Quality Criteria, 1968", except
that chlorides shall be limited to the same extent as prescribed by rule 1051(2).
MINNESOTA
Questions concerning the permissible levels, or changns in
the same, of a substance, or combination of substances, of
undefined tcxicity to fish or other biota shrll be resolved
in accordance with the latest methods recommended by the
U. S. Environmental Protection ?rency. The recommendations
of the National Technical Advisory Committee appointed by
the^U. S. Environmental Protection 3ccncy shall be used as
official ruidelines in all aspects */her<=> the recommendations
may be applicable. Toxic substances shall not exceed 1/10 of
the 96 h^ur median tolerance limit (TL?<) as a w?ter ouality
standard except that other more strin^ont application factors
shall be used whan justified, on the* basis of available evident
-------
59,
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WISCONSIN
(d) Unauthorized concentration-* of substances are not permuted
that alone or in combination with other materials present are tout :<
fish or other aquatic life. The- determination of the to.xtau <: a
substance shall be based ut-.ni the available- scientific data bj-'
References to be used in de;tr:n;ninv: the toxicity of a substancr ซr.j.:
include, but not be limited to:
1. "Quality Criteria for U'ater'. KPA-J-iO/9-Trj-OO.?. United state?
Environmentai'Protection Agencj, Washington. D. C.. 197S. and
2. "Water Quality Criteria 1972". EPA-R.1-7.J-O.U Naiio.-.ai
Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Hnsmeerins. L'nite-a
States Government Prmt-nc Ou'ice, Washington, I) C.. !v74.
3. Questions concerning the permissible levels, or changes m :.-.=
same, of a substance, or combination of substances, or undffi.-rd
toxicity to fish and other biota shall be resolved in accordance v>i:r,
the methods specified >n "Water Quality Criteria l?~2". "Srar.dj.-r
Methods for the Kxammation c*1. VV'nter and U'astewater". 14tr. c.d.-
tion, 1975 (American Public hV.iith Associatinn, New Yurkl or "ths-r
methods approved by the department ปf natural resource;.
(e) -Streams cldซitled as trout waters by the department of natural
resources (\\'isconsm Trout streams. Publication '2l'\-~2i inall .IMC -*
altered from natural background by effluents that influence the
stream environment :o such r.n extent that trout population? i.-c
adversely affected.
1. There shall be no jienificant artificial increases in temperature
where natural trout reproduction is to be protected.
2. Dissolved oxygen in classified trout streams shall not be artificial-
ly lowered to less than 6.0 mg/ 1 jt any time, nor shall the di.-joivfc
oxygen be lowered to less 7.0 mg/'l during the >pa\vninj: season.
3. The dissolved oxygen in grent lakes tributaries used by su>c!:rc
salmonids for spawning runs shall not be lowered below naturai
background during the period of habitation.
-------
60,
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OHIO
Toxic Substances
(a) All pollutants or combinations of pollutants
shall not exceed, at any time, one-tenth of the
96 hour median tolerance limit (TLm) of
LC50 for any representative aquatic species.
However, more stringent application factors
shall be imposed where justified by "Quality
Criteria for Water," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976; "Water Quality
Criteria 1972," National Academy of Sciences
and National Academy of Engineering, 1973;
or other scientifically based publications.
(b) Pollutants or combinations of pollutants
which are known to be persistent toxicants
in the aquatic environment shall not
exceed, at any time, an application factor
of one one-hundreth applied to the
96 hour TLm or LC50.
(c) Any criteria established for a water
course or segment by this regulation
shall supersede less stringent criteria
established in Rule 3745-1-07 of the
Ohio Administrative Code after appropriate
public hearings as required by Section
6111.041 of the Ohio Revised Code.
(d) The median tolerance limit (TLm) or
LC50 shall be determined by static or
dynamic bioassays performed in accordance
with methods outlined in "Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater," Fourteenth Edition,
American Public.Health Association,
American Water Works Association and
the Water Pollution Control Federation,
1975; or performed in accordance with
procedures outlined in Methods of Acute
Toxicity Tests with Fish, Macroinvertebrates
and Amphibians, USEPA 660/3-75-009.
Tests will be conducted using actual
effluent, receiving water representative
species of aquatic life whenever possible.
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES PENNSYLVANIA
v ฅ.; s.i)cve|opmeni of specific water oudiiy criteria for the gi
protection of squalic life.
(a) When a specific water quality criterion tias not been
establishec for a pollutant in section 93.7(c>. Table 3. or
pursuant to section 93.7!f) of this title (relating to specific
water quality criteria I and a discharge of a pollutant into
waters of this Commonwealth designated to be protected
for aquatic life in section 93.9 of this title (relating to desig-
nated water uses and water quality criteria) is proposed, a
specific water quality criterion for such pollutant may be
determined by the Department through establishment of a
safe concentration value.
(b) Establishment of a safe concentration value shall be
based upon data obtained from relevant aauatic field
studies, standard continuous flow bioassay test data which
exists in substantial available literature, or data obtained
from specific tests utilizing one or more representative im-
portant species of aquatic life designated on a case-by-case
basis by the Department and conducted in a water environ-
ment which is equal to or closely approximates that of the
natural quality of the receiving waters.
(c) In those cases where it has been determined that
there is insufficient available data to establish a safe con-
centration value for a pollutant, the safe concentration
value shall be determined by applying the appropriate ap-
plication factor to the 96-hour tor greater) LC50 value. Ex-
cept where the Department determines, based upon sub-
stantial available data, that an experimentally derived ap-
plication factor exists for a pollutant, the following ap-
plication factors shall be used in the determination of safe
concentration values:
(1) Concentrations of pollutants that are noncumulativc
shall not exceed 0.05 (1.20) of the 96-hour LC50.
(2) Concentrations of pollutants that are cumulative
shall not exceed 0.01 (1/1 CO) of the 96-hour LC50.
(3) Concentrations of pollutants with known synergistic
or antagonistic effects with pollutants in the effluent or re-
ceiving water will be established on a casc-by-case basis us-
ing the bซst available scientific data.
(d) Persons seeking issuance of a permit pursuant to the
Clean Streams Law and 33 U.S.C. ง 1342 authorizing the
discharge of a pollutant for which a safe concentration val-
ue is to be established usine specific bioassay tests pursu-
ant to subsection (c) of this section shall perform such test-
ing with the approval of tho Department and shall submit
the following in writing to the Department:
(1) A plan proposing the bioassay testing to be per-
formed.
(2) Such periodic progress reports of the testing as may
be required by the Department.
(3) A report uf the completed results of such testing in-
cluding, but not limited to, the following:
(i) all data obtained during the course of testing; and
Hi) all calculations made in the recording, collection, in-
terpretation, and evaluation of buch data.
(e) Bioassay testing shall be conducted in accordance
with the continuous flow methodologies outlined in EPA
Ecological Research Series Publication. EPA-660/3/75-009,
Methods of Acute Toxic:ty Tests with Fish, Macromverte-
brates, and Amphibians 'April, 1975); Standard Methods
for the Examination of U'nter and VVastewater (14th Edi-
tion): Standard .Method o: 'l\--.i jr ASTM D1345-39 (Reap-
proved 1970) and pubi:sr.^~i 1.1 the 1975 Annual Book of
ASTM Standard:-- IV.r: : - \<\:u-r: or EF\ Environ-
mutual Monitoring >iiric - :'.. .Cation, EFA-600 1-78-012,
Methods for MfU.-u,'::':.- '.- ., jle Tuxicitv ol' Lvflluents to
Aquatic OraaniM:^ <,',. -. :..- 197S}. Use of any other
methodologies shall ':>< -: |ซ :nr written approval by
the Department. 'lฐsi .-.-.-... -.nail be recon>'..tuted
according to rrror.i.ir.i:".'.-rj!ii; and methodologies
specified in the pn.v:ous.\ c/.^i :'c:^rences, or methodolo-
gies approved in ,-r:i:rij- b> t:.e Department.
-------
62,
ONTARIO
POLICY 4 - HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
The term "hazardous substances" applies to chemicals consid-
ered threats to man and the environment. A hazardous substance
can be defined as a substance which (individually or in combina-
tion with other substances) can cause death, disease including can-
cer, behavioural abnormalities, genetic mutations, physiological
malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical
deformities in organisms or their offspring. In addition to the
above, the consequences of contamination of the environment by
hazardous substances include a loss of valuable species, restrictions
on important socio-economic activities and a variety of irreversible
ecological changes that threaten man's future use and enjoyment
of the environment.
About two million chemical compounds are known and each
year thousands more are developed by the chemical industry.
many of which are introduced commercially. Very little is known
about the possible health and environmental effects of most of
these compounds. Many are not hazardous but the sheer number
of chemical compounds, the diversity of their use. and the adverse
effects already encountered by some have made chemical contami-
nants m our environment an important concern.
To control the problem of hazardous substances in the envi-
ronment requires the following tasks:
- identification of potentially hazardous substances;
- assessment of the impact of the substances:
- control and regulation of the manufacture, processing.
importing, use and disposal of the substances;
monitoring of the substances in the environment and analy-
sis and interpretation of the monitoring data: and
- establishment of environmental criteria, such as the Provin-
cial Water Quality Objectives, for the protection of water uses.
etc.
To date, due to resource and data limitations, some of the
above important tasks have been carried out to only a limited
extent for a few chemicals such as PCB. DDT. and mercury. Ade-
quate knowledge concerning the degree of safety or hazard of
many chemicals is not available and may take years or even dec-
ades to develop. Further, control technology for many substances
may not be practicable under many circumstances. In light of
these limitations, the Ministry has adopted a policy which empha-
sizes that preventive measures be taken in dealing with the releases
of both known and potentially hazardous substances.
To implement this preventive policy, the Ministry must rely
largely upon existing knowledge about many substances. Present-
ly, scientific data are available for establishing criteria for the sub-
stances included in the Provincial Water Quality Objectives (Table
1). Some of these substances are hazardous if released m sufficient
amount. For the control of these substances, the Objectives and
the Implementation Procedures outlined for Policy 3 shall be used
in setting effluent loadings and concentrations.
Based upon current scientific knowledge, other compounds are
classified into one of the following two categories for control
purposes.
-------
63.
ONTARIO
1) Substances with Zero Tolerance Limits
It has been established that the substances listed in Table 2. if
released in any concentration can bio-accumulate or concen-
trate in the aquatic environment to levels which are harmful or
lethal to organisms. To provide long-term protection to aquatic
organisms and man. any release of these substances should be
completely eliminated. However, it is recognized that trace
concentrations of these substances may be found in municipal
effluents and other sources and may not be completely removed
by current practicable technology; further, some contaminants.
such as mercury, may occur in surface waters due to natural
conditions. Accordingly, the intent of this policy is to prohibit
any new discharges of these substances and to reduce all exist-
ing releases to the lowest practicable levels.
Although Provincial Water Quality Objectives are specified in
Table 1 for some of the substances included in Table 2. the
Objectives are intended as guidance for dealing with past re-
leases or accidental losses, but not for new releases.
2) Substances with Undefined Tolerance Limits
Ail substances not included in Table 2 or the Provincial Water
Quality Objectives (Table 1) may pose an adverse effect on
health or the environment. Presently, there are not enough
scientific data for establishing water quality Objectives for
these substances. Accordingly, the release of all such sub-
stances shall be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and special
measures should be taken to protect the environment.
At the present time, substances listed in Table 3 are of primary
concern m this regard.
Note: The controlled application of approved biocides for the
control of nuisance organisms shall be permitted provided it is
authorized by the Ministry under Section 6 of the Pesticides
Act.
Unspecified Non- For non-persistent compounds or mixtures
Persistent Toxic with no Objectives because of a lack of specif-
Substances and ic data, their concentration should not exceed
Complex Effluents 0 05 of the 96 hour LC50 value for any ap-
proved test species.
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64,
ONTARIO
Table 2
Substances with Zero Tolerance Limits
Mercury
Dichlorodiphenyltnchloroe thane
(DDT) and metabolites
Polychlonnated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polybrommated Biphenyl (PBB)
Dechlorane - CJQ Cl\2 CMirex)
Table 3
Substances with Undefined Tolerance Limits
METALS
Aluminum
Antimony
Barium
COMMENTS
- in most natural waters the ionized
or potentially ionizable aluminum
would be in the form of anionic
or neutral precipitates, concen-
trations of 0.1 mg/L or greater of
these would be deleterious to
growth and survival of fish
- sources are: mine wastes, weath-
ering of rock
- very toxic - 96 hr LC50 for fish
is 9 to 80 mg/L (dependent on
hardness)
- 96 hr LC50 for Daphnia is 20
mg/L
- would expect it to be in the COy
or SC>4 form in natural waters:
BaCH lethalities to aquatic inver-
tebrates and fish are reported as
96 hr LC50of 10-15 and 50-1500
mg/L; Barium can be concentrat-
ed from water to aquatic orga-
nisms bv a factor of ~ 150
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ONTARIO
65,
Disulfoton (Disyston) - pesticide, very toxic to fish - 96
hour LC50< 10 mg/L
use may be limited and composi-
tion unstable
Kelthane (Dicofol) - pesticide, extremely toxic to
aquatic invertebrates 96 hour
LC50 < 1 mg/L
- frequency of use not identified
Methyl Parathion (Metaphos) - organophosphate pesticide
- very toxic to fish - 96 hour
LC50 < 10 mg/L
degrades in water
- extent of use not identified
- organophosphate pesticide
- extremely toxic to fish - 96
hour LC50< 1 mg/L
- degrades in water
- common use in flea control for
dogs
- entrance to water limited to
accidental spill
- popular piscicide extremely toxic
to fish - 96 hour LC50< 1 mg/L
turf funaicide on aolf courses
Naled (Dibrom)
Rotenone
PMA
TFM
Herbicides Actively Used
in Ontario:
Alachlor (Lasso)
Amitrole
Atrazine
Cu trine
Cyanazme
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Trifluralin (Treflan)
2,4.5-T
lampracide, extremely toxic to
fish, 96 hour LC50 < 1 mg/L
Insecticides Actively Used
in Ontario:
Altosid
Carbofuran (Furadan)
Dimilin
Temephos (Abate)
Fungicides Actively Used
in Ontano:
Captan
Dacanil
Pentachlorophenol
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL.12J)
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