5980
STATUS OF SELECTED
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
MAY 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
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STATUS OF SELECTED
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
MAY 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
Introduction iii
OZONE/CO PROGRAMS
National Ozone/Carbon Monoxide Program 1
Antitampering/Fuel Switching 5
Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) 6
Fuel Volatility 8
Onboard Refueling Emission Control 9
Cold Temperature Motor Vehicle CO Emissions 10
Ambient Nonmethane Organic Compounds (NMOC)
Monitoring 11
VOC Emission Factors 12
Regional Ozone Modeling for Northeast
Transport (ROMNET) 13
Urban-Scale Photochemical Modeling 15
Documentation of Test Method Capture Efficiency .... 16
AIR TOXICS PROGRAMS
Schedule for Air Toxics Regulations Currently
Being Considered Under Section 112 of the
Clean Air Act or Other Authorities 17
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse 19
Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC) 21
Multiyear Development Plans 23
High Risk Urban Air Toxics 24
High Risk Point Sources 26
National Air Toxics Workshops 28
Status of Air Toxics Emission Factors and
Estimation Tools . 29
Status of Air Toxics Modeling Guidance 31
Ambient Air Toxics Monitoring - Methods
Development and Sample Analysis 33
Special Urban Toxics Monitoring Program 34
Inhalation Risk Reference Dose 35
Submittal of VOC Air Toxics Data to AIRS 37
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
Toxic Release Inventory (Title III, Section 313) ... 39
Air/Superfund Coordination Program 41
PM10 IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS
Status of Statewide PM-10 SIP Revisions 43
Status of PM-10 Group I SIP Development 45
Status of PM-10 Group II Committal SIP Development ... 46
PM10 Long-Term Nonattainment Policy 47
Rural Fugitive Dust Policy 49
Urban Fugitive Dust Policy 50
PM10 Emissions Trading 51
Wood Smoke Reduction Policy 53
International Transport Policy 54
Prescribed Burning/Smoke Management 55
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Status of PM10 Samplers 56
PM10 Emission Factors 57
Stack Test Method for PM10 58
Stack Test Method for Condensible Particulate Matter . . 59
NSR/PSD PROGRAMS
Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) Ruleroaking ... 60
NOx PSD Increments 61
PM10 PSD Increments 62
Rulemaking Proposal for Strip Mines
and Related Fugitive Dusk Issues 63
Improving New Source Review (NSR) 64
New Source Review (NSR) Bulletin Board 66
ACID RAIN PROGRAMS
Acid Rain Implementation Issues 67
Implementation of the Special Envoys
Report on Acid Rain 69
Emission Inventory Research and National Data Base ... 72
COMPLIANCE/ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS
Status of Rule Effectiveness Studies 74
FY 1989 Compliance Monitoring Strategy 77
Asbestos NESHAP Strategy 78
OTHER PROGRAMS
Status of National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) 80
Global Climate Change 83
Global/Tropospheric Air Pollution Strategies 85
Implementing SIP Processing Recommendations 87
National Air Audit System 89
Stack Height Litigation 90
Visibility Protection 91
Indoor Air Program 94
Development of Criteria Pollutant Emission
Inventory Guidance 96
Status of Guideline on Air Quality Models 97
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) 98
FY 1989-90 NSPS Activity 99
Wood Heater NSPS Status Report 100
Control Technology Center (CTC) 101
BACT/LAER Clearinghouse 104
Emission Measurement Technical Information Center .... 105
Air Grants - Program to Identify State/Local
Program Activities and Costs 106
Radon Action Program 108
Radionuclide NESHAP 109
Status of Bulletin Board for Regulatory Air Models . . . Ill
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INTRODUCTION
This collection of status reports has been prepared in order
to provide a timely summary of selected EPA air pollution control
activities to those individuals who are involved with the
implementation of these programs. Persons with general questions
or those who wish to receive additional copies of this report may
contact Bill Hamilton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
Quality Management Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
Telephone number 919-541-5498 or FTS 629-5498. Persons with
specific questions on particular program activities are requested
to call the contact person shown on the individual status report.
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NATIONAL OZONE/CARBON MONOXIDE PROGRAM
Background
The 1977 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments allowed areas, under
certain conditions, to have until the end of 1987 to attain the
national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone and
carbon monoxide (CO). However, according to data through 1987,
66 areas failed to attain the ozone standard and 50 areas failed
to attain the CO standard.
Because of the health implications of these ozone emissions
(100 million people living in areas that exceed these NAAQS), EPA
took the position that it could not wait for Congress to act and
published a proposed post-1987 ozone/CO control policy on
November 24, 1987.
Subsequently, Congress enacted the Mitchell-Conte Amendment
to the Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 on December 22, 1987,
which postponed EPA implementation of sanctions until August 31,
1988. It also required EPA to make nonattainment designations
"within the meaning of Part D" of the CAA.
Because certain States had not made sufficient progress
developing the required ozone and CO plans, EPA proposed
disapproval for 14 ozone and CO SIP's on July 14, 1987. The EPA
also made calls for SIP revisions to 43 States in May-June, 1988.
Several public interest groups have litigated to compel EPA
to disapprove State plans and promulgate Federal implementation
plans (FIP's) in these areas, most importantly in Los Angeles and
Chicago.
post-1987 Ozone/Carbon Monoxide Policy
This policy was proposed in the Federal Register on November
24, 1987 but no final action has yet been taken on it.
Key points in the proposed policy include:
1. States have to fully implement all previously required
control measures ("leveling the playing field").
2. Flexible attainment deadlines are allowed based on the
severity of the problem, but "growth ban" sanctions will be
imposed until within 5 years of attainment.
3. Areas that cannot achieve near-term (3-5 years)
attainment must achieve minimum annual emissions reductions of
3 percent per year beyond that achieved by federally implemented
measures.
4. With certain exceptions, planning areas are expanded to
consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) or metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) boundaries.
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NATIONAL OZONE/CARBON MONOXIDE PROGRAM
In general, environmental groups feel the November 1987
proposed policy is not rigorous enough. States would like more
explicit Federal direction, such as new control technology
guidance and national measures, such as vehicle refueling
controls. Industry seems to feel the proposed policy is perhaps
better for them than some options discussed in congress. If
Clean Air Act amendments are not passed this summer, we
anticipate completing the policy this fall.
Mitchell-Conte Amendment
On June 6, 1988, EPA listed in the Federal Register the
areas not attaining the ozone and/or CO standards by December 31,
1987(66 ozone and 50 CO) and proposed nonattainment designations
for those areas. The SIP calls were done for expanded
nonattainment areas (CMSA/MSA).
The notice reguested public comment on three possible
interpretations of the regulatory consequences of these
nonattainment designations:
1. Designations have no regulatory effect and are for
information only.
2. Designations trigger the Part D planning and
implementation requirements, including a renewed possibility of
sanctions.
3. Designations are the same as option 2, but Part D
consequences would only be attached to newly designated
nonattainment areas.
Generally, OMB, State DOT'S, industrial groups, and the
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) favor option l, while a
number of members of Congress, including Senators Mitchell,
Burdick and Chafee, as well as environmental groups, favor
option 2. The Department of Justice has issued an interpretation
that EPA may legally adopt any of these interpretations.
The Mitchell-Conte deferral of sanctions has now expired and
the major source construction ban has been imposed as a result of
litigation against EPA in Los Angeles, CA; Ventura Co., CA;
Sacramento, CA; and both the Illinois and Indiana portions of the
Chicago metropolitan area.
SIP Disapprovals
On July 14, 1987, EPA proposed to disapprove the ozone
and/or CO SIP's in 14 areas because the SIP submittals did not
persuasively demonstrate attainment.
The proposal covered only those areas with 1987 extensions
which had never received full approval of their 1982 submittals
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NATIONAL OZONE/CARBON MONOXIDE PROGRAM
and areas without extensions which had received previous notices
of SIP deficiency.
The EPA has taken final disapproval action where the Agency
has been litigated—i.e., South Coast (Los Angeles), Ventura Co.
CA, Sacramento CA, and Chicago IL. The EPA has received notices
of intent to litigate in two more of the original 14 areas, Kern
County and Fresno, CA. Also, EPA has deferred the imposition of
sanctions in Dallas. EPA expects to take final action on the
others shortly after the post 1987 policy is final.
Federal Implementation Plans (FIP's)
The 1970 CAA requires EPA to implement FIP's when the States
fail to adopt and implement SIP's.
The EPA is currently working on FIP's in several areas where
the Agency has been sued-South Coast, Ventura Co., Sacramento,
and Chicago. In the case of the South Coast, EPA published an
advanced notice of proposed rulemaking on December 7, 1988 which
described the dilemma created by the expiration of the Clean Air
Act and the very disruptive effects of a plan to attain in a
short (5-year) time frame.
Further litigation as is about to occur in Kern County and
Fresno, CA could result in even more requirements for EPA to
promulgate FIP's, with accompanying severe resource demands on,
and legal problems for, the Agency.
SIP Calls
On May 26, 1988, and subsequently, the EPA Regional
Administrators sent letters to 42 States and the District of
Columbia informing them that their plans were substantially
inadequate to attain the ozone and/or CO standards, based on air
quality data through 1987.
These SIP calls required States to prepare emissions
inventories; correct loopholes, deviations, and deficiencies; and
monitor non-methane organic compounds.
This work would be required under any possible future
option. New planning and control requirements have been deferred
until after the proposed post 1987 policy is made final.
The EPA was recently ordered to set a date-certain by which
the State of New York must respond to the May 1988 SIP call. The
EPA subsequently notified both the State of New York and the
State of New Jersey (because of the similarity of New Jersey's
circumstances) that they must submit their SIP revisions by
September 1991 or September 1992, depending upon the type of air
quality modeling selected. The EPA is being sued in
Massachusetts and has been threatened with legal action in the
San Francisco Bay area to set dates-certain in those areas.
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NATIONAL OZONE/CARBON MONOXIDE PROGRAM
1988 Air Quality Data
In addition to the 66 ozone nonattainment areas proposed
from the 1985-87 air quality data, about 30 more areas appear to
have experienced violations of the NAAQS based upon 1988 data.
New York Section 126 Petition For Ozone
On November 17, 1987 New York filed a petition under both
the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) and section 126 of the
Clean Air Act asking the EPA to take various actions which New
York claimed would reduce upwind states' contributions to New
York ozone nonattainment. The petition was supplemented on July
15, 1988. The EPA has indicated to New York that those claims
under APA are being dealt with by EPA in the context of the
proposed post-1987 ozone/CO policy and by Congress in its
deliberations on amendments to the Clean Air Act. New York has
not specified a hearing date for the Section 126 portion of the
petition.
EPA Contact Person
Tom Helms (919) 541-5527
(FTS) 629-5527
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ANTITAMPERING/FUEL SWITCHING
Background
A 1988 tampering survey showed that tampering and fuel
switching rates are alarmingly high. Tampering and fuel
switching continues to adversely impact the quality of the
Nation's air.
1988 SURVEY RESULTS (Percent)
NON-I/M ATP* Only I/M + ATP
Overall tampering 23 17 16
Fuel switching 10 5 4
* ATP = antitampering program
There are 43 existing antitampering/fuel switching programs
(ATPs) in 22 States. These programs cover approximately 25% of
the nationwide light-duty fleet.
Current Status
In July, 1988, EPA issued notices of violation proposing
$475,000 in penalties against a group of muffler shops, auto
repair facilities and new car dealers for multiple violations of
EPA's aftermarket catalyst installation policy.
There are six ATP sites from the 1988 tampering survey
where there is both "before" and "after" program implementation
survey results. The survey data show that ATPs are very
effective in reducing the catalyst-related violation rates.
Under-the-hood tampering, however, was not reduced significantly.
The proposed post-1987 ozone/carbon monoxide nonattainment
policy includes a proposed policy on enhanced inspection/
maintenance. Many areas may implement a new ATP or expand an
existing ATP to meet the requirements of the proposed policy.
The final lead phasedown rule allowing only 0.10 grams per
gallon of lead in leaded gasoline was implemented on January 1,
1988. Lead phasedown should reduce fuel switching prospectively
but is not a short-term solution for the pollution attributable
to the many vehicles which already have lead-poisoned catalysts.
EPA Contact Person
Al Mannato (202) 382-2667
(FTS) 382-2667
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MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE (I/Ml
Background
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required the
implementation of an I/M program in any area for which the State
had demonstrated in its 1979 SIP revision that attainment of the
ozone and/or carbon monoxide standards was not possible by the
end of 1982. Additional areas adopted I/M after failing to
attain the ambient standards by the end of 1982. I/M programs
are currently being operated in 63 urban areas in 33 States. By
1991, 2 additional states and 6 additional urban areas are
expected to be operating.
Currently Operating or Scheduled I/M Programs:
Centralized
Contractor
Operated
Arizona
Connecticut
Illinois
Indiana
Oregon
Georgia
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri 4/90*
Ohio:
Cuyahoga
County 4/91
Tennessee:
Nashville
Washington:
Seattle
Spokane
Wisconsin
Centralized
State/Local
Operated
Delaware
District of
Columbia
New Jersey
Colorado
Decentralized
Computerized
Analyzers
Alaska:
Anchorage
Fairbanks
California
Ohio
Oklahoma
Texas:
Houston
Decentralized
Manual
Analyzers
Idaho
Rhode Island
Louisiana
Kentucky:
Louisville
Maryland
Minnesota 1/91
Anti-tampering
Only _
Inspection
Kentucky:
Cincinnati
suburbs
Florida 3/90
Tennessee:
Memphis
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Mexico
New York
North
Carolina 4/91*
Pennsylvania
Texas:
Dallas 1/90*
El Paso
Utah:
Salt Lake
Provo 1/91*
Davis County 1/91*
Virginia
* Currently operating with manual analyzers but committed to switching
by the date specified.
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MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE (I/Ml
Current Status
In 1987 and 1988, several States were asked to submit
corrective plans to EPA, because audits indicated major operating
problems.
The Missouri program has submitted a plan to switch to
computerized analyzers by March 31, 1990. Davis Co., Utah has
also committed to switching to computerized analyzers by January
1991. It is expected that Provo and Salt Lake will switch at the
same time. North Carolina is switching to computerized analyzers
by April 1991.
The states of Florida and Minnesota have passed legislation
to implement centralized, contractor-run I/M programs.
The EPA FY 1989 activities include continuing program audits
and support to the States for enhancing I/M programs and
reauthorization where legal authority expires in the near future.
EPA Contact Person
Eugene Tierney (313) 668-4456
(FTS) 374-8456
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FUEL VOLATILITY
Background
The Agency is concerned over the increasing volatility of
motor gasoline. Higher volatility fuel leads to more in-use
emissions of evaporative hydrocarbons. This has a significant
impact on ozone formation.
The Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) of EPA's certification test
fuel has not changed since it was first specified at 9.0 pounds
per square inch (psi) in the early 1970s. At that time this was
representative of commercial fuel. Since that time, however, the
volatility of Class c commercial fuel has risen to about 11.3 psi
on a national average. Since evaporative control systems on cars
are designed and tested on 9.0 psi fuel, control systems now in
use are not adequate.
In addition, this higher volatility fuel results in more
evaporative emissions all along the distribution chain for fuel,
at transfer stations, and in vehicle refueling. Control of fuel
volatility would also reduce these emissions.
Current Status
A notice of proposed rulemaking on the issue of fuel
volatility was published by EPA in August 1987.
The EPA promulgated Phase 1 of the proposed volatility
control program on March 22, 1989, to begin during the summer of
1989.
The EPA continues to analyze the comments received relating
to the proposed Phase 2 of volatility control. We are currently
working toward promulgation of a Phase 2 final rule later this
year. As proposed, Phase 2 would implement the final step of
control and would take effect beginning in the summer of 1992.
EPA Contact Persons
Tad Wysor (313) 668-4332
(FTS) 374-8332
Rick Rykowski (313) 668-4339
(FTS) 374-8339
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ONBOARD REFUELING EMISSION CONTROL
Background/Current Status
Regulation of motor vehicle refueling emissions by means of
onboard controls was proposed by EPA on August 19, 1987. At the
same time, EPA also proposed controls on the volatility of
gasoline.
The comments received on the proposal have been analyzed,
and a Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) was
submitted for OMB review last fall. The SNPRM contains a revised
test procedure and deals with "changed circumstances" which
include revised onboard design and cost estimates, Stage II
implementation in several new areas, a new list of ozone
nonattainment areas, and the safety issue.
The SNPRM is intended to address the control of refueling
emissions alone. A separate NPRM has been prepared to address
excess evaporative and running loss emissions.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
is funding a contract study which reexamines the safety issue.
The results of this study are expected to be available during
late spring of 1989.
The EPA plans to publish the SNPRM once the results of
NHTSA's contract study are made available and the SNPRM is
reviewed by OMB.
After the SNPRM is published, EPA plans to continue
development of a final rule for onboard controls and possibly to
publish such a rule, concurrent with promulgation of a final rule
for the second phase of gasoline volatility controls.
EPA Contact Person
Paul Laing (313) 668-4274
(FTS) 374-8274
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COLD TEMPERATURE MOTOR VEHICLE CO EMISSIONS
Background
At the end of 1987, a significant number of areas were not
in attainment of the national ambient air quality standard for
carbon monoxide (CO).
About 90 percent of the CO exceedances, nationwide, occur
between November and February. Over half of all CO exceedances
occur at temperatures below 45°F.
Motor vehicles contribute the vast majority of all CO
emissions. The Agency currently tests vehicles for compliance
with emissions standards only in the 68° - 86°F temperature
range. Setting a cold temperature CO standard may be a cost-
effective method of controlling motor vehicle emissions at colder
temperatures. Such a standard could help local areas comply with
the CO ambient air quality standard.
Other CO control strategies include the use of oxygenated
fuels and various types of transportation control measures.
Current Status
A start action request for an interim rule proposing a cold
temperature vehicle CO emission standard was approved on
October 12, 1988. The purpose of this interim rule is to assist
local areas in their efforts to attain the air quality standard
for CO while the Agency determines the level of CO control needed
in the long term.
Future Milestones
Publish NPRM on interim cold CO emission standards:
December 1989.
EPA Contact Person:
John German (313) 668-4214
(FTS) 374-8214
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AMBIENT NONMETHANE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS fNMOCl MONITORING
Background
Ambient NMOC/NO ratios are an important factor affecting
the level of VOC controls needed to reach the ozone air quality
standard and are required as input to ozone models (e.g., EKMA)
in preparation of ozone SIP's. In the past, characterization of
NMOC/NO ratios has been hindered by lack of reliable, practical
procedures for measuring NMOC. This problem has been overcome by
the preconcentration direct flame ionization detection (PDFID)
method.
The EPA has stated that NMOC data from continuous
instruments will not be acceptable in future ozone SIP's unless
the submitter demonstrates equivalence between these data and GC
sum-of-species data. Nor will default values be allowed in
substitution for measured values. The PDFID method is an
acceptable alternative to the GC sum-of-species method.
During the summers of 1984-88, EPA coordinated special
projects to collect NMOC data via the PDFID method. The EPA
provided for the analyses of samples at a central analysis
facility, while participating State and local agencies collected
the samples and shipped them to EPA for analysis. Data recovery
is very good; during the 1985-88 period, there was a 90-95
percent data capture. A number of samples were also analyzed by
the GC procedure. The sum-of-species concentrations from these
samples compared extremely well with the NMOC concentration as
determined by the PDFID method.
Current Status
During the summer of 1989, samples are being collected from
27 sites in 23 cities. The cost per site is $21,000.
Future Milestones
EPA plans to coordinate the NMOC monitoring program for the
next few summers. Verbal commitments to participate in the
summer 1990 program should be made to the cognizant Regional
Office no later than January 1, 1990.
Financial commitments are needed by February 1, 1990.
EPA Contact Person
Stan Sleva (919) 541-5652
(FTS) 629-5652
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VOC EMISSION FACTORS
Background/Status
The EPA has continued development of new and revised VOC
emission factors for publication in Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors (AP-42) and other reports. Also, as part of the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), EPA has
filled many previously existing gaps in VOC emission factors.
About 600 new VOC factors were developed through the NAPAP
effort, using rapid survey, technology transfer techniques, and
engineering judgment. In addition, about 400 new factors were
developed in this manner for SOX and NOK sources. All of these
new factors were published in the report entitled Criteria
Pollutant Emission Factors For The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
EPA-600/7-87-015, May 1987.
The EPA has also recently revised AP-42 sections containing
VOC emission factors for the following source categories:
Refuse (including municipal) Incineration
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Waste Oil Combustion
Polymeric Coating of Supporting Substrates
Polyester Resin Plastic Product Fabrication
Waste Oil Combustion
Wood Stoves
- Soap and Detergents
The above source category section updates were included in
Supplement B, AP-42, published in September 1988. Work is
scheduled to be completed by the summer 1989 on better VOC
emission estimation techniques for surface impoundments at
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) and Publically
Owned Treatment Works (POTWs).
Also, EPA has completed the updating of the VOC Species Data
Manual, EPA-450/4-80-013, July 1980, to include new VOC species,
as well as particulate species information. This report was
published in April 1988 in two volumes, entitled VOC Species
Manual;
Volume I, Volatile Organic Species Profile
EPA-450/2-88-003a, April 1988
- Volume II, Particulate Emissions Species Profile
EPA-450/2-88-003b, April 1988
EPA Contact Person
E. L. Martinez (919) 541-5575
(FTS) 629-5575
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REGIONAL OZONE MODELING FOR NORTHEAST TRANSPORT fROMNET1
Background
It is widely believed that during certain meteorological
conditions the transport of ozone and precursor pollutants is
a significant factor in the ozone nonattainment problems of
the Northeastern States.
A joint EPA/State study, ROMNET, was initiated in October
1987. The modeling domain is rectangular, stretching from the
Virginia/North Carolina border to mid-Maine and as far west as
the Western border of Ohio. The study's major purposes are two
fold: (1) to estimate the effects of regional control strategies
on the concentration of ozone and precursors transported from
city to city and (2) to develop guidance for considering
transport in developing inputs to urban-scale air quality models.
ROMNET is a technical study lasting until October 1990.
Results are intended for subsequent use by others, such as the
Transport Advisory Group identified in EPA's November 1987
proposed ozone policy, in order to formulate appropriate
strategies and policies for reducing ozone in the northeastern
U.S.
Current Status
A protocol for conducting the ROMNET study has been
reviewed, approved and distributed to all study participants.
The protocol establishes three technical committees
addressing: (1) base case and projected emissions within the
domain, (2) selection and appropriate simulation of control
strategies, and (3) incorporation of meteorological data and
application/interpretation of the U.S. EPA Regional Oxidant
Model (ROM). Each of these committees has met twice and
provided direction regarding: (1) estimating base case VOC,
NOx, and CO emissions; (2) projecting these emissions; (3)
adjusting emissions to reflect control strategies; (4)
appropriate ways to lump numerous area sources in devising
coherent strategies; (5) appropriate ways to categorize
strategies including consideration such as geographical,
technological and political/institutional considerations;
(6) selection of criteria to choose episodes for modeling;
and (7) analyses to perform in evaluating episode selection
criteria.
A coordinated detailed work plan has been completed and
distributed.
Methods for making day-specific emission estimates in ROM-
compatible format have been identified.
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REGIONAL OZONE MODELING FOR NORTHEAST TRANSPORT rROMNETI
A list of recommended control strategies has been prepared
and has been approved by the Management Review Committee (MRC).
Recommended episodes have been selected for modeling and
have been approved by the MRC.
Base case inventories have been completed.
Future Milestones
Simulation of control strategies should begin during the
first half of 1989. A draft final report, describing ROMNET
results and appropriate guidance is expected by October 1990.
Follow-up SIP-related analyses during 1991 and later will be
required to integrate the regional ROMNET findings with local
control requirements.
EPA Contact Person
Ned Meyer (919) 541-5594
(FTS) 629-5594
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URBAN-SCALE PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELING
Background
A relatively simple as well as a more refined photochemical
air quality model is currently recommended for use in developing
SlPs for multi-source urban scale ozone problems; those models
are respectively OZIPM4/EKMA and the Urban Airshed Model (UAM).
The OZIPM4/EKMA model is available on the IBM mainframe computer
and a PC version also exists. The OZIPM4 incorporates use of the
Carbon Bond 4 mechanism and an improved procedure for constructing
isopleth diagrams. An updated version of the UAM model has been
obtained from the model developer which contains Carbon Bond 4
chemistry. The model has been installed on EPA's IBM computer
and work to gain experience with operation of this model has begun,
Current Status
A user's guide and guidance for applying OZIPM4/EKMA in
SIP's have been prepared and have been subject to public comment.
The latter guidance document addresses issues like precursor
transport and overwhelming transport more completely.
Contractual studies have begun to apply the UAM in five
cities— New York, St. Louis, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Atlanta, and
Philadelphia. The purpose of these applications is to address
policy questions and to develop information necessary to
prepare guidance for the model's use in SIPs during FY 1990.
The EPA Model Clearinghouse has been expanded to include
EKMA and will resolve issues regarding deviations from guidance.
Questions on EKMA should be directed to the appropriate
Regional Office personnel.
Future Milestones
Guidance on the use of OZIPM4/EKMA will be completed
concurrently with the post-1987 ozone policy. The "five-city"
study with UAM will be completed by May 1989 with findings
distributed to States. The UAM will be installed on State
computers (if desired) for each of the five cities. Analyses
preparatory to the development of guidance on the use of UAM in
SIP preparation will be completed by September 1989. Guidance on
UAM will be released in FY 1990.
EPA Contact Persons
Rich Scheffe (919) 541-5391
(FTS) 629-5391
Sharon Reinders (919) 541-5684
(Model Clearinghouse) (FTS) 629-5684
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DOCUMENTATION OF TEST METHOD CAPTURE EFFICIENCY
Background
Two test methods for determining capture efficiency are
currently under development by EPA's Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. One method is based on a liquid/gas
material balance which determines the VOC content of the feed on
a carbon basis. The other method uses a gas/gas material balance
with and without a temporary enclosure.
Current Status
Preliminary analysis on the procedure used to obtain the VOC
content of the feed on a carbon basis has been conducted.
Protocols for the two capture efficiency methods are under
development.
Future Milestones
Develop final protocols - June 1989
EPA Contact Person
Candace Sorrell (919) 541-1064
(FTS) 629-1064
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SCHEDULE FOR AIR TOXICS REGULATIONS CURRENTLY BEING CONSIDERED
UNDER SECTION 112 OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT OR OTHER AUTHORITIES
Pollutant/Source Category
Chromium - Comfort Cooling Towers1
Chromium - Industrial Cooling Towers
Chromium - Electroplating
Hazardous Organic NESHAP (covers all eight
organic compounds for which notices of
intent to list have been published and
13 source categories listed below)
Butadiene Production
Miscellaneous Butadiene Sources
CFC Production
Ethylene Oxide Production
Ethylene Dichloride Production
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Production
Styrene Butadiene Rubber Production
Polybutadiene Production
Neoprene Production
Chlorine Production
Chlorinated HC Use in Chemical Production
Pesticides Production
Pharmaceutical Production
Ethylene Oxide - Commercial Sterilizers
Perchloroethylene - Dry Cleaning
Trichloroethylene - Degreasing (also covers
perchloroethylene, methylene chloride)
Coke Oven Emissions - Charging and
Topside Leaks
Benzene - Coke Oven By-Product Plants
Benzene - Reconsideration of equipment
leak NESHAP and withdrawal of proposals
for maleic anhydridge,ethylbenzene/
styrene, and storage tanks.
Asbestos Revision - Manufacturing,
demolition, renovation, fabrication,
waste disposal.
Rule clarification, monitoring,
recordkeeping
Estimated
Proposal
Date
Proposed
3/29/88
See Note 6
See Note 6
See Note 6
See Note 6
See Note 6
See Note 6
Proposed
4/23/87
Reproposal
See Note 6
Proposed
6/6/84
Reproposal
7/28/88
7/28/88
See Note 6
1/10/89
Estimated
Final
Date
10/89
8/89
8/89
2/90
17
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SCHEDULE FOR AIR TOXICS REGULATIONS CURRENTLY BEING CONSIDERED
UNDER SECTION 112 OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT OR OTHER AUTHORITIES
Pollutant/Source Category
Estimated
Proposal
Date
Estimated
Final
Date
Radionuclides - Reconsideration of existing 2/89
NESHAP for DOE facilities, NRC licensed
facilities, elemental phosphorous plants,
underground uranium mines, and uranium
mill tailings. Standards for
phosphogypsum piles.
MULTI-POLLUTANT SOURCES:
Municipal Waste Combustion2 11/89
Sewage Sludge Incineration3 2/6/89
Municipal Landfills2 2/90
Hazardous Waste TSDF4 Proposed
Accelerated Rule 2/5/87
Comprehensive Rule 11/89
Wastewater Facilities5 2/90
Hospital Waste Incineration NSPS 3/92
8/89
2/91
10/91
FY91
8/89
3/91
2/91
5/93
The projects listed below are in various stages of study. No decision
has been made on whether or not emission standards are appropriate.
Multi-Pollutant Source - Fossil Fuel Combustion
Butadiene
Ethylene Oxide
Methylene Chloride
Cadmium
Chloroform
- Machinery Manufacturing/Rebuilding
Nitrile/ABS Rubber
Hospital Sterilizers
Paint Stripping
Aerosols
Primary Cadmium Smelters
Pulp Manufacturing
NOTES;
1 Standards being developed under TSCA, Section 6.
2 Standards being developed under Section 111 and lll(d) of the Clean
Air Act.
3 Standards for sludge management being developed under Clean Water
Act amendments by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards.
OAQPS is coordinating on incineration provisions.
4 Standards being developed under RCRA, Section 3004(n).
5 Control technigues document is being produced for use by State and.
local agencies.
6 Alternative policies for responding to the vinyl chloride case
proposed in July 1988 (benzene NESHAP proposal). Final action is
scheduled for August 31, 1989. Schedule depends on development:
of priorities for applying policy to remaining NESHAP projects.
EPA Contact Person
Jim Weigold
(919)
(FTS)
541-5642
629-5642
18
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NATIONAL AIR TOXICS INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE
Background
The National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse was
established to assist State and local air pollution control
agencies in their development and implementation of air toxics
control -programs. The Clearinghouse is operated by EPA's Office
of Air Quality Planning and standards. The EPA works closely
with STAPPA/ALAPCO to ensure that the Clearinghouse effectively
meets the needs of its intended audience.
Goals and Objectives
The primary purpose of the Clearinghouse is to collect,
classify, and disseminate air toxics information from State and
local agencies, EPA, and other Federal and international
agencies. Providing a mechanism for exchange of information
reduces the potential for duplication of efforts.
Current Status
The Clearinghouse collects information by sending data
collection forms annually to all State and local agencies.
Agencies are requested to submit information on agency contacts,
regulatory program development, acceptable ambient levels,
permitted facilities, source testing data, emissions inventories,
ambient monitoring, ongoing projects, and published reports on
air toxics activities. In addition, an annual survey of Federal
ongoing research and regulatory development projects and Federal
and international published air toxics information is also
conducted. Areas of particular interest (e.g., selection of
pollutants of concern, quantifying cancer risks) are covered in
more depth in special reports.
Information may be submitted to the Clearinghouse by
completing the collection forms and submitting them to the
Clearinghouse. If a large amount of data is contained in
computer files, this information may be transferred
electronically to the Clearinghouse data base (NATICH) files. In
addition, the Clearinghouse has a mechanism for agencies to
directly enter and edit data contained in NATICH for their
agency. This allows continuous updating of the data base.
Clearinghouse information is distributed in five ways.
1. A computerized, user-friendly data base (NATICH),
available at a cost of approximately $10-$15 per hour of use.
The NATICH contains all of the information collected by the
Clearinghouse, generally indexed by agency, pollutant, emission
source, and research information.
19
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NATIONAL AIR TOXICS INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE
2. Hard copy reports of data contained in NATICH, issued on
a regular basis.*
3. Special reports on specific air toxics issues.*
4. Bimonthly newsletters containing information on State,
local and Federal air toxics programs and activities, research,
case studies, etc.*
* Available free of charge to Government agencies.
Future Milestones
In 1989, the feasibility of linking NATICH with the Toxic
Release Inventory System (TRIS) will be explored. The TRIS is a
data base of information collected as a result of Section 313
(right-to-know) of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA).** Early indications are that this linkage should be
feasible and, therefore, is likely to occur in FY 1989.
The Clearinghouse newsletter has long been a valuable source
of information on issues concerning toxic air pollutants. An
index of subjects which have been addressed in the newsletters
will be developed and incorporated in the data base.
More useful and efficient ways of retrieving NATICH data are
being developed for FY 1989. These improvements will primarily
affect the permitting and source test data.
Another development under consideration is a means of
printing selected Clearinghouse reports remotely at the user's
location.
** See status report entitled "Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act Toxic Release Inventory (Title III, Section
313)" for more information on this topic.
EPA Contact Persons
Tim Mohin (919) 541-5349
(FTS) 629-5349
Scott Voorhees (919) 541-5348
(FTS) 541-5348
Nancy Riley (919) 541-0805
(FTS) 629-0805
20
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AIR RISK INFORMATION SUPPORT CENTER (Air RISC)
Background
The Air RISC was established in 1988 to assist State and
local air pollution control agencies and EPA Regional Offices on
technical matters pertaining to health, exposure, and risk
assessment for noncriteria air pollutants. It is operated by
EPA's Offices of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), and
Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA). The Air RISC is
managed by a Steering Committee that provides guidance and makes
decisions on funding and various operational procedures. Joann
Held, from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,
represents STAPPA and ALAPCO by her participation as an advisory
member to the Steering Committee. Nicholas Ciceretti, from the
Philadelphia Air Management Services, is the back-up contact for
Ms. Held. Their purpose as advisory members is to ensure that
Air RISC is meeting the needs of its client community.
Goal and Objectives
The goal of the Air RISC is to support State/local (S/L)
agencies and Regional Offices in the implementation of air toxics
control programs by providing technical guidance and information
on matters pertaining to health, exposure, and risk assessment of
toxic air pollutants. The objectives of the center are as
follows:
1. To provide a mechanism to transfer to S/L agencies
available health and risk assessment information through
summaries of health effects information, workshops, and seminars.
2. To provide telephone access to EPA expertise as an
initial quick response to individual problems.
3. To provide technical review and/or consultation on site-
specific risk assessments.
4. To provide guidance to S/L agencies on how to conduct
hazard, exposure and risk analyses, as well as how to interpret
their results.
5. To provide a mechanism so that S/L agencies can have
access to EPA expertise in answering questions pertaining to the
scientific basis for conducting risk assessment.
6. To obtain feedback from S/L's to EPA on technical
support needs of those agencies in the area of health and risk
assessment.
21
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AIR RISK INFORMATION SUPPORT CENTER fAir RISC)
Current Status
The Air RISC became fully operational in the last quarter of
FY 1988. The Steering Committee, formed to provide direction and
make management decisions regarding Air RISC, meets monthly. The
committee includes membership from OAQPS and the Office of Health
and Environmental Assessment, with advisory members from the EPA
Regional Offices, S/L agencies, the EPA library and EPA's Health
Effects Research Laboratory. It is important to note the three
kinds of services which Air RISC provides:
1. Hotline - for quick referral to experts, and provisions
of available EPA health assessment.
2. Technical assistance - for more in-depth evaluation and
retrieval of information than can be provided via the hotline.
3. Technical guidance - for questions general enough in
nature to be applicable for many S/L agencies.
Future Milestones
The next milestones include the preparation of an annual
progress report and production of a series of three national
workshops in risk assessment and risk communication. These
workshops will be held in May and June of 1989. In the summer of
1989, Air RISC will publish a directory of Agency contacts for
answers to various questions pertaining to air toxics.
EPA Contact Persons
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Dan Guth (919) 541-5340
(FTS) 629-5340
Air RISC HOTLINE (919) 541-0888
(FTS) 629-0888
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Winona Victery (919) 541-4828
(FTS) 629-4828
22
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MULTIYEAR DEVELOPMENT PLANS
For FY 1989, EPA continued to provide enabling assistance to
State and local air pollution control agencies in developing
multiyear development plans (MYDP's) for air toxics. By the end
of FY 1988, 65 of the universe of 71 MYDP's were considered
adequate by EPA whereas the target of adequate MYDP's for the
year had been 57. At the beginning of FY 1989, the universe of
agencies actively working on MYDP's was 73 and there is a target
of 58 adequate plans for the year. Note that a previous
designation of adequacy does not automatically qualify a plan as
such in subsequent years. The determination of adequacy,
however, takes into account the flexibility for a MYDP to
concentrate resources in fewer areas of concern and still be
considered adequate overall. Milestones in MYDP's indicate
progress is being made in program development (e.g, Vermont
passed air toxics regulations in FY 1989).
The FY 1989 guidance reemphasizes the concepts of
flexibility and incorporation of air toxics concerns in
particulate matter and ozone programs. The focus for FY 1989
consists of asking agencies to report progress made in air toxics
programs, of moving from the planning phase to an implementation
phase of the MYDP program, and of encouraging interoffice
coordination with personnel in other but related programs such as
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
The MYDP guidance for FY 1990 will continue the trend toward
implementation and interprogram coordination. Progress
measurement will continue to be important so enabling efforts by
EPA can be focused where needs are greatest. The near-term
outlook is to streamline the MYDP update process and increase the
emphasis on implementation of the immediate year's milestones.
EPA Contact Person
Mike Trutna (919) 541-5345
(FTS) 629-5345
23
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HIGH RISK URBAN AIR TOXICS
Background/Status
A major focus of the national air toxics strategy is the
multisource, multipollutant urban toxics problem. High residual
additive cancer risks from the cumulative effects of multisource,
multipollutant situations may exist in many large, densely
populated or industrialized urban areas. Problems and solutions
vary from city to city. Thus, the identification, investigation,
and control in these areas are primarily State and local agency
responsibilities. Studies of the problem indicate high cancer
risks, even after existing and planned Federal, State, and local
regulatory programs for criteria and toxic pollutants are fully
implemented. The EPA Regional Offices have been working with
State and local agencies to initiate the process of identifying,
investigating, and controlling the general air toxics problem in
urban multisource areas and to have these agencies begin to
develop mitigation programs where needed. Further analyses have
been completed on the most recent data available to further
evaluate the seriousness of the urban problem in five selected
cities. These results are being incorporated into workshops,
other reports and planning documents and into technical
presentations.
Future Milestones
Track work planned by State and local agencies for the high
risk, urban toxics assessment portion of the multiyear
development plan activities. Continue efforts to encourage State
and local agencies to undertake additional assessment work and
consolidate available funding in a more efficient manner.
Follow up on EPA/STAPPA/ALAPCO workshops on urban air toxics
presented in January - April 1989 in Los Angeles, Denver, and
Baltimore. Incorporate feedback into future programs.
Continue and support analysis of PIPQUIC (a software package
for manipulating and analyzing air toxics data bases) and other
newly developing data systems for urban air toxics analyses.
Continue management of the EPA managed Urban Air Toxics
Monitoring Program targeted to urban areas (FY 1988 - FY 1991+).
Initiate sampling at new monitoring sites in January 1990.
Continue evaluation of candidate SIP control strategies to
assess their relative effectiveness in co-controlling both air
toxics and criteria pollutants.
Continue analysis of effectiveness of State and local air
toxics programs at assessing and mitigating urban air toxics.
Begin analysis of data resulting from earlier monitoring
sites and develop risk analysis.
24
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HIGH RISK URBAN AIR TOXICS
ersons
jesign of Assessment Activities
Southerland (919) 541-5523
(FTS) 629-5523
xatory
.ke Trutna (919) 541-5345
(FTS) 629-5345
Monitoring strategies
William F. Hunt (919) 541-5559
(FTS) 629-5559
25
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HIGH RISK POINT SOURCES
The air toxics high risk point source (HRPS)
included as an important part of the national air \
since HRPS are believed to result in many fenceline^ .
where at least lo~4 individual lifetime cancer risk *:*s
Approximately one million dollars of section 105 fundF**ate
base grants for achieving State and local agency progrVjs 9y
identifying and evaluating potential HRPS. In additiote^
approximately $400K of section 105 funds have been set iJ
the national level to enable funding of certain HRPS ini\®
projects. Typically $10K to $20K are given to a State or
agency which agrees to address a potential HRPS identified
(i.e., promoted initiative) or by the State or local agency
itself (i.e., State initiative).
Initial evaluation of the national initiatives program sv
that it has been quite successful in accomplishing additional
control (about half of the cases reportedly resulted in reduced
emissions) and has been popular with participating agencies (14 or
the 15 State and local agencies surveyed considered the program
beneficial). Considerable progress has and continues to be made by
State and local agencies in developing regulatory programs to
address new and/or existing sources.
The FY 1989 promoted and State initiatives have been selected.
A total of 24 separate activities by 13 States and 3 local agencies
will be funded from the $400K of available funds. All but 2 of
these initiatives are State initiatives. Those agencies partici-
pating in the initiatives are expected to document the results of
the projects so the information can be utilized by other State and
local agencies. Some examples of the source types involved are can
manufacturing, air toxics from oil spill cleanups, and waferboard
production. The following table lists the initiatives for FY 1989.
STATE INITIATIVES (SI), PROMOTED INITIATIVES (PI)
AND NATIONAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS (NDP) FUNDED IN 1989
Amount
Activity Grant Recipient Project X $1000
SI Rhode Island Evaluate emissions of air toxics 15
from a plastic pellet manufacturer
SI Chattanooga Evaluation and potential control of 20
styrene and butadiene at BASF
Corporation
SI Kentucky Meteorology data for the Ashland 15
Oil study
SI Ohio Ethylene oxide sterilizers for 20
small hospitals and clinics
26
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HIGH RISK POINT SOURCES
Activity Grant Recipient
SI Wisconsin
SI Indianapolis
SI Colorado
SI North Dakota
SI Alaska
NDP STAPPA/ALAPCO
NDP STAPPA/ALAPCO
SI Connecticut
SI New Jersey
SI Philadelphia
NDP Maryland
SI Minnesota
NDP Michigan
SI Washington
PI Texas
PI Louisiana
Project
Amount
X S1000
Evaluation of toxics emissions from 20
wood-fired boilers
Evaluation of crematory emissions 15
Evaluation of potential air toxics 20
emissions from Western Forge Co
Evaluation of potential air toxics 20
emissions from the Steiger Case
factory
Evaluate and regulate air toxics 20
resulting from oil spill cleanups
Workshop travel support 10
SCAQMD Permitting Manual 20
Waste Incineration of Pharmaceuticals 20
Pharmaceutical Manufacture 20
Fabric Coating and Can Manufacturing 25
(2 Projects)
Urban Mitigation Analysis 15
2 Waferboard Manufacturing 40
Facilities and NDP Urban
Area Assessment (Ozone
attainment area)
Compliance Prioritization 15
of Air Toxics
Carbon Regeneration 15
Shell Chemical and Rohm and Haas 40
(2 projects)
Union Carbide in Taft 15
Total $400K
EPA Contact Person
Mike Trutna
(919) 541-5345
(FTS) 629-5345
27
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NATIONAL AIR TOXICS WORKSHOPS
One of the best examples of how State and local air
pollution control agencies and EPA can constructively work
together continues to be the program of national air toxics
workshops. A total of eight specialty air toxics workshops were
held in 1988 on three separate subjects: Hospital Waste
Incinerators/Ethylene Oxide Sterilizers, Air Toxics Modeling, and
Air Toxics Permitting/Control Technology. These workshops were
developed as a result of feedback on future workshop needs
obtained from State and local air pollution control agency
participants at the four comprehensive air toxics workshops held
in 1987.
The FY 1988 workshops were well received, and as a result,
STAPPA/ALAPCO decided to endorse future specialty workshops
continuing into FY 1989. Three workshops addressing urban air
toxics problems were held in Los Angeles, Denver, and Baltimore
during February to April 1989. The urban air toxics workshops
focused on evidence of the problem, monitoring, emissions
estimation and modeling, risk assessment, and mitigation of urban
problems.
The Air Risk Information Support Center will be offering a
3-day workshop on risk assessment and risk communication for
State and local agency air pollution control personnel on May 23
in Raleigh, NC, May 30 in Lake Geneva, WI, and June 13 in
Tiburon, CA. The workshops will provide sessions on health and
exposure assessment for staff involved in any aspect of risk
assessment or risk communication. Topics will focus on
toxicology, health effects assessment, and exposure assessment.
The session on risk communication will use a combination of
presentations, group discussions, videotapes, and case studies to
develop important areas in risk communication such as public
involvement, risk perception, and communicating risk assessment
results.
EPA Contact Persons
Urban Air Toxics Workshops
Bill Lamason (919) 541-5374
(FTS) 629-5374
Risk Communication
Melissa McCullough (919) 541-5646
(919) 629-5646
28
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STATUS OF AIR TOXICS EMISSION FACTORS AND ESTIMATION TOOLS
Background
The EPA, through its Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS), has under way a number of different programs
to compile and publish emission factors for various air toxics.
"Locating and Estimating" Series
To date, 17 reports have been published as part of this
program dealing with the following substances:
EPA NTIS ORDER
SUBSTANCE PUBLICATION NO. NUMBER
Acrylonitrile EPA-450/4-84-007a PB 84-200609
Carbon Tetrachloride EPA-450/4-84-007b PB 84-200625
Chloroform EPA-450/4-84-007C PB 84-200617
Ethylene Bichloride EPA-450/4-84-007d PB 84-239193
Formaldehyde EPA-450/4-84-007e PB 84-200633
Nickel EPA-450/4-84-007f PB 84-210988
Chromium EPA-450/4-84-007g PB 85-106474
Manganese EPA-450/4-84-007h PB 86-117587
Phosgene EPA-450/4-84-007i PB 86-117595
Epichlorohydrin EPA-450/4-84-007j PB 86-117603
Vinylidene Chloride EPA-450/4-84-007k PB 86-117611
Ethylene Oxide EPA-450/4-84-0071 PB 87-113973
Chlorobenzenes EPA-450/4-84-007m PB 87-189841
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs) EPA-450/4-84-007n PB 87-209540
Polycyclic Organic
Matter (POM) EPA-450/4-84-007p PB 88-149059
Benzene EPA-450/4-84-007q PB 88-196175
Organic Liquid
Storage Tanks EPA-450/4-88-004 PB 89-129019
The title of each report is Locating And Estimating Air Emissions
From Sources Of (Substance 1 or Locating And Estimating Air Toxics
Emissions From (Source Category). Reports to be released shortly
include Municipal Waste Combustion, 1,3 Butadiene, Perchloroethylene
and Trichlorethylene. Work is also underway on reports dealing with
styrene and sewage sludge incineration.
Compilation of Air Toxics Emission Factors
The general emission factor listing for more pollutants than
shown above is available in the report Toxic Air Pollutant Emission
Factors For Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources (EPA-450/2-88-
006a). This report lists available air toxics emission factors and
references from which the emission factors were obtained. This
document continues to be updated and expanded. There is a personal
computer data base system containing the system also.
29
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STATUS OF AIR TOXICS EMISSION FACTORS AND ESTIMATION TOOLS
Source/Pollutant Crosswalk
A report, Toxic Air Pollutant Crosswalk: A Screening Tool For
Locating Possible Sources Emitting Toxic Air Pollutants (EPA-450/4-87-
023a, NTIS # PB-88-161146), was released in December 1987. This
report is an aid in locating possible sources for further
investigation by listing known valid combinations of SCC, SIC and
pollutants from various data sources. It also features a PC
computerized data base.
Air Emissions Species Manual
The Air Emissions Species Manual in two volumes (VOC and
particulate, respectively, was released in April 1988 and continues to
be updated and expanded, periodically. This report contains various
source profiles useful in estimating air toxics emissions,
identification of possible sources, source reconciliation work
(receptor modeling), photochemical modeling, and other similar uses.
The EPA numbers are: Volume I, EPA-450/2-88-003a (NTIS PB-88 225792);
Volume II, EPA-450/2-88-033b (NTIS PB-88 225800).
How To Obtain These Reports
Government agencies generally may obtain single copies of these
reports by submitting requests, along with EPA publication number, to:
Library (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone numbers (919) 541-2777 or (FTS)
629-2777. These documents are also available for a fee through the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161, telephone number (703) 487-4650.
Other Milestones
Reports on emissions factors for municipal incinerators, chromium
(update) 1,3 butadiene, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene will
be published in 1989.
A compilation of mainly State and local air toxics emission
inventory questionnaires was published in June 1988 (EPA-450/4-88-
008), NTIS number PB 88-236237.
An air toxic area source factors and procedures document will be
available in 1989.
A brochure, "Tools for Estimating Emissions of Air Toxics," was
published and distributed in June of 1988 and revised in February
1989. This brochure describes the reports above as well as other
tools available. For copies, call the EPA contact person shown below.
EPA Contact Person
James H. Southerland (919) 541-5523
(FTS) 629-5523
30
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STATUS OF AIR TOXICS MODELING GUIDANCE
Background
There is increasing emphasis on the assessment of air
quality and health impacts of toxic chemical releases.
Considerations include both long-term health effects and short-
term acute health effects.
Support in both long-term and short-term air quality impacts
is being provided for the listing of chemicals as toxic and in
the development of control regulations under section 112 of
the Clean Air Act (National Emissions Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants).
Long-term air quality impacts are generally assessed using
Guideline Air Quality Models (see status report entitled "Status
of Guideline on Air Quality Models"). Short-term impacts must
assess the effect of short-term, high volume releases which
frequently occur from equipment upsets and malfunctions. These
short-term events have not been classically examined.
The EPA sponsored three week-long workshops in 1988 on
modeling air toxic releases. About 75 State/local agency
modelers attended as well as EPA staff. Each work group featured
1-1/2 days of hands-on computer modeling problem exercises.
Course materials will be used by EPA's Air Pollution Training
Institute to develop further courses.
The EPA published "A Dispersion Model for Elevated Dense Gas
Jet Chemical Releases" in two volumes. The model is known as
DEGADIS Version 2.0- and operates on a VAX computer system. The
two volumes and diskettes for uploading the program via a PC to
the VAX are available from NTIS as PB 88-202379.
Current Status
The EPA is currently examining available techniques for
assessing the air quality impact of short-term releases.
The EPA also published "A Workbook of Screening Techniques
for Assessing Impacts of Toxic Air Pollutants." The Workbook is
available from NTIS as PB 89-134340.
Future Milestones
A PC version of the procedures in the Workbook should be
available early in FY-1990.
An air toxics model evaluation project has been initiated
for a number of models developed by the public and private sector
using five available data bases; a report should be published
by EPA in the first half of FY 1990 on the performance of a
31
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STATUS OF AIR TOXICS MODELING GUIDANCE
subset of these models. Reports on the remaining models will
follow.
A project to review modeling techniques applicable to area
sources of toxics such as landfills, lagoons and soil handling
operation has begun in order to identify which if any should
be recommended for routine use. Performance evaluation with
field data is expected. A report on the soundest technique
and how it can be incorporated into a model such as ISC should
be available early in FY 1990.
EPA Contact Person
Jim Dicke (919) 541-5682
(FTS) 629-5682
32
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AMBIENT AIR TOXICS MONITORING
METHODS DEVELOPMENT AND SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Background
As a part of the ambient air toxic monitoring strategy, a
pilot project called the Toxic Air Monitoring System (TAMS) was
implemented. The goals for this project are to evaluate methods
of sample collection and analysis for pollutants in the ambient
air, to characterize ambient concentration of such pollutants in
selected urban atmospheres, to gain quality assurance experience,
and to share technology with State and local agencies.
Current Status
Presently, the TAMS is being restructured to include methods
development for semi-volatile and polar pollutants, as well as
volatiles. Four of the ten current sites will be retained, two
each in Boston and Houston. The equipment from the sites in
Chicago and Seattle/Tacoma will be donated to Regional, State, or
local agencies who are interested in collecting further data.
Also, ORD's Atmospheric Research and Environment Assessment
Laboratory (AREAL) has volunteered to teach those agency staff
how to collect and analyze the samples, and will reanalyze the
first five samples for quality assurance purposes.
The latest semi-annual status report on the TAMS was issued
March 30, 1989. The report provides data through September 1988.
EPA Contact Person
Jane Leonard (FTS) 629-5653
(919) 541-5653
33
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SPECIAL URBAN TOXICS MONITORING PROGRAM
Background/Current Status
Because of concerns regarding high cancer risk from
multisource, multipollutant interactions in urban areas, State
and local agencies have been seeking ways in which to assess the
magnitude of potentially toxic compounds in their ambient air.
To assist in filling this need, EPA is coordinating toxic
monitoring programs designed to provide air quality data for
screening purposes. These programs are separate from programs
within the Toxics Air Monitoring System (TAMS) described
elsewhere in this compilation of status reports.
In 1987, EPA began managing a program for ambient toxics
screening at 19 sites in 18 cities. The first sample was
collected on October 1, 1987, and sampling continued until
September 30, 1988. Samples were collected over 24-hour periods
at 12-day intervals through a special heated manifold in order to
prevent aldehydes from being lost on moist surfaces. The
canisters were analyzed for selected hydrocarbons and halogenated
compounds. A co-located, hi-vol sampler collected particulates
for metals and B(a)P analyses. Data were sent to the
participating agencies on a quarterly schedule.
The EPA provides the sampling equipment needed to collect
the samples, while the participating State and local agencies
provide manpower to collect the samples. The samples are
analyzed by a central contractor. Participating agencies provide
necessary funds to support the program.
The program is being repeated in 1989. Samples from 13
sites in 11 cities are being collected.
Future Milestones
EPA plans to coordinate similar programs during the next few
years. The next one is scheduled to begin on January I, 1990.
Verbal commitments to participate in that program should be made
to the cognizant Regional Office by October 31, 1989.
Financial commitments ($21K per each site) are needed by
November 30.
EPA Contact Person
Stan Sleva (919) 541-5652
FTS 629-5652
34
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INHALATION RISK REFERENCE DOSE
Background
The risk reference dose (RfD) is a benchmark level (exposure
concentration or dose) used by EPA for assessment of noncancer
health effects. The RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty
spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to
the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is
likely to be without appreciable risks of deleterious effects
during a lifetime.
Derivation of an RfD involves review of toxicological
literature, determination of the critical endpoint and critical
study, and selection of appropriate uncertainty factors. Based
on all the data from human and animal studies, the endpoint which
is most relevant to humans is selected and the no-observed-
adverse effect level (NOAEL) is identified. The RfD is derived
from the NOAEL by consistent application of typically order of
magnitude uncertainty factors that reflect various types of data
used to estimate RfD's, and an additional modifying factor
reflecting a scientific judgment of the entire data base for the
chemical. After derivation, the RfD and supporting documentation
are reviewed by an intra-Agency work group, and acceptable RfD's
are verified and included in the Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) data base.
To date, EPA has developed and verified oral RfD's and a
methodology for development of inhalation RfD's has been
prepared. The draft document titled "Interim Methods for
Development of Inhalation Reference Doses" (August 1977) was
reviewed in a public workshop in October 1987. Verification
meetings of the RfD work group for inhalation RfD's are under
way.
An informal work group with Agency-wide participation is
planned to discuss the use of RfD's in OAQPS risk assessment and
regulatory decisions.
Current Status
A total of 305 oral RfD's have been verified and are
available on IRIS.
Inhalation reference doses have been verified for five
chemicals (methylene chloride, p-dichlorobenzene,
tetrahydrofuran, hydrochloric acid, and carbon disulfide).
Supporting documentation has been prepared for inhalation
RfD's for approximately 60 additional chemicals.
35
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INHALATION RISK REFERENCE DOSE
EPA Contact Persons
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Dan Guth (919) 541-5340
(FTS) 629-5340
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Annie Jarabek (919) 541-4847
(FTS) 629-4847
36
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SUBMITTAL OF VOC AIR TOXICS DATA TO AIRS
Background
The Interim State and Local Air Toxic Volatile Organic
Chemical Data Base was created to:
Compile State, local and Federal volatile organic chemical
(VOC) data collected at fixed monitoring sites on a
voluntary basis.
Provide for information exchange for participating agencies.
Provide participating agencies with an opportunity to share
VOC data and information on sampling and analytical methods,
siting, averaging times of individual measurements, and VOC
summary statistics such as maximum and second maximum values
quarterly and annual averages, etc.
Remain in effect until the VOC data is stored on AIRS (FY
1988-89).
During 4th quarter FY 1988 AIRS became capable of handling
VOC data; therefore, there was no need to keep the Interim
VOC data base active.
Current Status
Data base is no longer active because AIRS is now available.
The final report, "The EPA Interim Data Base for Air Toxic
Volatile Organic Chemicals," is now available. There were 12
participating agencies in the interim VOC data base:
State: California Air Resources Board, California
Department of Health Services, Louisiana Department of
Environmental Quality, Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Quality, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection, and the Texas Air Control Board.
Local; Bay Area Air Quality Management District (San
Francisco, CA), Clark County Department of Health (Las
Vegas, NV) Sacramento Air Pollution Control District, and
the Philadelphia Department of Health.
Federal; Environment Canada, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
VOC Pollutants and Benzo(a)Pyrene
96 pollutants with some data
35 pollutants with 10 or more site-years of data to
characterize individual VOC distributions
37
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SUBMITTAL OF VOC AIR TOXICS DATA TO AIRS
148 monitoring sites measuring VOCs and/or BaP
69 sites classified as center city
26 sites classified as rural
25 sites classified as suburban
28 sites unclassified
Future Milestones
The urban air toxics monitoring program data collected in
cooperation with State and local agencies will be placed in AIRS
during FY 1989.
The Toxic Air Monitoring Sites (TAMS) VOC data will be
placed in AIRS during FY 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Bob Faoro (919) 541-5459
(FTS) 629-5459
38
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SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT
TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY (TITLE III. SECTION 3131
Background
The development of a Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) was
mandated by Congress through the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986. The "right to know" law
provided for the public to have access to information on the
quantity of emissions to the environment of over 300 specific
chemicals and groups of chemicals, and obligated industry to
provide this data to EPA and to State agencies. The Office of
Toxic Substances (OTS) of EPA has principal responsibility to
compile information submitted by industry in a computerized data
base accessible to the public. Initial reporting from an
estimated 30,000 manufacturing facilities (in Standard Industrial
Classification codes 20 through 39) on 300,000 forms was due by
July 1, 1988. Reporting facilities were required to provide
estimates (no measurements are required) of their annual releases
to the air, water, and land, aggregated by facility for each
chemical. All continuous and accidental releases were combined,
with air emissions separated into the general categories of
fugitive emissions and stack emissions.
The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS)
coordinated with OTS on development of TRI implementation
activities. OAQPS has assumed responsibility for interpretation
of TRI data with respect to air emissions in response to
inquiries from State and local agencies, from within EPA, and
from Congress. The OAQPS is also supporting State and local
agencies in their use and interpretation of the TRI data, since
these agencies are the first point of contact for public
inquiries.
Current Status
Information and guidance materials were forwarded through
EPA's Regional Offices to State and local air pollution control
agencies prior to the July 1 deadline. Over 75,000 forms have
been received by OTS and have been computerized. These data were
made available for internal EPA use from 17,500 reporting
facilities during the first quarter of FY 1989. State agencies
will also have early access to the EPA data base through a
timesharing arrangement at the Regional Office level.
Future Milestones
The computerized data base will be available to the public
in June of 1989. Public access will be through the computer
facilities of the National Library of Medicine, which will enable
association of the TRI data with health effects and other
information available through the Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
39
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SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT
TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY fTITLE III. SECTION 313^
Several user-friendly software programs will be developed to
enable users to search the TRI files.
The OAQPS is participating in the planning and development
of data retrieval programs for the publicly available data base
to be operated by the National Library of Medicine. In addition,
OAQPS will provide access to the TRI data for State and local air
pollution control agencies through the National Air Toxics
Information Clearinghouse (NATICH).
The EPA is developing plans for use of the TRI data by the
various program offices. The OAQPS anticipates the principal
utility of the data will be in the preliminary evaluation and
prioritization of pollutants and source categories and to focus
supplemental information gathering. There are potential uses by
OAQPS, contingent upon resource availability, in development of
emission factors, in cross-checking with other EPA data bases, in
support of urban air toxics analyses, in PSD reviews, and in
responding to Congressional and EPA management questions. The
OAQPS is currently comparing data from the TRI data base with
information gathered under the air toxics regulatory program to
identify areas of potential concern. At this point, many of the
potential uses are uncertain until a better understanding of the
quality and completeness of the collected data is available.
EPA Contact Persons
James Weigold (919) 541-5613
(FTS) 629-5613
Robert Kellam (919) 541-5647
(FTS) 629-5647
Tim Mohin (919) 541-5349
(FTS) 629-5349
40
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AIR/SUPERFUND COORDINATION PROGRAM
The purpose of the Air/Superfund Coordination program is to
assist EPA Regional Superfund offices in evaluating Superfund
sites and developing plans for site cleanup.
Air/Superfund coordinators are assigned in each Regional air
office. Assistance to Superfund activities includes site support
services, such as consultation and review of proposals, plans,
and studies, and participation in decisions related to
preremedial, remedial, and removal actions that may have
significant air impacts. Regional air offices also may perform
field evaluations during removal and preremedial actions at
selected sites and consult with Superfund contractors in areas
such as air modeling, monitoring, and the use and effectiveness
of air pollution control devices.
The program includes a number of activities in support of
Regional air offices. These activities and the overall
management of the Air/Superfund Program are the responsibility of
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). A
brief description of support activities is described below:
Regional Office Coordination involves the exchange of
information among Regional air offices and between Regions
and OAQPS and provides updated technical information to
Regions and OAQPS and periodic reports on ongoing studies.
Coordination meetings are held at four month intervals to
provide Regions an opportunity to exchange information, help
to guide the overall program, participate in workshops, and
receive briefings on pertinent technical and administrative
subjects.
Training is required to instruct Regional air office staff
on Superfund program issues, methods, and procedures; and
Regional Superfund staff on air issues, methods, procedures,
and services and expertise which can be provided by air
offices. The training for Superfund staff focuses on the
fundamentals of air pollution control, including monitoring,
modeling, emission controls, health effects from ambient
concentrations, and risk analysis techniques unique to air
pollution control.
National technical guidance studies provide Regional air and
Superfund staffs with technical support, data, and guidance
needed to improve the quality of the data base and the
analysis of air issues associated with Superfund sites.
Technical assistance is provided to Regional air offices to
assist them in evaluating specific sites, analyses prepared
by Superfund contractors, and preparing recommendations on
remedial actions needed to minimize air impacts.
Three national technical guidance studies were initiated in
FY 1987 and are expected to continue through FY 1989. Region III
41
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AIR/SUPERFUND COORDINATION PROGRAM
has the lead for the first study which provides procedures for
air pathway analysis and defines monitoring and modeling
methodologies needed to gather data required for these analyses.
Region I has the lead for the second study which provides
emission factors and methods for estimating emissions at sites
prior to initiating remedial action. Region V has the lead for
the third study which provides information and guidance to
improve our ability to estimate emissions during remedial
actions. Field studies will extend these studies to improve our
data base and ability to estimate air emissions and ambient
levels of air toxics.
Reports on estimating emissions from Superfund sites were
released in March, 1989 and the report on air pathway analysis is
scheduled for release in June, 1989. A national workshop on the
use of these manuals in evaluating Superfund sites, which will be
co-sponsored by the Air and Waste Management Association and EPA,
is scheduled for the Fall, 1989.
Additional national technical guidance studies which were
initiated in FY 1989 include: (1) design of air strippers and
soil vapor extraction systems and their impact on air emissions,
(2) guidance on developing data quality objectives for air
studies, (3) selection of optimum dispersion models for low level
air toxic releases from Superfund sites, (4) procedures for
incorporating emission and ambient air data from Superfund site
studies into existing data systems, and (5) guidance for more
effective review of potential air impacts based on Superfund site
studies.
EPA Contact Person
Joe Padgett (919) 541-5589
(FTS) 629-5589
42
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STATUS OF STATEWIDE PM-10 SIP REVISIONS
Background
Each SIP for particulate matter must be revised for PM-10 as
follows:
To include State ambient air quality standards for PM-10 at
least as stringent as the NAAQS;
To trigger preconstruction review for new or modified
sources which would emit significant amounts of either PM or
PM-10 emissions;
To invoke the emergency episode plan to prevent PM-10
concentrations from reaching the significant harm level of
600 ug/m3;
To meet ambient PM-10 monitoring requirements of 40 CFR 58;
and,
To meet the requirements of 40 CFR 51.322 and 51.323 to
report actual annual emissions of PM-10 (beginning with
emissions for 1988) for point sources emitting 100 tons per
year or more.
Current Status*
Reaion
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Universe
6
4
6
8
6
5
4
6
7
_i
56
Draft
SIP
2
0
4
8
0
5
4
0
0
Q
23
Public
Hearincr
1
0
4
8
4
4
3
0
1
0
25
Final
SIP
1
1
2
5
2
4
3
0
1
_Q
21
Comments
Draft for NH and RI, final for ME
Final for VI
Draft DE, DC, MD, PA, VA;
Final for DE, VA
Final for FL, GA, MS, NC, SC
Final IN and MN
AR, OK, LA, NM, draft for TX
Draft for KS, final for MO, NE,
IA
Development plans not submitted
*Based on data in the PM-10 bulletin board tracking system.
Future Milestones
Comment on draft SIP revisions and prepare notices of
proposed rulemaking on final SlP's submitted to EPA.
43
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STATUS OF STATEWIDE PM-10 SIP REVISIONS
EPA Contact Persons
Ken Woodard (919) 541-5351
(FTS) 629-5351
Martha Smith (919) 541-5314
(FTS) 629-5314
44
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STATUS OF PM-10 GROUP I SIP DEVELOPMENT
Background
The SIP's for PM-10 Group I areas are required to include a
control strategy and a demonstration that the strategy will
attain and maintain the NAAQS. Developing a SIP for a Group I
area requires completing several data gathering and processing
tasks. Milestones we are tracking include the following: (1)
complete emission inventory, (2) submit model protocol, (3)
reconcile model results, (4) analyze alternative control
strategies, (5) select final strategy, (6) submit draft SIP, (7)
hold public hearing, (8) adopt regulations, (9) submit final SIP.
Current Status*
Reaion
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Universe
2
0
1
0
7
1
0
14
16
12
58
Emission
Inventories
Complete
2
0
1
0
7
1
0
10
16
_2
39
Reconcile
Model
Results
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
5
Alternative
Control
Strategies
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
3
_5_
13
Public
Hearina
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
-0
4
Submit
Final
SIP
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_Q
0
*Based on information entered in the PM-10 bulletin board tracking
system.
Future Milestones
Have completed PM-10 SIP's for 35 Group I areas submitted to EPA
by October 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Ken Woodard
(919) 541-5351
(FTS) 629-5351
Martha Smith (919) 541-5314
(FTS) 629-5314
45
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STATUS OF PM-10 GROUP II CQMMITTAL SIP DEVELOPMENT
Background
A committal SIP for PM-10 Group II areas is simply an
authoritative letter from the State agency or board committing to
monitor PM-10 in accordance with 40 CFR 58, report any
exceedances and violations of the NAAQS, evaluate the adequacy of
existing regulations for particulate matter, and revise the SIP
as necessary to attain and maintain the PM-10 NAAQS. We are
tracking when states submit drafts, hold public hearings, and
submit final SIP's.
Current Status*
Reaion
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Universe
0
3
9
4
40
11
6
18
13
9
113
Public
Hearina
0
0
8
2
40
11
5
5
7
0
78
Final
SIP
0
3
4
4
40
11
5
15
6
6
94
Comments
Final for NY, NJ, and PR
Final for PA, VA
All submitted
All submitted
All submitted
Final for all except KS
Final for all except MT(2) and WY(1)
Final for AZ only
*Based on data in the PM-10 bulletin board tracking system.
Future Milestones
Committal SIP's will be sought for the remaining 19 areas.
EPA Contact Person
Ken Woodard
Martha Smith
(919) 541-5351
(FTS) 629-5351
(919) 541-5314
(FTS) 629-5314
46
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PM-10 LONG-TERM NONATTAINMENT POLICY
Background
It is clear that attaining the new PM-10 standard will be a
long-term problem for a number of areas. Preliminary estimates
indicate that 22 areas, ranging in size from small rural
agricultural and mountain communities to major urban areas are
unlikely to attain the standards in 3 to 5 years. The severity
of the PM-10 problem varies substantially with the mix of sources
and the populations exposed in these areas.
Current Status
A policy statement was issued November 4, 1988 regarding
action to take on SIP's for areas that are unlikely to attain the
standards in 3 to 5 years or long-term nonattainment areas
(LTNA). The LTNA policy states that a SIP should be disapproved
if it does not include a persuasive demonstration of attainment
and, also, does not include a reasonable control strategy. The
Regional Office should consult with OAQPS and OGC concerning the
action to be taken for a SIP that does require a reasonable
control strategy but does not include a persuasive demonstration
of attainment.
A task force including representatives from Regions, OAQPS,
and OGC was formed in April 1988 to examine the issues
surrounding approving SIP's that are not adequate to attain the
standards. The task force found that an adverse judicial
decision in a case involving Abraroowitz v. EPA in the Ninth
Circuit presents a significant constraint to approving only
selected parts of a SIP. The Abramowitz court held that EPA
exceeded its authority by approving individual control measures
but declining to judge whether or not those measures would
achieve attainment. The Abramowitz court did not express a view
as to whether or not EPA could approve individual control
measures at the same time it disapproved the attainment
demonstration in the SIP.
For these reasons, the task force strongly supports amending
the Clean Air Act and has advanced a concept paper addressing PM-
10 long-term nonattainment to numerous congressional staff,
including the group of nine, who embodied much of this thinking
in their draft amendments.
Future Milestones
OAQPS is working on guidance/sub-policies that will flesh
out control approaches for long-term nonattainment problems
associated with key source categories, including wood stoves,
urban fugitive dust, prescription burning, atmospherically formed
particles (e.g., sulfates, nitrates) and rural fugitive dust.
47
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PM-10 LONG-TERM NONATTAINMENT POLICY
They will be issued as resources to support their development
become available.
EPA Contact Persons
John Bachmann (919) 541-5359
(FTS) 629-5359
David Stonefield (919) 541-5350
(FTS) 629-5350
Tom Pace (919) 541-5634
(FTS) 629-5634
48
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RURAL FUGITIVE DUST POLICY
Background
When the EPA promulgated the PM-10 NAAQS, it retained, on an
interim basis, the 1977 Rural Fugitive Dust Policy (RFDP). This
policy, which was originally intended for use with the TSP NAAQS,
allowed States with rural fugitive dust areas (RFDA's) to
deemphasize the control of fugitive dust in rural areas when
developing and enforcing their State implementation plans (SIP's)
for attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS for PM-10. The
policy directs that efforts to control particulate matter be
expended first at sources in urban areas and next at certain
large manmade sources in rural areas. Concurrent with the
promulgation, EPA proposed three alternative policies for
controlling rural fugitive dust and solicited comments on the
alternatives and on the adequacy of the definitions which are
used in identifying RFDA's (52 FR 24716).
Current Status
The EPA has formed an interagency work group to review the
rural fugitive dust policy and the public comments on the
proposed alternative policies. The work group has made progress
on evaluating the policy and commenting on developing mechanisms
for controlling fugitive dust in rural areas.
The EPA has started an economic analysis of three areas to
determine the impact of each of the alternative policies. The
cost/benefits for each alternative fugitive dust policy for two
areas has been completed. The analysis for the third area is
currently in review.
Since rural fugitive dust is an element of the PM-10 long-
term nonattainment problem, EPA has decided to issue the RFDP as
a memorandum and guidance documents under the long-term
nonattainment policy.
Future Milestones
No schedule for publishing the policy has been established.
EPA Contact Person
Robin Dunkins (919) 541-5335
(FTS) 629-5335
49
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URBAN FUGITIVE DUST POLICY
Background
Fugitive dust in urban areas generally is due to vehicle
resuspension of dust on and around paved roads, unpaved roads,
and parking, or windblown dust emitted from open areas with
inadequate ground cover. Previous efforts to control paved road
emissions have proven unsuccessful, largely because they relied
on periodic street cleaning to reduce surface loadings. Under the
urban fugitive dust policy now under development, programs to
prevent dust from reaching the road surface will be emphasized.
The policy will also address unpaved roads and areas. It will
identify best available control measures (BACM) and additional
control measures (ACM) for adoption and implementation under the
PM-10 long-term nonattainment policy umbrella.
Current Status
A technical support document, "Control of Open Fugitive Dust
Sources," EPA-450/3-88-008, September 1988, was developed by the
Emission Standards Division of EPA/OAQPS and distributed to the
PM-10 Regional contacts. The document provides control and cost
effectiveness information and a regulatory framework which will
be helpful in developing and reviewing State implementation plans
for PM-10. Workshops have been held in Region IX and in Seattle,
Washington to discuss this support document in detail.
The EPA is now in the process of developing a draft of the
Urban Fugitive Dust Policy.
Future Milestones
Policy will be issued spring 1989.
The workshop for "Control of Open Fugitive Dust Sources"
mentioned above is available for those Regions interested.
Additional workshops will be held if requested by the
Regions.
EPA Contact Person
Robin Dunkins (919) 541-5335
(FTS) 629-5335
50
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PM-10 EMISSIONS TRADING
Background
The EPA Emissions Trading Policy statement was published in
the Federal Register on December 4, 1986 (51 FR 43814). Among
other things, the policy statement addresses reguirements for
trading particulate emissions as TSP but not as PM-10. The rules
for trading must be confirmed as applicable to PM-10 trades or
revised when necessary.
Current Status
A paper addressing many of the policy guestions was prepared
jointly with EPA's Office of Standards and Regulations for
presentation at the APCA/EPA Specialty conference held in San
Francisco February 23-25, 1988. The paper sets forth the
following special rules regarding PM-10 trades:
Demonstrating Ambient Equivalence
Analysis of ambient equivalence is not required if the
sum of the PM-10 emissions increases looking only at the
increasing sources is less than 15 tpy.
Baseline for Measuring Emission Reduction Credits (ERC/s1
1. Group I areas - treated as nonattainment areas
a. Trade must show progress-yield 20 percent net
decrease
b. Prior reductions not creditable
c. Baseline emissions lower of actual, SIP allowable,
RACT allowable
2. Group II areas - treated as unclassifiable area until
shown to be attaining the NAAQS
a. Trade is not required to show progress
b. Prior reductions are not creditable
c. Baseline emissions lower of actual, SIP allowable,
or RACT allowable
3. Group III areas - treated as attainment areas without
demonstrations
a. Trade is not required to show progress
b. Prior reductions are not creditable
c. Baseline emissions lower of actual or SIP
allowable unless Level II analysis demonstrates
that higher allowable values will not interfere
with NAAQS or PSD increments
51
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PM-10 EMISSIONS TRADING
Prior ( Banked ) Emission Reductions
Credit generally cannot be granted for emission
reductions made before the ambient monitoring data are or
were collected for use in developing the PM-10 SIP.
(Reductions prior to 1985 would generally not be creditable
because areas were grouped for SIP development based on
1985-1987 ambient data.)
pf secondary Particles
ERC's for reducing emissions of precursors to secondary
particles can be obtained if:
the precursor is emitted from a local source (in the
same airshed) ;
a model applicable to the area has been developed to
demonstrate proportional benefit to PM-10 of reducing
precursor emissions;
the control strategy for the area requires reduction of
secondary particles and has been demonstrated by
dispersion modeling to attain the PM-10 NAAQS.
Future Milestones
Define what constitutes a "significant increase" in ambient
PM-10 concentrations.
Prepare a policy statement addressing how emission trading
rules are to be met for sources of PM-10.
EPA Contact Person
Ken Woodard (919) 541-5351
(FTS) 629-5351
52
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WOOD SMOKE REDUCTION POLICY
Background
Wood smoke from residential wood heaters and fireplaces
significantly impacts concentrations of PM-10 in several Group I
areas. This is especially true in the northwest quarter of the
Nation (Regions VIII and X). Concentrations reach episodic
levels when inversions trap smoke in mountain valleys.
Since some Group I areas impacted by wood smoke could require
several years to attain the PM-10 NAAQS, a statement identifying the
key elements which should be addressed in SIP's for areas with long-
term nonattainment problems is being developed.
Current Status
Development of technical guidance is nearing completion.
The guidance will discuss control measures (and their
effectiveness) for smoke from residential wood combustion that
should be included in SIP's.
The SIP's in long-term nonattainment wood smoke areas should
address four points:
1. Reducing emissions from the current population of stoves
through installation, safety, and maintenance inspections;
permits; incentives to convert to cleaner stoves or alternative
clean fuels.
2. Curtailing the use of wood stoves and fireplaces during
adverse meteorological conditions.
3. Preventing continued long-term increases in wood smoke
emissions by limiting future growth in the numbers of wood stoves
and fireplaces, making alternative fuels available, stopping
subsidies for wood combustion (i.e., free wood from State and
national forests).
4. Establishment of a concerted "outreach" program to
educate the public on the need for curtailment programs and
improving the burn efficiency in existing stoves.
Future Milestones
Issue a policy statement, technical guidance, and conduct
workshops in Regions VIII and X in the spring of 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Tom Pace (919) 541-5634
(FTS) 629-5634
53
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INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY
Background
In some locations along the U.S./Mexican border, EPA has
classified areas as PM-10 Group I or II. In at least two of
these areas (El Paso, Texas, and Nogales, Arizona), we have
strong indication that the high PM concentrations result from
transport of pollution from Mexico.
The EPA's present international transport policy is based
upon two 1978 memorandums, both clearly stating that Congress did
not provide any relief from Clean Air Act requirements for areas
impacted by foreign emissions. However, both also state that the
SIP for the U.S. side of the border should assume that the
foreign sources will be sufficiently controlled to attain
national ambient air quality standards at the border.
Current Status
States are now developing SIP's for Group I PM-10 areas
along the U.S./Mexican border. As part of those efforts. States
must identify the sources of particulate matter. If it is coming
from Mexico, the States can follow EPA's existing policy, i.e.,
assume that the Mexican sources will be controlled sufficiently
to attain the standards at the border.
In a related matter, the EPA is currently working with the
U.S. State Department toward the adoption of an annex to the 1983
U.S./Mexican agreement. That annex would deal with air pollution
along the border.
Future Milestones
If problems with the existing international transport policy
are identified as a result of the PM-10 SIP development process,
EPA will then review that policy.
EPA Contact Person
David Stonefield (919) 541-5350
(FTS) 629-5350
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PRESCRIBED BURNING/SMOKE MANAGEMENT
Background
One of the five major causes of long-term PM-10
nonattainment is the emissions from prescribed burning for
silviculture and agriculture activities. In the past, EPA has
treated episodes of high PM concentrations caused by prescribed
burns the same as episodes caused by wildfires, i.e., considered
them as exceptional events. However, high concentrations from
prescribed burning is a routine occurrence in some parts of the
country and, to a limited extent, are controllable.
Current Status
At this time, EPA does not have a specific policy on
prescribed burning. However, we have established an interagency
task force, through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group
(NWCG), to assist EPA in establishing such a policy. Our basic
philosophy in discussions with the NWCG is that although
prescribed burning is a useful and sometimes the only tool
available to accomplish silviculture and agriculture goals, it
should only be conducted using good smoke management techniques.
An outline of a draft policy statement has been developed.
However, work on the full policy statement was delayed because of
NWCG's need to address the wildfires that occurred last summer.
Future Milestones
By the end of October 1989, we plan to develop a schedule
for a draft policy.
EPA Contact Person
David Stonefield (919) 541-5350
(FTS) 629-5350
55
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STATUS OF PM-10 SAMPLERS
packground
The PM-10 network design and siting requirements of 40 CFR
58 were promulgated on July 1, 1987. Under Section 58.34 of this
action, the National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) for PM-10 and
the State and Local Air Monitoring stations (SLAMS) for Group I
and II areas were required to be operational by August 1, 1988.
Group I areas were those having a high probability for violating
the PM-10 national ambient air quality standard, based upon an
analysis of that area's total suspended particulate air quality
data. Group II areas were those where the data were
inconclusive. The remaining SLAMS are required to be operational
by August 1, 1989.
Current Status
Excellent progress has been made in procuring and installing
PM-10 samplers in the past several months. On October 31, 1988
there were 1,091 samplers operating at 746 sites, and these
totals were increased to 1,114 samplers at 763 sites on December
31, 1988. The latest information as of February 28, 1989 now
shows that there are 1,179 samplers operating at 826 sites.
EPA Contact Person
David Lutz (919) 541-5476
(FTS) 629-5476
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ŁM1Q EMISSION FACTORS
Background
The EPA is continuing development of PM1Q emission factors and is
assisting States in filling gaps in PM,Q emission inventories where
published PM10 emission factors are not yet available for particular
source categories.
Current Status/Future Milestones
PM^Q emission factors have been published in AP-42 in the Fourth
Edition (September 1985) and in Supplement A (October 1986). Addi-
tional PM1Q factors were published in Supplement Bf September 1988, for;
- Residential Wood Stoves
- Waste Oil Combustion
Refuse Incineration
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Grain Elevators and Processing Plants
Crushed Stone Processing
- Western Surface Coal Mining
Wildfire and Prescribed Burning
Unpaved Roads
Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles
Industrial Paved Roads
Industrial Site Wind Erosion
Efforts are ongoing to fill gaps in PM,Q emission factors by
technology transfer and engineering judgment techniques. Gap
fillers developed to date have been published in Gap Filling P
Emission Factors For Selected Open Dust SourcesP EPA-450/4-88-0
(February 1988) and in NEDS Source Classification Codes and Emission
Factor Listing, August 1988. These two reports were also
distributed to STAPPA/ALAPCO member agencies in August 1988.
Additional PM1Q emission factors for approximately 350 source
operations have been developed under a technology transfer study and
proposed to us by a contractor. They are being reviewed and those
approved should be made available and distributed to State/local
agencies in May 1989. The EPA Emission Factor Clearinghouse is
compiling a prioritized listing of needed emission factors,
principally for PM-j^, based on a survey of the Regional Offices.
The list will be published in the clearinghouse newsletter,
soliciting gap filling proposals from any agency having relevant
emissions test data or a developed technique for estimating
emissions. The first periodic newsletter is scheduled to be
published in April 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Dennis R. Shipman (919) 541-5477
(FTS) 629-5477
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STACK TEST METHOD FOR PM-10
Background
Two methods have been developed to measure PM-10. The
Constant Sampling Rate (CSR) method uses EPA M17 fitted with
either a cyclone or an inertial impactor particle separator and
the Exhaust Gas Recycle (EGR) method uses a special sampling
train equipped with a means to maintain constant flow through a
cyclone and variable flow at the sampling nozzle. Both methods
have an in-stack filter and an out-of-stack filter held at a
constant temperature of 248°F.
Current Status
Originally, the package proposing PM-10 stack test methods
was to be published in 40 CFR Part 52. However, in response to
recommendations from the Agency's Office of General Counsel,
OAQPS is now proposing to add both methods to Part 51, Appendix
M. The result is to create a repository for example SIP methods
in Part 51. Methods in Appendix M or their equivalent will be
required in SIP's.
Future Milestone
Publication of proposed rulemaking in Federal Register -
May 1989
EPA Contact Person
Roy Huntley (919) 541-1060
(FTS) 629-1060
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STACK TEST METHOD FOR CONDENSIBLE PARTICIPATE MATTER
Background
A stack test method for determining condensible particulates
is currently under evaluation by EPA's Office of Air Quality and
Planning Standards. This method modifies Method 5 to include
procedures for analyzing the impingers for condensibles.
Additionally, a nitrogen purge is required to remove any
dissolved SO2 in the impinger water, which, if not removed, may
form artifacts which are not considered to be condensibles.
Current Status
Laboratory testing has been completed, and two field tests
have been performed. Additionally, a draft protocol has been
developed.
Future Milestones
Perform additional field test (optional).
Develop final protocol.
EPA Contact Person
Lori Tussey Lay (919) 541-3576
(FTS) 629-3576
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CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (CMA1 RULEMAKING
Background
In 1982, EPA negotiated a Settlement Agreement with the CMA
stemming from litigation over regulations for PSD and
nonattainment area new source review that EPA promulgated on
August 7, 1980. The EPA agreed to propose revisions to the 1980
regulations according to the changes listed in two parts of the
Settlement Agreement—Exhibit A and Exhibit B. In August 1983,
EPA proposed Exhibit A changes related to fugitive emissions.
Federal enforceability, definition of "significant," innovative
control technology waivers, secondary emissions, offset banking,
prior source shutdowns, and health and welfare equivalence. In a
subsequent action, final action on fugitive emissions was taken
by EPA in October 1984.
With regard to Exhibit B, the changes to be proposed would
allow sources to compute emissions reduction credits for netting
and offsetting as the difference between an old and a new or
modified emissions unit's potential to emit on an hourly basis.
(The 1980 regulations required that emission reduction credits be
computed as the difference in typical actual emissions and new
actuals [which by definition, if a unit has not commenced normal
operations, is its potential to emit] on an annual basis.) Work
on the Exhibit B rulemaking has been suspended several times
since 1982, primarily due to resource shortages within EPA.
Current Status
Final rulemaking on the Exhibit A portion of the CMA
Settlement Agreement is expected to be published in May. The EPA
is currently analyzing the environmental and economic impacts of
promulgating the revisions stipulated in Exhibit B, as well as
other regulatory alternatives that have been identified. A work
group was formed in 1988 to review the results of the analyses
conducted to support proposed rulemaking. The work group consists
of representatives of EPA Headquarters and Regional Offices.
Future Activities
As stated above, final action on Exhibit A is expected to be
published in May. Rulemaking on Exhibit B is scheduled for
proposal in December 1989.
EPA Contact Persons
David Solomon (919) 541-5375
(FTS) 629-5375
Dennis Grumpier (919) 541-0871
(FTS) 629-0871
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NOx PSD INCREMENTS
Background
In early 1987, EPA was ordered by the court to develop
prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) regulations for
nitrogen oxides. On February 8, 1988, PSD increments for nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) were proposed by EPA, and on October 17, 1988, the
N02 increments were promulgated. Two petitions for reconsideration
of the final rules were received by EPA. One of these petitions
has since been dropped.
Current Status
The EPA is developing guidance on preparing SIP and delegation
of authority agreements, setting up and maintaining NOX emission
inventories, and gathering data needed for ambient air quality
analyses. Drafts of this guidance are to be distributed for peer
review in the summer of 1989.
Future Activities
The N02 increments regulations are to become effective on
October 17, 1989. States are allowed 9 months from that date to
submit approvable SIP's or "delegation of authority" agreements,
and EPA has an additional 4 months (until November 17, 1990) to
review and approve (or disapprove them).
On November 17, 1990, for States not having an approved SIP
or delegation agreement, EPA Regional Offices are to assume
responsibility for PSD permitting, at least for that portion of
the permits dealing with N02 increment analysis requirements.
The baseline date for the NO2 increments was February 8, 1988.
All major source construction since that date has consumed NO2
increment. For areas where the minor source baseline date has been
triggered, minor sources (including area and mobile sources) also
consume increment. At present, there is no Federal requirement for
NO2 increment consumption analyses between the major source
baseline date and the date the NO, increments programs are
implemented in each State. However, if a State has elected not to
require NO2 increment consumption analysis during this interim
period, it must explain (in its SIP or delegation agreement
revision) how it plans to determine increment consumption
retroactively.
EPA Contact Person
Eric Noble (919) 541-5362
(FTS) 629-5362
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PM PSD INCREMENTS
Background
On July 1, 1987 (52 FR 24634), EPA promulgated revised
national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter.
In making this revision, EPA established a new indicator based on
particles nominally 10 microns and less in diameter (PM^) to
replace the total suspended particulate (TSP) indicator for both
the primary and secondary standards. However, EPA retained the
TSP indicator for the prevention of significant deterioration
(PSD) increments for particulate matter and announced its intent
to promulgate, in a subsequent rulemaking, PM1Q increments which
would be equivalent to the existing TSP increments (52 FR 24685).
Current Status
Since its formation on August 25, 1987, an EPA work group
has been meeting regularly to review and assist in the
development of PM1Q increments. The work group consists of
representatives from EPA Headquarters and Regional Offices, the
Department of Energy, the National Park Service, and the Bureau
of Land Management. The rulemaking package proposing PM-^
increments has completed EPA Red Border review and will be
undergoing OMB review in May 1989.
Future Activities
In accordance with section 166 of the Clean Air Act, EPA
plans to propose PM1Q increments, as selected by the work group,
in the summer of 1989. Promulgation of the new increments is
anticipated in the summer of 1990. The PM10 increments would
then become effective 1 year after their date of promulgation as
required by section 166 of the Act. States will have 9 months
from the effective date to adopt the new increments and submit
revised plans to EPA for approval. When EPA approves a State's
revision to its PSD SIP (containing new PM1Q increments), all TSP
area designations within the jurisdiction of such SIP will also
be deleted. Consequently, in any area where a TSP area
designation no longer exists, Class II and III TSP increments
will not apply.
For mandatory Federal Class I areas, increments are not tied
to the area designation process. The EPA intends to allow States
to implement the new Class I PM10 increments as a surrogate for
the existing Class I TSP increments, assuming they are equally
protective of the Class I areas of concern.
EPA Contact Person
Dan deRoeck (919) 541-5593
(FTS) 629-5593
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RULEMAKING PROPOSAL FOR STRIP MINES
AND RELATED FUGITIVE DUST ISSUES
Background
On August 7, 1980, EPA listed 30 source categories for
inclusion of fugitive emissions in new source review
applicability determinations. Surface coal mines were not
included on this list and, as a result, the Sierra Club sued EPA
to compel listing. In its response to the D.C. Circuit Court of
Appeals remand, EPA commenced rulemaking for surface coal mines.
Subsequently, on October 26, 1984, EPA proposed that surface coal
mines be listed, pursuant to the criteria set forth for section
(302[j]) rulemaking.
In a related issue on fugitive dust, the mining industry has
strongly advocated changes to the definition of "source" and the
review of secondary emissions. The presence of certain
categories on the "list of 30" mentioned above could trigger PSD
review of mines even if EPA has not promulgated a listing of
surface coal mines.
Current Status/Future Milestones
The EPA continues to analyze the comments received and
anticipates final action on the surface coal mines proposal in
1989. This rulemaking will also respond to the industry concerns
described above on related fugitive emissions issues for surface
coal mines.
In a related development, the Department of Interior issued
regulations in the November 8, 1988 Federal Register for roads at
surface and underground mines, including surface coal mines. The
EPA is currently analyzing the impact of this proposal on the
surface coal mines final action that is now under development.
EPA Contact Person
Bill Lamason (919) 541-5374
(FTS) 629-5374
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IMPROVING NEW SOURCE REVIEW (NSR1
Background
In 1986, EPA formed a special task force on NSR. The
principal purpose in organizing this task force was to address
growing concerns about the consistency and certainty of permits
issued under the Clean Air Act's NSR requirements. The basic
goal of the task force effort was to improve the timeliness,
certainty, and effectiveness of the NSR permit process.
In December 1986, the task force issued a draft report of
its findings and options for improving the NSR permits. The
members of the task force concluded that, in general, program
problems could best be resolved by improvements in:
1. Additional general NSR program assistance and detailed
technical training and assistance in the determination of BACT.
2. Enhanced communications and information flow between
EPA and the State/local permitting agencies in a manner
consistent with State/local permitting procedures and manpower.
Current Status/Future Milestones
In December 1987, EPA began to implement several initiatives
designed to improve NSR program implementation. The initiatives
included:
increased emphasis on Regional review of State permit
actions during the public comment period;
development of the "top-down" approach to determining BACT;
development of guidance regarding deficient permit actions;
increased Regional and State agency training.
In addition, EPA formed an NSR task group which, in
consultation with State/local agency representatives, will
monitor the progress and problems associated with NSR program
implementation. The first meeting of the task group was held on
May 18, 1988. A second meeting was held on January 30, 1989.
Progress to date in implementing NSR program improvements
includes the following:
All Regions have now taken steps to increase their overview
of State permit actions during the public comment period.
A contract has been let in order to develop "top-down" BACT
guidance.
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IMPROVING NEW SOURCE REVIEW
Guidance regarding deficient permit actions was developed
and issued by EPA in 1988.
Training manuals on NSR implementation are being updated by
EPA, and a training course will be available in late 1989.
EPA Contact Person
David Solomon (919) 541-5375
(FTS) 629-5375
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NEW SOURCE REVIEW fNSRI BULLETIN BOARD
Background/Current Status
Federal policy determinations play a very significant role in
the everyday implementation of the PSD and nonattainment area new
source review programs.
The EPA has established a new source review electronic
bulletin board, which is available for use by State/local agencies
implementing the NSR regulations.
This bulletin board allows the user to:
access a listing and summary of EPA NSR program policy
and guidance memorandums;
obtain a complete copy of recent reference memorandums;
obtain a current listing of EPA program contacts; and
send and receive messages within general and specific
categories.
The NSR bulletin board is now operational. State/local
agencies should contact their Regional NSR Contact for a copy of
the user's manual.
User Summary Thru March 1989
Cumulative Total Users 45
Cumulative Total State/local Users 27
Number of Times Bulletin Board Accessed 507
Cumulative number of messages on Bulletin Board 44
Cumulative number of policy/guidance files
for downloading 24
EPA Contact Persons
David Solomon (919) 541-5375
(FTS) 629-5375
Dennis Grumpier (919) 541-0871
(FTS) 629-0871
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ACID RAIN IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
Background
In 1984, EPA initiated an effort to explore with the States
the issues that might arise in implementing an acid rain control
program. Over 200 implementation issues were identified as
associated with potential legislation that focused on emission
reductions. In late 1984, Congress appropriated $3 million of
Section 105 funds to examine implementation, administrative and
institutional issues.
A total of 47 State Acid Rain (STAR) projects were funded to
examine potential implementation issues. Two workshops were
conducted to review progress of the STAR projects—one in
Pittsburgh, PA in 1985, and one in Asheville, NC in 1986.
Proceedings of both workshops are available. In consultation
with representatives from the National Association of Regulatory
Utility Commissioners (NARUC), EPA prepared a report on acid rain
implementation issues from the perspective of State utility
commissioners.
Current Status
STAR projects are completed; copies of project summaries and
final reports are currently available. A draft Final Report of
the STAR program is being completed and printed. The EPA co-
sponsored a workshop between State air agency and utility
regulatory officials on January 30 and 31, 1989.
The EPA is currently examining issues regarding the
integration of acid rain control programs with existing
regulatory programs affecting sources of sulfur oxides. The
principal objectives in this effort include minimizing
inefficiency and duplication among regulatory efforts and
promoting design of implementation programs responsive to
multiple goals. Among the programs under consideration are
national ambient air quality standards for sulfur oxides, revised
significant harm levels, potential standards for fine particles
and acid aerosols, new source performance standards review, and
stack height regulations.
The EPA is now evaluating the existing infrastructure for
emissions data collection, storage and retrieval in order to plan
modifications appropriate for support of emissions tracking,
progress monitoring, and emissions trading activities likely to
arise under potential acid rain legislation.
Future Milestones
Distribution of final report on the STAR program.
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ACID RAIN IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
Proceedings of the EPA/STAPPA/NARUC workshop are expected by
May 1, 1989.
Meetings with State air agency officials to discuss related
implementation issues of common concern in early and mid 1989.
EPA Contact Persons
David Bassett (202) 475-9307
(FTS) 475-9307
Eric Ginsburg (919) 541-0877
(FTS) 629-0877
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIAL ENVOYS
REPORT ON ACID RAIN
Background and Current Status
At their March 1985 summit conference, President Reagan and
Canadian Prime Minister Mulroney appointed Special Envoys
Drew Lewis and William Davis, respectively, to study and
report to them on acid rain.
The Special Envoys Report was accepted by President Reagan
in January 1986. It found that acid rain is indeed a problem
between Canada and the United States, but that neither country
is in a position to solve the problem at the present time.
It recommended a $5 billion, 5-year ($2.5 billion Federal,
$2.5 private) retrofit control technology demonstration
program in the United States, review by each country of its
existing legal authority and programs affecting acid rain, and
continued research.
Appropriations for Clean Coal Technologies - On March 18,
1987, President Reagan reiterated his acceptance of the Joint
Envoys report and initiated actions to carry out the 5-year,
Federal/private, demonstration program. On December 22, 1987,
President Reagan signed Public Law No. 100-202. This law
provides $575 million over fiscal years 1988 ($50 million) and
1989 ($525 million) for the Department of Energy (DOE) to conduct
an innovative clean coal technology (ICCT) program to demonstrate
on a commercial scale retrofit or repowering ICCT. These
technologies will be selected using criteria essentially
the same as those recommended by the Special Envoys. The DOE
issued the solicitation for ICCT projects on February 22, 1988.
A total of 54 proposals were received, and on September 28, 1988,
DOE selected 16 projects for further negotiation. The EPA's
Frank Princiotta (ORD) served as an advisor to the DOE Source
Evaluation Board (SEE). Recently, President Bush asked for $710
million in fiscal year 1990; his budget also proposes that the
remaining funds be provided in 1991 and 1992. The DOE has
requested an additional $1.2 billion to complete ICCT funding.
In March, DOE published the draft Round 3 solicitation; the final
is due out in May 1989. Frank Princiotta is expected to again
serve on the SEB.
ICTAP Participation - To provide advice to DOE on the ICCT
program, Eileen Claussen of EPA's Office of Air and Radiation,
and John Skinner, Director of the Office of Environmental
Engineering and Technology Demonstration, were named to the
Department of Energy's Innovative Control Technology Advisory
Panel (ICTAP). There are 36 other Federal, industry,
environmental, union, academic, Canadian, and state
representatives to ICTAP, including Alabama, Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Wyoming and the Navajo
Nations. This Panel met for the first time on September 30,
1987, again on February 25, 1988, June 22, and November 30 1988.
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIAL ENVOYS
REPORT ON ACID RAIN
ICTAP has produced two reports, one on clean coal technology
commercialization incentives, and one on status of innovative
clean coal technologies.
Review of Existing Authorities - The recommended review of
existing U.S. authorities was completed and given to Canada
in March 1987. We also conducted our own analysis of the
Canadian air pollution and acid rain programs.
Participation in Continuing Discussions with Canadians -
Discussions regarding a possible bilateral accord between the
United States and Canada on acid rain began at a May 22, 1987
meeting of the U.S.-Canadian Bilateral Advisory and Consultative
Group (BACG). The U.S. continues to hold regular discussions
with the Canadians on this and other subjects. The last meeting
of the BACG took place on January 25, 1988. President Bush met
with Prime Minister Mulroney in February 1989 and said, regarding
acid rain, that the time for study alone was over. In his
budget, President Bush said that he would ask Congress to
establish an acid rain program that would obtain significant SO2
and NOx emission reductions by a certain date. The
Administration's acid rain program will include market-based
approaches, supplementing and modifying the traditional
command-and-control approaches.
VP Task Force on Regulatory Relief - This Task Force
reviewed current law to see if opportunities existed to encourage
innovation in control technology, and developed recommendations
for several Federal agencies. In 1988, President Reagan endorsed
these recommendations. The four recommendations applicable to
EPA are:
'New-New' Bubbles - encourage greater use of the recently
promulgated policy of allowing emissions trading between two
sources subject to certain new source performance standards
(NSPS).
Complimentary Use of 'New-New' Bubbles and Innovative
Technology Waivers - encourage use of these existing
emission trading options by utilities that are uncertain
whether an innovative clean coal technology will actually
achieve NSPS levels before a waiver expires.
Commercial Demonstration Permits - expand the availability
and applicability of commercial demonstration permits (40
CFR 60.45a) that allow utility boilers using innovative
control technologies to meet less stringent standards than
required for other new sources.
NOx Control Strategies for Ozone - issue guidance
encouraging those areas of the country that can reduce ozone
by controlling NOx to examine the potential role of nitrogen
oxides (NOx) reductions in place of more expensive volatile
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIAL ENVOYS
REPORT ON ACID RAIN
organic compound (VOC) reductions in State implementation
plans (either through interpollutant emission trades or
direct State regulatory actions).
Future Milestones
The DOE will select projects for ICCT Round 3 by December
27, 1989. Two additional ICCT project solicitations may be
issued by DOE in 1190 through 1992 if Congress appropriates the
remainder of the $2.5 billion requested by DOE.
Implementation of the full $2.5 billion control technology
demonstration program, by the Administration, or enactment of a
similar program by Congress.
The final report of the Direct Delayed Response Project is
due out by June 1, 1989. This report should provide data to
determine the rate and amount of acidification of surface waters
in the U.S.
EPA Contact Person
John Schakenbach (202) 475-8545
(FTS) 475-8545
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EMISSION INVENTORY RESEARCH AND NATIONAL DATA BASE
Background
The 1985 National Acid Precipitation Research Program
(NAPAP) Emissions Inventory has been completed and is being
successfully utilized in the NAPAP assessment, atmospheric
chemistry studies (acid deposition and photochemical oxidants),
as well as in the analysis of legislative and regulatory
proposals. Thus, the need for and value of high quality
emissions data has been established by the 1980 and 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventories. However, it has also been demonstrated
that EPA needs a much better method for estimating area source
emissions and a much less costly and time consuming method for
collecting point source data.
Current Status
The EPA intends to improve its emissions inventory program
through a three pronged program: (1) development of a better
methodology for estimating emissions, especially area source
emissions; (2) development of improved implementation
capabilities at the sources, States and Regions; and (3)
development of improved data accountability policy and
procedures. A research plan has been developed to accomplish
this objective and outputs are targeted to allow a test
implementation of the new system for calendar year 1992. Major
products include: (1) improved area source emissions
methodology, (2) enhanced emissions inventory capability at
States and Regions, (3) revised emission inventory policy and
procedures, and (4) 1992 emission inventory.
Several emission inventory activities which were developed
as part of NAPAP should continue into the 1990's to provide the
necessary scientific data to support atmospheric chemistry
models. This includes collection of utility data via Department
of Energy (DOE) EIA-767 and the National Utility Reference File.
In addition, 1990/91 Episodic Emissions Data needs to be
collected and enhanced to support episodic runs of the acid
deposition models. To complete the picture of emissions into the
atmosphere, natural source emission estimates need to be
continued. Further, for data quality enhancements to be made
with reduction in the uncertainty of emission estimates, a field
test program is needed to improve emission and allocation
factors. Even a modest program will pay significant dividends in
this area. Major products would be: (1) utility emissions data,
(2) 1990/91 Episodic Emission Data, (3) natural source emission
data, and (4) revised emission factors.
Future Milestones
FY 1990 and 1991 funding is now being completed and will
determine the extent of initiating the studies defined above. At
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EMISSION INVENTORY RESEARCH AND NATIONAL DATA BASE
this time it seems unlikely, for a number of reasons, that EPA
will embark on a program to compile a 1990 national emission
inventory data base similar to the 1985 effort. Instead, efforts
will be concentrated on improving the overall emissions inventory
process and on providing States, Regions, and EPA Headquarters
with better systems and tools with which to generate complete,
comprehensive and accurate national emission inventories by 1992
or so.
EPA Contact Person
Thomas E. Rosendahl (919) 541-5404
(FTS) 629-5404
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STATUS OF RULE EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
Background
On March 31, 1988, EPA transmitted its final rule
effectiveness protocol to provide the Regions with the criteria
and procedures necessary to conduct a rule effectiveness study.
Each Region was requested to commit to at least one rule
effectiveness evaluation in an ozone nonattainment area for
FY 1989.
The studies include two phases; a field inspection phase and
an office investigation phase. Field inspections and file
reviews are being conducted to determine compliance and to
calculate or measure emissions at sources included in the sample
to determine the percentage effectiveness of the regulations.
The office investigations will supplement the field inspections
for the purpose of identifying specific program implementation
problems that should be addressed by the State and/or EPA.
Fifteen separate studies have been initiated by the Regions
on a variety of source categories including gasoline marketing,
petroleum refineries, surface coating at aerospace facilities,
autocoating, papercoating, graphic arts and miscellaneous metal
parts coating.
Current Status
Region Study Description
I
II
Miscellaneous metal parts
coating (MMPC) in Connecticut
1-Papercoaters in New Jersey
2-Gasoline loading terminals
in New Jersey
3-Gasoline marketing in metro
New York, Stages I, II
Status
Plan to send section 114
letters to about 200
sources. Expect a large
number to be exempt. Plan
to inspect some exempts to
verify data and about 20
major sources.
They have submitted draft
protocol to State and are
awaiting comments.
Reviewing section 114
letters. Contractor
assistance planned.
Protocol received Dec 21.
Expect to start inspections
in late April.
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STATUS OF RULE EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
Region
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Study Description
1-Gasoline marketing and
refineries in Regions
projected post-1987
nonattainment areas
2-Graphic arts in D.C. metro
area
Autocoating in Georgia
Miscellaneous metal parts
coating in metro Cleveland
VOC tank storage in Houston
and Baton Rouge areas (2
studies)
Gasoline marketing including
delivery vessels, terminals,
and service stations in Kansas
and Missouri
1-Petroleum refineries -
fugitive emissions or storage
tanks
2-Pharmaceuticals - carbon
monoxide
Aerospace coating in
California
PM-10 at major industrial
sources including large pulp
mills, aluminum smelters,
etc., in Washington
Status
Currently writing report on
work done in FY 1988 in
Pennsylvania. Planning
section is developing
workplan with EPA doing
support work for Stage I in
Washington, D.C. metro area
and graphic arts facilities,
Plan to inspect all sources,
This represents 7 1/2% of
stationary source inventory,
Protocol submitted March 14,
Negotiating with States on
protocols. Contractor to
inspect 400 tanks. Region
to accompany inspections.
Protocol received for Stage
I - 2/2/89. Region
completed inspections for
Stage I with about 20%
compliance.
Region has completed summary
of work done in Utah in last
few years at 5 petroleum
refineries. For floating
roof tanks, determined rule
effectiveness to be 80% and
emission inventory to be
good. Summary currently
being reviewed by State.
Preparing draft protocol.
Protocol submitted March 10.
South Coast inspections
complete - found 90.9% of
sources out of compliance.
Plan to issue about 24 NOVs.
Also finishing up an Oregon
VOC study from last year.
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STATUS OF RULE EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES
Summary of State Participation
State participation has been cautious. Some fear that the
main purpose of the program is to monitor their implementation
programs. Concern has also been expressed over the use of the
final results. Resources are a problem but most States are
negotiating with Regions and participating in protocol review
and/or inspections.
Preliminary Findings from Studies
NOVs issued in Region III for Stage I violations identified
in rule effectiveness study.
Support from EPA's Office of Mobile Sources used for Region
III Stage I study is being requested from States as an
enforcement technique independent of rule effectiveness studies.
Region VII completed Stage I inspections, demonstrating
compliance rate of 79 percent.
Region VIII paper study on floating roof tanks (from data
collected over past few years) indicates an 80 percent rule
effectiveness and a good emission inventory.
Region IX plans to issue about 24 NOVs. (The District
refuses to issue violations to sources with approved permits.)
Region IX's study found the estimation of projected emission
reductions associated with the rule to be way off.
Region IX found that the responses to the section 114
letters identified everything found in the field investigations.
(They suspect this is due to the statement referring to criminal
action.)
EPA Contact Person
Linda Lay (202) 382-3017
(FTS) 382-3017
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FY 1989 COMPLIANCE MONITORING STRATEGY
Background
The EPA issued the FY 1989 Compliance Monitoring Strategy
(CMS) on March 31, 1988. Issuance of the Strategy was the
culmination of a multiyear effort focusing on some very
important issues raised about the inspection grant program and
EPA's Inspection Frequency Guidance.
New features of the CMS that address these issues are: (1)
the ability to address local air pollution concerns, (2) the use
of inspection targeting, (3) the accounting for the total
inspection activity, and (4) the focus on national priorities.
Current Status
The Compliance Monitoring Strategy replaced the Inspection
Frequency Guidance in FY 1989. The strategy requires EPA and the
State to negotiate a State inspection plan that addresses
national priorities and spells out FY 1989 inspection
commitments. Sources in the negotiated inspection plans have
been flagged in EPA's Compliance Data System.
Training in the use of the inspection targeting model
portion of the CMS has been conducted and continued support is
being offered. A program that downloads CDS data directly into
the Inspection Targeting Program was recently made available to
CMS users.
Future Milestones
Analysis of the first full year under the CMS will occur in
the second quarter of FY 1990.
A status check on Regional CMS implementation will be made
during Regional visits in the third quarter of FY 1989.
The EPA's Program Evaluation Division (PED) will initiate a
study in the third quarter of FY 1989 on how to get wider
acceptance and implementation of the CMS.
EPA Contact Person
Howard Wright (202) 475-7034
(FTS) 475-7034
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ASBESTOS NESHAP STRATEGY
Background
On March 31, 1988, EPA issued a revised Asbestos NESHAP
Strategy. The original strategy, issued on April 6, 1984
intended to promote 100 percent compliance through the
implementation of an inspection plan. According to the 1984
strategy, an inspection plan could consist of inspecting "all
sources, all contractors, or any other program consistent with
the Agency goal of 100 percent compliance."
Because the annual notification rate has risen to over
50,000 in FY 1988, it is no longer feasible for most agencies to
inspect all sites. Inspecting all contractors may have been the
best alternative for an effective inspection plan under the 1984
strategy, however, the 1984 strategy did not fully describe how
such a plan would be implemented. After auditing three Regional
asbestos NESHAP enforcement programs, the Inspector General's
office remarked that the 1984 strategy "does not provide
additional criteria for developing an effective inspection
strategy."
The revised strategy provides criteria for targeting
inspections among a field of an estimated 5,000 contractors as
opposed to selecting inspection sites from over 50,000
notifications. Inspection efforts focused on contractors should
result in a more resource-effective enforcement program.
Appendix A of the strategy establishes a computerized
asbestos NESHAP compliance tracking system using dBase III.
Regions are expected to send guarterly reports of the data
elements defined in Appendix A to Headquarters, preferably
through electronic transmission. The aggregated nationwide data
base will be used to target inspections and promote enforcement
as described in the 1988 strategy.
Current Status
As of April 4, 1989, EPA has received input to the National
Asbestos Registry System (NARS) for the first quarter FY 1989
from all but four States. We expect that these States will
report. Data completeness and quality are generally good to
excellent. The EPA is now working to put the State and EPA
reports together for the first truly national NARS report,
containing summarized compliance experience of every contractor
active in the first quarter of FY 1989.
Future Milestones
Reports on progress of the implementation of the 1988
strategy.
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ASBESTOS NESHAP STRATEGY
EPA Contact. Persons
For Policy Questions and Applicability Determinations
Ken Malmberg (202) 382-2870
(FTS) 382-2870
Technical Issues
Omayra Salgado (202) 382-2837
(FTS) 382-2837
National Asbestos Registry System (NARS)
Mark Antell (202) 382-2878
(FTS) 382-2878
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STATUS OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Background
The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments require review and
revision, if needed, of all existing NAAQS by December 1980 and
at 5-year intervals thereafter.
Review of the ozone standard was completed February 1979.
The standard was raised from 0.08 parts per million (ppm) to
0.12 ppm, maximum 1-hour concentration.
The non-methane hydrocarbon standard was revoked January
1983.
Review of the carbon monoxide standard was completed in
September 1985. No change was made to the primary
standards; secondary standards were revoked.
The nitrogen dioxide standard was reaffirmed in June 1985.
Major revisions to the particulate matter standards were
promulgated on July 1, 1987. The primary and secondary standards
are identical and based on particles less than or equal to 10
micrometers in diameter (PM,D) rather than total suspended
particulate matter (TSP). The revised standards are 50
micrograms per cubic meter, expected annual arithmetic mean, and
150 micrograms per cubic meter, 24-hour average, with no more
than one expected exceedance per year. Also on July 1, 1987, an
Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was published to solicit
comment on a possible fine particle (less than 2.5 micrometers)
secondary standard to protect against visibility impairment.
Sulfur Dioxide (501
The revised criteria document for sulfur oxides (and
particulate matter) was issued in March 1984 in conjunction with
the proposed revision to the particulate matter NAAQS. The
criteria document was again updated in an addendum that was
issued July 1987. The staff paper for sulfur oxides was
completed in 1982 and updated to reflect the revised criteria in
an addendum dated December 1986.
The EPA's proposed decision not to revise the SO2 standards
was announced in the Federal Register on April 26, 1988.
Controlled human exposure studies reviewed in the criteria
document and staff paper addenda have prompted consideration of a
short-term S02 primary standard in addition to the existing
standards. Accordingly, the April 1988 Federal Register notice
also solicited comment on the alternative of adding a l-hour SO2
primary standard of 0.4 ppm. EPA also proposed to revise the 24-
hour significant harm level for S02 by changing it from 1.00 ppm
to 0.29 ppm. In addition, EPA proposed a new short-term
significant harm level of 5 ppm, 5 minute average, together with
a 1-hour guide of 2.5 ppm. Associated episode criteria were also
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STATUS OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
proposed. In addition, EPA also proposed several technical
changes to the SO2 NAAQS to codify prior Agency guidance.
The comment period on EPA's proposed decision not to revise
the SO, standards closed on November 22, 1988 and a meeting of
EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) to discuss
the proposal is tentatively scheduled for the summer of 1989.
Final action on the proposal is anticipated in mid-1990.
Ozone
The key issues confronting EPA in the ozone standard review
are the significance of emerging longer-term health effects data
and the appropriate averaging time for controlling welfare
effects. Attainment and maintenance of the existing one-hour
ozone standard appears more important than ever based on the
accumulation of the collective health and welfare effects data
base.
At a December 1987 meeting, CASAC informally advised EPA of
the need for a one-hour standard at a level not higher than 0.12
ppm and their continuing concern over new longer-term health
effects data. Most CASAC members, however, did not feel adequate
data were available to set a new longer-term standard. The EPA
subsequently met with CASAC on December 14-15, 1988 to complete
discussion on the acute health and welfare effects data and
discuss plans for completing the review. At that meeting, CASAC
recommended that EPA complete action on the review of the l-hour
ozone standard. Although most CASAC members supported tightening
the 1-hour secondary standard to 0.010 ppm, the CASAC membership
was split on the need for a tighter 1-hour primary air quality
standard.
The EPA's current plan is to complete review of the 1-hour
ozone standard. When adequate data are deemed to be available to
make a judgment on the need for a new longer-term standard, such
a judgment will be made.
Proposal of revised or reaffirmed standards will probably
not occur until 1991.
The primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for
lead (1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, quarterly average) were
established in October 1978.
CASAC closed on the revised criteria document and addendum
in August 1986. The Committee reviewed the second external
review draft of the staff paper in March 1986. A third draft of
the staff paper was reviewed by CASAC in April 1989, along with
an assessment of the carcinogenicity of lead.
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STATUS OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAOS^
The EPA has spent considerable effort in the past two years
developing and validating an exposure analysis methodology. A
draft report was submitted to CASAC's lead exposure subcommittee
in August 1988 and was reviewed by the subcommittee on October
25, 1988. The final report was completed in March 1989.
Proposal in the Federal Register is scheduled for mid-1990.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Preparation of a criteria document for the next review of
the CO air quality standard is now under way. Public and CASAC
review of the criteria document and the staff paper should be
complete by fall 1990.
Summary of NAAOS Status
Carbon Monoxide - Last review completed 9/85, new criteria
document scheduled for CASAC review 3/90
Nitrogen Dioxide - Last review completed 6/85, new criteria
document scheduled for CASAC review 5/90
Particulate Matter (PM10) - Last review completed 7/87
Sulfur Oxides - Last review completed 9/73; recent proposal
4/88, promulgation scheduled for mid-1990
Lead - Standard promulgated 10/78; proposal scheduled for
mid-1990
Ozone - Last review completed 2/79; proposal scheduled for
1991
EPA Contact Person
Bruce Jordan (919) 541-5656
(FTS) 629-5656
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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Background
In September 1987, the U.S. and 23 other nations signed the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, a
landmark agreement on the protection of the stratospheric ozone
layer. The Protocol entered into force on January 1, 1989, and
as of March 1, 1989, had been ratified by 36 nations. In
accordance with the U.S. commitment under the Protocol on August
12, 1988, the EPA issued its final rule on stratospheric ozone
protection. This rule places limits on the domestic production
and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
On August 12, 1988, the Agency also published an advance
notice of proposed rulemaking for possible future actions on this
issue. The Agency is considering additional rulemaking in the
event that timely progress is not made toward the reduced use of
these stratospheric ozone depleting chemicals.
Additional scientific studies released subsequent to the
Protocol show that the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer
might be of greater risk than was originally anticipated. In
light of these events, President Bush recently called for even
greater efforts in halting the depletion of stratospheric ozone
by calling for a complete phaseout of CFCs and halons by the turn
of the century.
Current Status
In 1989, EPA's Global Change Division will be involved in
implementing the domestic regulatory program as well as domestic
and international activities in support of the Montreal Protocol.
The EPA is involved in activities related to global warming and
other atmospheric change issues.
The major areas of attention in 1989 are the implementation
of the domestic program, preparation of economic, environmental,
scientific and technical assessments in support of the Montreal
Protocol, and both international and domestic efforts on
alternative technologies and technology transfer.
To domestically implement the final rule, the EPA is
completing and implementing a production and consumption tracking
system for the chemicals that are regulated. This involves
putting in place reporting and recordkeeping systems and
operating these systems. EPA is involved in harmonizing data on
imports and exports and assessing the market response to
regulation.
The EPA is also participating in a series of international
protocol assessments and studies. The first of these assessments
required under the Protocol is scheduled for 1989. These
assessments include the analysis of technical issues (i.e.,
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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
controls and substitutes) and economic issues (e.g., costs of
reductions, benefits) related to the 1989/90 assessments. The
EPA will also be assessing the scientific issues that are related
to the 1989/90 assessment.
The EPA is working closely with the State Department in
efforts to encourage other countries to join the Protocol. This
includes work on technology and the transfer of existing
technologies among lesser developed countries. The work on
alternative technologies includes support for reducing barriers
to recycling, technologies to reduce emissions from halons and
technology transfer. This work also includes assessments of new
chemical alternatives and alternatives for CFCs and halons.
The EPA is also involved in studying the emissions
associated with global climate change. These include emissions
from a variety of natural and manmade sources. EPA will be
actively involved in the assessment of the possible control
strategies in controlling the sources of global warming.
Future Milestones
International Protocol assessments (technical, economic,
scientific and environmental) are to be completed in the late
summer of 1989.
The public comment period on an advanced notice of proposed
rulemaking closed on November 1, 1988. A decision on any future
Agency regulatory action is expected some time in the summer/fall
of 1989.
International negotiations will be ongoing throughout 1989-
90. This includes the first meeting of affected parties and the
initiation of negotiations on Protocol limits at Helsinki,
Finland in April 1989.
EPA Contact Persons
John S. Hoffman (202) 382-4036
(FTS) 382-4036
Steve Seidel (202) 382)2787
(FTS) 382)2787
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GLOBAL/TROPOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION STRATEGIES
Background
Preliminary analyses of the impacts of projected changes in
global climate and stratospheric ozone suggest a potential for
severely compromising efforts to address both rural and urban
ozone problems, increasing background levels of ozone and carbon
monoxide, and changing weather circulation patterns that may
themselves have significant implications for all major air
pollutants. During the 1988 summer heat waves, many areas of the
U.S. experienced some of the worst ozone problems of the past
decade. The combination of heat and stagnant air, which are
likely to become more typical in North America with greenhouse
warming, appear to be major factors in some of these severe ozone
readings.
Long-range strategies for ozone and acid deposition need to
consider the potential consequences of climate change over the
next 20 to 50 years. Moreover, control strategies for
tropospheric and global concerns should be examined to enhance
the potential for common solutions and minimize situations in
which controls for ground level air pollution impede progress on
global issues.
Current Status
The EPA has begun an assessment of global-tropospheric air
pollution. The assessment will: 1) examine likely changes in
ozone and possibly other air pollutants expected with changes in
temperature, UV-B, air stagnation, and natural and anthropogenic
emissions, and 2) examine current and alternative strategies for
limiting changes over the next 20 to 50 years.
Work on Phase I of the assessment has begun using in-house
capabilities and assistance from two contractors—SAI and
Alliance Technologies Corporation. Phase I will analyze peak
ozone concentrations in eight cities out to the year 2030 using
the EKMA model. Emission forecasts will be made considering
changes in population, technology, and climate. Phase II, to be
initiated later this year, will examine a broader range of ozone
and oxidant implications (PAN, O-3 dose, long-term 0-3
concentrations) in selected areas using more sophisticated models
and boundary conditions influenced by climate considerations.
The Office of Air and Radiation sponsored a symposium with
The Climate Institute entitled, "Air Quality Management:
Confronting Changes in Climate, Technology and Society." It was
held on April 18-19 in Washington, D.C., at the Hall of States.
The symposium identified and discussed long-range air pollution
planning and featured implications for current air pollution
strategies.
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GLOBAL/TROPOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION STRATEGIES
Future Milestones
Initial assessments should be available mid-year, 1989,
EPA Contact Persons
Bern Steigerwald (919) 541-5557
(FTS) 629-5557
John Bachmann (919) 541-5359
(FTS) 629-5359
John Hoffman (202) 382-4036/7750
(FTS) 382-4036/7750
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IMPLEMENTING SIP PROCESSING RECOMMENDATIONS
Background
Prompted by concern for SIP processing delays, the impact of
delays on meeting program objectives, and the negative effect of
delays on EPA's relationship with State and local control
agencies, EPA established a task group to identify problems in,
and recommend changes to, the SIP review process. The
recommendations of the task group have been approved by senior
EPA management and are described in the report entitled "Final
Report of the Task Group on SIP Processing" dated October 1987.
The task group identified two basic problems with the current
approach to SIP review: (1) excessive review of SIP packages,
and (2) uncertainty regarding the outcome of EPA review. The EPA
has initiated a program to improve the process of SIP review
based upon the recommendations of the task group.
An intra-Agency task force was formed to implement the
recommendations contained in the task group report. As a result
of the recommendations and implementation discussions, EPA issued
a policy memorandum on the increased use of direct final
rulemaking for noncontroversial SIP actions, a policy on the
review of implementation packages received from the States for
completeness, and a policy on grandfathering SIP actions
submitted prior to policy changes. The use of direct final
processing is a program instituted in 1982 (47 FR 27073) and has,
where used, resulted in substantially decreased processing times.
The task group report recommended increased use of this effective
tool to enhance SIP processing.
Guidance on "completeness criteria" was issued on March 18,
1988 to the EPA Regional Offices. The Regional Offices have been
discussing these criteria with the appropriate State/local
control agencies and in many cases have incorporated the
completeness criteria into the FY 1989 section 105 air grants
conditions. The objective of this program is to ensure that SIP
packages submitted by the State are complete from the perspective
of EPA review. SIP processing will be expedited by having
complete packages submitted and the EPA Regional Offices not
having to reguest additional information from the State to
determine whether the revision is approvable. By sharing these
criteria with the States, submitting agencies will be more
familiar with EPA requirements prior to SIP submission.
On June 27, 1988, EPA issued a policy permitting the
grandfathering of certain SIP actions from meeting the
requirements of recently issued EPA policies. Where approval of
such action has no significant or lasting environmental impact,
grandfathering the action may better serve the purpose of EPA.
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IMPLEMENTING SIP PROCESSING RECOMMENDATIONS
Current Status
On January 19, 1989, EPA published two Federal Register
notices announcing the implementation of the SIP processing
reform initiatives. The first notice (54 FR 2214) announces the
internal processing procedures being implemented to reduce the
amount of review each SIP revision receives in order to reduce
the amount of time a revision is reviewed by EPA. The second
notice (54 FR 2138) proposes changes to 40 CFR Part 51 to
incorporate provisions in EPA regulations requiring submittals to
contain certain basic information prior to submission by the
State to EPA for review. The intent of this effort to review
submissions for completeness is to ensure that limited EPA
resources are not expended reviewing submissions which are
inherently unreviewable due to the lack of basic administrative
and/or technical information. Public comments on these FR
notices are presently being reviewed with the promulgation of the
completeness policy in the Federal Register expected by the end
of 1989.
Future Milestones
The EPA is currently conducting workshops for EPA Regional
Offices and States to provide information on all phases of the
implementation of the SIP processing reform initiatives. In
addition, EPA is also developing procedures for internal
oversight of the SIP review process.
EPA Contact Person
Johnnie Pearson (919) 541-5691
(FTS) 629-5691
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NATIONAL AIR AUDIT SYSTEM
Background
The National Air Audit System (NAAS) was developed through
the joint effort of STAPPA/ALAPCO and EPA in FY 1983. The
program was designed to audit five phases of the air quality
management program in State and selected local control agencies.
These areas are: (1) air quality planning and SIP activity,
(2) new source review, (3) compliance assurance, (4) air
monitoring, and (5) automobile inspection and maintenance.
Audits are now conducted on a 2-year cycle with sixty-five
audits (44 State and 21 local and territorial agencies) having
been conducted in the FY 1986-87 cycle.
Current Status
The EPA Regional Offices identified 333 priority
deficiencies as a result of the FY 1986-87 audit program. Many
of these deficiencies have already been corrected through the
joint efforts of State and local agencies and the EPA Regional
Offices. Through the process of grant negotiations and
EPA/State/local agreements, the remaining deficiencies will be
addressed.
The EPA distributed the audit guidance and protocol for the
FY 1988-89 audit cycle on April 1, 1988. During the course of
the 2-year cycle, each State in each Region should receive an
audit. In FY 1988, the EPA Regional Offices conducted audits in
21 States and 6 local agencies. Because of resource and travel
constraints, and court-mandated FIP activities, only a handful of
audits (with the exception of I/M) will be conducted in FY 1989.
Due to this and the need to reexamine the NAAS (discussed below)
the present 2-year cycle will be extended into FY 1990. Hope-
fully this extension will allow many of the audits to be done.
Future Milestones
In an effort to improve the NAAS, EPA is creating a work
group to reexamine the goals of the NAAS. Participation in this
process will include input from members of STAPPA/ALAPCO who were
involved in the development of the original NAAS. It is EPA's
intent to ensure that the NAAS meets the goals of both EPA and
State and local agencies by identifying problem areas with
recommendations on how these deficiencies can be corrected
through the cooperation of EPA and the audited agencies.
EPA Contact Person
Jerry Yarn (919) 541-5534
(FTS) 629-5534
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STACK HEIGHT LITIGATION
Background
On February 8, 1982 EPA issued regulations restricting the
use of tall stacks and other dispersion techniques as methods by
which national ambient air quality standards could be attained.
These regulations implement section 123 of the 1977 Clean Air Act
Amendments. The 1982 regulations were challenged in court and
portions were reversed or remanded to EPA. On July 5, 1985,
revised stack height regulations were published. Portions of the
1985 regulations were subsequently challenged.
Current Status
On January 22, 1988, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.
Circuit issued its opinion in NRDC v. Thomas. 838 F.2d 1224 (D.C.
Cir. 1988). The court upheld the 1985 regulations, except for
three grandfathering provisions which were remanded for further
consideration and rulemaking. These provisions affect emissions
credit for: (1) use of the formula height for certain sources
constructed before 1/79, (2) pre-10/83 within formula height
increases, and (3) original construction with merged stacks.
In March 1988 five petitions for rehearing were filed. All
five petitions were denied in April 1988. In June and July 1988
industry groups filed petitions requesting review by the U.S.
Supreme Court of the D.C. Court of Appeals decision. On
October 11, 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the
case.
Future Milestones
A development plan for revisions to the stack height
regulation to account for the remanded items listed above was
established in January 1989. This plan schedules the notice of
proposed rulemaking to be published in November 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Doug Grano (919) 541-5255
(FTS) 629-5255
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VISIBILITY PROTECTION
Background
Ambient Standards
On July 1, 1987, EPA rescinded the TSP-based secondary
national ambient air quality standard and instituted PM-10-based
24-hour and annual secondary standards to protect against soiling
and nuisance effects. On the same date, EPA published an advance
notice of proposed rulemaking which solicited comment regarding
the development of a secondary national ambient air quality
standard for fine particles (those less than 2.5 micrometers in
aerodynamic diameter). The principal welfare effect to be
addressed by such a standard is impairment of visibility.
Class I Area Protection
Visibility rules to protect visual air quality in Federal
Class I areas were promulgated by EPA on December 2, 1980. These
rules were based on the requirements of section 169A of the Clean
Air Act.
In 1982, the Environmental Defense Fund (EOF) sued EPA to
implement the visibility rules for States that had not submitted
SIP's. Because EPA has a nondiscretionary duty under section
110(c) of the Clean Air Act to implement rules for those States
which fail to do so, EPA entered into a settlement agreement with
EOF to implement the December 1980 visibility rules in three
parts. The first part, completed in July 1985, established a
monitoring strategy and new source review procedures for
visibility impacts in the Class I areas. The second part,
completed in November 1987, established: (1) a long-term
strategy for visibility protection which included periodic review
of the SIP's to ensure progress in remedying existing problems
and preventing future problems, and (2) protection for specific
views (integral vistas) which extend beyond the borders of the
Roosevelt-Campobello International Park (RCIP). The third part
required EPA to address existing impairments in the Class I areas
which can be reasonably attributed to a specific source or group
of sources. The settlement agreement was recently revised to
allow EPA to address the existing impairment in two parts.
The EPA, along with other Federal agencies, has created a
technical steering committee called the Interagency Monitoring of
Protected Visual Environments Committee (IMPROVE) to oversee the
Federal monitoring effort. The EPA has set aside a portion of the
section 105 grant funds to operate the monitoring network. The
EPA has agreed to fund the program through FY 1989.
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VISIBILITY PROTECTION
Current Status
Ambient Standards
At this time, EPA is reviewing comments made in response to
the advance notice of proposed rulemaking for a fine particle
standard.
The Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., filed suit on
the PM-10 rulemaking which, in part, challenges EPA's decision to
defer action on a possible fine particle secondary standard to
protect visibility. This case was combined with other suits on
the PM-10 standards. Oral arguments for the combined case are
now scheduled for December 1989.
Class I Area Protection
On September 15, 1988, EPA proposed regulations to address
existing impairment in the RCIP, Voyageurs National Park,
Petrified Forest National Park, and Saguaro Wilderness and
clarify the integral vista listing for the RCIP. The EPA
received only favorable comments on the proposal. The EPA
delayed action on existing impairment in the Grand Canyon and
Canyonlands National Parks because the results of the 1986-1987
winter haze study (called WHITEX) were not scheduled to be
available until November 1988.
The EPA also delayed action on the existing impairment in
the Moosehorn Wilderness because the source in guestion was in
the process of securing a PSD permit for a plant modification
which would eliminate the impairment.
Future Actions
Ambient Standards
The EPA is continuing its assessment of the need for a
possible fine particle secondary ambient air guality standard.
Current activities include updating EPA's assessment of the
scientific literature and developing methodologies to assess
alternative approaches.
Class I Area Protection
The public comment period on the proposal of the September
15, 1988 proposal described above closed on November 14, 1988.
Under the EOF settlement agreement, final action must be
completed by May 15, 1989.
The National Park Service submitted a draft WHITEX report to
EPA in February 1989. This document was subsequently distributed
to all interested parties. The EPA held a technical meeting to
discuss the report in April 1989 in Lakewood, Colorado.
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VISIBILITY PROTECTION
The Maine Department of Environmental Protection, the EPA,
the National Park Service, and the source are discussing the
above-mentioned PSD permit and required controls for the source
impacting the Moosehorn wilderness. The permit should be issued
by spring 1989. After the permit is either issued or denied, EPA
will take action, if necessary, on addressing any remaining
impairment.
EPA Contact Persons
Ambient Standards
Bruce Polkowsky (FTS) 629-5532
(919) 541-5532
Class I Areas
David Stonefield (FTS) 629-5350
(919) 541-5350
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INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
Background
In Title IV of the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization (SARA), Congress gave EPA a clear mandate to:
1) establish a federally-coordinated indoor air research program,
2) disseminate information on indoor air pollution and mitigation
techniques, and 3) assess the appropriate Federal role in solving
indoor air pollution problems.
In June 1987, EPA submitted to Congress a report on its
Indoor Air Program for the following 12-18 months as required by
Title IV of the Superfund amendments. The report stated that it
is EPA's policy to reduce risks from indoor air pollution by
using one or more of the following strategies, as needed:
Issuing regulations under existing statutes to reduce
significant health risks.
Increasing state and local government and private sector
capacity to identify and solve indoor air pollution problems
through information dissemination and technical assistance.
Referring problems to other Federal agencies with
appropriate regulatory authority.
Requesting separate indoor air regulatory authority from
Congress, if appropriate.
An Interagency Committee on Indoor Air Quality (CIAQ)
coordinates Federal research activities on indoor air issues.
Sixteen Federal agencies are members; four serve as co-chairs.
Eileen Claussen, Director of the Office of Atmospheric and Indoor
Air Programs in EPA's Office of Air and Radiation, serves as the
EPA co-chair.
Current Status
The indoor air program has two publications which the Agency
is now distributing:
A Directory of State Indoor Air Contacts, prepared by the
Public Health Foundation (PHF) and issued jointly by EPA and
the PHF. They are available from the EPA Public Information
Center (PM-211B), 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460.
The directory lists staff contacts in state agencies for up
to sixteen indoor air related issues for each State.
A booklet for the general public on indoor air quality, "The
Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality."
The EPA is working with other public and private sector
organizations to prepare three technical manuals. One pertains
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INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
to the diagnosis, prevention, and mitigation of building-related
illness; other addresses how to assess and mitigate risks from
exposure to environmental tobacco smoke; and the third contains
guidance for new home construction techniques that will avoid or
minimize indoor air quality problems.
The EPA is working with the Public Health Service and the
National Environmental Health Association to produce a
self-paced, self-directed course on indoor air pollution. The
primary audience for this course is staff in State and local
agencies with indoor air responsibilities.
The EPA has conducted a survey of private sector
organizations that are offering indoor air diagnostic and
mitigation services to the public. A report describing the
results of this survey is scheduled to be released this summer.
The Indoor Air Quality Act of 1989 (S. 657), which was
introduced by Senator Mitchell and seventeen co-sponsors is
similar to the bill reported out of the Senate Environment and
Public Works Committee in the last Congress. Congressman Kennedy
is expected to introduce an identical bill in the House.
A Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, also required
by SARA, Title IV, has been prepared and awaiting final OMB
clearance.
Future Milestones
Substantial effort in the remainder of FY 1989 will be
devoted to completing the training and informational materials
and reports that are listed above.
EPA Contact Person
Bob Axelrad (202) 475-7174
(FTS) 475-7174
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DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDANCE
Current Status/Future Milestones
Revised emission inventory guidance being developed by EPA
includes:
General technical guidance for preparation of emission
inventories projections for VOC, NOX and CO (stationary and
mobile sources).
Revised guidance for tracking of reasonable further progress
(RFP) in ozone and CO control programs.
Revised guidance reports are expected to become available in
the winter of 1989.
Personal computer based system for compilation and reporting
of ozone and CO SIP emission inventories are being developed by
EPA as a tool for State and local agencies. System to be
available in the spring of 1989. Enhancements to follow.
Specific PM10 emission inventory requirements and additional
general inventory guidance have been included in a supplement to
the PM1Q SIP Development Guideline issued in June 1988.
EPA Contact Persons
rvoc/NO /co)
David Misenheimer (919) 541-5473
(FTS) 629-5473
lO
. L. Martinez (919) 541-5575
(FTS) 629-5575
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STATUS OF GUIDELINE ON AIR QUALITY MODELS
Background
The Guideline on Air Quality Models was originally issued
4/78, revised 9/86 and supplemented 1/88. It is incorporated
by reference in 40 CFR 51.166 and 52.21 and is referenced in
EPA guidance for development of SIP revisions; it was prepared
in response to requirements of Sections 165(e)(3)(D), 301 and
320 of the Clean Air Act.
The Fourth Conference on Air Quality Modeling was held
October 12-13, 1988, in Washington, D.C. The conference sought
public comment on the merits of expanding the modeling guideline
to include a variety of new techniques for such issues as complex
terrain, roadway intersections, visibility, long-range transport,
and others. A number of States participated.
Current Status
The public comment period for the fourth modeling conference
closed on February 13, 1989. Over thirty separate commenters
responded; their comments are contained in Docket No. A-88-04.
EPA staff has summarized those comments and is in the process
of developing responses through intra-agency work groups.
Future Milestones
The EPA plans to publish in 1990 a notice of proposed
rulemaking on formal changes to the modeling guideline to
incorporate those new techniques that appear to enhance the
regulatory modeling program. Public comments will be solicited
on that proposal.
EPA Contact Person
Joe Tikvart (919) 541-5561
(FTS) 629-5561
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AEROMETRIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (AIRS')
Background/Status
The basic AIRS Air Quality Subsystem (AIRS/AQS) has been in
production since July 1987. The development team is currently
upgrading the system in FY 1989 to add an ad hoc batch
capability, two new retrievals, and various minor enhancements.
All the Regional Offices, 28 States and 4 local agencies are
directly accessing AIRS/AQS as of February 1989.
The AIRS Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS) is in the software
development stage of the project. Currently, selected Regions
and States are performing early access pilot testing on various
segments of the AFS software while still in the development
environment. This joint effort between the Technical Support
Division (TSD) and the Stationary Source Compliance Division
(SSCD) of EPA/OAQPS has worked closely with State/local agencies,
Regional Offices, and the National Computer Center throughout
this project.
Hardware and telecommunications support for the State and
Regional Office end users is being coordinated with the National
Computer Center throughout this project.
Future Milestones
For the AIRS/AQS, training is planned for another 15 States
in FY 1989. In addition, maintenance, enhancements and user
support activities will be provided as needed by the end users.
The AIRS/AFS is currently scheduled to go into production in
October 1989. The Regions will be trained in August and
September 1989. At least 16 States will be trained and provided
with direct access beginning in FY 1990.
EPA Contact Persons
Andrea Kelsey (919) 541-5549
(FTS) 629-5549
Jake Summers (919) 541-5695
(FTS) 629-5695
Gary Wilder (919) 541-5447
(FTS) 629-5447
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FY 1989-90 NSPS ACTIVITY
FY 1989
Proposals
Small Steam Generating Units
SOCMI-Reactor Processes
Promulgations
Calciners and Dryers (2 NSPS)
Refinery Wastewater Treatment
SOCMI-Air Oxidation
SOCMI-pistillation
Magnetic Tapes
Polymer Coating of Fabric
Portland Cement Revision
Refinery FCCU Revision
Sewage Sludge Revision
Under Development
Medical Waste Incineration
FY 1990
Proposals
Municipal Landfills NSPS, lll(d)
Municipal Waste Combustion NSPS,
lll(d)
Promulgations
Small Boilers
Polymers Manufacturing (4 NSPS)
Review of NSPS
None
Under Development
SOCMI Batch Processes
SOCMI Reactor Processes
Offset Lithography
Medical Waste Incineration
EPA Contact Person
Jim Weigold
(919) 541-5642
(FTS) 629-5642
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WOOD HEATER NSPS STATUS REPORT
Background
On February 26, 1988, EPA promulgated new source performance
standards (NSPS) for residential wood heaters. These new source
standards are unique in a number of respects. The regulations
require that all performance testing be done by EPA accredited
laboratories. These laboratories obtain and maintain
accreditation by performing a series of annual proficiency tests
with the prescribed test methods.
When accredited, these laboratories may perform
certification tests on individual model stoves to determine
compliance. In a phase-in program, all model stoves must be
certified between 1990 and 1992 for sale to the public.
Current status
Eight laboratories are currently accredited by EPA as of
March 31, 1989, with one additional laboratory applying for
accreditation. Of these accredited laboratories, six have
completed the 1989 annual proficiency test. All 1989 proficiency
tests will be completed by June 1, 1989. As of April 3, there
are 181 federally certified stove models.
EPA Contact Persons
Accreditation of Laboratories
Dennis P. Holzschuh
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Measurement Branch (MD-14)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone: (919) 541-5239
(FTS) 629-5239
Certification Program
Robert J. Lebens
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Stationary Source Compliance Division (EN-341)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone: (202) 382-2833
(FTS) 382-2833
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER fCTC)
Background
The CTC was formed in 1987 to assist State and local air
pollution control agencies and EPA Regional Offices in their
implementation of programs to control air toxics, VOC and
criteria pollutant emissions. It is operated by EPA's Offices of
Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and Research and
Development (ORD) and draws from the expertise of those two
organizations. It has been in operation for over two years. A
STAPPA/ALAPCO work group headed by Mr. Paul Munn and Mr. John
Glunn was formed to assure a close working relationship between
STAPPA/ALAPCO and the CTC.
Three levels of support are provided - a HOTLINE (for a
rapid response to questions), direct engineering assistance (for
more in-depth support to State and local agencies and Regional
Offices), and technical guidance projects (for dissemination of
information of broad national interest).
Status and Future Milestones
The CTC receives over 600 HOTLINE requests for assistance
per year. An additional 400-600 telephone requests for
assistance per year are received directly by staff engineers.
HOTLINE calls are the common basis for engineering assistance and
technical guidance projects.
The CTC has completed 9 engineering assistance and 10
technical guidance projects since its inception. On-going
projects include 3 engineering assistance and 12 technical
guidance projects. A list of recently completed and on-going
projects follows. These products are made available to all State
and local agencies and Regional Offices without charge. They are
available to others through the National Technical Information
Service for a nominal fee.
ENGINEERING ASSISTANCE PROJECTS
Project Name and No. Completion Date
Emissions from Agricultural Plastics 4/89
Burning (87-2), Florida
Spray Booth Control Evaluation (88-4) 5/89
Connecticut
Methylene Chloride Sources (88-9) 5/89
New York
Arsine/Phosphine Scrubber (88-10) 6/89
San Diego
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER CCTC1
ENGINEERING ASSISTANCE PROJECTS (CONT'D^
Project Name and No.
Creosote Wood Treatment (88-13)
Virginia
Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment System
(88-14), West Virginia
Formaldehyde Emissions from Manufacture of
Veneer Wood Products (89-4), Virginia
Outdoor Abrasive Blasting (89-6)
Puget Sound
Emissions from Solder Manufacturing (89-7)
Illinois
Completion Date
5/89
4/89
5/89
10/89
5/89
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE PROJECTS
Advisory System - Controlling Air Toxics
(CAT Enhancement)(87-1)
CAT/HAP Manual Brochure (88-3)
Fiberglass Structures (88-5)
Hospital Waste Incineration Training Manual
(88-6)
Air toxic Emissions From Steel Plants (88-9)
Surface Impoundment Emission Factors (88-11)
Tireburning (88-12)
Control Of Condensible Particulate Emissions
(89-2)
Flexible Packaging Emission Control (89-3)
HAP Manual Update (89-5)
Ultrasonic Cleaning of Rotogravure Printing
Cylinders (89-10)
Waferboard Control Evaluation (89-11)
Electrostatic Precipitator Model (89-13)
7/89
7/89
6/89
4/89
6/89
6/89
5/89
10/89
10/89
12/89
7/89
7/89
12/89
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CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER (CTC)
EPA Contact Person
Office of Air Quality Plannina and Standards:
Bob Blaszczak
(919) 541-5432
(FTS) 629-5432
Office of Research and Development:
Sharon Nolen (919) 541-7607
(FTS) 629-7607
CTC HOTLINE; (919) 541-0800
(FTS) 629-0800
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BACT/LEAR CLEARINGHOUSE
Background
The BACT/LAER Clearinghouse was established to assist State
and local air pollution control agencies in selecting best
available control technology (BACT) and the lowest achievable
emission rate (LAER) for new or modified sources in a nationally
consistent manner. The goals of the BACT/LAER Clearinghouse are
to: (1) provide State and local air pollution control agencies
with current information on the case-by-case technology
determinations that are made nationwide, and (2) promote
communication, cooperation, and sharing of control technology
information among permitting agencies.
Current Status
The EPA intends to publish the 4th (1989) supplement to the
"BACT/LAER Clearinghouse - A Compilation of Control Technology
Determinations" in June 1989. A memorandum was sent on March 2,
1989, to all BACT/LAER Clearinghouse contacts at State and local
air pollution control agencies and EPA Regional Offices to
reguest that new determinations be submitted to the Clearinghouse
by April 28,1989, in order to be included in the 1989 supplement.
The March 2, 1989, memorandum noted above also advised that
changes to the BACT/LAER Information System (BLIS) are being
considered to improve its accessibility and usefulness. These
improvements include a user-friendly, menu-driven access system
and inclusion of performance verification data. Comments on the
proposed improvements, suggestions on additional improvements
and/or reports on existing BLIS problems were also requested.
The user-friendly improvements are underway and should be
complete by late 1989. A teleconference with appropriate
STAPPA/ALAPCO representatives in late April or early May will be
scheduled to discuss other proposed improvements before
proceeding.
The "top-down" BACT policy and the need to consider
noncriteria pollutants have put new demands on BLIS. There is a
need to increase participation, improve the quality of data and
assure that all agencies have direct access to BLIS.
EPA Contact Person
Bob Blaszczak (919) 541-5432
(FTS) 629-5432
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EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
Background
To promote consistent, uniform application of stationary
source emission test methods in the development and enforcement
of emission control programs on a national basis, the Emission
Measurement Technical Information Center (EMTIC) was established
in late 1988. Key features of EMTIC include a technical
information exchange network and a test method depository.
The EMTIC was organized by the Emission Measurement Branch
of the Technical Support Division of OAQPS and will be conducted
as a joint effort including the Quality Assurance Division of ORD
and the Stationary Source Compliance Division of OAQPS.
Current Status
The list of participants for the Technical Information
Exchange Network has been completed. The first mail-out of
technical information was sent in January 1989.
Future Milestones
Second mail-out of technical information - April 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Peter Westlin (919) 541-1059
(FTS) 629-1059
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AIR GRANTS - PROGRAM TO IDENTIFY STATE AND LOCAL
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES AND COSTS
Background
In 1986, EPA and STAPPA/ALAPCO reached agreement on several
principles for governing the air grants process. Among these was
a recognition that each grantee agency implements a number of
recurring activities in enforcement, monitoring, new source
review, planning, etc., which form the foundation of the agency's
air pollution control program. Following the establishment of
these principles, EPA agreed to work with STAPPA/ALAPCO to
develop the data base necessary for defining this foundation.
Efforts started in late 1986, focusing on the design and conduct
of a survey of each State and local agency.
A pilot program was developed jointly by EPA and
STAPPA/ALAPCO in the spring of 1987. The pilot program consisted
of 12 States and 6 local agencies participating in a survey of
agency activities and associated costs. By October 1, 1987, the
surveys were completed and data compiled for a limited series of
analyses. Copies of the individual submissions, summary
information and cost data were sent to the Regional Offices, the
participating agencies, and STAPPA/ALAPCO for review.
Following the pilot exercise, it was jointly recommended by
EPA and STAPPA/ALAPCO to expand the pilot program to all agencies
in 1988. To bolster support for the survey, the Presidents of
STAPPA and ALAPCO sent a letter to the membership on January 22,
1988, encouraging their full participation. The survey package
and instructions for conducting the 1988 exercise were sent to
the EPA Regional Offices in February 1988.
Initially, the due date for sending in completed
questionnaires was April 1, 1988, but by May 15 only 55 forms had
arrived and, by the end of July, only 70 forms had been received.
One-quarter to one-third of the questionnaires showed an attempt
to display air program data in the level of detail asked for by
the form. The remainder offered much less detail and many were
incomplete. Two primary reasons for the reluctance of agencies
to participate appeared to be that a number of agencies felt
threatened by an EPA request for detailed program information,
and that the questionnaire represented yet another burden on
already strained resources. Also, a few agencies stated that the
format of the questionnaire was incompatible with their
accounting or tracking systems; therefore, they could only
provide estimates for some activities. By the end of the year,
EPA had received 86 survey forms from an original mailing to 106
S/L agencies. These participants represented about 82 percent of
the section 105 grant monies. While the level of response was
high, the survey generally suffered from a lack of enthusiasm at
both the EPA Regional and S/L agency levels. This is evident
from the extreme tardiness of the responses from many agencies
and from the spotty and often very general information provided
by many respondents.
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AIR GRANTS - PROGRAM TO IDENTIFY STATE AND LOCAL
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES AND COSTS
At the September 1988 STAPPA/ALAPCO meeting, it was agreed
that the Funding Committee would informally poll the general
membership regarding any possible follow-up with agencies that
did not fully complete the original survey questionnaire.
Following the Funding Committee's poll, it was concluded that no
specific follow up would be taken. Instead an article would be
prepared for inclusion in the STAPPA/ALAPCO Newsletter requesting
that any pass-through local that desired to submit data
pertaining to their agency should do so. As a result of that
article, EPA received no additional survey forms.
Current status
The data on the survey forms have been compiled in a
computerized data base for statistical analyses. Various
completeness checks, data integrity checks, and a number of
statistical analyses have been performed on the data set. At
present, a draft national report showing EPA's statistical
findings is being prepared for distribution to the Regional
Offices and STAPPA/ALAPCO. A summary of statistical information
extracted from the data set was presented at the April, 1989
STAPPA/ALAPCO meeting in Nashville. A final report on
State/Local program cost estimates will be prepared and
distributed to all participants by July, 1989.
Future Milestones
The EPA and STAPPA/ALAPCO will be reviewing the data
gathered through this survey for purposes of deciding if a
periodic update of this information is warranted. Also, efforts
are underway to use this information in implementing the pilot
core program in the chosen areas of monitoring, compliance, and
new source review.
EPA Contact Person
Steve Hitte (919) 541-0886
(FTS) 629-0886
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RADON ACTION PROGRAM
Background
In response to growing concern about elevated radon concentra-
tions in houses situated on the Reading Prong in Pennsylvania and
New Jersey, the EPA established the Radon Action Program in
September 1985. Since then, high radon levels have been found in
nearly every State. Program activities were expanded in 1986, 1987,
and 1988 in response to the growing scope and complexity of the
radon problem. The goal of the Radon Action Program is to
significantly reduce the health risks associated with radon exposure
through a partnership with the States and other Federal agencies.
The program consists of four main elements: problem assessment,
mitigation and prevention, capability development, and public
information.
Current Status
In October 1988, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA) was
signed into law (15 USC 2661-2671). The IRAA sets a new long-term
national goal that indoor radon levels equal those found outdoors.
The IRAA directs EPA to undertake a variety of activities to address
the growing public concern over dangers posed by exposure to radon.
These activities include assisting States with program development,
developing Regional radon training centers, surveying schools and
workplaces, developing model construction standards, evaluating
mitigation methods, establishing proficiency programs, developing
user fees for proficiency and training programs, and providing
public information including the revision of "A Citizen's Guide to
Radon." A number of activities described in the law have been
initiated. Others, notably the State grant program, the Regional
radon training centers, a mitigation contractor proficiency program,
and the Federal buildings study, are new.
Future Milestones
By October 1989, EPA will have made significant progress in
implementing the IRAA. For example, we plan to have awarded the
first State grants, established three Regional radon training
centers, and initiated the mitigation contractor proficiency
program. In 1990, EPA will, among other things, complete the
revision of the citizen's guide, update the guidance for radon
measurements in schools, and publish the model construction
standards. We will also continue awarding State grants, establish
two additional Regional radon training centers, and continue the
contractor proficiency program.
EPA Contact Person
Margo Oge (202) 475-9622
(FTS) 475-9622
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RADIONUCLIDE NESHAP
Background
On December 27, 1979, EPA listed radionuclides as a
hazardous air pollutant under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act.
On April 6, 1983, the Agency proposed standards regulating
radionuclide emissions from: (1) elemental phosphorus plants, (2)
DOE facilities, (3) NRC licensees and non-DOE federal facilities,
and (4) underground uranium mines. In February of 1984, The
Sierra Club filed suit in U.S. District Court to compel EPA to
take final action on the proposed standards. As a result, the
Agency was ordered to promulgate final standards or make a
finding that radionuclides are not hazardous air pollutants and
to delist them.
Consequently, in October of 1984, EPA withdrew the proposed
standards and concluded no additional regulation was needed. At
the same time, the Agency stated its intention to promulgate a
different standard for underground uranium mines and also
announced its intentions to regulate radon-222 emissions from
licensed uranium mills. On December 11, 1984, the Court found
EPA in contempt of its order to promulgate final standards. The
Court again directed that EPA issue final emission standards for
the original four categories or make a finding that radionuclides
are not hazardous air pollutants. EPA complied with the court
order by promulgating standards for emissions from elemental
phosphorus plants, DOE facilities, and NRC-licensed and non-DOE
federal facilities. On April 17, 1985, The Agency promulgated a
work-practice standard for radon-222 emissions from underground
uranium mines; and on September 24, 1986 EPA promulgated a final
rule regulating radon-222 emissions from licensed uranium mill
processing sites, establishing work practices for new tailings.
The latest Agency action was subsequently challenged by
several environmental groups and the uranium mining industry. On
July 28, 1987, the U.S. Court of Appeals remanded to the Agency
the emission standard for vinyl chloride, also promulgated under
Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The Court concluded that the
Agency improperly considered cost and technological feasibility
without first making a determination based exclusively on risk to
health. Consequently, the Agency concluded the standards for
elemental phosphorus plants, DOE facilities, NRC-licensed
facilities and non-DOE federal facilities, underground uranium
mines, and uranium mill tailings should be reconsidered. After
consultations between all parties to the litigation, the Court
granted EPA's motion for a voluntary remand and established a
schedule eventually calling for the Agency to propose regulations
for all source categories by February 28, 1989 and to promulgate
final regulations by August 31, 1989.
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RADIONUCLIDE NESHAP
Current Status
On February 28, 1989, the Agency proposed four alternative
approaches for controlling radionuclide emissions from the
following 12 source categories:
1. Department of Energy Facilities
2. NRC and non-DOE facilities
3. Nuclear power reactors and support facilities
4. Elemental-phosphorus plants
5. Coal-fired utility and industrial boilers
6. High-level-nuclear-waste-disposal facilities
7. DOE radon sources
8. Phosphogypsum piles
9. Underground uranium mines
10. Surface uranium mines
11. Licensed uranium mill tailings piles
12. Disposal of uranium mill tailings piles.
This action follows the court-mandated, two-step process for
regulating hazardous air pollutants set forth in the vinyl
chloride decision. That decision mandated that the Agency
establish a "safe" or "acceptable" level of risk based on health
considerations before setting an "ample margin of safety" and
taking into account costs and technological feasibility. Public
hearings were held the week of April 10, 1989.
Future Milestones
The public comment period will close May 15, 1989, and final
regulations are to be promulgated by August 31, 1989.
EPA Contact Person
Terry McLaughlin (202) 475-9610
(FTS) 475-9610
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STATUS OF BULLETIN BOARD FOR REGULATORY AIR MODELS
Background
Over the past several years, the EPA has offered regulatory
air quality dispersion models to the public via the National
Technical Information Service for operation on mainframe
computers. Changes in computer technology as well as
communications technology have made it possible for the EPA to
provide model code for personal computers through electronic
transfer methods, specifically electronic bulletin board service.
Current Status
A bulletin board service is being developed to improve the
transfer of models to the modeling community and facilitate
communications by providing a forum for ideas and information.
Initially all regulatory models will be available for
downloading.
Future Milestones
The bulletin board service will be initiated by early
summer, 1989. All regulatory models and several screening models
will be offered. It is hoped that by the end of FY 1989 that all
regulatory models will be PC compatible.
EPA Contact Person
Jerry Mersch (919) 541-5635
(FTS) 629-5635
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