905R76104
            DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL

             IMPACT STATEMENT


                 For the
       TUNNEL COMPONENT OF  THE TUNNEL
        AND RESERVOIR PLAN (TARP)
        PROPOSED BY THE METROPOLITAN
        SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER
                  CHICAGO
         MAINSTREAM TUNNEL SYSTEM,
        59th STREET TO ADDISON STREET
                        t
                        t
                Prepared by
United States Environmental Protection Agency
                 Region V
           Chicago, Illinois 60604
                March 1976

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                 DRAFT

    ENVIROMffiNTAL IMPACT STATEMENT


        TUNNEL COMPONENT OF THE

       TUNNEL AND RESERVOIR PLAN

            PROPOSED BY THE

     METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT

          OF GREATER CHICAGO


       MAINSTREAM TUNNEL SYSTEM

        59th STREET TO ADDISON



              Prepared by


United States Environmental Protection Agency

                Region V

           Chicago, Illinois


                  and

      Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc.

          Bethesda, Maryland
                                  APPROVED BY
                                  Regional AdminstMtor
                                  March 1976

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                                 SUMMARY SHEET
    (x)   Draft
    ( )   Final
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


1.  (x)   Administrative Action
    ( )   Legislative Action


2.  Description of the Action - see Executive Summary, pgs. xix to xxiv
3.  Environmental Impact      - see Executive Summary, pgs. xxv to xxxiv
4.  Alternatives Considered   - see Executive Summary, pgs. xvi to xviii


5.  Federal, State, and Local Agencies and Individuals Notified of this Action


    Senator Adlai E. Stevenson, III
    Senator Charles H. Percy
    Representative George M. O'Brien
    Representative Philip M. Crane
    Representative Frank Annunzio
    Representative Abner J. Mikva
    Representative Sidney R. Yates
    Representative Dan Rostenkowski
    Representative Martin A. Russo
    Representative Candiss Collins
    Representative Henry J. Hyde
    Representative John G. Fary
    Representative Edward J. Derwinski
    Representative Morgan F. Murphy
    Representative Ralph H. Metcalfe


    Water Resources Council
    Council on Environmental Quality
    Environmental Protection Agency
         Office of Federal Activities
         Office of Public Affairs
         Office of Legislation
         Office of Water Programs Operations
         Environmental Evaluation Branch
    Department of Interior
         Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
         Fish and Wildlife Services
         National Park Service
         Geological Survey
         Bureau of Mines

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                                      -2-
    Department of Defense
         Army Corps of Engineers
              North Central Division
              Chicago District Office
    Department of Agriculture
         Soil Conservation Service
         Forest Service
    Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
    Department of Housing and Urban Development
    Department of Transportation
         Federal Aviation Administration
         Coast Guard
    Department of Comnerce
         National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    Department of Labor
         Occupational Health and Safety Administration
    Great Lakes Basin Commission
    Governor of Illinois
    Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality
    Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
    Illinois Division of Waterways
    Illinois Department of Public Health
    Illinois Department of Conservation
    State Historic Preservation Office
    Bureau of Emrironmental  Science
    Business and Economic  Development
    Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation
     Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission
     Cook County Department of Environmental Control
     Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
     City of Chicago
         Department of Environment Control
         Department of Development and Planning
         Department, of Aviation
     Public Libraries
     Others
6.  Dates Draft Statement made available to:
               The Council on Environmental Quality          March 5, 1976
               The Public                                   March 12, 1976

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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                         FOREWORD
     This executive summary supplements the Draft Environ-
mental Impact Statement (EIS)  on the Tunnel Component of
TARP, specifically the Mainstream Tunnel System from
59th Street to Addison Street.  Copies of the Draft EIS
may be obtained by writing the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Region V, Planning Branch, EIS Preparation
Section, 230 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60604;
or by telephoning the TARP project officer at (312)353-7730.

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           TABLE    OF    CONTENTS
                   Executive  Summary
                                                    Page
                                                   Number
I.    BACKGROUND INFORMATION                         -iii-

     1.1  Legal Basis for the EIS                   -iv-
     1.2  Scope of the EIS                          -iv-
     1.3  Identification of the Applicant           -iv-
     1.4  Project History                           -v-
     1.5  Objectives of TARP                        -vii-
II.  EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING                 -viii-

     2.1  Natural Environment                       -viii-

          2.1.1  Water Resources                    -viii-
          2.1.2  Land Resources                     -xi-
          2.1.3  Atmospheric Resources              -xii-

     2.2  Man-made Environment                      -xii-

          2.2.1  Socioeconomic                      -xii-
          2.2.2  Land Use                           -xiii-
          2.2.3  Sensitive Areas                    -xiv-
          2.2.4  Financial Resources                -xiv-
          2.2.5  Labor Resources                    -xv-
          2.2.6  Transportation                     -xv-
          2.2.7  Major Projects and Programs        -xv-


III. THE PROPOSED ACTION                            -xvii-

     3.1  Alternative Plans                         -xvii-
     3.2  Plan Selection                            -xviii-
     3.3  TARP Tunnel Systems                       -xix
     3.4  TARP Subsystems                           -xix-
     3.5  59th-to-Addison Tunnel Segment            -xxii-
     3.6  Cost of Tunnel System and Subsystems      -xxii-
     3.7  TARP Financing                            -xv-


IV.  PRINCIPAL FINDINGS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF
     THE PROPOSED ACTION                            -xxv-

V.   CONCLUSIONS AND  RECOMMENDATIONS                 -xxxx
                            -11-

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                 I.  BACKGROUND INFORMATION
     This chapter first defines the legal basis  and  the  scope
of the EIS and then describes the authority  and  program  of  the
applicant for EPA funding, the MSDGC.  Finally,  the  history
and objectives of the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan  (TARP) are
reviewed.  This chapter of the executive summary corresponds
to Chapter I of the environmental impact statement (EIS).
1.1  LEGAL BASIS FOR THE EIS

     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA)  is  the
administering agency for a major Federal environmental  pro-
gram entitled "Grants for Construction of Treatment  Works. "-1-
This program allows the EPA administrator to provide finan-
cial aid to any state, municipality,  intermunicipal  agency,
or interstate agency for the construction of publicly owned
water pollution control facilities.   The program will en-
courage reduction of point sources of water pollution and
improve national water quality.

     The EPA's granting of funds for  a water pollution  con-
trol facility may require an EIS.  Each proposed water  pollu-
tion control facility is evaluated on a case-by-case basis
by the appropriate EPA regional office to determine  whether
the proposed facility is expected to  have significant en-
vironmental effects or be highly controversial.  The EPA has
prepared this EIS because it expects  the environmental  ef-
fects of the tunnel system to  be significant.

     This EIS is  being  issued pursuant to  P.L.  91-90, the
National Environmental Policy  Act  (NEPA) of 1969,  and Exe-
cutive Order 11514, "Protection and Enhancement of Environ-
mental Quality" dated March 5, 1970.  Both NEPA and  Execu-
tive Order 11514 require that  all Federal agencies prepare
such statements in connection  with their proposals for  major
Federal actions significantly  affecting the quality  of  the
human environment.
     Authorized by Title II, Section 201(g)(l), of the Federal Water
     Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, Public Law 92-500 (FWPCA.A)
                            -ill

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     This EIS has been prepared in accordance with the
regulations and guidance set forth in the President's Council
on Environmental Quality (CEQ)  Guidelines dated August '1, 1973,
and the EPA's Final Regulations 40 CFR-Parg 6, dated April 14,
1975.
1.2  SCOPE OF THE EIS

     The EIS addresses the cumulative effects of constructing
and operating three conveyance tunnel systems which are part
of the total Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) proposed by
MSDGC.  These three tunnel systems are:

          Mainstream  (59th Street to Addison Street)
          Calumet
          Lower Des Plaines.

Where appropriate, this statement also assesses the effects
associated specifically with a segment of the Mainstream
Tunnel system route from 59th Street to Addison Street.  Two
subsequent statements will address separately the effects
associated with the Calumet Tunnel system and the Lower Des
Plaines Tunnel system.  These tunnel systems comprise what
is referred to in the statement as "TARP, Phase 1."

      The  subject  of these statements is confined to the tun-
nel systems and their associated  components  because EPA is  now
considering whether to grant funds to  construct these tunnels
under its water pollution control authority.  Other compo-
nents of  TARP, including the reservoirs,  flood relief tun-
nels, instream aeration, and wastewater treatment plant im-
provements, are either ineligible for  EPA funding or are not
now under consideration for construction  grants.  Therefore,
these other components are not considered to be part of the
proposed  action under review.  The effects of these other
components on water quality and the  likelihood of their being
financed  is analyzed  in this EIS  in  order to provide a con-
text  for  evaluating the significance of the  water quality
improvements expected from the three tunnel  systems.
 1.3   IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  APPLICANT

      The  Metropolitan Sanitary  District  of  Greater  Chicago
 (MSDGC)  is  the  construction grant  applicant for  the compo-
 nent  of  Tunnel  and Reservoir Plan  (TARP)  addressed  by this
 EIS.   The MSDGC was  organized in  1889  under an act  to create
 sanitary  districts to remove obstructions in the Des Plaines
                            -iv-

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and Illinois Rivers.1  Under the provisions of the act, the
MSDGC is responsible for providing surface water and sewage
drainage within the District's boundaries, which it does by
constructing necessary facilities, conveyance systems, and
treatment plants.  The MSDGC is authorized to treat waste-
water, either totally or partially, from any municipality
within its designated jurisdiction, as well as to own and
operate all wastewater facilities located within the MSDGC
jurisdiction.

     The MSDGC service area is approximately 860 square miles.
Approximately 44 percent of this area, or 375 square miles,
is served by MSDGC-owned combined-sewer systems  (see Figure  1-1)
in which wastewater or sewage collected in local sewer systems
is conveyed to treatment plants.  These systems  serve 120
municipalities which have a total population of  approximately
5.5 million.  The District owns and operates 70.5 miles of
navigable canals, 6 wastewater treatment plants, and approxi-
mately 440 miles of intercepting sewers.  The three major
plants  (North-Side, West-Southwest, and Calumet) in the MSDGC
service area have a secondary capacity of over 1,750 million
gallons per day  (MGD).  The remaining plants have a combined
tertiary capacity of over 70 MGD.  A water reclamation plant,
the John F. Egan plant, is presently under construction and
will have a capacity of about 30 MGD.

1.4  PROJECT HISTORY

     The MSDGC initiated its wastewater facilities  planning
study in September 1967, with a ten-year clean-up and  flood
control program.  The objectives of the program  are to  solve
the District's flooding problem, protect Lake Michigan  from
further pollution, and improve the water quality of rivers
and streams in the Chicago metropolitan area.  The  Tunnel
and Reservoir Plan  (TARP) has evolved  from this  ten-year
program.

     Concerned officials from the  State of Illinois,  Cook
County, the MSDGC, and the city of Chicago reactivated  a
Flood Control Coordinating Committee  (FCCC)  in November  1970
to investigate the pollution and  flooding problems  in  the
Chicago metropolitan  area.  The Committee's  primary assign-
ment was to develop a viable plan  to minimize the area's
      Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 42, Section 320, approved
      May 29, 1889.

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                                  FIGURE  1-1
                       Metropolitan Sanitary  District
                             of Greater Chicago
                                Service Area
SERVICE AREA Of MSDGC
COMBINt D '.
SERVICE AREA
BOUNDARY
                      -vi-

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pollutant discharges and the flooding caused by overflows
of mixed sewage and wastewater.  Another priority item in
the plan was elimination of the need to release polluted
river and canal flood waters into Lake Michigan.  The Com-
mittee's plan was to address the combined-sewer area within
Cook County, covering 375 square miles.  The deliberations
and studies of the FCCC and of a technical advisory commit-
tee which they formed resulted in the selection of TARP as
less costly and more environmentally acceptable than the
other plans they evaluated.  The Committee then initiated
additional studies to develop and refine TARP.
1.5  OBJECTIVES OF TARP

     A primary objective of TARP is to improve surface water
quality within the planning area.  TARP is designed to meet
the standards set forth in the "Water Pollution Regulations
of Illinois."   These regulatory standards were established
for three surface water-use classifications:  (1)  General
(primary body contact), (2) Public and Food Processing
(drinking water), and (3)  Secondary Body Contact and Indigenous
Aquatic Life.  All surface waters in the State of Illinois
have been given a water-use classification by the Illinois
Pollution Control Board (IPCB) and should comply with the ap-
propriate water quality standards.  Details of these standards
are presented in Chapter II of this EIS.  Other important
objectives of TARP are to:

          Preserve the health and well-being of the population
          Prevent further pollution of Lake Michigan due to backflow
          Utilize treated waste byproducts
          Prevent flooding.

     The final TARP is a combination of several alternative
plans designed to collect urban runoff during all wet wea-
ther conditions except those  storms of a magnitude equal to
the three most severe storms  recorded to date by the U.S.
Weather Bureau Service.

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             II. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
     To provide a basis for assessing the impacts of a pro-
posed project, an EIS initially describes the existing natural,
social, economic, and cultural setting of the area which
may be affected by a project.  This chapter summarizes the
major findings of the EIS with respect to the natural and
man-made environments of the Chicago metropolitan area.  This
chapter is divided into two sections which correspond to
Chapters II and III of the EIS text:  Natural Environment
and Man-made Environment.
2.1  NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

     The existing natural environment of the Chicago area
summarized in this section focuses on those features rele-
vant to impact assessment of the proposed TARP project.  This
section is divided into the following categories:

          Water Resources
          Land Resources
          Atmospheric Resources.
2.1.1  Water Resources

     The surface water systems of the Chicago area consist
of a network of rivers and canals whose natural flow into
Lake Michigan is controlled by a series of locks and one
lakes.  These surface water systems include the Chicago
River, the Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Calumet River sys-
tem, and the Des Plaines River system.  Lake Calumet and
Lake Michigan also constitute an important part of the area's
surface water resources.

     The quality of the surface water systems is affected by
steady-state effluent discharges and by injections or dis-
charges of polluted wastewaters.  The polluted wastewater
results from overflows of combined-sewer systems during rain-
fall events of nominal size (approximately 0.1 inches or
greater).  The frequency of these rainfall events is approxi-
mately 100 times per year, and the resulting overflows are
discharged directly to the Chicago area's streams and rivers.
                            -viii-

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Pollutant concentrations in the streams and rivers presently
exceed water quality standards established by the State of
Illinois Pollution Control Board.  Concentration ranges of
various pollutants in the Chicago area's surface systems are
presented in Table II-l.  Further details on the water quality
of specific water systems are presented in Section 2.1.1 of
the EIS.
                         Table II-l
             Summary of Pollutant Concentration
          Ranges in Chicago's Surface Water Systems
Pollutant
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD)
Ammonia (as N)
Suspended solids (SS)
Fecal coliform
Chicago River —
Sanitary and
Ship Canal System
1.2 to 7.7 mg/1
5.2 to 9.2 mg/1
0.8 to 6.2 mg/1
19 to 54 mg/1
477 to 12,700
(counts/100 ml)
Ca 1 umot Rivor
Dyolem
i.9 to 9.0 mg/1
4.1 to 7.3 mg/1
1.3 to 13 mg/1
12 to 73 mg/1
152 to 738
(counts/100 ml)
Des Plaines
River System
6.0 to 10 mg/1
5.0 to 6.7 mg/1
0.3 to 1.2 mg/1
29 to 68 mg/1
411 to 8,700
(counts/100 ml)
Applicable
Illinois
Standard
4.0 mg/1 (1973) l
5.0 rng/1 mm.
10 mg/13
4.0 mg/11
1.5 mg/1
12 mg/13
1000/100 ml1
200/100 ml
1 Secondary Contact and Indigenous Aquatic Life Standards applicable to Chicago River-Sanitary and Ship
Canal system and Calumet River :,ystem.
2 General tjse Standard applicable to DCS Plaines River ^ystoms.
3 Effluent Discharge Standard.
     Serious public health problems  involving  contamination
of Chicago's drinking water  supply has  led  to  implementa-
tion of  regulatory measures  to protect  Lake Michigan,  an
important drinking water  resource, from pollution.   Locks
and gates have  been installed to divert river  flows  away
from Lake Michigan, allowing eventual drainage into  the
Illinois River.  Lake Michigan supplies most of  the  drink-
ing water for the Chicago area.  The withdrawal  amount is
approximately 1,600 cubic feet per second  (CFS),  and the
maximum  amount  that can be withdrawn from Lake Michigan  is
3,200  CFS.l This withdrawal  limit, or allotment,  is  presently
divided  into three usage  types:  domestic water  supply,  in-
direct waterway diversion, and direct waterway diversion.
The diversion usages allow improved  effluent dilution and
improved navigation.
      Supreme Court Decision.
                             - ix-

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     In the Chicago metropolitan area, there are two main
aquifer systems:  the upper aquifer, which consists of gla-
cial drift and dolomites, and the lower aquifer, which con-
sists of dolomite and sandstone formations.  Unconsolidated
Quaternary deposits and Silurian dolomites of the upper aqui-
fer are hydraulically connected and function, in most areas,
as a single water-bearing unit.  Clayey deposits in the gla-
cial drift act as confining layers to create artesian condi-
tions in the upper aquifer.  The lower aquifer  includes dolo-
mite and sandstone formations extending from the base of the
Maquoketa Group to the top of the Eau Claire shales of the
Cambrian system.  The average thickness of the upper aqui-
fer and lower aquifer is approximately 400 feet and 1,000
feet, respectively.  The sources of recharge for the ground-
water in the upper aquifer are infiltration of precipitation
and influent streams.  The lower aquifer is recharged in
parts of McHenry, Kane, and De Kalb Counties where the
Maquoketa Group outcrops, and further west where the Group
has been removed by erosion.  With respect to using the
aquifers as a water resource, studies indicate that the
lower aquifer is capable of producing about 25 Million Gal-
lons per Day (MGD) and the upper aquifer is capable of a
potential yield of 108 MGD.

     Discharges into the waterways of the Chicago area ori-
ginate from several sources, including:  wastewater treat-
ment facilities, industrial plants, and combined-sewer over-
flows.  Six wastewater treatment facilities currently dis-
charge treated water to existing waterways.  The outfalls
are located adjacent to the facilities.  Most of these faci-
lities are in compliance with the BOD and SS water quality
standards  (under present permit conditions), and two smaller
plants are within the ammonia-nitrogen standard.  With re-
spect to industrial plants, wastewater is conveyed to treat-
ment plants and processed before discharging.   The industrial
waste load averages approximately 195 MGD.  Combined-sewer
overflows, which occur about 100 times per average year,
inject pollutants in large amounts into waterways at approxi-
mately 640 outfall points in the Chicago area.  During such
events, minimum Illinois water quality standards established
for restricted-use waters are not met.

     Numerous water resource management programs have been
initiated to address the flooding and/or pollution problems
of the Chicago area.  These programs have been  or are cur-
rently being conducted either regionally or  locally.  A few
of these programs include:  the Section 208 Areawide Waste
Treatment Management Planning program, the Chicago-South
End of Lake Michigan study  (C-SELM), the City of Chicago
                            - X-

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Sewer Construction program, Thornton Quarry Flood Control
project, and the Chicago Metropolitan Area River Basin Plan
(CMARBP).
2.1.2  Land Resources

     The Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Calumet-Sag Channel
have significantly altered the natural drainage patterns
which are from west to southwest in the area near Lake Michigan
Prior to construction of the Canal and Channel, the drain-
age flow was toward Lake Michigan.  The flow is presently
toward the Chicago River and the Sanitary and Ship Canal,
which drain into the Illinois Waterway system.  The overall
low relief of the MSDGC combined-sewer system area makes it
prone to flooding caused by sewer system backups and/or over-
bank flows.  The areas with the highest overbank flooding
potential lie along the North Branch-Chicago River and in
the Calumet River system.

     The Chicago area lies on the broad, gently sloping, north-
westerly-trending Kankakee Arch.  This arch, which connects
the Wisconsin Arch to the northwest with the Cincinnati Arch
to the southwest, separates the Michigan Basin from the
Illinois Basin.  The northeast sector of the Chicago area
lies on the northeastern side of the Kankakee Arch, while
the southwestern sector of the Chicago area lies on the
southwest flank of the Arch.  In the Chicago area, overall,
a number of gentle east-west-trending folds are superimposed
on the area's broad regional geologic structures.  Numerous
minor faults and several major faults have been mapped,  in-
cluding:  the Sandwich fault near Joliet and the Des Plaines
disturbance near the community of Des Plaines.  The upper-
most 500 feet of rock layers, particularly the dolomites
and shales between the top of the Racine formation and the
base of the Brainard formation, will be relevant to the pro-
posed construction of the TARP tunnel systems.  The surface
layer (glacial deposits) has an average thickness of approxi-
mately 80 feet.  Drop shaft and construction shaft installa-
tions will be constructed within this layer.

     Based on 175-year historical earthquake records, four
major earthquakes occurred within 100 miles of Chicago with
intensities equal to or greater than MMI VIII  (Modified
Mercalli Intensity scale).  These earthquakes originated at
Fort Dearborn (Chicago)   (1804), near Rockford  (1909), near
Aurora (1912), and near Amboy (1972).  Within the MSDGC
combined-sewer service area, there are 30 faults with moder-
ate vertical displacement characteristics and 86 minor
faults with small vertical displacement characteristics.

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2.1.3  Atmospheric Resources

     Air quality in the Chicago metropolitan area is pres-
ently monitored by the city of Chicago Department of Environ-
mental Control and the Cook County Department of Environ-
mental Control.  A total of 61 monitoring stations have been
established in Cook County; 30 of these are located within
the city limits of Chicago.  Based on the 1974 Annual Air
Quality Report published by the State of Illinois EPA, am-
bient air quality standards were frequently violated at one
or more stations.  The pollutant standards violated include:
sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydro-
carbons, and photochemical oxidants (measured as ozone).

     The existing outdoor noise levels in most areas of
Chicago  are caused  mainly  by  street traffic.   Other noise
sources include trains, aircraft, and industrial plants in
city areas, and power lawn mowers, power tools, and other
motor-driven equipment in residential areas.  Based on a
recent EPA  study, typical noise levels for the Chicago area
ranged from 36.3 dBA  (decibels-A scale)  (night) to 106.2
dBA  (day).  The day-night level  (Ldn) ranged  from 59.0 dBA
to 71.2 dBA (overall  average).
2.2  MAN-MADE ENVIRONMENT

     The various components related to man's activities in
the Chicago area are summarized in this section.  These com-
ponents include:  Socioeconomic, Land Use, Sensitive Areas,
Financial and Labor Resources, Transportation, and Major
Projects and Programs.


2.2.1  Socioeconomic

     The Chicago metropolitan area has experienced growth
and change in its demographic profile similar to other major
cities in the United States.  Chicago, the third largest
standard metropolitan statistical area  (SMSA) in the United
States, has experienced typical population redistribution
trends within the SMSA.   The close-in suburban jurisdic-
tions grew rapidly during the 1950's from a  substantial in-
migration of population from the south and an out-migration
of people from  the city of Chicago.  During  the 1960's, the
counties adjacent to Cook County urbanized rapidly.  Con-
tinued redevelopment of the City, when combined with smaller
household trends, uncertainties regarding energy availability
and cost, and the increasing cost of suburban new construction,
                            -xii-

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should result in a strengthening of the urban centers and a
lessening of the outward population movements.  Chicago's
population is expected to stabilize after 1980.

     Contract construction income accounts for less than
eight percent of total earnings in the Chicago region.  While
average monthly wages for construction employment are high
relative to other industries in the Chicago region, total
earnings from contract construction have ranged from 6.5
to 7.7 percent of total earnings over the period 1950 to
1971.  The construction industry is heavily unionized, and
the current union hourly wage rate averages $11.02.   (Refer
to Table III-6 of the EIS).

     Chicago has traditionally sustained strong construction
activity in the public and private sectors.  Major public
redevelopment projects have stimulated private investment
and development, particularly within the city of Chicago.
Construction employment opportunities have thus attracted
and created a large construction labor force.  Construction
employment in the Chicago SMSA numbered 136,897 people in
1970 or approximately 4.8 percent of the total employed.
Construction employment in the Chicago SMSA accounted for
61 percent of total construction employment in the State of
Illinois.  The Chicago area construction work force is highly
flexible and can expand rapidly, given the demand for con-
struction services.
2.2.2  Land Use

     The predominant land use bordering the Mainstream Tunnel
route can be characterized by its industrial zoning; large
portions are underutilized and vacant.  The notable exception
to industrial land use is commercial development characteris-
tic of the Central Business District  (CBD) which borders the
tunnel segment following the Chicago River from Lake Michigan
to Wolf Point.  There are no residential land uses border-
ing the tunnel route.  Rock taken from the tunnel will pro-
bably will be disposed of at McCook, Stearns, and Thornton
quarries.  Sludge will be disposed of at a number of sites
or by a number of programs, including:'  the Fulton County
landfill, NuEarch, broker sales, Landale Lagoons, and other
landfills.

     The land areas bordering the proposed tunnel route are
expected to change to park, cultural, and recreational uses
in the CBD-related sections but remain generally the same
along other segments.  Implementation of the Chicago 21 Plan
would realize the Riveredge Plan, affecting redevelopment
bordering the Main Branch of the Chicago River from Lake
Michigan to Wolf Point.  Substantial new recreational park
development along the riveredges are envisioned.

                           -xiii-

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     Plans also call for the strengthening of the North
Branch Industrial Area.  Industrial uses along the Sanitary
and Ship Canal are likely to continue because of the need
for low-cost water transport.  Improved water quality in
the river and the canal plus storm water management would
enhance the proposed Riveredge Plan and would help strengthen
the industrial areas.
2.2.3  Sensitive Areas

     There are no known archeological or historically  signif-
icant sites bordering the tunnel route.  MSD is presently
investigating areas adjacent to planned tunnel routes.   There
are selected sites of historic and architectural  interest
within the vicinity of the tunnel route, but none within the
immediate 500-foot impact area of the tunnel.  These  sites
are listed on pages 111-16 and 111-17 of the EIS.
2.2.4  Financial Resources

     Financial resources are currently available  to  fund the
Mainstream Tunnel system.  TARP's Phase  1  tunnel  system cost
breakdown is approximately $1.03 billion1  for  water  pollution
elements and $8.1 billion for  flood control  measures.   Opera-
tion and maintenance of TARP has been estimated at  $1.0 mil-
lion annually.  The estimated  cost of the  Mainstream system
alone is $508.2 million, with  an annual  maintenance  cost of
of $472,000.

     Analysis of the funding resources required to  finance
the Mainstream Tunnel  system reveals that  sufficient funds
are currently available from the Federal Government, the
State, and the MSDGC.   (See Section  3.3.1  of the  EIS).   Ad-
ditionaly Federal Water Pollution Control  funds of  approxi-
mately $221.0 million  and MSDGC funds of about $73.5 million
will be required to meet the implementation  plan  for the other
conveyance tunnel systems.  In view  of the sound  fiscal posture
of the MSDGC, the high funding priority  assigned  TARP by the
State, and the very conservative estimates of future Federal
appropriations, it can be reasonably assumed that future fi-
nancing requirements can be satisfied.

     Maintenance costs can either be covered through an ad
valorem property tax,  or through a  user  charge system based
on water consumption.   EPA favors the  latter approach and
has awarded  the MSDGC  two grants to  develop such  a  user
charge system.
      Cost estimates based on values presented in MSDGC's "Facilities
      Planninq Study—MSDGC Overview Report," January 1975.
                            -xiv-

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2.2.5  Labor Resources

     Labor resources are considered adequate to meet con-
struction and implementation needs of TARP and other proj-
ects.  The diversified labor force in the Chicago metro-
politan area is vulnerable to economic recession because
of the emphasis upon manufacturing and nonservice employ-
ment.  Thus, while national unemployment was about 8.4 per-
cent in the third quarter of 1975, Cook County had a 9.6
percent rate, and the city of Chicago sustained a 11.2 per-
cent rate of unemployment.  Increasing productivity rates
and an expanding labor force should contribute to keeping
Chicago unemployment levels higher than the national rate
for the next few years.  Therefore, new employment oppor-
tunities presented by TARP and other projects should not
experience a shortage of labor resources.

     The labor force is predominantly male, with white
collar workers comprising 53 percent of the labor force in
the SMSA.
2.2.6  Transportation

     Implementation of the Mainstream Tunnel system will in-
volve use of roadways and waterways.  Trucks carrying rock
and spoil material from construction sites will utilize
several surface streets and expressways in reaching the
quarry sites.  The roadways range from two-lane streets to
six-lane divided highways.  The Mainstream Tunnel route
also is proximate to major Chicago waterways; the North and
South Branches of the Chicago River and the Sanitary and
Ship Canal.  Other portions of TARP will be near the Calumet
and Little Calumet Rivers, and the Calumet-Sag Channel.  Water-
borne commerce is important to the Chicago economy; of the
46.2 million tons of waterborne freight traffic handled
by the Port of Chicago, 37 percent of 17.3 million tons
are moved over the inland waterways.


2.2.7  Major Projects and Programs

     Major projects and programs proposed over the next ten
years in the vicinity of the Mainstream Tunnel route consist
mainly of transportation system improvements.  Major trans-
portation-related improvements which are proposed include:
                           -XV-

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          Monroe Street Subway  Line

          Franklin Street Subway Line

          Crosstown Expressway

          Columbus Avenue - Monroe to Wacker,  and northside
          of the Main Branch to Ontario Street

          Lake Shore Drive - relocation and construction from
          Monroe to Wacker

          Ashland Avenue - improvements from 83rd Street to
          Addison Street

          Rail and truck terminal improvements.

     Other public projects include the proposed  acquisition
of rights-of-way along the north side of the Sanitary and
Ship Canal.  These rights-of-way are privately owned, and
used by Commonwealth Edison and Natural Gas Pipeline Com-
pany of America for energy transmission.  The intent of the
public acquisition would be to establish a permanent utility
corridor to more efficiently service growing energy demands.

     An addition  to Lane Technical High School is proposed,
which is near drop shaft number 85, and two construction
shafts just south of Addison Street on the east  side of the
North Branch.   No other expansion plans are proposed in the
vicinity of the tunnel project.
                           -XVI-

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              III.  THE PROPOSED ACTION
     Identifying and defining a plan and its systems and
subsystems establishes the proposed action for which the en-
vironmental setting is described and the environmental im-
pacts are assessed.  The proposed action identified and de-
fined for this EIS is the Phase I conveyance tunnel systems
and their associated subsystems only.  The planned storage
reservoirs, waste treatment plant upgrading and expansion,
on-line reservoirs, and instream aeration facilities were
not included.

     The information presented in Chapter IV and V of the
EIS is summarized in this chapter and divided into seven
parts:

          Alternative Plans
          Plan Selector
          TARP Tunnel Systems
          TARP Subsystems
          59th-to-Addison Tunnel Segment
          Cost of Tunnel System and Subsystems
          TARP Financing.
3.1  ALTERNATIVE PLANS

     Many plans to resolve the Chicago area's flooding and
water pollution problems were developed during the past two
decades by concerned government agencies, local organiza-
tions, and individuals.  At first, the plans focused prima-
rily on the flood control problem, however, as water quality
conditions in the area worsened, more emphasis was placed
on controlling the water pollution.  A total of 23 plans
were formulated, and many were evaluated in detail by a
Flood Control Coordinating Committee (FCCC), consisting of
representatives from the State of Illinois, Cook County,
the MSDGC, and the city of Chicago.

     In screening the alternative plans, the FCCC established
overall flood and pollution control objectives which pro-
vided a basis for evaluating alternative plans.  A plan was
automatically rejected if it did not:
                           -xvii-

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          Prevent all backflows to Lake Michigan to protect
          water supply resources

          Reduce pollutant discharges caused by combined-
          sewer overflows

          Reduce flooding in the combined-sewer and down-
          stream areas.

     In the initial screening, 6 plans were eliminated and
the remaining 17 were modified to meet the objectives more
fully as well as to provide a more quantitative basis for
comparison.  The modifications were referred to as MODs,
and consisted basically of a combination of different sto-
rage capacities and waterway improvement actions.  The
resulting MODs yielded 51 alternative subsystem plans, or
subp]ans, to be evaluated by the FCCC.  In the next screen-
ing phase, the FCCC defined eight principal parameters,
including capital costs (1972 dollars), estimated annual
operating and maintenance costs (1972), project benefits,
land acquisition acreage, underground easement requirements,
resident and business relocations, construction impacts,
and operation impacts.  A technical advisory committee was
organized by the FCCC to evaluate the modified alternatives
in detail using the eight parameters.  The advisory commit-
tee's interim report, "Evaluation Report of Alternative
Systems," recommended a 50,000 acre-feet (ac-ft) storage
level, which was" part of the modified alternative designated
as MOD 3.  After reviewing the report, the members of the
FCCC unanimously concluded that the flood and pollution con-
trol plan should be in the form of one of the four Chicago
Underflow plans developed  (four of the seventeen plans) or
a combination of these plans, along with the recommended
storage level.  The FCCC stated that, "These alternatives
are less costly and more environmentally acceptable to the
community than any of the other plans presented.  Detail
studies along the lines of these alternatives should pro-
ceed to develop the final plan layout."
 3.2  PLAN  SELECTION

     In August  1972, the FCCC members presented their  final
 recommendations  in a report with  seven technical  appendices.
 The  report recommended consolidating the  favorable  features
 of the four Underflow plans into  the Tunnel  and Reservoir
 Plan (TARP).  TARP was developed  further  and refined,  then
                          - XV1JL1-

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evaluated in dr.'tail with four selected alternatives and the
"no-action" alternative.  In this evaluation, 15 significant
environmental impact parameters were identified as the basis
for evaluation.  The FCCC concluded that very few ncqativo
impacts are expected for any of the alternatives incorporat-
ing conveyance tunnels, and that adverse impacts will occur
if the "no-action" alternative is chosen.  The FCCC also con-
cluded that the construction impacts of all plans on the en-
vironment will most likely be relatively short-term and local-
ized.  Finally, the beneficial impacts of the plans will far
exceed the adverse impacts.  Within the scope of the FCCC
analysis, TARP had the highest ranking and was selected as
the most suitable plan to solve the flood and pollution prob-
lems of the Chicago metropolitan area.

     TARP would provide the most benefits for the lowest
cost and the least adverse environmental impacts.  Field
studies and subsurface exploration programs further refined
the plan; however, they did not change the original TARP
concept.   They were conducted only to optimize overall sys-
tem effectiveness.  Presently, TARP will enable collection
of runoff water resulting from all but three of the severest
rainfall storms recorded during the past 21 years.


3.3  TARP TUNNEL SYSTEMS

     The four tunnel systems that are a part of the Tunnel
and Reservoir Plan are  the Mainstream, Calumet, Lower  Des
Plaines, and O'Hare systems.  Each system is a completely
independent operating unit with collection,  storage, convey-
ance, and treatment capabilities.  Figure IJI-1 shows  the
present routes and layout of these systems relative to the
MSDGC combined-sewer service area, the MSDGC overall service
area, and Cook County.  Each of the TARP systems  shown in
the figure consists of  three component systems:   reservoirs,
conveyance tunnels, and sewage treatment plants.  A total
of three reservoirs, 120 miles of conveyance tunnels,  and
four sewage treatment plants are included in the  plan.

     The TARP systems have two basic  features which play a
major role in solving the flood and pollution problems.
First, the combined storage capacity  of the  plan  is almost
115,000 ac-ft of which  105,800 ac-ft  of the  total is reser-
voir capacity and 9,200 ac-ft is tunnel capacity.  The
planned treatment capacity of TARP will be approximately
2,400 MGD.  Second, over 640 existing overflow points
will be eliminated within the MSDGC combined-sewer service
area by the TARP systems.
                            -XIX-

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                                      FIGURE III-l
                                Tunnel  and  Reservoir Plan
                                System Layout and Routes
r
                             -XX -

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     The proposed locations for the three reservoirs are:
McCook quarry, Thornton quarry, and an area northwest of
O'Hare International Airport.   The conveyance tunnels,
located 150 to 290 feet below ground level, will be con-
structed under existing waterways and public rights-of-way.
Of the sewage treatment plants, three of the four plants
are currently activated sludge plants with a combined
planned capacity of approximately 2,150 MGD.  The remaining
plant is the proposed O'Hare-Des Plaines plant which will
have a treatment capacity of over 70 MGD.  A water reclama-
tion plant, the John F. Egan plant, is presently under con-
struction and the capacity will be 30 MGD.


3.4  TARP SUBSYSTEMS

     The subsystems common to all TARP tunnel systems in-
clude drop shafts, collecting structures, and pumping sta-
tions.  The drop shafts range from 4 to 17 feet in diameter
and have two basic designs.  One design features a slotted
inner wall to assist in aerating the incoming water.  The
wall separates the air shaft from the water shaft and allows
air either to enter or to escape while water is flowing  in
or being pumped out.  The other design features a separate
air shaft, to be installed in areas where high overflow  rates
prevail.  The inside diameter of this drop shaft design
ranges from 10 to 17 feet.

     Approximately 640 collecting structures will be con-
structed to collect the overflows at established locations.
The collecting structure basically consists of a diversion
unit at the overflow point and a connecting pipe to the
drop shaft entrance chamber.  Most of the new structures
will be constructed near curbs or in low points adjacent to
major public thoroughfares.

     Pumping stations will be constructed underground at the
end of all conveyance tunnel routes and adjacent to all  sto-
rage reservoirs.  These stations permit a rate of dewatering
of the tunnels and reservoirs which will allow a full tunnel
or reservoir to be emptied within two to three days.  The
stations will also be used to transport bottom sludge dredged
from reservoirs to treatment facilities.
                            -xxi-

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3.5  59TH-TO-ADDISQN TUNNEL SEGMENT

     The Mainstream system of TARP consists of:  two waste
treatment plants with a total capacity of approximately
1,800 MGD; over 57 miles of conveyance tunnel with a storage
volume of 3,180 ac-ft; and one main storage reservoir with
a maximum capacity of 64,000 ac-ft.  The component subsys-
tems associated with the Mainstream system include 134
drop shafts; over 220 collecting  structures; and two pump-
ing stations, with one station located at the main storage
reservoir.  The system and its component subsystems will
be constructed  in two phases.  In Phase I, approximately
40 miles of tunnel will be constructed, and in Phase II,  the
remaining 17 miles will be constructed.  The Phase II tunnel
route is almost parallel to the 59th-to-Addison segment of
the Phase I tunnel, as shown in Figure III-l, and it will be
used as a relief tunnel.

     Phase I construction has already commenced on the North
Shore Channel segment and on the  North Branch-Chicago River
segment.  These segments, therefore, are not addressed in
the Mainstream EIS.  This EIS addresses the Phase I, 59th
Street to Addison Street segment  of the Mainstream system
and focuses only on the conveyance tunnel system.  The
overall length of this tunnel segment is approximately
21 miles.  The  subsystems associated with it include 82 drop
shafts, 5 construction shafts, 2  access shafts, 170 collect-
ing structures, and 1 main pumping station.
3.6  COST OF TUNNEL SYSTEM AND  SUBSYSTEMS

     The MSDGC estimated cost   of  a  10-foot  diameter  tunnel
in rock with nominal aquifer protection  is $200^  per  lineal
foot.  In rock with high quality aquifer protection,  the
cost is $230.  Tunnel cost for  soft  ground construction is
$350.  Similarly,  for a 35-foot diameter tunnel,  the  esti-
mated costs are  $1,030, $1,090, and  $1,680 per  lineal foot,
respectively.

     Large rectangular tunnels  will  be excavated  by the drill
and blast method and the estimated cost  with nominal  aquifer
protection is $2,090 per lineal foot for a 40-foot diameter
 1    MSDGC, January 1975.

 2    All cost figures presented in this section are based on 1972 values.
                           -xxii-

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tunnel, and $2,580 for a  49-foot  diameter  tunnel.   The same
type and size of tunnels  with  high  quality aquifer protec-
tion would cost an estimated $2,170 and  $2,770 per lineal
foot, respectively.

     The tunnel costs estimated  above include the following
base figures:

          Cost of muck disposal,  estimated to be $4.00 per
          solid cubic yard

          Nominal grouting   for  control of infiltration
          during construction, estimated to be $0.30 per
          square foot of  tunnel  wall

          Access and ventilation shaft construction

          Ventilation and hoist  equipment

          Grout and grout inspection equipment

          Average aquifer protection costs.

Additional grouting for  aquifer  protection in unlined tun-
nel  segments  in the upper aquifers  is estimated to cost
$1.50 per square foot of  tunnel  wall.  This grouting would
be provided to a depth of about  one tunnel diameter beyond
the  excavated tunnel  limit.

     The total construction  cost for all the TARP tunnel
systems is approximately  $567  million.  The estimated total
costs  for the subsystems  are:   $93  million for collecting/
connecting structures, and  $38 million for pumping stations
These  subsystem costs are based  on  the following:
     Grouting is a procedure whereby a mixture of cement and water is
     injected under pressure into a drilled hole that intersects  a
     source of seepage such as an open joint, fault, or bedding plane.
                           -xxiii-

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  Collecting Structures and Connecting Lines.   The
  cost of the near-surface collection structures
  leading to the drop shafts includes the gravity
  interceptor sewers and the necessary connecting
  structures.  Table III-l lists the costs for these
  subsystems with respect to the TARP tunnel systems
                Table III-l
            Estimated Costs For
Collecting Structures and Connecting Lines
Tunnel System
Mainstream
Calumet
Lower and Upper
Des Plaines
TOTALS
Estimated Cost ($ Million)
Intercepting
Structures
8.701
1.084
1.043
10.828
Collection
System
3.648
1.088
3.489
8.225
Total
12.349
2.172
4.532
19.053
  Drop Shafts.  The estimated cost of drop shafts
  includes all drop shaft components.  The costs are
  related to the shaft diameter and to the depth of
  penetration into the rock formations.  The cost of
  250-foot deep drop shafts varies from $80,000 for
  a shaft two feet in diameter to $1,400,000 for a
  20-foot diameter shaft.  Continued development of
  the "raise-bore" machines could reduce the cost
  of shafts in rock by reducing excavation costs and
  by eliminating concrete linings.

  Pumping Stations.  The estimated construction cost
  of pumping facilities includes the structure, pump-
  ing equipment, power generation for the operation
  of larger units, and discharge piping to the appro-
  priate treatment plant.  The estimates have been
  based on use of variable-speed, motor-driven units
  Total capital costs for pumping vary as follows:
    Lift
   Height

   300  feet

   525  feet
Estimated Cost ($ Million)
     Pumping Capacity
 1000 cfs      100,000 cfs
    5.6

    5.7
200

300
                   -xxiv-

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3.7  TARP FINANCING

     Financing of the entire $3.54 billion MSDGC Flood and
Pollution Control Plan over the next 11 years is doubtful.
As illustrated in Table III-2, however, the financing re-
quirements for all conveyance tunnels could be met by a
modest increase in Federal and MSDGC funding over a period
of 11 years, from 1976-1986.  An additional $220.0 million
appropriation of Federal funds and an additional $73.5 mil-
lion of MSDGC funds are estimated to be required to finance
the three (Mainstream, Calumet, and Lower Des Plaines) TARP
tunnel systems.  The additional Federal funds represent a
modest portion (28.3 percent) of the conservatively esti-
mated $780 million of new PL 92-500 money which is expected
to be forthcoming to MSDGC over the next six fiscal years.
Congress, however, has not yet approved any additional
appropriation beyond the initial $18 billion which was
authorized under PL 92-500 and totally allocated over the
FY 1972-1976 period.  The $73.5 million of MSDGC funds rep-
resents an increase of about 19 percent over the current
MSDGC bonding authorization.  This amount, however, repre-
sents a very modest proportion of the additional $200-400
million bonding authorization  for which MSDGC  is currently  for-
mulating plans to ask the State of Illinois,

     If the tunnel phase of TARP is not implemented,  there
is a very high probability that approximately 90 percent of
the currently available Federal funds assigned to the MSDGC
will be lost by both the State of Illinois and the MSDGC.
This potential loss to the MSDGC and state stems from the
fact that the Calumet and North-Side treatment facilities
expansion project,  (which represent the next major projects
in terms of priority for Federal funds) will not meet the
September 30, 1977 deadline for Step 3 funding eligibility.
Assuming these two projects did not qualify in time for
existing Federal funds, it is estimated that only approxi-
mately 10 percent of the $323.6 million could alternatively
be allocated to other MSDGC or statewide prioritized  pollu-
tion control projects.

     The financing feasibility of other key elements  (non-
TARP) of the MSDGC's Flood and Pollution Control Plan  (see
Table III-2), which are closely related to the overall goal
of meeting the 1983 water quality standards, ranges from
almost certainty to near zero.  Addressing these elements
in the order of priority specified in the MSDGC's 1975
Facilities Plan, instream aeration stands next in line be-
hind the conveyance tunnels.  The approximately $16.7 million
required for instream aeration can easily be met from
                           -xxv-

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                             FOOTNOTES
1     All cost estimates are based on those presented in the MSDGC's
      Facilities Planning Study (January 1975)  and are escalated 6
      percent annually for inflation.

2     These funds represent the remainder of the FY 1975 and FY 1976
      PL 92-500 appropriation which are expected to be allocated to
      MSDGC by the State.

3     These are Federal funds, above and beyond the existing PL 92-500
      appropriation,  which are expected (in the form of a new appropria-
      tion) over the  period FY 1977-1982.

4     These are Federal funds above and beyond the additional $780 million
      expected over the FY 1977-1982 period.

5     These are funds, under the State's current $750 million bonding
      authorization,  which are expected to be available to MSDGC to
      finance the Tunnel Plan.

6     The funds in this category represented those available by virtue
      of the unused bonding authority of the MSDGC under the current
      $380 authorization.

7     This category represents funds expected  to be available under an
      additional $200 to $400 million bonding  authority for which the
      MSDGC is currently formulating plans  to  ask  the State of  Illinois.

8     There is no current COE appropriation for any MSDGC Flood and
      Pollution Control Plan elements.

9     There is no near future COE appropriation expected for any MSDGC
      Flood and Pollution Control Plan elements.

10    Includes approximately $49.6 million already obligated to the
      North Shore section of the Mainstream Tunnel Plan (Addison-
      Wilmette segment).

11    Figure doesn't include the estimated $124 million already obligated
      for the O'hare  treatment plant project.

12    The total estimated cost $3030.6 million differs from the $3536.5
      million  (Table 111-10 of the main body of the EIS) because of the
      exclusion of the following projects: sewers, solids disposal,
      O'hare Treatment plant, and food control(non-TARP).
                               -xxvn -

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existing state and MSDGC funding sources.  It is very un-
likely, however, that the financing will be available to
increase the treatment levels, efficiencies, and capacities
at all the treatment plants (Northside, Calumet, and West-
Southwest) .   The total required financing  ($1.17 billion)
would necessitate a significant increase above the additional
levels of Federal ($780 million) and MSDGC  ($200-400 million)
funds expected to be available over the FY 1977-1986 time-
frame.  The financing feasibility of the Northside and
Calumet treatment plant expansions, however, is reasonable
in view of their combined total estimated  costs of $505.1
million.  The Federal funding portion  ($378.8 million)
could be provided from the additional  $780 million PL 92-500
appropriation expected over the next six years.  The MSDGC
portion ($126.3 million) could be provided from the antici-
pated $200-400 million additional bonding  authorization.^
In terms of the West-Southwest treatment plant expansion
project (estimated cost of $666.3 million), the financing
feasibility is very questionable in view of the requirement
for additional funds beyond the levels  (Federal and MSDGC)
expected to be available over the period FY 1977 to 1986.

     Funding for the reservoir and flood control tunnels  is
currently nonexistent; in addition, there  is no reasonable
expectation that any significant financing will be forth-
coming in the near future.  A determination at the Washington
level concerning the role of the Corps  of  Engineers in  urban
drainage improvement has not been made.  In view of the  com-
plexity of this issue, it is very unlikely that Federal  funds
for the reservoirs and flood control tunnels will be avail-
able in the near future.

     The operation and maintenance costs of the TARP tunnel
systems will be financed by a user charge  system rather  than
the current ad valorem tax system.  PL 92-500  requires  the
development of a user charge system and the State of  Illinois
presently has the authority to  impose  a user charge.  This
system of financing the annual operations  and  maintenance
costs of the tunnel systems is not expected to have  a  sig-
nificant economic impact in the commercial, industrial,  and
household sectors.  The incremental charge in  the MSDGC tax
rate per  $100 of assessed valuation  (1975  rate was  $.4005)
is estimated to be $.0541  (for operations  and  maintenance)
and $.0532  (for tunnel construction) by the year  1986.   The
     However, to provide the $126.3 million, the MSDGC1s additional
     bonding authorization must be at least $216.5 million.

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tunnel construction impact will continually decline after
1986 with the continuing growth of the tax base.  Details
of this financial system are provided in the EIS in Section?;
3.3.1 and 9.3.
                           -XXIX-

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       IV.   PRINCIPAL FINDINGS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS
                  OF THE PROPOSED ACTION


     Chapters VI through IX of the EIS assess the beneficial
and adverse effects of the construction and operation of the
conveyance tunnel systems on greater Chicago's natural and
man-made environments.  This chapter presents the principal
findings of that analysis only for those effects expected
to be relatively significant.

     The most significant finding relates to the expected
improvement in water quality resulting from the operation
of the three  tunnel systems.  To assess the significance of
this improvement the EIS  considers the possible and likely
cumulative effects of other components of TARP which are not
directly the subject of this EIS.  These other components
are the reservoirs, treatment plant improvements, and iristream
aeration. The environmental effects associated with these
components were not otherwise assessed in this EIS.

     The principal findings of the EIS are presented under
the following subsections:

     (1)  Effects of Operation on Water Quality

     (2)  Effects of a Significant Earthquake on Tunnel
          System

     (3)  Effects of Shale Deterioration on Tunnel Stability

     (4)  Effects of Rock Spoil  Generated During Construction

     (5)  General Effects of Construction

     (6)  Effects of Infiltration and Exfiltration

     (7)  Worker Safety During Construction

     (8)  Effects of Operation on Land Use

     (9)  Effects of Construction on Employment.
                           --xxx-

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(1)   Effects  of  Operation  on  Water  Quality

     THE  TUNNEL  WILL SIGNIFICANTLY  REDUCE THE POLLUTANT
     LOAD CURRENTLY  DISCHARGED  TO CHICAGO'S  WATERWAYS,
     HOWEVER,  THE  TUNNELS  ALONE WILL NOT RESULT IN ATTAIN-
     ING  APPLICABLE  ILLINOIS  WATER  QUALITY STANDARDS,  AND,
     THEREFORE,  WILL NOT ENABLE ADDITIONAL USES OF THE
     AFFECTED WATERWAYS.   ALTHOUGH  THE  TUNNELS ALONE WILL
     NOT  RESULT  IN ATTAINING  THESE  STANDARDS, OPERATION
     OF THE TUNNELS  WITHOUT OTHER POLLUTION  CONTROL MEA-
     SURES FOR WHICH FUNDING  IS UNCERTAIN WILL ENABLE
     POLLUTION CONTROL GOALS  TO BE  AT LEAST  PARTIALLY
     ACHIEVED.

     This conclusion is based on the following findings:

          The tunnels will capture  approximately 75 per-
          cent of  the pollutant load now discharged during
          combined-sewer overflows  and will  reduce the fre-
          quency of  overflows from  100 to 10 times per year.
          1977 Illinois water quality standards will con-
          tinue  to be violated  during overflow events be-
          cause  of uncontrolled injections of pollutants
          into the waterways.

          The tunnels may  not result in the  attainment of
          1977 Illinois standards  for ammonia and possibly
          for phosphorus (effluent  standards) over lengthy
          reaches  of waterway,  because high  concentrations
          of  these two pollutants  are discharged from local
          wastewater treatment  plants.   Although data is
          not presently available  to allow  a more definitive
          determination of effects  on this  point, the at-
          tainment of water quality standards in the area's
          major  river systems is clearly and intimately
          tied to  the upgrading and expansion of MSDGC
          treatment plants.

          With the tunnels on line, 1977 Illinois standards
          of  4 mg/1 for dissolved  oxygen (DO) will still be
          violated along approximately 50 of the 80 miles
          of  the Main Channel and of the Calumet River sys-
          tems during the  critical  late summer months.
          Conditions along the  Des  Plaines  River system
          have not yet been modeled by the  MSDGC, but will
          be  completed under  the Section 208 planning
          program.
                        -xxxi-

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         Implementation of the reservoirs in addition
         to the TARP tunnel systems will effectively
         eliminate combined-sewer overflows to surface
         waterways, thus averting violations of water
         quality standards due to wet weather condi-
         tions.  However, the combination of tunnels
         and reservoirs will still not enable attain-
         ment of the 1977 DO standard over roughly 40
         of the 80 miles of waterways during the late
         summer months.

         Implementation of the tunnels and reservoirs
         in conjunction with upgrading of treatment
         plants is projected to have a beneficial
         effect on DO  concentrations, but the combin-
         ation will still  fail to meet  1977 Illinois
         standards along approximately 24 of the 80
         miles of waterways modeled.  The time period
         will be the same as previously  stated.


         1977 Illinois standards for DO  are likely to
         be met over the entire  80-mile  length of the
         modeled waterways during  critical  summer dry
         flow conditions,  assuming implementation of
         the following pollution control components:

              Tunnels
              Reservoirs
              Treatment  plant  improvements
               Instream aeration.

         The water  quality  impact  of  these  various
         pollution  control options is  summarized  in
         Table  IV-1.

         Given  current projections of Federal,  State,
         and MSDGC  financing capabilities and  policies,
         the  financing of  the tunnels and instream
         aeration  appears  secure.   The financing  of  the
         Calumet  and North-Side  treatment plant  expan-
         sions  is  probable;  but  financing the  costly
         West-Southwest  treatment  plant is  very  doubt-
          ful.  The  financing  of the reservoirs  in  the
         near  future  is  very unlikely given the  absence
         of  any Federal  commitment to provide  assist-
         ance .

     Additional  details on water  quality are provided in
Sections 2.1  and 8.1 of the EIS text and details  on
financing in  Section 3.3.1.
                     -XXX11-

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 (2)   Effects of a Significant Earthquake on Tunnel
     System

     IF A SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKE OCCURS IN THE CHICAGO
     AREA, THE EVENT MAY OFFSET TUNNEL ALIGNMENT AND
     CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO PORTIONS OF THE TUNNEL
     SYSTEM.

     This conclusion is based on the following findings:

          The 175-year historical earthquake records
          indicate that a seismic event with a Modified
          Mercalli Intensity  (MMI) of VIII can recur
          in the Chicago area at a rate of about once per
          100 years.  Assuming the tunnel system is in operi
          tion for 100 years, the probability of this event.
          occurring at some time during this period is 100
          to 1 or 10,000 to 1 for any given year.  If an
          MMI VIII event occurs, severe alterations to tun.n>
          alignment or tunnel surface may result.

          The conveyance tunnels will pass through
          several active faults prevalent in the TARP
          project area and will be sensitive to earth
          movement at these locations.  Information on
          the distribution and nature of  the active
          faults  is  insufficient  to assess accurately
          the extent of damage which could result  from
          an MMI  VIII earthquake.

     Further information on this  subject  may be  founu
 in  Sections  2.2.3,  2.2.4, and 8.2.2 of  the EIS.


(3)   Effects  of Shale Deterioration on Tunnel Stability

     FOR THOSE SEGMENTS OF THE TUNNEL SYSTEM WHICH
     ENTER SHALE FORMATIONS, TARP  CONSTRUCTION  AND
     OPERATION MAY BE AFFECTED BY  SHALE  DETERIORATION.

     This conclusion  is based  on the  following  findings:

          Certain  sections of  the  TARP  tunnel  systems  will
          be  aligned  within Maquoketa  shale.   During  excava-
          tion activities  in  this  rock  series,  rockfalls  and
          partings (loosened material) will  occur and  may
                      -xxxiv-

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          cause construction delays or safety problems.
          Delays can range from several weeks to several
          months and are costly in terms of labor, equip-
          ment, injuries, and lost time.  The $30 million
          (1972 base) contingency fund established in the
          TARP budget is expected to be sufficient to
          cover the costs of delays.

          Concrete lining is expected to deter, but not
          fully to eliminate, shale deterioration.  Most
          of the TARP tunnel systems will be concrete-
          lined and located in Silurian dolomite rock.
          Short lengths of conveyance tunnel, however,
          will be in shale formations, and deteriora-
          tion  (i.e., erosion) will occur over a long
          period of time as a result of water seepage
          or exfiltration.  If deterioration becomes
          extensive, additional stress will be placed
          on the lining, and it may cause fracturing
          or cracking of the lining.

     Sections  6.2.2, 8.2.2, and 10.1.2  (2) provides
 additional  information on the subject matter of this
 finding.
[4)   Effects of Rock Spoil Generated During Construction

     THE ROCK SPOIL MATERIAL GENERATED DURING TUNNEL
     CONSTRUCTION IS NOT EXPECTED TO BE MARKETABLE.
     THEREFORE, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH
     DISPOSAL OF THE ROCK SPOIL WILL DEPEND LARGELY ON
     THE AVAILABILITY OF LANDFILL DISPOSAL SITES.
     Approximately 4,540,000 cubic yards (bulk measure) of
spoil will be removed from the Mainstream Tunnel in the
59th Street to Addison Street segment, which is approxi-
mately 53 percent of the total removed from the entire
Mainstream Tunnel system.  Although this amount can be
adequately contained within the inactive Stearns quarry,
the large quantities of spoil involved in reservoir ex-
cavation could complicate disposal plans for tunnel spoil.
Disposal of rock spoil from the reservoirs was addressed
briefly in Section 6.2.4 of the EIS.  A significant portion
of rock spoil generated by reservoir construction is likely
to be marketable and to be stockpiled on the quarry site
for eventual sale by the quarry owners.
                       xx::v

-------
     Major findings supporting the above conclusions
are:

          Shale and other constituents present in the
          rock excavated from the Phase I tunnels will
          limit the rock's suitability for low-grade
          commercial uses.

          Landfill disposal sites capable of accepting
          the entire volume of tunnel spoil to be gener-
          ated during TARP Phase I have not yet  been
          identified by the MSDGC.

          The inactive Stearns quarry has enough volu-ne  to
          accept the entire quantity of spoil to be exca-
          vated from the Mainstream Tunnel 59th  Street tc
          Addison Street segment (53 percent of  total Main-
          stream Tunnel system).

          Since conventional methods will be used to
          excavate rock from the McCook and Thornton
          quarries for reservoir construction, it is
          likely that a significant portion of the
          spoil will be marketable.  Present plans en-
          vision stockpiling the saleable portion on
          the quarry sites for eventual sale by  the
          quarry owners.  Various stockpile configura-
          tions are being considered.  Nonsaleable spoil
          will be stockpiled either on-site, as  is pro-
          posed for the McCook quarry site, or at an
          off-site location owned by the MSDGC,  as is
          proposed for the Thornton quarry material.

     A more detailed discussion  is provided in Section
6.2.4 of  the EIS.
(5)   General  Effects  of  Construction

     CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE TARP  TUNNEL SYSTEMS  WILL
     RESULT IN  TEMPORARY PUBLIC  ANNOYANCE AND INCON-
     VENIENCE FROM THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF  NOISE,
     HANDLING OF CONSTRUCTION  DEBRIS,  VIBRATION
     FROM  BLASTING, DISRUPTION OF VEHICULAR AND
     PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC, AND GLARE FROM THE ILLUM-
     INATION  OF CONSTRUCTION AREAS AT NIGHT.   AL-
     THOUGH THE CUMULATIVE  EFFECTS MAY BE NOTICE-
     ABLE, TAKEN SINGLY, EACH  EFFECT IS MINOR.
                      -XXX\.'l -

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     This conclusion is supported by the  following  find-
ings :

          Surface construction sites are  located  in
          areas which are generally either  vacant or
          near low-utilized industrial  land.

          Noise at each construction site should  be
          within levels mandated by Chicago ordinances
          and, at each surface construction site, noise
          will only occur for periods of  three  to nine
          months.

          Because blasting will be used only to excavate
          shafts and not the tunnel, itself,  blasts will
          be relatively infrequent and  will continue  at
          any one site for not more than  120  days.

     Further information on this subject  may be found
in Sections 6,3.1, 6.3.2, 7.1.1, 7.2.1, 7.4,  and  10.2.
     Effects of Infiltration and Exfiltration

     IF THE GROUTING PROGRAM IS NOT EFFECTIVE,1
     GROUNDWATER INFILTRATION DURING  CONSTRUCTION
     AND WASTEWATER EXFILTRATION DURING  TUNNEL
     OPERATION CAN BE A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM.
     This conclusion is supported by  the  following
findings:

          The inflow rate of  groundwater  for the TARP
          tunnel systems is estimated to  be an average
          of approximately 0.5  MGD  per mile of tunnel.
          In the absence of appropriate mitigative mea-
          sures, this rate is sufficient  to lower the
          piezometric or hydraulic  pressure level of
          the upper aquifer.  Tunnel  grouting is the
          most effective method to  reduce infiltration
          and a grouting program has  been incorporated
          in TARP.  Grouting  integrity, however, must
          be maintained to keep inflows below the allow-
          able limit of 500 gallons per day per inch of
          tunnel diameter per mile  of tunnel.  Obser-
          vation wells will be  required to monitor
          integrity throughout  the  operational phase
          of the tunnel.
The objective of  grouting is to achieve maximum penetration and  a
uniform qront ',pread.   If qroutinq is ineffective, rmvinn-
LI dt-iun/c-XL iltration tiows, wj.li result.
                      -XXXVll-

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          Exfiltration will most likely occur when turi-
          nel pressures exceed inflow pressures during
          high storm runoff conditions.  The TARP grout-
          ing program is expected to prevent extensive
          exfiltration of tunnel wastewaters into the
          upper aquifer.  However, if grouting integri-
          ty is not maintained during tunnel operation,
          exfiltration will be at a high enough rate to
          degrade groundwater quality of the upper
          aquifer.  Observation wells  will be neces-
          sary to determine whether exfiltration is
          occurring along the tunnel routes.


     EIS Sections 2.1.2, 6.1.2, and 8.1.2 provide more
information on the subject of groundwater infiltration
and wastewater exfiltration.  Specifications for obser-  t
vation well spacing and for the monitoring program are
also presented in these sections.


(7)  Worker Safety During Construction


     TUNNEL OR UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION WORKERS WILL BE
     MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO INJURY, DISABILITY, AND FATALITY
     THAN SURFACE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS.  THE INCIDENCE OF
     INJURIES AND FATALITIES, HOWEVER, IS NOT EXPECTED TO
     BE GREATER THAN NORMAL FOR THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
     WORK.

     This conclusion is supported by the following
findings:

          Based on recent national statistics  for all
          types of construction activities,  the Main-
          stream Tunnel system construction  may result
          in 90 disabling injuries and in one  permanent
          disability or fatality.  For construction  of
          the entire tunnel  system, injuries and  fata-
          lities are expected to  increase proportion-
          ately.

          Based on the  safety statistics of  the current
          construction  of a  rapid-transit system  subway
          in Washington, D.C., construction  of the en-
          tire TARP tunnel  system could result in 1,829
          injuries and  in 11  fatalities.
                     -xxxvui-

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          Analysis of the geologic and seismic charac-
          teristics of the project area indicates that
          most of the area is stable and suitable for
          the construction of underground tunnels.
          Precautionary measures will be required to
          protect workers in segments where rockfall and
          partings (loosened material) may occur frequently
          and shale deterioration conditions prevail.

     Further information on this subject may be found
in Sections 6.2.2 and 7.1.2.
(8)   Effects of Operation on Land Use

     THE QUALITY OF LAND IN CERTAIN RIVERBANK SECTIONS
     ALONG THE 59TH-TO-ADDISON MAINSTREAM TUNNEL ROUTE
     MAY BE ENHANCED BY REDUCED FLOODING CONDITIONS.

     Vacant land exists between the North Branch-Chicago
River and North Leavitt Street (bounded by West Oakdale
Avenue on the north and North Hayne Avenue on the south)
in a residential area.  The reduction of flooding in
this area will enable development of this under-utilized
land into such uses as:  parks, single and multifamily
residences, apartments, and commercial establishments.
If the land is developed into either multifamily resi-
dences, apartments, or commercial establishments, as-
sessed valuation of land will increase and, thus, taxa-
tion increases.
(9)   Effects of Construction on Employment

     CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAINSTREAM TUNNEL WILL PROVIDE
     OVER $87 MILLION IN CONSTRUCTION INCOME OVER A
     SEVEN-YEAR PERIOD AND WILL CREATE A PEAK SUPPLY OF
     APPROXIMATELY 800 JOBS OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD.

     Further information may be found in Section 7.1.3.
                     -XXXIX-

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             V.  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
     The following is a summary of the principle conclusions
of the Draft EIS, as well as recommended and suggested miti-
gative measures.

     1.  Implementation of the Mainstream Tunnel system will
significantly reduce the pollutant load in the Chicago water-
ways.  These loadings will be reduced further with the im-
plementation of the Calumet and lower Des Plaines Tunnel
systems.  Water quality will be enhanced further with the
upgrading of MSDGC's treatment facilities and the construc-
tion of the flood control aspects of the Tunnel and Reservoir
Plan.

     2.  Significant earthquake events could adversely affect
tunnel alignment and tunnel lining.  Smaller earth movements
could also affect the lining and grouting of the tunnels.  It
is, therefore, essential that MSDGC's inspection and main-
tenance program be extensive enough to insure efficient opera-
tion of the system.

     3.  Rock falls and partings may occur particularly in
shale formations during construction.  Stabilizing measures
such as rock bolting are proposed to mitigate the short-term
construction problems, while concrete lining will be utilized
for the long term.  Even with these measures, shale deterior-
ation will continue and the inspection program should take
these sensitive areas into account.

     4.  The rock spoil excavated from the Phase I tunnels
is not expected to be marketable.  Evaluation of various
disposal alternatives leads to the conclusion that adequate
environmentally acceptable landfill sites are available to
handle the volume of rock which will be generated by the
Phase I tunnels under consideration.  We will rely on existing
local, state, and Federal regulations to insure that disposal
takes place in an acceptable manner.

     5.  Although an effective grouting program is proposed,
it must be sufficiently flexible to respond to the actual
conditions encountered during construction.  Should the
grouting not be  sufficient, additional infiltration could
adversely affect the hydraulic pressure of the upper aquifer.
                         XXXX

-------
Additionally, under surcharged conditions, exfiltration will
occur, resulting in adverse impacts on the groundwater quality
of the upper aquifer.  Observation wells to monitor grouting
integrity during operation are necessary along the entire
tunnel alignment.  An adequate number of wells are already
in existence for the Mainstream Tunnel system.  If pollutants
are detected in the observation wells, additional mitigative
measures must be implemented to protect the upper aquifer,
including a groundwater recharge system.  Chapter X discussed
particular aspects of the monitoring program.

     6.  Since the majority of the construction shafts and
drop shafts are in close proximity to area waterways, run-
off from these sites could adversely affect water quality.
Berms will be constructed around stockpiles of construction
materials and spoil materials to preclude runoff into the
waterways.

     7.  It is presently proposed that water pumped from the
tunnels during construction be discharged directly to the
waterways after a period of settling.  Since the possibility
of silt and other pollutants still exists after settling, it
is recommended that these dewatering flows be discharged to
MSDGC's intercepting system for treatment.

     8.  Although no known historic, architectural, or arch-
aeological resources will be affected by the proposed project,
the possibility of finding archaeological resources must be
investigated by the MSDGC.  This must be accomplished by con-
tacting the State Historic Preservation Officer.

     9.  Conformance with applicable regulation of the Occu-
pational Health and Safety Administration, U.S. Department
of Labor, and the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the
Interior is essential for safety of construction workers.

    10.  A conflict exists between the location of several
drop shafts and the plans for the Central Area Transit Project,
The MSDGC must meet with the Chicago Urban Transportation
District to resolve these conflicts.

    11.  There exists a wide range of potential adverse im-
pacts which could develop during construction.  This includes
blasting, waste spillage, traffic congestion, light glare,
and fugitive dust at construction and disposal sites.  While
these effects could be considered insignificant any measures
taken to reduce their impact would aid in public acceptability
of the project.  These suggested mitigative measures are dis-
cussed in Chapter X.
                         XXXXI

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