c>EPA  Drinking Water
          Information Guide
                                      810R90001
          United States
          Environmental Protection       Office of Water
          Agency 	(WH-550E)	December 1990
                                        Printed on Recycled Paper

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           United States
           Environmental Protection       Office of Water
           Agency	(WH-550E)	December 1990
vxEPA   Drinking Water
            Information Guide
                                    ft. p.

                                           Printed on Recycled Paper

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          UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          WASHINGTON. D.C.  20460


                            NOV  2 6 1990
                                                            OFFICE OF
                                                             WATER
Subject:    Drinking Water Information Guide
                              •i\ .-i   /    / H  ',-[/
From:      Michael Cook, Directofci  : • • ' //' /   ^ ' *'' \
           Office of Drink/ng Water

                          Director
                          gement  and Administration Office
      The environmental challenges that our nation faces often affect
more than a single medium such as water, air, or land.  For example,
wastes may produce leachate that contaminate surrounding land,
ground water, and drinking water supplies.  The State and local role
in dealing with these multimedia problems has increased steadily in
the last few decades.

      Given the broad scope of environmental problems and the
increased responsibilities delegated to State and local programs, data
and information sharing among regulatory agencies and the regulated
community have become crucial to the effective prevention and control
of pollution.

      Through the Drinking Water Information Guide, the Office of
Water seeks to enhance the sharing of Federal drinking water data
and information.  The Guide describes EPA's information sources that
cover Federal Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) rules, public
water systems, health effects of drinking water contaminants, risk
analysis, economic analysis of PWSS rules, and compliance with
PWSS rules.  The  Guide also identifies information routinely available
from the states.

      The Guide is targeted to audiences who may not be aware that
these information sources exist.  The Guide can help environmental
officials in government and in  the regulated community to identify
and obtain useful  drinking water information.

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             Drinking Water Information  Guide

                            Table of Contents
An Introduction to the Drinking Water Information Guide
Table of Contents

Profile Pointers

       Water System  	     1
       Overview 	     2
       Compliance Violation  	     3
       Cost & Economic Data  	     4
       General Information  	     5
       Health Effects   	     6
       Inventory of Public Water Systems  	     7
       Rule Development   	     8

I.      Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs

       The Public Water System Supervision Program    	   1-1
       Citiations and References         	   1-1
       Development of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations	   1-2
       Table 1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations  	   1-4
       Profile: Federal Register Preambles to NPDWRs	   1-6
       Profile: Guide to NPDWRs (Personal Computer Application)	  I-10
       Profile: Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual  	  1-12
       Profile: Safe Drinking Water Hotline       	  1-16
       Profile: Response to Public Comments       	  1-18

II.     Inventory of Public Water Systems

       Profile: Survey of  Community Water Systems     	   II-2
       Profile: Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS)    	   II-4
       Profile: State Data       	   II-5
III.   Health Effects/Risk Analysis

      Profile:  Health Advisories         	  III-2
      Profile:  Criteria Documents         	  III-4
      Profile:  Occurrence Documents        	  III-8
      Profile:  Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)   	 Ill-10
      Profile:  National Pesticide Survey (NPS)      	 111-12
      Profile:  National Inorganics Radionuclide Survey (NIRS)	 111-14
      Profile:  Safe Drinking Water Hotline      	 111-16
      Profile:  Risk, Exposure, and Health Assessment Guidelines	 Ill-18

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                           Table  of Contents
                                (continued)
IV.   Economic Analysis
      Profile:  Cost and Technology Documents     	  IV-2
      Profile:  Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs)     	  IV-4
      Profile:  State Costs of Implementing 1986 SDWA Amendments	  IV-6
      Profile:  Estimates of the Total Benefits and Total Costs Associated with
              Implementation of the 1986 Amendments to the SDWA	  IV-8
      Profile:  Information Collection Requests (ICRs)    	 IV-10

V.    Compliance/Violation

      Profile:  Federal  Reporting Data System (FRDS)   	  V-2
      Profile:  Surface  Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual  	  V-4
      Profile:  Implementation Manuals       	  V-8
      Profile:  Cost and Technology Documents     	  V-10

VI.   General Sources of Drinking Water Information

      Profile:  Safe Drinking Water Hotline       	  VI-1
      Profile:  Drinking Water Docket         	  VI-4
      Profile:  National Technical Information Service (NTIS)   	  VI-5
      Profile:  ORD Bulletin Board System (BBS)	  VI-6
      EPA Regional Drinking Water Contacts      	  VI-7
      State Drinking Water Contacts        	  VI-8
Appendices

A.     Acronyms
B.     Drinking Water Contaminants Listed by Rule
C.     Drinking Water Contaminants Listed Alphabetically
D.     NPS Analytes
E.     NIRS Analytes

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    Profile Pointers
A series of diagrams which
provide a topical summary
  of profiles and types of
  information in the guide.

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                 Water System  Profile  Pointer
   Community
  Water Systems
   Guide to NPDWRS
   Guidance Manual
   1986 Survey of Community Water Systems
   Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
   Associated with Implementation of the 1986
   Amendments to SDWA
   Occurence Documents
   Information Collection Requests
   Occurence Documents
   Implementation Manual
   State Data
Won Community
 Water Systems
   Guide to NPDWRS
   Guidance Manual
   Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
   Associated with Implementation of the 1986
   Amendments to SDWA
   Occurence Documents
rap Information Collection Requests
   Occurence Documents
rap Implementation Manual
   State Data
 Won Transient
Non Community
 Water Systems
   Guide to NPDWRS
rap Guidance Manual
   Estimates of Total Benefits & Costs
   Associated with Implementation of the 1986
   Amendments to SDWA
   Occurence Documents
   Information Collection Requests
   Occurence Documents
   Implementation Manual
   State Data
                                 Profile Pointer
                                     1

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                           Overview Profile Pointer
    Drinking Water Topics
         Compliance/Violation
                          (page 3)
   Profile
    Federal Reporting Data Systenr
    Guidance Manual
    Implementation Manual
    Cost & Technology Doocuments.
Cost & Economic Data
                   (page 4)
          General Information
                         (page 5)
                 Health Effects
                          (page 6)
Cost & Technology Documents
Regulatory/Economic Impact Analysis
State Costs of Implementing 1986
Drinking Water Act Amendments
Estimates of Total Benefits & Total Costs
Associated with Implementation of:
Amendments to SDWA
Information Collection Request
     Safe Drinking Water Hotline
     Drinking Water Docket
     National Technical
     Information Service
     State Data
     Health Advisories
     Criteria Documents
     Occurence Documents
     Safe Drinking Water Hotline
     Integrated Risk Information
     System
     Risk, Exposure, & Health
     Assessment Guidelines
            Inventory of Public
                Water Systems
                          (page 7)
      1986 Survey of Community
      Water Systems
      Federal Reporting Data
      System
          Rule Development
                        (page 8)
    Federal Register Preamble
    Guide to NPDWRS
    Guidance Manual
    Safe Drinking Water Hotline
    Response to Public Comments

                                    Profile Pointer
                                          2

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                    Compliance/Violation
              Profile
                                  Type of Information
        Federal Reporting
           Data System
              (page 11-4)
                                   PWS Enforcement data
                                   PWS Inventory data
                                   PWS MCL violations
                                   PWS Monitoring violations
                                   PWS Reporting violations
                                   PWS Source treatment
                                   PWS Variances/exemption,
       Guidance Manual
           (page 1-12)
                                   Measurement methods
                                   Monitoring requirements
                                   Public notification
                                   PWS treatmant techniques
                                   Reporting requirements
                                   Treatment options
                                   Treatment reauirements
Implementation Manual
        (page V-8)
                                  Implementation criteria
                                  Implementation questions
                                  Primacy requirements
                                  Reporting requirements
                                  Rule implementation
Cost & Technology  /     ,
    Documents     \.        ,
      (page IV-2)       N.
                                        Treatment costs
                                        Treatment technology
                                        Water treatment technology
                            Profile Pointer
                                 3

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                  Cost & Economic Data
               Profile
Type of Information
          Cost & Technology
              Documents
               (page IV-2)
   Treatment costs
   Treatment technology
   Water treatment technology
      Regulatory/Economic
         Impact Analysis
             (page IV-4)
  Compliance costs
  Cost-benefit analysis
  Monitoring costs
  State program costs
  Treatment costs
  Waste disposal costs
        State Costs of
Implementing 1986 Drinking
  Water Act Amendments
          (page IV-6)
   State implementation costs
   State resource needs
 Estimates of Total Benefits
  & Total Costs Associated
   with Implementation of
 1986 Amendments to SDWA
          (page IV-8)
      Information Collection
             Requests
             (page IV-10)
   Benefit/Cost comparisons
   Benefits/Cost ODW
   regulations
   Impact drinking water
   regulations
   National costs & benefits
   System-level cost impacts
 Information Collection
 "& Activities
 "^ Costs
 iฎ" Time
 •S" Justification
 v^" System-level cost impacts
                                 Profile Pointer
                                     4

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                 General Information
          Profile
Type of Information
  Safe Drinking Water
         Hotline
        (page 1-16)
   Drinking Water Publications
   Federal Register notices
   Policy requirements
   Regulatory documents
   Rule status
Drinking Water Docket
        (page VI-4J
   Rule making documents
   Public hearing transcripts
   National Drinking Water
    Advisory Council materials
   National Technical
   Information Service
         (page VI-5)
   Health Advisories
   Regulatory/economic impact
   analysis
   Sampling, analysis, and
   treatment guidances & manuals
   Workshop/conference
   proceedings
   ORD Bulletin Board
         (page VI-6)
   Electronic Message System
   ORD products and activities
   Conferences
   Databases
                             Profile Pointer
                                  5

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                            Health Effects
              Profile
         Health Advisories
              (page 111-2)
      Criteria Documents
            (page IH-4)
Type of Information
     Contaminant control
     Contaminant exposure level
     Contaminant health effects
     Contaminant presence
     Chemical health effects
     Pesticide health effects
     Health effects
     Chemical properties
     Contaminant control method
     Indicator organisms
     Physical properties
     Risk assessement
  Occurence Documents
           (page 111-8)
     Safe Drinking Water
             Hotline
            (page 1-16)
  Contaminant Occurrence
     Drinking water
     Food supply
     Ground water
                                              Surface water
    Drinking Water Publications
    Federal Register notices
    Policy requirements
    Regulatory documents
    Rule status
         Integrated Risk
      Information System
            (page 111-10)
Risk, Exposure, & Health
  Assessment Guidlines
         (page 111-18)
    Chemical properties
    Drinking water health advisoriesN
    Health hazards
    Health risk assessment
    Physical properties
    Risk values
    Assessment guidelines
    Carcinogen risk assessment
    Exposure assessment
    Health assessment
    Health risk assessment
    Risk assessment
                                     Profile Pointer
                                          6

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         Inventory of Public Water Systems
           Profile
Type of Information
       1986 Survey of
Community Water Systems
          (page 11-2)
   Community Water System
   "3" Assets
   us" Expenses
   iฎ" Liabilities
   •*• Revenues
   KT Trends
   "5ฐ Characteristics
            Federal Reporting
               Data System
                 (page 11-4;
     PWS Enforcement data
     PWS Inventory data
     PWS MCL violations
     PWS Monitoring violations
     PWS Reporting violations
     PWS Source treatment
     PWS Variances/exemptions
                State Data
                 (page 11-5)
     Analytical Results
     Raw monitoring data
     Finished monitoring data
     On site visits
     Enforcement actions
     Inventory information
     Variances/exemptions
                               Profile Pointer
                                    7

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                       Rule Development
              Profile
Type of Information
Federal Register Preamble
          {page 1-6)
  Rule requirements
  Treatment requirements
          Guide to NPDWRS
               (page 1-10)
   Analytical Methods
   Health Effects Data
   MCL
   Monitoring Procedures
   Notification Requirements
   Reporting Requirements
          Guidance Manual
               (page 1-12)
   Measurement methods
   Monitoring requirements
   Public Notification
   PWS treatment techniques
   Reporting requirements
   Treatment options
   Treatment requirements
        Safe Drinking Water
               Hotline
              (page 1-16)
    Drinking Water Publications
    Federal Register notices
    Policy requirements
    Regulatory documents
    Rule status
             Response to
          Public Comments
               (page 1-18)
   Congressional letter responses
   Public comments
   Public hearing statements
                                Profile Pointer
                                     8

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I. Interpretation of/Background on
              NPDWRs
       These sources identify,
     explain, provide background
      on, and interpret National
       Primary Drinking Water
            Regulations.

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The Public Water System Supervision Program

      The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Drinking Water (ODW)
is responsible for managing the Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) program
mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and its 1986 amendments.  The Act
and its amendments require EPA to promulgate National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWRs) for 83 specific contaminants, two treatment techniques, and
any other contaminants in drinking water which may have an adverse effect upon
human health and which are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.
NPDWRs designate Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or,  for those
contaminants for which it is not feasible to set MCLs, treatment  technique
requirements.

      For the 83 contaminants and others identified, EPA must  also set Maximum
Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) — non-enforceable health goals at which no
known or anticipated adverse effects on humans occur.

      The EPA Administrator may delegate primary enforcement responsibility
(primacy) of the PWSS program to qualified States.  Currently, 54 out of 57 PWSS
programs have been  delegated from EPA  to States.

      The 1986 SDWA Amendments also require EPA to develop regulations for 25
additional contaminants (not included in the original set of 83 contaminants) every
three years beginning January 1, 1991.
Citations and References

      The Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523) was enacted on December
15, 1974 and was amended most recently, and most significantly, on June 19, 1986
(Public Law 99-339). The Act and its amendments appear in the United States Code
Annotated - 42 USCA 300f et  seq.

      Federal regulations resulting from the Act are codified in the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR):

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations                 40 CFR 141
National Primary Drinking Water Regulation Implementation   40 CFR 142
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations              40 CFR 143

      Federal regulations first  appear in the Federal Register when EPA proposes
and promulgates them. Table 1, National Primary Drinking Water  Regulations,
indicates the Federal Register citations, current status, and EPA rule manager for
proposed and/or promulgated NPDWRs.  Regulations that have not yet been proposed
are also listed.

      Appendix B, Drinking Water Contaminants Listed by Rule, lists each NPDWR
and the contaminants  it covers (or will cover).  Appendix C, Drinking Water
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                    I- 1

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Contaminants Listed Alphabetically, also lists each contaminant covered by current or
future NPDWRs.
Development of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

       The National Primary Drinking Water Regulations are rules that EPA
develops, implements, and administers in order to meet the goals that the Congress
has established in the Safe Drinking Water Act. According to the Administrative
Procedure Act, a rule is:

       ... a statement of general or specific applicability and future effect
       designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describe
       the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency. .. .

       To develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, the Office of
Drinking Water, in conjunction with other EPA offices, undertakes a rigorous
rulemaking (i.e., regulation development) process.

       The process begins when the Office of Drinking Water submits to the Agency
Steering Committee (which is responsible for regulatory development) a Start Action
Request (SAR).  Submission  of the SAR alerts other Agency offices of ODW's intent
to develop a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation.

       After the Steering Committee approves the SAR, they charter and designate a
staff-level Agency workgroup and determine what other reviews and analyses are
appropriate (e.g., development plan, reports, information collection request, regulatory
impact analysis).

       The workgroup, composed of representatives from those EPA offices affected
by the regulation, is responsible for supporting ODW with the design, technical, and
analytical work, identifying and assessing policy issues and options, resolving issues
(or elevating them to upper management for resolution), and ensuring the quality and
completeness of regulatory packages. The workgroup regularly submits a written
report on the regulation's progress to the Steering Committee.

The following supporting documents  are generally developed for each major rule:
       Guidance Manual                       pg  1-12
       Health Advisory                        pg III-2
       Criteria Document                      pg III-4
       Cost & Technology Document            pg IV-2
       Regulatory Impact Analysis              pg IV-4
       Implementation Manual                  pg  V-8

       Once the regulatory package (action memorandum, preamble and regulatory
text, communications strategy, federalism review form) is completed, either the
Steering Committee reviews  it or,  with Steering Committee approval, the workgroup
holds a closure meeting at which issues to  be presented to upper management are
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-2

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determined.  The package is then certified for senior EPA management review (Red
Border Review).

      During Red Border Review, Assistant and Regional Administrators formally
review the regulatory package. Following Red Border Review, the completed
regulatory package is sent to the Office of Management and Budget for review.

      The EPA Administrator reviews and signs the regulatory package which is
then sent to the Federal Register for publication as a proposed rule.

      A fixed public comment period follows the publication of the proposed rule.
Public comment provides an opportunity for the public to express its views on the
proposed rule and its supporting documents (e.g.  guidance manual, criteria
documents). Frequently, the proposed rule identifies specific  questions related to the
conceptual approach, general  requirements, definitions, criteria, implementation,
regulatory options  and treatment techniques.  These questions are presented in the
Request for Public  Comments section of the proposed rule.

      Public comment may take a variety of formats.  Respondents may choose to
send written comments directly to EPA.  At least one public hearing or formal meeting
is held in a designated city. Attendance is not restricted to any individuals or groups
of individuals. Participants are invited to give verbal testimony and/or submit written
statements.

      At the close of the public comment period, the Office of Drinking Water (ODW)
compiles the comments, performs the necessary analysis, and answers questions.
The workgroup reviews the comments and addresses major issues.  (See the
Response to Public Comments profile for more information). EPA considers public
comments when preparing  the final version of the regulations.

      The development, preparation, review, and approval process for the final rule is
the  same as that described above, ending with the  Administrator's signature and
publication in the Federal Register as a final rule.
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-3

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                       Table 1
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Rule
Fluoride
Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Total Conforms
Surface Water Treatment
Lead & Copper
Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) &
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
(SOCs) (Phase II)
Phase V - Remaining SOCs & lOCs
Phase III - Radionuclides
Phase IV - Disinfection &
Disinfection By-Products
EB Citation
51 ฃfi 11396
52 EB 25690
52 EB 2571 5
54 EB 27544
54 EB 27486
53 EB 31516
54 FR 22062
N/A
N/A
N/A
Current Status • Date
Final - April 2, 1986
Final -July 8, 1987
Final -July 8, 1987
Final -June 29, 1989
Final -June 29, 1989
Proposed -August 18, 1988
Proposed - May 22, 1989
Proposed Rule anticipated
1991.
Proposed Rule anticipated
1991.
Proposed Rule anticipated
1993.
For additional information and current status of regulations, contact the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
          Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                          1-4

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                        Table 1
                       (continued)
 National  Primary  Drinking Water Regulations
Rule
Microbiological Contaminants
Turbidity
Inorganic Chemicals
Public Notification
Organic Chemicals
Radium-226, Radium-228, Gross
Alpha Particle Radioactivity
Beta Particle & Photon
Radioactivity from Man-made
Radionuclides
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
Efi Citation
54 EH 27562
54 EH 27527
51 EH 11410
40 FR 14131
44 EH 68641
41 EH 28404
41 EH 28404
40 EH 59570
Current Status • Date
Rnal- June 29, 1989
Final -June 29, 1988
*
Final - April 2, 1986
Final - October 28, 1987
Final - November 29, 1979
Final -July 9, 1976
Final -July 9, 1976
Final - December 24, 1975
For additional information and current status of regulations, contact the
Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
          Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                          1-5

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Federal Register Preambles to NPDWRs
General Description
•      Federal Register preambles give an overview of and background information to
       proposed and final National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs).
       Preambles to proposed regulations also solicit comments on specific issues.

Major Data/Information Available

       Preambles to Proposed Rules
       •      General requirements of the proposed rule
       •      Specific criteria for determining if treatment technique is required
       •      Monitoring, reporting, and public notification requirements
       •      Proposed policy on variances and exemptions
       •      Justification for major requirements/components
       •      Costs and benefits of proposed rule

       Preambles to Final Rules
       •      Regulatory history of the rule
       •      Responses to major issues
       •      Description of the final rule
       •      Policy on State implementation of the final rule
       •      Revisions to the costs and benefits of the final rule
       •      Alternatives for small entities (in accordance with the Regulatory
             Flexibility Act)

Access
•      The preambles are contained in various titles of the Federal Register, as cited
       on page  I-1  in the Table of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
•      In the Washington, DC area, the preambles may be reviewed and photocopied
       at EPA's Drinking Water Docket (see page VI-4) or at the Office of the
       Federal Register, 1100 L Street, NW, Room 8201, Washington, DC.
•      Check with  your local library to find out how to access past copies of the
       Federal  Register.

Contact
•      For more information on a specific rulemaking and its preamble, call the Safe
       Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533  or contact the
       EPA official listed under the FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION CONTACT
       section in the preamble.
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-6

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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

       /.     Legal Authority

       II.     Background
             A. Statutory Requirements
             B. Regulatory History
             C. Regulatory Framework

       ///.    Response to Major Issues
             A. Determination of Source Water Type
             B. 99.9 Percent Removal and/or Inactivation of Giardia Cysts
             C. Continuous Disinfection at Entry Point to Distribution System
             D. Disinfectant Residual in the Distribution System
             E. Watershed Control and On-Site Inspection Requirements
             F. Design and Operating Requirements
             G. CT Values
                1.  Unfiltered Systems
                2.  Filtered  Systems
             H. Potential Conflict Between Today's Rule and Future Rules for
                Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products
             I.  Turbidity Monitoring and Performance Criteria
                1.  Unfiltered Systems
                2.  Filtered  Systems

       IV.    Description of the Final Rule
             A. Operator Personnel Requirements
             B. Treatment Requirements
                1.  Summary
                2.  Criteria for Determining if Filtration is Required
                    a.  Source Water Quality Criteria
                       (1)   Coliform Limits
                       (2)   Turbidity Limits
                    b.  Site-Specific Criteria
                       (1)   Disinfection Requirements
                       (2)   Watershed Control Requirements
                       (3)   On-Site  Inspection Requirements
                       (4)   Absence of Waterborne Disease
                       (5)   Compliance with the Total Coliform Maximum
                            Contaminant Level (MCL)
                       (6)   Compliance with the Total Trihalomethane MCL
                3.  Criteria for Determining if Treatment is Adequate for Filtered
                    Systems
                    a.  Disinfection Requirements
                    b.  Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
                    c.  Turbidity Performance Criteria
      	(1)   Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration	
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-7

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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
                       (2)  Slow Sand Filtration
                       (3)  Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
                       (4)  Other Filtration Technologies
             C. Reporting Requirements
                1. Unfiltered Systems
                2. Filtered Systems
             D. Compliance
                1. Compliance Transition with Current Turbidity Requirements
                2. Systems Using a  Surface Water Source (Not Including
                   Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
                   Influence of Surface Water)
                3. Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
                   Influence of Surface Water
                4. Strategies for Implementation
             E. Public Notification
             F. Variances
             G. Exemptions

       V.     State Implementation of Surface Water Treatment Requirements
             A. General
             B. Specific Primacy Requirements for States to Adopt 40 CFR Part
                141, Subpart H - Filtration and Disinfection
                1. General Primacy  Requirements  - State Requirements Must Be
                   No Less Stringent Than Federal Requirements
                2. Special Primacy Requirements - State Requirements Must Be
                   Enforceable
                3. Special Primacy Requirements - State Requirements Must
                   Establish Practices  and Procedures
             C. State Reporting and Recordkeeping
             D. EPA Oversight of State Decisions Regarding Filtration
                Requirements
             E. Response to Comments on Proposed Requirements for State
                Implementation of the Surface Water Treatment Requirements

       VI.    Economic Analysis
             A. Total Cost of Final Rule
             B. Concepts of Cost Analysis
             C. Costs of Compliance for Currently Unfiltered Surface Water
                Systems
             D. Costs of Compliance for Currently Filtered Surface Water
                Systems
             E. Benefits

       VII.   Other Requirements
             A. Regulatory Flexibility Act
             B. Paperwork Reduction Act
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-8

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From the preamble to the final surface water treatment rule (June 29, 1989):
             C. National Drinking Water Advisory Council and Science Advisory
                Board
       VIII.   References
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     1-9

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Guide to NPDWRs (Personal Computer Application)
General Description
•      The Office of Drinking Water is currently developing an easy to use computer
       application that will identify and explain Federal rules applying to public water
       systems.
•      The application will contain the full text of the promulgated NPDWRs,
       appropriate guidance documents, and references to other supporting
       documents.
•      The application will enable users to quickly identify the relevant rules and
       sections applicable to their concerns.
•      The application will be developed using a commercial hypertext software
       package for IBM PCs and compatibles.
•      It is intended primarily for use by EPA Regions, States, and the Drinking
       Water Hotline. It is not intended for use by PWS operators, although they may
       find it useful.

Major Data/Information  Available
•      Health effects data
•      Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
•      Best available technology (BAT)
•      Unreasonable risk to health (URTH) levels
•      Analytical methods
•      Monitoring procedures

Possible Uses
•      Determine monitoring, reporting, and notification requirements for each rule.
•      Identify MCLs, methods, and URTHs applicable to public water systems with
       particular characteristics or to particular contaminants.

Access
•      The Office of Drinking Water will distribute the application to the EPA
       Headquarters Drinking Water Hotline and to EPA Regional and State
       personnel in FY  1991.
•      The application will run on IBM and compatible PCs.  A hard disk will be
       needed to run the application.  In addition, a color monitor and mouse may be
       needed.
                     Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     I- 10

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Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                 I- 11

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Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual
General Description
•      The Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual assists EPA
       Headquarters, EPA Regional offices, individual States, and affected utilities in
       achieving consistent implementation of the rule.
•      It supplements the criteria appearing in the rule, gives more detailed
       explanation of concepts presented in the rule, and focuses on PWS treatment
       techniques and measurement  methods (unlike the Implementation Manual,
       which focuses on primacy and reporting requirements).

Major Data/Information Available
•      Explanation of two-tiered approach for determining whether a ground-water
       supply source is under the direct influence of surface water
•      Design, operating, and performance criteria for specific surface water quality
       conditions that provide the optimum protection of public health through multiple
       barrier treatment
•      Examples of occurrences which would require public notification
•      Language of public notices
•      Public notification method

Current/Possible  Uses
•      Determine the most appropriate treatment requirements  for waters within an
       individual jurisdiction.
•      Determine if a water supply source is subject to requirements of a NPDWR.
•      Determine compliance with performance criteria.
•      Obtain guidelines for establishing reporting requirements.
•      Determine whether or not systems are in compliance with requirements.

Access
•      A copy of the guidance manual may be ordered, at cost, from the National
       Technical  Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.
       The NTIS order number is PB90-148016.

Contact
•      For more information on the interpretation and appropriate uses of guidance
       manuals, contact the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water
       at (202) 382-7379.
                     Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     I- 12

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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October  1989):
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

       1.      Introduction

       2.      General Requirements
              2.1    Application
                    2.1.1   Types of Water Supplies
                    2.1.2   Determination of Applicable Sources
              2.2    Treatment  Requirements
              2.3    Operator Personnel Qualifications

       3.      Compliance for Systems Not Filtering
              3.1    Source Water Quality Criteria
                    3.1.1   Coliform Concentrations
                    3.1.2   Turbidity Levels
              3.2    Disinfection Criteria
                    3.2.1   Inactivation Requirements
                    3.2.2   Determination of Overall Inactivation for Residual
                           Profile, Multiple Disinfectants and Multiple Sources
                    3.2.3   Demonstration of Maintaining a Residual
                    3.2.4   Disinfection System Redundancy
              3.3    Site-Specific  Conditions
                    3.3.1   Watershed  Control Program
                    3.3.2   On-Site Inspection
                    3.3.3   No  Disease Outbreaks
                    3.3.4   Monthly Coliform MCL
                    3.3.5   Total  Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations

       4.      Design and Operating Criteria for Filtration and Disinfection
              Technology
              4.1    Introduction
              4.2    Selection of Appropriate Filtration Technology
                    4.2.1   General Descriptions
                    4.2.2   Capabilities
                    4.2.3   Selection
              4.3    Available Filtration Technologies
                    4.3.1   Introduction
                    4.3.2   General
                    4.3.3   Conventional Treatment
                    4.3.4   Direct Filtration
                    4.3.5   Slow Sand  Filtration
                    4.3.6   Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
                    4.3.7   Alternate Technologies
                    4.3.8   Nontreatment  Alternatives
              4.4    Disinfection
                     Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                      I- 13

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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
                    4.4.1  General
                    4.4.2  Recommended Removal/Inactivation
                    4.4.3  Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations

       5.     Criteria for Determining if Filtration and Disinfection are Satisfactorily
             Practiced
             5.1    Introduction
             5.2    Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
                    5.2.1  Sampling Location
                    5.2.2  Sampling Frequency
                    5.2.3  Additional Monitoring
             5.3    Turbidity Performance Criteria
                    5.3.1  Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration
                    5.3.2  Slow Sand Filtration
                    5.3.3  Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
                    5.3.4  Other Filtration Technologies
             5.4    Disinfection Monitoring Requirements
             5.5    Disinfection Performance Criteria
                    5.5.1  Minimum Performance Criteria Required Under the
                          SWTR
                    5.5.2  Recommended Performance Criteria
                    5.5.3  Disinfection By-Product Considerations
                    5.5.4  Determination of Inactivation by Disinfection
             5.6    Other Considerations

       6.     Reporting
             6.1    Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Not
                    Providing Filtration
             6.2    Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
                    Filtration

       7.     Compliance
             7.1    Introduction
             7.2    Systems Using a Surface Water Source
             7.3    Compliance Transition with Current NPDWR Turbidity
                    Requirements
             7.4    Systems Using a Ground-Water Source Under the Direct
                    Influence of a Surface Water
             7.5    Response for Systems not Meeting the  SWTR Criteria
                    7.5.1   Introduction
                    7.5.2   Systems Not  Filtering
                    7.5.3   Systems Currently  Filtering

       8.     Public Notification
                     Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                      I- 14

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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements far Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
       9.     Exemptions
             9.1    Overview of Requirements
             9.2    Recommended Criteria
             9.3    Compelling Factors
             9.4    Evaluation of Alternate Water Supply Sources
             9.5    Protection of Public Health
             9.6    Notification to EPA
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                    I- 15

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Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
•      The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
       community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
       developed  by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
       1986.
•      The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
       activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
       availability of safe drinking water documents; accepts requests for some safe
       drinking water publications and documents; and refers detailed, technical,
       and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
•      Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page I-10) is completed, the Hotline will
       make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
       callers.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Safe drinking water publications
             Fact sheets
             Brochures
             Recently-published regulatory documents
             Recently-published Federal Register notices
•      Referrals to EPA, States, and localities

Current/Possible  Uses
•      Obtain information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
•      Obtain general information on drinking water regulations  and programs.
•      Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
•      Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.

Access
•      The Hotline operates Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
       Time. The Hotline does not operate on Federal holidays.

Contact
       (800) 426-4791      United States,  Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands
       (202) 382-5533      Washington, DC metropolitan area
                     Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                      I- 16

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    This page intentionally left blank.
Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                 I- 17

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                        Response to Public Comments
General Description
•     Response to public comments documents provide the official EPA response to
      all public comments on proposed NPDWRs.
•     They categorize comments by subject area.
•     EPA solicits written public comments on a proposed rule and on the content of
      the corresponding Guidance Manual (if appropriate) and the Implementation
      Manual (if appropriate) through a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published in
      the Federal Register.
•     In addition to written comments submitted to the Drinking Water Docket, EPA
      holds public hearings to obtain oral comments on each proposed rule.

Major Data/Information Available
•     Public comments on proposed rules
•     Responses to Congressional letters on constituents'  comments
•     Index of statements submitted at public hearings
ป     Responses to written public comments

Current/Possible Uses
•     Obtain official EPA responses to public comments.
•     Determine rule provisions causing public concern.
•     Gauge the extent of public awareness of and concern over specific Federal
      regulations.

Access
•     Copies of EPA responses to public comments on proposed NPDWRs are
      available to the public for review and photocopying at the EPA Drinking Water
      Docket, located at 401  M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460.
      To access these and other docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00
      am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time, for an appointment.

Contact
•     For more information on EPA responses to public comments, contact the Safe
      Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                     I- 18

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From Response to Public Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule (June
1989):
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
       A.  Overview of Public Comments Received by Subject Category

       B.  Public Comments
          I.    Summary of Public Comments on Proposed MCLGs, ANPRM,
               and RMCLs (with EPA Responses)
               1.   Giardia
               2.   Viruses
               3.   Turbidity
               4.   Legionella
               5.   Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)
               6.   Treatment Techniques - General
          II.    Summary of Public Comments on Proposed SWTR (with EPA
               Responses)
               1.   General Requirements
                   a.  Applicability
                   b.  Treatment Requirements
                   c.  Operator Personnel Requirements
               2.   Criteria for Determining if Filtration is Required
                   a.  Source Water Quality  Criteria
                       (1)  Coliform Limits
                       (2)  Turbidity Limits
                   b.  Watershed Control
                   c.  Sanitary Survey Requirements
                   d.  No Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
                   e.  Compliance with THM Requirements
                   f.   Requirement for Redundancy of Disinfection Process
               3.   Criteria for Determining if Treatment is Required for
                   Adequate Filtered Systems
                   a.  Design  and Operating Conditions - General
                   b.  Design  and Operating Conditions - Disinfection
                   c.  Design  and Operating Conditions - Filtration
               4.   Disinfection Requirements (Filtered and Unfiltered Systems)
                   a.  Level of Disinfection - CT Values
                   b.  Continuous Disinfection Residual at Entry Point to
                       Distribution System
                   c.  Disinfection Residual Requirements for Distribution
                       System
               5.   Turbidity Monitoring
               6.   Turbidity Performance Criteria
               7.   Reporting Requirements
      	8.   Compliance	
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                    I- 19

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From Response to Public Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule (June
       1989):
              9.   Public Notification
              10.  Regulatory Impact Analysis
              11.  Analytical Methods
              12.  State Primacy
              13.  Guidance Manual
              14.  Small Systems
              15.  Miscellaneous
          III.  Public Comments Appearing in the Response to Comments
              Document for the Total Coliform Rule

       C.  Appendices
          I.   Responses to Congressional Letters Regarding Constituents'
              Comments on the Surface Water Treatment Rule
          II.   References
          III.  Index of Comments on ANPRM (October 1983)
          IV.  Index of Comments on RMCLs (November 1985)
          V.   Index of Comments on Proposed Surface Water Treatment Rule
              (November 1987 and May 1988)
          VI.  Index of Statements Submitted at Public Hearings
                    Interpretation of/Background on NPDWRs
                                    1-20

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     II. Inventory of
  Public Water Systems
 These sources describe the
number and characteristics of
  the nation's public water
          systems.

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1986 Survey of Community Water Systems

General Description
•      The survey was designed to collect basic information on financial and operating
       characteristics of the water systems regulated by ODW; it targeted all
       community water systems that operated at any time in 1985 and were covered
       by the SDWA.
•      The survey report provides tabular summaries of survey findings.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Size of population served
•      Type of ownership
•      Type, number,  and geographic distribution of water sources
•      Amounts of water pumped and delivered
•      Number and training of treatment plant operators
•      Types of water treatments
•      Revenues and  expenses
•      Rate structure
•      Assets  and liabilities

Current Uses
•      Provide basic industry  characteristic information used in Regulatory Impact
       Analyses (RIAs).  Types of information used include: existing treatments,
       number of household per system size category, and average household costs
       by system size category.

How Data Were Gathered
•      The two-phased sample design was stratified by population size served and
       ownership type.
•      Screening questionnaires were sent to  3,800 water systems chosen from the
       Federal Reporting Data System's FY85 list of active community water
       systems.
•      The screening questionnaire collected stratification, eligibility,  and mailing
       information for the second phase.
•      From the 3,368 eligible responses  received, follow-up questionnaires were
       sent to 1,150  water  systems.

Timeliness of Data
•      Data are statistically valid data on  selected 1985 financial and operating
       characteristics of community water systems.
•      Similar data were collected in the past:
       ~ 1976 survey on  1975 financial and operating characteristics, and
       ~ 1982 survey on 1980 characteristics.
•      New survey planned availability  in FY 1992.

How to Obtain Information
•      To obtain a copy of the 1987 survey report, contact the Economic, Legislative,
       and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water, at (202) 382-5515.


                        Inventory of Public  Water Sytems
                                     II- 1

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From the Final Descriptive Summary, 1986 Survey of Community Water Systems
(October 23, 1987):
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS


       1.     Background and Overview
             1.1    Background
             1.2    Overview

       2.     General Characteristics

       3.     Operating Characteristics

       4.     Revenues and Expenses

       5.     Assets and Liabilities

       6.     Native American Systems

       7.     Trends

       8.     Methodology
             8.1    Sample Design and  Selection
             8.2    Data Collection Methodology
             8.3    Data Analysis  Procedures

       9.     References
       Appendix A:  1986 Survey of Community Water Systems Questionnaires
       Appendix B:  Systems Excluded from Some Analyses
                       Inventory of Public Water Syterns
                                    II-2

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Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS)

General Description
•      FRDS is a centralized data base that contains information on public water
       systems (PWSs) and their violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
       and other requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments.
•      FRDS is the primary information management tool used by the Office of
       Drinking Water to supervise the public water system supervision program.
       FRDS provides inventory, violations, enforcement, variances, and exemptions
       data.
•      FRDS is updated quarterly through submissions from State and Regional
      .primacy  agents.
•      The Office of Drinking Water will publish a Manager's Guide to FRDS in the Spring of
       1991.  The manager's guide will explain how environmental managers can effectively
       and appropriately use FRDS data  and FRDS reports to assist with their decision
       making.  The guide will also provide information on  how FRDS data are collected.

Major Data/Information Available
•      PWS Characterization/Identification
•      PWS Source Characterization/Identification/Location
•      PWS Source Treatment
•      Identification/Characterization of Areas Served  by PWS
•      Site Visit/Inspection Information
•      PWS MCL, Monitoring, and Reporting Violations
•      Enforcement Actions
•      Variances/Exemptions Granted  to PWS
•      Supporting Documentation
             Data Element Dictionary - contains comprehensive information about
             each data element and its associated values  in FRDS.
             Users Guide - describes  FRDS interactive  retrieval, including what
             system functions and procedures are and how to use them, to the ADP
             non-technical user.
             Data  Entry Instructions - assists FRDS users with their data collection
             efforts and explains in detail how to enter data.

Current/Possible Uses
       Identify PWSs with MCL violations.
•      Identify a PWS's sources of water.
•      Identify the population size served by a PWS.
•      Identify PWSs in significant noncompliance with NPDWRs and those granted
       exemptions.

Access
•      To obtain access to the FRDS data base, contact the Safe Drinking Water
       Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
                        Inventory of Public Water Syterns
                                     II-3

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State Data

General Description
         The EPA Administrator may delegate primary responsibility for managing the Public Water
         System Supervision program  to qualified States.  The primacy State maintains the detailed
         information related to sampling,  monitoring and enforcement.

Major Data/Information  Available
         Sampling analytical  results by contaminant
         Raw and finished monitoring data
•        On-site visits (e.g., sanitary surveys)
•        Enforcement actions
•        Variances and exemptions
•        Inventory  Information

                                         How FRDS Gets Information
                                Compliance & Enforconwnt
                     Inventory
                           Additional Samples if Required
                 1. A pub*! water system (PWS) is
                    required by National Primary
                    Drinking WiMr Regulations
                    (NPDWRs) to take water samples.

                 2. The PWS send* samples to •
                    laboratory certified by a primacy
                    agent (e.g.. Stale).
                 3. The He sends its tost results to the
                    primacy agent and to the PWS.
                 4. The primacy agent determine! PWS
                    compliance with NPDWRs baaed
                    upon PWS characteoatica.
                 5. If the primacy agent determine! that
                    a PWS hat violated a NPOWR, it
                    submits violation Information to EPA
                    quarterly and lakes enforcement
                    action; the primacy agent also
                    submits enforcement information and
                    any PWS inventory change* to EPA.

                 8. II the primacy agent determines that
                    aPWShasnotviolaMdaNPOWR.il
                    does not submit violation intormatlon
                    to EPA, and EPA assumes that the
                    PWS to in cofTapttAnot with tN
                    NPDWRs.
                     Water sampling is done at the State
                     level Detailed sampling and
                     analytical results are maintained at
                     the State level. Information at the
                     State level Is maintained in a variety
                     of formate. Contact States tor details.
State Determines
  Compliance
   (e.g. enough
  samples taken,
  samples betow
     MCL)
Contact
         For more information on state data and their appropriate uses, contact the individual state.
         See State Drinking Water contacts on page VI-8.
                                Inventory of Public Water Sy terns
                                                 II -4

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III. Health Effects/Risk Analysis
 These sources provide information
  on the health effects of drinking
   water contaminants; extent of
   drinking water contamination;
   guidelines for conducting risk,
 exposure, and health assessments;
      and risk-based standards.

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This page intentionally left blank.
  Health Effects/Risk Analysis
             HI- 1

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Health Advisories
General Description
•      Health advisories provide information on health effects; analytical
       methodology; and/or treatment methodology of pesticides, organic chemicals,
       inorganic chemicals, and other contaminants. They are based upon information
       contained in Criteria Documents. (See page III-4.)
•      Health advisories recommend a maximum allowable exposure level for drinking
       water contaminants with no MCL. These recommended levels are not legally-
       enforceable  standards.
•      The legionella health advisory examines pathogen control.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Contaminant presence in distribution and plumbing systems
•      Contaminant control at  water treatment facilities
•      Contaminant control in  plumbing systems
•      Proper design of hot water tanks and water fittings
•      When to undertake control measures

Current/Possible Uses
•      Serve as informal technical guidances to Federal, State, and local officials
       responsible for protecting public health when emergency spills or contamination
       situations occur.

How to Obtain  Information
•      Health advisories can be ordered, for a fee, from the National Technical
       Information  Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.  To obtain
       the correct reference numbers for ordering health advisories from NTIS, first
       call the  Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
•      Health advisories are also maintained on-line on EPA's Integrated Risk
       Information  System.  (See page III-10.)

Contact
•      For more information on the data contained in health advisories and their
       appropriate uses, contact the Health Effects Branch, Office of Drinking Water
       at (202) 382-7571.
                           Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     III-2

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Health advisories do not have a table of contents.
          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                    III- 3

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                                 Criteria Documents
General Description
•      Criteria documents describe the health effects of drinking water contaminants-
       chemical substances, pathogens, and indicator organisms.
•      Criteria documents also provide some information on the occurrence and
       treatment of contaminants.
•      Criteria documents have been published for each regulated contaminant.  In
       some instances, a single criteria document covers several contaminants.

Major Data/Information Available
       Attack Rate
•      Incubation Period
•      Duration of Illness
•      Symptoms
•      Pathological Statistics
•      Mortality Rates
•      Dose Response
•      Modes of Transmission
•      Immunity
•      Sources of Infection
•      Risk Factors
•      Control Methods
•      Health Effects in Animals
•      Health Effects in Humans
•      Indicators of Viruses
•      Physical and Chemical Properties
•      Chemical Manufacturing and Use
•      Sources of Exposure
•      Chemical Metabolism
•      Risk Assessment
•      Carcinogenic Effects

Current/Possible Uses
•      Serve as the basis for the development of health advisories.  (See page III-l.)
•      Serve as the basis for the development of regulations.

How to Obtain Information
•      Criteria documents may be ordered, at cost, from the National Technical
       Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.  To obtain
       the correct reference numbers for ordering from NTIS, first call the Safe
       Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or  (202) 382-5533.

Contact
•      For more information on the data in criteria documents and their appropriate
       uses, contact the Science & Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
       (202) 382-3022.
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     III-4

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From the Final Draft for the Drinking Water Criteria Document on Carbofuran (April
1987):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
       /.     Summary

       II.    Physical and Chemical Properties
             A. Manufacture and Use
             B. Environmental Fate and Stability
             C. Summary

       ///.    Toxicokinetics
             A. Absorption
             B. Distribution
             C. Metabolism
             D. Excretion
             E. Bioaccumulation and Retention
             F. Summary

       IV.    Human Exposure

       V.    Health Effects in Animals
             A. Acute Toxicity
                1. Lethality
                2. General  Effects
             B. Chronic Toxicity
             C. Reproductive/Teratogenic Effects
             D. Mutagenicity
             E. Carcinogenicity
             F. Summary

       VI.    Health Effects in Humans
             A. Clinical Case Studies
             B. Epidemiological Studies
             C. High Risk Subpopulations
             D. Summary

       VII.   Mechanism of Toxicity
             A. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition
             B. Interactions
             C. Summary

       VIII.  Quantification of Toxicologies! Effects
             A. Noncarcinogenic Effects
                1. Short-term Exposure
      	2. Long-term Exposure	
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     HI-5

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From the Final Draft for the Drinking Water Criteria Document on Carbofuran (April
1987):
             B. Quantification of Noncarcinogenic Effects
                1.  One-Day Health Advisory
                2.  Ten-Day Health Advisory
                3.  Longer-Term Health Advisory
                4.  Reference Dose and Drinking Water Equivalent Level
             C. Carcinogenic Effects
             D. Quantification of Carcinogenic Effects
             E. Existing Guidelines and Standards
             F. Special Considerations
                1.  High-Risk Populations
                2.  Interactions
                3.  Beneficial Effects
             G. Summary
       IX.    References
                           Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     III-6

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  Health Effects/Risk Analysis
              III-7

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Occurrence Documents
General Description
•      Occurrence documents present the most current and representative information
       available for (1) understanding the occurrence of contaminants in food, air, and
       drinking water and (2) assessing the importance of drinking water as a route of
       human exposure.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Estimates of individuals exposed
•      Dietary intake
•      Respiratory intake
•      Water supply characteristics with the contaminants present
•      Distribution of contaminant levels in water supplies

Current/Possible Uses
•      Support EPA's consideration of the need and alternatives for controlling
       contaminants in public water supplies.
•      Estimate the number of individuals in the United States exposed to various
       levels of contaminants in drinking water from public water supplies.
•      Estimate of the number of public water supplies of various sources and size
       categories that have contaminants present.
•      Estimate the distribution of contaminant levels in those water supplies.
•      Estimate the relative contributions of the three sources (drinking water, food,
       air) to the total intake received by individuals.

How to Obtain Information
•      Occurrence documents may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
       docket. To access docket materials, you must make an appointment. Call
       (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time.
       The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M  Street, SW,
       Washington, DC  20460.

Contact
•      For more information on occurrence document data and their appropriate uses,
       contact the Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202)
       382-3022.
                           Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     III - 8

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From Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Drinking Water, Food and Air (June 29, 1982):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
       Summary

       Introduction

       1.  Sources of Vinyl Chloride
          1.1   Natural Sources
          1.2   Anthropogenic Sources
               1.2.1  Production
               1.2.2  Consumption
               1.2.3  Environmental Releases
          1.3   Transport  and Fate

       2.  Occurrence in Drinking Water
          2.1   Overview  and Quality Assurance Assessment of Federal Drinking
               Water Surveys
          2.2   Ground Water
               2.2.1  Federal Surveys
               2.2.2  State Data
          2.3   Surface Water
          2.4   Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Public Water
               Supplies
               2.4.1  Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Ground-
                     Water Systems
               2.4.2  Projected National Occurrence of Vinyl Chloride in Surface
                     Water Systems

       3.  Occurrence in the Food Supply

       4.  Occurrence in Ambient Air

       5.  Human Exposure from Drinking Water, Food and Air
          5.1   Drinking  Water Intake
               5.1.1  Population Exposed
               5.1.2  Daily Intake of Vinyl Chloride from Drinking Water
               5.1.3  Population-Concentration  and  Population-Exposure
                     Estimates
          5.2   Dietary Intake
          5.3   Respiratory Intake
          5.4   Relative Source Contribution

       References
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                     III-9

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Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
General Description
•      IRIS is an electronic on-line database containing summary health risk
       assessment and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals.
•      IRIS provides a consistent basis for decision-making and regulatory activities;
       the information contained in IRIS  has been reviewed and agreed upon by intra-
       EPA groups.

Major Data/Information Available

       Specific Chemical Files
       •      Oral and inhalation reference doses for chronic noncarcinogenic health
             effects
       •      Oral and inhalation slope factors and unit risks for chronic exposures to
             carcinogens
       •      Drinking water health advisories
       •      EPA regulatory action summaries
       •      Data on  acute health hazards
       •      Data on physical/chemical properties

       Supporting On-line Documentation
       •      Alphabetical and CAS Number listings of chemicals in IRIS
       •      List of revisions made to existing chemical files
             Introduction to IRIS
       •      Documents on risk assessment methodologies
       •      Glossary of terms
       •      User's guide and instructional case study
       •      Status of chemicals scheduled for IRIS review process

Current/Possible Uses
•      Obtain risk values for use in risk assessments.
•      Obtain regulatory reference citations.

Access
       To obtain an IRIS account, call DIALCOM, Inc. at (202) 488-0550 or write
       DIALCOM, Inc., 600 Maryland Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20024.
•      IRIS users must pay an hourly usage fee and a small charge per computer
       screen accessed.
•      IRIS User Support (513)  569-7254 can answer  questions about how to use
       IRIS and when a chemical, reference dose, or carcinogenicity section will be
       added to  IRIS.

Contact
•      To answer questions  about IRIS data and their  appropriate uses, call the EPA
       contact appearing in IRIS at the end of the chemical file section containing the
       data in question.
                           Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                    III - 10

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National Pesticide Survey (NFS)
General Description
•      Between April 1988 and February 1990, EPA sampled 566 community water
       system wells and 783 domestic wells.  Each sample taken was tested for 127
       pesticides, pesticide by-products, and  nitrates.

Major Data/Information To Be Available
•      Various analyses and statistics on the extent of and relationships among
       pesticide contamination, groundwater vulnerability, and pesticide use.

Possible Uses
•      Develop national estimates of the frequency and concentration of pesticides in
       drinking water wells.  (Appendix D lists those analytes covered by the NPS.)
•      Examine the relationships among pesticide contamination, groundwater
       vulnerability, and pesticide use.

How Data Were Gathered
•      The wells sampled  were randomly selected.  Sampling occurred in every State,
       including Alaska and Hawaii.
•      Samples were taken by State personnel, 300 of whom participated in specifically-
       designed NPS training courses.
•      County extension agents provided pesticide use information for the areas surrounding
       community and domestic wells.
•      Well owners, operators, and local area  experts filled out questionnaires covering well
       construction, pesticide use patterns, cropping,  and pesticide storage.

How to Obtain Information
•      A preliminary report consisting of straightforward results (e.g., the percentage
       and number of wells in which at least one pesticide was found) will be
       available in the fall  of 1990.
•      A final report will be available in the winter of 1990-91.

Contact
•      For more information on the survey, contact the Safe  Drinking Water Hotline at
       (800) 426-4791 or  (202)382-5533.
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                    III- 11

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National Inorganics Radionuclides Survey  (NIRS)
General Description
•      Between July 1984 and October 1986, EPA sampled 990 community water
       supplies with ground water sources. Each sample taken was tested for 37
       inorganic parameters and 6 radiochemical parameters.
       Between November 1986 and May  1987, EPA sampled 200 community wells
       which were selected to test an occurrence model for radium-228.  Each sample
       was tested only for radium-228.  (Appendix E lists those inorganic elements
       and radionuclides covered by the NIRS.)

Major Data/Information To Be Available
•      Contaminant Concentrations
•      Sampling Site Identification Data
•      Site Characteristics (population, treatment, etc.)
•      Well and aquifer characteristics (radium-228 study)

Possible Uses
•      Support the development of drinking water regulations.
•      Test a model of radium-228 occurrence

How Data Were Gathered
•      Random sample  of community water system using ground water taken from FRDS
       inventory. Radium-228 sample selection was driven by targeted geological areas.
•      States verified the appropriateness  of the selected systems, completed the
       information form, and collected the  samples.
•      Chemical analyses were conducted  at EPA laboratories in Cincinnati, OH and
       Montgomery, AL.

Access
•      Contaminant data are available in dBase files.
•      Several publications are available which describe the survey and the
       radionuclides data.
•      A final report will be available in 1991.

Contact
•      For more information on the survey, contact the Water Supply Technology
       Branch, Technical Support Division at (513) 569-7908 FTS 684708 or Route 26
       W. M. L. King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268.
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                    III - 12

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Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
•      The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
       community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
       developed by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
       1986.
•      The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
       activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
       availability of safe drinking water documents; accepts requests for some  safe
       drinking water publications and documents; and refers detailed, technical,
       and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
•      Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page I-10) is completed, the Hotline will
       make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
       callers.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Safe drinking water publications
             Fact sheets
             Brochures
             Recently-published regulatory documents
             Recently-published Federal Register notices
•      Referrals to EPA, States, and localities

Current/Possible  Uses
•      Obtain information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
•      Obtain general information on drinking water regulations and programs.
•      Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
•      Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.

Access
•      The Hotline operates Monday  through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
       Time. The Hotline does not operate  on Federal holidays.

Contact
       (800) 426-4791     United States, Puerto Rico, and the  Virgin Islands
       (202) 382-5533     Washington, DC  metropolitan area
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                    III - 13

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Risk, Exposure, and Health Assessment Guidelines
General Description
       On September 24, 1986, EPA's Office of Health and Environmental
       Assessment published several guidelines designed to promote the quality and
       consistency of risk, exposure, and health assessments performed within the
       Agency. Proposed guidelines had been published on November 23, 1984.
•      The guidelines provide a general approach and framework for developing,
       organizing, and carrying out risk, exposure, and  health assessments.

Guidelines Available (Proposed; Final)
       Carcinogen Risk Assessment  (49 FR 46294; 51  FR 33992)
       Exposure Assessment (49 FR 46304; 51 FR 34042)
       Mutagenicity Risk Assessment  (49 FR 46314; 51 FR 34006)
•      Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants (49 FR 46324; 51
       FR 34028)
       Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures (51 FR 34014)

Current/Possible Uses
•      Obtain detailed outlines for the  organization and contents of an assessment.
•      Obtain references to supporting research.

Access
•      The guidelines are contained in Titles 49 and 51 of the Federal Register at the
       pages cited above.

Contact
•      For more information on the guidelines, contact the Office of Health and
       Environmental Assessment at (202) 382-5898 or (202) 475-8909.
                          Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                    III - 14

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From the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (September 24, 1986):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
       /.     Introduction

       II.     Hazard Identification
             A. Overview
             B. Elements of Hazard Identification
                1.  Physical Chemical Properties and Routes and Patterns of
                   Exposure
                2.  Structure Activity Relationships
                3.  Metabolic and Pharmacokinetic Properties
                4.  Toxicologic Effects
                5.  Short Term Tests
                6.  Long Term Animal Studies
                7.  Human  Studies
             C. Weight of Evidence
             D. Guidance for Dose Response Assessment
             E. Summary and Conclusion

       ///.    Dose Response Assessment, Exposure Assessment, and Risk
             Characterization
             A. Dose Response  Assessment
                1.  Selection of Data
                2.  Choice of Mathematical Extrapolation Model
                3.  Equivalent Exposure Units Among Species
             B. Exposure Assessment
             C. Risk Characterization
                1.  Options for Numerical Risk Exposure
                2.  Concurrent Exposure
                3.  Summary  of Risk Characterization

       IV.    EPA Classification System for Categorizing Weight of Evidence for
             Carcinogenicity from Human and Animal Studies (Adopted from
             IARC)
             A. Assessment of Weight of Evidence for Carcinogenicity from
                Studies in Humans
             B. Assessment of Weight of Evidence for Carcinogenicity from
                Studies in Experimental Animals
             C. Categorization of Overall Weight of Evidence for Human
                Carcinogenicity

       V.     References
                         Health Effects/Risk Analysis
                                   III - 15

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   IV. Economic Analysis
These sources analyze the costs
 and benefits of NPDWRs and
   the cost-effectiveness and
   efficiencies of treatment
        technologies.

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This page intentionally left blank.
      Economic Analysis
            IV- 1

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Cost & Technology (C&T) Documents
General Description
•      C&T documents review alternative technologies and their relative efficiencies
       and costs.
•      They present technologies and actions available to communities searching for
       the most economical and effective means of complying with the regulations.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Water treatment technologies for removing specific contaminants from water
       supplies
•      Cost data: capital costs, operation and  maintenance costs, methods for
       updating construction costs
•      Basis of costs process by  process - conceptual design of structures and
       equipment, operation  and  maintenance requirements, chemical use
       requirements

Current/Possible Uses
•      Assist in identifying the best technology or other means generally available for
       water treatment.

How to Obtain Information
•      C&T documents may  be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
       docket. To access docket materials, you must make an appointment.  Call
       (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time.
       The drinking water docket is located at  the EPA, 401 M Street,  SW,
       Washington, DC 20460.

Contact
•      For more information on C&T data and their appropriate uses, contact the
       Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-3022.
                               Economic Analysis
                                     IV-2

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From the revised draft final of Technologies and Costs for the Treatment ofMicrobial
Contaminants in Potable Water Supplies (April 1987):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

       Executive Summary

       I.    Introduction

       II.   Background
               Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1946 to 1980
               Waterborne Disease Outbreaks - 1981 to 1983
               Problems in Removing Microbial Contamination from Water
                  Supply Sources
               Alternative Approaches  to Microbial Contaminant Control

       ///.   Filtration in Community Systems
               Effectiveness of Filtration for Removal of Microbial Contaminants
               Discussion of Most Applicable Filtration Technologies

       IV.   Disinfection in Community Systems
               Most Applicable Technologies
               Other Applicable Technologies
               Additional Technologies
               Disinfection  with Filtration

       V.   Small  Water  Systems
               Waterborne  Disease Outbreaks
               Treatment Facilities Used by Small Water Systems
               Difficulties Specific to Small Systems
               Treatment Technologies Applicable to Small Systems
               Filtration Technologies
               Disinfection  Technologies
               Alternatives  to Treatment

       VI.   Cost Data
               Basis of  Costs - General
               Basis of  Costs - Process by Process
               Alternatives  to Treatment
               Typical Treatment Costs for Surface Water
               Supplemental Process Costs for Surface Water Treatment
               Cost Summary

       References
       Appendix A: Ground-Water Disinfection Costs
       Appendix B: Surface  Water Filtration Cost Calculation
       Appendix C: Costs of Obtaining an Exception to the Surface Water
                    Filtration Rule
                              Economic Analysis
                                    IV-3

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Regulatory/Economic Impact Analyses (RIAs)
General Description
•      A RIA is published by the Office of Drinking Water in accordance with
       Executive Order 12291 which requires that a cost-benefit analysis be
       performed for every major rule promulgated by a Federal department or agency.
•      It provides the EPA Administrator and the Director of the Office of
       Management and Budget with analyses of the potential costs and benefits of,
       and alternative approaches to, the regulation of drinking water contaminants.
•      A preliminary RIA is issued when the corresponding rule is proposed.
•      A final RIA, revised to reflect new data or other information, is issued at the
       time of promulgation of the rule.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Number of systems affected by regulation
•      Monitoring costs
•      Treatment costs
             Total capital  costs
             Total annualized costs
•      Waste/disposal costs (if appropriate)
•      Population exposed to contaminants   (if appropriate)
•      Cancer/disease cases resulting from exposure  (if appropriate)
•      Cancer/disease/exposure cases avoided through regulation  (if appropriate)
•      Outbreak damages (if appropriate)
•      Endemic damages (if appropriate)
•      State program costs
•      Effects on small  systems

Current/Possible Uses
•      Estimate water system, monitoring, and treatment costs by system size.
•      Estimate compliance costs per household by system size.
•      Obtain estimates for State program costs.

How to Obtain Information
•      RIAs may be  ordered, at cost, from the National Technical Information Service
       (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.   To obtain the correct reference
       numbers for ordering RIAs from NTIS, first call the Safe Drinking Water
       Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
ซ      RIAs may also be reviewed  and photocopied at the drinking water docket, 401
       M Street, SW, Washington, D.C., (202) 382-3027.

Contact
•      For more information on RIA data and their appropriate uses, contact the
       Economic, Legislative and Policy Analysis, Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
       (202)  382-5515.
                               Economic Analysis
                                     IV-4

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From the final RIA for the surface water treatment rule (February 17, 1989):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
       1.     Executive Summary
             1.1    Assessment of Costs
             1.2    Assessment of Benefits

       2.     Problem Definition

       3.     Market Imperfections, the Need for Federal Regulation, and
             Consideration of Regulatory Alternatives
             3.1    Introduction
             3.2    Consideration of Regulatory Alternatives

       4.     Assessment of Costs
             4.1    Treatment Requirements for Unfiltered Systems
             4.2    Turbidity Performance Requirements for Filtered Systems
             4.3    Disinfection Performance Requirements for Filtered Systems
             4.4    Treatment Requirements for Surface-Influenced Ground-
                    Water Systems
             4.5    Monitoring Requirements
             4.6    State Regulatory Program Implementation Costs

       5.     Assessment of Benefits
             5.1    Draft RIA Aggregate Analysis
             5.2    Draft RIA System Level Net Benefits Analysis
             5.3    New Information
             5.4    Revised Aggregate Analysis
             5.5    Revised System Level Net Benefits Analysis

       6.     Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis and Paperwork Reduction Act
             Analysis
             6.1    Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
             6.2    Paperwork Burden

       7.     Summary of Costs and Benefits
             7.1    Aggregate Costs
             7.2    Aggregate Benefits
             7.3    Net Benefits at the Level of Individual Water Systems
                              Economic Analysis
                                    IV-5

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State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments
General Description
•      This briefing document summarizes the results and key findings of a survey on
       State resource needs for implementing current programs and new regulations
       required under the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.
•      It identifies the survey results' potential implications on implementation and
       enforcement of national primary drinking water regulations.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Detailed summaries of survey responses
•      Detailed national results
•      State estimates of resources needed on a temporary basis during the initial
       phase of implementation
•      State estimates of resources needed on a permanent basis
•      Assessment of State expenditures of the public water supply supervision
       program in FY 1988
•      State ratings of program activities
•      Extrapolation of State resource needs  across the nation

Current/Possible Uses
•      Assist in estimating State costs of regulatory options.

How Data Were Gathered
•      A Survey of State Primacy Program Resource Needs was conducted in the
       Summer and Fall of 1988.
•      Survey questionnaires were distributed to all States and territories to obtain
       estimates of State resource needs.
•      Responses were received from 36 States and one territory (65 percent
       response rate). Respondents  regulate  approximately 78% of the nation's
       community water supplies.

How to Obtain Information
•      To obtain a copy of the briefing document, contact the Economic, Legislative
       and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-5515.

Contact
       For more information on the  study data and their appropriate uses, contact the
       Economic, Policy Analysis, and Data Management Branch, Office of Drinking
       Water  at (202) 382-5540.
                               Economic Analysis
                                     IV-6

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From State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments,
August 1989:
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
      Summary
      Role of the States in the Drinking Water Program
      Structure of State Programs
      Summary of SDWA Requirements Prior to and Resulting from the 1986
         Amendments
      Overview of the Survey
      Survey Results
      Limitations of Data Presented
                             Economic Analysis
                                  IV-7

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Estimates of the Total Benefits & Total Costs Associated with Implementation
of the 1986 Amendments to SOW A
General Description
•      This document summarizes the results of an analysis estimating the total
       benefits and the total national cost impact associated with the implementation
       of the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.
•      It provides an explanation of the combined impacts of all drinking water
       regulations (unlike regulatory/economic impact analyses which are prepared
       independent of existing or future drinking water regulations).

Major Data/Information Available
•      Aggregate national-scale impacts
•      Combined cost impacts and cost-benefit comparisons for all SDWA
       regulations at the individual system level and at the household level
•      Number of cases of adverse health effects avoided nationally
•      Health effects avoided from the removal of contaminants at levels below MCLs
•      Efficiencies in  water system operation and  management
•      Other indirect benefits

Current/Possible Uses
•      Provide a national picture of the combined  benefits and cost of the 1986
       Amendments.

How to Obtain Information
•      To obtain a copy of the study summary, contact the Economic, Legislative and
       Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-5540.
•      The detailed report, document number PB90196692/AS, may be ordered from
       the National Technical  Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703)
       487-4650.

Contact
•      For more information on the study's data and their appropriate uses, contact
       the Economic, Legislative and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking
       Water at  (202) 382-5515.
                               Economic Analysis
                                    IV- 8

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From Estimates of the Total Benefits & Total Costs Associated with Implementation
of the 1986 Amendments to SDWA, March 15, 1990:
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
       1.  Introduction
          1.1  Background and Purpose of this Report
          1.2  SDWA Regulations Included in the Total Benefits and Total Costs
              Estimates
          1.3  Organization of this Report
          1.4  Qualifications to  the Analysis

       2.  Aggregate Benefits of ODW Regulations
          2.1  Reductions in Adverse Health Effects
          2.2  Consideration of  Contaminant Co-occurrence
          2.3  "Intangible" Benefits of Improved Drinking Water Standards

       3.  Aggregate Cost of ODW Regulations
          3.1  Total National Cost of All ODW Regulations
          3.2  Summary of Cost Impact by Regulation
          3.3  Impact of Contaminant  Co-occurrence Estimates
          3.4  Time-Phased  Compliance Expenditures
          3.5  Comparison of SDWA Compliance Cost to Total Water Supply
              Costs
          3.6  Cost to State Programs

       4.  System-Level  Cost Impacts
          4.1  Small System Impacts
          4.2  Multiple Compliance  Requirements

       5.  Benefit/Cost  Comparisons
          5.1  Aggregate  Cost/Benefit Comparisons
          5.2  System-Level and Household-Level Cost/Benefit Comparisons

       6.  Summary and Conclusions
          6.1  Aggregate  Benefits
          6.2  Aggregate  Costs
          6.3  System-Level Impacts
          6.4  Cost/Benefit Comparisons
                              Economic Analysis
                                   IV-9

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Information Collection Requests (ICRs)
General Description
•      ICRs are submitted by the Office of Drinking Water to the Office of
       Management and Budget for proposed and final NPDWRs.
•      They describe the hours and costs expended by the regulated community to
       collect and report specific information required by proposed/final NPDWRs,
       justify the mandatory collection of information, outline how EPA will minimize
       the burden to public water systems and  States, and document compliance with
       the Paperwork Reduction Act.
•      A draft ICR is issued when the corresponding rule is proposed.
•      A final ICR, revised to reflect new data  or other information, is issued at the
       time of promulgation of the rule.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Number of systems affected
•      Administrative/enforcement costs to Federal government
•      Total cost to primacy agencies
•      Cost to public water systems
             Monitoring costs
             Labor costs
             Capital costs
•      Specific information required to be furnished

Current/Possible Uses
•      Justify information collection activities.
ซ      Estimate the amount of time a PWS or State will expend to comply with
       Federal regulation.
•      Compare industry-wide average costs to an individual PWS's costs.
•      Develop a PWS's cost projections.

How to Obtain Information
•      ICRs may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water docket.  To
       access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm,
       Eastern Time, for an appointment.
•      The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
       Washington, DC 20460.

Contact
•      For more information on ICR data and  their appropriate uses, contact the
       Economic, Legislative  and Policy Analysis Branch, Office of Drinking Water at
       (202) 382-5515.
                               Economic Analysis
                                    IV- 10

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From the draft ICR for the inorganic chemicals (lOCs - Phase II) rule (April 1989):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
       Introduction

       Background Information

       Justification
             Need for Information Collection
             Description and Practical Utility of Information Collected
                    Description
                    Practical Utility of the Information
             Minimizing Burden
             Non-Duplication
             Consideration of Alternatives
             Minimization of Burden on Small Businesses
             Consideration of Collection
             Paperwork Reduction
             Consultations
             Confidentiality
             Sensitive  Questions
             Costs to the Government and  to the Respondents
                    Federal Government
                    Respondents
                          States
                          Public Water Systems
             Estimation of Respondent Burden
             Reasons for Change in Burden
             Scheduling
             Standard Industrial  Classifications

       Collection of Information Employing Statistical Methods
                               Economic Analysis
                                    IV- 11

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    V. Compliance/Violation
These sources describe water treatment
  technologies that enable systems to
  achieve compliance with NPDWRs;
    provide guidance on achieving
 compliance with specific regulations,
  preparing primacy applications, and
  evaluating them; and identify public
  water systems violating NPDWRs.

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Federal Reporting Data System (FRDS)

General Description
•      FRDS is a centralized data base that contains information on public water
       systems (PWSs) and their violations of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
       and other requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments.
•      FRDS is the primary information management tool used by the Office of
       Drinking Water to supervise the public water system supervision program.
       FRDS provides inventory, violations, enforcement, variances, and exemptions
       data.
•      FRDS is updated quarterly through submissions from State and Regional
       primacy  agents.
•      The Office of Drinking Water will publish a Manager's Guide to FRDS in the Spring of
       1991.  The manager's guide will explain how environmental managers can effectively
       and appropriately use FRDS data  and FRDS reports to assist with their decision
       making.  The guide will also provide information on  how FRDS data are collected.

Major Data/Information Available
•      PWS Characterization/Identification
•      PWS Source Characterization/Identification/Location
•      PWS Source Treatment
•      Identification/Characterization of Areas Served by PWS
•      Site Visit/Inspection Information
•      PWS MCL,  Monitoring, and Reporting Violations
•      Enforcement Actions
•      Variances/Exemptions Granted  to PWS
•      Supporting Documentation
             Data Element Dictionary - contains comprehensive information about
             each  data element and its associated values  in FRDS.
             Users Guide - describes  FRDS interactive  retrieval, including what
             system functions and procedures are and how to use them, to the ADP
             non-technical user.
             Data  Entry Instructions - assists FRDS users with their data collection
             efforts and explains in detail how to enter data.

Current/Possible Uses
•      Identify PWSs with MCL violations.
•      Identify a PWS's sources of water.
•      Identify the  population size served by a PWS.
•      Identify PWSs in significant noncompliance with NPDWRs and those granted
       exemptions.

Access
•      To obtain access to the FRDS data base, contact the Safe Drinking Water
       Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or (202) 382-5533.
                             Compliance/Violation
                                    V- 1

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Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual
General Description
•      The Surface Water Treatment Rule Guidance Manual assists EPA
       Headquarters, EPA Regional offices, individual States, and affected utilities in
       achieving consistent implementation of the rule.
•      It supplements the criteria appearing in the rule, gives more detailed
       explanation of concepts presented in the rule, and focuses on PWS treatment
       techniques and measurement  methods (unlike the Implementation Manual,
       which focuses on primacy and reporting requirements).

Major Data/Information Available
•      Explanation of two-tiered approach for determining whether a ground-water
       supply source is under the direct influence of surface water
•      Design, operating, and performance criteria for specific surface water quality
       conditions that provide the optimum protection of public  health through multiple
       barrier treatment
•      Examples of occurrences which would require public notification
•      Language of public notices
•      Public notification method

Current/Possible  Uses
•      Determine the most appropriate treatment requirements for waters within an
       individual jurisdiction.
•      Determine if a water supply source is subject to requirements of a NPDWR.
•      Determine compliance with performance criteria.
•      Obtain guidelines for establishing reporting requirements.
•      Determine whether or not systems are in compliance with requirements.

How to Obtain Information
•      A copy of the guidance manual may be ordered, at cost, from the National
       Technical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 336-4700 or (703) 487-4650.
       The NTIS  order number is PB90-148016.

Contact
•      For more information on the interpretation and appropriate uses of guidance
       manuals, contact the Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking Water
       at (202) 382-7379.
                              Compliance/Violation
                                     V- 2

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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

       1.      Introduction

       2.      General Requirements
              2.1    Application
                    2.1.1   Types of Water Supplies
                    2.1.2   Determination of Applicable Sources
              2.2    Treatment Requirements
              2.3    Operator Personnel Qualifications

       3.      Compliance for Systems Not Filtering
              3.1    Source Water Quality Criteria
                    3.1.1   Coliform Concentrations
                    3.1.2   Turbidity Levels
              3.2    Disinfection Criteria
                    3.2.1   Inactivation Requirements
                    3.2.2   Determination of Overall Inactivation for Residual
                           Profile, Multiple Disinfectants and Multiple Sources
                    3.2.3   Demonstration of Maintaining a Residual
                    3.2.4   Disinfection System Redundancy
              3.3    Site-Specific Conditions
                    3.3.1   Watershed  Control Program
                    3.3.2   On-Site Inspection
                    3.3.3   No Disease Outbreaks
                    3.3.4   Monthly Coliform MCL
                    3.3.5   Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations

       4.      Design and Operating Criteria for Filtration and Disinfection
              Technology
              4.1    Introduction
              4.2    Selection of Appropriate Filtration Technology
                    4.2.1   General Descriptions
                    4.2.2   Capabilities
                    4.2.3   Selection
              4.3    Available Filtration Technologies
                    4.3.1   Introduction
                    4.3.2   General
                    4.3.3   Conventional Treatment
                    4.3.4   Direct Filtration
                    4.3.5   Slow Sand  Filtration
                    4.3.6   Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
                    4.3.7   Alternate Technologies
                    4.3:8   Nontreatment Alternatives
              4.4    Disinfection
                              Compliance/Violation
                                      V-  3

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From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
                    4.4.1   General
                    4.4.2   Recommended Removal/Inactivation
                    4.4.3   Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) Regulations

       5.      Criteria for Determining if Filtration and Disinfection are
              Satisfactorily Practiced
              5.1    Introduction
              5.2    Turbidity Monitoring Requirements
                    5.2.1   Sampling Location
                    5.2.2   Sampling Frequency
                    5.2.3   Additional Monitoring
              5.3    Turbidity Performance Criteria
                    5.3.1   Conventional Treatment or Direct Filtration
                    5.3.2   Slow Sand Filtration
                    5.3.3   Diatomaceous  Earth Filtration
                    5.3.4   Other Filtration Technologies
              5.4    Disinfection Monitoring Requirements
              5.5    Disinfection Performance Criteria
                    5.5.1   Minimum Performance Criteria Required Under the
                           SWTR
                    5.5.2   Recommended Performance Criteria
                    5.5.3   Disinfection By-Product Considerations
                    5.5.4   Determination of Inactivation by Disinfection
              5.6    Other Considerations

       6.      Reporting
              6.1    Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Not
                    Providing Filtration
              6.2    Reporting Requirements for Public Water Systems Using
                    Filtration

       7.      Compliance
              7.1    Introduction
              7.2    Systems Using a Surface Water Source
              7.3    Compliance Transition with Current NPDWR Turbidity
                    Requirements
              7.4    Systems Using a Ground-Water Source  Under the Direct
                    Influence of a Surface Water
              7.5    Response for Systems  not Meeting the SWTR Criteria
                    7.5.1   Introduction
                    7.5.2   Systems Not Filtering
                    7.5.3   Systems Currently Filtering

       8.      Public Notification
                              Compliance/Violation
                                      V - 4

-------
From the Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources (October 1989):
       9.     Exemptions
             9.1     Overview of Requirements
             9.2     Recommended Criteria
             9.3     Compelling Factors
             9.4     Evaluation of  Alternate Water Supply Sources
             9.5     Protection of Public Health
             9.6     Notification to EPA
                             Compliance/Violation
                                    V-5

-------
Implementation Manuals
General Description
•      Implementation manuals complement proposed rules; they are subject to
       revision based on public comment period responses and changes to the
       proposed rule.
•      Implementation manuals provide guidance to EPA Regions and States on the
       implementation of rules, supplement criteria in proposed rules, and focus on
       primacy and reporting requirements.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Dates important to the rule
•      Summary of events that constitute violations under the rule
•      Categorical breakdown of requirements
•      List of questions and responses to questions which were asked at
       implementation workshops
•      Descriptions and samples of material needed for primacy revision applications

Current/Possible Uses
•      Assist in evaluating primacy revision applications.
•      Assist in preparing primacy  revision applications.
•      Assist in allocating resources for regulatory development.

How to Obtain Information
•      Implementation manuals may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking
       water docket.  To access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027  between 9:00
       am and 3:30 pm, Eastern Time, for an appointment.
•      The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street,  SW,
       Washington, DC  20460.

Contact
•      For more information on the appropriate interpretation and uses of
       implementation manuals, contact the Drinking Water Branch, Office of Drinking
       Water at  (202) 382-5526.
                              Comp liance /V i ol ation
                                     V-6

-------
From the draft Surface Water Treatment Rule Implementation Manual (May 13,
1990):
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
      Introduction

      I.     Time Lines

      II.     Violation Determination and FRDS Reporting
             A. Unfiltered Systems that Will Remain Unfiltered
             B. Unfiltered Systems Required to Filter
             C. Filtered Systems
             D. Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water
             E. FRDS Reporting

      ///.    State Special Primacy Requirements
             A. State Special Primacy Requirement Submissions
             B. Mandatory State Special Primacy Requirement Submissions
                (Procedures)
             C. Discretionary State Special Primacy Requirements
      Appendix A   State Primacy Revision Application
      Appendix B   Wellhead Protection
      Appendix C   Questions and Answers
      Appendix D   FRDS Reporting
                             Compliance/Violation
                                    V-7

-------
Cost & Technology (C&T) Documents
General Description
•      C&T documents review alternative technologies and their relative efficiencies
       and costs.
•      They present technologies and actions available to communities searching for
       the most economical and effective means of complying with the regulations.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Water treatment technologies for removing specific contaminants from water
       supplies
•      Cost data:  capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, methods for
       updating construction costs
•      Basis of costs process by process - conceptual design of structures and
       equipment, operation and maintenance requirements,  chemical use
       requirements

Current/Possible Uses
•      Assist in identifying the best technology  or other means generally available for
       water treatment.

How to Obtain Information
•      C&T documents may be reviewed and photocopied at the drinking water
       docket. To access docket materials, you  must make an appointment.  Call
       (202) 382-3027 between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm,  Eastern Time.
       The drinking water docket is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
       Washington, DC  20460.

Contact
•      For more information on C&T data and their appropriate uses, contact the
       Science and Technology Branch, Office of Drinking Water at (202) 382-3022.
                              Compliance/Violation
                                     V- 8

-------
From the revised draft final of Technologies and Costs for the Treatment ofMicrobial
Contaminants in Potable Water Supplies (April 1987):
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

       Executive Summary

       I.    Introduction

       II.    Background
               Waterborne Disease Outbreaks -  1946 to 1980
               Waterborne Disease Outbreaks -  1981 to 1983
               Problems in Removing Microbial Contamination from Water
                  Supply Sources
               Alternative Approaches  to Microbial Contaminant Control

       ///.   Filtration in Community Systems
               Effectiveness of Filtration for Removal of Microbial Contaminants
               Discussion of Most Applicable Filtration Technologies

       IV.   Disinfection in Community Systems
               Most Applicable Technologies
               Other Applicable Technologies
               Additional Technologies
               Disinfection with Filtration

       V.    Small Water Systems
               Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
               Treatment Facilities Used by Small Water Systems
               Difficulties Specific to Small Systems
               Treatment Technologies Applicable to Small Systems
               Filtration Technologies
               Disinfection Technologies
               Alternatives to Treatment

       VI.   Cost Data
               Basis of Costs - General
               Basis of Costs - Process by Process
               Alternatives to Treatment
               Typical Treatment Costs for Surface Water
               Supplemental  Process Costs for Surface Water Treatment
               Cost Summary

       References
       Appendix A:  Ground-Water Disinfection Costs
       Appendix B:  Surface Water Filtration Cost Calculation
       Appendix C:  Costs of Obtaining an Exception to the Surface Water
                    Filtration Rule
                             Compliance/Violation
                                     V-9

-------
VI. General Sources of Drinking
        Water Information
     These sources provide
     documentation and/or
     assistance with drinking
          water issues.

-------
Safe Drinking Water Hotline
General Description
•      The Safe Drinking Water Hotline assists the public and the regulated
       community in understanding drinking water regulations and programs
       developed by EPA in response to the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
       1986.
•      The hotline provides information on the status of EPA rulemakings and other
       activities concerning existing regulations and policy requirements and the
       availability of safe drinking water documents, accepts requests for some safe
       drinking water publications and documents, and refers detailed, technical,
       and/or scientific questions to the appropriate EPA office.
•      Once the Guide to NPDWRs (see page 1-4) is completed, the Hotline will
       make use of it and will be able to dispense the information contained in it to
       callers.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Safe drinking water publications (see the sample brochure on the next page)
             Fact sheets
             Brochures
             Recently-published regulatory  documents
             Recently-published Federal Register notices
•      Referrals to EPA, States, and localities

Current/Possible Uses
•      Obtain information on  the status of EPA rulemakings and other activities.
•      Obtain general information  on drinking water regulations and programs.
•      Obtain reference numbers for publications to be ordered from NTIS.
•      Obtain EPA safe drinking water publications.

Access
•      The Hotline operates Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Eastern
       Time. The Hotline does not operate on Federal holidays.

Contact
       (800)  426-4791     United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands
       (202)  382-5533     Washington, DC metropolitan  area
                  General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                    VI- 1

-------
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        General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                 VI-3

-------
Drinking Water Docket
General Description
•     The Drinking Water Docket maintains the public record for rulemakings
      developed by the Criteria and Standards Division of the Office of Drinking
      Water for National Primary Drinking Water Regulations and related notices.
•     All docket materials are open for review and photocopying by the public.

Major Data/Information Available
•     Federal Register notices and related references, including:
             Public hearing transcripts
             Public comments on rulemakings
             National Drinking Water Advisory Council materials
             Cost and technology documents
             Regulatory/economic  impact analyses
             Information collection requests
             Criteria documents
             Occurrence documents
             Implementation  manuals

How to Obtain Information
      To access docket materials, call (202) 382-3027 between 9:00  am and 3:30 pm,
      Eastern Time, for an  appointment.
•     The drinking water docket  is located at the EPA, 401 M Street, SW,
      Washington, DC  20460.
                  General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                    VI-4

-------
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
General Description
•      NTIS, run by the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides access to U.S. and
       foreign government-sponsored R&D and engineering research results.
•      Periodical subscriptions, publications,  software, and database access can be
       obtained, at cost, from NTIS.

Major Data/Information Available
•      Health advisories
•      Regulatory/economic  impact analyses
•      Sampling, analysis, and treatment guidances and manuals
•      Results of various statistical and treatment studies
•      Proceedings of various workshops/conferences sponsored by the Office of
       Drinking Water
•      EPA Publications Bibliography:  Quarterly Abstract Bulletin
•      Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and
       Environmental Risks

How to Obtain Information
•      To inquire about or order publications or a catalog of products and services, call
       NTIS at (703) 487-4650 or (800) 336-4700 between 7:45 am and 5:00 pm,
       Eastern Time.
       Send mail orders to NTIS,  5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA  22161.
•      Overnight and 24-hour delivery service are  available for an additional $20 or
       $10 per item.
                  General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                    VI-5

-------
Office of Research & Development's Bulletin Board System (ORD BBS)
General Description
•     The Office of Research and Development's Bulletin Board System  facilitates
      the exchange of technical information and ORD products among EPA
      Headquarters, laboratory, and Regional staff and contractors; States; other
      Federal agencies; universities; industry; and the public.

Major Data/Information Available
•     Electronic  Message System
•     Bulletins about ORD products and activities
             Schedules
             Announcements
             Staff rosters
             Program plans
             Bibliographies
             BBS instructions
•     BBS News (new  features, files, announcements of events)
•     Conferences  (subject oriented subsets of the bulletin board system)
             Expert systems
             Biotechnology
             Regional Operations
             Water Regulations
             Methods Standardization/QA news
•     On-line Databases for identifying ORD publications  since 1977
Current/Possible Uses
 •      Obtain technical information based on ORD research.
Access
•      For more information on setting up or connecting to the Bulletin Board, call
       (513) 569-7272 or FTS 8-684-7272.
Contact
•      For more information on content and features of the Bulletin Board, contact
       EPA Office Reasearch and Development at
                  General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                    VI-6

-------
             EPA REGIONAL DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                           as of December 1990
Jerome Healey, Chief
GW Mgmt. & Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region I
JFK Federal Building Room 2203
Boston, MA  02203
(617)565-3610     FTS:  8-835-3610
FAX:   (617)565-3468
Walter Andrews, Chief
DW/GW Protection Branch
U.S. EPA - Region II
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-1800    FTS:  8-264-1800
FAX:  (212)264-2194

Jon Capacasa, Chief
DW/GW Protection Branch
U.S. EPA - Region III
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215)597-8227    FTS:  8-597-8227
FAX:  (215)597-7909

Allan Antley, Chief
Municipal Facilities Branch
U.S. EPA - Region IV
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta,  GA  30365
(404)347-2913     FTS: 8-257-2913
FAX:  (404) 347-5204

Edward  P. Walters, Chief
Safe Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)353-2650    FTS:  8-353-2650
FAX:  (312) 886-4235
Tom Love, Acting Chief
Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
12th Floor, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX  75202
(214)655-7150    FTS: 8-255-7150
FAX:  (214)655-2142

Ralph Langemeier, Chief
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VII
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)236-2815    FTS: 8-757-2815
FAX:  (913)276-7765

Patrick A. Grotty, P.E., Chief
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region VIII
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303)293-1408    FTS: 8-564-1408
FAX:  (303) 330-6047

Steve  Pardieck, Director
Drinking Water Branch
U.S. EPA - Region IX
1235 Mission  Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415)  744-2252    FTS: 8-484-2252
FAX:  (415)465-2114

Jan Hastings, Chief
Drinking Water Supply Branch
U.S. EPA - Region X
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)442-4092    FTS: 8-399-4092
FAX:  (206)399-0165
                 General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                  VI-7

-------
                       STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                                  as of December 1990
Alabama
Mr. Joe A. Power
Chief, Water Supply Branch
Department of Environmental Management
1751 Congressional W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, Alabama 36130
(205)271-7773
FAX: (205)271-7950

Alaska
Ms. Charlene Denys
Manager, Alaska Drinking Water Program
Wastewater and Water Treatment Section
Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box O
Juneau, Alaska 99811-1800
(907) 465-2654
FAX: (907)465-2082

Arkansas
Mr. Harold Seifert, P.E.
Division Director, Division of Engineering
Arkansas Department of Health
4815 West Markham Street - Mail Slot 37
Little Rock, Arkansas  72205-3867
(501) 661-2623
FAX: (501)661-2468
Arizona
Mr. Robert L. Munari, P.E.
Manager, Field Services Section
Office of Water Quality
2655 East Magnolia Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85034
(602) 392-4002
FAX: (602)392-4017

California
Mr. Peter A. Rogers
Chief, Office of Drinking Water
California Department of Health Services
714 P Street, Room 692
Sacramento, California 95814
(916)323-1382
FAX: (916)323-9869
Colorado
Mr. Jerry C. Biberstine
Manager, Drinking Water Program
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80220
(303) 331-4546
FAX: (303)322-9076

Connecticut
Mr. Gerald R. Iwan, Ph.D.
Chief, Connecticut Department of Health Services
Water Supplies Section
150 Washington Street
Hartford, Connecticut 06106
(203) 566-1251
FAX: (203)566-1710
Delaware
Mr. Richard B. Howell, III
Program Director, Office of Sanitary Engineering
Delaware Division of Public Health
Cooper Building
P.O. Box 637
Dover, Delaware  19903
(302) 736-5410
FAX:  (302)736-3008

District of Columbia
Mr. James R. Collier
Chief, Water Hygiene Branch
Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
5010 Overlook Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20032
(202) 767-7370
FAX:  (202)767-8407

Florida
Mr. J. Kent Kimes, P.E.
Administrator, Drinking Water Section
Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2400
(904) 487-1762
FAX: (904)487-3618
                        General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                          VI-8

-------
                           STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                                     as of December 1990
Georgia
Mr. Fred Lehman
Program Manager, Drinking Water Program
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
Floyd Towers East, Room 1066
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
(404) 656-5660
FAX: (404)656-9425
Guam
Mr. Fred M. Castro
Guam Environmental Protection Agency
Government of Guam
Harmon Plaza Complex Unit D-107
130 Rojas Street
Harmon, Guam 96911
(671)646-8863
FAX: (671)646-9402
Hawaii
Mr. Thomas E. Arizumi
Chief, Safe Drinking Water Branch
Environmental Management Division
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, Hawaii 96801-9984
(808) 543-8258
FAX:  (808)548-7237
Idaho
Mr. Al E. Murray, P.E.
Chief, Bureau of Water Quality
Division of Environmental Quality
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
Statehouse Mail
Boise, Idaho 83720
(208) 334-5860
FAX: (208)334-5694

Illinois
Mr. Roger D. Selburg, P.E.
Manager, Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, Illinois  62706-9276
(217)785-8653
FAX: (217)524-4192
Indiana
Mr. Robert Hilton
Chief, Drinking Water Branch
Office of Water Management
Indiana Department of Environment Management
105 South Meridian
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
(317)233-4240
FAX:  (317)243-5092

Iowa
Mr. Darrell McAllister, Bureau Chief
Surface and Groundwater Protection Bureau
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
900 East Grand Street
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
(515)281-8998
FAX:  (515)281-8895

Kansas
Mr. David F. Waldo
Chief, Public Water Supply Section
Bureau of Water
Kansas Department of Health and the Environment
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka, Kansas 66620
(913) 296-5503
FAX:  (913)296-6427

Kentucky
Mr. John T. Smither
Manager, Drinking Water Branch
18 Reilly Road, Frankfort Office Park
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
(502) 564-3410, ext. 543
FAX:  (502)564-4245
Louisiana
Mr. T. Jay Ray
Administrator, Office of Public Health
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
P.O. Box 60630
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
(504) 568-5105
FAX:  (504)568-2543
                            General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                             VI-9

-------
                         STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                                   as of December 1990
Maine
Mr. Jeffrey Jenks
Program Manager, Drinking Water Program
Division of Health Engineering
Maine Department of Human Services
State House (STA 10)
Augusta, Maine 04333
(207) 289-5685
FAX: (207)289-4172

Mariana Islands
Mr. William Lopp
Chief, Division of Environmental Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, CM 96950
Michigan
Mr. James K. Cleland
Chief, Division of Water Supply
Michigan Department of Public Health
P.O. Box 30195
Lansing, Michigan 48909
(517) 335-8326
FAX:  (517)335-8298
Micronesia
Ms. Donna Scheuring
Environmental Health Coordinator
Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
Department of Human Resources
Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941
Marshall Islands                                Minnesota
General Manager                                Mr. Gary L. Englund, Chief
Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority  Section of Water Supply and Well Management
P.O. Box  1322                                   Minnesota Department of Health
Majuro, Marshall Islands 96960                    925 SE Delaware Street
VIA HONOLULU                               P.O. Box 59040
                                               Minneapolis, Minnesota 55459
                                               (612)627-5133
                                               FAX:  (612)627-5135
Maryland
Mr. William F. Parrish, Jr.
Program Administrator, Water Supply Program
Maryland Department of the Environment
Point Breeze Building 40, Room 8L
2500 Broening Highway
Dundalk, Maryland  21224
(301)631-3702
FAX: (301)633-0456

Massachusetts
Mr. David Terry
Acting Director, Division of Water Supply
Department of Environmental Protection
One Winter Street, 9th Floor
Boston, Massachusetts 02108
(617) 292-5529
FAX: (617)556-1049
Mississippi
Mr. James C. McDonald
Director, Division of Water Supply
State Board of Health
P.O. Box 1700
Jackson, Mississippi 39215-1700
(601) 960-7518
FAX: (601)960-7448
Missouri
Mr. Jerry L. Lane
Director, Public Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, Missouri 65102
(314)751-5331
FAX: (314)751-9277
                         General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                           VI - 10

-------
                         STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                                   as of December 1990
Montana
Mr. Dan L. Fraser
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building, Room A206
Helena, Montana 59620
(406) 444-2406
FAX:  (406)444-2606
Nebraska
Mr. Jack Daniel, Director
Div. of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation
Nebraska Department of Health
P.O. Box 95007, 3rd Floor
Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
(402)471-2541
FAX: (402)471-0383
New Hampshire
Mr. Bernard B. Lucey, P.E.
Administrator of Water Supply Engineering Bureau
Department of Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95, Hazen Drive
Concord, New Hampshire 03302-0095
(603)271-3139
FAX: (603)271-2867
New Jersey
Mr. Barker G. Hamill
Chief, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
Division of Water Resources
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
P.O. Box CN-029
Trenton, New Jersey 09625
(609) 292-5550
FAX: (609)292-1654
New Mexico
Mr. Robert M. Gallegos
Program Manager, Drinking Water Section
New Mexico Health & Environment Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
Room South 2058
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87503
(505) 827-2778
FAX: (505)827-2836
New York
Mr. Michael E. Burke, P.E.
Director, Bureau of Public Water Supply
Protection
New York Department of Health
Room 406, University Place
Albany, New York 12203-3399
(518)458-6731
FAX:  (518)458-6434

Nevada
Mr. Jeffrey Fontaine
Supervisor, Public Health Engineering
Nevada Department of Human Resources
Consumer Health Protection Services
505 East King Street, Room 103
Carson City, Nevada  89710
(702) 687-4750
FAX:  (702)687-5394

North Carolina
Mr. Wallace E. Venrick
Chief, Public Water Supply Section
Division of Environmental Health
Dept. of Environment, Health & Natural
Resources
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687
(919) 733-2321
FAX:  (919)733-0488

North Dakota
Mr. D. Wayne Kern
Environmental Engineer
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Dept. of Health and Consolidated Laboratories
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, North Dakota 58502-5520
(701) 224-2354
FAX:  (701)258-0052

Ohio
Mr. John J. Sadzewicz
Chief, Division  of Public Drinking Water
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 WaterMark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149
(614) 644-2752
FAX:  (614)644-2329
                           General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                           VI-11

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                            STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                                      as of December 1990
Oklahoma
Mr. George McBride
Water Quality Service
Oklahoma State Department of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73152
(405)271-7370
FAX:  (405)271-7339
Oregon
Mr. James B. Boydston
Manager, Drinking Water Program
Health Division
Department of Human Resources
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue, Room 608
Portland, Oregon 97201
(503) 229-6302
FAX: (503)229-6702

Palau
Mr. Lucio Abrahan, Executive Officer
Palau Environmental Quality Protection Board
Hospital
Koror, Palau  96940
Pennsylvania
Mr. Frederick A. Marrocco
Chief, Division of Water Supplies
Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105-2357
(717)787-9037
FAX: (717)787-2938
Puerto Rico
Mr. Clery Morales, P.E.
Director, Water Supply Supervision Program
Puerto Rico Department of Health
P.O. Box 70184
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
(809) 763-4307
Rhode Island
Ms. June Swallow
Acting Chief, Division of Drinking Water
Quality
Rhode Island Department of Health
75 Davis Street, Cannon Building
Providence, Rhode Island  02908
(401) 277-6867
FAX:  (401)277-6548

South Carolina
Mr. Robert E. Malpass
Chief, Bureau of Drinking Water Protection
Department of Health and Environmental
Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
(803)734-5310
FAX:  (803)734-4661

South Dakota
Mr. Darron C. Busch
Office of Drinking Water
Department of Water and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capital Avenue
Pierre, South Dakota 57501
(605) 773-3754
FAX: (605)773-6035

Tennessee
Mr. W. David Draughon, Jr.
Director, Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Department of Health and
Environment
150 9th Avenue, North
Terra Building, 1st Floor
Nashville, Tennessee 37219-5404
(615) 741-6636
FAX: (615)741-4608

Texas
Mr. Charles Maddox, P.E.
Chief, Bureau of Environmental Health
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 48th Street
Austin, Texas 78756-3199
(512)458-7542
FAX: (512)458-7407
                            General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                             VI-12

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                    STATE DRINKING WATER CONTACTS
                              as of December 1990
Utah
Mr. Gayle J. Smith, P.E.
Director, Bureau of Drinking Water/Sanitation
Utah Department of Health
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116-0690
(801) 538-6163
FAX:  (801)538-6016
Vermont
Mr. Winslow Ladue
Water Supply Program Chief
Vermont Department of Health
60 Main Street
P.O. Box 70
Burlington, Vermont 05402
(802) 863-7220
FAX:  (802)863-7425

Virgin Islands
Mr. Ira Hobson
Planning & Natural Resources
Government of Virgin Islands
Nifky Center, Suite 231
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands  00802
(809) 774-3320
FAX:  (809)774-5416

Virginia
Mr. Allen R.  Hammer, P.E.
Director, Division of Water Supply Engineering
Virginia Department of Health
James Madison Building
109 Governor Street
Richmond, Virginia 23219
(804) 786-1766
FAX:  (804)786-5567

West Virginia
Mr. Donald A. Kuntz, P.E.
Director, Environmental Engineering Division
Office of Environmental Health Services
State Department of Health
East 1900 Kanawha Blvd., East, Rm. 554
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
(304) 348-2981
FAX:  (304)348-0045
Washington
Mr. D. William Liechty
Head, Drinking Water Section
Department of Health
Mail Stop LD-11, Building 3
Airdustrial Park
Olympia, Washington 98504
(206) 753-5953
FAX: (206)586-5529

Wisconsin
Mr. Robert Krill
Director, Bureau of Water Supply
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wisconsin  53707
(608)267-7651
FAX: (608)267-3579
Wyoming
Mr. William L. Garland
Administrator, DEQ - Water Quality
Herschler Building
4th Floor West
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
(307) 777-7781
FAX:  (307)777-5973
                           General Sources of Drinking Water Information
                                             VI-13

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     Appendix A:
      Acronyms
The following acronyms
 were used in the Guide.

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                 ACRONYMS
ADP       Automated Data Processing
BAT       Best Available Technology
C&T       Cost and Technology
CAS       Chemical Abstracts Service
EPA       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FR        Federal Register
FRDS      Federal Reporting Data System
FY        Fiscal  Year
ICR        Information Collection Request
IOC        Inorganic Chemical
IRIS       Integrated Risk Information System
MCL       Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG     Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
NPDWR   National Primary Drinking Water Regulation
NPS       National Pesticide Survey
NTIS       National Technical Information Service
ODW      Office of Drinking Water
OMB       Office  of Management and Budget
PC        Personal Computer
PWS       Public  Water System
PWSS      Public  Water System Supervision
R&D       Research and Development
RIA        Regulatory Impact Analysis
SAR       Start Action Request
SDWA     Safe Drinking Water Act
SMCL      Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level
SOC       Synthetic Organic Chemical
URTH      Unreasonable Risk to Health
VOC       Volatile Organic Chemical
                 Appendix A
                       1

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        Appendix B:

Drinking Water Contaminants
        Listed by Rule

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     Drinking Water Contaminants  Listed by  Rule
                             Fluoride
Fluoride
              Volatile Organic Chemicials (VOCs)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
               Carbon tetrachloride
               para-Dichlorobenzene
               Trichloroethylene
               Vinyl chloride
              Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring

These contaminants did not have a Maximum Contaminant Level or a Maximum
Contaminant Level Goal established at the time of their listing.
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloropropene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane  (DBCP)
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,3-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
2,2-Dichloropropane
Bromobenzene
Bromochloromethane
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroethane
Chloroform
               Chloromethane
               cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
               Dibromomethane
               Dichlorodifluoro methane
               Ethylbenzene
               Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
               Fluorotrichloro methane
               Hexachlorobutadiene
               Isopropylbenzene
               m-dichlorobenzene
               n-Butylbenzene
               n-Propylbenzene
               Naphthalene
               o-Chlorotoluene
               o-dichlorobenzene
               p-Chlorotoluene
               p-lsopropyltoluene
               sec-Butylbenzene
               Styrene
               tert-Butylbenzene
               Tetrachloroethylene
               Toluene
               trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
               Xylenes
Conforms
E. coli
Total Conforms

               Fecal Coliforms
                            Appendix B
                                 1

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                    Surface Water Treatment
Giardia Lamblia
Heterotrophic Bacteria
                Legionella
                Viruses
Copper
Lead and Copper

                Lead
                 Inorganic Chemicals (lOCs) and
       Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) for Phase II
IOCS occur naturally in water from geologic sources. Others may enter the water as a
result of human activities.  Generally, the principal health effects of inorganics may
include non-lethal end-points of toxicity such as liver and kidney effects, central
nervous system disorders, and  skeletal damage. Some inorganics are of potential
concern as carcinogens.  Phase II lOCs are source-related.

SOCs are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of agricultural and industrial
products.  Concern  for industrial uses of SOCs is focused primarily upon
contamination of ground  water from improper disposal of solvents.
1,2-Dichloropropane
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
2,4-D,Epichlorohydrin
Acrylamide
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Asbestos
Atrazine
Barium
Cadmium
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Chromium
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Dibromochloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
                Heptachlor
                Heptachlor epoxide
                Lindane
                Mercury
                Methoxychlor
                Monochlorobenzene
                Nitrate
                Nitrite
                o-Dichlorobenzene
                PCBs
                Pentachlorophenol
                Selenium
                Styrene
                Tetrachloroethylene
                Toluene
                Toxaphene
                trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
                Xylenes (total)
                             Appendix B
                                  2

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                   IOCS and SOCs for Phase V
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cyanide
Dalapon
Di (elhylhexyl) adipate
Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dichloro-methane (methylene chloride)
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Endrin
Glyphosate
Hexachloro-cyclopentadiene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nickel
Oxamyl (vydate)
PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene)
Pichloram
Simazine
Sulfate
Thallium
                          Radionuclides
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Radium 226
Radium 228
Radon
Uranium
           Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products

Chlorination  By-Products	Ozonation By-Products
                            Appendix B
                                 3

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        Appendix C:

Drinking Water Contaminants
     Listed Alphabetically

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    Drinking Water Contaminants Listed Alphabetically
           Contaminant                                 Rule

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1,1-Trichloroethane	VOCs
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1,2-Trichloroethane	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
1,1,2-Trichloroethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1-Dichloroethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,1-Dichloroethylene	VOCs
1,1-Dichloropropene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,3-Trichloropropane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,4-Trichlorbenzene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,2-Dichloroethane	VOCs
1,2-Dichloropropane	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
1,2-Dichloropropane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3-Dichloropropane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
1,3-Dichloropropene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
2,2-Dichloropropane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
2,4-D,Epichlorohydrin	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Acrylamide	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Alachlor	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb sulfone	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Aldicarb sulfoxide	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Antimony	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Arsenic	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Asbestos	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Atrazine	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Barium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Benzene	VOCs
Beryllium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Beta particle and photon radioactivity	Radionuclides (Phase III)
Bromobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromochloromethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromodichloromethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromoform	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Bromomethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Cadmium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Carbofuran	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Carbon tetrachloride	VOCs
Chlordane	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Chlorination  By-Products	Disinfection and  Disinfection  By-Products
Chlorobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chlorodibromomethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chloroethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chloroform	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring


                               Appendix C
                                    1

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           Contaminant                                 Rule

Chloromethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Chromium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Conforms	Total Coliforms
Copper	Lead and Copper
Cyanide	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dalapon	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Di (ethylhexyl) adipate	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Di (ethylhexyl) phthalate	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dibromochloropropane	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Dibromomethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Dichloro-methane (methylene chloride)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Dichlorodifluoromethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Dinoseb	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Diquat	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
E. coli	Total Coliforms
Endothall	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Endrin	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Ethylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Ethylbenzene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Ethylene  Dibromide	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Ethylene  dibromide (EDB)	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Fecal Coliforms	Total Coliforms
Flouride	Fluoride
Fluorotrichloromethane	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Giardia Lamblia	Surface Water Treatment
Glyphosate	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Heptachlor	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Heptachlor epoxide	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Heterotrophic  Bacteria	Federal Register notices
Hexachloro-cyclopentadiene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Hexachlorobenzene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Hexachlorobutadiene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Isopropylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Lead	Lead and Copper
Legionella	Surface Water Treatment
Lindane	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
m-dichlorobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Mercury	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Methoxychlor	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Monochlorobenzene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
n-Butylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
n-Propylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Naphthalene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Nickel	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Nitrate	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Nitrite	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
o-Chlorotoluene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
o-Dichlorobenzene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
o-dichlorobenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Oxamyl (vydate)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Ozonation By-Products	Disinfection and Disinfection By-Products
p-Chlorotoluene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
p-lsopropyltoluene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
PAHs (Benzo-a-pyrene)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V


                               Appendix C
                                     2

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           Contaminant                                 Rule

para-Dichlorobenzene	VOCs
PCBs	IOCS and SOCs for Phase II
Pentachlorophenol	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Pichloram	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Radium 226	Radionuclides (Phase III)
Radium 228	Radionuclides (Phase III)
Radon	Radionuclides (Phase III)
sec-Butylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Selenium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Simazine	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Styrene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Styrene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Sulfate	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
tert-Butylbenzene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Tetrachloroethylene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Tetrachloroethylene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Thallium	lOCs and SOCs for Phase V
Toluene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
Toluene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Toxaphene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Trichloroethylene	VOCs
Uranium	Radionuclides (Phase III)
Vinyl chloride	VOCs
Viruses	Surface Water Treatment
Xylenes	Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Xylenes (total)	lOCs and SOCs for Phase II
                               Appendix C
                                    3

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      Appendix D:
      NFS Analytes
A list of the 127 different
 analytes included in the
National Pesticide Survey,

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                               NFS Analytes

The following 127 analytes were included in the National Pesticide Survey:
Acifluorfen
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldrin
Ametryn
Atraton
Atrazine
Atrazine, dealkylated
Barban
Baygon
Bentazon
Bromacil
Butachlor
Buylate
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbofuran phenol
Carbofuran phenol-3KET
Carbofuran-3OH
Carboxin
Chloramben
Chlordane-alpha
Chlordane-gamma
Chlorneb
Chlorobenzilate
Chlorothalonil
Chlorpropham
Cyanazine
Cycloate
2,4-D
Dalapon
2,4-DB
DBCP
DCPA
DCPA diacid metabolite
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Diazinon
Dicamba
3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid
1,2-Dichloropropane
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
trans-1,3-
Dichloropropene
Dichlorprop
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Dinoseb
Diphenamid
Disulfoton
Disulfoton sulfone
Disulfoton sulfoxide
Diuron
EDB
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Endrine aldehyde
EPTC
Ethoprop
Etridiazole
ETU
Fenamiphos
Fenamiphos  sulfone
Fenamiphos  sulfoxide
Fenarimol
Flumeturon
Fluridone
HCH-alpha
HCH-beta
HCH-delta
HCH-gamma
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexazinone
5-Hydroxy Dicambe
Linuron
Merphos
Methiocarb
Methomyl
Methoxychlor
Methyl paraoxon
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Metribuzin DA
Metribuzin DADK
Metribuzin DK
Mevinphos
MGK264
Molinate
Napropamide
Neburon
Nitrates/Nitrites
4-Nitrophenol
Norflurazon
Oxamyl
PCP
Pebulate
cis-Permethrin
trans-Permethrin
Picloram
Prometon
Prometryn
Pronamide
Pronamide metabolite
Propachlor
Propanil
Propazine
Propham
Simazine
Simetryn
Stirofos
Swep
2,4,5-T
Tebuthiuron
Terbacil
Terbufos
Terbutryn
2,4,5-TP
Triademefon
Tricyclazole
Trifluralin
Vernolate
                                 Apendix D
                                      1

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     Appendix E:
    MRS Analytes
 A list of the different
analytes included in the
National Inorganics and
 Radionuclides Survey.

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                             NIRS Analytes

The following inorganics and radionuclides were included in the National
Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey:
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Germanium
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Selenium
Silica (as Si02)
Silver
Sodium
Stomtium
Tellurium
Thallium
Thrium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
                              Appendix E
                                   1

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