c>EPA Drinking Water
Information Guide
810R90001
United States
Environmental Protection Office of Water
Agency (WH-550E) December 1990
Printed on Recycled Paper
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United States
Environmental Protection Office of Water
Agency (WH-550E) December 1990
vxEPA Drinking Water
Information Guide
ft. p.
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
NOV 2 6 1990
OFFICE OF
WATER
Subject: Drinking Water Information Guide
i\ .-i / / H ',-[/
From: Michael Cook, Directofci : ' //' / ^ ' *'' \
Office of Drink/ng Water
Director
gement and Administration Office
The environmental challenges that our nation faces often affect
more than a single medium such as water, air, or land. For example,
wastes may produce leachate that contaminate surrounding land,
ground water, and drinking water supplies. The State and local role
in dealing with these multimedia problems has increased steadily in
the last few decades.
Given the broad scope of environmental problems and the
increased responsibilities delegated to State and local programs, data
and information sharing among regulatory agencies and the regulated
community have become crucial to the effective prevention and control
of pollution.
Through the Drinking Water Information Guide, the Office of
Water seeks to enhance the sharing of Federal drinking water data
and information. The Guide describes EPA's information sources that
cover Federal Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) rules, public
water systems, health effects of drinking water contaminants, risk
analysis, economic analysis of PWSS rules, and compliance with
PWSS rules. The Guide also identifies information routinely available
from the states.
The Guide is targeted to audiences who may not be aware that
these information sources exist. The Guide can help environmental
officials in government and in the regulated community to identify
and obtain useful drinking water information.
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Drinking Water Information Guide
Table of Contents
An Introduction to the Drinking Water Information Guide
Table of Contents
Profile Pointers
Water System 1
Overview 2
Compliance Violation 3
Cost & Economic Data 4
General Information 5
Health Effects 6
Inventory of Public Water Systems 7
Rule Development 8
I. Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
The Public Water System Supervision Program 1-1
Citiations and References 1-1
Development of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 1-2
Table 1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 1-4
Profile: Federal Register Preambles to NPDWRs 1-6
Profile: Guide to NPDWRs (Personal Computer Application) I-10
Profile: Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual 1-12
Profile: Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-16
Profile: Response to Public Comments 1-18
II. Inventory of Public Water Systems
Profile: Survey of Community Water Systems II-2
Profile: Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS) II-4
Profile: State Data II-5
III. Health Effects/Risk Analysis
Profile: Health Advisories III-2
Profile: Criteria Documents III-4
Profile: Occurrence Documents III-8
Profile: Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Ill-10
Profile: National Pesticide Survey (NPS) 111-12
Profile: National Inorganics Radionuclide Survey (NIRS) 111-14
Profile: Safe Drinking Water Hotline 111-16
Profile: Risk, Exposure, and Health Assessment Guidelines Ill-18
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Table of Contents
(continued)
IV. Economic Analysis
Profile: Cost and Technology Documents IV-2
Profile: Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) IV-4
Profile: State Costs of Implementing 1986 SDWA Amendments IV-6
Profile: Estimates of the Total Benefits and Total Costs Associated with
Implementation of the 1986 Amendments to the SDWA IV-8
Profile: Information Collection Requests (ICRs) IV-10
V. Compliance/Violation
Profile: Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS) V-2
Profile: Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual V-4
Profile: Implementation Manuals V-8
Profile: Cost and Technology Documents V-10
VI. General Sources of Drinking Water Information
Profile: Safe Drinking Water Hotline VI-1
Profile: Drinking Water Docket VI-4
Profile: National Technical Information Service (NTIS) VI-5
Profile: ORD Bulletin Board System (BBS) VI-6
EPA Regional Drinking Water Contacts VI-7
State Drinking Water Contacts VI-8
Appendices
A. Acronyms
B. Drinking Water Contaminants Listed by Rule
C. Drinking Water Contaminants Listed Alphabetically
D. NPS Analytes
E. NIRS Analytes
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Profile Pointers
A series of diagrams which
provide a topical summary
of profiles and types of
information in the guide.
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Water System Profile Pointer
Community
Water Systems
Guide to NPDWRS
Guidance Manual
1986 Survey of Community Water Systems
Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
Associated with Implementation of the 1986
Amendments to SDWA
Occurence Documents
Information Collection Requests
Occurence Documents
Implementation Manual
State Data
Won Community
Water Systems
Guide to NPDWRS
Guidance Manual
Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
Associated with Implementation of the 1986
Amendments to SDWA
Occurence Documents
rap Information Collection Requests
Occurence Documents
rap Implementation Manual
State Data
Won Transient
Non Community
Water Systems
Guide to NPDWRS
rap Guidance Manual
Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
Associated with Implementation of the 1986
Amendments to SDWA
Occurence Documents
Information Collection Requests
Occurence Documents
Implementation Manual
State Data
Profile Pointer
1
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Overview Profile Pointer
Drinking Water Topics
Compliance/Violation
(page 3)
Profile
Federal Reporting Data Systenr
Guidance Manual
Implementation Manual
Cost & Technology Doocuments.
Cost & Economic Data
(page 4)
General Information
(page 5)
Health Effects
(page 6)
Cost & Technology Documents
Regulatory/Economic Impact Analysis
State Costs of Implementing 1986
Drinking Water Act Amendments
Estimates of Total Benefits & Total Costs
Associated with Implementation of:
Amendments to SDWA
Information Collection Request
Safe Drinking Water Hotline
Drinking Water Docket
National Technical
Information Service
State Data
Health Advisories
Criteria Documents
Occurence Documents
Safe Drinking Water Hotline
Integrated Risk Information
System
Risk, Exposure, & Health
Assessment Guidelines
Inventory of Public
Water Systems
(page 7)
1986 Survey of Community
Water Systems
Federal Reporting Data
System
Rule Development
(page 8)
Federal Register Preamble
Guide to NPDWRS
Guidance Manual
Safe Drinking Water Hotline
Response to Public Comments
Profile Pointer
2
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Compliance/Violation
Profile
Type of Information
Federal Reporting
Data System
(page 11-4)
PWS Enforcement data
PWS Inventory data
PWS MCL violations
PWS Monitoring violations
PWS Reporting violations
PWS Source treatment
PWS Variances/exemption,
Guidance Manual
(page 1-12)
Measurement methods
Monitoring requirements
Public notification
PWS treatmant techniques
Reporting requirements
Treatment options
Treatment reauirements
Implementation Manual
(page V-8)
Implementation criteria
Implementation questions
Primacy requirements
Reporting requirements
Rule implementation
Cost & Technology / ,
Documents \. ,
(page IV-2) N.
Treatment costs
Treatment technology
Water treatment technology
Profile Pointer
3
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Cost & Economic Data
Profile
Type of Information
Cost & Technology
Documents
(page IV-2)
Treatment costs
Treatment technology
Water treatment technology
Regulatory/Economic
Impact Analysis
(page IV-4)
Compliance costs
Cost-benefit analysis
Monitoring costs
State program costs
Treatment costs
Waste disposal costs
State Costs of
Implementing 1986 Drinking
Water Act Amendments
(page IV-6)
State implementation costs
State resource needs
Estimates of Total Benefits
& Total Costs Associated
with Implementation of
1986 Amendments to SDWA
(page IV-8)
Information Collection
Requests
(page IV-10)
Benefit/Cost comparisons
Benefits/Cost ODW
regulations
Impact drinking water
regulations
National costs & benefits
System-level cost impacts
Information Collection
"& Activities
"^ Costs
iฎ" Time
S" Justification
v^" System-level cost impacts
Profile Pointer
4
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General Information
Profile
Type of Information
Safe Drinking Water
Hotline
(page 1-16)
Drinking Water Publications
Federal Register notices
Policy requirements
Regulatory documents
Rule status
Drinking Water Docket
(page VI-4J
Rule making documents
Public hearing transcripts
National Drinking Water
Advisory Council materials
National Technical
Information Service
(page VI-5)
Health Advisories
Regulatory/economic impact
analysis
Sampling, analysis, and
treatment guidances & manuals
Workshop/conference
proceedings
ORD Bulletin Board
(page VI-6)
Electronic Message System
ORD products and activities
Conferences
Databases
Profile Pointer
5
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Health Effects
Profile
Health Advisories
(page 111-2)
Criteria Documents
(page IH-4)
Type of Information
Contaminant control
Contaminant exposure level
Contaminant health effects
Contaminant presence
Chemical health effects
Pesticide health effects
Health effects
Chemical properties
Contaminant control method
Indicator organisms
Physical properties
Risk assessement
Occurence Documents
(page 111-8)
Safe Drinking Water
Hotline
(page 1-16)
Contaminant Occurrence
Drinking water
Food supply
Ground water
Surface water
Drinking Water Publications
Federal Register notices
Policy requirements
Regulatory documents
Rule status
Integrated Risk
Information System
(page 111-10)
Risk, Exposure, & Health
Assessment Guidlines
(page 111-18)
Chemical properties
Drinking water health advisoriesN
Health hazards
Health risk assessment
Physical properties
Risk values
Assessment guidelines
Carcinogen risk assessment
Exposure assessment
Health assessment
Health risk assessment
Risk assessment
Profile Pointer
6
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Inventory of Public Water Systems
Profile
Type of Information
1986 Survey of
Community Water Systems
(page 11-2)
Community Water System
"3" Assets
us" Expenses
iฎ" Liabilities
* Revenues
KT Trends
"5ฐ Characteristics
Federal Reporting
Data System
(page 11-4;
PWS Enforcement data
PWS Inventory data
PWS MCL violations
PWS Monitoring violations
PWS Reporting violations
PWS Source treatment
PWS Variances/exemptions
State Data
(page 11-5)
Analytical Results
Raw monitoring data
Finished monitoring data
On site visits
Enforcement actions
Inventory information
Variances/exemptions
Profile Pointer
7
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Rule Development
Profile
Type of Information
Federal Register Preamble
{page 1-6)
Rule requirements
Treatment requirements
Guide to NPDWRS
(page 1-10)
Analytical Methods
Health Effects Data
MCL
Monitoring Procedures
Notification Requirements
Reporting Requirements
Guidance Manual
(page 1-12)
Measurement methods
Monitoring requirements
Public Notification
PWS treatment techniques
Reporting requirements
Treatment options
Treatment requirements
Safe Drinking Water
Hotline
(page 1-16)
Drinking Water Publications
Federal Register notices
Policy requirements
Regulatory documents
Rule status
Response to
Public Comments
(page 1-18)
Congressional letter responses
Public comments
Public hearing statements
Profile Pointer
8
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I. Interpretation of/Background on
NPDWRs
These sources identify,
explain, provide background
on, and interpret National
Primary Drinking Water
Regulations.
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The Public Water System Supervision Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Drinking Water (ODW)
is responsible for managing the Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) program
mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and its 1986 amendments. The Act
and its amendments require EPA to promulgate National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWRs) for 83 specific contaminants, two treatment techniques, and
any other contaminants in drinking water which may have an adverse effect upon
human health and which are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.
NPDWRs designate Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or, for those
contaminants for which it is not feasible to set MCLs, treatment technique
requirements.
For the 83 contaminants and others identified, EPA must also set Maximum
Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) non-enforceable health goals at which no
known or anticipated adverse effects on humans occur.
The EPA Administrator may delegate primary enforcement responsibility
(primacy) of the PWSS program to qualified States. Currently, 54 out of 57 PWSS
programs have been delegated from EPA to States.
The 1986 SDWA Amendments also require EPA to develop regulations for 25
additional contaminants (not included in the original set of 83 contaminants) every
three years beginning January 1, 1991.
Citations and References
The Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523) was enacted on December
15, 1974 and was amended most recently, and most significantly, on June 19, 1986
(Public Law 99-339). The Act and its amendments appear in the United States Code
Annotated - 42 USCA 300f et seq.
Federal regulations resulting from the Act are codified in the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR):
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 40 CFR 141
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation Implementation 40 CFR 142
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 40 CFR 143
Federal regulations first appear in the Federal Register when EPA proposes
and promulgates them. Table 1, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations,
indicates the Federal Register citations, current status, and EPA rule manager for
proposed and/or promulgated NPDWRs. Regulations that have not yet been proposed
are also listed.
Appendix B, Drinking Water Contaminants Listed by Rule, lists each NPDWR
and the contaminants it covers (or will cover). Appendix C, Drinking Water
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 1
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Contaminants Listed Alphabetically, also lists each contaminant covered by current or
future NPDWRs.
Development of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations are rules that EPA
develops, implements, and administers in order to meet the goals that the Congress
has established in the Safe Drinking Water Act. According to the Administrative
Procedure Act, a rule is:
... a statement of general or specific applicability and future effect
designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describe
the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency. .. .
To develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, the Office of
Drinking Water, in conjunction with other EPA offices, undertakes a rigorous
rulemaking (i.e., regulation development) process.
The process begins when the Office of Drinking Water submits to the Agency
Steering Committee (which is responsible for regulatory development) a Start Action
Request (SAR). Submission of the SAR alerts other Agency offices of ODW's intent
to develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation.
After the Steering Committee approves the SAR, they charter and designate a
staff-level Agency workgroup and determine what other reviews and analyses are
appropriate (e.g., development plan, reports, information collection request, regulatory
impact analysis).
The workgroup, composed of representatives from those EPA offices affected
by the regulation, is responsible for supporting ODW with the design, technical, and
analytical work, identifying and assessing policy issues and options, resolving issues
(or elevating them to upper management for resolution), and ensuring the quality and
completeness of regulatory packages. The workgroup regularly submits a written
report on the regulation's progress to the Steering Committee.
The following supporting documents are generally developed for each major rule:
Guidance Manual pg 1-12
Health Advisory pg III-2
Criteria Document pg III-4
Cost & Technology Document pg IV-2
Regulatory Impact Analysis pg IV-4
Implementation Manual pg V-8
Once the regulatory package (action memorandum, preamble and regulatory
text, communications strategy, federalism review form) is completed, either the
Steering Committee reviews it or, with Steering Committee approval, the workgroup
holds a closure meeting at which issues to be presented to upper management are
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-2
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determined. The package is then certified for senior EPA management review (Red
Border Review).
During Red Border Review, Assistant and Regional Administrators formally
review the regulatory package. Following Red Border Review, the completed
regulatory package is sent to the Office of Management and Budget for review.
The EPA Administrator reviews and signs the regulatory package which is
then sent to the Federal Register for publication as a proposed rule.
A fixed public comment period follows the publication of the proposed rule.
Public comment provides an opportunity for the public to express its views on the
proposed rule and its supporting documents (e.g. guidance manual, criteria
documents). Frequently, the proposed rule identifies specific questions related to the
conceptual approach, general requirements, definitions, criteria, implementation,
regulatory options and treatment techniques. These questions are presented in the
Request for Public Comments section of the proposed rule.
Public comment may take a variety of formats. Respondents may choose to
send written comments directly to EPA. At least one public hearing or formal meeting
is held in a designated city. Attendance is not restricted to any individuals or groups
of individuals. Participants are invited to give verbal testimony and/or submit written
statements.
At the close of the public comment period, the Office of Drinking Water (ODW)
compiles the comments, performs the necessary analysis, and answers questions.
The workgroup reviews the comments and addresses major issues. (See the
Response to Public Comments profile for more information). EPA considers public
comments when preparing the final version of the regulations.
The development, preparation, review, and approval process for the final rule is
the same as that described above, ending with the Administrator's signature and
publication in the Federal Register as a final rule.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-3
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Table 1
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Rule
Fluoride
Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Total Conforms
Surface Water Treatment
Lead & Copper
Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) &
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
(SOCs) (Phase II)
Phase V - Remaining SOCs & lOCs
Phase III - Radionuclides
Phase IV - Disinfection &
Disinfection By-Products
EB Citation
51 ฃfi 11396
52 EB 25690
52 EB 2571 5
54 EB 27544
54 EB 27486
53 EB 31516
54 FR 22062
N/A
N/A
N/A
Current Status Date
Final - April 2, 1986
Final -July 8, 1987
Final -July 8, 1987
Final -June 29, 1989
Final -June 29, 1989
Proposed -August 18, 1988
Proposed - May 22, 1989
Proposed Rule anticipated
1991.
Proposed Rule anticipated
1991.
Proposed Rule anticipated
1993.
For additional information and current status of regulations, contact the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-4
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Table 1
(continued)
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Rule
Microbiological Contaminants
Turbidity
Inorganic Chemicals
Public Notification
Organic Chemicals
Radium-226, Radium-228, Gross
Alpha Particle Radioactivity
Beta Particle & Photon
Radioactivity from Man-made
Radionuclides
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Efi Citation
54 EH 27562
54 EH 27527
51 EH 11410
40 FR 14131
44 EH 68641
41 EH 28404
41 EH 28404
40 EH 59570
Current Status Date
Rnal- June 29, 1989
Final -June 29, 1988
*
Final - April 2, 1986
Final - October 28, 1987
Final - November 29, 1979
Final -July 9, 1976
Final -July 9, 1976
Final - December 24, 1975
For additional information and current status of regulations, contact the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-5
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Federal Register Preambles to NPDWRs
General Description
Federal Register preambles give an overview of and background information to
proposed and final National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs).
Preambles to proposed regulations also solicit comments on specific issues.
Major Data/Information Available
Preambles to Proposed Rules
General requirements of the proposed rule
Specific criteria for determining if treatment technique is required
Monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements
Proposed policy on variances and exemptions
Justification for major requirements/components
Costs and benefits of proposed rule
Preambles to Final Rules
Regulatory history of the rule
Responses to major issues
Description of the final rule
Policy on State implementation of the final rule
Revisions to the costs and benefits of the final rule
Alternatives for small entities (in accordance with the Regulatory
Flexibility Act)
Access
The preambles are contained in various titles of the Federal Register, as cited
on page I-1 in the Table of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
In the Washington, DC area, the preambles may be reviewed and photocopied
at EPA's Drinking Water Docket (see page VI-4) or at the Office of the
Federal Register, 1100 L Street, NW, Room 8201, Washington, DC.
Check with your local library to find out how to access past copies of the
Federal Register.
Contact
For more information on a specific rulemaking and its preamble, call the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533 or contact the
EPA official listed under the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT
section in the preamble.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-6
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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
/. Legal Authority
II. Background
A. Statutory Requirements
B. Regulatory History
C. Regulatory Framework
///. Response to Major Issues
A. Determination of Source Water Type
B. 99.9 Percent Removal and/or Inactivation of Giardia Cysts
C. Continuous Disinfection at Entry Point to Distribution System
D. Disinfectant Residual in the Distribution System
E. Watershed Control and On-Site Inspection Requirements
F. Design and Operating Requirements
G. CT Values
1. Unfiltered Systems
2. Filtered Systems
H. Potential Conflict Between Today's Rule and Future Rules for
Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products
I. Turbidity Monitoring and Performance Criteria
1. Unfiltered Systems
2. Filtered Systems
IV. Description of the Final Rule
A. Operator Personnel Requirements
B. Treatment Requirements
1. Summary
2. Criteria for Determining if Filtration is Required
a. Source Water Quality Criteria
(1) Coliform Limits
(2) Turbidity Limits
b. Site-Specific Criteria
(1) Disinfection Requirements
(2) Watershed Control Requirements
(3) On-Site Inspection Requirements
(4) Absence of Waterborne Disease
(5) Compliance with the Total Coliform Maximum
Contaminant Level (MCL)
(6) Compliance with the Total Trihalomethane MCL
3. Criteria for Determining if Treatment is Adequate for Filtered
Systems
a. Disinfection Requirements
b. Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
c. Turbidity Performance Criteria
(1) Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-7
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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
(2) Slow Sand Filtration
(3) Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
(4) Other Filtration Technologies
C. Reporting Requirements
1. Unfiltered Systems
2. Filtered Systems
D. Compliance
1. Compliance Transition with Current Turbidity Requirements
2. Systems Using a Surface Water Source (Not Including
Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
Influence of Surface Water)
3. Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
Influence of Surface Water
4. Strategies for Implementation
E. Public Notification
F. Variances
G. Exemptions
V. State Implementation of Surface Water Treatment Requirements
A. General
B. Specific Primacy Requirements for States to Adopt 40 CFR Part
141, Subpart H - Filtration and Disinfection
1. General Primacy Requirements - State Requirements Must Be
No Less Stringent Than Federal Requirements
2. Special Primacy Requirements - State Requirements Must Be
Enforceable
3. Special Primacy Requirements - State Requirements Must
Establish Practices and Procedures
C. State Reporting and Recordkeeping
D. EPA Oversight of State Decisions Regarding Filtration
Requirements
E. Response to Comments on Proposed Requirements for State
Implementation of the Surface Water Treatment Requirements
VI. Economic Analysis
A. Total Cost of Final Rule
B. Concepts of Cost Analysis
C. Costs of Compliance for Currently Unfiltered Surface Water
Systems
D. Costs of Compliance for Currently Filtered Surface Water
Systems
E. Benefits
VII. Other Requirements
A. Regulatory Flexibility Act
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-8
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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
C. National Drinking Water Advisory Council and Science Advisory
Board
VIII. References
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-9
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Guide to NPDWRs (Personal Computer Application)
General Description
The Office of Drinking Water is currently developing an easy to use computer
application that will identify and explain Federal rules applying to public water
systems.
The application will contain the full text of the promulgated NPDWRs,
appropriate guidance documents, and references to other supporting
documents.
The application will enable users to quickly identify the relevant rules and
sections applicable to their concerns.
The application will be developed using a commercial hypertext software
package for IBM PCs and compatibles.
It is intended primarily for use by EPA Regions, States, and the Drinking
Water Hotline. It is not intended for use by PWS operators, although they may
find it useful.
Major Data/Information Available
Health effects data
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Best available technology (BAT)
Unreasonable risk to health (URTH) levels
Analytical methods
Monitoring procedures
Possible Uses
Determine monitoring, reporting, and notification requirements for each rule.
Identify MCLs, methods, and URTHs applicable to public water systems with
particular characteristics or to particular contaminants.
Access
The Office of Drinking Water will distribute the application to the EPA
Headquarters Drinking Water Hotline and to EPA Regional and State
personnel in FY 1991.
The application will run on IBM and compatible PCs. A hard disk will be
needed to run the application. In addition, a color monitor and mouse may be
needed.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 10
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This page intentionally left blank.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 11
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Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual
General Description
The Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual assists EPA
Headquarters, EPA Regional offices, individual States, and affected utilities in
achieving consistent implementation of the rule.
It supplements the criteria appearing in the rule, gives more detailed
explanation of concepts presented in the rule, and focuses on PWS treatment
techniques and measurement methods (unlike the Implementation Manual,
which focuses on primacy and reporting requirements).
Major Data/Information Available
Explanation of two-tiered approach for determining whether a ground-water
supply source is under the direct influence of surface water
Design, operating, and performance criteria for specific surface water quality
conditions that provide the optimum protection of public health through multiple
barrier treatment
Examples of occurrences which would require public notification
Language of public notices
Public notification method
Current/Possible Uses
Determine the most appropriate treatment requirements for waters within an
individual jurisdiction.
Determine if a water supply source is subject to requirements of a NPDWR.
Determine compliance with performance criteria.
Obtain guidelines for establishing reporting requirements.
Determine whether or not systems are in compliance with requirements.
Access
A copy of the guidance manual may be ordered, at cost, from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.
The NTIS order number is PB90-148016.
Contact
For more information on the interpretation and appropriate uses of guidance
manuals, contact the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water
at (202) 382-7379.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 12
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. General Requirements
2.1 Application
2.1.1 Types of Water Supplies
2.1.2 Determination of Applicable Sources
2.2 Treatment Requirements
2.3 Operator Personnel Qualifications
3. Compliance for Systems Not Filtering
3.1 Source Water Quality Criteria
3.1.1 Coliform Concentrations
3.1.2 Turbidity Levels
3.2 Disinfection Criteria
3.2.1 Inactivation Requirements
3.2.2 Determination of Overall Inactivation for Residual
Profile, Multiple Disinfectants and Multiple Sources
3.2.3 Demonstration of Maintaining a Residual
3.2.4 Disinfection System Redundancy
3.3 Site-Specific Conditions
3.3.1 Watershed Control Program
3.3.2 On-Site Inspection
3.3.3 No Disease Outbreaks
3.3.4 Monthly Coliform MCL
3.3.5 Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations
4. Design and Operating Criteria for Filtration and Disinfection
Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Selection of Appropriate Filtration Technology
4.2.1 General Descriptions
4.2.2 Capabilities
4.2.3 Selection
4.3 Available Filtration Technologies
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 General
4.3.3 Conventional Treatment
4.3.4 Direct Filtration
4.3.5 Slow Sand Filtration
4.3.6 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
4.3.7 Alternate Technologies
4.3.8 Nontreatment Alternatives
4.4 Disinfection
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 13
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Recommended Removal/Inactivation
4.4.3 Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations
5. Criteria for Determining if Filtration and Disinfection are Satisfactorily
Practiced
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
5.2.1 Sampling Location
5.2.2 Sampling Frequency
5.2.3 Additional Monitoring
5.3 Turbidity Performance Criteria
5.3.1 Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration
5.3.2 Slow Sand Filtration
5.3.3 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
5.3.4 Other Filtration Technologies
5.4 Disinfection Monitoring Requirements
5.5 Disinfection Performance Criteria
5.5.1 Minimum Performance Criteria Required Under the
SWTR
5.5.2 Recommended Performance Criteria
5.5.3 Disinfection By-Product Considerations
5.5.4 Determination of Inactivation by Disinfection
5.6 Other Considerations
6. Reporting
6.1 Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Not
Providing Filtration
6.2 Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
Filtration
7. Compliance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Systems Using a Surface Water Source
7.3 Compliance Transition with Current NPDWR Turbidity
Requirements
7.4 Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
Influence of a Surface Water
7.5 Response for Systems not Meeting the SWTR Criteria
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Systems Not Filtering
7.5.3 Systems Currently Filtering
8. Public Notification
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 14
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements far Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
9. Exemptions
9.1 Overview of Requirements
9.2 Recommended Criteria
9.3 Compelling Factors
9.4 Evaluation of Alternate Water Supply Sources
9.5 Protection of Public Health
9.6 Notification to EPA
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 15
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Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
developed by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
1986.
The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
availability of safe drinking water documents; accepts requests for some safe
drinking water publications and documents; and refers detailed, technical,
and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page I-10) is completed, the Hotline will
make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
callers.
Major Data/Information Available
Safe drinking water publications
Fact sheets
Brochures
Recently-published regulatory documents
Recently-published Federal Register notices
Referrals to EPA, States, and localities
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
Obtain general information on drinking water regulations and programs.
Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.
Access
The Hotline operates Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
Time. The Hotline does not operate on Federal holidays.
Contact
(800) 426-4791 United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands
(202) 382-5533 Washington, DC metropolitan area
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 16
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Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 17
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Response to Public Comments
General Description
Response to public comments documents provide the official EPA response to
all public comments on proposed NPDWRs.
They categorize comments by subject area.
EPA solicits written public comments on a proposed rule and on the content of
the corresponding Guidance Manual (if appropriate) and the Implementation
Manual (if appropriate) through a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published in
the Federal Register.
In addition to written comments submitted to the Drinking Water Docket, EPA
holds public hearings to obtain oral comments on each proposed rule.
Major Data/Information Available
Public comments on proposed rules
Responses to Congressional letters on constituents' comments
Index of statements submitted at public hearings
ป Responses to written public comments
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain official EPA responses to public comments.
Determine rule provisions causing public concern.
Gauge the extent of public awareness of and concern over specific Federal
regulations.
Access
Copies of EPA responses to public comments on proposed NPDWRs are
available to the public for review and photocopying at the EPA Drinking Water
Docket, located at 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460.
To access these and other docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00
am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time, for an appointment.
Contact
For more information on EPA responses to public comments, contact the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 18
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From Response to Public Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule (June
1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Overview of Public Comments Received by Subject Category
B. Public Comments
I. Summary of Public Comments on Proposed MCLGs, ANPRM,
and RMCLs (with EPA Responses)
1. Giardia
2. Viruses
3. Turbidity
4. Legionella
5. Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)
6. Treatment Techniques - General
II. Summary of Public Comments on Proposed SWTR (with EPA
Responses)
1. General Requirements
a. Applicability
b. Treatment Requirements
c. Operator Personnel Requirements
2. Criteria for Determining if Filtration is Required
a. Source Water Quality Criteria
(1) Coliform Limits
(2) Turbidity Limits
b. Watershed Control
c. Sanitary Survey Requirements
d. No Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
e. Compliance with THM Requirements
f. Requirement for Redundancy of Disinfection Process
3. Criteria for Determining if Treatment is Required for
Adequate Filtered Systems
a. Design and Operating Conditions - General
b. Design and Operating Conditions - Disinfection
c. Design and Operating Conditions - Filtration
4. Disinfection Requirements (Filtered and Unfiltered Systems)
a. Level of Disinfection - CT Values
b. Continuous Disinfection Residual at Entry Point to
Distribution System
c. Disinfection Residual Requirements for Distribution
System
5. Turbidity Monitoring
6. Turbidity Performance Criteria
7. Reporting Requirements
8. Compliance
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
I- 19
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From Response to Public Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule (June
1989):
9. Public Notification
10. Regulatory Impact Analysis
11. Analytical Methods
12. State Primacy
13. Guidance Manual
14. Small Systems
15. Miscellaneous
III. Public Comments Appearing in the Response to Comments
Document for the Total Coliform Rule
C. Appendices
I. Responses to Congressional Letters Regarding Constituents'
Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule
II. References
III. Index of Comments on ANPRM (October 1983)
IV. Index of Comments on RMCLs (November 1985)
V. Index of Comments on Proposed Surface Water Treatment Rule
(November 1987 and May 1988)
VI. Index of Statements Submitted at Public Hearings
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
1-20
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II. Inventory of
Public Water Systems
These sources describe the
number and characteristics of
the nation's public water
systems.
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1986 Survey of Community Water Systems
General Description
The survey was designed to collect basic information on financial and operating
characteristics of the water systems regulated by ODW; it targeted all
community water systems that operated at any time in 1985 and were covered
by the SDWA.
The survey report provides tabular summaries of survey findings.
Major Data/Information Available
Size of population served
Type of ownership
Type, number, and geographic distribution of water sources
Amounts of water pumped and delivered
Number and training of treatment plant operators
Types of water treatments
Revenues and expenses
Rate structure
Assets and liabilities
Current Uses
Provide basic industry characteristic information used in Regulatory Impact
Analyses (RIAs). Types of information used include: existing treatments,
number of household per system size category, and average household costs
by system size category.
How Data Were Gathered
The two-phased sample design was stratified by population size served and
ownership type.
Screening questionnaires were sent to 3,800 water systems chosen from the
Federal Reporting Data System's FY85 list of active community water
systems.
The screening questionnaire collected stratification, eligibility, and mailing
information for the second phase.
From the 3,368 eligible responses received, follow-up questionnaires were
sent to 1,150 water systems.
Timeliness of Data
Data are statistically valid data on selected 1985 financial and operating
characteristics of community water systems.
Similar data were collected in the past:
~ 1976 survey on 1975 financial and operating characteristics, and
~ 1982 survey on 1980 characteristics.
New survey planned availability in FY 1992.
How to Obtain Information
To obtain a copy of the 1987 survey report, contact the Economic, Legislative,
and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water, at (202) 382-5515.
Inventory of Public Water Sytems
II- 1
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From the Final Descriptive Summary, 1986 Survey of Community Water Systems
(October 23, 1987):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Background and Overview
1.1 Background
1.2 Overview
2. General Characteristics
3. Operating Characteristics
4. Revenues and Expenses
5. Assets and Liabilities
6. Native American Systems
7. Trends
8. Methodology
8.1 Sample Design and Selection
8.2 Data Collection Methodology
8.3 Data Analysis Procedures
9. References
Appendix A: 1986 Survey of Community Water Systems Questionnaires
Appendix B: Systems Excluded from Some Analyses
Inventory of Public Water Syterns
II-2
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Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS)
General Description
FRDS is a centralized data base that contains information on public water
systems (PWSs) and their violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
and other requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments.
FRDS is the primary information management tool used by the Office of
Drinking Water to supervise the public water system supervision program.
FRDS provides inventory, violations, enforcement, variances, and exemptions
data.
FRDS is updated quarterly through submissions from State and Regional
.primacy agents.
The Office of Drinking Water will publish a Manager's Guide to FRDS in the Spring of
1991. The manager's guide will explain how environmental managers can effectively
and appropriately use FRDS data and FRDS reports to assist with their decision
making. The guide will also provide information on how FRDS data are collected.
Major Data/Information Available
PWS Characterization/Identification
PWS Source Characterization/Identification/Location
PWS Source Treatment
Identification/Characterization of Areas Served by PWS
Site Visit/Inspection Information
PWS MCL, Monitoring, and Reporting Violations
Enforcement Actions
Variances/Exemptions Granted to PWS
Supporting Documentation
Data Element Dictionary - contains comprehensive information about
each data element and its associated values in FRDS.
Users Guide - describes FRDS interactive retrieval, including what
system functions and procedures are and how to use them, to the ADP
non-technical user.
Data Entry Instructions - assists FRDS users with their data collection
efforts and explains in detail how to enter data.
Current/Possible Uses
Identify PWSs with MCL violations.
Identify a PWS's sources of water.
Identify the population size served by a PWS.
Identify PWSs in significant noncompliance with NPDWRs and those granted
exemptions.
Access
To obtain access to the FRDS data base, contact the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Inventory of Public Water Syterns
II-3
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State Data
General Description
The EPA Administrator may delegate primary responsibility for managing the Public Water
System Supervision program to qualified States. The primacy State maintains the detailed
information related to sampling, monitoring and enforcement.
Major Data/Information Available
Sampling analytical results by contaminant
Raw and finished monitoring data
On-site visits (e.g., sanitary surveys)
Enforcement actions
Variances and exemptions
Inventory Information
How FRDS Gets Information
Compliance & Enforconwnt
Inventory
Additional Samples if Required
1. A pub*! water system (PWS) is
required by National Primary
Drinking WiMr Regulations
(NPDWRs) to take water samples.
2. The PWS send* samples to
laboratory certified by a primacy
agent (e.g.. Stale).
3. The He sends its tost results to the
primacy agent and to the PWS.
4. The primacy agent determine! PWS
compliance with NPDWRs baaed
upon PWS characteoatica.
5. If the primacy agent determine! that
a PWS hat violated a NPOWR, it
submits violation Information to EPA
quarterly and lakes enforcement
action; the primacy agent also
submits enforcement information and
any PWS inventory change* to EPA.
8. II the primacy agent determines that
aPWShasnotviolaMdaNPOWR.il
does not submit violation intormatlon
to EPA, and EPA assumes that the
PWS to in cofTapttAnot with tN
NPDWRs.
Water sampling is done at the State
level Detailed sampling and
analytical results are maintained at
the State level. Information at the
State level Is maintained in a variety
of formate. Contact States tor details.
State Determines
Compliance
(e.g. enough
samples taken,
samples betow
MCL)
Contact
For more information on state data and their appropriate uses, contact the individual state.
See State Drinking Water contacts on page VI-8.
Inventory of Public Water Sy terns
II -4
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III. Health Effects/Risk Analysis
These sources provide information
on the health effects of drinking
water contaminants; extent of
drinking water contamination;
guidelines for conducting risk,
exposure, and health assessments;
and risk-based standards.
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Health Effects/Risk Analysis
HI- 1
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Health Advisories
General Description
Health advisories provide information on health effects; analytical
methodology; and/or treatment methodology of pesticides, organic chemicals,
inorganic chemicals, and other contaminants. They are based upon information
contained in Criteria Documents. (See page III-4.)
Health advisories recommend a maximum allowable exposure level for drinking
water contaminants with no MCL. These recommended levels are not legally-
enforceable standards.
The legionella health advisory examines pathogen control.
Major Data/Information Available
Contaminant presence in distribution and plumbing systems
Contaminant control at water treatment facilities
Contaminant control in plumbing systems
Proper design of hot water tanks and water fittings
When to undertake control measures
Current/Possible Uses
Serve as informal technical guidances to Federal, State, and local officials
responsible for protecting public health when emergency spills or contamination
situations occur.
How to Obtain Information
Health advisories can be ordered, for a fee, from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650. To obtain
the correct reference numbers for ordering health advisories from NTIS, first
call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Health advisories are also maintained on-line on EPA's Integrated Risk
Information System. (See page III-10.)
Contact
For more information on the data contained in health advisories and their
appropriate uses, contact the Health Effects Branch, Office of Drinking Water
at (202) 382-7571.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III-2
-------
Health advisories do not have a table of contents.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III- 3
-------
Criteria Documents
General Description
Criteria documents describe the health effects of drinking water contaminants-
chemical substances, pathogens, and indicator organisms.
Criteria documents also provide some information on the occurrence and
treatment of contaminants.
Criteria documents have been published for each regulated contaminant. In
some instances, a single criteria document covers several contaminants.
Major Data/Information Available
Attack Rate
Incubation Period
Duration of Illness
Symptoms
Pathological Statistics
Mortality Rates
Dose Response
Modes of Transmission
Immunity
Sources of Infection
Risk Factors
Control Methods
Health Effects in Animals
Health Effects in Humans
Indicators of Viruses
Physical and Chemical Properties
Chemical Manufacturing and Use
Sources of Exposure
Chemical Metabolism
Risk Assessment
Carcinogenic Effects
Current/Possible Uses
Serve as the basis for the development of health advisories. (See page III-l.)
Serve as the basis for the development of regulations.
How to Obtain Information
Criteria documents may be ordered, at cost, from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650. To obtain
the correct reference numbers for ordering from NTIS, first call the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Contact
For more information on the data in criteria documents and their appropriate
uses, contact the Science & Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
(202) 382-3022.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III-4
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From the Final Draft for the Drinking Water Criteria Document on Carbofuran (April
1987):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
/. Summary
II. Physical and Chemical Properties
A. Manufacture and Use
B. Environmental Fate and Stability
C. Summary
///. Toxicokinetics
A. Absorption
B. Distribution
C. Metabolism
D. Excretion
E. Bioaccumulation and Retention
F. Summary
IV. Human Exposure
V. Health Effects in Animals
A. Acute Toxicity
1. Lethality
2. General Effects
B. Chronic Toxicity
C. Reproductive/Teratogenic Effects
D. Mutagenicity
E. Carcinogenicity
F. Summary
VI. Health Effects in Humans
A. Clinical Case Studies
B. Epidemiological Studies
C. High Risk Subpopulations
D. Summary
VII. Mechanism of Toxicity
A. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition
B. Interactions
C. Summary
VIII. Quantification of Toxicologies! Effects
A. Noncarcinogenic Effects
1. Short-term Exposure
2. Long-term Exposure
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
HI-5
-------
From the Final Draft for the Drinking Water Criteria Document on Carbofuran (April
1987):
B. Quantification of Noncarcinogenic Effects
1. One-Day Health Advisory
2. Ten-Day Health Advisory
3. Longer-Term Health Advisory
4. Reference Dose and Drinking Water Equivalent Level
C. Carcinogenic Effects
D. Quantification of Carcinogenic Effects
E. Existing Guidelines and Standards
F. Special Considerations
1. High-Risk Populations
2. Interactions
3. Beneficial Effects
G. Summary
IX. References
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III-6
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Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III-7
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Occurrence Documents
General Description
Occurrence documents present the most current and representative information
available for (1) understanding the occurrence of contaminants in food, air, and
drinking water and (2) assessing the importance of drinking water as a route of
human exposure.
Major Data/Information Available
Estimates of individuals exposed
Dietary intake
Respiratory intake
Water supply characteristics with the contaminants present
Distribution of contaminant levels in water supplies
Current/Possible Uses
Support EPA's consideration of the need and alternatives for controlling
contaminants in public water supplies.
Estimate the number of individuals in the United States exposed to various
levels of contaminants in drinking water from public water supplies.
Estimate of the number of public water supplies of various sources and size
categories that have contaminants present.
Estimate the distribution of contaminant levels in those water supplies.
Estimate the relative contributions of the three sources (drinking water, food,
air) to the total intake received by individuals.
How to Obtain Information
Occurrence documents may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
docket. To access docket materials, you must make an appointment. Call
(202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
Contact
For more information on occurrence document data and their appropriate uses,
contact the Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202)
382-3022.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 8
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From Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Drinking Water, Food and Air (June 29, 1982):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary
Introduction
1. Sources of Vinyl Chloride
1.1 Natural Sources
1.2 Anthropogenic Sources
1.2.1 Production
1.2.2 Consumption
1.2.3 Environmental Releases
1.3 Transport and Fate
2. Occurrence in Drinking Water
2.1 Overview and Quality Assurance Assessment of Federal Drinking
Water Surveys
2.2 Ground Water
2.2.1 Federal Surveys
2.2.2 State Data
2.3 Surface Water
2.4 Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Public Water
Supplies
2.4.1 Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Ground-
Water Systems
2.4.2 Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Surface
Water Systems
3. Occurrence in the Food Supply
4. Occurrence in Ambient Air
5. Human Exposure from Drinking Water, Food and Air
5.1 Drinking Water Intake
5.1.1 Population Exposed
5.1.2 Daily Intake of Vinyl Chloride from Drinking Water
5.1.3 Population-Concentration and Population-Exposure
Estimates
5.2 Dietary Intake
5.3 Respiratory Intake
5.4 Relative Source Contribution
References
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III-9
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Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
General Description
IRIS is an electronic on-line database containing summary health risk
assessment and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals.
IRIS provides a consistent basis for decision-making and regulatory activities;
the information contained in IRIS has been reviewed and agreed upon by intra-
EPA groups.
Major Data/Information Available
Specific Chemical Files
Oral and inhalation reference doses for chronic noncarcinogenic health
effects
Oral and inhalation slope factors and unit risks for chronic exposures to
carcinogens
Drinking water health advisories
EPA regulatory action summaries
Data on acute health hazards
Data on physical/chemical properties
Supporting On-line Documentation
Alphabetical and CAS Number listings of chemicals in IRIS
List of revisions made to existing chemical files
Introduction to IRIS
Documents on risk assessment methodologies
Glossary of terms
User's guide and instructional case study
Status of chemicals scheduled for IRIS review process
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain risk values for use in risk assessments.
Obtain regulatory reference citations.
Access
To obtain an IRIS account, call DIALCOM, Inc. at (202) 488-0550 or write
DIALCOM, Inc., 600 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20024.
IRIS users must pay an hourly usage fee and a small charge per computer
screen accessed.
IRIS User Support (513) 569-7254 can answer questions about how to use
IRIS and when a chemical, reference dose, or carcinogenicity section will be
added to IRIS.
Contact
To answer questions about IRIS data and their appropriate uses, call the EPA
contact appearing in IRIS at the end of the chemical file section containing the
data in question.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 10
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National Pesticide Survey (NFS)
General Description
Between April 1988 and February 1990, EPA sampled 566 community water
system wells and 783 domestic wells. Each sample taken was tested for 127
pesticides, pesticide by-products, and nitrates.
Major Data/Information To Be Available
Various analyses and statistics on the extent of and relationships among
pesticide contamination, groundwater vulnerability, and pesticide use.
Possible Uses
Develop national estimates of the frequency and concentration of pesticides in
drinking water wells. (Appendix D lists those analytes covered by the NPS.)
Examine the relationships among pesticide contamination, groundwater
vulnerability, and pesticide use.
How Data Were Gathered
The wells sampled were randomly selected. Sampling occurred in every State,
including Alaska and Hawaii.
Samples were taken by State personnel, 300 of whom participated in specifically-
designed NPS training courses.
County extension agents provided pesticide use information for the areas surrounding
community and domestic wells.
Well owners, operators, and local area experts filled out questionnaires covering well
construction, pesticide use patterns, cropping, and pesticide storage.
How to Obtain Information
A preliminary report consisting of straightforward results (e.g., the percentage
and number of wells in which at least one pesticide was found) will be
available in the fall of 1990.
A final report will be available in the winter of 1990-91.
Contact
For more information on the survey, contact the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
(800) 426-4791 or (202)382-5533.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III- 11
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National Inorganics Radionuclides Survey (NIRS)
General Description
Between July 1984 and October 1986, EPA sampled 990 community water
supplies with ground water sources. Each sample taken was tested for 37
inorganic parameters and 6 radiochemical parameters.
Between November 1986 and May 1987, EPA sampled 200 community wells
which were selected to test an occurrence model for radium-228. Each sample
was tested only for radium-228. (Appendix E lists those inorganic elements
and radionuclides covered by the NIRS.)
Major Data/Information To Be Available
Contaminant Concentrations
Sampling Site Identification Data
Site Characteristics (population, treatment, etc.)
Well and aquifer characteristics (radium-228 study)
Possible Uses
Support the development of drinking water regulations.
Test a model of radium-228 occurrence
How Data Were Gathered
Random sample of community water system using ground water taken from FRDS
inventory. Radium-228 sample selection was driven by targeted geological areas.
States verified the appropriateness of the selected systems, completed the
information form, and collected the samples.
Chemical analyses were conducted at EPA laboratories in Cincinnati, OH and
Montgomery, AL.
Access
Contaminant data are available in dBase files.
Several publications are available which describe the survey and the
radionuclides data.
A final report will be available in 1991.
Contact
For more information on the survey, contact the Water Supply Technology
Branch, Technical Support Division at (513) 569-7908 FTS 684708 or Route 26
W. M. L. King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 12
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Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
developed by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
1986.
The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
availability of safe drinking water documents; accepts requests for some safe
drinking water publications and documents; and refers detailed, technical,
and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page I-10) is completed, the Hotline will
make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
callers.
Major Data/Information Available
Safe drinking water publications
Fact sheets
Brochures
Recently-published regulatory documents
Recently-published Federal Register notices
Referrals to EPA, States, and localities
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
Obtain general information on drinking water regulations and programs.
Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.
Access
The Hotline operates Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
Time. The Hotline does not operate on Federal holidays.
Contact
(800) 426-4791 United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands
(202) 382-5533 Washington, DC metropolitan area
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 13
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Risk, Exposure, and Health Assessment Guidelines
General Description
On September 24, 1986, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment published several guidelines designed to promote the quality and
consistency of risk, exposure, and health assessments performed within the
Agency. Proposed guidelines had been published on November 23, 1984.
The guidelines provide a general approach and framework for developing,
organizing, and carrying out risk, exposure, and health assessments.
Guidelines Available (Proposed; Final)
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (49 FR 46294; 51 FR 33992)
Exposure Assessment (49 FR 46304; 51 FR 34042)
Mutagenicity Risk Assessment (49 FR 46314; 51 FR 34006)
Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants (49 FR 46324; 51
FR 34028)
Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures (51 FR 34014)
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain detailed outlines for the organization and contents of an assessment.
Obtain references to supporting research.
Access
The guidelines are contained in Titles 49 and 51 of the Federal Register at the
pages cited above.
Contact
For more information on the guidelines, contact the Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment at (202) 382-5898 or (202) 475-8909.
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 14
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From the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (September 24, 1986):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
/. Introduction
II. Hazard Identification
A. Overview
B. Elements of Hazard Identification
1. Physical Chemical Properties and Routes and Patterns of
Exposure
2. Structure Activity Relationships
3. Metabolic and Pharmacokinetic Properties
4. Toxicologic Effects
5. Short Term Tests
6. Long Term Animal Studies
7. Human Studies
C. Weight of Evidence
D. Guidance for Dose Response Assessment
E. Summary and Conclusion
///. Dose Response Assessment, Exposure Assessment, and Risk
Characterization
A. Dose Response Assessment
1. Selection of Data
2. Choice of Mathematical Extrapolation Model
3. Equivalent Exposure Units Among Species
B. Exposure Assessment
C. Risk Characterization
1. Options for Numerical Risk Exposure
2. Concurrent Exposure
3. Summary of Risk Characterization
IV. EPA Classification System for Categorizing Weight of Evidence for
Carcinogenicity from Human and Animal Studies (Adopted from
IARC)
A. Assessment of Weight of Evidence for Carcinogenicity from
Studies in Humans
B. Assessment of Weight of Evidence for Carcinogenicity from
Studies in Experimental Animals
C. Categorization of Overall Weight of Evidence for Human
Carcinogenicity
V. References
Health Effects/Risk Analysis
III - 15
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IV. Economic Analysis
These sources analyze the costs
and benefits of NPDWRs and
the cost-effectiveness and
efficiencies of treatment
technologies.
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Economic Analysis
IV- 1
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Cost & Technology (C&T) Documents
General Description
C&T documents review alternative technologies and their relative efficiencies
and costs.
They present technologies and actions available to communities searching for
the most economical and effective means of complying with the regulations.
Major Data/Information Available
Water treatment technologies for removing specific contaminants from water
supplies
Cost data: capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, methods for
updating construction costs
Basis of costs process by process - conceptual design of structures and
equipment, operation and maintenance requirements, chemical use
requirements
Current/Possible Uses
Assist in identifying the best technology or other means generally available for
water treatment.
How to Obtain Information
C&T documents may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
docket. To access docket materials, you must make an appointment. Call
(202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
Contact
For more information on C&T data and their appropriate uses, contact the
Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-3022.
Economic Analysis
IV-2
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From the revised draft final of Technologies and Costs for the Treatment ofMicrobial
Contaminants in Potable Water Supplies (April 1987):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
I. Introduction
II. Background
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1946 to 1980
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1981 to 1983
Problems in Removing Microbial Contamination from Water
Supply Sources
Alternative Approaches to Microbial Contaminant Control
///. Filtration in Community Systems
Effectiveness of Filtration for Removal of Microbial Contaminants
Discussion of Most Applicable Filtration Technologies
IV. Disinfection in Community Systems
Most Applicable Technologies
Other Applicable Technologies
Additional Technologies
Disinfection with Filtration
V. Small Water Systems
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
Treatment Facilities Used by Small Water Systems
Difficulties Specific to Small Systems
Treatment Technologies Applicable to Small Systems
Filtration Technologies
Disinfection Technologies
Alternatives to Treatment
VI. Cost Data
Basis of Costs - General
Basis of Costs - Process by Process
Alternatives to Treatment
Typical Treatment Costs for Surface Water
Supplemental Process Costs for Surface Water Treatment
Cost Summary
References
Appendix A: Ground-Water Disinfection Costs
Appendix B: Surface Water Filtration Cost Calculation
Appendix C: Costs of Obtaining an Exception to the Surface Water
Filtration Rule
Economic Analysis
IV-3
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Regulatory/Economic Impact Analyses (RIAs)
General Description
A RIA is published by the Office of Drinking Water in accordance with
Executive Order 12291 which requires that a cost-benefit analysis be
performed for every major rule promulgated by a Federal department or agency.
It provides the EPA Administrator and the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget with analyses of the potential costs and benefits of,
and alternative approaches to, the regulation of drinking water contaminants.
A preliminary RIA is issued when the corresponding rule is proposed.
A final RIA, revised to reflect new data or other information, is issued at the
time of promulgation of the rule.
Major Data/Information Available
Number of systems affected by regulation
Monitoring costs
Treatment costs
Total capital costs
Total annualized costs
Waste/disposal costs (if appropriate)
Population exposed to contaminants (if appropriate)
Cancer/disease cases resulting from exposure (if appropriate)
Cancer/disease/exposure cases avoided through regulation (if appropriate)
Outbreak damages (if appropriate)
Endemic damages (if appropriate)
State program costs
Effects on small systems
Current/Possible Uses
Estimate water system, monitoring, and treatment costs by system size.
Estimate compliance costs per household by system size.
Obtain estimates for State program costs.
How to Obtain Information
RIAs may be ordered, at cost, from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650. To obtain the correct reference
numbers for ordering RIAs from NTIS, first call the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
ซ RIAs may also be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water docket, 401
M Street, SW, Washington, D.C., (202) 382-3027.
Contact
For more information on RIA data and their appropriate uses, contact the
Economic, Legislative and Policy Analysis, Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
(202) 382-5515.
Economic Analysis
IV-4
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From the final RIA for the surface water treatment rule (February 17, 1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Executive Summary
1.1 Assessment of Costs
1.2 Assessment of Benefits
2. Problem Definition
3. Market Imperfections, the Need for Federal Regulation, and
Consideration of Regulatory Alternatives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Consideration of Regulatory Alternatives
4. Assessment of Costs
4.1 Treatment Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
4.2 Turbidity Performance Requirements for Filtered Systems
4.3 Disinfection Performance Requirements for Filtered Systems
4.4 Treatment Requirements for Surface-Influenced Ground-
Water Systems
4.5 Monitoring Requirements
4.6 State Regulatory Program Implementation Costs
5. Assessment of Benefits
5.1 Draft RIA Aggregate Analysis
5.2 Draft RIA System Level Net Benefits Analysis
5.3 New Information
5.4 Revised Aggregate Analysis
5.5 Revised System Level Net Benefits Analysis
6. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis and Paperwork Reduction Act
Analysis
6.1 Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
6.2 Paperwork Burden
7. Summary of Costs and Benefits
7.1 Aggregate Costs
7.2 Aggregate Benefits
7.3 Net Benefits at the Level of Individual Water Systems
Economic Analysis
IV-5
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State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments
General Description
This briefing document summarizes the results and key findings of a survey on
State resource needs for implementing current programs and new regulations
required under the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.
It identifies the survey results' potential implications on implementation and
enforcement of national primary drinking water regulations.
Major Data/Information Available
Detailed summaries of survey responses
Detailed national results
State estimates of resources needed on a temporary basis during the initial
phase of implementation
State estimates of resources needed on a permanent basis
Assessment of State expenditures of the public water supply supervision
program in FY 1988
State ratings of program activities
Extrapolation of State resource needs across the nation
Current/Possible Uses
Assist in estimating State costs of regulatory options.
How Data Were Gathered
A Survey of State Primacy Program Resource Needs was conducted in the
Summer and Fall of 1988.
Survey questionnaires were distributed to all States and territories to obtain
estimates of State resource needs.
Responses were received from 36 States and one territory (65 percent
response rate). Respondents regulate approximately 78% of the nation's
community water supplies.
How to Obtain Information
To obtain a copy of the briefing document, contact the Economic, Legislative
and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-5515.
Contact
For more information on the study data and their appropriate uses, contact the
Economic, Policy Analysis, and Data Management Branch, Office of Drinking
Water at (202) 382-5540.
Economic Analysis
IV-6
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From State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments,
August 1989:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary
Role of the States in the Drinking Water Program
Structure of State Programs
Summary of SDWA Requirements Prior to and Resulting from the 1986
Amendments
Overview of the Survey
Survey Results
Limitations of Data Presented
Economic Analysis
IV-7
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Estimates of the Total Benefits & Total Costs Associated with Implementation
of the 1986 Amendments to SOW A
General Description
This document summarizes the results of an analysis estimating the total
benefits and the total national cost impact associated with the implementation
of the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.
It provides an explanation of the combined impacts of all drinking water
regulations (unlike regulatory/economic impact analyses which are prepared
independent of existing or future drinking water regulations).
Major Data/Information Available
Aggregate national-scale impacts
Combined cost impacts and cost-benefit comparisons for all SDWA
regulations at the individual system level and at the household level
Number of cases of adverse health effects avoided nationally
Health effects avoided from the removal of contaminants at levels below MCLs
Efficiencies in water system operation and management
Other indirect benefits
Current/Possible Uses
Provide a national picture of the combined benefits and cost of the 1986
Amendments.
How to Obtain Information
To obtain a copy of the study summary, contact the Economic, Legislative and
Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-5540.
The detailed report, document number PB90196692/AS, may be ordered from
the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703)
487-4650.
Contact
For more information on the study's data and their appropriate uses, contact
the Economic, Legislative and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking
Water at (202) 382-5515.
Economic Analysis
IV- 8
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From Estimates of the Total Benefits & Total Costs Associated with Implementation
of the 1986 Amendments to SDWA, March 15, 1990:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Purpose of this Report
1.2 SDWA Regulations Included in the Total Benefits and Total Costs
Estimates
1.3 Organization of this Report
1.4 Qualifications to the Analysis
2. Aggregate Benefits of ODW Regulations
2.1 Reductions in Adverse Health Effects
2.2 Consideration of Contaminant Co-occurrence
2.3 "Intangible" Benefits of Improved Drinking Water Standards
3. Aggregate Cost of ODW Regulations
3.1 Total National Cost of All ODW Regulations
3.2 Summary of Cost Impact by Regulation
3.3 Impact of Contaminant Co-occurrence Estimates
3.4 Time-Phased Compliance Expenditures
3.5 Comparison of SDWA Compliance Cost to Total Water Supply
Costs
3.6 Cost to State Programs
4. System-Level Cost Impacts
4.1 Small System Impacts
4.2 Multiple Compliance Requirements
5. Benefit/Cost Comparisons
5.1 Aggregate Cost/Benefit Comparisons
5.2 System-Level and Household-Level Cost/Benefit Comparisons
6. Summary and Conclusions
6.1 Aggregate Benefits
6.2 Aggregate Costs
6.3 System-Level Impacts
6.4 Cost/Benefit Comparisons
Economic Analysis
IV-9
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Information Collection Requests (ICRs)
General Description
ICRs are submitted by the Office of Drinking Water to the Office of
Management and Budget for proposed and final NPDWRs.
They describe the hours and costs expended by the regulated community to
collect and report specific information required by proposed/final NPDWRs,
justify the mandatory collection of information, outline how EPA will minimize
the burden to public water systems and States, and document compliance with
the Paperwork Reduction Act.
A draft ICR is issued when the corresponding rule is proposed.
A final ICR, revised to reflect new data or other information, is issued at the
time of promulgation of the rule.
Major Data/Information Available
Number of systems affected
Administrative/enforcement costs to Federal government
Total cost to primacy agencies
Cost to public water systems
Monitoring costs
Labor costs
Capital costs
Specific information required to be furnished
Current/Possible Uses
Justify information collection activities.
ซ Estimate the amount of time a PWS or State will expend to comply with
Federal regulation.
Compare industry-wide average costs to an individual PWS's costs.
Develop a PWS's cost projections.
How to Obtain Information
ICRs may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water docket. To
access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm,
Eastern Time, for an appointment.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
Contact
For more information on ICR data and their appropriate uses, contact the
Economic, Legislative and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
(202) 382-5515.
Economic Analysis
IV- 10
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From the draft ICR for the inorganic chemicals (lOCs - Phase II) rule (April 1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Background Information
Justification
Need for Information Collection
Description and Practical Utility of Information Collected
Description
Practical Utility of the Information
Minimizing Burden
Non-Duplication
Consideration of Alternatives
Minimization of Burden on Small Businesses
Consideration of Collection
Paperwork Reduction
Consultations
Confidentiality
Sensitive Questions
Costs to the Government and to the Respondents
Federal Government
Respondents
States
Public Water Systems
Estimation of Respondent Burden
Reasons for Change in Burden
Scheduling
Standard Industrial Classifications
Collection of Information Employing Statistical Methods
Economic Analysis
IV- 11
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V. Compliance/Violation
These sources describe water treatment
technologies that enable systems to
achieve compliance with NPDWRs;
provide guidance on achieving
compliance with specific regulations,
preparing primacy applications, and
evaluating them; and identify public
water systems violating NPDWRs.
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Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS)
General Description
FRDS is a centralized data base that contains information on public water
systems (PWSs) and their violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
and other requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments.
FRDS is the primary information management tool used by the Office of
Drinking Water to supervise the public water system supervision program.
FRDS provides inventory, violations, enforcement, variances, and exemptions
data.
FRDS is updated quarterly through submissions from State and Regional
primacy agents.
The Office of Drinking Water will publish a Manager's Guide to FRDS in the Spring of
1991. The manager's guide will explain how environmental managers can effectively
and appropriately use FRDS data and FRDS reports to assist with their decision
making. The guide will also provide information on how FRDS data are collected.
Major Data/Information Available
PWS Characterization/Identification
PWS Source Characterization/Identification/Location
PWS Source Treatment
Identification/Characterization of Areas Served by PWS
Site Visit/Inspection Information
PWS MCL, Monitoring, and Reporting Violations
Enforcement Actions
Variances/Exemptions Granted to PWS
Supporting Documentation
Data Element Dictionary - contains comprehensive information about
each data element and its associated values in FRDS.
Users Guide - describes FRDS interactive retrieval, including what
system functions and procedures are and how to use them, to the ADP
non-technical user.
Data Entry Instructions - assists FRDS users with their data collection
efforts and explains in detail how to enter data.
Current/Possible Uses
Identify PWSs with MCL violations.
Identify a PWS's sources of water.
Identify the population size served by a PWS.
Identify PWSs in significant noncompliance with NPDWRs and those granted
exemptions.
Access
To obtain access to the FRDS data base, contact the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
Compliance/Violation
V- 1
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Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual
General Description
The Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual assists EPA
Headquarters, EPA Regional offices, individual States, and affected utilities in
achieving consistent implementation of the rule.
It supplements the criteria appearing in the rule, gives more detailed
explanation of concepts presented in the rule, and focuses on PWS treatment
techniques and measurement methods (unlike the Implementation Manual,
which focuses on primacy and reporting requirements).
Major Data/Information Available
Explanation of two-tiered approach for determining whether a ground-water
supply source is under the direct influence of surface water
Design, operating, and performance criteria for specific surface water quality
conditions that provide the optimum protection of public health through multiple
barrier treatment
Examples of occurrences which would require public notification
Language of public notices
Public notification method
Current/Possible Uses
Determine the most appropriate treatment requirements for waters within an
individual jurisdiction.
Determine if a water supply source is subject to requirements of a NPDWR.
Determine compliance with performance criteria.
Obtain guidelines for establishing reporting requirements.
Determine whether or not systems are in compliance with requirements.
How to Obtain Information
A copy of the guidance manual may be ordered, at cost, from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.
The NTIS order number is PB90-148016.
Contact
For more information on the interpretation and appropriate uses of guidance
manuals, contact the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water
at (202) 382-7379.
Compliance/Violation
V- 2
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. General Requirements
2.1 Application
2.1.1 Types of Water Supplies
2.1.2 Determination of Applicable Sources
2.2 Treatment Requirements
2.3 Operator Personnel Qualifications
3. Compliance for Systems Not Filtering
3.1 Source Water Quality Criteria
3.1.1 Coliform Concentrations
3.1.2 Turbidity Levels
3.2 Disinfection Criteria
3.2.1 Inactivation Requirements
3.2.2 Determination of Overall Inactivation for Residual
Profile, Multiple Disinfectants and Multiple Sources
3.2.3 Demonstration of Maintaining a Residual
3.2.4 Disinfection System Redundancy
3.3 Site-Specific Conditions
3.3.1 Watershed Control Program
3.3.2 On-Site Inspection
3.3.3 No Disease Outbreaks
3.3.4 Monthly Coliform MCL
3.3.5 Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations
4. Design and Operating Criteria for Filtration and Disinfection
Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Selection of Appropriate Filtration Technology
4.2.1 General Descriptions
4.2.2 Capabilities
4.2.3 Selection
4.3 Available Filtration Technologies
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 General
4.3.3 Conventional Treatment
4.3.4 Direct Filtration
4.3.5 Slow Sand Filtration
4.3.6 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
4.3.7 Alternate Technologies
4.3:8 Nontreatment Alternatives
4.4 Disinfection
Compliance/Violation
V- 3
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Recommended Removal/Inactivation
4.4.3 Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations
5. Criteria for Determining if Filtration and Disinfection are
Satisfactorily Practiced
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
5.2.1 Sampling Location
5.2.2 Sampling Frequency
5.2.3 Additional Monitoring
5.3 Turbidity Performance Criteria
5.3.1 Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration
5.3.2 Slow Sand Filtration
5.3.3 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
5.3.4 Other Filtration Technologies
5.4 Disinfection Monitoring Requirements
5.5 Disinfection Performance Criteria
5.5.1 Minimum Performance Criteria Required Under the
SWTR
5.5.2 Recommended Performance Criteria
5.5.3 Disinfection By-Product Considerations
5.5.4 Determination of Inactivation by Disinfection
5.6 Other Considerations
6. Reporting
6.1 Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Not
Providing Filtration
6.2 Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
Filtration
7. Compliance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Systems Using a Surface Water Source
7.3 Compliance Transition with Current NPDWR Turbidity
Requirements
7.4 Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
Influence of a Surface Water
7.5 Response for Systems not Meeting the SWTR Criteria
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Systems Not Filtering
7.5.3 Systems Currently Filtering
8. Public Notification
Compliance/Violation
V - 4
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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
9. Exemptions
9.1 Overview of Requirements
9.2 Recommended Criteria
9.3 Compelling Factors
9.4 Evaluation of Alternate Water Supply Sources
9.5 Protection of Public Health
9.6 Notification to EPA
Compliance/Violation
V-5
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Implementation Manuals
General Description
Implementation manuals complement proposed rules; they are subject to
revision based on public comment period responses and changes to the
proposed rule.
Implementation manuals provide guidance to EPA Regions and States on the
implementation of rules, supplement criteria in proposed rules, and focus on
primacy and reporting requirements.
Major Data/Information Available
Dates important to the rule
Summary of events that constitute violations under the rule
Categorical breakdown of requirements
List of questions and responses to questions which were asked at
implementation workshops
Descriptions and samples of material needed for primacy revision applications
Current/Possible Uses
Assist in evaluating primacy revision applications.
Assist in preparing primacy revision applications.
Assist in allocating resources for regulatory development.
How to Obtain Information
Implementation manuals may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking
water docket. To access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00
am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time, for an appointment.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
Contact
For more information on the appropriate interpretation and uses of
implementation manuals, contact the Drinking Water Branch, Office of Drinking
Water at (202) 382-5526.
Comp liance /V i ol ation
V-6
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From the draft Surface Water Treatment Rule Implementation Manual (May 13,
1990):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
I. Time Lines
II. Violation Determination and FRDS Reporting
A. Unfiltered Systems that Will Remain Unfiltered
B. Unfiltered Systems Required to Filter
C. Filtered Systems
D. Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water
E. FRDS Reporting
///. State Special Primacy Requirements
A. State Special Primacy Requirement Submissions
B. Mandatory State Special Primacy Requirement Submissions
(Procedures)
C. Discretionary State Special Primacy Requirements
Appendix A State Primacy Revision Application
Appendix B Wellhead Protection
Appendix C Questions and Answers
Appendix D FRDS Reporting
Compliance/Violation
V-7
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Cost & Technology (C&T) Documents
General Description
C&T documents review alternative technologies and their relative efficiencies
and costs.
They present technologies and actions available to communities searching for
the most economical and effective means of complying with the regulations.
Major Data/Information Available
Water treatment technologies for removing specific contaminants from water
supplies
Cost data: capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, methods for
updating construction costs
Basis of costs process by process - conceptual design of structures and
equipment, operation and maintenance requirements, chemical use
requirements
Current/Possible Uses
Assist in identifying the best technology or other means generally available for
water treatment.
How to Obtain Information
C&T documents may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
docket. To access docket materials, you must make an appointment. Call
(202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
Contact
For more information on C&T data and their appropriate uses, contact the
Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-3022.
Compliance/Violation
V- 8
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From the revised draft final of Technologies and Costs for the Treatment ofMicrobial
Contaminants in Potable Water Supplies (April 1987):
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
I. Introduction
II. Background
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1946 to 1980
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1981 to 1983
Problems in Removing Microbial Contamination from Water
Supply Sources
Alternative Approaches to Microbial Contaminant Control
///. Filtration in Community Systems
Effectiveness of Filtration for Removal of Microbial Contaminants
Discussion of Most Applicable Filtration Technologies
IV. Disinfection in Community Systems
Most Applicable Technologies
Other Applicable Technologies
Additional Technologies
Disinfection with Filtration
V. Small Water Systems
Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
Treatment Facilities Used by Small Water Systems
Difficulties Specific to Small Systems
Treatment Technologies Applicable to Small Systems
Filtration Technologies
Disinfection Technologies
Alternatives to Treatment
VI. Cost Data
Basis of Costs - General
Basis of Costs - Process by Process
Alternatives to Treatment
Typical Treatment Costs for Surface Water
Supplemental Process Costs for Surface Water Treatment
Cost Summary
References
Appendix A: Ground-Water Disinfection Costs
Appendix B: Surface Water Filtration Cost Calculation
Appendix C: Costs of Obtaining an Exception to the Surface Water
Filtration Rule
Compliance/Violation
V-9
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VI. General Sources of Drinking
Water Information
These sources provide
documentation and/or
assistance with drinking
water issues.
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Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
developed by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
1986.
The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
availability of safe drinking water documents, accepts requests for some safe
drinking water publications and documents, and refers detailed, technical,
and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page 1-4) is completed, the Hotline will
make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
callers.
Major Data/Information Available
Safe drinking water publications (see the sample brochure on the next page)
Fact sheets
Brochures
Recently-published regulatory documents
Recently-published Federal Register notices
Referrals to EPA, States, and localities
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
Obtain general information on drinking water regulations and programs.
Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.
Access
The Hotline operates Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
Time. The Hotline does not operate on Federal holidays.
Contact
(800) 426-4791 United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands
(202) 382-5533 Washington, DC metropolitan area
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI- 1
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General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-3
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Drinking Water Docket
General Description
The Drinking Water Docket maintains the public record for rulemakings
developed by the Criteria and Standards Division of the Office of Drinking
Water for National Primary Drinking Water Regulations and related notices.
All docket materials are open for review and photocopying by the public.
Major Data/Information Available
Federal Register notices and related references, including:
Public hearing transcripts
Public comments on rulemakings
National Drinking Water Advisory Council materials
Cost and technology documents
Regulatory/economic impact analyses
Information collection requests
Criteria documents
Occurrence documents
Implementation manuals
How to Obtain Information
To access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm,
Eastern Time, for an appointment.
The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, DC 20460.
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-4
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National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
General Description
NTIS, run by the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides access to U.S. and
foreign government-sponsored R&D and engineering research results.
Periodical subscriptions, publications, software, and database access can be
obtained, at cost, from NTIS.
Major Data/Information Available
Health advisories
Regulatory/economic impact analyses
Sampling, analysis, and treatment guidances and manuals
Results of various statistical and treatment studies
Proceedings of various workshops/conferences sponsored by the Office of
Drinking Water
EPA Publications Bibliography: Quarterly Abstract Bulletin
Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and
Environmental Risks
How to Obtain Information
To inquire about or order publications or a catalog of products and services, call
NTIS at (703) 487-4650 or (800) 336-4700 between 7:45 am and 5:00 pm,
Eastern Time.
Send mail orders to NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
Overnight and 24-hour delivery service are available for an additional $20 or
$10 per item.
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-5
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Office of Research & Development's Bulletin Board System (ORD BBS)
General Description
The Office of Research and Development's Bulletin Board System facilitates
the exchange of technical information and ORD products among EPA
Headquarters, laboratory, and Regional staff and contractors; States; other
Federal agencies; universities; industry; and the public.
Major Data/Information Available
Electronic Message System
Bulletins about ORD products and activities
Schedules
Announcements
Staff rosters
Program plans
Bibliographies
BBS instructions
BBS News (new features, files, announcements of events)
Conferences (subject oriented subsets of the bulletin board system)
Expert systems
Biotechnology
Regional Operations
Water Regulations
Methods Standardization/QA news
On-line Databases for identifying ORD publications since 1977
Current/Possible Uses
Obtain technical information based on ORD research.
Access
For more information on setting up or connecting to the Bulletin Board, call
(513) 569-7272 or FTS 8-684-7272.
Contact
For more information on content and features of the Bulletin Board, contact
EPA Office Reasearch and Development at
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-6
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EPA REGIONAL DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Jerome Healey, Chief
GW Mgmt. & Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region I
JFK Federal Building Room 2203
Boston, MA 02203
(617)565-3610 FTS: 8-835-3610
FAX: (617)565-3468
Walter Andrews, Chief
DW/GW Protection Branch
U.S. EPA - Region II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-1800 FTS: 8-264-1800
FAX: (212)264-2194
Jon Capacasa, Chief
DW/GW Protection Branch
U.S. EPA - Region III
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215)597-8227 FTS: 8-597-8227
FAX: (215)597-7909
Allan Antley, Chief
Municipal Facilities Branch
U.S. EPA - Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404)347-2913 FTS: 8-257-2913
FAX: (404) 347-5204
Edward P. Walters, Chief
Safe Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)353-2650 FTS: 8-353-2650
FAX: (312) 886-4235
Tom Love, Acting Chief
Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
12th Floor, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202
(214)655-7150 FTS: 8-255-7150
FAX: (214)655-2142
Ralph Langemeier, Chief
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VII
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)236-2815 FTS: 8-757-2815
FAX: (913)276-7765
Patrick A. Grotty, P.E., Chief
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VIII
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303)293-1408 FTS: 8-564-1408
FAX: (303) 330-6047
Steve Pardieck, Director
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region IX
1235 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 744-2252 FTS: 8-484-2252
FAX: (415)465-2114
Jan Hastings, Chief
Drinking Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region X
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)442-4092 FTS: 8-399-4092
FAX: (206)399-0165
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-7
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Alabama
Mr. Joe A. Power
Chief, Water Supply Branch
Department of Environmental Management
1751 Congressional W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, Alabama 36130
(205)271-7773
FAX: (205)271-7950
Alaska
Ms. Charlene Denys
Manager, Alaska Drinking Water Program
Wastewater and Water Treatment Section
Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box O
Juneau, Alaska 99811-1800
(907) 465-2654
FAX: (907)465-2082
Arkansas
Mr. Harold Seifert, P.E.
Division Director, Division of Engineering
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street - Mail Slot 37
Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-3867
(501) 661-2623
FAX: (501)661-2468
Arizona
Mr. Robert L. Munari, P.E.
Manager, Field Services Section
Office of Water Quality
2655 East Magnolia Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85034
(602) 392-4002
FAX: (602)392-4017
California
Mr. Peter A. Rogers
Chief, Office of Drinking Water
California Department of Health Services
714 P Street, Room 692
Sacramento, California 95814
(916)323-1382
FAX: (916)323-9869
Colorado
Mr. Jerry C. Biberstine
Manager, Drinking Water Program
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80220
(303) 331-4546
FAX: (303)322-9076
Connecticut
Mr. Gerald R. Iwan, Ph.D.
Chief, Connecticut Department of Health Services
Water Supplies Section
150 Washington Street
Hartford, Connecticut 06106
(203) 566-1251
FAX: (203)566-1710
Delaware
Mr. Richard B. Howell, III
Program Director, Office of Sanitary Engineering
Delaware Division of Public Health
Cooper Building
P.O. Box 637
Dover, Delaware 19903
(302) 736-5410
FAX: (302)736-3008
District of Columbia
Mr. James R. Collier
Chief, Water Hygiene Branch
Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
5010 Overlook Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20032
(202) 767-7370
FAX: (202)767-8407
Florida
Mr. J. Kent Kimes, P.E.
Administrator, Drinking Water Section
Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2400
(904) 487-1762
FAX: (904)487-3618
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-8
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Georgia
Mr. Fred Lehman
Program Manager, Drinking Water Program
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
Floyd Towers East, Room 1066
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
(404) 656-5660
FAX: (404)656-9425
Guam
Mr. Fred M. Castro
Guam Environmental Protection Agency
Government of Guam
Harmon Plaza Complex Unit D-107
130 Rojas Street
Harmon, Guam 96911
(671)646-8863
FAX: (671)646-9402
Hawaii
Mr. Thomas E. Arizumi
Chief, Safe Drinking Water Branch
Environmental Management Division
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, Hawaii 96801-9984
(808) 543-8258
FAX: (808)548-7237
Idaho
Mr. Al E. Murray, P.E.
Chief, Bureau of Water Quality
Division of Environmental Quality
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
Statehouse Mail
Boise, Idaho 83720
(208) 334-5860
FAX: (208)334-5694
Illinois
Mr. Roger D. Selburg, P.E.
Manager, Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, Illinois 62706-9276
(217)785-8653
FAX: (217)524-4192
Indiana
Mr. Robert Hilton
Chief, Drinking Water Branch
Office of Water Management
Indiana Department of Environment Management
105 South Meridian
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
(317)233-4240
FAX: (317)243-5092
Iowa
Mr. Darrell McAllister, Bureau Chief
Surface and Groundwater Protection Bureau
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
900 East Grand Street
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
(515)281-8998
FAX: (515)281-8895
Kansas
Mr. David F. Waldo
Chief, Public Water Supply Section
Bureau of Water
Kansas Department of Health and the Environment
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka, Kansas 66620
(913) 296-5503
FAX: (913)296-6427
Kentucky
Mr. John T. Smither
Manager, Drinking Water Branch
18 Reilly Road, Frankfort Office Park
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
(502) 564-3410, ext. 543
FAX: (502)564-4245
Louisiana
Mr. T. Jay Ray
Administrator, Office of Public Health
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
(504) 568-5105
FAX: (504)568-2543
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-9
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Maine
Mr. Jeffrey Jenks
Program Manager, Drinking Water Program
Division of Health Engineering
Maine Department of Human Services
State House (STA 10)
Augusta, Maine 04333
(207) 289-5685
FAX: (207)289-4172
Mariana Islands
Mr. William Lopp
Chief, Division of Environmental Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, CM 96950
Michigan
Mr. James K. Cleland
Chief, Division of Water Supply
Michigan Department of Public Health
P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, Michigan 48909
(517) 335-8326
FAX: (517)335-8298
Micronesia
Ms. Donna Scheuring
Environmental Health Coordinator
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
Department of Human Resources
Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941
Marshall Islands Minnesota
General Manager Mr. Gary L. Englund, Chief
Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority Section of Water Supply and Well Management
P.O. Box 1322 Minnesota Department of Health
Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960 925 SE Delaware Street
VIA HONOLULU P.O. Box 59040
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55459
(612)627-5133
FAX: (612)627-5135
Maryland
Mr. William F. Parrish, Jr.
Program Administrator, Water Supply Program
Maryland Department of the Environment
Point Breeze Building 40, Room 8L
2500 Broening Highway
Dundalk, Maryland 21224
(301)631-3702
FAX: (301)633-0456
Massachusetts
Mr. David Terry
Acting Director, Division of Water Supply
Department of Environmental Protection
One Winter Street, 9th Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02108
(617) 292-5529
FAX: (617)556-1049
Mississippi
Mr. James C. McDonald
Director, Division of Water Supply
State Board of Health
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, Mississippi 39215-1700
(601) 960-7518
FAX: (601)960-7448
Missouri
Mr. Jerry L. Lane
Director, Public Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, Missouri 65102
(314)751-5331
FAX: (314)751-9277
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI - 10
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Montana
Mr. Dan L. Fraser
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building, Room A206
Helena, Montana 59620
(406) 444-2406
FAX: (406)444-2606
Nebraska
Mr. Jack Daniel, Director
Div. of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation
Nebraska Department of Health
P.O. Box 95007, 3rd Floor
Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
(402)471-2541
FAX: (402)471-0383
New Hampshire
Mr. Bernard B. Lucey, P.E.
Administrator of Water Supply Engineering Bureau
Department of Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95, Hazen Drive
Concord, New Hampshire 03302-0095
(603)271-3139
FAX: (603)271-2867
New Jersey
Mr. Barker G. Hamill
Chief, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
Division of Water Resources
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
P.O. Box CN-029
Trenton, New Jersey 09625
(609) 292-5550
FAX: (609)292-1654
New Mexico
Mr. Robert M. Gallegos
Program Manager, Drinking Water Section
New Mexico Health & Environment Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
Room South 2058
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503
(505) 827-2778
FAX: (505)827-2836
New York
Mr. Michael E. Burke, P.E.
Director, Bureau of Public Water Supply
Protection
New York Department of Health
Room 406, University Place
Albany, New York 12203-3399
(518)458-6731
FAX: (518)458-6434
Nevada
Mr. Jeffrey Fontaine
Supervisor, Public Health Engineering
Nevada Department of Human Resources
Consumer Health Protection Services
505 East King Street, Room 103
Carson City, Nevada 89710
(702) 687-4750
FAX: (702)687-5394
North Carolina
Mr. Wallace E. Venrick
Chief, Public Water Supply Section
Division of Environmental Health
Dept. of Environment, Health & Natural
Resources
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687
(919) 733-2321
FAX: (919)733-0488
North Dakota
Mr. D. Wayne Kern
Environmental Engineer
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Dept. of Health and Consolidated Laboratories
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, North Dakota 58502-5520
(701) 224-2354
FAX: (701)258-0052
Ohio
Mr. John J. Sadzewicz
Chief, Division of Public Drinking Water
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 WaterMark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149
(614) 644-2752
FAX: (614)644-2329
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-11
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Oklahoma
Mr. George McBride
Water Quality Service
Oklahoma State Department of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73152
(405)271-7370
FAX: (405)271-7339
Oregon
Mr. James B. Boydston
Manager, Drinking Water Program
Health Division
Department of Human Resources
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue, Room 608
Portland, Oregon 97201
(503) 229-6302
FAX: (503)229-6702
Palau
Mr. Lucio Abrahan, Executive Officer
Palau Environmental Quality Protection Board
Hospital
Koror, Palau 96940
Pennsylvania
Mr. Frederick A. Marrocco
Chief, Division of Water Supplies
Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105-2357
(717)787-9037
FAX: (717)787-2938
Puerto Rico
Mr. Clery Morales, P.E.
Director, Water Supply Supervision Program
Puerto Rico Department of Health
P.O. Box 70184
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
(809) 763-4307
Rhode Island
Ms. June Swallow
Acting Chief, Division of Drinking Water
Quality
Rhode Island Department of Health
75 Davis Street, Cannon Building
Providence, Rhode Island 02908
(401) 277-6867
FAX: (401)277-6548
South Carolina
Mr. Robert E. Malpass
Chief, Bureau of Drinking Water Protection
Department of Health and Environmental
Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
(803)734-5310
FAX: (803)734-4661
South Dakota
Mr. Darron C. Busch
Office of Drinking Water
Department of Water and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capital Avenue
Pierre, South Dakota 57501
(605) 773-3754
FAX: (605)773-6035
Tennessee
Mr. W. David Draughon, Jr.
Director, Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Department of Health and
Environment
150 9th Avenue, North
Terra Building, 1st Floor
Nashville, Tennessee 37219-5404
(615) 741-6636
FAX: (615)741-4608
Texas
Mr. Charles Maddox, P.E.
Chief, Bureau of Environmental Health
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 48th Street
Austin, Texas 78756-3199
(512)458-7542
FAX: (512)458-7407
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-12
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STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
as of December 1990
Utah
Mr. Gayle J. Smith, P.E.
Director, Bureau of Drinking Water/Sanitation
Utah Department of Health
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116-0690
(801) 538-6163
FAX: (801)538-6016
Vermont
Mr. Winslow Ladue
Water Supply Program Chief
Vermont Department of Health
60 Main Street
P.O. Box 70
Burlington, Vermont 05402
(802) 863-7220
FAX: (802)863-7425
Virgin Islands
Mr. Ira Hobson
Planning & Natural Resources
Government of Virgin Islands
Nifky Center, Suite 231
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802
(809) 774-3320
FAX: (809)774-5416
Virginia
Mr. Allen R. Hammer, P.E.
Director, Division of Water Supply Engineering
Virginia Department of Health
James Madison Building
109 Governor Street
Richmond, Virginia 23219
(804) 786-1766
FAX: (804)786-5567
West Virginia
Mr. Donald A. Kuntz, P.E.
Director, Environmental Engineering Division
Office of Environmental Health Services
State Department of Health
East 1900 Kanawha Blvd., East, Rm. 554
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
(304) 348-2981
FAX: (304)348-0045
Washington
Mr. D. William Liechty
Head, Drinking Water Section
Department of Health
Mail Stop LD-11, Building 3
Airdustrial Park
Olympia, Washington 98504
(206) 753-5953
FAX: (206)586-5529
Wisconsin
Mr. Robert Krill
Director, Bureau of Water Supply
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wisconsin 53707
(608)267-7651
FAX: (608)267-3579
Wyoming
Mr. William L. Garland
Administrator, DEQ - Water Quality
Herschler Building
4th Floor West
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
(307) 777-7781
FAX: (307)777-5973
General Sources of Drinking Water Information
VI-13
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Appendix A:
Acronyms
The following acronyms
were used in the Guide.
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ACRONYMS
ADP Automated Data Processing
BAT Best Available Technology
C&T Cost and Technology
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FR Federal Register
FRDS Federal Reporting Data System
FY Fiscal Year
ICR Information Collection Request
IOC Inorganic Chemical
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NPS National Pesticide Survey
NTIS National Technical Information Service
ODW Office of Drinking Water
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PC Personal Computer
PWS Public Water System
PWSS Public Water System Supervision
R&D Research and Development
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
SAR Start Action Request
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level
SOC Synthetic Organic Chemical
URTH Unreasonable Risk to Health
VOC Volatile Organic Chemical
Appendix A
1
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Appendix B:
Drinking Water Contaminants
Listed by Rule
-------
Drinking Water Contaminants Listed by Rule
Fluoride
Fluoride
Volatile Organic Chemicials (VOCs)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
para-Dichlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
These contaminants did not have a Maximum Contaminant Level or a Maximum
Contaminant Level Goal established at the time of their listing.
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloropropene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,3-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
2,2-Dichloropropane
Bromobenzene
Bromochloromethane
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Dibromomethane
Dichlorodifluoro methane
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Fluorotrichloro methane
Hexachlorobutadiene
Isopropylbenzene
m-dichlorobenzene
n-Butylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
Naphthalene
o-Chlorotoluene
o-dichlorobenzene
p-Chlorotoluene
p-lsopropyltoluene
sec-Butylbenzene
Styrene
tert-Butylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Xylenes
Conforms
E. coli
Total Conforms
Fecal Coliforms
Appendix B
1
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Surface Water Treatment
Giardia Lamblia
Heterotrophic Bacteria
Legionella
Viruses
Copper
Lead and Copper
Lead
Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) and
Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) for Phase II
IOCS occur naturally in water from geologic sources. Others may enter the water as a
result of human activities. Generally, the principal health effects of inorganics may
include non-lethal end-points of toxicity such as liver and kidney effects, central
nervous system disorders, and skeletal damage. Some inorganics are of potential
concern as carcinogens. Phase II lOCs are source-related.
SOCs are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of agricultural and industrial
products. Concern for industrial uses of SOCs is focused primarily upon
contamination of ground water from improper disposal of solvents.
1,2-Dichloropropane
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
2,4-D,Epichlorohydrin
Acrylamide
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Asbestos
Atrazine
Barium
Cadmium
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Chromium
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Dibromochloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane
Mercury
Methoxychlor
Monochlorobenzene
Nitrate
Nitrite
o-Dichlorobenzene
PCBs
Pentachlorophenol
Selenium
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Toxaphene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Xylenes (total)
Appendix B
2
-------
IOCS and SOCs for Phase V
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cyanide
Dalapon
Di (elhylhexyl) adipate
Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dichloro-methane (methylene chloride)
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin
Glyphosate
Hexachloro-cyclopentadiene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nickel
Oxamyl (vydate)
PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene)
Pichloram
Simazine
Sulfate
Thallium
Radionuclides
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Radium 226
Radium 228
Radon
Uranium
Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
Chlorination By-Products Ozonation By-Products
Appendix B
3
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Appendix C:
Drinking Water Contaminants
Listed Alphabetically
-------
Drinking Water Contaminants Listed Alphabetically
Contaminant Rule
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1,1-Trichloroethane VOCs
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1,2-Trichloroethane lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
1,1,2-Trichloroethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1-Dichloroethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1-Dichloroethylene VOCs
1,1-Dichloropropene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,3-Trichloropropane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP) Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2-Dichloroethane VOCs
1,2-Dichloropropane lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
1,2-Dichloropropane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3-Dichloropropane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3-Dichloropropene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
2,2-Dichloropropane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
2,4-D,Epichlorohydrin lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Acrylamide lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Alachlor lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb sulfone lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb sulfoxide lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Antimony lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Arsenic lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Asbestos lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Atrazine lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Barium lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Benzene VOCs
Beryllium lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Beta particle and photon radioactivity Radionuclides (Phase III)
Bromobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromochloromethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromodichloromethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromoform Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromomethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Cadmium lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Carbofuran lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Carbon tetrachloride VOCs
Chlordane lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Chlorination By-Products Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
Chlorobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chlorodibromomethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chloroethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chloroform Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Appendix C
1
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Contaminant Rule
Chloromethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chromium lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Conforms Total Coliforms
Copper Lead and Copper
Cyanide lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dalapon lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Di (ethylhexyl) adipate lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dibromochloropropane lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Dibromomethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Dichloro-methane (methylene chloride) lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dichlorodifluoromethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Dinoseb lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Diquat lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
E. coli Total Coliforms
Endothall lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Endrin lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Ethylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Ethylbenzene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Ethylene Dibromide lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Fecal Coliforms Total Coliforms
Flouride Fluoride
Fluorotrichloromethane Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Giardia Lamblia Surface Water Treatment
Glyphosate lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Heptachlor lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Heptachlor epoxide lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Heterotrophic Bacteria Federal Register notices
Hexachloro-cyclopentadiene lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Hexachlorobenzene lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Hexachlorobutadiene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Isopropylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Lead Lead and Copper
Legionella Surface Water Treatment
Lindane lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
m-dichlorobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Mercury lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Methoxychlor lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Monochlorobenzene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
n-Butylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
n-Propylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Naphthalene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Nickel lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Nitrate lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Nitrite lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
o-Chlorotoluene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
o-Dichlorobenzene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
o-dichlorobenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Oxamyl (vydate) lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Ozonation By-Products Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
p-Chlorotoluene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
p-lsopropyltoluene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene) lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Appendix C
2
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Contaminant Rule
para-Dichlorobenzene VOCs
PCBs IOCS and SOCs for Phase II
Pentachlorophenol lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Pichloram lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Radium 226 Radionuclides (Phase III)
Radium 228 Radionuclides (Phase III)
Radon Radionuclides (Phase III)
sec-Butylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Selenium lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Simazine lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Styrene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Styrene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Sulfate lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
tert-Butylbenzene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Tetrachloroethylene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Tetrachloroethylene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Thallium lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Toluene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Toluene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Toxaphene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Trichloroethylene VOCs
Uranium Radionuclides (Phase III)
Vinyl chloride VOCs
Viruses Surface Water Treatment
Xylenes Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Xylenes (total) lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Appendix C
3
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Appendix D:
NFS Analytes
A list of the 127 different
analytes included in the
National Pesticide Survey,
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NFS Analytes
The following 127 analytes were included in the National Pesticide Survey:
Acifluorfen
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldrin
Ametryn
Atraton
Atrazine
Atrazine, dealkylated
Barban
Baygon
Bentazon
Bromacil
Butachlor
Buylate
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbofuran phenol
Carbofuran phenol-3KET
Carbofuran-3OH
Carboxin
Chloramben
Chlordane-alpha
Chlordane-gamma
Chlorneb
Chlorobenzilate
Chlorothalonil
Chlorpropham
Cyanazine
Cycloate
2,4-D
Dalapon
2,4-DB
DBCP
DCPA
DCPA diacid metabolite
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Diazinon
Dicamba
3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid
1,2-Dichloropropane
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
trans-1,3-
Dichloropropene
Dichlorprop
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Dinoseb
Diphenamid
Disulfoton
Disulfoton sulfone
Disulfoton sulfoxide
Diuron
EDB
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Endrine aldehyde
EPTC
Ethoprop
Etridiazole
ETU
Fenamiphos
Fenamiphos sulfone
Fenamiphos sulfoxide
Fenarimol
Flumeturon
Fluridone
HCH-alpha
HCH-beta
HCH-delta
HCH-gamma
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexazinone
5-Hydroxy Dicambe
Linuron
Merphos
Methiocarb
Methomyl
Methoxychlor
Methyl paraoxon
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Metribuzin DA
Metribuzin DADK
Metribuzin DK
Mevinphos
MGK264
Molinate
Napropamide
Neburon
Nitrates/Nitrites
4-Nitrophenol
Norflurazon
Oxamyl
PCP
Pebulate
cis-Permethrin
trans-Permethrin
Picloram
Prometon
Prometryn
Pronamide
Pronamide metabolite
Propachlor
Propanil
Propazine
Propham
Simazine
Simetryn
Stirofos
Swep
2,4,5-T
Tebuthiuron
Terbacil
Terbufos
Terbutryn
2,4,5-TP
Triademefon
Tricyclazole
Trifluralin
Vernolate
Apendix D
1
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Appendix E:
MRS Analytes
A list of the different
analytes included in the
National Inorganics and
Radionuclides Survey.
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NIRS Analytes
The following inorganics and radionuclides were included in the National
Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey:
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Germanium
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Selenium
Silica (as Si02)
Silver
Sodium
Stomtium
Tellurium
Thallium
Thrium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Appendix E
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