905R76109
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
F
2
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60604 September 1976
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT
FINAL
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR
CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
Osreet
6C604
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I"
53
UJ
(D
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION V
Z30 SOUTH DEARBORN ST
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60604
SEP1719/0
TO ALL INTERESTED AGENCIES, PUBLIC GROUPS, AND CITIZENS:
Enclosed is a copy of the Final Environmental Impact State-
ment for Phase I of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor in
Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio.
In accordance with the provisions of the Guidelines of
the Council on Environmental Quality (40 CFR 1500.11),
no administrative action will be taken by this Agency
until thirty days after receipt of the Environmental
Impact Statement by the Council.
Sincerely yours,
Regional Administrator
Enclosure
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EPA-5-uri-CUYAriOGA~INT-7b
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
PtiASL I
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR
PROPOSED BY
THE CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEVvER DISTRICT
Prepared uy Tne
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
wit ft Ttie Assistance Or
WAPORA, INC.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
APPROVED BY:
GEORGE R. ALEXANDER, Jf
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
SEPTEMBER li»7G
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SUMMARY SHEET
(X) Draft
( ) Final
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V, Chicago
1. (X) Administrative Action
( ) Legislative Action
2. Description of the Action
Analysis of alternatives indicates that the overall needs of
the Cuyahoga River Basin from Boston Township to Cleveland would
be most adequately met by an interceptor adequate to provide re-
gional treatment of sewage for 2020 area population. This state-
ment is for Phase I, a seven mile, 90-inch maximum diameter inter-
ceptor sewer running from the Brecksville Sewage Treatment Plant
to the Cleveland Southerly Sewage Treatment Plant, with eleven
trunk sewers. Construction will be partly tunneled to avoid
damage to the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area.
Construction of this phase of the proposed interceptor will re-
sult in the abandonment of several existing treatment plants, as
well as thousands of septic tank filter fields and the transfer of
all wastewater treated by them to the Cleveland Southerly Treatment
Plant. The Phase I service area is in Cuyahoga and Summit Counties,
Ohio.
3. Environmental Impact
a. Water
Operation of malfunctioning package plants and septic systems
will be discontinued. This will result in reduced BOD, suspended
solids, and fecal coliforms discharged to the Cuyahoga River and
its tributaries. Dry weather low flow on the river and tribu-
taries will be reduced, moderately in Phase I and significantly
in later phases, making runoff proportionally more significant.
b. Air Quality
Dust generated from construction may temporarily change ambient
conditions. Although project generated sludge will be incinerated,
the applicant will meet appropriate Ohio emission standards. No
significant change in air quality within the Phase I service area
is anticipated from implementation of this project.
c. Land Use
Project construction will allow and probably cause growth to
occur in the Phase I and later CVI service area, while establishing
centralization of sewer service.
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Representative Charles Vanik
Representative Louis Stokes
Representative Ronald Mottl
Representative James Stanton
Council on Environmental Quality
Environmental Protection Agency
Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Forest Service
National Park Service
State
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Ohio Department of Health
Local
Cleveland Regional Sewer District
Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA)
Northeast Ohio Four County Planning Organization (NEFCO)
6. Dates
Draft statement made available to:
The Council on Environmental Quality Sept. 17, 1976
The Public Sept. 24, 1976
Acknowledgements
Portions of this Environmental Impact Study were taken from
the 1974 draft Environmental Assessment prepared by Euthenics,
Inc.; the 1975 Environmental Assessment prepared by Havens and
Emerson; Cuyahoga Valley 1975, prepared for the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources by several consultants; the Three Rivers
Watershed District's 1970 Water Quality Management in the Central
Cuyahoga Basin; and the Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Summary Sheet. i
Chapter
1 Background
A. Project History and Goals 1-1
B. Existing Water Quality Facilities and Agencies 1-2
C. Existing Problems and Proposed Solution 1-8
D. Identified Issues 1-9
2 Existing Environment
A. Natural Environment 2-1
1. Climate and Weather 2-1
2. Land 2-2
a» Topography 2-2
b. Geology 2-4
C. Soils 2-6
d. Wetlands 2-11
3. Water
a. Water Quantity 2-13
Cuyahoga Mainstream 2-15
Tinkers Creek 2-15
Ohio Canal 2-17
b. Water Quality
General 2-17
Cuyahoga Mainstream 2-24
Tributaries 2-34
4. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
a. General and Endangered Species 2-49
b. Wildlife Densities 2-50
c. Aquatic Communities 2-51
d. Algae 2-54
5. Sensitive Natural Areas 2-54
B. Manmade Environment
1. Air
a. Air Quality 2-55
b. Noise 2-57
c. Odor 2-57
2. Land Use
a. Existing Land Use - General 2-57
b. Existing Land Use - Local 2-59
c. Existing Land Use - Systematic 2-66
Residential 2-66
Archaeological Sites 2-66
d. Proposed Land Use (CVNRA) 2-67
3. Water Quality and Quantity (Manmade Effects)
a. Problems 2-71
b. Uses 2-76
c. Management 2-86
d. Flood Control 2-90
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Chapter
4, Demography
a. Existing Conditions
Demographic Factors
County
Intermediate
Local
b0 Projections
County
Intermediate
Local
5. Economics
a. SMSA's
b. CVI Study Area
c. Projections ard Constraints
3 Alternatives
A. General Information
B. Phased Expansion
C. Cost Comparisons - Phase II
D. Cost Comparisons - Phase III
E. Slope of Interceptor
F0 Other Alternatives
4 Description of Proposed Action
A,
B.
C.
General
Routing
Sizing Rationale
1. Population Projections
2. Water Use
3. Inflow
a. Metered
b. Unmetered
Infiltration
Cost-effective Infiltration and Inflow Removal
4.
5.
6.
7.
Design Flows
Conclusion
5 Environmental Effects of the Proposed Action
A. General-Environmental Assessment
B. General-Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area
1. 1975 Utilities Study
2, Specific Phase I Impacts on CVNRA
3. Induced Adjacent Development
4. Park-peripheral Commercial Demand
5. Mitigating Measures forCommercial Development
6. Increase in Costs of Park Land
Co Additional Specific Effects and Mitigative Measures
1. Primary Effects-Natural Environment
a. Water Quantity
b., Water Quality
c. Sagamore Road Salamanders
d. Trunk Sewer Impact on Tributary Streams
e. Soil Erosion from Sewer Construction
2-90
2-90
2-94
2-97
2-102
2-102
2-109
2-112
2-123
2-130
2-137
3-1
3-1
3-10
3-12
3-15
3-16
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-7
4-7
4-7
4-9
4-11
4-16
4-17
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-11
5-11
5-11
5-12
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Chapter Page
2. Primary Effects-Manroade Environment 5-13
a. Historic and Archaeological Features - Phase I 5-13
b. Historic and Archaeological Features-Later Ph. 5-13
3. Secondary Effects - Natural Environment 5-13
a. Fisheries 5-13
b. Algae 5-14
c. Water Quality 5-14
1. Non-Point Source Loadings 5-14
2. Municipal & Domestic Point Sources 5-18
3. Septic Tank Discharges 5-23
4. Synthesis of Pollutional Loadings 5-23
5. Relationship Between Loading & Concentra-
tion 5-27
d. Soil Erosion 5-35
4, Secondary Effects - Manmade Environment 5-35
a. General 5-35
h. Air Quality Impacts 5-39
c. Transportation Impacts 5-41
d. Undeveloped Land 5-42
D. Conclusions 5-44
6 Pelaticnship Between Local Short Term Uses of Man's
Environment, and the Maintenance and Enhancement of
Long-Terr, rroductivity 6-1
7 Federal/State Agency and Public Participateion 7-1
A. Fre-SIS Comments 7-1
CRSH Letter of August 5, 1976 7-3
CIS-* Letter of November 14, 1975 7-6
Chin SHPO Letter of January 13, 1976 7-12
Ohi.T DN?. Letter of July 19, 1974 7-13
NOACA Letter of October 21, 1975 7-15
Ohio EPA Letter of June 4, 1974 7-16
Ohio F.IA Certification of May 10, 1976 7-19
B, Draft EIS Comments and EPA Response
Ohio EFA Letter of August 19, 1976 7-21
NOACA Letter of August 16, 1976 7-25
Village of Garfield Heights Letter of July 20, 1976 7-27
Brooklyn Heights Village Letter of August 12, 1976 7-28
Cleveland Metropolitan Park System Letter of July 15 7-31
Cuyahoga Heights Village Solicitor Letter of August 10 7-33
Cuyahoga County Reg. Planning Comm. Letter of August 10 7-35
NEFCO Water Quality Planning Memo of August 13, 1976 7-40
Summit County Sanitary Engineer Letter of July 30,1976 7-43
Cleveland Regional Sewer District Letter of August 30,
1976 7-45
U.S. E.P.A. Water Programs Office Memo of August 25,
1976 7-62
U.S. Interior Department Letter of September 1, 1976 7-65
U.S. Department of H.E.W. Letter of July 30, 1976 7-70
Mrs. Edith Chase Letter of August 25, 1976 7-71
National Wildlife Federation-. Letter of August 27,1976 7-75
Illinois Wildlife Federation Letter of August 27, 1976 7-82
Citizens for Land and Water Use Letter of August 3,1976 7-90
Citizens for Land and Water Use Letter of August 30,1976 7-92
Appendix
A Biological Water Quality Characteristics, Cuyahoga River
Tributaries, 19*9
B Methodology ^or deriving Suburban Employment
C Bibliography
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CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND
A. Project History and Goals
The Cuyahoga River Valley below Akron has undergone many changes
in land and water use, which have shaped major land and water use
objectives. For at least 6700 years the valley was an aboriginal
hunting, fishing and agricultural area. Notable occupants included
the Fort Builders, under whom the Valley was part of a transporta-
tion system reaching to Lake Superior and the Dakotas, and the
Erie Indians, who occupied the entire valley until they were
nearly annihilated by the Iroquois in the seventeenth century.
In the middle eighteenth century the valley became an important
site of both French and English fur trading posts. Even before the
revolution it had become the boundary between Indian and European-
held land. The first permanent settlement occurred in 1786 near
Valley View, and the economy developed on an agricultural basis
for the next forty years.
Opening of the Ohio Canal, which ultimately linked Cleveland
with Pittsburgh, brought about the transformation of the Ohio
interior from an agricultural to an industrial economy and began
a continuing process of abandonment of agricultural land.
The twentieth century saw an intensification of this pattern.
The valley's two great cities grew and the river became an open
sewer for their municipal and industrial discharges; even now
treatment plant effluent forms 80 per cent of low flow at some
points on the main channel near Akron. By the middle of the
century the river was known as one of the most polluted in the
country, the river that periodically caught fire. One of the
chief regional water quality goals of the region is the recla-
mation of the Cuyahoga as a river with recreational, fishery,
and aesthetic values.
In spite of the declining water quality, natural and historic
values of the area made themselves felt. By 1975 there were over
12,000 acres of valley land in recreational use between Akron and
Cleveland. Recognizing this, the U.S. National Park Service pro-
posed and established the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area,
eventually to comprise 30,000 acres. Although still in the early
stages of land acquisition, this Area may someday become the first
national park within the boundaries of one or more major SMSA's.
An important land use goal is securing the future integrity and
environmental quality of the National Recreation Area.
The valley and its railroads and highways have been a major
corridor between Akron and Cleveland, and a whole complex of
Cleveland suburbs and exurbs have developed along it. Brooklyn
Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, Garfield Heights, Valley View and
1-1
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Brecksville are well known. Another important objective of land
use and water quality planning is the diversion of growth and
development into and constructive channels, avoiding urban
sprawl, strip development and other blights.
There are many local problems and specific issues, but in
the end the nature and future of the Cuyahoga River Valley below
Akron will depend on how fully three goals are attained: cleansing
and reclamation of the Cuyahoga river and its tributaries; pre-
servation of the remaining natural and cultural values; rational,
constructive growth, if any.
Any proposed treatment or other wastewater facility within
the valley must be judged in the light of these goals (See Envi-
ronmental Assessment Figures 6, 7, 10 and 11).
3. Sxisting Water Quality Facilities and Agencies
Figure 2 of the EA shows the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries
between Akron and Cleveland. Wastewater treatment for Cuyahoga
anr1 Sumnii County municipalities and townships in the Akron-Cleveland
corridor was handled as follows in 1970:
Political Entity
Cuyahoga County
Seven Hills
Indeendence
Valley view
Solon
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Mao.ls Ecights
War i;enviile Center
Brrt'dview Hieghts
Brecksville
North Royalton
Glenwillow
Eeachwood
Brooklyn Heights
Summit County
Sagamore Hills
Northfield Village
Macedonia
Twinsburg
Reminderville
Twinsburg Township
Northfield Center
Township
Wastewater Treatment
Cleveland Southerly
Cuyahoga County, Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks, Private Systems
One City Plant & Septic Tanks
City Plant
City Plant
Cleveland Southerly and City Plant
Cleveland Southerly
Septic Tanks, Private and County
Cuyahoga County-Private Systems
Private Systems-Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
Cleveland Southerly-Private Systems
County Plants, Private Systems, Septic Tanks
Village Plant
County Plant
City Plant
Septic Tanks
Septic Tanks
County Plants-Septic Tanks
1-2
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Political Entity
Wastewater Treatment
Richfield Village
Richfield Township
Boston Township
Boston Heights Village
Peninsula
Hudson Township
Hudson Village
Bath Township
Northampton Township
Akron
Cuyahoga Falls
Silver Lake
Stow City
Munroe Falls
Fairlawn
Copley Township
Portage County
Aurora Village
Tanks-Private
Tanks-Pr ivate
Tanks
Tanks
Tanks
Plants
Plant
Tanks-Private
Tanks-Akron
Septic Tanks-Private System
Septic Tanks-Private System
Septic
Septic
Septic
County
Village
Septic Tanks-Private Systems
Septic
Akron
Akron
Akron
Akron-1 small County Plant
Akron
Akron
Akron, County and Septic Tanks
Village Plant and 1 County Plant
The approximate 1970 areas for municipal sewage treatment
plants located in the CVI study area are shown in Figure 1-1.
Additional data on these plants are presented in Section 2 -
Natural Environment, of this document. Smaller semi-public
and industrial wastewater treatment facilities serve a number
of establishments not served by the municipal sewers. These
smaller facilities are located in Figure 1-2 and are keyed to
relevant information in Table 1-2. The number of identified
point source discharges in Phases I, II and III of the CVI
study area are [98] . These discharges have a total effluent
volume of [19.3] mgd. Design flows of the small treatment
plants and actual 1975 dry weather flows of the larger plants,
where available, were used to determine this effluent volume.
Those areas not served by the facilities identified in Figures
1-1 and 1-2 generally rely upon septic tank disposal systems.
The operation and distribution of these systems are discussed
subsequently in Section 2 - Natural Environment.
Within the Akron-Cleveland Corridor the Northeast Ohio Area-
wide Coordinating Agency (NOACA), serving Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake,
Lorain and Medina Counties; and the Northeast Ohio Four County
Planning Organization (NEFCO), serving Portage, Summit, Stark,
and Wayne Counties, share ultimate planning authority. NOACA is
the designated regional A-95 clearing house. Under Section 208
of Public Law 92-500, NOACA is the responsible area waste treatment
planning agency for almost the entire Cuyahoga watershed, including
Portage and Summit County portions. NEFCO has existed for only
about eighteen months and will perform the 208 planning for Portage
and Summit Counties under contract to NOACA.
1-3
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1-4
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Table 1-1 Key to Existing Sanitary Districts Shown in Figure 1-1
1975 Flow or Design Capacity/mgd
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Maple Heights WTP
Bedford WTP
Bedford Heights WTP
Solon WTP
Walton Hills WTP
Hawthornden State Hospital WTP
Nagy Estate WTP
Northfield WTP
Macedonia SD #15 WTP
Twinsburg Township WTP
Aurora Pond WTP
Aurora Acres WTP
Four Seasons WTP
Macedonia SD #9 WTP
Brecksville WTP
Hudson Twp. SD #5 WTP
Hudson Twp. SD #17 WTP
Streetsboro SD #2 WTP
Arrowhead
Euclid Park WTP
Gille Estate WTP
Hudson WTP
Macedonia SD #1 WTP
0.55
2.39
2.68
2.30
0.41
0.50
0.03
0.585
1.75
2.09
0.20
0.06
0.16
0.13
1.27
0.128
0.800
0.120
0.064
0.250
0.80
0.090
17.357 mgd
1-5
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1-6
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Table 1-2 - Key to Industrial and Semi-Public Dischargers Located in Figure 1-2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
]9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Dcsicjn C
Allied Chemical
Lester Industries
Valley View
Hydraulic Press Brick
Republic Steel Research
not known
Seven Hills
Norandex Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Great Lakes Etching Co.
Jay Mgf. Co.
Stalwart Rubber Co.
Walker China
Zircoa
Interpace Corp.
Walden
Con-Gas Service Corp.
Northfield Park Raceway
Fell Lake Park
Southern
Bramblewood
Broadview Heights
Seneca Club Apts.
Greenwood
Rushwood School
Consolidated Natural Gas
Car Rack Corp.
Universal Ohio Corp.
Lake Plata
Chrysler Corp.
Northern Ohio Paving Co.
Tecumseh Corrugated Box
Brandwine Ski
Echo Hill
Cities Service
Boston Hills Ski
Boston Hills C.C.
Lucerne Products, Inc.
American Packaging
Hudson Plating
7050' ~
.014
.070
N.D.
.167
N.D.
.052
.400
.300
.0006
.006
.010
.017
.113
.050
.160
.005
.002
.004
.036
.025
N.D.
N.D.
.060
.006
.007
.003
.002
.003
.050
.002
.100
.008
.037
.0001
.005
.006
.004
.003
.005
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Desi0ri C
G.M.
Arthur Apts.
Boston Twp. Jr. High
Marathon Oil Co.
Sohio
Gulf Oil Co. -Holiday Inn
Yellow Freight System
Brushwood Motel
Great Lakes Swim Club
Summit Motel
Richfield Dairy Queen
Lake Motel
Rainbow Motel
Gas town
Sunoco
Gastown
Humble Oil Co.
Richfield Chur.of Christ
Richfield Medical Ctr.
Ohio 21 Corp. -Holiday Inn
Consolidated Freightways
Lyons Transportation Co.
Akron Packing
Robin Wood Hills
Cecor Corp.
PIE Freight Terminal
Bender & Loudon Motor Fr.
Bernard (PIE)
not known
Richfield Elem. School
Jones Dentist
Terry Point Inn
Terry Point Inn
Cities Service
Revere Bd. of Education
Derr Co.
Tourest Restaurant
rt£acily/MC;D
N.I)."
.002
.015
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.008
.008
.001
.010
.008
.005
.010
.030
.001
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
.055
.005
.009
N.D.
.002
N . D .
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
.010
.002
.002
,006
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
.013
TOTAL REPORTED = 1.746 MGD.
N.D. = No Data.
1-7
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C. Existing Problem and Proposed Solution
According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, water
quality between Akron and Cleveland on the Cuyahoga River is poor.
Filtrable and non-filtrable residual conductance, and chlorides
are often high. Ammonia, cadmium, and PCB concentrations are
often toxic to sensitive organisms. Fecal coliform levels show
significant risk of illness to persons engaged in primary and
secondary recreation. Aquatic populations comprise only a few
pollution tolerant species.
Wastewater generated in the corridor between Cleveland
and Akron is treated by a variety of scattered municipal,
industrial, semi-public and small private treatment facilities.
With the possible exception of a few septic tank disposal
systems which use subsurface soil disposal of wastewater, all
of this wastewater is discharged to the surface waters in the
study area. Treatment efficiencies vary greatly j-rom practi-
cally none in old septic tank systems to tertiary treatment
in upgraded plants discharging to Tinker's Creek. Below
Northhampton Township the Cuyahoga River receives effluent
from at least ten treatment plants and a major industrial
facility. Many industrial and municipal discharges occur
downstream from the Southerly plant, further degrading water
quality.
The applicant claims that population in the basin drainage
area below Northampton is expected to increase from about
150,000 now to 333,000 by 2020. If present treatment methods
are maintained, the heavy pollutant loading of the river should
increase further.
To replace these existing treatment plants and septic systems,
providing advanced treatment and greatly decreasing the pollution
load on the river, Cleveland Regional Sewer District (CRSD), the
applicant, has proposed phased construction of the Cuyahoga Valley
Interceptor (CVI). This proposed 168 MGD interceptor is seven
miles long and 96 inches in maximum diameter. Its first phase
runs from the Brecksville treatment plant to the Cleveland
Southerly treatment plant in Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio.
If completed in all its phases it will receive sewage from an
area ranging from Richfield Township in the west to Reminderville
in the east, from Peninsula in the South to Garfield Heights
in the north. Extensive improvements now underway at Cleveland
Southerly will increase its capacity to serve as a regional treat-
ment facility. See the Environmental Assessment, page 1, 2,
128-9, 132-6 and Figure 16.
1-8
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The grant application is for the first of three phases, but
where possible total program impact will be considered. Phase I
includes the main interceptor, a lift station at Cleveland Southerly
and eleven trunk sewers. Phase II includes the Brandywine Creek
Interceptor south from Brecksville along the valley floor to Penin-
sula; an east leg serves Macedonia and Hudson in the Brandywine
watershed and a west leg serves Richfield Village and Township.
Phase III adds the Tinkers Creek Interceptor east from Independence,
roughly paralleling Tinkers Creek southeast to Shalersville.
Final system size and capacity depend on present proposed
interceptor sizing. The applicant proposes building Phase I and
its trunks in the following lengths and sizes:
Sewer Length (feet) Diameter (inches
Main Interceptor,
Brecksville to Tinkers Creek 10,000 T* 78
Main Interceptor, Tinkers Creek
to Cleveland Southerly 25,000 T* 96
Brecksville Trunk 19,000 30-48
Brooklyn Heights Trunk 4,700 21
Garfield Heights Trunk 1 15,900 8-30
Garfield Heights Trunk 2 900 15-21
Hawthornden Trunk 3,900 12-24
Independence Trunk 2,400 15-30
Maple Heights Trunk 12,500 15-27
Northfield Trunk 7,000 8-27
Valley View Trunk 1 700 21
Valley View Trunk 2 400 8-10
Walton Hills Trunk 31,000 8-36
T* = Tunneled
The Brecksville-Southerly interceptor proposal originated with
the Cuyahoga County Board of Supervisors in late 1960. The Three
Rivers Watershed District's 1970 Plan for Water Quality Management
in the Central Cuyahoga Basin first proposed many of the trunks
and extensions. Basic design was completed in 1972. The applicant,
the Cleveland Regional Sewer District, submitted a draft environ-
mental assessment to EPA Region 5 in June 1974, resubmitting it in
October 1975, after much revision. The applicantion is for a Step
3 grant, with 75 percent Federal funding. Estimated project
cost is $36,600,000. The project has a high state priority rating
and is numbered C390764-010.
D. Identified Issues
Environmental issues raised by the project have been identified
largely by EPA Region 5 staff and the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources. Local agencies and citizeps1 group have raised few
or no objections to the project as yet. Issues include:
1-9
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1. Impact on Parkland. Two miles of the proposed main inter-
ceptor are to be tunneled through existing parkland of the
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. Another three miles
follows the western boundary of such land. At least six of
the proposed access shafts (manholes) are to be dug very close
to or within Area boundaries.
2. Secondary Impact. Project construction, particularly in
Phase II (Brandywine Creek Interceptor) will permit sewering
of most of the remaining rural portions of the Akron-Cleveland
Cuyahoga River Valley Corridor. Some secondary growth effects
may be anticipated. Many communities served by this project,
particularly Phases I and II, interact with parts of the
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area which is now in its
initial stages of privately held land acquisition. Almost
every Phase I and II community borders on the proposed National
Recreation Area. Community development served by the proposed
sewers in Phases I and II could impact the Recreation Area.
3. Low .Flow Effects. The applicant states that removal of
effluent discharges from the Cuyahoga River in the project
area will result in low flow reductions of up to 82 per cent
on some major tributaries. On several tributaries within the
study area, interception of the existing wastewater flows would
have the beneficial impact of reducing pollutant concentrations
and loads in the streams. However, this would have the
adverse impact of detracting from the scenic value of riffle
and waterfall stream segments during low flow periods. In
particular, the riffle and waterfall segments of Brandywine
Creek and Tinkers Creek are major scenic attractions within
the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. During 7 day -
10 year low flow conditions present effluent discharges
represent 74 and 82 percent of stream flow respectively in
these streams.
4. Sizing and Cost Effectiveness. Within the three phase
service area the applicant projects 33 per cent growth by
1980, with progressively smaller increases thereafter. Recent
census estimates of existing population for 1973 and 1974
indicate that for the moment population is increasing at
a rate far lower than that projected, and declined 5 per
cent in the Phase I service area from 1970 to 1973. If this
trend continues it could call ultimate project sizing and
cost effectiveness into question.
5. Cost Effectiveness of Phases II and III. Included in the
wastewater flow projections for sizing Phase I interceptors
are projected peak flows from Phase II (25 mgd) and Phase III
(95 mgd). Combined, these flows represent 70 percent of the
design flow in the 25,000 feet of tunneled interceptor between
1-10
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Tinker's Creek and Southerly. No cost effective evaluation
of alternatives to providing interceptors to Phases II and III
has been performed. The areal extent of the three phases is
shown in Figure 1-3. Questions about inclusion of Shalersville
(east of Streetsboro, Portage County) and* parts of Seven Hills,
Cuyahoga County have not been completely resolved.
1-11
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1-12
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CHAPTER 2
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
A. Natural Environment
1. Climate and Weather
The description on pages 8 and 9 of the Environmental Assessment
is quite accurate, but some points can be expanded upon or clarified.
Northeast Ohio, including the service area, is located in the
north temperate zone. Its climate is humid with warm summers and
cold winters. The mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
Average daily temperatures are about 72 degrees in July and 27
degrees in January. Maximum daily temperatures average about 83
degrees in July, ranging from 80 to 85, and low daily temperatures
average 19 degrees in January, ranging from 13 to 21 degrees.
Northeast Ohio is located along a line of rain-producing cyclonic
storms which move across the nation from west to east. The storm
paths converge over the Great Lakes and leave by way of the St.
Lawrence River Valley. Portions of the area are subject to tornadic
winds. Extreme amounts of precipitation and long drought periods
are relatively unknown. The critical growing periods of June and
July average just over three and one half inches of rain, with
slightly more in June.
The "snow belt" is an area about ten miles wide from north to
south, centered about ten miles south of the lake, extending from
the Cuyahoga River east into Pennsylvania. Prevailing winds from
the lake are moisture laden. As they move across the cooler land
mass the moisture condenses and drops in the form of snow or sleet.
Chardon, approximatley 20 miles northeast of Valley View, is
located in the heart of the snow belt and averages 106 inches
of snow and sleet each year, compared with 50 at Cleveland and
48 at Akron.
Over the past five years Akron and Cleveland have experienced
a pattern of increased precipitation compared with the early and
mid-1960s. From 1960 to 1969 both annual and four month low
(JASO = July, August, September and October) precipitation was
consistently below average (about 36 inches annually). Since
that time it has been consistently above average. Since 1967
there has been only one year with JASO precipitation below 10.5
inches (See Table 2-1). These figures are particularly important
as the four months are normally the time of lowest streamflow,
when effluent contributions are of greatest significance.
2-1
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Table 2-1. Akron and Cleveland Precipitation
Akron Akron Cleveland Cleveland
Year Annual JASO Annual JASO
(inches)
1960 27.08 7.97 31.91 13.14
1961 34.35 12.60 35.36 13.08
1962 28.98 12.30 31.58 12.71
1963 23.79 6.23 18.63 6.29
1964 40.82 12.93 31.40 9.71
1965 33.55 10.64 31.40 11.67
1966 29.64 8.76 31.96 10.21
1967 31.88 10.79 26.79 7.94
1968 35.47 11.37 34.73 11.66
1969 32.96 11.42 39.38 13.82
1970 38.23 12.41 33.66 12.20
1971 32.20 9.64 31.80 10.51
1972 43.88 18.47 48.34 17.37
1973 36.79 12.58 41.25 12.79
1974 42.21 13.93 39.85 9.44
1975 17.73 16.58
Of the mean annual precipitation of about 36 inches, about 15
inches runs off in streams. Thus an average of 23 inches is
lost from stream flow to evaporation, transpiration, infiltration,
and other natural extractions.
All losses from land area, such as transpiration and evapora-
tion, may be reported as the difference between two measurements,
precipitation and stream runoff. This loss is called evapotrans-
piration. The average annual water loss, or evapotranspiration
varies only slightly from 21 inches along Lake Erie to 24 inches
along the southern boundaries of the service area. Actual evap-
oration from lakes and reservoirs amounts to about seven inches
per year in northeast Ohio.
Other evaporation is greatest during the warm months and is
then most critical for agriculture. During the period from May
through September, potential evaporation exceeds the normal
rainfall by about seven inches.
In 1970 Akron had approximately 27.50 low level (150 meters or
less) inversion occurrences per year. Cleveland had about 22.50.
2. Land
Topography
The description of area topography on pages 6 through 8 of the
Environmental Assessment is quite accurate. Valley walls do rise
from the floodplain at about 580 feet elevation to near 800 feet
2-2
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at slopes of 10 to 35 per cent. Adjacent basin uplands do
slope at less than ten per cent to elevations of 1100 to 1200
feet, and the uplands surrounded by the "V" of the Cuyahoga
River drain northwest through Tinkers Creek and Brandywine
Creek.
It should be stressed, however, that most valley slopes are
25 per cent or steeper. These occur primarily in the northern
portion of the valley and in all tributaries. A small section
of the valley at Peninsula and some upland sections of the
valley possess moderate slopes in the 0 to 10 per cent range.
The west branch of the Cuyahoga River rises in Hampden
Township, fourteen to fifteen transect miles from its mouth
at Lake Erie in Cleveland. From its sources in rural Geauqa
County to its outlet, the river cuts a crooked "V" course,
100 miles in total length, and rains a relatively small 813
square mile watershed. Just south of the Bottom of the "V"
of the Cuyahoga is the Akron watershed divj.de, which crosses
Ohio on a diagonal. All drainage north of this divide flows
to Lake Erie while that which flows south eventually reaches
the Ohio River.
Geologic processes have left a valley that is broad, with
steep slopes traversed by numerous tributary streams and ravines
The river basin is a broad, flat floodplain subject to inundation
at varied frequencies. The basin width varies from 500 to 5000
feet and is composed of glacial and post-glacial deposits.
Major tributaries in the proposed service area include Tinkers
Creek, Furnace Run, Brandywine Creek, Yellow Creek and Slipper
Run.
2-3
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Geology
The description on pages 2-9, 17-19, and Table 2 of the Environ-
mental Assessment is accurate. Some clarification, however is needed
of the sequential geologic and recent seismic history of the service
area.
The major Cuyahoga River Valley topographic features as we now
know them were created in the later Paleozoic Era. The youngest
Paleozoic rock found in the valley forms the Cliffs of Boston and
Ritchie ledges. Mississippian sandstone provides the base for the
Peninsula. The Wisconsin glaciation, beginning about 65,000 years
ago, was responsible for the most drastic changes in the drainage
pattern in the Valley. The ice rounded the hilltops and scooped
out valleys, only to fill valleys afterwards with glacial debris.
Waterfalls developed where the river and its tributaries returned
to the more stable pre-glacial channel. Erosion of bedrock in the
river has moved Cuyahoga Falls upstream to its present location.
Brandywine Falls, on the eastern edge of the valley, is another
example of this process. Since the disappearance of the glaciers
from this area, only minor changes have occurred in the last
6,500 years.
The Assessment does not mention seismic activity. Although
the Cleveland metropolitan area is considered an area of minor
seismic risk, it lies only about 50 miles southwest of an area
of major seismic risk near the Pennsylvania border along Lake
Erie. Moderate earthquakes (V or greater on the modified Mercalli
scale) felt in the Cleveland area include:
May 1, 1958
May 26, 1955
March 2, 1937
March 8, 1937
September 9, 1928
May 26, 1906
V level earthquake in downtown Celveland.
Many were alarmed.
Mercalli V earthquake at Cleveland. Buildings
creaked, windows rattled, rumbling sounds heard
VII level in western Ohio, centered at Sidney,
Anna-felt at Cleveland.
VI-VII level earthquake in western Ohio as
above; felt more severly at Cleveland than
March 2 earthquake.
V level earthquake at Lorain and Cleveland.
People rushed from houses, felt along Lake.
V level earthquake felt at Fariport, Ohio with
epicenter just south of Cleveland. Doors
slammed, windows rattled.
2-4
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Technologists from the Seismic Detection Department of John
Carroll University, who provide seismic data for the design of
roads and other structures in Ohio and the Cleveland area, have
provided the following information regarding the earthquakes in-
tensities in the State of Ohio. The Cleveland area experiences
mild tremors or earthquakes that frequently go undetected except
by the seismic recorder located in the area. The earthquakes of
greatest magnitude in the Cleveland region ranged from IV-VI on
this scale as: "Felt by all, many frightened and ran outdoors,
Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or
damaged chimneys. Damage slight."
Since the forces generated by an earthquake are greatest at
the surface of the earth, the effects described above are the
maximum experienced and subsurface forces are not of sufficient
intensity to cause damage to subsurface structures such as pipe-
lines. The region in Ohio subject to earthquakes of greater
magnitude than experienced in the Cleveland area is located in the
western part of the state, called the Anna area. However, the CVI
study area wduld not be seriously affected by those earthquakes by
virtue of its distance from this area.
There are areas in the Cuyahoga River Valley in which the sub-
surface soil is composed of 150 to 200 feet, and more, of glacia"1
deposits. The test borings made along the route followed by the
96 to 84 inch tunneled interceptor show that the entire length
of pipe is placed in firm to rigid clay soils or shale. The earth-
quake induced movement of subsurface structures placed in soft
alluvial soils will be greater than that experienced by structures
placed in the rigid shale strate.
There is one section of 96" pipe, 12,000 feet long, (Contract C
that is placed entirely in shale. The pipe north and south of this
section is placed in firm to rigid clay soil for the most part with
the least rigid glacial deposits occurring between Tinker's Creek
and the Brecksville wastewater treatment plant (Contract D). The
earthquake induced movement of the subsurface pipe structure can
be expected to be somewhat greater in the clay strata than that for
pipe in the shale strata. Therefore, thedesign of the joints at
the manholes and/or access holes located at the transition area be-
tween clay and shale should provide sufficient flexibility to mini-
mize bending andshear stresses due to this potential difference in
movement. The transition zones occur at the beginning and end of
Contract C as designated in the original design drawings for the
interceptor.
The problem of differential movement between pipelines and the
manholes to which they are connected has been studied and field
tests made using steel and concrete pipe. The results of these
tests indicate that, "except for cases of great earthquakes in
which the ground is destroyed, the movement of the ground and the
movement of the pipe are roughly in agreement. Even in cases when
large manholes are connected to the pipe, the ground, the manhole
and the pipeline generally move together, but it is felt that at
this time the manhole restricts the movement of the soil in the
vicinity." These findings are based on studies made during the
Matsushiro swarm earthquakes in Japan in 1965-1967.
2-5
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vicinity." These findings are based on studies made during the
Matsushiro swarm earthquakes in Japan in 1965-67.
Evaluations of these findings indicate that the potential
damage to the main tunneled interceptors, in Phase I, can be con-
sidered to be very minor. However, it is recommended that the
interceptor design criteria provide for the potential differential
pipeline movement that may develop in transition areas where major
subsoil strata changes occur, as described above.
Soils
The soils discussion on pages 13-17 of the Environmental Assess-
ment and in Figure 3 is generally adequate and is confirmed by the
U.S. Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey of Summit County. It
should, however, be stressed that the majority of the trunk sewers
will be laid through rough broken land, much of which is high in
slope, unstable and subject to slippage.
U.S. Soil Conservation Service assessments of the engineering
characteristics of service area soils are summarized below:
Soil Series
Depth
(inches)
Permeability pH
(inches/hour)
Shrink/Swell'
Potential
Berks
Canadice
0-12
12-30
30-60
0-9
9-38
38-60
2.0-6.3 5.1-5.5
2.0-6.3 5.1-5.5
(Siltstone Bedrock)
0.2-6.3
Less than .06
Less than .06
5.1-6.0
5.1-7.3
7.4-8.4
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Carlisle Muck 0-55
Chagrin
Chili
Ellsworth
Fitchville
0-7
7-28
28-60
0-9
9-42
42-60
0-8
8-31
31-60
0-10
10-29
29-60
2.0-6.3
0.63-2.0
0.63-2.0
2.0-6.3
2.0-6.3
2.0-6.3
6.3-12.0
0.63-2.0
0.06-.20
0.06-.20
0.63-2.0
0.2-0.63
0.2-0.63
5.6-6.5
5.6-7.8
5.6-7.8
5.6-7.8
4.6-5.0
4.6-5.0
5.6-6.5
5.1-6.0
4.6-6.5
7.4-8.4
5.1-6.0
4.6-5.5
6.6-7.3
Var iable
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low to Moderate
Low
2-6
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Lobdell
Mahoning
Orrville
Rittmann
Glenford
Holly
0-23
23-60
0-8
8-38
38-50
0-30
30-60
0-6
6-20
20-46
46-66
0-12
12-40
0-9
9-35
35-60
0.63-2.0
0.63-6.3
0.63-2.0
0.06-0.20
0.06-2.0
0.63-2.0
0.63-2.0
0.63-2.0
0.63-2.0
0.06-0.20
0.06-0.20
0.63-2.0
0.2-0.63
0.63-2.0
0.2-0.63
0.63-2.0
5.6-6.5
5.6-6.5
5.1-6.5
5.1-6.0
7.4-7.8
5.1-6.5
6.1-6.5
4.6-5.5
4.6-5.5
5.1-6.5
7.4-7.8
5.1-6.6
4.6-5.5
5.6-7.8
5.6-7.8
7.4-7.8
IjOW
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
,Low
Low
Low
Low to Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
In order to reach the service areas, the various trunk lines
in Phase I must pass through areas of slopes exceeding 12 percent
with varying stability. Four classes of instability are:
Class I. Somewhat Unstable
a) Well and excessively well drained soils derived of sands
and gravels - erosion hazard on slopes of 12-18%.
b) Well drained loamy soils shallow over sandstone bedrock
on slopes of 12-25%—erosion hazard, soil movement over
the underlying sandstone bedrock.
c) Moderately well drained silty clay loam to clay loam
till soils on slopes of 18%
d) Somewria.t poorly to poorly drained fine textured soils
shallow over shale bedrock - erosion hazard and soil
movement over the underlying shale strata.
Class II. Moderately Unstable
a) Well and excessively well drained soils derived from
sands and gravels - erosion hazard slopes of 18-25%
b) Well drained loamy soils, shallow over sandstone bedrock
on slopes exceeding 25%
c) Moderately well drained silty clay loam till soils on
slopes of 18-25%; erosion hazard and soil movement.
d) Moderately well drained silty soils on slopes of 12-18%,
erosion hazard.
Class III. Highly Unstable
a) Well and excessively well drained soils derived from
sands and gravels on slopes exceeding 25%, erosion
hazard
2-7
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b) Moderately well drained silty soils on slope of 18-25%
erosion hazard and soil movement
c) Moderately well drained silty clay loam to clay loam
(733-703) on slopes exceeding 25%, erosion hazard and
soil movement.
Class IV. Very Highly Unstable
Areas of interbedded clays and silts on slopes exceeding 25%.
These interbedded materials often contain occasional associated
sand layers which act as aquifers. These deposits are sub-
ject to surface erosion, piping, slumping, earth slides, etc.
In most cases there are no feasible ways to avoid having to
pass through these areas, although minor realignment may be con-
sidered on the Valley View No. 2 and Maple Heights lines. Through-
out the engineering specifications, reference is made to re-sodding
areas of steep slopes where trenching is necessary. Also, pipe
anchors are specified for pipes located in areas coinciding with
Class IV slopes. «
Each trunk line which passes through an area of unstable slope
is discussed below. Figure 2-1 shows the points at which trunk line?
cross the Class IV slopes.
Valley View No. 2
This line crosses approximately 200 feet of Class IV slope,
beginning on the east side of Canal Road and terminating at an
existing 8 inch sewer line near the tope of the plateau.
The slope rises approximately 75 feet from Canal Road to the
intersection with the existing 8 inch line. The proposed line
parallels an existing 48 inch storm sewer from Canal Road to the
crest of the hill.
The specifications call for 205 feet of 8 inch ductile pipe to
be laid at a 22.4 percent grade approximately 10 feet below the ex-
isting grade. Pipe anchors are called for below every second bell.
There is no feasible way to avoid crossing this slope, but the
aerial photograph shows signs of soil slump in the area which the
pipe crosses. This situation should be examined to determine the
magnitude of the problem, and its solution.
Garfield Heights Trunk No. 1
This line crosses approximately 200 feet of Class IV slope about
500 feet west of the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company right-
of-way. The vertical rise is about 60 feet from the manhole (STA.
20+00) to manhole (STA 22+00). The specifications call for 190
feet of 14 inch ductile pipe at a 36.05 percent grade, buried about
10 feet below the surface. Pipe anchors are specified at every
other bell. There is no way to avoid this slope without increased
disruption.
2-8
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GAJRFIELD HGTS.
SRANOEB BQAQ
MAPLE
HGTS.
INDEPENDENCE o
it
10
WALTON
HILLS
PLEASANT VALLEY ROAD
ANDERSON / ROAD
...mm,,. PIPELINE
-REFERENCED
HAZARD AREAS
FIGURE 2-1
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR
: - POTENTIAL
HAZARD AREAS
PIPELINE CROSSING INSTABLE SLOPE
CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
HAVENS AND EMERSON, LTD
2-9
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Maple Heights Trunk
The Alternative proposed by the EPA, that of following Schrieber
Road to the railroad right-of-way and along the r.o.w. to the creek,
up the creek to the Maple Heights s.t.p., has no engineering draw-
ings for reference at this time. The large scales soil maps are
used exclusively for soil instability information.
Going east, from the intersection of Schrieber and Hathaway
Roads, approximately 1400 feet of Class IV slope is traversed. This
line parallels Schrieber Road and crosses another section of Class
IV slope about 3200 feet further from the endo of the first slope.
This section appears to be right along the southern edge of Schrieber
Road, and continues intermittently for about 1200 feet. While the
first slope cannot be avoided, the latter may be avoidable by moving
thepipe to the north side of the road in the vicinity of the slope.
This area requires further examination in order to fully minimize
the impacts.
Brecksville Trunk
This line traverses approximately 250 feet of class IV slope
between 77+22 and 74+78. The specifications call for 117 feet of
36 inch ductile pipe to be laid at 40.28 percent grade, a vertical
rise of about 90 feet. Concrete pipe anchors are noted to be
placed at 24 foot centers on this pipe.
Independence Trunk
This trunk line passes through an area of Class III slope along
Pleasant Valley Road, beginning at STA 0+00, continuing to STA 11+24
near Riverview Road. Plans call for 1124 feet of 15 inch concrete
pipe to be laid, 760 feet parallels Pleasant Valley Road and the
remaining 364 feet angles off to the north towards Riverview Road.
The approximate vertical rise is 70 feet, with thepipe buried
about six to 10 feet below the ground surface.
Walton Hills Trunk
This line traverses about 700 feet of Class IV slope, beginning
near the intersection of Canal Road and Pleasant Valley Road Exten-
sion. The total length of the pipeline on thegrade is 1322 feet,
however, only a portion of that is considered to be in an unstable
area. The vertical rise is about 60 feet, and the pipe is buried
6-10 feet below the surface.
Hawthornden Trunk
This line crosses about 400 feet of Class IV slope and about 800
feet of Class II slope. This line on the Class IV slope lies under
a concrete roadway intersecting Sagamore Road at the Summit County
line. It lies about 10 feet below the surface, and rises 50 feet.
The line continues cvorland on Class II slope reaching a steep
slope just below the Hawthornden treatment plants. There it rises
about 60 feet to the existing sewer line.
2-00
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Of the 29 municipalities in the study area, only five have sedi-
mentation and erosion control ordinances. These are Brecksville,
Brooklyn Heights, Garfield Heights, Solon, and Valley View, all of
which are located in Cuyahoga County. Presently, none of the towns
, in Summit and Portage Counties that are within the study area have
any erosion control regulations.
The existing ordinances are similar in most respects in that
they require the developer to supply the Planning or Building Commi-
sion with copies of their development plan, including the erosion
control measures. The ordinances recommend use of the Cuyahoga
Soil and Water Conservation District guidelines and policies in
developing the plan. The municipalities review the plans, as does
the Conservation District. The Village of Valley View has more
extensive requirements than the other towns in thatthey require a
performance bond to be posted as part of the permit.
None of the ordinances specify an enforcement agency or control
measures which would be used to enforce the permit. Valley View
does provide for a fine in the event that the town finds that the
terms of the permit are not being met.
\
Proposed rules and regulations and a model erosion and sedi-
ment control ordinance will be presented to the Ohio General Assem-
bly in January 1977 by the Department of Natural Resources. This
action is in response to a general lack of local controls, and
will give the local governments the chance to adopt controls dealing
with all aspects of erosion and sedimentation.
Wetlands
Wetland areas within proposed service boundaries are well dis-
cussed on pages 72-3 of the Environmental Assessment, but must be
considered in the light of additional information on pages 5, 6,
7 (paragraph 3), 14-16, 67, 69, 70 and Figure 3.
In general there are two major types of wetland to be
considered. There is Cuyahoga Valley bottom wetland, much of
it manmade, caused by the interruption of natural patterns of
drainage by railroad and canal construction, often including
abandoned portions of the canal, such as Stumpy Basin; and the
upland wetlands, particularly of the Tinkers Creek drainage,
largely natural, including areas such as the Streetsboro Bog
and Aurora Pond.
Unfortunately, no attempt is made to quantify existing wetland
area. This limitation is partly caused and compounded by the lack
of a U.S. Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey for Cuyahoga County.
Major service area wetlands include:
1) Tinkers Creek State Nature Preserve (upland), 786 acres,
75 per cent of which are wetlands.
2) Streetsboro Bog (upland), described in the Assessment as
Trvastff7~b"ut not otherwise quantified.
-------
2-12
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3) Stumpy Basin (bottom), an abandoned portion of canal, in-
cludes considerable, though unguantified marsh area.
4) Reminderville Ledges (upland); at tne base of an outcropping
extending to Aurora Pond is a "vast" wetland area. Some
portions have been filled in for a housing development.
5) Frame Bog (upland), 74 acres of virgin tamarack, owned by
the Nature Conservancy and administered by Kent State
University.
7) Trumbull Nature Reserve, 15 acres of swamp forest, mixed
mesophytic forest and Tinkers Creek floodplain (upland),
owned by the Nature Conservancy and used by Kent State
University as a study area.
*
The upland wetlands provide significant water storage capacity
in the Tinker's Creek and Brandwine Creek watersheds. The actual
amount of storage provided has not been quantified and is difficult
to assess. If the stored water is these poorly drained areas is
contiguous with the underlying permanent water table, then their
capacity to contribute to the seasonal low flow of Tinker's and
Brandwine Creeks might not be greatly diminished by moderate con-
struction activities nearby. However, if the stored water is nerched
above the permanent water table, i.e., contained by the impervious
till soils, any measures to facilitate draining of the wetland areas,
such as foundation drains, storm sewers, or drainage ditches,' could
have a detrimental impact on low flow contributions of the wetlands
to the streams draining them.
Figure 2-2 shows the relationship between the upland wetlands
and the area streams. Lacking a thorough inventory swamp symbols
on U.S.G.S. topographic maps were used to prepare this figure.
3. Water
Water-Quality
The description of groundwater resources in the Environmental
Assessment does not include useful information about groundwater
recharge through the area's soils and about the role of groundwater
in stream recharge. In addition, the groundwater section is pri-
marily devoted to a discussion of septic tank sewage disposal sys-
tem _ which, in almost all parts of the study area, do not impact
seriously on the groundwater resources.
There are two significant types of groundwater aquifers in the
CVI study area: the consolidated rock formations underlying
glacial deposits and lenses of well sorted glacial deposits in the
buried valleys.
Prior to the Plestocene glaciations, the topography in the study
area was similar to that of the unglaciated Appalacian highlands
to the east, i.e., steep-walled, branching valleys incised by
rapidly flowing streams into the local sedimentary bedrock. The
valleys were filled with various types of glacial deposits ranging
from the well sorted sands and gravels of outwash deposits to clayey
2-13
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lake-bottom deposits and poorly sorted "boulder clay" or till
deposited in place as the glaciers melted. Nearly the entire sur-
face of the study area was finally covered with up to 100 feet of
the impervious till in the form of ground and end moraines. The
depth of till has been reduced to a few feet over bedrock in some
of the higher elevations to the east and west of the Cuyahoga River
valley. In places where streams have been active in eroding the
till, as in spots along Chipowa and Tinker's Creeks, the under-
lying bedrock is exposed.
Recharge to the bedrock layers through the tight till soils is
slow except perhaps through small lenses of well sorted deposits.
This, combined with the fact that almost all of the septic tank
disposal systems discharge to streams, minimizes the probability of
groundwater contamination from these systems.
The uppermost stratigraphic unit of the bedrock column is the
Sharon conglomerate formation of the Pennsylvania system. This
formation has the best groundwater availability characteristics
of all the bedrock formations underlying the study area. It is
present only in the highest elevations of the study area having
been eroded away before and during the glaciations. Where present
it provides adequate well water supplies for individual residences
and small commercial developments. Also, where the contact
between the Sharon conglomerate and the underlying formation is
near the ground surface, springs often occur which are probably an
important component of low flow in streams flowing across the contact.
The most productive aquifers in this region are well-sorted sand
and gravel lenses within the buried valleys. Where wetlands and/or
streams have some hydrologic connection with these subsurface lenses
major industrial and municipal water supplies can be developed.
In the CVI study area, the only such aquifer that has been mapped
underlies the Brandywine Creek and Mud Brook watersheds just west
of Hudson. This aquifer is the source of Hudson's municipal water
supply. The Cuyahoga River valley also would appear to be a likely
area for such aquifers as indicated by the high yield of two wells
supplying the Jaite plant. However, end moraine which covers the
valley in the Peninsula area and old lake-bottom sediments deposited
in perhaps continuous, horizontal subsurface layers across the
valley may prevent rapid recharge of any sand or gravel lenses that
may be present.
In the headwaters of Brandywine Creek and Tinker's Creek under-
lain by the buried valleys the hummock areas left by the most recent
glaciations have not been eroded to a smooth surface and numerous
wetland areas remain. These areas are presented in Figure 2-2 and
have been discussed in Section 2.A.2.
Additional information is also available in regard to the stream-
flow characteristics of the Cuyahoga River and at least one of its
tributaries, including many things relevant to the present problem.
2-14
-------
a• Cuyahoga Mainstream
U.S.G.S. streamflow records have been kept on the Cuyahoqa
River at Independence from 1921-23, 1927-35, and 1940 to the
present. The river drains 707 square miles at the gaging station,
which is three miles downstream from the mouth of Tinkers Creer..
Over the period of measurement average discharge has been 7€b
cubic feet per second (about 496 MUD). Extreme discharges have
been 24,800 cfs (16,020 MGD) on January 22, 1959 during a
flood rated at about 100 year recurrence interval; and 14 cfs
(9.04 wCD) on November 30, 1930. These figures do not include
flow in the adjoining Ohio Canal, except at mainstream flows
above 15,000 cfs when the channels merge.
The lowest recorded dajly average flow was 21 cfs (13.56
MGD) on August 28, 1933. Assuming there was no effluent load at
that time, the 12.5 MGD curient low flow effluent load estimated
by the applicant would produce a combined fl"n of 26 MGD, of
which the effluent would comprise 48 per cent. The minimum
recorded monthly average flow was 81.2 cfs (52.5 MGD) in
September 1954; assuming a linear relationship of sewage to
population (about 7 MGD effluent load), the present 12^5 MGD
load would comprise a minimum of 21 per cent of such monthly
low flow. The minimum flow (instantaneous) ever recorded at
Independence was 14 cfs (about 9 MGD) on November 30 1930;
assuming no effluent load in tnat figure a recurrence would
mean that the additional 12.5 MGD would comprise about 58 per
cent of a combined low flow of 21.5 MGD.
At Independence instantaneous and daily minimum streamflow have
shown a substantial increase since 1967 (see Table 2-2). Unlike
others in the basin, however, these increases have been roughly
proportional to the increase in precipitation (see Table 2-1).
b. Tinkers Creek
U.S.G.S. streamflow records have been kept on Tinkers Creek
at Bedford since November 1962. The Creek drains 83.9 square
miles at the gage, which is five miles upstream from its mouth.
Over the period of measurement average discharge has been 116 cfs
(about 74 MGD). Extreme discharges have been 7220 cfs (about 46b4
MGD) on July 20, 1969 and 5.2 cfs (3.36 MGD) on August 19,
1963. According to the applicant the 7-day, once in 10 year low flow
is 5.8 MGD, of which 4.4 MGD (about 76 per cent) is effluent.
As mentioned the thirteen year daily discharge has been 3.3d
MGD. At this time, assuming a linear relation
of sewage to pollution, the sewage load was about 75 per cent of
the Table 3 (EA) figure, or about 3.30 MGD. Thus for a one day
once in thirteen year interval effluent would comprise over 97
per cent of streamflow, and possibly all of it.
2-15
-------
Since 1963, however, minimum low flow figures have increased
two to three times, by any of three criteria (see Table 2-2).
Precipitation in both Akron and Cleveland has risen substantially
in the past five years (see Table 2-1), but not to an extent
proportional to the low flow increase. Furthermore, in years
which JASO precipitation was comparable to earlier figure, the
new larger low flows have been obtained.
The only other factor which might account for this increase
in low flows is increased runoff. The heavy clay soils, although
of limited permeability, hold water for a long time, and paving,
shopping centers, and industrial parks transfer much water held
in the soil to immediate runoff.
Much of the Tinkers Creek drainage basin land was once in
agricultural land use, which has declined significantly since
1959. Summit County land use was ten per cent agricultural in
1969, compared with 16 per cent in 1964, 18 per cent in 1959,
Table 2-2 Cuyahoga River and Tinkers Creek Low Flows (cfs)
Cu^ahoaa River at Independence Tinkers Creek at Bedford
Water
Year
1961
1962
196?
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Minimum
Daily
Average
98
S3
89
73
82
81
93
123
102
115
145
76
151
198
Minimum
( Instant )
92
80
76
64
73
74
82
111
83
96
108
61
139
175
Minimum
Daily
Average
6.2
5.8
8.5
7.3
8.2
10
13
11
14
14
13
16
Minimum
Monthly
Average
9.
8.
12.
14.
12.
22.
27
17.
32.
38.
40.
36.
2
55
2
6
8
3
7
4
6
1
8
Minimum
( Instant)
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
9.
12
9.
13
11
11
14
2
3
6
5
3
3
9
2-16
-------
and 4d per cent in 1948. Cuyahoga County land use was 3.6 per
cent agricultural in 1969, compared with 5.8 per cent in 1964,
ana 7.1 per cent in 1959. In both counties agricultural use
has declined by one third from 1964 to 1969 alone.
All of the above suggests that effluent may well now comprise
a lower percentage of Tinkers Creek low flow than it has in the
past, but that runoff will probably remain a major component of
low flows whatever action is taken about effluent. Total removal
of effluent could greatly increase the proportional role of runoff
at time of low flow, with possible impacts on water quality.
c- Ohio Canal _ at_Independen_ce
The Ohio Canal is still operative below the headgates at Brecks-
ville, about six miles upstream from Independence. Streamflow
records have been kept on it at Independence from 1921 to 1923,
1^27 to 1^35, ana 1940 to the present. Streamflow records are
quite different from those for the Cuyahoga, since the canal is
a regulated waterway. Extremes of discharge have been 277 cfs
(about 179 MGD) on Jan. 22, 1959, just before the Cuyahoga River
flood exceeded 15,000 cfs and the two channels merged, and no
flow from July 2 to 7, 1950 and July 16 to August 19, 1959.
In water year lb>74 flow in the canal ranged from 27 to 89 cfs.
Water Quality - General
The description on pages 2b to 33 of the Environmental Assess-
ment is quite accurate, but does not discuss recent water quality
trends. In letters and statements to Region V personnel the
applicant's representatives have stated that there has been no
significant change in water quality since the late 1960's.
The Assessment's general observations on water quality are
supported, but the claims of static water quality are disputed
on page 16 and 17 of Cuyahoga Valley 1975, the Ohio Department
of Natural Resource's, June 1T75, consultant study of the Cuyahoga
Valley National Recreation Area. Summarizing present conditions
the report states:
"Numerous water quality studies have been conducted
on the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries since 1967.
All available published information was summarized by
Jack McCormick and Associates, Inc., and persons or
agencies which has not published their findings were
interviewed during July and August 1974.
"Most chemical, physical and microbiological water
quality parameters indicated that water quality in the
Cuyahoga River in the study region was poor. Filtrable
residue, specific conductance, chloride, and nonfiltrable
residue periodically were high. High concentrations
of oxygen demanding substances in the water occasion-
ally caused low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The
2-17
-------
water was rich in nutrients and could have sustained
the growth of undesirable aquatic plants. Ammonia,
cadmium, and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations
were high and may have been toxic, to sensitive organisms.
Fecal coliform concentration repeatedly were high enough
to indicate a significant risk of illness to persons
engaged in primary and/or secondary recreation. Temp-
erature and pH values, however, were normal, and
chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc concentrations probably
were not too toxic t> fish.
"Recent data indicated that dissolved solids and
chloride concentrations are decreasing, and dissolved
oxygen concentrations are increasing. Visual obser-
vations indicate that foam caused by detergents has
become less of a problem than formerly. Improved
treatment of wastevater by Akron industries and the
Botzum wastewater creatment plant probably have been
responsible for this improvement.
"High concentrations of polychorinated biphenyls,
nutrients and bacteria are the principal water quality
problems of the tributaries to the Cuyahoga River in
the study region. Nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria
concentrations were particularly high in Tinkers Creek,
Brandywine Creek and Sagamore Creek. The principal
cause of high nutrient and fecal coliform concentra-
tions in these streams was wastewater discharges. Con-
centrations of polychlorinated biphenyls were high in
Tinkers Creek, Brandywine Creek and Furnace Run. The
source of polychlorinated biphenyls in the streams is
not known.
"Although Brandywine Creek, Tinkers Creek and Chippewa
Creek contained high concentrations of oxygen-demanding
materials, dissolved oxygen concentrations in the tribu-
taries were good because of natural aeration. Nonfil-
trable residue concentrations were occasionally high
in Yellow Creek, Brandywine Creek and Tinkers Creek.
Filtrable residue, chloride, pH, temperature, methylene
blue substances and metals were generally within
established standards.
"Tinkers Creek, Brandywine Creek and Sagamore Creek
were similar to the Cuyahoga River in water quality.
Water quality in Furnace Run, Yellow Creek, Slipper
Run and Spring Run was significantly better than in
the Cuyahoga River. Water quality in Chippewa Creek
was better than in the Cuyahoga River, but not as
good as in Furnace Run.
Available U.S.G.S. water quality data and recent and earlier
studies as summarized below genera] i1.* support this evaluation.
Dissolved oxygen levels in the Cuyahoga River mainstream at Inde-
pendence have shown a relatively consistent increase since 1967
(see Table 2-3). Other parameters are shown in Table 2-4 through
2-7.
2-18
-------
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According to Water Quality and Aquatic Biota in bl.^ Cuyahoga
Valley Project RegTon, a consultant report prepared for the Ohio
Department of Natural Resources in late 1974,, specific conductance
(an indirect measurement of filtrable residue) has decreased con-
siderably on the Cuyahoga River mainstream in recent years. Prior
to 1970 specific conductance in the Cuyahoga River averaged about
1060 micromhos per centimeter at Old Rockside Road, Independence.
Beginning in 1972 specific conductance averaged about 710 micromhos.
According to the Three Rivers Watershed Association this represented
a reduction of approximately 200 milligrams per liter in filtrable
residue (see Table 2-8). Similar reductions were observable upstream
at Bolanz Road and downstream near Brecksville above the canal
diversion dam. The Three Rivers Watershed Association attributed
the lower conductance values to improved industrial waste handling
in Akron. Specific conductance measured between October 1973 and
March 1974 at Boston Mills Road, Station road behind the diversion
dam, just below the diversion dam, and at Indepen^" ice, averaged
593, 592, 592, and 626 micromhos per centimeter respectively.
This indicates that the concentration of dissolved solids in
the Cuyahoga River below Akron may still be decreasing. (See
Tables 2-8 through 2-12.)
Chloride concentrations in the Cuyahoga River ranged from
44 to 341 milligrams per liter. Many of the observed chloride
concentrations exceeded the 250 mg/1 Ohio water quality standard.
Most of the chloride data were obtained before 1972. Behind the
diversion dam chloride concentrations in 1972 were generally
lower than those in 1967 and 1970. Thus decreasing chloride
concentrations may be associated with decreasing filtrable
residue concentrations. (Tables 2-8 through 2-12.)
Nonfiltrable residue in the Cuyahoga River ranged from 0.0
to 2,192 milligrams per liter. Concentrations in excess of the
proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard of 80
milligrams per liter were periodically observed. Low nonfiltrable
residue concentrations between January and March 1974 were pro-
bably the result of low precipitation in the days preceding the
sampling. (Tables 2-8 through 2-12.)
Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Cuyahoga River ranged
from 0.0 to 14.0 milligrams per liter and per cent saturations
ranged from 0.0 to 118%. Dissolved oxygen concentrations periodi-
cally were less than the State of Ohio standards of 5.0 milligrams
per liter as a daily average and 4.0 milligrams at any time.
(Tables 2-8 through 2-12.)
Cuyahoga River oxygen profiles obtained in September 1973
showed dissolved oxygen trends within the study area. Dissolved
oxygen generally declined about 2.0 to 3.5 mg/1 between Bath Road
(River Mile 37.4) and State Route 303 (River Mile 29.6). Most
of the decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations was observed
upstream of Bolanz Road. None of the concentrations, however,
were less than the oiio standard. Effluent from Botzum waste-
water treatment plant was believed to be responsible for the
2-24
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decline in dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen concentrations
increased about 1,5 my/1 between State Route ~M3 an^ Poston
Mills Road (River Mile 27), then decreased again 1 to 2 mg/1
between Boston Mills Road and the Ohio canal diversion dam
(River Mile 21,5). No consistent pattern of dissolved oxygen
concentrations was observed below the diversion dam (Table
2-8 through 2-12).
Dissolved oxygen concentcar ions in the Cayahoga River in
the study area apparently have unproved since 1967. Per cent
oxygen saturation values were higher in 1973 and 1974 than in
1967. The Three Rivers Water sued District has compared minimum
dissolved oxygen concentration? obtained in July and August 1967,
and September 1973. In geneiaJ minimum dissolved oxygen concen-
trations were 2 to 4 milligrams per liter higher in 1973 than
in 1967. Most minimum dissolved o?ygen concentrations in 1967
were less than the Ohio standatd ..;£ 4.0 milligrams per liter,
whereas none of the minimum concentrations in 1973 was less than
the standard.
The improvement in dissolved oxygen is substantiated by dis-
solved oxygen data for the Cu/ahoga Riv-r at Rockside Road
(Independence)„ Data for 1971 were considered to be typical
for the period 1967 to 1971. Dissolved oxygon concentrations
in 1973 were generally about 1 milligram per liter higher than
in 1971. Improvement in dissolved oxygen concentration was
ascribed to improved municipal wastewater treatment plants.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand
(COD) are measures of the concentration of oxygen demanding
substances in a stream* BOD in the Cuyahoga River at Boston
Mills Road, Brecksville (above diversion dam), and at Riverview
Road, ranged from 2.2 to 7,2 milligrams per liter and COD ranged
from 10.4 to 248 milligrams per liter. It has been suggested
that BOD and COD concentrations of 1.5 and 9.0 milligrams per
liter respectively are typical of rural streams and BOD and
COD concentrations of 4.8 and 16.8 are typical of urban streams.
Average BOD and COD concentrations in the study area were signifi-
cantly greater than the typical urban stream values. Thus the
concentrations of oxygen demanding materials in the Cuyahoga River
in the study region is high.
Much of the oxygen demanding material in the Cuyahoga River
came from the Botzum (Akron) wastewater treatment plant. River
survey data fcom 1973 shows that above the Botzum plant 5 day
BOD concentrations were generally less than 5 milligrams per
liter. BOD concentrations below the plant were about 9.0 to 18
milligrams per liter higher than above it. There has been a
steady reduction of the concentration of BOD in the effluent
from the Botzum treatment plaiit. The 1968 average daily
concentration was "0 milJjgrams per liter, whereas the average
daily concentration in 1973 was 18 milligrams per liter. This
improvement probably contributed to increasing dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the river as it enters the study area.
2--12
-------
Total phosphorus in the Cuyahoqa River as measured at four
stations at and below Boston Mills Road trom 1967 to 1974 ranged
froin 0.11 to 5.60 milligrams per liter, all recorded totaJ phos-
phorus concentrations were greater than the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency standard for the prevention of the growth of
nuisance aquatic plants (0.1 mg/1). Nitrate-nitrogen concentra-
tions at the four Cuyahoga River stations in the study area ranged
from 0.0 to 11.98 milligrams per liter. Concentrations generally
were high enough to sustain algal growth.
Combined nitrate and nitrite-nitrogen concentrations were
measured during 1973 river surveys. Water below the Botzum (Akron)
treatment plant was about 1 to 25 milligrams per liter higher in
nitrate and nitrite-nitrogen than water above the plant. Thus
the Akron sewage treatment plant was a principal source of combined
nitrate and nitrite-nitrogen in the study region. There has been
no consistent pattern of increase or decrease in nitrate and nitrite
concentrations although some data suggest a decrease in both after
1967. A comparison of 1971 and 1973 river E'uvey data indicated
that nitrate and nitrite concentrations have increased below the
Botzum-Akron treatment plant.
Ammonia concentrations at the four Cuyahoga mainstream stations
ranged from 0.21 to 7.1 milligrams per liter. Many observed con-
centrations exceeded the Ohio standard of 1.5 milligrams per liter.
Data from the September 1973 survey showed that effluent from the
Botzum wastewater treatment plant increased ammonia concentrations
in the Cuyahoga River by about 2.3 to 2.6 milligrams per liter.
Within the study area ammonia concentrations generally decreased with
increasing distance from the Akron plant. Ammonia concentrations
in the effluent from the Botzum treatment plant have decreased
in recent years because of the incorporation of some nitrifi-
cation into the treatment process. Although some data indicates
that ammonia concentrations in 1973 and 1974 generally were
higner than in 1967, a comparison of 1971 and 1973 river survey
data indicates that ammonia concentrations below the Botzum
wastewater plant have decreased.
Chemical data on detergent concentrations in the Cuyahoga
River were not available. Visual inspection of the river by
AKron environmental groups has indicated that foaming in the
Cuyahoga River has decreased in the past several years.
At Brecksville (above canal diversion dam) cadmium concen-
trations exceeded Ohio state standards (0.005 milligrams per liter)
on four of six measurements during water year 1974. At Boston
Mills Road Ohio standards were exceeded once in water year 1974.
Recorded chromium and zinc concentrations were below Ohio standards
at all six measurements. Polychorinated biphenyls in the Cuyahoga
River were measured by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
in 1973. At River Mile 37.1 (Martin Road, about 0.3 miles below
Bath Road) and 21.5 (Route 82) PCB concentrations of 55 nanograms
per liter (ng/1) and 86 ng/liter as Arachlor 1254 were observed.
Tnese concentrations were far in excess of the proposed USEPA
2-33
-------
standard of 2 nq/licer. It was concluded tr.at, the Cities of
Kent, Akron, and Cleveland, and undetermined soiir-:e~ on Tinkers
Creek (see Water Quality Tributaries,- next, page; *;ei.e c c-
major contributors of polychoririated biphenyls to the Cuyahoga
River.
Fecal coiiform bacteria concentrations in the Cuyahoga River
at five stations at and below Boston Mills Road ranged between
0.0 and 700,000 per 100 ml measurements m.^3 between 1967 and
1974. The Ohio Stctte fecal coiiform st^n.-Ui ci is a maximum of
200 per 100 ml as a 30 day geometric roe am and a maximum of 400
per 100 ml in 10 per cent of all samples during a 30 day period.
A concentration of 400 per 100 ml also i •.; the proposed U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency sta*iaa; .1 for primary contact
recreation. Most fecal coiiform concentrations exceeded 400
organisms per 100 ml. Fecal coiiform concentration also often
exceeded USEPA standards for secondary contact recreation of
4000 organisms per 100 ml.
T j: i b u t a r i e s
According to the same report from August to November 1973,
specific conductance in the tributaries ranged from 450 to 1,100
micromhos per centimeter in Brandywine Creek and 325 to 725
micromhos per centimeter in Tinkers Creek. The specific con-
ductance values for Brandywine Creek were greater than those for
Tinkers Creek. The average specific conductance measured in
Brandywine (690 micromhos per centimeter) was higher than the
specific conductance in the Cuyahoga River between October 1973
and March 1974, whereas the average specific conductance measured
in Tinkers Creek was similar (596 micromhos per centimeter) to
that of the Cuyahoga River. (Tables 2-13, 14, 15.)
The high oxygen demand in Chippewa Creek at Harris Road was
caused by leachate from a sanitary landfill entering a tributary
of Chippewa Creek upstream of Harris Road. After the measurements
of water quality were made in 1969 adjustments were made in land-
fill operations and storm runoff was diverted from the tributary.
Presumably these measures have reduced the concentration of oxygen
demanding material in Chippewa Creek. In spite of the high oxygen
demand in Braudywine Creek, Chippewa Creek and Tinkers Creek,
dissolved oxygen concentrations generally were acceptable for
the maintenance of aquatic life because of good natural reaera-
tion, although high dissolved oxygen levels do not guarantee a
community of high diversity.
Concentrations of oxygen demanding materials in Sagamore
Creek, Slipper Run, Spring Run, Yellow Creek and Furnace Run
were less than in the Cuyahoga River. Furnace Run was particu-
larly low in oxygen demanding materials. BOD and COD concen-
trations generally v/ere only slightly above 'chose expected in
a rural stream.
Total phosphorus concentrations in the tributaries ranged
from 0.0 to 34 milligrams per liter. Phosphorus concentrations
2-34
-------
Table 2-13.
STATION
YCL
FR1
FR2
SRI
SPR1
BC1
BC2
CC1
CC2
SCI
SC2
SC3
TCI
TC2
Location of surface water quality sampling stations in
tributaries of the Cuyahoga River.
TRIBUTARY
Yellow Creek
Furnace Run
Furnace Run
Slipper Run
Spring Run
Brandywine Creek
Brandywine Creek
Chippewa Creek
Chippewa Creek
Sagamore Creek
Sagamore Creek
Sagamore Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
LOCATION
Riverview Road
Riverview Road
Bush Road
Bush Road
Riverview Road
Jaite Mill
Old Route 8
Riverview Road
Harris Road
Canal Road
Sagamore Road
Houghton Road
Canal Road
Dunham Road
TRIBUTARY
RIVER MILE
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6.8
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3.2
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in the tributaries generally exceeded the proposed USEPA standard
(0.1 milligrams per liter) for the prevention of the growth of
nuisance aquatic plants. The highest total phosphorus concen-
trations were observed in Tinkers Creek and Brandywine Creek;
phosphorus concentrations there were similar to those observed in
the Cuyahoga River. Total phosphorus concentrations in Sagamore
Creek were lower than in the Cuyahoga River but still high. In
Chippewa Creek and Furnace Run total phosphorus concentrations
were lower than in the Cuyahoga River by approximately a factor
of ten.
Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the tributaries ranged from
0.0 to 7.76 milligrams per liter. Concentrations in Tinkers Creek,
Brandywine Creek and Sagamore Creek generally were high enough to
sustain algal growth, and were similar to concentrations in the
Cuyahoga River. High concentrations were caused primarily by
wastewater discharges to the creeks. Normal concentrations
were observed in Chippewa Creek, Yellow Creek and Furnace Run.
The concentrations of methylene blue active substances in
Tinkers Creek at Canal Road (River Mile 0.2) on November 7, 1973
was 0.19 milligrams per liter. In Brandywine Creek the concentra-
tions were less than the State of Ohio standard of 0.5 milligrams
per liter.
Metal concentrations in Brandywine Creek were measured at the
Jaite Mill during the summer of 1973. No arsenic, hexavalent or
total chromium, lead, selenium, silver or zinc was detected on
either June 25 or July 13, and no mercury was detected on June 25.
Concentrations (micrograras per liter) of other metals measured
were:
Date Barium Copper Manganese
6-15 0 20 350
7-13 100 10 160
8-8 — 10 180
8-15 -- 0 120
Barium and copper concentrations were less than the State of
Ohio standards of 800 and 500 micrograms per liter, respectively.
Total manganese concentrations were less than the Ohio standard
(1000 micrograms per liter).
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls measured near the
mouth of Tinkers Creek, Brandywine Creek and Furnace Run on May 16
and 17, 1973 were 482 nanograms per liter, 180 ng/1, and 48 ng/1
as Arachlor 1254 respectively. PCB concentrations in each of the
three streams exceeded the proposed U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency standard of 2 nanograms per liter. The source of PCB's
in these streams is not known. PCB concentrations in Brandywine
Creek and Tinkers Creek were greater than PCB concentrations in
the Cuyahoga River in the study area, whereas the concentrations
in Furnace Run were less than in the Cuyahoga River.
2-40
-------
Concentrations of fecal coliforms in the tributaries ranged
from 0.0 to 500,000 organisms per 100 ml. These concentrations
generaJly exceeded both the State of Ohio standard of a maximum
of 400 organisms per 100 ml and the proposed U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency standard tor secondary contact recreation of
4000 organisms per 100 ml. Fecal coliform concentrations in
Tinkers Creek, Brandywine Creek and Sagamore Creek were higher
than in the other tributaries and were caused by the discharge
of wastewater to the creeks. Fecal coliform concentrations in
Brandywine Creek were lower in 1973 than in 1969. (Table 2-14,
15.) Other tributary water quality measurements are in Tables
2-16 to 2-21.
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources evaluation is also
consistent with the earlier 1970 Three Rivers Watershed District
survey of Cuyahoga tributaries in its Plan for Water Quality
Management in the Central Cuyahoga Basin.Although some of the
pollution measurements have changed,the description of local
reaeration conditions is quite useful. This is summarized below,
by tributary.
Tinkers Creek; Tinkers Creek originates in a flat plateau in
Streetsboro Township. The area has numerous swamps and several
lakes, which are generally in the eutrophic stage. Water quality
is good, although nutrient-rich. The stream gradient is flat,
and reaeration is low. As the water flows downstream effluent
from the Streetsboro wastewater plants enters at Route 303.
Both Gille Estates and Arrowhead Estates wastewater have entered.
There is, however, no substantial effect on the streams from these
two minor pollution sources other than a higher coliform count.
The biological condition at this station indicates a slightly
polluted condition. The physical character of this reach is
swamplike. The water is clear with a slight greenish-brown
color typical of eutrophic waters. The BOD and DO are generally
acceptable, with BOD averaging 3 mg/1 and DO averaging 6.7 mg/1.
The BOD is typical of eutrophic swamp water and is mainly due
to natural decay processes. Chemical results indicate enrich-
ment, with a phosphorus concentration of 0.76 mg/1 and a nitrate
concentration of 0.44 mg/1. These values are somewhat higher
than streams in the area that do not receive effluent discharges.
The stream in this region met then current water quality standards
except for coliform bacteria.
Between Route 303 and Route 14 two additional effluents -
Streetsboro Sanitary District No. 2 and Western Reserve Estates,
enter the stream. Again the load is small and the Streetsboro
effluent flow in a tributary stream about 2 miles before reaching
Tinkers Creek. Consequently its effect is somewhat diminished.
Biological data from samples near Route 14 indicates eutrophic
water quality. The physical appearance does not change from
that near Route 303 upstream. The BOD remains nearly the same
also; however, in two cases the DO did go below 5.0 mg/1.
Chemical analysis showed an increase of chlorides and nitrates.
Coliform bacteria remained high. The stream in that reach
met water quality standards except for coliform bacteria and
2-41
-------
Table 2-16
Dissolved Sulfate, Tinkers Creek at Bedford, Bi-
monthly Measurements (Mg/L).
Water Year
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
Table 2-17,
Nov
78~
-
-
—
Jan
70
76
69
Mar
53
67
45
—
56
May Jun Aug Sep
46
74
82
71
Aug
36
64
59
88
76
73
38
94
Yearly Range
36-78
67-82
38-76
64-74
Specific Conductance, Tinkers Creek at Bedford,
Quarterly or Bimonthly Measurements (Micrombos).
490 -
459
764
Water Year Octo Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Yr. Range
1974 •-- ~~"'-*—
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
Table 2-18.
318
335 278
638
671 615 661 735
687 934 338 605 327 412
806
964 756 764 725
240 278 289 307
738 634
820
1040
659
~T30-490
953 459-735
293- 293-933
933
582 318-964
240-335
634-820
Dissolved Chloride, Tinkers Creek at Bedford, Bi-
monthly Measurements (Mg/L).
Water Year Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Au
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
4T~
58
100
120
180
178 40
82 116
5:
87
56
35
70.
91
26
140 89
118 63
62
Aug Sep
36
150
26
220
75
132
178
Yr . Range
'36-56
87-150
26-120
89-220
40-178
62-132
Table 2-19. Reaction, Tinkers Creek at Bedford (pH)
Water Year Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
1974 8.1 7.5 8.0 8.0
1973 7.3 8.2 - 8.2 8.4
1972 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.1
1971 7;7 8.1 7.2 6.8
1970 6.8
1969 7.9
1968 8.4
1967 8.4
Yr. Range
7.5-8.0
7.3-8.4
7.1-8.1
6.8-8.1
2-42
-------
Table 2-20. Sediment Load, Tinkers Creek at Bedford, Monthly
Totals, 1972 and 1974.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
T9"7T 7697 3026 9061 6985 5946 2659 1141 3721 1461
flow(CFSD) 4470 717 5868 1511 2428 2495 905 4255 282
1972 11393 7354 3667 4773
flow (CFSD) 3210 7163 2438 7607
2-43
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occasional low DO. It might still be termed a relatively
unpolluted zone.
Pond Brook, a major tributary originating at Aurora Pond,
joins Tinkers Creek below Route 14. Downstream of this junction
to Route 91 there are several locations where the bedrock is the
streambed. Riffles and small waterfalls in the vicinity of Old
Mill Road and Route 14 provide good reaeration. The water in
this reach has a typical greenish brown to yellow color although
the transparency is high. There is no change in the BOD and DO
conditions. Dissolved oxygen averages 5.5 mg/1 during the
morning of the months. The coliform count decreased, probably
due to dilution and time decay. Nitrates and phosphorus values
are relatively unchanged and chlorides have decreased, again
probably due to dilution. The relatively constant values of
nitrates and phosphorus with the small waste loads would indicate
that the primary source of both these constituents is urban
land runoff. The water quality here is enriched, but well
recovered from the upstream pollution .loads.
Between Route 91 and Glenwood Road, the present Twinsburg
wastewater plant effluent enters the Creek. The effects of this
effluent are noticeable by an increase in turbidity and a change
to a brown color. Biology indicated a zone of recent pollution.
BOD and DO conditions both changed. BOD increased to an average
of 6 mg/1 and the DO decreased to an average of 4.5 mg/1. Kjedahl
nitrogen increased by two to three times, indicating recent
pollution. Nitrates became lower, which may indicate low dissolved
oxygen conditions at some times and places. Coliform bacteria also
increase but not greatly. The water quality in this reach is
highly enriched and is a zone of recent pollution. The reach
downstream of the Twinsburg efflunent became degraded and did not
meet the current water quality standards with respect to DO or
coliform bacteria.
Below Glenwood Road the natural reaeration is low and the
pollutional load further lowers the dissolved oxygen. An
additional load is imposed by the Solon Wastewater plant
before Richmond Road. By that point the physical appearance
is brown and turbid. The BOD at this station averaged 10 mg/1
and the DO average dropped to 3.9 mg/1. Nitrates remained low
and Kjeldahl nitrogen remained high. Phosphorus also increased
to 1.9 mg/1 and chlorides are nearly double upstream values.
Coliform counts increase to over 1,000,000 total coliform per
100 ml. Fecal coliforms increase to over 100,000 per 100 ml.
The ratio of fecal coliform to total coliform indicates an
increase in pollution from warm-blooded animals. This reach
is in a zone of recent pollution and did not meet current water
quality standards for DO or coliform bacteria.
Downstream from Richmond Road the water quality is further
degraded by the effluent from the Bedford Heights treatment plant.
Physical appearance and biological observations indicate further
degradation. Downstream of Route 8 and the waterfalls the
gradient increase through the Bedford Gorge and natural reaeration
increases the dissolved oxygen to above water quality standards.
2-45
-------
This high dissolved oxygen content is maintained until the
Cuyahoga River is reached, even though the water quality is
seriously degraded and the BOD average 9.2 mg/1. The biology
in this reach does not recover even though the DO is high.
The total coliform count average exceeded 500,000 per 100
ml and fecal coliform exceeded 200,000 per 100 ml. The entire
reach downstream from Route 8 met present water quality standards
with the exception of coliform criteria, even though the pollutional
load is excessively high.
BrandywineCreek; Brandywine Creek flows through Hudson
into'Pirie Lake and then to Lake Forest, both of which provide
a long storage time. The Hudson Village trickling filter plant
discharges its effluent into the creek downstream of Lake Forest.
During low flow conditions the Hudson effluent probably makes
up 6U per cent of the total flow. The flat gradient downstream
does not allow for recovery before the Macedonia No. 9 Summit
County plant discharges into the creek. The slope remains flat,
and recovery is minimal until the Macedonia No. 15 plant is
reached. The Macedonia No. 15 Plant is also operated by Summit
County and is the largest input of pollution load to Brandywine
Creek. From this plant to the edge of the Cuyahoga River flood-
plain the gradient is steep and dissolved oxygen is high, even
with the high BOD and COD load. At the Cuyahoga River flood-
plain, the grade flattens out, and the effluent from the Jaite
Paper Mills is discharged into the Creek. Downstream of this
point the dissolved oxygen suffers both due to the decreased
slope providing less aeration and to the increasing waste load.
More specifically, water quality at Prospect Road was gener-
ally good, except for periodic upsets by discharges from the
Connecticut Colony plant. The DO was generally good and BOD
averaged 4.2 mg/1 during this study. Bacteria counts were high,
indicating pollution. Downstream of this station, the stream
enters Pine Lake and Lake Forest where water quality is improved
by long term storage. As the outflow from these two ponds flow
downstream, it encounters the Hudson plant effluent, which
generally overburdens the natural flow. Although the average
DO was 5.2 mg/1, the concentration was below 5.0 mg/1 two of
the four times samples were taken. Benthic organisms at this
station were all of the pollution tolerant type. This site
is typical of a zone of recent pollution.
Downstream of Hudson, the reaeration is low and two addi-
tional wastewater plant effluents (Macedonia No. 9 and No. 15)
cause a degradation of water quality. Construction in this
area caused further degradation by sedimentation during the
summer of 1969; high values of suspended and total solids
were observed at Old Route 8. There the biota was limited
to sludgeworms and the physical appearance would indicate a
zone of recent pollution. BOD increased to an average of 8.5
mg/1, COD average 293 mg/1 and total coliform bacteria counts
averaged near 500,000 per 100 ml.
2-46
-------
Just downstream from Old Route 8 Brandywine Creek enters
the area of the Cuyahoga River Valley wall. Here the stream
cuts through a shale gorge with steep gradients and several
waterfalls, which rapidly increase dissolved oxygen. Also
Indian Creek, a major tributary, enters providing some addi-
tional good quality dilution water. Dissolved oxygen increased
to an average of 8.0 mg/1 even though the BOD averaged 14 mg/1
and COD was 71 mg/1. Again this points to the inability of
dissolved oxygen to accurately portray water quality. The
physical appearance is gray with an effluent odor. Near the
Cuyahoga River the effluent from the aerated lagoon of the Jaite
Paper Mill enters Brandywine Creek. This effluent adds additional
pollution, but the effects are not apparent by the time the
Creek enters the Cuyahoga River.
Brandywine Creek is generally polluted downstream from the
Hudson Plant. The quality would not meet water quality standards
because of physical appearance, bacteriological quality, and
occasional DO depressions.
Sagamore Creek; The Sagamore Creek watershed is the smallest
of those studied, with a drainage area of 6.7 square miles. Three
small wastewater plants discharge their effluent into the creek.
The effluent from the Northfield Village plant is of poor quality
and is a major pollution load on the creek. Nagy Home Estates is
a privately operated plant, although the Summit County Sanitary
Engineer had planned to take over the operation in late 1969.
At the lower end of Sagamore Creek, the Hawthornden State Hos-
pital Plant discharges effluent into the creek. The gradient
of Sagamore Creek is steep; consequently, dissolved oxygen is
not a problem in the lower reaches.
Upstream tributaries of Sagamore Creek are basically inter-
mittent flowing rivulets except for Willow Lake outlet and the
tributaries receiving effluent from Northfield Village and
Nagy Estates. The stream gradient is steep, and generally the
substrate is unstable gravel and shale fragments.
From Sagamore Road to the Cuyahoga River the stream is
apparently in a recovery zone; stream biota is varied and
plentiful. Hawthornden Hospital also enters this reach, but
the combination of steep gradient, unstable substrate and
high aeration maintains a reasonably good biotic community.
During the summer of 1969 the BOD and suspended solids were
high, indicating pollution.
The high nitrogen content also reflects pollution and the
majority of nitrogen was in the form of organic and ammonia
(measured as Kjeldahl nitrogen) which further indicates recent
pollution. Bacterial counts were over 100,000 total coliforms
per 100 ml at Canal Road. Upstream of Houghton Road the quality
does not change materially. The quality may be affected by
septic tank discharges.
2-47
-------
Sagamore Creek would meet the present water quality standards
of the Ohio EPA except for the bacterial criteria. The creek
would be considered to be in a zone of recovery for iti out.ire
length.
£-}.^2££*lLJi:J-.£x^: T^e Chippewa Creek watershed is almost
entiFeTy within the communities of Brecksville, Broadview
Heights and North Royalton. The watershed has an area of
17.7 square miles and a 1970 population of about 24,000 people,
Th-^ upstream half of the watershed, generally above Harris
Road, is wi:^.in Broadview Heights and North Royalton, two
conmnr.i t.'.'.es without centralized waste treatment. There are
seven p«ekcge plants discharging effluent into Chippewa Creek
as well as a sanitary landfill with improper drainage. Down-
.strear. of Harris Road there are no major pollution loads. This
portion is within Brecksville and much of this lower portion is
within th£ Metropolitan Park System. Wastewater from Brecksville
goes to :"". r.uysnoca County plant which discharges effluent to
the C•;;•••-•"-"•:-:a River. The county planned to incorporate Broadview
Heights ?;••-,< Worth Royalton into the service area which would
then -:cver the entire Chippewa Creek Basin.
Chlvpasa Creek shows the effect of pollutants throughout
its length. £ sJight gray color, the presence of detergent
foair- ar.vl a noticeable effluent odor were generally observed.
Rubbish :? frequently noted along the stream course, especially
in thi'i ^ ic;;.;-,'hy o£ the bridges.
Mo?t :>,:• the package plants serve housing developments,
schoc-,;•; or Jarge apartment complexes, and most are producing
a low ya->l-'-y effluent, which is discharged into branches of
the cr :::.k containing relatively small flows.
Duv^rv? the study period (in 1969} the single most damaging
effluent --ntered by way of a southerly tributary branch between
Avery *nd Harris po.ads. This creek carries the leachate from a
sanitc,;--.- Iar>rifill. At its worst, the effluent was an opaque,
reddisr hi-.own color with an odor sinilar to rotten garbage.
The p,:-<.r.cip3'„ effect on Chippewa Creek was a fish kill extending
for apr.jic->: i.fiate.! y two miles downstream. The numbers of fish
noted an dead or in severe distress were established as several
hundred, primarily the stoneroller (5 minnow) and various small
sunfish„
Biology of the stream below Karris Road indicates a moderate
to heavy pollution load. Upstream of Harris Road, above the land-
fill, tiif; benthic organisms become raore diverse. The population
of sor.ie species indicates a moderate pollution load is present.
The stream gradient is sufficient to produce adequate aeration,
and dissolved oxygen is usually at or close to saturation
throughout, its length. Chemical analysis indicated a high
BOD averaging 32 mg/1 at Harris Road. Kjeldahl nitrogen, COD,
and solids ver;c also high, reflecting the low quality of the
sanitary fill ieachate. Dissolved oxygen was relatively high,
2-48
-------
again indicating its limitation as a significant parameter in
small streams. Chippewa Creek would not meet current water
quality standards due to the high coliform counts, toxic nature
of the landfill discharges and visible evidence of pollution.
The stream is in a zone varying from excessive enrichment to
a zone of recent pollution.
Furnace Run: The Furnace Run watershed is one of the least
developed of any in the study area. The drainage area is 22.3
square miles, and the terrain is generally rugged with a steep
stream gradient. There are no major communities within the
watershed and it is largely undeveloped except for the Village
of Richfield. Much of the creek is within the Furnace Run
Reservation Park. Presently there are no wastewater treatment
plants discharging to the creek, and the pollution load from
surface runoff and septic tanks is minor.
Throughout its length Furnace Run has a physical appearance
and biological population typical of a clean watr- stream. The
DO is high and BOD is low. Nutrients are also low. Chlorides
were high during both the 1967 and 1968 survey. A source could
not be located during the summer work; however, there are several
oil wells in the watershed that may be discharging brine to the
creek.
Slipper Run: Slipper Run flows through the Village of Penin-
sula on the west side of the Cuyahoga. The watershed is just north
of the Furnace Run watershed, and although it is small it is in
an area that may develop rapidly. Part of Richfield Village,
north of the Ohio Turnpike and 1-77, is within this watershed.
During the summer of 1969, one sampling station was estab-
lished at Riverview Road. The physical appearance indicates an
unpolluted stream. The creek, as it passes through Peninsula,
is in a wooded ravine. Stream biota was varied. One sample taken
for chemical analysis indicated the stream may be receiving some
effluent - probably septic tank drainage from the houses in
Peninsula along Route 303. This stream has a high water quality
and meets existing standards, except for coliform counts, and
would be considered relatively unpolluted.
4 . Natural ...Vegetation and Wildlife
The description of communities and habitat on Pages 39-45
and the list of species in Appendix B-2 are generally accurate,
although the upland sandpiper and common tern are considered
to be endangered in the state by the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources, and the osprey is now classified as a nationally
endangered species by the U.S. Department of Interior Fish and
wildlife Service.
The applicant states that none of the birds breed in the
Cuyahoga River Valley. The eagles, Haliaetus leucocephalus,
have a wide range and are seen periodicallyIn the valley but
2-49
-------
nest in other areas of the state. The sharp-shinned hawk
winters in the valley and is a possible rare breeder, but
nesting is not recently reported. The peregrine falcon and
Kirtland warbler migrate through the Valley in the spring
and fall. The Indiana Bat is known as a summer resident in
Southeast Ohio and can be expected in the Cuyahoga Valley;
lack of suitable caves probably precludes hibernation in the
area.
As briefly mentioned on Page 142 of the Assessment, there is a
breeding colony of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculata) along
Sagamore Road on the Hawthornden trunk. ThTsspeciesIslisted in
the "Ohio List Proposed" as an endangered species within Cuyahoga
County. Although its normal habitat north of Sagamore Road is within
Cuyahoga County, in the spring the population moves south across the
road to ponds used for breeding purposes. Eradication of the spotted
salamander from Cuyahoga County is chiefly a result of urbanization.
Of the species listed on Pages 39-45, the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife rates the density of
cottontail rabbit at about 200 to 400 per square miles. The
best rabbit cover in the area are the bottomlands, where small
agricultural holdings meet the brushy growth of the slopes.
The Cayahoga Valley is an area of relatively low ringnecked
pheasant density, less than seven birds per square mile. Local
populations along the valley bottom are higher. The northern
and part of the western edge of Summit County has a population
of one to seven birds per square mile, concentrated around the
sweet cornfield south of the Peninsula area and north of Bath
Road.
Bobwhite quail are also considered to occur in relatively
low density ~ less than ten coveys (or 150 birds) per square
miles. Quail like a mixture of cover types and are found in
the bottomlands at the edge of field openings and cropland
in the valley.
Wnite-tailed deer populations were estimated in 1973 as
being about 0.5 deer per square mile of area in Cuyahoga
and Summit County. The wooded areas of the Cuyahoga Valley
which are approximately 90 per cent undeveloped have served
as the reservoir from which deer populations have expanded.
Of 134 square miles of suitable deer range in Summit County,
approximately 80 per cent is located within the proposed
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area. Cuyahoga County
has about 65 square miles of suitable deer range, most of which
is within the Cleveland Metropolitan Park System (some of which
will become part of the recreation area).
Approximately two fox squirrels per acre of woodlot occur
in the Cuyahoga Valley. Since the area is secondary range for
gray squirrels, they occur in somewhat smaller numbers, being
centered in the larger woodlots and around cities and parks.
Black squirrels, considered a color phase of gray squirrels
are found in the Ke^l, Hudson and other town parks and resi-
dential areas.
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The Cuyahoga River Valley falls on the western edge of the
secondary range of the ruffed grouse. Grouse are present in
the Richfield and Bath areas and maintain breeding populations
despite the area's urbanization pressures.
At least one nesting wild turkey hen has been verified
within the proposed boundaries of the Cuyahoga Valley National
Recreation Area.
The Cuyahoga River is considered an excellent wood duck area,
producing an estimated 2.35 wood ducks per stream mile per year.
This duck is the most numerous Ohio waterfowl and comprises 26
to 30 per cent of the annual waterfowl kill.
Little or
communities.
states:
nothing, however, is said of existing aquatic
Speaking in general terms, Cuyahoga Valley 1975
Few studies have been conducted on the phytoylankton, peri-
phyton, and fishes of the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries.
Although plant nutrients are abundant in the River, toxic
wastes, high turbidities and poor substrates inhibit the
growth of aquatic plants in the study region. A few species
of algae have been observed in the river.
The only benthic invertebrates commonly collected in the
river between Bath Road and Rockside Road were sludge worms
(Tubificidae), midge larvae (Chironomidae), and an air
breathing snail (Physa sp.). The dominance of these pollution
tolerant forms is indicative of gross organic pollution and
generally poor water quality. Densities of sludge worms
(4 per square foot) collected near Bolanz Road suggested that
this section of the River was also affected by toxic wastes.
The presence of benthic invertebrates sensitive to pollution
in Slipper Run, Yellow Creek, and Furnace Run was consistent
with the chemical data which indicated these tributaries
were of good water quality.
Existing fish
species and a
may have been
during spates
back, however,
populations were limited to a few tolerant
small number of other species, some of which
displaced from cleaner tributary sources
and floods. The presence of the brook stickle-
is considered unusual. This species is not
common in Ohio, and is usually found only in the coldest,
clearest springs and brooks which have an abundance of aquatic
vegetation (Ohio DNR, n.d.). Recent collections in the Cuyahoga
River by Dr. Andrew White of John Carroll University included
twelve other fishes. Surveys in the tributaries indicated
that breeding populations of several species of fish were
present.
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This estimate of exist.ing aquatic communities is consistent
with 1969 studies of the tributary aquatic communities made for
the Three Rivers Watershed District's Plan for Water Quality
Management in the Central Cuyahoga Basin.
The consultant firm preparing this study, noting the unreli-
ability of dissolved oxygen and other chemical water quality
indicators in an area of high slope gradient and natural reaera-
tion, carried out biological surveys and computed an index of
biological diversity (B.I.) to aid in assessment of water quality.
The result, however, was a full survey of existing aquatic com-
munities summarized below for Tinkers Creek. A more extended
discussion of each tributary, including lists of species at
various locations, is included in Appendix A.
Tinkers Creek; At Route 303 west of Streetsboro, the Creek
was slighted polluted, but with pollution sensitive bryozoans
present among a diverse population including fish. At Route 14
near the Summit-Portage County line, benthic samples indicated
eutrophic water quality. Fish, mayflies, sludgewoims, gill-
breathing snails, and other organisms associated with cleaner
water were found.
At Route 91 north of Twinsburg, the most abundant animals
were mayflies, represented by both crawling and burrowing types.
Three representative surveys gave results of an average population
of 285 per square meter. Tube building types of caddis larvae
are common. Some aquatic beetles and crayfish were found, but
they are not numerous. Leech egg cases and one adult leech were
counted. No fish were collected or seen.
Between Route 91 and Glenwood Road benthic samples indicate
a change in water quality. An absence of caddis larvae and
an increase in midge larvae are the first signs of an increased
pollution load. Aquatic plants and crayfish are abundant.
Wading and seining the stream showed both in general distribution
over 50 yards reach of the stream. Three to four runs of a
four foot seine yielded from five to eighteen mature crayfish,
but no fish. The snail Physa, usually abundant in this situation
was found, but.it was not common. Midge larvae were common
and no caddis larvae could be found.
Downstream from the Richmond Road Bridge sampling indicated
further degradation. Animals present are primarily sludgeworms,
midge fly larvae and the snail Physa. Mayfly nymphs and caddis
larvae are absent.
Below Route 8 benthos does not recover despite high natural
reaeration. Midge fly larvae and the snail Physa are the most
common macroorganisms. Bass reportedly were seined during the
summer at Canal Road, although none were captured during the
study.
2-52
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According to the 1974 Ecological Monitoring of the Cuyahoga
River, prepared by the Biology Department~oT~ Akron irnTve"rsity
for the Buffalo District of the Army Corps of Engineers, benthic
invertebrate communities sampled in the Cuyahoga River mainstream
below Akron (including stations at Boston Mills, Brecksville
above and below the canal diversion dam, and Independence),
consist almost exclusively of pollution-tolerant oligochaetes
(sludge worms), air breathings snails (Physa sp. ) and chironorr ids.
Clean-water organisms account for less than five per cent of t ie
benthic fauna. The number of insect species, as high as 79 above
Akron at Hiram Rapids, declines to less than 30 at each station
below Akron.
Shannon-Weaver species diversity indices for benthic inverte-
brates were prepared during this same survey. Values above 3.0
are usually characteristic of high quality waterways while values
less than one are commonly found in badly polluted waters. In the
upper reaches of the Cuyahoga, values average slightly less than
3.0, but at the five stations below Akron valuta decline sharply,
averaging less than 1.0 at Boston Mills and Brecksville above
the canal diversion dam.
The survey also indicated that the major components of the
Cuyahoga River periphyton were diatoms (Bacillariophyceae).
The variety of diatoms were greatest in the upper river and
lowest at stations below Akron. Approximately 140 species
were recovered at Hiram Rapids, but less than half this in
some areas below Akron (ranging from about 65 at Boston Mills
to about 97 at Brecksville above the dam).
Sixty-eight species of fish were known to occur in the
Cuyahoga River mainstream before 1950. Presently few fish can
survive the chronic organic pollution and frequent toxic con-
ditions which characterize the river below Akron. According
to the U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Outdoor Recreation,
the river no longer constitutes a viable fishing resource. In-
vestigations in 1971 and 1972 by Dr. Andrew White of John Carroll
University included samplings at Rockside Road and the base
of the falls in Peninsula. Fishes collected included the white
sucker, golden shiner, emerald shiner, blacknose dace, creek
chub, silverjaw minnow, fathead minnow, stoneroller, goldfish,
stickleback, green sunfish, bluegill, and black bullhead. The
physical appearance of several of these fish indicated that
they represented a true riverine population and were not ac-
cidental strays washed into the river from adjacent lakes,
ponds or tributaries. Most fishes collected were hardy species
with rather broad ranges of tolerance. This represents a change
from earlier 1968 studies in which no fish at all were recorded
below Akron.
2-53
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Algae
In recent years the incidence of algae in the Cuyal.oga River
mainstream is apparently decreasing. In 1968 a biological survey
of the Cuyahoga watershed was conducted. Algae was collected at
everyone of eleven sampling stations between Bath Road and Rockside
Road (Independence). The blue-green alga Oscillatoria sp. was
collected at every one of these sights, and of eight of eleven sights
was the only aJga found. Two green algae (Stigeoclpnium sp. and
Cladop^hora sp.) grew on rocks in riffle area in the vicinity of
5hTo" RoutTe 303, Boston Mills Road, and Rockside Road. Spirogyra
sp. and EujjLeria sp. also were collected at the latter station,
which was considered to be in a zone of recovery from heavy
organic pollution.
In a later (1971) investigation conducted by the Army Corps of
Engineers few algae were observed. One genus, probably Oscilla-
tor jta sp., was reported from the river segment between the Akron
wastewater treatment plant and the mouth of Furnace Run. A few
additional species were observed in the recovery zone from the
effluent of the Akron (Botzum) treatment plant between Furnace
Run and a diversion dam at Station Road. Oscillatoria sp. was
the only alga collected downstream from the diversion dam to
the Cleveland Southerly wastewater treatment plant.
Although plant nutrients are abundant in the river, toxic
wastes, high turbidities, and poor substrates inhibit the growth
of aquatic plants throughout the middle and lower segments of
the river.
5- Sensitive Natural Areas
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources listing and other
listings of natural areas on Pages 68-72 of the Environmental
Assessment, the wetland description on Pages 72-3, and Figures 9
(Natural Areas) and 12 (slope instability areas) are quite ac-
curate. The brief mention of the Sagamore Road salamanders on
Page 142, however, does not describe the size and extent of the
community involved, nor does it allow evaluation of the worth
of the protective measures being taken.
Two significant cave areas, both to be incorporated in the
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area and not mentioned in
the Assessment, are the Deep Lick Cave, about 1.5 miles southwest
of Brecksville near the Sleepy Hollow Golf Course, and Ice Box
Cave, about 3,000 feet northwest of the Center of the Virginia
Kendall Park in Boston Heights.
Most of the steep slope areas and unstable slope areas in the
study area are contained within the proposed Cuyahoga National
Recreation Area. Streams crossing the steep slope areas have pro-
duced riffles and waterfalls of significant scenic value to the
park.
Steep slope areas which will be affected by Phase I of CVI out-
side of the park are the ravine south of Schrieber Road (Maple
2-54
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Heights trunk) and the ravine north of Weise Road (Brecksville trunk).
Both of these ravines, because of their steep slopes, continue to
support mature stands of native vegetation. The preliminary corri-
dors for Phases II and III of CVI do not appear to encroach on
major natural areas outside of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recrea-
tion Area (Section IV.B.).
Previous delineations of sensitive natural areas in the CVI study
area, outside of the CVNRA planning area have been limited in scope
and have not even mentioned mature forest stands and/or prime wild-
life habitat. The Northeast Four County Planning Organization
(NEFCO) has mapped physical deterrents to development in Summit,
Geauga, and Portage Counties. Mapping categories included flood-
plains, steep slopes (12-24%, steep-slopes (25% or greater), and
organic soil. Delineated areas included most of the natural areas
mentioned in the draft EIS.
In addition to these areas, scattered stands of mature forest
should be protected. Preservation types should ii^^ude: hemlock-
beech forest, beach-oak-tuliptree forest, beech-maple forest, and
lowland forest. Mapping of these stands also was beyond the scope
of this project.
An inventory alone, however, will not insure the protection of
any of these sensitive natural areas. Legal constraints, now lack-
ing, are required to deter their destruction. Until legal guide-
lines are adopted by local governments and the State, forests will
continue to be haphazardly cleared and wetlands, such as at Reminder-
ville, will continue to be filled.
B. Manmade Environment
1. Air
a. Air Quality
The discussion of air quality and state air quality standards
on Pages 9-12 and in Table 1 of the Environmental Assessment is
quite accurate, although the 1974 geometric mean particulate level
recorded at Twinsburg was 79 micrograms per cubic meter, and not
76.84. Some additional data collected in 1975 on particulate, sul-
fur oxides and nitrogen oxides have been made available for the two
monitoring stations most distant from the industrial centers of
Cleveland and Akron. These data are presented in Table 2-22. Un-
fortunately, the particulate monitoring station of Valley View was
discontinued in early 1973 so that no data is available for sulfur
oxides and nitrogen oxides in the northern industrially developed
part of the study area. Air quality monitoringstations are presently
being installed or are scheduled for installation shortly by the
Cleveland Air Pollution Control Agency in Solon, Bedford and Brecks-
ville. No data has yet been generated by these stations, however.
2-55
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1971
__
--
179
1972
65
77
178
1973
54
75
184
1974
51
79
— _
1975
57
70
— _
Table 2-22 - Geometric Mean Total Suspended Particulate Concentra-
tions Obse?rvod in the Project Area (ug/m^)
Year
Location
Peninsula
Twinsburg
Valley View
Note: The primary standard for particulates is 75 ug/m3; the
secondary standard guideline is 60 ug/m^.
Arithmetic Mean Gaseous Contaminant Concentrations Observed in the
Project Area April through December 1975 (ug/m^)
Location SO2 NC>2
Peninsula 28 29
Twinsburg 32 39
Note: The SC>2 standard is 80 ug/m^, and the No2 standard is 100
Source: Personal communication, Jerry J. Garro, Air Monitoring Officer,
Akron Regional Air Pollution Control, 11 Aug. 1976.
2-56
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The 1974 mean particulate level at Twinsburg ,'s a^ove national
annual primary standards (75 micrograms per cubic ._cer) and
Valley View's 1973 mean more than doubles it, exceeding national
24 hour primary standards ten times. Valley View, as the applicant
points out, is close to the industrial development of the lower
Cuyahoga, but Twinsburg is in an area of comparatively modest
development and is presently surrounded by large areas of open
land (see Figure 9 of EA); when ambient particulate levels exceed
national standards, particulate production associated with primary
and secondary development (if any) arising from the project should
be carefully considered.
b. Noise
No extensive noise measurements exist for the Cuyahoga Valley
between Cleveland and Akron. In 1970 the Cleveland Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) had registrations of
527 motor vehicles per 1,000 population, and 10 notorcylces
per 1,000 population; a recent USEPA publicatic , used this inci-
dence of vehicle registration as an index of noise pollution,
the Cleveland SMSA ranking 25th and 9th lowest, respectively,
among 65 SMSA's with population over 50,000. The Akron SMSA with
vehicle registrations of 563 per 1,000 and 15 per 1,000, ranked
37th and 28th lowest, respectively. Cleveland Hopkins Airport,
the principal Cleveland commercial airport, is about eight
miles east of some portions of the service area (Seven Hills,
North Royalton), close enough to have some impact under certain
takeoff and landing conditions.
c. Odor
No systematic discussion of this problem occurs in the Assess-
ment. Reference is made on Page 25 to existing odor problems in
Garfield Heights, and to the odor problems from septic tanks
after ten to twenty years.
Certain tributary watersheds within the Cuyahoga River Basin
are cited as odor problem areas in the 1970 Plan for Water
Quality Management in the Central Cuyahoga Basin!These included
Brandywine Creek below old Routfe § (see Water Quality) , and
Chippewa Creek throughout its length, butparticularly in the
vicinity of the landfill site (see Water Qua!ity). With the
exception of the landfill leachate, all of the odor sources
apparently stem from septic or sewage treatment effluent.
During the course of 48 water quality samplings (twelve each
at Boston Mills, Brecksville above the canal diversion dam,
Brecksville below the dam, and Independence) made during water
year 1974 by the University of Akron Department of Biology, an
odor of "foul decomposing sewage" was constantly noticed on the
river.
2. Land Use
a. Exist.j.ng Land Use - General
2-57
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The responsibilities for land and related planning functions
in Ohjo derive from a complex mixture of laws, and involve agencies
and practices at several levels of government. The basis of regula-
tions in the C'vT District is State law in the form of a municipal
planning code which outlines duties and powers of local governments
(Ohio Revised Code 713.0., 713.05 1969). Most on-going decisions
about land use are delegated to the local governments. Local
powers of condemnation are supplemented by those of Federal and
State governments for highway, enviornmental, park, military, and
other clear]y public purposes.
County governments for the most part serve an advisoiry function
with respect to local land-use planning. Local governments in Ohio
are required by State lav; to submit subdivision requests, utility,
road and other special plans for County review and comment. But
the implementation of land-use control has rested largely upon the
local governments ar
-------
Beyond this, however, there is relatively little discussion
of local land use patterns and trends, or quantification of land
use in Phase I communities, particularly those near the Cuyahoga
Valley National Recreation Area. These are summarized below.
b. Existing Land Use - Local
Brecksville; The focal point for development, in the City of
Brecksville is the intersection of Brecksville Road and State
Route 82. Small businesses, schools and churches are dominant
in this area. Considerable light industrial development is
present along Brecksville Road in the southern portion of the
city. The Veterans Administration Hospital is located in this
vicinity. Some scattered business establishments are also
located along Riverview Road in the eastern portion of the
city near the Cuyahoga River.
Small residential subdivisions are located on interior
streets throughout much of the community. Str;^ esidential
development is also present along many of the local roads.
A new apartment complex has been developed along Brecksville
Road in the northern part of the city, this development includes
a number of small retail business and service facilities.
Much of the land of Brecksville is occupied by the Brecksville
Reservation of the Cleveland Metropolitan Park System. This
park occupies 2,365 acres within the city and includes a golf
course, riding stable facilities and a nature center.
The Brecksville Reservation occupies 78.6 per cent of the
3,223 acres proposed for the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation
Area. About 165 acres of the remainder of the total area pro-
posed is presently developed, with much of this area (85 acres)
consisting of roads and railroad right-of-way. Commercial
development occupies 27 acres (0.8 per cent) of the total
proposed area, this acreage consisting of residential estab-
lishments along Riverview Road. Much of the 28 acres of
residential land affected is also in the same area. About
688 acres (21.4 per cent) of the proposed area in the City
of Brecksville is presently undeveloped.
. Independence; Residential development in the City of
Independence (T"974) occupied 1,250 acres or 22 per cent of
the total land area of the city. This development is largely
on interior streets throughout the community. The focal point
of commercial development is the area along Brecksville Road
north of Stine Road where small stores and services predominate.
Considerable industrial development is present along Pleasant
Valley Road east of Brecksville Road. In all 2,477 acres of
Independence are developed, comprising 43 per cent of the city's
total land area. Recreational land use total 32 acres, largely
representing municipal parks and athletic fields.
2-59
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I
i
The proposed Cuyahoga Valley National Recreational Area j
(CVNRA) would occupy less than 7 per cent of the total land j
area of Independence. About 86.6 per cent of this land is ^
presently undeveloped, with considerable area subject to |
flooding. The major developed land use is a quarry north of !.
Pleasant Valley Road and west of the river. }
!
Independence Land Use [•
Classification Acres, Total City Per Cent, Total City [
Residential 1250 21.8 '
Commercial 70 1.2 ,
Industrial 385 6.7 J
Terminal and Utilities NA NA
Transportation 623 10.9
Public and Quasi-public 98 1.7
Subtotal "Developed" "2T77 43.0
Parks and Recreation 32 0.5
Undeveloped 3252 57.0
Total Acreage 5729 100.0
Northfield Center Township; Almost 40 per cent of the land
of Northfield Center Township is developed, largely as residences
and roads. Of these 1,394 developed acres, 752 are classified
as residential. Residential development in Northfield Center is
largely single-family units on interior streets, these residential
areas being found throughout the township. Approximately
11.9 per cent of the township is occupied by transportation
facilities, largely representing Welcome Airport and 1-271
right-of-way. The Aurora Road - Cleveland - Massillon Road
intersection represents the focal point of development for
the community and is an area dominated by small businesses
and schools. There is presently no recreational land use in
Northfield Center.
About 205 acres of Northfield Center are within the proposed
CVNRA boundaries, about 5.8 per cent of total township land use.
The major developed area included in the proposal is a junkyard
in the southwest corner of the township. Much of the affected
land area is steeply slopeo and wooded and therefore not readily
developable. The park proposal would result in little loss of
residential or commercial development in Northfield Center
Township.
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Northfield Center Township Land Use
Acres Percent
Classification Total Subdivision Total Subdivision
Residential 752 21.2
Commercial 34 1.0
Industrial 15 0.4
Terminals and Utilities 27 0.8
Transportation 422 11.9
Public & Quasi-public 144 4.1
Extractive -- --
Subtotal "Developed" TJ9l T9~4~
Parks and Recreation
Undeveloped 2144 60.6
Total Land Area T5T8 100.0
Penj.nsula Village: Approximately 346 acres of the Village
of Peninsula are "developed" land. Most of this development is
concentrated near the focal point of the community, the inter-
section of State Route 303 and Riverview Road, with strips of
residential development along roads in other areas of the village.
Limited industrial development has occurred off Akron-Peninsula
Road north of State Route 303.
About 757 acres (24.3 per cent) of Peninsula are presently
classified as "Park and Recreation" land uses. Included are
Deep Lock Quarry Metropolitan Park, Brandywine Golf course, and
parts of Camp Mantoc (Boy Scouts), Camp Ledgewood (Girl Scouts),
and Stumpy Basin, the natural area owned by Kent State University.
Also included in this category are several new acquisitions by the
Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
The proposed Cuyahoga Valley Recreation Area proposal includes
about 67.9 per cent of the total land area of Peninsula. Of the
2,111 acres of land included in the proposal, only 92 acres are
currently in a developed state, with 45 of these acres occupied
by roads and railroad right-of-way. About 757 acres, one third
of the total proposal, are presently developed for recreational
activities. Much of the remaining undeveloped land within the
proposed park area is steeply sloped and unsuitable for develop-
ment other than for recreational activities.
2-61
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Peninsula Village Land Use
Acres Percent
Classification Total SubJjyis ion Total~§u£jlvisipn
Residential 142 4.6
Commerical 38 1.2
Industrial 6.2 0.2
Terminals & Utilities 2 0.1
Transportation 124 4.0
Public & Quasi-public 26 0.8
Extractive 8 0.3
Subtotal "Developed" 311> TT7T
Parks and Recreation 157 24.3
Undeveloped 2009 64.6
Total Area JZT2 100.0
Richfield Township; Approximately 1,600 acres (13.9 per cent)
of Richfield Township are presently developed, primarily residences,
commercial establishments, and roads. Much of this area (693
acres) is classified in the transportation category and includes
1-77, 1-271, and the Ohio Turnpike, as well as open-access roads.
The area shows some indications of urban sprawl, with strips of
development along the roads and highways. Scattered residential
subdivisions are found in several sections of the township.
Over 1,700 acres (14.9 per cent) of Richfield Township are
presently classified as "Park and Recreation" lands. This includes
Camp Hilaka (Girl Scouts), Furnace Run Metropolitan Park, and
undeveloped areas owned by the Akron Metropolitan Park Board and
by the State of Ohio.
The most significant new land use in Richfield is the new
Coliseum on State Route 303 near 1-271. The opening of this
new facility may stimulate further commercial development along
State Route 303. Also along State Route 303, the first phase
of Briarwood Village, a new planned unit development, is near
completion (August 1974). This first phase includes 144 town-
houses on 45 acres of land. The total proposal would entail
1,700 units, including 1,024 apartments, 570 townhouses, and
160 single family units and would cover nearly 500 acres.
Another townhouse development is in the planning stage and
would be built on Brecksville Road crossing the Richfield
Township and Village line.
Little development has occurred within the boundaries of
the proposed Cuyahoga Valley Recreation Area. Only 47 acres
(2.0 per cent) of the proposed park area is presently developed
for "residential" land use. The Akron Metropolitan Park Board
and the State of Ohio already owns 1,219 acres (52.5 per cent)
of the proposed area. Much of the remaining land along Furnace
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Run has a slope of greater than 25 per cent and may be conisTdered
undevelopable. Therefore, while the proposal entails 20.1 per
cent of the total land area of Richfield Township, niuch of this
area is unsuitable for land uses other than recreation.
Richfield Township Land Use
Acres Per Cent
Classification Total Subdivision Total Subdivision
Residential 560 4.8
Commercial 125 1.1
Industrial 4 0.0
Terminals & Utilities 32 0.3
Transportation 6y3 6.0
Public and Quasi-public 188 1.6
Extractive -- --
Subtotal "Developed" 1602 TTT¥
Park and Recreation 1716 14.6
Undeveloped 8227 71.3
Total Area TT5T5 100.0
Richfield Village; Over 1,500 acres (29.6 per cent) of •
Richfield Village has been developed primarily as residences,
businesses and motor freight terminals. The intersection of
State Route 303 and State Route 176, commonly known as the West
Richfield area, is the focal point for development for the
village. Strips of development are present along the roads
and highways of the remainder of the community. Residential
subdivisions are scattered throughout the village.
The major commercial development in Richfield Village is
in a strip along Cleveland-Massillon Road. South of 1-271,
trucking terminals, truck service facilities, and gas stations
predominate along the highway. The turnpike interchange area
in the northern section of the village is specialized towards
motels, gas stations, and restaurants.
No residential, commercial or industrial land is within the
proposed boundaries of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation
Area in Richfield Village. The land involved is presently
occupied by Furnace Run Metropolitan Park and also by the 1-77
Cleveland-Massillon Road interchange. The proposed park would
include approximately two per cent of the existing Richfield
Village land area.
2-63
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Richfield Village Land Use
Acres Per Cent
Classification Total Subdivision Total"Su bd i v i s i o n
Residential 843 16.5
Commercial 79 1.6
Industrial 20 0.4
Terminals & Utilities 133 2.6
Transportation 375 7.3
Public & Quasi-public 65 1.3
Extractive
Subtotal "Developed" 1515 30.8
Park and Recreation 58 1.1
Undeveloped 3536_ 69.2
Total Area 5T1F3 100.0
Sagamore Hills Township: Residential land use occupies 933
acres (12.7 per cent) of the total land area of Sagamore Hills.
Single family units are found both in strips along major roads
and in small subdivisions on interior street throughout the
township. Little commercial or industrial development is present.
Public and quasi-public uses cover 5.1 per cent of the township
land area, most of this acreage representing Hawthornden State
Hospital. Total developed land uses occupy 1,657 acres in Sagamore
Hills, comprising 22.5 per cent of the total township land area.
Greenwood Village is the major new land use in the township.
This planned unit development presently includes about 516 units
covering 120 acres and consists of condominiums, apartments and
single family dwellings. The developer of Greenwood Village is
presently in receivership, and no further construction is cur-
rently anticipated.
Parks and recreational land uses occupy 564 acres (7.7 per
cent) of Sagamore Hills. Much of this acreage represents a
portion of the Brecksville Reservation of the Cleveland Metro-
politan Park System. Also within the township are the Brandywine
Ski Area and Fell Lake Park, a private swim club.
The proposed Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area
would occupy 27.2 per cent of the total land area of Sagamore
Hills. About 504 acres, 25.3 per cent of the proposal area,
are curently utilized for recreational land uses, namely
Brandywine Ski Area and the Brecksville Reservation.
The Tecumsuh Corrugated Box Company is within the proposed
park area and uses 17 acres of land for industrial purposes.
Much of the 1,090 acres of undeveloped land included in the
proposed area is subject to flooding and other lands in the
2-64
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proposed park area are steeply sloped making them rather un-
suitable for residential or commercial development.
Sagamore Hills Land Use
Acres Per Cent
Classification Total Subdivision Total Subdivision
Residential 933 12.5
Commercial 11 0.0
Industrial 20 0.0
Terminals & Utilities 5 0.0
Transportation 312 4.3
Public & Quasi-public 376 5.1
Extractive -- —
Subtotal "Developed" HTST J2~76
Parks and Recreation 564 7.7
Undeveloped 5100 69.7
Total Land Area JTT2
Valley View Village; Residential land use in Valley View
is mostly in strips along the major roads. A few interior
residential streets are found in the Stone Road area. Numerous
industrial and business facilities are located in the two
industrial parks within the village. One industrial park is
just north of Pleasant Valley Road in the southern part of the
village. The other, Valley View Industrial Park, is directly
south of Rockside Road. A large sand and gravel operation is
located north of Tinkers Creek Road.
The Cuyahoga Valley Recreation Area would occupy 311 acres
of Valley View. About 16.4 per cent of this area is already
occupied by the Brecksville Reservation of Cleveland Metropolitan
Park System. The remainder is undeveloped flood plain land
near the Cuyahoga River and the Ohio Canal.
Walton Hills Village: Residential development in Walton
Hills is found both on local roads and interior streets in
the central southern part of the village. The eastern portion
of the village along State Route 8 is highly industrialized
and includes the Ford Stamping Plant and numerous smaller
industries. Recreational land usage covers much of the
village, including a private golf course and the Bedford
and a smaller portion of the Brecksville Reservations of
the Cleveland Metropolitan Park.
The proposed Cuyahoga Valley Recreation Area would affect
only the existing Brecksville reservation and Bedford Reservation
of Walton Hills. Total park acreage in the village would be about
1,476 acres out of 4,814 total village acres.
2-65
-------
c. Existing Land Ui;c - Systematic
Residential: Despite a tight housing market, a sub-
stantial amount of residential construction took place in
the study area from 1970 to 1974. Change in the number of
family housing units in the Cuyahoga County portion of the
study area was as follows:
Occupied Family Units
Place 1970 (October) 1974 (October)
Bedford 5452 5517
Bedford Heights 4464 5499
Brecksville 2495 2802
Broadview Heights 3033 3679
Garfield Heights 12580 12709
Independence 1998 2036
Maple Heights 10077 10573
Seven Hills 3462 3881
Solon 3209 3746
Valley View 441 471
Walton Hills 667 686
47,878 51,599
These figures are not adjusted for those areas only partially
within the study area.
Archaeological Sites; The Cuyahoga Valley is an area rich with
archaeological and historical sites, many of them as yet uninvesti-
gated. During an archaeological survey commissioned by the applicant
for one of the several proposed interceptor routes, three sites of
archaeological interest were found, near proposed access areas 3,
4, and 5, and are typical of the extent of unexplored sites within
the river basin between Akron and Cleveland.
The evidence for prehistoric cultural remains in access area 3
consisted of a single charcoal and rock-filled storage pit located
upon a low knoll in the extreme northeastern portion of CVI's
access area in the vicinity of Independence, Ohio. While no arti-
facts were recovered from this cultural feature, its stratigraphic
position renders virtually certain its aboriginal affiliations.
It appears that this knoll represents a prehistoric campsite,
occupied when this landform represented an older stream terrace
along a now abandoned river channel. The investigating agency
(Cleveland Museum of Natural History) strongly recommended that
no ground disturbance take place in the referenced portion of
access area 3.
Evidence for prehistoric cultural remains in access area 4 was
found in all five small test excavation units on the low ridge west
of the C.E.I, powerline in the vicinity of Independence, Ohio.
In all test excavation units upon this knoll prehistoric cultural
materials were encountered in the upper, plow-disturbed 6-10".
Additional cultural materials were recovered below the plow zone
2-66
-------
from a thin truncated A(l) soil horizon. In two test sites
located along the southeastern portions of the ridge, partially
in situ aboriginal storage pits were encountered. Artifacts
Fe~coveFed included complete and broken fragments of projectile
points and scrapers, burned and broken faur.~l materials, and
ceramic shreds. These materials suggests associations with
the prehistoric Whittlesey population which occupied the luttl^
Hill site upon the uplands to the northwest. Small special izcvi
economic campsites associated with these large Late Woodland
villages are rare and highly significant in terms of possible
information. The agency recommended that no ground disturbance
take place on any portions of access area 4 west of the powerline
maintenance road. Should ground alteration be necessary they
recommended that complete archaeological salvage excavations be
funded to recover all significant information.
Four access area 11 test sites, south and west of Hillside
Road, yielded broken flint cores and waste flakes from within a
thin zone underlying an upper 20 cm of plow-disturbed loams
and a secondary zone 35 to 40 cm thick. This zone also contained
a single intact projectile point of a type named either Hardin
Barbed or Stringtown Spurred-Stemmed, which are assigned to the
period 7005-5000 B.C. It appears that the materials recovered
from the test excavations represent undisturbed portion of another
nearby site which had been cut by the western right-of-way of the
railroad embankment. The agency strongly recommended that no
construction activity take place in that portion of the access area.
d. Proposed Land Use
The future land use information shown in Figure 7 through 9
and on page 52 (general), 62 (transportation), 62-3 (utilities)
and 63-66 (recreation area) of the EA is generally accurate,
although at this time it is difficult to calculate the effects of
the proposed National Recreation Area on surrounding land use.
There have been proposals to limit high rise development around
the park boundaries, and some Ohio Department of Natural Resource
reports have suggested that limitations on development within
the area may encourage peripheral development.
Public Law 93-555 created the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area.
The purpose of the act was to preserve approximately 29,000 acres
of the Cuyahoga River Valley between Akron and Cleveland, Ohio.
The National Park Services )Draft General Management Plan" (1976)
indicated that 7,000 acres will be purchased, 10,000 acres will
be incorproated at less-than-fee interest, 10,000 acres of existing
park lands will be donated to NPS, and approximately 2,800 acres
of quasi-public and public recreation land will remain exclusive
of National Park Service ownership.
As shown by the figures above, a significant portion (about
44% of the land area included in the National Recreation Area
already is classified as "park and recreation" land. Major public
recreation areas are owned by the Akron Metropolitan Parks (2,442
acres), the Cleveland Metropolitan Parks (4,094), and the Ohio
2-67
-------
Department of Natural Resources (',3,343) . These lands will be
turned over to NFS at some future time. The 2,800 acres of quasi-
public and public recreation land includes Blossom Music Center
(810 acres), Scout Camps (1,079 acres), Camp Mueller (193 acres),
Hale Farm and Village (186 acres), Scout Camps (1,079 acres),
Camp Mueller (193 acres), Hale Farm and Village (186 acres), public
ski areas and golf courses (470 acres), and other smaller parcels of
land. The locations of existing and proposed recreation lands within
the NPA are illustrated in Figure (2-3) .
The acquisition of land within the park was assigned general
priorities in the National Park Service's draft plan. They follow
in decreasing order of priority:
• The floodplain/river basin areas, to link existing
recreation lands in a "spine" along the Cuyahoga River.
• Key parcels on the uplands and slopes.
• Scenic easements at the park periphery.
Mr. William Birdsel, Superintendent of the National Recreation
Area, has given "top priority" during this fiscal year (1977) to
the purchase of lands in the NRA between Rockside Road and Tinker's
Creek Road. Future acquisitions will extend generally from north
to south through the valley. The Corps of Engineers, acting for
the National Park Service, has budgeted $3 million for fiscal 1976,
$2 million for the transitional 1976-77 quarter, and $5,700,000 for
fiscal 1977 land acquisition in the proposed area.
As of 21 July 1976, the National Park Service had acquired
246.04 acres. Most of this early land acquisition appears random
and to have been in response to local interest who wanted to sell.
These acquisitions are listed below by township:
Acres
Bath 12.23
Boston Township 90.08
Richfield Township 2.0
Boston Heights 65.32
Northampton Township 44.36
Brecksville 5.95
Peninsula 26.10
246.04
Other acquisitions have been made by the Akron Metropolitan
Park Service (226.82 acres) and by the Cleveland Metropolitan
Park District (39 acres).
The only cost data available on recent acquisitions is for
148.37 acres purchased in Summit County through the Corps of
Engineers at a cost of $848,230, or $5717 per acres. The National
2-68
-------
CUYAHOGA. C
UMMIT CO.
PHASE 3
V
Figure 2-3. Helationshio
Between Existing and
Proposed CVNRA Recreation"
Lands and CVI Phases.
[££] EXISTING RECREATION LANDS
PROPOSED RECREATION LANDS
2-69
-------
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2-70
-------
Park Service utilizes local appraisers to determine the fair market
for a parcel prior to the commencement of negotiations. Mr. Birdsel
did not believe that the prices being paid for park land has been
escalated owing to the potential construction of the CVI (Interview,
Mr. William Birdsel, Superintendent, NRA, 22 July 1976) .
Most of the land scheduled for inclusions in the NRA in the
Phase I service area of CVI, is eitherowned currently by the Cleveland
Metropolitan Parks (Bedford Reservation and Brecksville Reservation),
will be purchased by the National Park Service during this fiscal
year (Rockside Road to Tinker's Creek Road), or, barring financial
difficulties, will be purchased next year prior to the construction
of CVI. Therefor, it is not expected that Phase I of the CVI will
affect the price paid for land to be included in the NRA. Should
the National Park Service opt to obtain additional lands east of
Canal Road or west of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (see Section
V.B.l.b.) after the construction of CVI, land prices for parcels
in these areas could be increased greatly.
The National Park Service has been mandated by the enabling
legislation, to "substantially complete the land acquisiton program ...
within six years [December 1980]". The acquisition of parkland
would likely, therefore, be completed before Phase II of the CVI
is constructed, depending on how rapidly decisions are made to proceed
with the planning and construction of Phase II area sewerage facilities
Phase III of the CVI will have ,10 effect on the price paid for land
to be included in the NRA.
The effect of land acquisition on the proposed recreation
area on communities considered the object of possible sewer service
is summarized in Table 2-23.
3. Water Quality and Quantrty. (Manmade)
a. Problems
t
Existing water quality problems are accurately discussed on
pages 24-26 and 30-33 of the Environmental Assessment and also
in the Natural Environment _-.Water; section of this report. Water
quality problems of the lower Cuyahoga River are well known.
There are, however, a number of points concerning the manmade
water environment that need clarification or even correction.
In March 1975, there were a total of 25 domestic sewage
treatment plants in the possible service area, with a total
capacity of at least iy.77 million gallons per day (MGD) (see
Table 2-24). Earlier studies indicated that these plants vary
widely in quality of treatment.
The Environmental Assessment (Table 17, Page 86-7) includes
a gaging survey of the operation at nineteen local treatment
plants. This table is useful, but contains awkwardly expressed
figures for acreage served. The "tributary acres" column is a
2-71
-------
Table 2-24. Domestic Se-wage Treatment Plants, Boston, Hedqhts
to _Garfield Heights
Location
Aurora
Bedford
Bedford
Heights
Brecksville
Broadview
Heights
Hawthornden
State
Garfield
Heights
Hudson
Village
Hudson
Township
Independence
Macedonia
Northfield
1975 JA<
Name Capacity (MGD) Flow (MGD)
Aurora Acres
Four Seasons
Geauga Lake
Jackson
Waldon
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Brecksville
Echo Hills
Southern Estates
Avery Meadows
Briarwood
Bramblewood
Seneca Hills Apts.
Vinyard Apts.
Hospital
Garfield Heights
Hudson Village
Connecticut Colony No. 17
Hudson Industrial School
Hudson Township No. 5
Fuhrmeyer Road
Independence
Macedonia No. 1
Macedonia No. 9
Macedonia No. 15
Northfield
Nagy
.060
.120
.200
.500
.160
4.0
2.5
1.0
.040
.025
.040
.040
.020
.080
.100
.500
.130
.550
.030
.128
.250
.100
1.0
.500
.06
ND
.10
.30
ND
2.00
2.20
1.00
.01
.04
.035
ND
.01
ND
ND
ND
.06
.55
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.0
.55
ND
BODS (mg/1.
5.
ND
ND
3.6
1.5
27.0
13.0
14.7
11.6
25
20
ND
20
ND
ND
ND
15
35 +
ND
ND
ND
ND
25
38
25
10
2-72
-------
Table 2-24 . Domestic Sewage Treatment Plants, Boston, Heights
to Garfield Heights Cont.
1975 JASO Averages
Location Name Capacity (MGD) Flow (MGD) BOD5 (mg/1)
Reminderville Aurora Shores No. 29 -050 .09 5
ND ND
Richfield Ohio Sports Center «255 0*
Richfield Hills -250
"Sagamore ND 75
Hills Greenwood .130
1.7 20
Solon Central Solon Central 2-40
ND 4
Streetsboro Arrowhead Trails .064 .25 4
Gille Estates .444 ND ND
Humphrey Estates .030 ND ND
Streetsboro No. 2 .120
1.6
Twinsburg Twinsburg No. 1 2.20
ND r::>j
Valley View Canal Road .035 ND NO
Pleasant Valley -035
.5 8
Walton Hills Walton Hills .750
* The development for which this plant was built has not been started.
Table 2-25. Actual Sewered Area for Plants listed in Table 17,
Page 86-7 , Environmental Assessment
Plant Sewered Area (acres) Inflow (gallons p'er
acre/day)
Brecksville STP 1827 4045
Maple Hts. STP 870 2736
Macedonia #15
(includes Northfield) 2148 2551
Twinsburg STP (Sch.) 1286 2068
Solon STP (combined) 1649 3274
Bedford STP (Woods) 2066 5740
Bedford Hts. (Total of
all Three) 2405 8378*
Northfield STP (woods) 563 426
Greenwood STP 100 6600
Hudson STP (BIS) 1519 1810
Walton Hills STP 451 1220
2-73
-------
listing of total acreage of the nominal service are of eacn plant,
including areas not now sewered. The actual sewered area is
somewhat smaller for each plant, and is included in Table 2-25.
Inflow per acre sewered is also indicated and shows the great
range from plant to plant.
Another major source of pollution to the area's streams is
the great number of privately owned septic tank sewage disposal
systems serving residences and small commercial establishements.
The design of these systems has changed somewhat since their initial
widespread use in the 1940's so that only generalizations about their
effectiveness can be made. It was recognized very early that dis-
posal of septice tank effluents in subsoil distribution fields was
not feasible due to the impermeability of the great majority of
soils in the study area. As a result, nearly all of the septic tank
disposal systems in use consist of a holding tank, which may either
be septic or aerated, subsurface filter bed with overdrairs, linker-
drains and 18 inches of sand between, and an outfall sewer dis-
charging either to a storm sewer or to an all-weather stream. The
useful life of such systems is limited. Clogging r^ the sand pro-
ceeds at a rate dependent upon the solids loading applied. Initial
clogging actually improves the filtration provided. After an average
of 7 years, however, the clogging becomes complete and the filter
fails.
Since fiscal constraints prevent routing governmental inspections
of operating septic tank disposal systems, repair of failed systems
depend upon the good conscience of the owner or complaints from
neighbors. The ease with which filter beds can be bypassed, the
remoteness of some discharge points, and the difficulty of tracing
failures when many houses discharge to a common storm sewer all insure
that an unknown but probably sizeable percentage of the sewage from
these septic tank disposal systems receives only the settling and
partial digestion provided by the septic or aerobic tank.
Table 2-26 shows typical values for relevant pollutants in septic
tank effluents and in filter bed effluents. Average values for the
pollutants in the private disposal systems in theCVI study area
should fall between these values. There is no local data available
on the actual efflue it quality from these systems. Neither is
there any survey information available on the present condition of
installed systems. Taking into consideration the problems mentioned
above in remedying failures and the fact that a majority of these
systems were installed more than seven years ago, estimates of the
average pollutant concentrations in local private system effluents
were made and are included in Table 2-26.
The number of these systems and the population served by them
can only be estimated in the absence of local survey data. Both
the Cuyahoga County and Summit County Health Departments maintain
files of the system permits issued from approximately 1959 to the
present. However, permits are not removed when the house is connected
to municipal sewer. Also Cuyahoga County's permits are filed by
2-74
-------
Table 2-26 - Typical Pollutant Concentrations in Effluents from Septic
Tank Disposal Systems
Parameter
BOD5
Suspended Solids
Total Nitrogen
Inorganic Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Ortho phosphate
Fecal Coliforms
Units
mg/1
ng/1
mg/l-N
mg/l-N
mg/l-P
mg/l-P
//per 100 ml.
Septic Tank
Effluent1
130
54
51
36
14
11
6.5xl05
Filter Bed
Effluent2
Preceded by
Septic Tank
9
7
—
21
—
7
. 7xl03
Estimated
Average for
CV1 Systems
50
30
40
30
12
9
IxlO4
Data from Otis, R. J. and Boyle, W. C., "Performance of Single Household
Treatment Units," Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE
Vol. EE1, February 1976; p. 175. Figures are the averages of 112 effluent
samples taken from six home septic tanks
2Data from Sauer, O.K., Boyle, W. C., and Otis, R. J. "Intermittent Sand
Filtration of Household Wastewater under Field Conditions" Small Scale
Waste Management Project, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin; No date.
2-75
-------
road making estimation of system numbers in Cuyahoga County municipal-
ities infeasible at present. The Summit County Health Department
was able to provide annual number of permits issued for Boston, Hudson,
Richfield and Sagamore Hills townships (including villages) covering
the period 1959 to August 1976. These numbers are presented in
Table 2-27. Of particular note are the decrease in total permits
after the first three years of the permitting program and the nearly
constant rate of permit issuance since 1962. The high number of
permits 1959-1961 is suspected of being due to permissive design
requirements early in the permitting program combined with local
growth pressures. In the absence of municipal sewers and stricter
standards for septic tank disposal systems, the issuance of approxi-
mately 75 to 100 permits per year may be expected in the near
future in the Phase II area represented by these townships.
The study area population that depends upon these private
systems is roughly estimated to be 45,000. This figure was developed
by estimating 1975 study area population served by municipal sewers
from data in the Infiltration/Inflow study for the Sou-nerly treat-
ment plant and then subtracting this from the estimated 1975 popula-
tion of the study area. The number of 45,000 is felt to be low,
if anything. Based upon the service area boundaries for the municipal
collection systems, Figure 1-1, (Havens & Emerson, 1970), the 1970
populations of the municipalities, and information about private
systems reported in the appendix to the Infiltration/Inflow study,
the 45,000 persons served by private systems has been apportioned
to the municipalities, or parts thereof, in the study area. These
estimates are presented in Table 2-28. Per capita sewage generation
is estimated to be 75 gallons per capital per day.
One of the major sources of pollution, other than direct
discharge to streams, is urban, suburban and rural runoff. Table
2-29 gives average pollutant concentrations from separate system
urban stormwater runoff calculated for the Three Rivers Watershed
District (the entire Cuyahoga Basin comprises about 60 per cent
of the District). These concentrations vary as does the impervi-
ousness, a measure of the degree of urbanization. The concentration
of phosphorus and nitrogen tends to be less in dense urban areas
because of the scarcity of lawn and green spaces.
b. Uses
The Environmental Assessment contains a brief mention of
areawide water use on oage 88 (paragraph 1). It cites the
Cleveland Southerly Infiltration/Inflow Analysis to justify
an average combined domestic and industrial wastewater flow
figure of 105 gallons per capita per day (GPCPD). The table
from which this was compute.3, however (see Table 2-30), shows
considerable local variations in water use, with the highest
per capita rate occurring in the industrial areas near the city
and also along Tinkers Creek below Solon. The heavy industrial
activity in these areas resulted in per capita water use figures
2-76
-------
Installed
1959
Boston
27
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976*
29
27
21
20
24
17
16
22
26
17
16
16
11
Hudson
53
375
21
37
33
"
16
20
11
W
21
18
29
20
9
473
Richfield
65
90
61
16
29
34
36
37
30
41
35
30
34
31
28
28
24
5
655
Sagamore
Hills
83
12*
78
*
40
34
35
38
25
25
27
24
47
34
39
22
18
20
Total
91 s
TOP
41
135
l?9
88
104
117
112
91
85
70
45
2244
* Through 6 August 1976.
Source: Personal Communication, Mr. Robert L. Roseler,
Summit County Health Department, 12 August 1976.
2-77
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Table 2-28- Estimated Residential Population Served by Private Septic
Tank Sewage Disposal Systems by Municipality
Phase I Population Served
Independence 7,400
Valley View 1,400
Broadview Heights 9,000
Oakwood 2,500
Walton Hills 2,500
Brecksville 4,500
Seven Hills 400
27,700
Phase II
Boston Heights 900
Boston Township 2,200
Hudson Township 200
Richfield 3,200
Richfield Township 1.700
Peninsula 700
Northfield Center Township 200
Sagamore Hills 5,000
14,100
Phase III
Glenwillow
Solon
Reminderville
Twinsburg
Streetsboro
Anrora
NOTE: Municipalities which are essentially completed
sewered are assumed to have no private septic
tank disposal systems.
2-78
-------
Table 2-29. Separate System Stormwater Runoff Characteristics,
Three Rivers Watershed
Rural
Imperviousness 5%
Suspended Solids 200 mg/1
BOD 3 mg/1
COD 50 mg/1
Total Volatile Solids 35 mg/1
Suspended Volatile
Solids 25 mg/1
Phosphorus as P 0.2 mg/1
Nitrogen as N 2.0 mg/1
Chlorides 60 mg/1
Urban
25%
300 mg/1
20 mg/1
150 mg/1
110 mg/1
80 mg/1
0.7 mg/1
3.1 mg/1
160 mg/1
Dense Urban
55%
500 mg/1
30 mg/1
200 mg/1
140 mg/1
105 mg/1
0.5 mg/1
2.2 mg/1
166 mg/1
2-79
-------
Table 2-30
METERED WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR AREA
Municipality
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Hudson
Independence
Macedonia
Maple Heights
North Royalton
Oakwood
Solon
Twinsburg
Valley View
Walton Hills
1973 Water
Usage in
Cu. Ft.
Per Day
326,410
266,033
159,655
114,907
444,022
66,310
134,594
45,216
429,625
116,882
24,266
281,638
67,049
20,438
174,202
Estimated
Connected
Popula-
tion
18,421
13,925
10,555
12,463
42,367
4,363
7,974
4,600
34,937
12,902
2,491
13,728
7,000
1,769
2,923
Average
Per Capita
Usage Cu.
Ft. Per Day
17.72
19.10
15.13
9.22
10.48
15.20
16.88
9.82
12.30
9.06
9.74
20.52
9.58
11.55
59.60
Usage
in
Gallons
Per Day
132.55
142.87
113.17
68.96
78.39
113.70
126.26
73.52
92.00
67.76
72.87
153.49
71.65
86.39
445.79*
Note: Water usage in all communities except Hudson is based upon
Cleveland Water Department records.
*A large number of high water: usage industries are located in Walton
Hills.
2-80
-------
more than twice (or, in the case of Walton Hills more than six
times) those of largely residential communities such as Garfield
Heights.
Considerable changes are projected in the rate of industrial
water use (and thus dicharges), both on an absolute and per capita
basis. The Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan projects an
absolute rise in Cuyahoga County industrial water use through
1990 and a decline thereafter (see Table 2-31a); when adjusted
according to its own population figures, NEOWDP per capita
industrial use steadily declines, dropping by about one third
by 2o20. In contrast, Summit County industrial water use
increases about 12 per cent on an absolute basis and declines
27.5 per cent on a per capita basis.
In order to gain better insight into present domestic and
industrial water consumption, 1975 water billing records for the
communities served by the City of Cleveland water system were made
available through CRSD. Two sets of water use data are maintained
by the City. Residential, commercial and very small industrial
water users fall into a use category defined by the size of water
service tap, 5/8 inch to one inch diameter. Records for heavier
users are kept separately.
A summary of 1975 domestic water consumption by community is
provided in Table 2-31a. The data shows a surprisingly constant
average daily consumption per connection with a high of 268 gallons
per connection per day for Broadview Heights to a low of 231 gallons
per connection per day for Oakwood. These figures can not be
converted to per capita consumption because the number of persons
per connections is not known. Therefore, in municipalities which
are entirely within the CVI study area for which all of the water
supply is believed to be provided by the City system, 1975 popula-
tion estimates (see Section 2.B.4.b.) were used with appropriate
domestic water consumption rates from Table 2-3la. Per capita daily
water consumption rates for these municipalities are shown in Table
2-31a. These communities have developed to a point where private
water supplies have probably been largely discontinued. The commun-
ities with the higher per capita consumption, furthermore, are more
mature in terms of commercial development thereby realizing greater
non-residential (commercial and very small industry) water consumption
than in the lower use communities.
Therefore, in consideration of the facts (1) that domestic
consumption is composed of both residential and commercial/small
industry contributors, (2) that the degree of non-residential water
consumption increases as communities mature and (3) many of the CVI
communities will be approaching developmental maturity by 2020, it
is reasonable that the future per capita domestic water consumption
will be higher than the present average for these six communities,
66.1 pgd. A figure of 70 gpcd would be appropriate considering the
data and the above interpretations of it.
2-81
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Table 2-31. Industrial Water Demand Projections 1980-2020, from
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan
Private Supply Public Supply
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
(Cuyahoga & Lake
212.5
192.1
110.3
93.4
72.2
(Summit County)
13.5
9.3
4.1
2.2
0.8
Counties)
211.1
248.0
263.9
274.7
280.4
24.3
28.4
33.8
37.9
41.2
Total Supply
432.6
440.1
374.2
368.1
352.6
37.8
37.7
37.9
40.1
42.0
Total Per Capit
197 GPCPD
172.25
132.2
121.60
114.8
68.7 GPCPD
52.25
47.7
48.00
49.79
2-82
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Table 2-3la. Water Consumption for CVI Communities Using the City of Cleveland
Water Supply System by CVI Phase.
No. of
Accounts MGD Gal./Day
CVI Phase I
Communities
Independence 1980 .480 242
Maple Heights 1802 .451 250
Bedford Heights 2505 .647 258
Oakwood 464 .107 231
Brecksville 2466 .652 264
Northfield Village 964 .230 238
Walton Hills 640 .160 250
Broadview Heights 2404 .645 268
(*) 13225 3.372 255
(Total) (Total) (Average)
CVI Phase II
Communities
Northfield Center 642 .154 241
Sagamore Hills 472 .115 245
Macedonia 1379 .337 245
2493 .606 243
(Total) (Total) (Average)
CVI Phase III
Communities
Solon 3101 .808 260
Twinsburg 1475 .368 249
4576 1.176 257
(Total) (Total) (Average)
*Valley View and Bedford are not included in this list because of incom-
plete data available for them.
Source: Computer printout of 1975 water billing records made available
by CRSD.
2-83
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Table 2-31b. Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption in CVI Municipalities
Served Entirely by City Water Service
Municipality
1975
Population-*-
1975
Municipality
Water Consumption
(mgd)
Per Capita
Water Consumption
(gpcd)
Independence
Walton Hills
Northfield
Solon
Macedonia
Brecksville
6647
2486
4400
110002
6160
9678
40371
(Total)
.480
.160
.230
.808
.337
.652
2.667
(Total)
72.2
64.4
52.3
73.5
54.7
'7.4
66.1
(Average)
EPA-RPI or NEFCO estimates from Section 2.B.4.b.
Adjusted downward from 13,426 to reflect the fact that a sparsely
populated part of the City of Solon is outside of the CVI study area.
2-84
-------
Since groundwater aquifers in most of the study area are
able to provide adequate water supplies only for low-density
residential development, meeting future water supply demands
in presently unserved areas along the southern tier of townships
within Phases II and III of the CVI study area will depend upon
extension of the City of Cleveland water system. Without signifi-
cant improvements to the water system as analyzed in the 1972
Parson, Brinkerhoff, Quade and Douglas study, "Greater Cleveland
Water Supply Systems Development Plan," it is unlikely that the
wastewater flows projected for the CVI study area will be realized.
Treatment facilities, arterial transmission lines, distribution
mains, pumping stations and storage facilities all require some
degree of renovation of expansion. The 1972 study identified several
areas within the CVI study area that were calculated for 1970 to
experience low water pressure during peak deirv-rd periods. The
most serious problems were noted for transmission mains in
Bedford Heights and Solon. While recent population declines
in the Cleveland metropolitan area may have reduced peak demand
somewhat since 1970, it is evident that the present system is
at or near its capacity.
Improving and extending the water supply systems faces some
institutional problems. Rates cited in the above study paid by
suburban users are two to four times as high as those paid by users
in the City of Cleveland. In addition court ordered rate increases
have purportedly not been sufficient to support the maintenance and
capital costs necessary to improve the system.
While no substantive evidence has been reviewed which would
support this possibility, the lack of a reliable water supply
(especially in the higher, most developable portions of the study
area) and uncertainty over the outcome of the court suit may have
acted to constrain growth in developing communities of CVI. In
the future, lacking substantial water service from the Akron water
supply, failure to improve the Cleveland water system would almost
certainly prove to be an insurmountable obstacle to any growth
in the CVI study area except for low-density residential development
using groundwater as the water supply.
In order to gain better insight into present water use patterns,
and to serve as a basis for wastewater flow projections 1975 water
billing records were made available through CRSD for CVI communities
served by the City of Cleveland water system. Two sets of water
billing records are maintained by the City. Records for customers
having five-eights to one inch diameter water service taps are
computerized and maintained separately from the records for customers
with larger water service taps. The customers which have small diam-
eter taps are expected to be residential and small commercial water
users. All of the water consumption by these small users is con-
sidered to be domestic.
2-85
-------
In addition to the major industrial water accounts, a number
of residential and commercial accounts are included in the listings
of large-tap water customers. Industrial water users were identified
and the records for domestic, large-tap users were tabulated separately-
yearly water use reported in thousands of cubic feet was converted
to million gallons per day assuming that all small tap users and
large tap users which could be identified as trailer parks, apart-
ments or condominiums would have seven day per week or 365 days
per year usage. Usage for large commercial users was assumed to be
six days per week or 310 per year and industrial, five days per week
or 260 per year.
The available water consumption data is summarized in Table 2-32.
Because not all of these municipalities are entirely within the CVI
study area or else depend substantially on other sources of water
such as wells, reliable per capital domestic consumption rates can
be derived for only six of the communities listed in Table 2-32.
Population, domestic water consumption and per capita domestic water
consumption for these six municipalities are presenv 1 in Table 2-33.
The older, more highly developed municipalities (Walton Hills, Solon
and Independence) have higher per capita usage than the average for
these communities and, because of their development maturity, repre-
sent increased commercial contributions per capita than less developed
communities. Considering that the less developed communities in the
CVI study area will, with time, approach the consumption rates found
for these mature municipalities, a design per capita consumption higher
than the average for all six communities seems appropriate. A figure
of 70 gpcd for domestic water consumption is supported by the data
and considerations described.
Industrial water consumption is not adequately described as an
extrapolation of municipality population. Land suitability and
employment are more closely related to how much industrial water
usage will be realized and where it will be used. The cost of water,
proximity to railroads and proximity to major highways are additional
considerations in where industry will locate.
The heaviest industry water use occurs in manufacturing concerns
as compared with retail trade, wholesale trade and services. Manu-
facturing employment is detailed and discussed in Section 2.B.5 of
this report. 1972 Manufacturing Employment from Table 2-34 and 1975
industrial water usage from Table 2-32 for Bedford, Bedford Heights,
Walton Hills and Solon are used to calculate a per employee water
consumption. The data for this calculation is presented in Table
2-34. The 125 gpd calculated by this method is felt to be somewhat
high since water consumption for non-manufacturing industries is in-
cluded in the calculation with only manufacturing employees.
c. Management
The description on pages 36 through 39 of the Assessment
is basically accurate. The Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan
of lb»72, was prepared by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,
an agency not mentioned in the referenced pages, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of Sections 201, 208, and 303
of Public Law 92-500. Four federal, six state, and twelve
local agencies participated.
2-86
-------
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2-87
-------
Table 2-33 - Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption in CVI
Municipalities Served Entirely by City Water Service
Municipality
Independence
Walton Hills
Northfield
Solon
Macedonia
Brecksville
1975
Population^
6647
2486
4400
110002
6160
9678
40371
(Total)
1975
Domestic
Water Consumption
(mgd)
.480
.181
.231
.857
.357
.652
2.731
(Total)
Per Capita
Water Consumption
(gpcd)
72.2
72.8
52.5
77.9
57.9
67.4
67.6
(Average)
EPA-RPI or NEFCO estimates from Section 2.B.4.b.
2Adjusted downward from 13,426 to reflect the fact that a sparsely
populated part of the City of Solon is outside of the CVI Study
area.
2-88
-------
Table 2-34 - Manufacturing Employment and Industrial
Water Consumption for Selected GUI Communities.
Community
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Walton Hills
Solon
1972
Manufacturing
Employment
1975
Industrial
Water
per Employee
Manufacturing
Water Consumption
3,000
3,700
5,800
5,300
Consumption
Rate
gpd
385,000
367,000
1,114,000
385,000
(gallons per
employee-
128
94
192
73
18,000
2,251,000
Average. = 2,251,000
18,000 = 125 gallons per employee-day
2-89
-------
d. Flood Control
The brief description on pages 26 and 27 is quite accurate.
Final land acquisition for the Cuyahoga Valley National Recrea-
tional Area will end the possibility of development of a large
portion of the Cuyahoga Valley main floodplain from Boston
Heights downstream to the mouth of Tinkers Creek.
4. Demography and Economics
a. Existing Conditions
Existing Conditions - Demographic Factors
Population changes are the net result of several interdepen-
dent factors which can be analyzed separately and in combinations
to provide a descriptive base for reviewing population projections.
Factors considered here are migration, fertility rates and housing.
Employment and economics are analyzed in a subsequent section.
Migration - 1973 estimates of population available in Current
Population Reports, Series P-26 (U.S. Department of Commerce^1975)
and local data on births and deaths have been used by Weld as a
basis for estimating net migre.tion (Weld, 1976) . A detailed summary
of this data for Cuyahoga County is presented in Table 2-35. The
data show for the first three years of this decade that out-migration
exceeded natural increases in both the City of Cleveland and the
Cuyahoga County suburbs.
With net out-migration of 88,600 and natural increase of only
15,500, the City of Cleveland appears to have lost 73,100 inhabitants
(almost 10 percent of its population) between April 1970 and July
1973.
This average loss of 22,500 persons per year over 3.5 years
is almost double the City's average loss of 12,500 per year during
the 1960's, when population fell by 14 percent over a ten-year period,
In the suburbs, natural increase due to the excess of births
over deaths amounted to only 14,100 persons. (1.4 percent of the
1970 population of 969,956). This was not enough to offset a net less
due to out-migration of 16,500 persons.
As a result the population of suburban Cuyahoga County appears
to have remained relatively unchanged, or perhaps fallen slightly,
between 1970 and 1973. This is in contrast to the decade of the
1960's when the suburban population grew by 198,111 persons (26 per-
cent. ) .
Contrary to what one might expect, therefore, suburban Cuyahoga
County has not gained population at the expense of the central city.
Instead it appears that almost one sixth of the County's 105,100
loss due to out-migration comes from the suburbs.
2-90
-------
Table 2-35-Estimated population and sources of population
change for the City of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County suburbs,
1970-1973
(Weld 1976)
Cuyahoga City of County
County Cleveland Suburbs
1970 (Revised) 1,720,835 750,879 969,956
1973 (Revised) 1,645,300 677,800 967,500
Change 1970-1973
Amount -75,500 -73,100 -2,400
Percent -4.4 -9.7 -0.3
Components of Change
Births 85,700 44,600 41,100
Deaths 56,100 29,100 27,000
Natural Increase
Amount ;+29,600 +15,500 +14,100
Percent +1.7 +2.1 +1.5
Net Migration
Amount -:105,100 -88,600 -16,500
Percent -6.1 -11.8 -1.7
Sources: Revised estimates of total population for 1973 are taken from
Current Population Reports Series P-25 N. 580 and adjusted
downward by 1,800 persons to make them consistent with the
final estimate for Cuyahoga County published in CPR, Series
P-26, No. 122. Births and deaths are taken from Ohio Division
of Vital Statistics, Report of Vital Statistics for Ohio,
1970-1973. Net migration is the difference between net
change and natural increase. Note that both natural increase
and net migration for Cuyahoga County differ from the figures
shown in previous reports due to the use of new data on
births and deaths. All estimates have been rounded to the
nearest hundred after calculation.
2-91
-------
Nor is there any indication of a significant move to nearby
Counties. Net migration for these Counties between 1970 and 1973 is
shown below. Lake and Lorain Counties experienced a net outlfow,
while in-migration to Medina County offset less than half the loss
from suburban Cuyahoga County.
Net Migration, 1970-1973
City of Cleveland -83,600
Suburban Cuyahoga County -16,500
Geauga County + 900
Lake County - 1,500
Lorain County - 2,900
Medina County + 6,100
Total Five Counties -102,500
Net migration has also been calculated for counties in the
Akron SMSA and appropriate numbers are reported in Table 2-36.
Table 2-36 shows a situation in Summit County that resembles
that in Cuyahoga County, namely, a net loss of 5.2 percent. Only
Portage County with a much small population (only 18.7 percent of
the Akron SMSA in 1970) shows a tiny increase.
The net out-migration from the seven large Ohio SMSA's of
246,000 persons more than offset an increase in population due to
an excess of birth over deaths of 207,900. Because the remainder
of the State gained only 15,600 inhabitants through in-migration,
it appears that 94 percent of the net out-migration from the seven
metropolitan areas represents a movement out of Ohio to other States,
rather than a movement only from cities to suburbs, or from metropolitan
to rural areas. More than half of this population loss from migration
(127,400) came from the Cleveland four-county SMSA.
Birth Rates - Contributing to the reduced population growth
rates, and apparently tied to migration trends, is a large reduction
in birth rates. In 1970 there was a total of 30,397 births or 17.7
births per thousand population in Cuyahoga County. In 1974, there
were only 21,274 births of 12.9 births per thousand in Cuyahoga County.
This decrease in the birth rate of approximately 27 percent is consi-
derably higher than the nationwide decrease over the same period
of 19 percent. The drop in births by 5-year female age cohorts
shows the greatest drop in the 20-24 year group. If this drop is
due primarily to postponement of births, then the decrease in birth
rate may be a short term reversible phenomena. However, the con-
current increase in net out-migration suggests that females of child-
bearing age moving out of the area may be a major component of the
birth rate decrease. This component would more likely represent a
long term phenomena that would be reversible only with a major reversal
in migration patterns.
Housing Trends - The construction of new housing, its location,
its location,cost and type, are strongly dependent upon population
trends, availability of capital and the economic position (real or
perceived), of individuals entering the housing market.
2-92
-------
Table 2-36- U.S. Bureau of Census Estimates of the population change
and net migration for the Akron, Ohio, SMSA, 1970-1974 (Weld 1976).
Population Change Net Migration
1970 T9~7T Number Percent Number Percent
Summit County 553,371 540,100 +3,300 -2.4% -29,000 -5.2%
Portage County 125,868 131,200 +5,400 +4.3% + 200 +0.2%
Akron SMSA 679,239 671,300 -7,900 -1.2% -28,800 -4.2%
2-93
-------
Population trends, especially the markedly low birth rate and
suspected out-migration of young adults, are the basis for estimating
a decline in persons per household. The U.S. Bureau of the Census-
has estimated a nationwide drop of 10 percent in the average household
size. This estimate, as discussed by Weld (Weld, 1976), was based
upon 38 special censuses carried out during 1975. If this change is
applied to the 1970 average of 3.36 persons per household for the
13 CVI communities in Cuyahoga County, the 1975 figure would be 3.02
persons per household. Compared to this, the"EPA-RPl" estimate
of 3.18 and the "RPI" estimate of 3.27 persons per household in
Cuyahoga County in 1975 are both conservative and tend to overestimate
1975 population. (See Section 2.B.4.a. Existing Conditions-County.
At the time that household size was decreasing in Cuyahoga
County, housing starts continued but a lesser pace than in previous
years. County housing starts steadily declined from an average
11,423 per year in the 1959's to 9,742 per year in the 1960's to
4,850 per year from October 1970 to October 1974. The relative
attractiveness of the CVI study area to new developme^J- is indicated
by the fact that 21 percent (3,705 units) of the increase in occupied
family units for Cuyahoga County occurred within the 13 CVI communities
within that county.
Existing Conditions - County
1960 and 1970 census figures on page 54 of the Environmental
Assessment and the "splits" of them for the proposed study area
on page 55 are basically valid. In some cases the extraction of
a figure for areas only partially within the study area was
accomplished by a simple division according to area.
Estimates of current (1975-6) population are valuable not
only as an indication of existing conditions, but also as a
suggestion of the forms growth has taken since 1970 and thus
as a cross-check of the various population projections. Table
2-37 shows 1960 and 1970 census figures and a variety of 1970
to 1975 estimates for Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio.
The 1973 figure is from the "P-25" estimates of the Bureau
of the Census. These were based on:
a) An estimate of natural increase based on reported birth
and death statistics or on estimated figures where
reported data uas not available.
b) An estimate of net migration developed from individual
administrative records.
c) An estimate of. change to "special" populations not
accounted for above.
In other parts of the country, crosscheck of these estimates
with actual special censuses indicate a possible margin of error
ranging from 5 to 15 per cent. In general, comparison of these
2-94
-------
Table 2-37. Census and Population Estimates, Cuyahoga and Summit
Counties.
1960 1970 1973
(Cuyahoga County)
Census 1,721,300 1,647,066
RPI
EPA-RPI
NEO
1974 (Oct) 197
1,727,250 1,728,
1,651,160 1,663,
1,800,
5
572
650
000
DEMOS E
RPC
NOACA
(Summit County)
Census
NEFCO (1976)
NEO
DEMOS E
553,371
546,111
(Est.)
1,749,177
1,719,200
1,718,900
562,550
594,000
(Est.)
576,200
2-95
-------
figures with revised Real t'roperty Inventory estimates (sec beio«;
indicate a substantial consistency between the two, although the
"P-25 estimates", which are made for all municipalities ";nd
townships, are generally somewhat lower for the Cleveland area
and occasionally slightly higher.
The Real Property Inventory of Metropolitan Cleveland ("RPI"
in the tables) prepares actual annual tabulations of reported data
including the number of dwelling units in each Cuyahoga County
municipality and township. Using these figures a private agency
prepares estimates of the existing population, multiplying the
number of dwelling units by the average 1970 family size (less
a progressive annual decrease of .02 persons per family per year).
This has resulted in a calculated family size decrease of about .O'y
persons per family through October 1974. The resulting estimates
of existing population are somewhat higher than the "P-25 estimates"
The "RPI" estimates of family size decrease have been suggested
as being too small. A decrease of 0.18 persons per family through
October 1974 has been recommended. When this is d.^ ,, RPI estimate--
are lowered somewhat and become generally comparable to, but
slightly higher than, the "P-25 estimates". These revised
figures are labelled "EPA-RPI" in Table 2-37 .
The Real Property Inventory also prepared projections of
population through 1980, based on an arithmetical projection of
1970-74 housing growth, combined with the decreasing family size
factor described above. 1975 RPI and EPA-RPI estimates are
derived from this projection.
The P-25, RPI, and EPA-RPI figures are valuable, because they
are an indication of what is actually happening in the study area.
The other figures in the table are 1975 figures from earlier pro-
jections. The "NEO" figure comes from the Northeast Ohio Water
Development Plan of 1972, and is based on the Battell'e Memorial
Institute's DEMOS model; this model has been criticized as pro-
jecting a pattern of growth in the City of Cleveland and its
nearer suburbs that is the reverse of what is actually happening.
In addition the "NEO" version of this model uses the old Bureau
of the Census "C" series fertility table, declared obsolete in
1972. The "DEMOS E" figure represents basically the same model
with more recent "E" series fertility tables.
The Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission (RPC) and
the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) figures are
based on the same model assuming a substantial decline in Cleveland
city population and a larger growth rate in the peripheral area.
This model is due to be replaced by a new cohort survival model
by mid-1976. The Tri-County (Tri-Co) Regional Planning Commission
figure was prepared by a predecessor of the current Northeast Ohio
Four-County Planning Organization (NEFCO). The NEFCO figure is
a 1975 estimate by that organization of existing population.
2-96
-------
Table 2-37 indicates static or negative growth in Cuyahoga
County; the revised RPI and P-25 estimates both suggest a moderate
decline. Summit County has apparently undergone a small increase;
the "P-25 estimate", DEMOS "E", and the NEFCO estimates are in
relatively close agreement.
Existing Conditions - Intermediate
The availability of the local RPI estimates for Cuyahoga County
represents a unique opportunity to crosscheck the P-25 estimates
and evaluate projections of proportionate growth among the various
zones of Cuyahoga County development. Within the study area, four
such zones can be recognized: the City of Cleveland itself: an
inner belt of suburbs including major residential and industrial
areas; a middle group with similar character but a lower degree of
development, and an outer group with only modest industrial develop-
ment and a lower residential density. These four zones are defined
for Cuyahoga County in Table 2-38.
In Summit County, as shown in Table 2-39, four distinct zones
of development are encountered as one moves north from Akron towards
Cleveland: Akron itself; an inner belt of suburbs closely associated
with it; an outer belt of suburbs and townships at the southern end
of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area; a transitional zone
of townships and municipalities not clearly within the orbit of
either city; and several suburbs in the far north that are tributar^
to Cleveland and are properly combined with the "outer group" in
Cuyahoga County.
Table 2-40 shows population estimates for 1970 through 1975 for
the four Cuyahoga County zones. These estimates suggest several
things:
a) Cleveland is undergoing a substantial decline in population,
apparently at a slightly slower rate than suggested by the
Cuyahoga County RPC, but definitely not increasing, as
the NEO suggests.
b) The inner group of suburbs is growing at or below the
rate projected by the CCRPC and is basically static.
c) The middle group is growing more slowly (about 1/3 to 1/2
the rate) than the RPC projections.
d) The outer group (Brecksville) is growing more slowly than
projected, but because only one town is under consideration,
generalization is hazardous.
e) The growth in housing that is taking place is being largely
offset by a decrease in family size.
f) Taken as a whole the Cuyahoga County suburbs have been
relatively stable with less than 2 per cent growth through
1975. Recorded growth has been well below the RPC-projected
total (about one sixth to one seventh).
2-97
-------
Table 2-41 shows similar estimates for the five Summit County
zones. The NEFCO 1975 estimate is a new one, prepared within the
last year. In order to produce figures comparable with those of
the Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan (which does not
separate township figures), municipalities only were used for
the transitional zone. These estimates suggest several things:
a) Akron is undergoing a decline in population, but so far
it is a modest one not fully comparable to that of
Cleveland.
b) The inner group of Akron suburbs is also declining at a
similar rate.
c) The outer belt of Akron suburbs is increasing at a rate
very close to that projected by the Tri-County RFC pro-
jections.
d) The transitional and Cleveland-outer belts are growing,
but at rates ranging from 7 to 10 per cent below RFC
projections.
Table 2-38. Cuyahoga River Corridor Zones of Development
Cuyahoga County
A. Cleveland
B. Inner Suburbs
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Garfield Heights
Independence
Maple Heights
Valley View
Seven Hills
C. Middle Suburbs
Broadview Heights
Glenwillow
Oakwood
Solon
Walton Hills
D. Outer Suburbs
Brecksville Heights
2-98
-------
Table T-39. Cuyahoga River Corridor Zones of Development
Summit County
A. Akron
B. Inner Suburbs
Cuyahoga Falls
Munroe Falls
Silver Lake
C. Outer Suburbs
Bath Township
Northampton Township
, Stow
D. Transitional
Boston Heights
Boston Township
Hudson
Hudson Township
Reminderville
Richfield
Richfield Village
Peninsula
E. Cleveland Outer Suburbs
Macedonia
Northfield
Northfield Center
Sagamore Hills Township
Twinsburg
Twinsburg Township
2-99
-------
Table 2-40. Population Estimates and Projections 1973-75, Cuyahoga
River Corridor Zones of Development - Cuyahoga County
1970 1973
A. Cleveland
Census 750,903 678,615
RPC
RPI
EPA-RPI
B. Inner Suburbs
Census 114,581 111,272
RPC
RPI
EPA-RPI
C. Middle Suburbs
Census 29,125 30,767
RPC
RPI
EPA-RPI
D. Outer Suburb (Brecksville)
Census 9,137 8,925
RPC
RPI
EPA-RPI
E. Middle and Inner Combined (less Brecksville)
Census 143,706 142,069
RPC
RPI
EPA-RPI
* Includes allowance for persons living in group
1974
708,107
674,679
118,235
114,439
33,477
32,676
9,997
9,492*
151,712
145,780
quarters .
1975
650,000
698,597
668,333
122,600
119,047
114,960
39,000
34,440
33,301
11,500
10,188
9,678*
161,500
153,487
148,261
2-100
-------
Table 2-41. Population Estimates and Projections Iy73-75,
Cuyahoga River Corridor Zones of Development
Summit County.
i*21 1.974 1975
A. Akron
Census 275,424 261,520
3 County 282,000
NEFCO (1975) 267,600
B* Inner Suburbs
C~ensus57,109 55,224
3 County 58,800
NEFCO (1975) 55,310
C. Outer Suburbs
Census 33,061 36,585
3 County 38,500
NEFCO (1975) 39,790
D. Transitional Zone (municipalities only)
Census" 7,161 7,939
3 County 10,700
NEFCO (1975) 10,020
E. Cleveland Outer (municipalities only)
Census 17,090 17,475
3 County 20,20U
NEFCO (1975) 17,960
2-101
-------
Existing Conditions - Local
Tables 2-42 and 2-43 show 1973, 1974 and 1975 population
estimate (from sources described above) for individual com-
munities and townships in the study area. Cuyahoga County
communities are grouped according to middle, inner or outer
group location.
In some cases sudden and unforeseen growth may take place.
In Reminderville construction of one housing development has
begun raising population drastically above the 1974 estimate.
NEFCO has estimated the 1975 population as being as high as
1,690, and the Cleveland Regional Sewer District has projected
a rise to 6,000 by 1980.
The final column of Tables 2-42 and 2-43 show 1972 U.S.
Census Bureau estimates of per capita income in the proposed
service study area. Table 2-44 shows the cost of three different
standards of living in the Cleveland SMSA in October 1975,
as calculated by the U.S. Department of Labor. Table 2-45
shows various manufacturing, employment, and payroll figures
for municipalities with the study and service area.
b. Projections
Projections - County
Tables 2-46 shows Cuyahoga County projections through 2020.
The only one of these not discussed previously is the "NOACA"
(1975) entry. This is the revised NOACA projection developed
by King in "Review of NOACA Area Population Projections" (May
1975). As discussed previously local and areawide figures
suggest that the Cuyahoga County RPC model is the most accurate
description of what is happening in Cuyahoga County, with only
one minor exception. The newest NOACA figure, only slightly
smaller than the 1972 RPC projection, can be accepted as an
indication of what is likely to happen through the year 2000.
The DEMOS pattern suggests a moderate rise and leveling off
between 2000 and 2020; when combined with the later NOACA
projection this would produce a figure of about 1,740,000
by 2020.
King's evaluation and revision of NOACA projections for Summit
County are more significant, being down about 5 per cent from the
Tri-County RPC 1972 projections by 2000. Assuming a 2000-2020
growth roughly proportional to that described by the Tri-County
and DEMOS projections, a population of 750,000 to 760,000 by
2020 is not unlikely. This is shown in Table 2-46.
A recent (1975) Akron Metropolitan Transportation Study
projection contains figures generally similar to NOACA's, and
NEFCO representatives have stated that they consider it generally
reliable. NEFCO itself has prepared an estimate of current
Summit County population that is generally consistent with the
two projections. For the present there is an apparent consensus
2-102
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2-103
-------
Table 2-43.
Population and Income Estimates, 1972-75, Cuyahoga
River Corridor, Summit County
A. Inner Group
Cuyahoga Falls
Munroe Falls
Silver Lake
B. Outer Group
Bath Township
Northampton Twp.
Stow
C. Transitional Group
Boston Heights
Boston Twp.
Hudson
Hudson Twp.
Reminderville
Richfield
Richfield Twp.
Peninsula
D. Cleveland Outer Group
Macedonia
Northfield
Northfield T.
Sagamore Hills
Twinsburg
Twinsburg T.
Census
1970
49,678
3,794
3,637
57,109
7,552
5,662
19,847
33,061
846
2,196
3,933
4,462
215
3,228
1,715
692
17,287
6,375
4,283
4,364
6,756
6,432
1,415
29,625
P-25
1973
47,698
3,882
3,644
55,224
7,988
5,823
22,774
36,585
834
2,230
4,666
4,590
216
3,273
1,764
682
18,255
6,123
4,508
4,488
6,521
6,844
1,455
29,939
3 County
1975
50,800
4,300
3,700
58,800
8,000
8,000
22,500
38,500
900
1,650
4,650
5,300
350
3,700
2,350
750
19,650
7,700
4,700
5,600
8,900
7,800
1,650
36,350
NEFCO
1975
47,500
4,450
3,360
55,310
8,280
6,710
24,800
39,790
800
1,580
4,900
5,370
1,690
3,280
1,840
670
20,130
6,160
4,400
4,650
8,250
7,400
1,490
32,350
P-25 In
1972 come
$4236
$3934
$8329
$6432
$4486
$4166
$4510
$4770
$6351
$5941
$4735
$3695
$3855
$4034
$3874
$3752
$3969
$4395
$3990
$2852
2-104
-------
Table 2-44.
Autumn 1975 Cleveland SMSA Family Budgets and Comparative
Indices Budget standards of living as calculated by
Bureau of Labor Statistics, for family of four.
1975 U.S. average figure = Index of 100
Lower
Budget
Intermediate
Budget
Food
Total
At Home
Away
Housing
Total
Shelter
Rent
Own Home
Furnishings
Transportation
Total
Auto Owners
Clothing
Personal Care
Medical Care
Other Consumption
Other Items
Amount Index Amount Index
2980
2519
461
1732
1289
1289
443
692
960
801
301
798
478
435
101
98
93
93
93
99
102
104
122
98
107
Social Sec. & Disab. 567
Personal Income Tax 943
Total Budget 9727
93
3788
3135
653
3730
3019
2013
3351
785
1312
1366
1151
399
804
894
714
825
2094
99
97
106
87
112
87
103
102
104
120
98
108
99 15,711
94
102
Higher
Budget
Amount
4814
3792
1022
5464
3791
2207
4071
1494
1629
1629
1681
556
840
1461
1197
825
3915
22,392
Index
100
98
102
78
106
98
98
1' 4
118
98
107
91
100
1. The family consists of an employed husband, age 38, a wife not
employed outside the home, an 8 year old girl and a 13 year old boy.
2. Housing includes shelter, house furnishings, and household operatioi
The higher budget also includes an allowance for lodging away from home
city. Renter costs include average contract rent, plus the costs of
required amounts of heating fuel, gas, electricity, water, specified
equipment and insurance on household contents. Homeowner costs include
interest and principal payment plus taxes; insurance on house and con-
tents; water; refuse disposal, heating fuel, gas, electricity, water,
specified equipment; and home repairs and maintenance costs.
2-105
-------
Table 2-44 . Autumn 1975 Cleveland SMSA Family Budgets and Cornpara
Cont'd. Indices Budget standards of living as calculated by Bur
of Labor Statistics, for family of four.
1975 U.S. average figure = Index of 100
3. Average costs of auto owners and non-owners was weighed as
follows: Lower Budget 65 per cent owners 35 per cent non-owners.
Intermediate Budget 95 per cent owners 5 per cent non-owners. High
er budget is 100 per cent owners.
4. Other family consumption includes the average costs for reading.
recreation, tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, education, and
miscellaneous expenditures.
5. Other items includes allowances for gifts and contributions, lif-
insurance and occupational expenses.
2-106
-------
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among NOACA, NEFCO, the A*ron Metropolitan Transit Study (AMATS)
and Battelle Institute as to the course of development in Summit
County through 2020.
Projections - Intermediate
Table 2-47 shows projected populations for Cleveland anc the
various groups of suburbs listed in Table 2-38. Figures from the
Real Property Inventory, the Revised RPI, and the Bureau of the
Census1 P-25 estimates, and the opinions of population specialists
of the Cuyahoga County RFC and NOACA all suggest that:
a) The Cuyahoga County RPC projections are much more descriptiv
of what is happening in Cleveland and its inner suburbs
than NEO projections and are more reliable as to what is
likely to happen. RPI estimates suggest Cleveland may
not be declining at quite the RPC rate, but is close
to it.
b) The middle groups of suburbs is growing at a rate belov/
that in the RPC; available figures are actually more
consistent with the DEMOS "C" in the Northeast Ohio
Water Development Plan.
c) Overall suburban population is growing at a rate slower
than projected, with Cleveland and the inner suburbs
notching the lower rates of RPC, and the middle suburbs
matching the lower NEO figures.
Table 2-48 shows projected population for Akron and the
various Summit County zones as defined in Table 2-39 . The
table includes the Akron Metropolitan Area Transportation
Study and NEFCO's own 1975 estimates. The AMATS projection
is well regarded by NEFCO, although there has been some
question about its projection of growth and decline for
Akron. The new projections and 1975 estimates suggest:
a) Akron population is declining and will decline modestly
through 1990, when it will begin to increase, ending
about 5 per cent below the Tri-County projections.
b) The inner belt of suburbs, having declined through 1975,
will again begin to grow in a manner generally propor-
tionate to the Tri-County projections.
c) The outer belt of suburbs will continue to grow consistent
with Tri-County and AMATS projections.
d) The transitional area will grow at a rate well below
the Tri-County projection (excluding Reminderville)
and generally consistent with the Northeast Ohio
WPD and AMATS projections.
e) The Cleveland Outer Suburbs will be well below (almost
25 per cent by 2000) Tri-County projections and again
generally consistent with AMATS.
2-109
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2-111
-------
Projections - Local
Having considered the county and zonal projections for the
proposed study area, and the existing conditions for the individ-
ual municipalities and townships, it is then possible to consider
individual local projections and evaluate them.
Cleveland Inner Suburbs
Bedford:
1980 1985 1990 2000 2010 2020
RPI 16,684
EPA-RPI 15,904
NEO 20,529 23,919 26,454 27,840 27,820
RPC 20,500 21,500 22,000
To all indications Bedford will be below the RPC figures through
1980. Inner area information suggests the RPC projection is
more accurate. If the rolloff in growth rate continues, it
should result in a figure of aobut 23,000 by 2020.
Bedford Heights:
1980 1985
RPI 22,072
EPA-RPI 19,600
NEO 19,288
RPC 16,000 17,000
1990
24,467
17,400
2000
28,127
2010
30,153
2020
30,405
Thus far growth has been relatively consistent with the Northeast
Ohio projection and substantially higher than the RPC projection.
The smaller family sizes implicit in the Series "E" fertility
tables suggests a leveling off after 1990, generally consistent
with the RPC projections. This would produce a figure of about
25,000 by 2020.
Garfield Heights:
1980 1985
RPI
EPA-RPI
NEO
RPC
39,772
37,031
47,209
43,500
43,000
1990
54,243
42,000
2000
59,585
2010
62,497
2020
62,348
To all indications Garfield Heights population is static or
declining, in common with Cleveland. RPI, EPA-RPI and zonal
totals suggest RPC's concept of an essentially static Garfield
Heights
through
is valid,
2020.
with a population of about 43,000 to 44,000
2-112
-------
Independence:
1980 1985
RPI 6,831
EPA-RPI 6,383
RFC 11,300 13,000
NEO 7,868
1990
13,500
8,939
2000
2010
2020
9,764
10,212
10,174
Independence, if it has been growing at all, has been growing
at a rate far below either of the projections. Provisionally,
the NEO projection of 10,100 through 2020 may be valid.
Maple Heights:
1980 1985
RPI 36,247
EPA-RPI 33,951
RPC 37,000 37,000
NEO 39,123
1990
36,000
44,996
2000
2010
2020
49,451
51,881
51,763
RPI and other growth in Maple Heights is far more consistent with
the RPC projections. It has been suggested that Maple Heights
may reach 40,000 by 1980, but this should be followed (if the
increase is not completely undone by decreasing family size),
by a leveling off consistent with the RPC, so that the 2020
population should be more than 40,000.
Seven Hills:
1980
RPI 16,106
EPA-RPI 13,816
NEO 18,292
RPC 15', 5 0 0
1985
1990
23,049
16,000
2000
26,420
16,500
2010
28,285
2020
28,503
To all indications from the P-25, RPI, and EPA-RPI (plus the
zonal figures) Seven Hills is growing consistently with the
RPC projections. This would put the 2020 population at about
20,000 or possibly lower.
Valley View:
1980
RPI
EPA-RPI
NEO
RPC
1,502
1,435
1,718
2,500
1985
3,000
1990
2,014
3,500
2000
2,234
2010
2,354
2020
2,354
2-113
-------
To all indications the NEO figure is much more consistent with
local growth through 1980, and its 2020 figure of 2,354 may well
be valid.
Cleveland Middle Suburbs
Broadview Heights:
RPI
EPA-RPI
NEO
RPC
1980
16,415
15,431
15,564
19,500
1985
21,500
1990
19,312
22,500
2000
21,988
2010
23,437
2020
23,611
While the two projections increase at different rates, they both
level off at about 23,500 in 2020. Thus far growth seems to
follow the NEO rate.
Glenwillow:
1980
1985
RPI
EPA-RPI
CRSD
RPC
654
618
800
800
900
1990
1,000
1,000
2000
1,200
2010
1,400
2020
1,600
There is no indication that Glenwillow is growing at anything near
the rate projected by RPC or CRSD (no NEO projection), or whether
CRSD's is based on anything but a projection of the 1980-90 RPC
growth rate out to 2020. In the absence of other projections,
however, the 2020 figure of 1,600 may be accepted.
Solon:
RPI
EPA-RPI
RPC
NEO
1980
15,858
14,838
19,500
15,716
1985
23,UOO
1990
25,000
19,487
2000
2010
2020
22,181
23,669
23,813
Thus far Solon, like the Cleveland-middle belt of suburbs, has
grown consistently with the lower NEO projections. 23,813 seems
acceptable for 2020, if no objections are raised to the Series
"C" fertility figures; otherwise some downward revision may be
called for.
2-114
-------
Oakwood:
1980 1985 ^1990 2000 2010 2020
RPI 3,734
EPA-RPI 3,248
RPC 3,500 3,600 3,700
NEO 2,698 2,869 3,011 3,090 3,049
RPC 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,900
While NEC's 1980 figure looks low, the RPC figure has apparently
been accurate so far, and a figure of 4,800 by 2020 is not un-
reasonable.
Walton Hills:
1980 1985 1990 2000 2010 2020
RPI 2,594
EPA-RPI 2,431
NEO 3,211 3,875 4,358 4,623 4,638
RPC 3,800 4,200 4,400
Thus far actual growth in Walton Hills has been marginal or negative,
Tentatively, a modest decline from the NEO projection might be
anticipated, due to decreased fertility ("E" table) and family
size, with about 4,200 people by 2020.
Cleveland Outer Group
Brecksville Heights:
1980 1985 1990 2000 2010 2020
RPI 11,144
EPA-RPI 9,625
NEO 15,397 19,262 22,010 23,529 23,694
RPC 16,000 19,500 20,500
Brecksville Heights is not growing at nearly the pace of either
projection, as is its group of suburbs. The difference in fertil-
ity tables (Series "E") and decreasing family size would suggest
a downward revision of the NEO projections to about 20,500 by 2020.
2-115
-------
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Table 2-49. 2020 Population Projections Adjusted for
Study Area
2020 Population 2020
CVI
Population
Total Subdivision CVI Area
Phase I
Brecksville Heights
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Independence
Maples Heights
Northfield Village
Oakwood
Sagamore Hills Township
Seven Hills
Valley View
Walton Hills
Phase II
Boston Heights
Boston Township
Hudson Village
Hudson Township
Macedonia
Peninsula
Richfield Township
Sagamore Hills
Northfield Center Townsh
Phase IIIA
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Glenwillow
Solon
Phase IIIB
Aurora
Bainbridge Township
Hudson Township
Reminderville
Shalersville
Streetsboro
Twinsburg
Twinsburg Township
I. 96,600
II. 50,200
IIIA. 64,500
IIIB. 68,900
280,200
20,500
23,500
44,000
10,200
40,000
7,100
4,800
13,000
20,000
2,350
4,200
189,650
2,000
2,300
7,500
8,500
12,750
1,400
4,500
13,000
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62,455
23,200
25,000
1,600
23,800
73,600
22,300
2,000
8,500
6,000
10,600
21,150
11,500
3,700
85,750
CRSD Population:
CRSD Revised Population:
EPA Population:
20,500
18,700
13,900
10,200
6,800
7,100
4,800
6,500
1,550
2,350
4,200
96,600
2,000
900
7,500
4,550
12,750
1,000
4,500
6,500
10,500
50,200
23,200
22,750
1,600
16,950
64,500
13,000
1,100
3,950
6,000
8,500
21,150
11,500
3,700
6"8,900
333,000
313,000
280,200
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5. Economics
a. The SMSA's
The economy of the two SMSA's in which the CVI study area is
located is impressive in size and variety but has deep-rooted struc-
tural difficulties that have become increasingly evident in recent
years. They show up in a long-run slow rate of growth in population
and employment by comparison with United Sates SMSA's as a whole,
and in absolute declines in population and employment in the two
cities since the late sixties. The principal reasons for this are
the drop in the birth-rate and a net out-migration of people and
jobs from the area. The former is common throughout the U.S.,
however, and is probably less important than the out-migration,
which is in turn explained by (1) the pull of markets growing
relatively faster outside the area and by (2) the disproportionate
dependence of the two cities and SMSA's on manufacturing activity,
which locally is growing much less fast than non-manufacturing in
term os employment.
The size and variety of the economy of the area is described
here, and is followed by an examination of recent trends in population
and employment in the two SMSA's -- the latter with the help of
shift-share analysis. The consequences for the suburbs are then
examined, including those municipalities of the study area.
The two SMSA's with the addition of Lorain County now constitute
the Akron/Cleveland/Lorain Standard Consolidated Statistical Area
(SCSA).
The area is centrally located in the U.S. economy. Within 500
miles are more than 60 percent of U.S. production measured by value
of shipments and U.S. bank deposits, and more than 50 percent of
North America's population and retail sales. The SMSA ranks ninth
in personal income, effective buying income and value of manufacturing
shipments. It ranks sixth among SCSA's in employment. Its value-
added in manufacturing and its receipts from services exceed thos
of 37 of the 50 states, while its wholesale sales exceed those of
36 states.
The SCSA has 15 airports, one being the eighth busiest in
the U.S., eight interstate highways, more than 150 over-the-road
common carriers, 50 freight forwarding companies, and four trunk
line railroads. In 1972 Ohio ranked second among states (behind
Michigan) in estimated value of export shipments by manufacturing
establishments, and the Cleveland SMSA ranked ninth among SMSA's/
The air/ship/truck split is unknown.
The area has nine colleges and universities, 400 research
laboratories, (claimed as the nation's "fourth-largest concentration")
22,000 employed in research, and is headquarters for 42 of the nation's
top 1000 corporations by sales on the list of Fortune Magazine,
placing it third in the U.S. in number oflarge companies behind New
York City and Chicago. The largest corporate employers in the
Cleveland SMSA are Ford, General Motors. Ohio Bell Telephone,
2-123
-------
Republic Steel, and General Electric. The largest employers in
the City of Cleveland are the U.S. Government, the Cleveland Board
of Education, the City of Cleveland, Republic Steel and Ohio Bell
Telephone.
Table 2-51 presents population data for the period 1910-1975
comparing the U.S., the two SMSA's and cities, and the suburbs. It
shows 1) that the SMSA's have declined as a percent of U.S. popula-
tion since 1960, 2) that the rank of both Akron and Cleveland among
cities has declined since 1920, and 3) that between 1950 and 1960
the suburbs overtook the cities. Between 1970 and 1974 the Akron
SMSA fell from 54th to 57th among SMSA's and Cleveland fell from
14th to 17th. In this four-year period the two SMSA's have consis-
tently lost population because of large losses in the City of Cleve-
land and smaller losses (both absolutely and relatively) in the
City of Akron. Meanwhile, suburban growth grew between 1970 and
1973, but has fallen 1973-74.
Data on city, and suburban employment by place-of-work is not
available but has been estimated for projection purposes. Tables
2-52 and 2-53 give non-agricultural employment by place of work
spanning 1964-70 for the Akron SMSA and 1960-75 for the Cleveland
SMSA. They present a shift-share analysis in comparison with the
U.S. They show that employment in both grew comparing 1960, 1964,
and 1970, but that comparing 1970 and 1975 the Akron SMSA grew by
less than one percent, while the Cleveland SMSA lost employment.
(Data not presented shows for both the Akron and Cleveland SMSA's
loss 1970-1971 and an increase in 1972-3-4, with a loss again 1974-
1975.) In comparison with the U.S. however, both SMSA's lost jobs
throughout the period, i.e., their growth was less. In shift-share
analysis two elements explain differential region/U.S. growth.
The first is the "local-factor1 shift-effect, in which a sector
of economic activity is growing in a region at a different rate
from the rate the sector has nationally. This directly measures a
region's changing comparative advantage in the production of that
good. If the rate of growth in a sector regionally is less than its
growth nationally, the region's comparative advantage in that sector
is presumed to be declining, and conversely. The second element
is the "composition" effect. A region's share of sectors growing,
stable or declining nationally gives its economy a bias that is
conceptually distinct from its comparative advantage. The two eleme'
may cancel or reinforce each other. An example of cancellation is
when a region is growing in employment at the same rate as the nation
because the proportion of its workers employed in growth industries
is greater than the national average (composition) but its offset
by growth in these and/or other sectors less than that occurring
nationally (local factor-shift). The Akron and Cleveland SMSA's
present a pattern of downward reinforcement over the period 1960-75.
All their sectors are growing less rapidly than the same sectors
nationally. And the proportion of their workers engaged in slow
growth industries is greater than the national proportion. The
former is, however, much the more important, i.e., the two SMSA's
competitive position has evidently declined. The decline is especially
marked in the period 1970-75.
2-124
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2-127
-------
Tables 2-52 and 2-53 are now described and the results
discussed in shift-share terms.
The numbers in the total row and the Esih column of the two
tables are calcualted by:
(1) Esih 70-75 = Esi 75-(Eui75/Eui70xEsi70)
(2) Esih 60-70 = Esi70-(Eui70/Eui60xEsi70)
where E = employment
S = an SMSA
i = a sector
h = hypothetical
Esih is the factor-shift element. Equation (1) calculates
what employment in the sector in the SMSA in 1975 would have been
if it had grown in the SMSA between 1970 and 1975 at the same rate
as it did nationally and then subtracts this from the actual 1975
employment figure. A negative result means that the sector in the
region declined relative to the sector in the national (even though
employment in the sector in the region may have increased absolutely]
Summed across the sectors (rows) this gives the total, factor-shift
for the SMSA's sectors of economic activity. For the Akron SMSA
he result is Esih =18.3 for 1975.
The net shift in total employment is calculated by the same
method:
(3) Esth70-75 = Est75-(Eut75/Eut70xEst70)
where t = total employment.
The last term calculates what total employment would have been
if the SMSA had grown at the same rate as the nation. This is
then subtracted from what total employment actually was in the SMSA.
For the Akron SMSA the result is -20.3. Thus it lost 20,300 jobs
that it would have had if it had grown at the national rate. The
local factor effect of -18.3 accounts for most but not all of the
loss. The difference -20.3-(-18.3) = -2.0 is theloss attributable
to the composition effect.
The local-factor element predominated because the big rubber
sector lost jobs absolutely in the Akron SMSA but grew slightly in
the U.S. comparing 1970 and 1975. This loss was not made up by
gains (relative to national growth) in the other sectors: only in
the Services sector did the Akron SMSA grow relative to the nation.
At the same time the composition effect is slight because, except
for the rubber sector, the percentageof its workers in any sector
does not differ signiricantly from the national percentage. The
2-128
-------
1964-70 result shows that the Akron SMS/1- grew faster than the
nation despite a net relative downward shift across all sectors.
The composition effect outweighed the competitive loss.
In the Cleveland SMSA the local-factor element (competiti/c
loss) predominated in both periods. It was so large that it was
only slightly added to by the composition loss. This loss resulted
mainly from the fact that twenty percent of its employment was
concentrated in SIC 33-37 in 1975, as compared with only 10 percent
in the nation. These sectors declined absolutely in eruplcyment-
nationally in the period 1970-1975 whereas all other sectors
combined grew by 11 percent, in the same period.
The shift-share analysis, although itself having little
explanatory power, focuses attention or: diffe- /t elements at wo~k
in the trends. It leads to several conclusions.
The recession accounts at least in part for the 19"0-75 job
loss which is much more severe than for the earlier periods. The
area's automobile orientation is the main reason. The loss is
however a long-run structural trend reflecting a shift in the
location of important manufacturing industries out of the 3MSA's:
suburban employment is not growing to match theloss in the cities.
The composition of the area's employment -- its corcentratLonin slow-
growing industries -- adds to the competitive loss.
It should be noted, however, that the loss of employment in
manufacturing, the basic sector for the two SMSA's has not caused
a proportionate drop in employment in the other sector generally
regarded as non-basic. In fact the non-basic/basic employment
ratio (non-manufacturing/manufacturing) far from being fixed, has
consistently increased for both SMSA's during the period 1960-75:
from 1.5 to 2.0 for Cleveland and trori 1.27 to l. c) for Akron, By
comparison the U.S. ratio has risen from 2.2 to 1,2 over the same
period. This suggests three things. First, the non-basic sector:.,
are acting as a cushion to employment declines. Second, t!.-.- "i.jher
U.S. ratios may indicate that the SMSA's can still grow ir tu..
non-basic sectors even wi th continued decline in the basic sectorr~. ,
Third, that theloss of market demand caused by uncmpi'r/in-'-nr. i;,
to some extent offset not only by support payments out a"; .v h."
the fact that wages and salaries in the mannfacturi nn sc-ct >r -^re-
higher than in other sectors and may be growina relative.'/. .: T:
should be noted that the loss of employment in manufacturing so.'tors
is a natural consequence of technological innovation.
relocation/retraining .'chemes are us yet inadequate to
this technology-relate,i lob loss. In terms of real ou
durable goods grew much fas-'t^r than GNP between 1943 and 1973 -
by 251 versus 159 percent respectively.
-------
b. The CVI Study Area - Existing Conditions
Table 2-54 gives 1970 population data for the 31 CVI Study
Area jurisidictions plus 1972 employment data for selected juris-
dictions and sectors of economic activity. (Data on total employ-
ment for all jurisdictions is not available). It shows that the
area is small relative to the SMSA's, constituting only 8.4 percent
of their total population in 1970. Some of the jurisdictions lie
partly outside the study area. The 1975 population figure given
in the Environmental Assessment for residents of the jurisdictions
living within the study area was 149,100, ie., 5.4 percent (CRSD).
Of the 31 jurisdictions the top seven, all within Cuyahoga County,
accounted for 61 percent of the study area population in 1970. The
jurisdictions of the study area are well-to-do relative to the
cities of Akron and Cleveland and to the two SMSA's. Table 2-54 shows
that for selected study area jurisdictions (places with 2500 or morr
inhabitants) the 1970 median income of families and ; "elated indi-
viduals ranged from $10,533 to $18,091 with an average of $13,299,
as compared with a range of $1,107 to $11,407 for the two cities
and SMSA's.
Table 2-54. shows that Manufacturing is the major sector of econ^
mic activity in the CVI study area in terms of employment. The
ratio of 1972 employment in Manufacturing (by place of employment)
to 1970 population (0.174) for selected CVI jurisdictions -- cities
with 450 or more Manufacutring employees - was much higher than the
ratios for Retail Trade (0.06), Wholesale Trade (0.04) and Selected
(0.02), the next most important sectors.
The manufacturing employment population ratio for these CVI
communities taken together (0.174) is almost exactly the same as
the combined ratio for the Cities of Cleveland and Akron (0.177)
These municipalities, all of which are in Phases I or III A of the
CVI Study area contribute significantly to the fact that the ratio
for all CVI jurisdictions taken together(0.151) is significantly
higher than for suburban Cuhahoaa County jurisdictions outside the
study area (0.095). Table 2-55 shows that manufacturing employment
in the Cuyahoga County suburbs within the study area is heavily
concentrated (75 percent) in five SIC 2-digit sectors (SIC 33-37:
primary metals; fabricated metals, machinery excluding electrical;
electrical machinery and supplies; transportation equipment includirij
motor vehicles). This is true for the CVI study area as a whole
(7) as well as for the cities of Akron and Cleveland.
The importance of manufacturing in the study area, its concen-
tration there in the same sectors as in the two cities, the fact
that it is a basic sector of economic activity, i.e., that it creates
jobs in the tertiary sector especially, and the interindustry link-
ages indicate that the economy of the study area is heavily dependent
on trends in the two cities.
Table 2-56 shows recent trends in employment data for selected
jurisdictions and sectors, and for the SMSA's and the cities. The trends
in the SMSA's and cities were analyzed earlier. Although the CVI juris-
dictions are too few for firm conclusions to be drawn, it appears
2-130
-------
Table 2-54. Population and Employment. SMSA's, Cities, Suburbs and Study Area.
Akron SMSA
Akron
Cleveland SMSA
Cleveland
Ak+Cleve SMSA
Ak+Cleve
Suburbs
CVI Jurisdict.
Selected CVI
Jurisdict.1
Cuyahoga County
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Brecksville
a
o
•rl
W
a
H
a
o.
&
O
r««
rH
679
275
2063
750
2742
1026
1717
232
17
13
9
Broadview Heights 11
Garfield Heights
Glenwillow
Independence
Maple Heights
Oakvood
Seven Hills
Solon
Valley View
Walton Hills
Geauga County
Bainbridge
Portage County
Aurora
Shalersville
Sheetsboro
Summit County
Boston Heights
Boston Township
Hudson
Hudson Township
Macedonia
Northfield
41
0
7
34
3
12
11
1
2
1
6
5
8
0
1
3
4
6
4
Northfield Township 4
Peninsula
Reminderville
Richfield
0
0
3
Richfield Township 1
Sagamore Hills
Twinsburg
6
6
Twinsburg Township 1
o
.2
.4
.7
.9
.9
.3
.1
.4
.6
.1
.1
.5
.4
.5
.0
.1
.1
.7
.5
.4
.5
.1
.6
.0
.0
.9
.5
.9
.5
.4
.3
.4
.7
.2
.2
.7
.8
.4
.4
S
•H ^*
H O
3 O
4J 0
0 ^
U-l 4J
3 C
C 01
as.
o
CM rH
r-. O,
ON S
' rH [3
94.4
50.5
268.6
131.0
363.0
181.5
181.5
25.7
3.0
3.9
0.8
1.5
2.0
2.1
5.3
,
5.8 '
0.6
0.7
ffo
VI ON
3 rH
.U
0
01
3 e o
C 01 IH
as 1, ra
O rH
CM rH 3
1^, Cl4 PL,
0, B 0
•rH W PH
.139
.183
.120
.174
.132
.177
.106
.174
.170
.298
.088
.036
.286
.062
.461
V
i;2.320
.091
.156
01
« o
M O
H £
rH
•H 4J
it: a
4-1 tl)
oi e
OS ?v
0
CM H
r- O,
• 31
38.4
16.8
115.6
41.4
154.0
58.2
95.8
12.2
1.3
0.5
0.5
0.2
1.4
0.8
3.7
0.3
1.2
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.3
0)
•o
ctj o
VI r-
EH CA
rH
rH -~-
•HuC
<0 C 0
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0) i 4J
P2 r^l Ctl
O rH
CM H 3
r~ O. O.
en B 0
' tH W fM
.057
.061
.056
.055
.056
.057
.056
.060
.076
.036
.050
.014
.034
.110
.109
.023
.103
.100
.021
.043
.089
.025
.130
.078
.050
0)
a
o
0) O
rH 0
en ^-^
tn
rH C
O 0)
3? >i
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CM H
r~ p.
11.1
6.7
50.9
27.8
62.0
34.5
27.5
6.8
0.3
1.3
0.3
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.4
0.2
0.3
01
•§
Vi
H
O
a) r^
0) r-t
0) ^«
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rH C O
O 01 -H
1 Ura
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CM rH 3
i"» a. o.
a. B 0
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.016
.024
.02.,
.037
.022
.034
.016
.043
.018
.096
.036
.017
.021
.016
.021
.119
.031
.050
a
V
0
•H
CO
*CJ
0)
4J
O 1 '
0) G
i-H 0)
^^
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CM rH
' iH U A
14.4
84.0
61.1
36.8
75.5
45.2
30.3
4.03
0.49
0.53
0.21
0.40
0.38
0.55
0.57
0.08
0.03
0.31
0.04
0.15
0.03
0.24
0.08
0.12
0.12
a
01
0
•rt
VI
01
to o
T3 ON
01 rH
4J »*.
O -W C
01 C 0
rH 0) -H
D S 4J
« ?N ra
0 rH
CM rH 3
<-- a. a.
ax e o
• rH [d Pi
.021
.031
.030
.049
.028
.044
.018
.020
.001
.041
.023
.035
.009
.079
.017
.026
.002
.027
.016
.023
.004
.053
.013
.027
.019
00
rH
id
01 3
S -a
0 -H
o -a >
C S -H
M CO T3
C
C 01 rH
01 01
•H -H *rj
T3 rH 01
0) -H U
sen
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O\ pL, 01
VO Vl
CTV IW C
• rH 0 =>
$11,047
10,051
11,407
9,107
13,299
12,077
11,853
18,091
14,128
11,610
14,260
11,793
10,533
14,881
13,716
11,277
17,937
13,249
11,988
12,095
(1) Totals may not add because ol rounding
2-131
-------
Table 2-55. Population and Manufacturing Employment. Cuyahoga County,
Jurisdictions and Study Area.
1971 Employment/ Employm
1970 Manufacturing Population Employment In SIC 33-3
Population Employment Ratio In Sic 33-37 % Mf r . EE ,.
Cuyahoga County 1720835 250879 .146 179460 .715
Cleveland 750879 149777 .199 96285 .643
Suburbs 969956 101102 .104 87173 .822
Outside Study Area 804395 76173 .095 64584 .848
Within Study Area 165561 24929 .151 18591 .746
Bedford 17552 2693 .153 1705 .633
Bedford Heights 13063 4549 .348 2616 .575
Brecksville 9137 290 .032 192 .662
Broadview Heights 11463 9 .001 2 .222
Garfield Heights 41417 1973 .048 1<"< 5 .716
Glenwillow 526 122 .232 22 .186
Independence 7034 1100 .156 803 .730
Maple Heights 34093 2259 .066 1748 .774
Oakwood 3127 262 .084 256 .977
Seven Hills 12700 1 — 0
Solon 11519 5632 .489 4255 .756
Valley View 1422 558 .392 365 .654
Walton Hills 2508 5481 2.185 5214 .951
2-132
-------
Table 2-56. Employment in Selected Sectors 1958-72.
Manufacturing Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Selected Services
Employment (OOP) Employment (OOP) Employment (OOP) Employment (POO)
1
Akron SMSA
Akron
Cleveland SMSA
Cleveland
Ak4Cleve SMSA
Ak+Cleve
Suburbs
CVI Jurisdict.
Selected CVI
Jurisdict.1
Cuyahoga County
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Glenwillow
Independence
Maple Heights
Oakvood
Seven Hills
Solon 5.3 2.6 1.18 0.40 0.34 1.37 0.93 0.68 0.31 0.14 0.20 0.08
Valley View
Walton Hills
Geauga County
Bainbridge
1972 1967 1963
04.4 101.1 90.7
50.5 63.0 58.7
268.6 306.8 280.3
131.0 171.3 168.9
363.0 407.9 371. P
181.5 233.3 227.6
181.5 174.6 143.4
18.6 15.8 (9.9)
3.0 3.1 6.2
3.9 3.5
0.8 0.6
1.5 2.0 1.4
2.0 1-5
2.1 2.5 2.3
1958
88.6
54.6
273.7
180.8
362.3
235.4
126.9
(6.0)
3.2
1.1
1.7
1972
38.4
16.8
115.6
41.4
154.0
58.2
95.8
10.11
1.33
0.47
0.45
0.16
1.40
0.77
3.71
1967
33.3
17.8
107.9
48.2
141.2
66.0
75.2
7.02
1.21
0.11
0.42
0.10
0.88
0.49
3.29
1963
28.9
16.0
94.2
47.0
123.1
63.0
60.1
6.28
0.82
0.11
0.40
0.05
0.83
0.54
3.03
1958
27.0
17.4
92.0
60.5
119.0
77.9
41.1
1972
11.1
6.7
50.9
27.8
62.0
34.5
27.5
5.27
0.31
1.26
0.33
1.14
0.86
1967
10.0
7.3
50.5
33.1
60.5
40.4
20.1
3.99
0.5-
1.02
0.31
0.49
0.66
1963
8.7
6.4
45.2
33.2
53.9
39.6
14.3
3.09
0.44
0.55
0.06
1.08
0.28
1958
7.6
6.2
44.2
37.8
51.8
44.0
7.8
0.11
0.13
1972
14.4
8.4
61.1
36.8
75.5
45.2
30.3
3.17
0.19
0.53
P. 21
0.40
0.38
0.55
0.57
1967
10.6
6.9
49.2
32.5
59.8
39.4
20.4
1.60
0.21
P. 14
0.12
0.03
0.29
0.29
0.37
1963
8.6
5.8
39.9
26.8
48.5
32.6
15.9
2.93
0.22
0.89
0.89
P. 01
P. 28
0.12
0.31
1958
8.1
6.0
38.6
31.5
46.7
37.5
9.2
0.18
0.02
0.15
0.02
0.10
lurorT
Shalersville
Sheetsboro
Summit County
Boston Heights
Boston Township
Hudson
Hudson Township
Macedonia
Northfield
Korthfield Township
Peninsula
Reminderville
Richfield
Richfield Township
Sagamore Hills
Twinsburg 0.32 0.21 0.15
Twinsburg Township
2-133
-------
that the study area has grown steadily in Wholesale Trade, Retaix
Trade and Selected Services at rates comparable to those of the
suburbs as a whole. In Manufacturing, on the other hand, the indi
vidual jurisdictions of the study area appear to have lost employ-
ment between 1967 and 1972, although not at the same rate as the
two cities combined (The growth shown for the sum of the seven
jurisdictions of the study area between 1967 and 1972 results large"
from the doubling of employment in Solon; five of the seven juris-
dictions lost employment.)
The suburbs of the two SMSA's combined show an increase in Manu-
facturing. Thus in this sector decentralization is possibly causing
the suburbs to gain jobs at the expense of the cities. The recent
recession is responsible at least in part for the pattern shown in
comparing 1967 and 1972, during which the cities have been harder
hit both relatively and absolutely than the suburbs. Because the
dominant manufacturing sectors are durables (including for Akron the
non-durables of SIC 30: rubber and plastic products, and tires)
which tend to lead the cycle on the downturn and the upturn, the
1967-72 comparison may exaggerate the longer-run city/suburbs trend.
Tables 2-57 and 2-58 summarize recent trends in employment,
firm size and industrial land use for Cuyahoga County and selected
study area jurisdictions. Table 2-57 data is taken from a differ-
ent source from that presented in Table 2-56. It should first be
noted that Table 2-57's 1971 Manufacturing employment figures
differ markedly, both up and down, from Table 2-56's 1972 Manu-
facturing employment figures for the same selected study area
jurisdictions in Cuyahoga County (although the figures for earlier
years are the same in the two tables). The reason for the dif-
ference is unknown but must be imputed to either or both of two
reasons: a differential downturn/upturn comparing 1972 and 1971
depending on the jurisdiction or differences in reporting and/or
sampling. The result is that, contra Table 2-56, Table 2-57
shows a slight increase in Manufacturing employment in 1971 over
1967 for the Cuyahoga County study area jurisdictions, and a much
smaller drop in Cleveland. Table 2-57 shows that the jurisdic-
tions have grown faster in employment 1967-71 than the suburbs.
It shows also that the number of employees per firm has declined
between 1967 and 1972 for the county, Cleveland, the suburbs and
the jurisdictions of the study area within the county. More
surprising, it shows that the number of employees per firm in the
study area jurisdictions is the same as in Cleveland and much
lower than for the county's suburbs as a whole. The explanation
for the differences between the study area and the rest of the
Cuyahoga suburbs appears to lie in the fact that three other
suburbs have large numbers of employees concentrated in a few
large plants: Brook Park (SIC 33); Cuyahoga Heights (SIC 33);
Euclid (SIC 33-37). This suggests that the lower cost of land
is an important determinant of industrial decentralization where
large plants are concerned. Without further study one cannot
2-134
-------
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2-135
-------
Table 2-58. Land Used for Industry in Cuyahoga County - 1948-69 (Acres)
1969
1948
1969
Cuyahoga Co.
Cleveland
Suburbs
Study Area
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Glenwillow
Independence
Maple Heights
Oakwood
Seven Hills
Solon
Valley View
Walton Hills
1959
1954
1948
21344
10015
11329
4527
83
767
367
83
839
165
367
289
118
53
917
153
326
13721
7886
5835
1859
118
206
85
5
426
49
199
233
24
9
247
94
164
10883
7076
3807
1013
97
122
4
—
193
165
77
108
23
0
66
43
115
8921
5980
2941
642
81
0
28
5
211
17
84
137
0
9
13
57
0
100.0
46.9
53.1
21.2
0.6
5.6
2.7
0.6
6.1
1.2
2.7
2.1
0.9
0.4
6.7
1.1
2.4
100.0
67.0
33.0
7.2
0.9
—
0.3
0.1
2.4
0.2
0.9
1.5
—
0.1
0.1
0.6
—
2-136
-------
tell if the suburbs of the study area will attract such plants or
if they will continue to attract the smaller planes.
The study area jurisdictions do not appear to have land con-
straints greater than those of the three suburbs with very large
plants. Table 2-58 presents data on industrial land use in
Cuyahoga County for the period 1948-1969. It shows that the
amount of such land has increased absolutely for the county, Cleve-
land, the suburbs and for the study area jurisdictions within the
county. These last have increased fastest. Over this period the
13 Cuyahoga County jurisdictions have increased industrial land
use sevenfold. As a result, their share of the county's total
has risen from 7 to 21 percent. The suburbs share in industrial
land use as a whole rose from 33 to 53 percent, while the City
declined from 67 to 47 percent. As compared with the 49 Cuyahoga
County suburbs as a whole, the 13 jurisdictions have a more-than-
relative share of industrial parks; 18 of 42.
c. Projection and Constraints
Table 2-59 presents historical, present and projected employ-
ment trends and projected employment trends for the two SMSA's, the
suburbs and the study area. Figure 2-4 gives the results graphically.
The data for the SMSA's combined and individually for the period
1950-75 is taken directly from the OBERS-E and OBES series. The da a
for the years 1960 and 1970 for the suburbs and the CVI Study Area
was calculated as described in Appendix B. The projections for the
SMSA's are of three kinds. The top one is taken direct from OBERS-E.
The middle one is adjusted from the OBERS-E series by applying to it
the ratio .934, which was obtained by dividing the OBES projections
of the 1980 employment level for Ohio by the OBERS-E projection for
the state for the year. The OBES projection for the state is lower
for three main reasons; (1) it incorporates a lower fertility rate
(1,900 versus 2,100 births per 1000 women); (2) it assumes greater
out-migration and less in-migration; and (3) it adopts a higher
unemployment rate. All three reflect recent trends that have caused
a divergence from the OBERS-E series. This is discussed later. The
state differential is used to lower the OBERS-E projection for the
SMSA's in the belief that these three recent trends have affected
the SMSA's at least as heavily as the state as a whole. But it
seemed prudent to present a still lower projection for the SMSA's
not only because it now appears likely that the SMSA's are dispro-
portionately affected by the lower birth-rate, migration and unem-
ployment but also because of the shift-share analysis undertaken
earlier.
Figure 2-4 shows the relative losses in employment in all sec-
tors over the period 1970-75 in the two SMSA's individually and
combined. The graph shows the precipitous employment decline
antedating even the mild slump of 1970-71, a climb back and another
fall with the recession of 1974-75. The drop in that period is
almost entirely accounted for by the drop in the durable goods sectors
in both SMSA's. A return even to the mid-level of 1,245,000 jobs
2-137
-------
* " c
'A , -a ,
o in a) -H n
^ 'J W > O
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j ja cj
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ryj fli nj D 'fl 3
C d O 4) *-• \-> in
2
§
2-138
-------
73
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.SI
-------
by 1980 appears unlikely. The estimate of 1,175,000 jobs by 198'
would be a seven percent increase over the decade. Thereafter,
growth is assumed to follow the OBERS-E pattern. The OBERS-E
growth rate for 1980-2020 results in a smaller increase in emplo^
ment over the period because the 1980 base is lower.
Because of the economic links between the cities and the
suburbs which have both recorded losses in manufacturing employment
we have assumed that the suburbs will grow at a much slower rate i
the future than they did in the sixties — at a (non-compound) rate
of 13 percent per decade between 1970 and 2020, as compared with a
more than doubling in the period 1960-70. Even so, growth at this
level would lead to the suburbs' accounting for 60 percent of
total SMSA employment by the year 2020 (if our adjustment in the
OBERS-E projection is used for comparison). This proportion ap-
pears to be somewhat high, but a study of the relative growth of
cities and their hinterland is needed as elsewhere to establish
where on the (presumed) Gomperts S-shaped curve (of suburban to
SMSA employment) these suburbs are. The lack of time-series data
on employment for the suburbs has been referred to. The attempt
made to overcome this lack (described in Appendix B) was therefore
necessary, but has obvious shortcomings the finer the level of
detail. For the jurisdictions of the study area we have made the
gross assumption that they will grow as a whole at the same rate
as the suburbs, to a level of 116,000 employees by 2020. The
relationship of employment in manufacturing to employment in the
tertiary sectors also needs careful study for the study area,
which appears to have a higher proportion of manufacturing employ-
ment than is typical for suburbs. In the economy as a whole the
non-basic/basic employment ratio is declining in a way that does
not suggest where if anywhere the ratio will begin to harden.
To translate employment figures into population figures (which
is much less defensible for small suburban jurisdictions than for
SMSA's) we have assumed that the employment/population ratio of
.302 for the suburbs in 1970 (518,000 employees/1,717,100 residents
— see Tables 2-54 and 2-55) applies also to the study area. The
OBERS-E series calculates an employment/population ratio of 0.38
for the non-SMSA portion of BEA Economic Area 068 which includes
72 counties stretching from Ashtabula to Erie and south to Coshockton
With the decline in the birth rate and the increasing entry of
women into the labor force, this ratio is projected by OBERS-E to
rise from 0.38 to 0.44 by the year 2020. Using this same rate of
increase, our 0.302 for CVI communities would rise to 0.35. When
divided into the projected employment figure of 116,000 for the
jurisdictions of the study area this results in a population pro-
jection for CVI communities of 374,193 by 2020, which is lower
than the total of 411,450 presented in Table 2-49. This may, never-
theless, be on the high side because the employment/population ratio
is suspiciously low. On the other hand the suburbs of the study
area may tend to grow faster than the suburbs as a whole given their
less-developed nature. If the 1970 ratio of CVI population served/
residents is adopted for 2020 as for 1970 (when it was 0.64 —
149,000/232,400) this would imply a population level of 240,070
people served by the year 2020.
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The purpose of this analysis of employment trends was not,
however, to yield population projections set in concrete: the
step-down nature of the analysis, and its simplifying assumptions
would make such a purpose especially absurd for small areas.
Rather its purpose has been to show how the economy of the area
is inextricably linked to economic trends in the cities and the
SMSA's as a whole.
The simplifying assumptions adopted have been made explicit.
The assumptions underlying the SMSA projections, which are of
central importance given the foregoing, are now discussed.
The OBERS-E series projects population, employment, personal
income, and earnings by industry for the U.S., states, regions,
and SMSA's to 2020. Its national projections are control totals
for the state, regional and SMSA projections. The national
assumptions are an economy in approximate equilibrium; a fertility
rate of 2,100 births per 1000 women by 2005; in unemployment rate
of four percent; and increase in the private sector of 2.9 per-
cent in output per man-hour per year. For its regional projections
OBERS assumes a continuation of past trends modified with the help
of locally knowledgeable people. The basic past trends projected
include a regional convergence toward the national average in
employment/population ratios, earnings per worker and per capita
income; employees shifting from low- to high-growth areas; and
no sharp breaks with past trends in the location of basic indus-
tries. In a recent report the BEA has compared the OBERS-E pro-
jections (interpolated) for the states with actual levels of
economic activity in the states in 1973: nonfarm earnings; total
earnings; total personal income; population. For each variable
Ohio's level had been overestimated, the deviations ranging from
1.1 to 2.7 percent. Earnings were overestimated because of sub-
stantial overestimates of the nonmanufacturing sectors (except
mining and construction which were substantially underestimated).
For the region including Ohio "nearly every major industry ex-
pands at below-average rates in the next two decades." Exceptions
noted are the non-automotive transportation equipment and govern-
ment sectors. Despite this, OBES' projections show a lower 1980
figure for both population (11,141,955) and employment (4,694,145)
than the OBERS-E series (11,650,600 and 5,025,100 respectively).
The reasons for this were given earlier. Our view is that recent
events (and OBERS-E tracking) render the OBES projections the
more credible. Thus the long-run OBERS-E trends to 2020 are
modified by the 1980 differential between the OBES and OBERS-E
series, and applied to the SMSA's. It is probable that the OBES-
based (lower) projections are still on the high side for the
SMSA's. The estimate of them as probably high reflects numerous
considerations.
The SMSA's are affected relatively more than the state by
the slowdown in the number of in-migrants from the south and the
out-migration of residents. The relatively slow-growing industries
are concentrated more in the SMSA's than in the state as a whole.
2-141
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(Offsetting this of course is the fact that the fastest-growing
industries — those in the tertiary sector — are concentrated
more in the SMSA's than in the state as a whole). The outlook
for the major manufacturing sectors of the two SMSA's is compli-
cated by the impact of the 1974-5 recession. The shift-share
analysis showed clearly its effect in relative losses in all
sectors* compared with the U.S. for both the Akron and Cleveland
SMSA's. The automobile industry, which it is estimated employs
15 in parts and supplies for every 10 directly employed was hard
hit. The auto-related industries in the area suffered as a
consequence. The longer-run trends suggest a slower rate of
automobile manufacturing growth than in the sixties because of
increased auto imports. On the other hand, the new Volkswagen-
plant in Pennsylvania plans eventually to make U.S. built Rabbits.
Its location in the U.S. reflects primarily the hardening of the
Deutschmark versus the dollar since 1971, this making German goods
dearer. Its decision to locate in Pennsylvania rather than Ohio
(which was also considered) appear to reflect the frvorable con-
cessions granted VW by the state. Its decision to locate in this
area means, however, that Ohio is close enough to the center of
gravity of the market to be competitive as a location. The wide
range of auto-supporting industries in the Cleveland. SMSA con-
tinues to be an inducement to locate. And U.S. manufacturers
are increasingly turning to the production of smaller autos.
The tire industry in Akron was deeply affected by the recession.
Fewer autos were bought; tire inventories increased; trucking
firms replaced tires from unused vehicles; auto passengers miles
fell with declining real incomes and the higher cost of gasoline;
Federal procurement declined drastically. But these are temporary
phenomena and an upturn is expected. Longer-run factors affecting
this sector include the trend toward the longer-lasting radial
tire (in the recession the major U.S. auto manufacturers replaced
the higher-priced and more profitable radials to reduce sticker
prices); differential labor costs comparing this area and the
south, together with the shift in the location of market demand;
the apparently permanent reduction in driving speeds. The
fabricated metals industry, which serves the construction industry
was affected by a reduction in both housing and industrial starts.
The recession factors here included a tight market for hour mort-
gages and industrial capacity; idle industrial capacity; inflation.
Longer-run considerations include uncertainties of fuel supplies,
and emission standards which lead to a postponement of power-
generating facilities; and an apparent reduction in the rate of
growth of demand for power. The primary metals sector especially
is affected in a recession. Inventories were drawn down, and
marginal plants close except for peak-demand periods. Longer-run
factors include the relatively high cost of land for expansion in
the old-established cities; the high cost of pollution control
equipment which renders obsolescent plants more marginal; and the
relative obsolescence of Ohio's industrial equipment. The natural
gas curtailments have apparently led some glass manufacturers to
* except other manufacturing (Cleveland) and Services (Akron).
2-142
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locate where intrastate gas is available. The long-run energy
outlook and its effect on the local economy is not clear. As
regards natural gas, East Ohio Gas has not curtailed residential
or commercial customers but has curtailed industrial customers,
at an average of 18 percent in 1975. It has since 1971 refused
new industrial customers and since 1975 has refused new commercial
and residential customers. The recession and the mild winters
73-74 and 74-75 combined to dampen the effect of curtailments on
the area. The longer-run outlook depends on relative price shifts
in the domestic market and on foreign suppliers. East Ohio Gas
supplier (The Consolidated Gas Supply Corporation) expects LNG
from Algeria to come on stream in 1977, at a rate which would pro-
vide about 15 percent of Consolidated1s precurtailment (1970)
supplies. The Future Requirements Committee in 1973 projected a
1980 shortfall of supply of about 25 percent in 1980. Whether
or not this will occur depends not only on domestic prices and
increasing LNG imports but also on explorat"* "- for new reserves
domestically; the technology and costs of SNt^ (synthetic natural
gas from coal); natural gas imports from Canada; the substitution
of fuel oil. It should be noted that both the OBERS-E and OBES
projections do not take energy constraints into consideration.
2-143
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CHAPTER 3
ALTERNATIVES
A. General Information
The thirty-page presentation and analysis cf alternatives on
pages 78-84, 89-116 and Tables 18 through 25 of the Environmental
Assessment is generally adequate for the Phase I service area.
There is little question that the two interceptor alternatives
(Southerly CVI and Southerly Dual Interceptor) would have the greatest
impact on water quality, as they could remove most of the present
effluent discharqes within the proposed Phase I service area and do
not discharge them to the basin until the effluent discharge point
of Cleveland Southerly on the Cuyahoga River. Some proportion of
private septic tank-filter bed sewage system discharges will pro-
bably remain in the service area due to unfavorable economics involved
in extending collectors to low density sections of the study area.
Cost comparisons in Table 24 of the Envirc, .ental Assessment
suggest that the Southerly-CVI alternative is the most cost effective
for the Phase I service area. The relatively constant cost of the
interceptor for different sizes indicated in Table 26 through 31 sug-
gests that even if Phase I is built for the full three phase service
area, the No Action, Multi-plant, and other alternatives for Phase II
and III will not be rendered unfeasible. Existence of an interceptor
with capacity sufficient to serve these areas could, however, promote
a piecemeal approach to expansion in subsequent phases and would make
future calculations of alternatives' cost effectiveness change in
favor of using that capacity.
B. Phased Expansion
The design of interceptors considered for Phase I in the CSRD's
alternatives were based upon wastewater flow estimates for thp ul-
timate CVI service area, i.e., Phases I, II, and III. The Phase I
area was projected to yield 53.4 mgd of wastewater by 2020. This is
about 31 percent of the tlow originally projected in" the Environmental
Assessment to be contributed by all three phases. Phase II would
contribute another 24.8 mgd or 14 percent and Phase III would contri-
bute 94 0 mgd or 55 percent if all of Shalersville and Streetsboro
are included in the service area.
_ In Phases II and III, population growth, the presence or absence
of industrial development the cost effectiveness of removing I/I
and other planning factors yet to be considered could appreciably
alter the projected waste flows or could indicate that some alterna-
tive would be preferable to sewering the later phases, or nart of
them, to Southerly.
™+. /Phasf Tl ~ One l°cal Planning agency has suggested that service
not be extended to the proposed Phase II service area. It has also
been suggested that if Akron and Cleveland SMSA population remains
Basically static, as some projections suggest, peripheral growth
encouraged by.the sewers might come at the expense of Cleveland or
3-1
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Akron and their inner suburb?. Such suggestions can only be eva
ated when more is known of the sizing, routing, and con:-tru•:••.ion
schedule for Phase IT.
The Cleveland Regional Sewer District commented on this pos.
bility when evaluating the Jaite plant alternative (see below) in
its report on the "CVI Extension into Northwest Summit County":
"The wastewater management study for t'e Cleveland-Akron MeV't-
politan and Three Rivers Watershed Areas conducted by the Cort
of Engineers in 1970 to 1973 found it highly unlikely that the
Boston-Peninsula area would be sewered in the projected future
due mainly to the fact that the projected densities are so I en
that the population would be too widely dispersed to make
economically feasible to develop a. sexier system in this are :.
The c'^bineci effects of the possibility of a population grov-'t!'
at a rate slower t'-ian that projected in the Master Plan for
Northwest Summit County and the possibility that areas such
the Boston-Peninsula will not be fr,] ly sew^-">d, or eve.,
sewered at all, because of widely dispersed poj. cations, sub-
stantially incrases the risk of objectionably high cost to rh~
users of Northwest Summit County. This risk would be inert -,s^
even further if the actual cost of cons ructing the syst^ra
proved to be higher than the engineering estimates.
Apparently this is one of the reasons for CRSD's utility approa
to rates for the proposed service area. Even should Phase II area
be excluded, the 24.8 mgd reduction in design flow would only result
in construction one size small for the Phase I interceptor.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency has recently recommend • .
that 201 Facilities Planning be initiated immediately for the Phrase
II area. OEPA has suggested that construction on Phase II should be
completed by 1980. (See letter, Section 7.). At present OEPA is
committing no funds to upgrading existing plants in Phase II in
anticipation of extension of CVI sewers to relieve the plants.
In order to evaluate the sensitivity of Phase I design to feasi;-*1'-
alternatives for Phase II, the need to provide sewer service to
various parts of Phase II are evaluated and methods to meet recogni
needs are evaluated.
Three distinct 'need" areas are recognized within Phase 1"
East of the proposed boundary for the Cuyahoga Valley Nationa.1 r< . : -
ational Area a substantial amount of development and currently sewe/
areas exist. Problems with overloading and maintenance of the
sewage treatment facilities in this area have been mentioned in the
Environmental Assessment. Because of good transportation acces'- by
rail and highway, the area :i s likely to see continued industrial,
commercial and residential growth. Pressure to expand sewer service-
is expected to be great.
Three generalized alternatives would address the sewerage need'-
of this area: 1) Connect existing sewage collector system to a
tunneled extension of CVI via a trunk sewer paralleling Highland Road
3-2
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(suggested in the Environmental Assessment); 2) Connect existing
sewage collector systems to Phase I of CVI via a trunk sewer routed
along Highland Road, the abandoned Penn Central railroad bordering
the edge of the Cuyahoga Valley, Sagamore Road and the Hawthornden
trunk of Phase I; and 3) Construct a new sewage treatment facility
within the area or expand and upgrade Macedonia #15.
The first generalized alternative was assumed in the design of
Phase I. No alteration of Phase I design would be necessary if this
alternative proves to be cost-effective and environmentally sound.
Disadvantages of this alternative include reduction of flow in Brandywir
Creek, inability to service much of the upland portions of Sagamore
Hills and Northfield Center by gravity sewers, and the necessity
of constructing a trunk line across slope instability areas (partially
mitigated if the Highland Road highway easement is follows).
The second generalized alternative could have an effect upon
the design of the Hawthornden trunk sewer in P^ase I in that the
increased design flow would necessitate a larc,e trunk. The need for
capacity in the Phase I tunneled interceptor between Brecksville
and the Hawthornden trunk would be reduced by the design flows from
the eastern part of Phase II although the cost-effectiveness of
maintaining uniformity in tunnel size may argue against any change
in size for the interceptor. The primary disadvantages of this alter-
native is reduction of flow in Brandywine Creek. In at least one
place along the Penn Central right-of-way, it appears that ductile
iron pipe will have to be suspended along railroad trestle to maintain
grade across a small stream valley. Large, currently unsewered sectior
of Sagamore Hills and Northfield Center Townships would be tributary
to this trunk sewer by gravity. None of this sewer would enter the
CVNRA except for thcit part of the Hawthornden trunk already proposed
in Phase I. A slope of approximately .26 percent could be maintained
along this trunk line permitting a comparatively small diameter
sewer to handle design flows.
The third general alternative for providing adequate sewer ser-
vice to the eastern portion of Phase II envisions treatment within
the areas with effluent discharge to Brandywine Creek. The primary
justification for this alternative is maintenance of flow over
Brandywine Falls during low flow periods. For any alternative which
includes treatment and discharge, the advantages of flow maintenancG
must be weighed against the toxic effects of chlorine residuals
and ammonia in the effluent. In small streams where a high percen-
tage of low flow would be treated effluent, these compounds are likely
to exceed tolerance limits for many aquatic species in the stream.
Nitrification and alternate means of disinfection could circumvent
the toxicity problems. A further disadvantage of the treat and
discharge alternative is thatlarge portions of Sagamore Hills and
Northfield Center Township would not be tributary by gravity to a
plant on Brandywine Creek.
The second "need" area in Phase II is the segment of Cuyahoga
Valley National Recrreation Area lying within Phase II boundaries.
See Figure 2-3- Existing development in the proposed park area
includes the village of Peninsula and the small settlement of Boston.
These areas prcsen :ly utilize private septic tank sewage disposal
3-3
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systems which discharge effluent directly to the Cuyahoga River.
Fecal coliform concentrations in the Cuyahoga River near Peninsula
often exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Standard (5,000 organisms/100 ml maximum; Jack McCormick & Associat'
Inc. L947) . The pollutant contribution from Peninsula is unknown
but is likely a very small percentage of the total pollutant load
in the Cuyahoga River at that point.
The population of Peninsula (currently 700 persons) is expected
to roughly double by 2020 (EPA 1976) and heavy commercial develop-
ment is expected (NPS 1976). Unless some sort of centralized sew-
erage is provided, Peninsula's contribution to the River's pollutant
load can only incrase.
Recreational facilities planned for the CVNRA within Phase II
are another souce of need for sewerage facilities. The National
Park Service has provided estimates of future park attendance and
per capita wastewater genration which have been used to estimate
future waste generation from CVNRA areas within Phase II. The
ultimate peak park attendance in Phase II of CVI is estimated to
be 10,500 persons generating 3.5 gallons per visit for a total of
approximately 37,000 gallons peak daily flow at ultimate development
of the park. The National Park Service has, to date, not made speci-
fic plans for handling sewage generated within the CVNRA.
Overall, the sources of wastewater within this central part of
Phase II are expected to be dispersed with perhaps the greatest
single future source,,being the village Peninsula. Depending upon
the amount of commercial development that is allowed in Peninsula,
Total 2020 wastewater generation for this part of Phase II is un-
likely to exceed 0.2 mgd. Attaining this rate will probably be
dependent upon provision of a public water supply in Peninsula.
Alternatives for handling this wastewater include 1) construc-
tion of a tunneled extension of CVI as proposed in the Environmental
Assessment and 2) treatment and discharge to the Cuyahoga River.
Unlike Phase I of CVI, Phase II will generate extensive
construction activities within the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area,
Phase II of CVI as currently proposed would adversely affect the
CVNRA by:
o The construction of access shafts and attendant roads
the NRA.
o The construction of trunklines to pickup flows from
other parts of Phase II and from scattered recreation areas
within the CVNRA.
o Increased potential for incompatible development at
Peninsula.
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Benefits will result from:
o The elimination of the discharge of inadequately treated
wastewater and/or septic leachates to the Cuyahoga River.
o The provision of a wastewater collection system to
serve the southern two-thirds of the CVNRA.
At first glance, the adverse effects and benefits attributable
to Phase II of CVI appear identical to those described for Phase I.
The benefits, however, are not singular to the proposed plan (See
Section 4.B.) and the environmental costs and disruption to the
CVNRA will be substantial:
a. Access Shafts
The number of access shafts needed for Phase II of CVI in the
CVNRA has not been specified. The main interc -tor in Phase II
would extend for approximately 9.5 miles (50,xuu feet). Assuming
an average distance of 1000-2000 feet between access shafts, at
least 25, and maybe as many as 50, construction sites will be re-
quired in the CVNRA. If two acres are required at each site for
construction activities, 50 to 100 acres of the Park will be disrupted
Most of the main interceptor for CVI, Phase II, lies in
Park Zone 4 (NPS 1976a). The primary themes for this zone are
education and natural history. The area predominantly is covered
by old field or scrub vegetation. Construction activities will
not be compatible with proposed Park activities.
b. Trunk Lines
Open trenching for trunk lines in the valley slopes could be
limited to existing road crust, thereby minimizing disruption of
vegetation in the CVNRA. The National Park Service is concerned
about open trenching and its potential effects on the CVNRA, but
will reserve comment until more detailed plans have been prepared
and environmental studies are complete (Interview, Mr. William
Birdsel, 22 July 1976).
c. Increased growth in Peninsula
As described in the draft Environmental Assessment of the CVNRA
(NPS 1976), visitor support services are expected to proliferate
in the Valley. Peninsula with its rich historic heritage will
undergo heavy pressure for commercial development. Current con-
straints include lack of sewerage and a shortage of water.
Phase II of CVI will eliminate one problem as Peninsula.
However, water supply may continue to act as a constraint". Given
adequate water and sewer service, if Peninsula desires to maintain
its rural-historic-small town character in the face of a National
Recreation Area, local authorities will have to enact architectural
controls and subsequently enforce them.
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An alternative to extension of CVI is to construct several P
treatment facilities near the points of sewage generation. Althou
the National Park Service has called for tertiary treatment of was*
and return to Cuyahoga Valley aquifers, this may not be-feasible
considering the nature of soils in the area. Any small plants would
probably have to discharge directly to the Cuyahoga River after
tertiary treatment. The advantage of this alternative is that dis-*-
tion of the park by sewer construction will be avoided. Careful
design and attentive operation of such small plants would be necess
to prevent malfunction and discharge of poorly treated effluents.
The third need area of Phase II is Richfield Township outside
and to the west of the CVNRA. The decision to extend sewer service
west of the valley to Richfield Village appears to be based on
the present lack of centralized sewerage facilities there and the
generally poor capacity of the soil to absorb effluent from septic
tank leaching fields (Dalton, Dalton, Little, Newport 1973). The
same report concluded that it was imperative that centralized
sewerage facilities be built before further development occurred in
the Richfield area.
The Furnace Run Watershed which includes Richfield Village
is the least developed in the area, and Furnace Run exhibits the
best water quality extant in any tributary of the Cuyahoga River
downstream of Akron (ODNR 1975). The pollution load from surface
runoff and septic tanks to Furnace Run is minor (Dalton, Dalton,
Littel, Newport 1973) although a number of discharge permits for
small establishements have been issued which total 120,000 gallons
per day design capacity. In addition, a treatment plant serving
a subdivision has been permitted to discharge to Furnace Run with
a design capacity of .25 mgd. The subdivision has been built,
however. More recently, a major sports coliseum has been built near
the intersection of Routes 271 and 303 in the Furnace Run Watershed.
Highly variable flows are treated at the coliseum and discharged
by a gravity sewer paralleling Stein Road to the Cuyahoga River.
This gravity sewer was sized to carry all of Richfield1s projected
wastewater to CVI in Phase II.
The Northeast Ohio Four County Planning Organization (NEFCO)
envisions residential, commerical, and industrial growth occurring
predominantly east of the Valley along the State Route 8 corridor
(Interview, Mr. Chuck Larlham,. NEFCO, 22 July 1976). Vacant land
in the Richfield area has been described as having low suitability
for development in terms of accessibility and the availability of
supportive services (NOACA 1974). Furthermore, the expected cost-
benefit ratio for supplying sewer facilities west of the Valley was
very low (NOACA 1974).
Based on the above statements it is apparent that extending CVI
west of the Valley is inconsistent with regional planning goals
(e.g., developing areas east of the Valley), may draw development
away from the east side of the valley, and induce growth in the
Richfield area. Furthermore, claimed benefits of improved water
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quality in the Cuyahoga River will not be realize! by sewering
existing populations in the Richfield area, since the pollutant
load is presently very small.
If detailed facilities planning ultimately establishes a need
for a centralized sewer system in Richfield Village and Township,
and if the non-CVI alternatives for other parts of Phase II are cost-
effective and environmentally more attractive, there remains an
alternative for exporting the area's sewage to Southerly, i.e., pumping
collected sewage flows north into the Chippewa Creek watershed to
be picked up by the Brecksville trunk of Phase I. Under this alter-
native, the design of the Brecksville trunk would have to be recon-
sidered to assure that it could handle the flows from Richfield.
The above analysis of sewerage needs and alternatives for the
various parts of Phase II is presented with the purpose of showing
that there are feasible alternatives to CVI in Phase II which avoid
what is considered to be significant disruption to the park. Due
to the high cost of tunneled interceptor and L^_ length that would
be required (approximately 50,000 feet) to serve Phase II, it also
appears that a considerable monetary savings could be realized if
some combination of non-CVI alternatives prove after detailed study
to be acceptable for Phase II areas.
The impact of the design of Phase I of various alternatives
outlined above are summarized in Table 3-1. Because of 1) potential
environmental disruption of the park by CVI in Phase II, 2) the
availability of alternatives, and 3) the impacts of these alterna-
tives on Phase I design, Phase II facilities planning should proceed
concurrently with Step II work for Phase I of CVI.
Phase III - At present, the municipal treatment plants within
Phase III are being upgraded and expanded to provide tertiary treat-
ment for 1995 projected sewage flows. Construction of an interceptor
into this area is not planned until 1995. None of the Phase III
communities border on the CVNRA. Any relationship between sewerage
planning in Phase III and CVNRA appears to be limited to effluent
discharges to Tinker's Creek which passes through the Bedford Reser-
vation. The same question must be answered here as for Phase II
area discharges in Brandywine Creek, i.e, does the augmentation of
low flows with effluent justify the pollutant loading that would
result from tertiary-treated effluent? As is indicated by the pollu-
tant loading analyses presented in Section 5.C.3. of this report,
the estimated percentage of all pollutants in these creeks in
2020 due to tertiary level effluents is small. This percentage will
vary widely with changes in stream flow, however. At high stream
flows, the effluent pollutants will be negligible in proportion to
non-point source pollutants. However, at low flow nearly all pollu-
tants in the stream could be from effluents.
Design flows in the CVI main interceptor between Tinker's
Creek and Southerly include an allocation of approximately 95 mgd
for Phase III, or 57 percent of the total design flow (168 mgd) for
CVI.
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Table 3-1. Impacts of Generalized Non-CVI Alternatives for Phase II
Areas on Design of Phase I CVI.
Alternative
East side of CVNRA
Upland trunk sewer along Penn Cen-
tral right-of-way to Hawthornden
trunk of Phase I.
Impact on Phase I Design
Revise size of Hawthornden trunk.
Treatment and discharge to Brandy-
wine Creek estimated 20. mgd average
flow
Potential reduction in main inter-
ceptor by one size.
CVRNA
Treat and discharge to Cuyahoga
River from several small treatment
plants estimated .2 mgd average
flow.
No impact.
West Side of CWRA
Pump from Furnace Run watershed to
Brecksville trunk of Phase I.
Revise size of Brecksville trunk.
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Alternatives for management of Phase IT I wastewaters include
1) continuing with the proposed plan, i.e., providing tertiary
treatment until 1995 and provide for Phase III 2020 flows in Phase I
of CVI 2) provide tertiary treatment for Phase III until 1995 and
construct an interceptor to Southerly parallel to Phase I below
Tinker's Creek or 3) continue to provide tertiary treatment in
the Phase III area after 1995.
The proposed plan would remove treated effluents from Tinker's
Creek in 1995 thereby reducing low flows as discussed in the
Environmental Assessment.
Both of the Phase III alternatives which- envision a sewer
extending the length of Tinker's Creek allow for maximum development
of the area with minimum reliance upon pumping stations. With the
exceptionof the wetland areas between Streetsboro, Aurora and Solon,
Phase III appears to have a high percentage of developable land which
could realize considerable pressure for resid ial and industrial
uses. The main difference between these two alternatives is cost.
Using the projections in the Environmental Assessment for design
flows in the various CVI Phases and using the interceptor slope
published in the design drawings (.08 percent), the necessary size
of CVI below Tinker's Creek without Phase III flows would be 72".
Using the costs per foot of tunneled interceptor published in the
Environmental Assessment increased to reflect current costs, the
difference in cost between the proposed 96" interceptor and a 72"
interceptor would be $112.50 per foot or $3.8 million for the
34,000 foot length of the main interceptor between Tinker's Creek
and Southerly. This would1 be a short term savings. If the Tinker's
Creek flows were sewered separately to Southerly in 1995, the cost
of constructing a 78" interceptor from Tinker's Creek to Southerly
to transport the Phase III 2020 flows would be $17.4 million at
today's prices if no I/I rehabilitation was undertaken. However,
if 70 percent of the metered inflow from Solon, Bedford Heights and
Bedford could be removed (=28 mgd) then the new tunneled interceptor
required would only have to carry 67 mgd and could have a diameter
66" at a cost of $15.9 million.
Sewerage needs could, however, be met in Phase III by further
expansion of the tertiary treatment plans now planned or in place
in Phase III. The long term cost effectiveness of following this
alternative depends upon actual growth experienced over the next
20 years in Phase III and the costs of upgrading individual treatment
plants vs. building a Tinker's Creek trunk line plus including
Phase III capacity into Phase I of CVI. Unfortunately no preliminary
design was made available for Tinker's Creek trunk so that relative
costs can not be determined for all three Phase III alternatives.
201 Facilities Planning should proceed immediately along with planning
for Phase II as a precondition for the Step II grant for Phase I
at CVI.
3-9
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C. Capital Cost Comparison of Proposed and Alternative Phase IT
Plans.
Proposed Plan
The proposed plan for transporting wastewater to the Phase I
interceptor requires the installation of the following system:
1. Approximately 11,500 feet of 18 inch R.C. gravity pipe.
2. Approximately 5000 feet of 8 inch forced main and a
pumping station.
The above system will serve Richfield and transport their
wastewater to the beginning of a tunneled interceptor located at
Peninsula near the Cuyahoga River. This interceptor will follow
in a northerly direction to Jaite, at which point it will increase
in size and continue in a northerly direction to connect with the
Phase I interceptor at Brecksville. The two interc, . jr sections
are composed of:
1. Approximately 1900 feet of 24 inch tunneled pipe from
Peninsula to Jaite installed at a slope, S = .002.
2. Approximately 2100 feet of 54" tunneled pipe installed
at a slope, S = .0007.
3. Approximately 6000 feet of 42 inch R.C. aravity pipe
from the tunneled interceptor, following Highland Road east,
to the Brandywine Trunk sewer.
The transport piping system described above will not be included
in the alternative plan. The remainder of the proposed Phase II,
piping system, the Upland Brandywine Creek Trunk, will be common to
both plans.
Installed Cost of Proposed Phase II System
Richfield to Peninsula
1. 11,500 feet of 18" R.C. gravity pipe - $.3565 Millie
2. 5,000 feet of 8" force main - .1100 Millie^
Peninsula to Brecksville
3. 19,000 feet of 24" tunneled interceptor - 5.700 Million
4. 21,000 feet of 54" tunneled interceptor - 9.190 Million
5. 6,000 feet of 42" R.C. gravity sewer .246
Total Installed Cost-Proposed Plan $15.6025 Million
3-10
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Alternative
The alternative plan for Phase II requires the installation
of the following system:
1. Approximately 5,000 feet of 18 inch R.C. gravity pipe
2. Approximately 9,500 feet of 8 inch force main and a
pumping station.
The above system will serve Richfield and transport its
wastewater to the Brecksville Trunk north of the Veterans Hospital on
Old Route 1.
The communities located on the east side of the Cuyahoga River
will be served by the following system:
1. Approximately 14,000 feet of 24 inch ".C. pipe, installed
at a slope S = .005 following natural grade. This pipe will
begin at Boston Heights and follow a northerly direction to
Highland Ave., connecting to the proposed Brandywine Creek Trunk.
2. Approximately 30,000 feet of 48 inch R.C. pipe, installed
at a slope S = .002, following natural grade. This pipe will
follow the abandoned railroad right of way, north to Sagamore
Road, connecting to the proposed Hawthornden Trunk.
The municipalities of Peninsula and Boston Township will
be served by a 0.7 MGD, AWT plant. This design capacity will
satisfy a projected combined population of 1,500 in the year
1995 for these communities.
Installed Costs of Alternative Phase II Plan
Richfield to Brecksville
1. 5,000 feet of 18 inch R.C. gravity pipe - $0.155 Millior
2. 9,500 feet of 8 inch force main Boston Heights
to Brecksville 0.209 Mjllior
3. 14,000 feet of 24 inch R.C. gravity pipe 0.546
4. 30,000 feet of 48 inch R.C. gravity pipe 1.575
Total Pipe Cost 2.485
5. Install a 0.7mgd AWT plant 2.100
Total installed cost - Alternate Plan $4.585 Millior
3-11
-------
Economic Analysis of Phase II Plans:
Reduced installed costs for Alternative vs. Proposed Plan
for Phase Il7 ~~~ ~~~ ~~
Total Cost Proposed Plan - $15.6025 F'
Total Cost Alternate Plan - 4.5850
Reduction in installed costs $11.0175 MH
Based on the above capital costs the alternate plan requires
the minimum capital investment.
D. Capital Cost Comparison of Proposed and Alternatives for
Phase III Plans.
The proposed plan for Phase III is to install <~ ./astewater
transport system for a distance of approximately 21 miles of Trunk
sewer. This system will begin in the area of Streetsboro and trave]
in a north-westerly direction and connect to the Phase I interceptor
at Tinker's Creek.
Alternate 1 - will elminate the 21 mile Trunk line by installa-
tion of 5 AWT plants sized to accommodate the 1995 projected popula-
tion. These plants will then be expanded to satisfy the projected
2020 year population. The 96 inch tunneled interceptor required
for Phase I will be reduced to a 72 inch tunneled interceptor by vii
of the reduced design flow attributable to Phase III.
Alternate 2 is similar to alternate 1 except in the year 1995,
operation?of the 5 AWT plants is discontinued. Instead the 21 mile
Tinker's treek Trunk system is installed along with a 78 inch
tunneled interceptor parallel to the 72 inch main interceptor installc
in Phase I.
Installed Costs of Proposed Phase III
Capital Costs for Treatment at Southerly of 80 mgd Phase III
design flow (34 mgd wastewater and infiltration and 46 mgd
of inflow).
1. Wastewater & infiltration - 34 X $956000/Mgd - $32.5 Millio-
2. 28 Percnet of 46 mgd inflow - X $224325/Mgd - 2.9 Millio .
3. 72 Percent of 46 mgd inflow - X $ 50229/Mgd - 1.6 Milli.
Total lost Eor treatment at Southerly $37.0 Milli
3-12
-------
Capital Cost for Conveyance of 80 Mgd
1. 25,000 feet of 96 inch tunneled interceptor
@ $600. 15.0 Million
2. Tinker's Creek Trunk - 21 miles (built in 1995) 7.0 Million
Summary
1978 Capital Investment $37 + 15. 52.0 Million
1995 Capital Investment 7.0 Million
Installed Costs of Alternate 1, 5 AWT Plants
for 1995 and updated for 2020.
A - Treatment Plants
Cap. Inv. 1995 Additional
1978 Cap. Inv.
1. Bedford 7.02 2.25
2. Bedford Heights 8.05 5.46
3. Solon 7.35 5.06
4. Twinsburg, Aurora, Macedonia 9.78 6.60
5. Streetsboro, Remindersville 4.10 6.83
$36.3 Million $26.2 Million
B - Reduction in Phase I Interceptor Size
25,000 feet of 96" tunneled interceptor @$600/ft - $15.0 Million
25,000 feet of 72" tunneled interceptor @$487.50/ft 12.2 Million
Reduction in Capital Cost $ 2.8 Million
Summary
1978 Capital Investment 36.2 Million
1978 Reduction in Capital Investment 2.8 Million
1995 Capital Investment 26.2 Million
3-13
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Installed Costs of Alternate 2, 5 AWT Plants
to 1995 Then Salvaged
Installation of Tinker's Creek Trunk, 21 miles, and 2,500 feet
of 78 inch tunneled interceptor from Tinker's Creek to southerly
treatment.
1. Five AWT plants to 1995 -
2. Salvage Value of 5 AWT plants (25%)
3. Tinker's Creek Trunk, 21 miles
4. 25,000 feet of 78 inch tunneled interceptor
@ $512.50 =
36.3 Million
9.0 Million
7.0 Million
12.8 Million
Summary
1978 Capital Investment -
1995 Capital Investment 7.0 + 12.8 -
1995 Credit for Salvage Value of Facilities
36.2 Million
19.8 Million
9.0 Million
Economic Analysis of Capital Investment of the
Proposed Phase III Plan, and Alternates
1 and 2.
In order to equate 1978 dollars, and those invested in 1995,
the capital investment dollars required in 1995 will be discounted
over 17 year at 7 percent. The discount factor is 0.3177 for these
conditions. Based on this the Present Worth -of the three plans are
composed as follows:
Phase III
1978
Capital
Investment
Million
Proposed Plan 52.0
Alternate -1 36.2
Alternate -2 36.2
1978
Reduction
In Capital
Investment
For 72" vs.
96" Pipe
Million
1995 1995 Net
Cap. Inv. Salvage Present
Discounted Value Worth
by 0.3166 of AWT. Million
Million Plants
Million
0
(-2.8)
(-2.8)
2.22
8.3
6.27
0
0
(-2.85)
$54.22
41.70
36.82
3-14
-------
The present worth of alternate 2 is $17.4 million less than for the
proposed plan and $4.88 million lower than for alternate 1. There-
fore this is the least cost plan assuming that 0 & M costs are
roughly equal regardless of which plan is adopted.
E. Slope of the Interceptor
The slope of the main interceptor is a significant parameter
affecting design flow capacity of the tunneled interceptors. The
design drawings showed that the slope of the 96 inch and 78 inch
interceptors was .08-. 07 and .06 percent respectively. These
are very low values and it is apparent that increasing these slopes
would possibly provide sufficient increases in capacity to permit
the reduction in the size of these conduits.
Review of the detail design plans indicates that a principal
consideration governing the level at which the main interceptors
may be placed is the need to run trunk lines under the Cuyahoga
River. There are four such trunk lines included in Phase I of the
project. It is noted that these trunk lines have 1.0 percent to
0.6 percent slopes beginning at drop man holes on the east side
of the river. The pipes entering these manholes from the area
served are as much as 10 feet above the pipe leaving the manhole
and passing under the river to connect to the main interceptor.
Thus, in each case it is possible to raise these trunk lines without
interfering with the discharge from the area served by reducing
the slopes of these trunk lines and raising the elevation of the
entire interceptor. This approach permits an increase of the slope
of the main interceptor by about 80 percent. As a result it is
possible to reduce the interceptor north of Tinker's Creek from
96 to 84 inches diameter and the 78 inch pipe to 70 inches. This
evaluation is predicated on a 132.7 mgd design flow (see Section 4).
The results of slope analysis are summarized in Table 3-2. The
proposed interceptor sizes and slopes listed are those shown on
the design plans. The "alt." (alternative) values shown are
suggested alternative pipe elevations, sizes and capacities. The
cost reductions generated by increasing the slope of the interceptor
and decreasing its size from the 96" and 78" is tabulated below:
96" reduced to 84" reduces installed cost by $1.56 Million
78" reduced to 60" reduces installed cost by $ .625 Million
Total Reduction in Cost $2.187
There would be cost reductions other than those attributable
to reduced interceptor size. Many of the manholes and access holes
will be from 2 to 25 feet shallower. The cost reductions would
be fairly substantial particularly for those access shafts that can
be reduced in depth by 15 to 25 feet.
3-15
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3-16
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There would be cost increases attending the implementation of
the increases in the slope of the interceptor. These occur at the
lift station which would be increased in depth by five feet. In
addition, two access chambers and four manholes would be increased
in depth by one to four feet. The Walton Hills Trunk would be
increased form a 36" to a 42" pipe for a distance of 2000 of
which 100 feet would be tunneled pipe. The Hawthornden trunk would
be increased in.size from 24" to 30" diamater pipe for a distance
of 575 feet.
A review of the year 2020 population served by these two trunks
indicates that they are oversized as proposed, however. Therefore,
it may not be necessary to increase the size of these trunk lines.
The only reason, other than the elevation of trunks tunneled
under the river, which would prohibit changing the interceptor
slope would be soil conditions. If soils through which the inter-
ceptor will pass have lower bearing strength than soils at greater
depth as now planned, then a case could be made for not raising
the slope of the interceptor. However, the only portion of the
main interceptor which would be raised and which would also be in
glacial soil is that above Tinker's Creek (contract D of the 1975
design specifications). Four soil boring samples within this
contract segment were tested for unconfirmed compressive strength.
Unconfined compressive strength in these four samples ranged from
900 to 1300 pounds per ;s,quare foot (PSF) . The lowest value,
900 PSF, was at a depth comparable to the present design elevation
of the interceptor at the point of boring. The other three values,
1170 to 1300 PSF, occurred at higher elevations comparable to the
elevation of an interceptor with the alternate, increased slope.
In order to not preclude the alternative of an extended CVI
in Phase II by raising the invert 25 foot at Brecksville, the
potential slope of a tunneled interceptor starting at Peninsula
and remining at least 20 feet below the river bed was estimated
from USGS topographic maps. The river falls in excess of .1 percent
from Peninsula to Brecksville. Considering that either the main
interceptor of Phase II (as shown in the Environmental Assessment)
or a trunk paralleling Highland Road would pass under the Cuyahoga
River at Jaite, the slope of a sewer passing 20 feet under trfe river
at that point (stream bed elevation approximately 635 feet M.S.L.)
and joining a raised CVI at Brecksville could be as great as .075
percent (15 feet in 20,000). This appears to be the most critical
segment of the main line in Phse II.
F. Other Alternatives
Another alternative discussed during 1972 and 1973, but eventually
rejected and not discussed in the Environmental Assessment among
the various alternatives was the construction of a sub-regional
plant near the site of the present Jaite Paper Mill at the mouth
of Brandywine Creek.
3-17
-------
This plant, which would serve the Richfield-Furnace Run-Bostcn-
Peninsula area, has the disadvantage of discharging effluent and
incinerating sludge in the midst of the Cuyahoga Valley National
Recreation Area and was not discussed in the Assessment, probably
because it did not immediately affect the Phase I area.
3-18
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CHAPTER 4
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION
A. General
The proposed action is construction of the Phase I Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor, lift station, and trunk sewers as discussed
on pages 130-136 and in Figures 21, but not 23 or 24 of the
Environmental Assessment, with alternate routings of the trunk
sewers and alterations to protect archaeological sites as
described below. A description of some of the trunk alternatives
is provided on pages 105 to 109 and in Figures 17-19 of the
Environmental Assessment, with cost figures in Table 23.
In his letter of November 14, 1975, the Director of the
Cleveland Regional Sewer District stated that the Brooklyn
Heights trunk sewer is being redesigned and the proposed lift
station plans are being reviewed to reduce costs.
B. Routing
The construction we propose differs from CRSD's in four ways:
1) It adopts alternatives "B" and "C" for the Brecksville
Trunk. These alternatives not only avoid disturbance and
erosion of the Chippewa Creek stream bed, but when used
together are actually more economical. (See Page 106 EA).
2) It adopts alternative "B" for the Maple Heights Trunk, thus
avoiding disturbance and erosion of the creek stream bed.
3) It adopts phased construction of the Hawthornden trunk,
thus avoiding disturbance of the breeding migration of the
Sagamore Road spotted salamander colony.
4) It adopts the changes proposed by Dr. David Brose as
part of his archaeological survey of the proposed CVI
route, including:
a) Shifting of the Hillside trunk connection to the
east east side of the CVI to safeguard the Access
Area 11 site.
b) Elimination of ground disturbance in the northeastern
portion of Access Area 3.
c) An archaeological salvage of proposed Access Area 4.
c• Sizing Rationale
The sizing we propose is slightly below that suggested by the Cleve-
land Regional Sewer District in the Environmental Assessments. Al-
though revised design parameters (summarized below) differ appreciabl
from the applicant's, the cumulative effect of these is to strongly
support modest downsizing.
4-1
-------
Individual design considerations are:
1) Population Projections
CRSD's final design population was 313,000 people in 2020 for
a 169 MGD sewer. As analyzed in Chapter 2, EPA's own range of
projections for the total 2020 service area centered around
280,000. Both NOACA and the Cuyahoga County Regional Planning
Commission are now preparing new projections, based on a cohort-
survival model. These should be issued by July or August, 1976,
and may provide an important cross-check on the EPA projection
and ranges of population. The 280,000 population is, however,
essentially a compromise figure, as likely to be unattained
as exceeded, and should be tentatively useful as a base for
sizing.
2) Water Use
Water use in 1975 within the developed sections of the study area
can be taken as a guide to water use in 2020 throughout the study
area. The analysis of water billing records presented in Section
2.B.3 indicates that developing areas show relatively low per
capita domestic water consumption rates. As commercial and public
facilities development follow the residential development, domestic
water consumption rates increase to a level just above 70 gallons
per capita per day (gpcd). Since the study area should not have
achieved full development by 2020, the figure of 70 gpcd is used
to estimate future domestic water consumption for the study area.
Applying this rate to the populations predicted in Table 2-49 for
the CVI phases, the 2020 domestic water usage would be:
Phase I 6.762 mgd
Phase II 3.514 mgd
Phase IIIA 4.515 mgd
Phase IIIB 4.823 mgd
19.614 mgd
Since not all metered water is disposed of as sanitary wastewater,
this figure would be somewhat high if used as a domestic waste-
water projection. An accepted consumptive loss is 20 percent.
However, no consumptive loss will be included here in order to
provide a conservative estimate that will account for greater growth
or higher water consumption rates than predicted.
The second major source of wastewater will be industry. A
generous wastewater estimate of 125 gallons per manufacturing em-
ployee was calculated in Section 2.B.3. The employment: population
ratio derived in Section 2.B.5 for the study area in 2020 was 0.35.
Using the CVI population projections in Table 2-49 with this ratio,
the 2020 study area employment would be 98,000 of which 50 percent
would be manufacturing employees if 1972 proportions between manu-
facturing and total employment stabilize. (But see Section 2.B.5).
4-2
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The most suitable and attractive areas for manufacturing plants
in the CVI study area are found in the upland regions east of the
Cuyahoga Valley. Extensive rail and highway routes in this area
and the relatively even terrain are likely to attract industry. The
presently high costs of treated water in the outlying suburbs (see
Section 2.B.3) may act to deter industrial development. Other areas
that already have industrial facilities and/or have some relatively
even terrain are the northern part of Phase I near the Cuyahoga River
and drainage divides in Phases I and II west of the Cuyahoga Valley
National Recreational Area. Considering the present distribution
of manufacturing employment (see Section 2.B.5, Table 2-54) and the
attractiveness of land in the various Phases of CVI, the distribu-
tion of manufacturing employment and industrial water consumption
by phase is estimated to be:
2020 2020
Manufacturing Industrial
Employment Water Consumption
Phase I 15,000 1.875 mgd
Phase II 5,000 .625
Phase IIIA 20,000 2.500
Phase IIIB 9,000 1.250
49,000 6.125
As with domestic water use, some portion of this water will
not be returned to the sewerage systems. Also, depending on in-
dustry decisions in regard to joint treatment; some of the waste-
water may be treated and discharged to streams by industry. Con-
sidering the entire amount of projected water use as sewage,
therefore, makes these projections a very liberal industrial waste-
water estimate for 2020.
A minor amount of water consumption and wastewater generation
will result from use of the CVNRA. The National Recreation Area,
if developed in accordance with the draft general management plan
(NPS 1976), will be capable ultimately (after 1966) of serving
between 6 million and 8 million visits annually. A visit is counted
as one person attending the park facilities for a day. Seventy-five
percent (4.5-6 million) of that yearly use is expected to occur
during the period from 1 April to 31 October (By telephone, Mr.
Michael Donnelly, Planner, NPS, 2 August 1976). A yearly average
of from 19,000 to 28,000 visitors per day theoretically would be
expected at the park. The NPS draft management plan states that
proposed facilities could ultimately accommodate between 35,000 and
45,000 people per day while providing for an "optimal visitor
experience."
Existing metropolitan parks and other recreational facilities
in the NRA area currently serve between 3 million and 3.5 million
visits per year. NPS projects that the NRA will be visited by 4.7
million persons annually by 1986, and by 6.3 million persons annually
by 1996. No further projections were given, but that the park would
reach its ultimate capacity (8 million visits annually) sometime
after 1996.
4-3
-------
The maximum visitor capacities have been disaggregated and
assigned to each of the ten management zones designated in the draft
park plan (NFS 1976). Projected water demand (potable) varies with
the types of activities specified for each zone and ranges from
5 gallons/person/day to 20 gallons/person/day.
By 1996, total potable water demand will equal 94.5 million
gallons per year, assuming a generous water consumption figure of
15 gallons per person per visit-day. Assuming a peak-day use of
45,000 persons, the peak daily demand would be 675,000 gallons. By
the time the ultimate visitor use of the park is reached, the yearly
demand will increase to 120 million gallons. Existing projections
do not include sufficient data to allow calculations of peak daily
demand once the ultimate visitor capacity is reached. No supply for
this water has been specified by NFS.
The NFS estimated that each visitor to the park would generate
3.5 wastewater gallons per day. By 1996 total wastewater flows
would equal 22 million gallons per year, and 28 million gallons per
year when the ultimate park capacity is reached. Peak daily waste-
water flows will approach 157,500 gallons per day for the active
park.
Park areas in the Phase I Service Area of CVI would daily serve
from 11,500 persons to 14,500 persons, or about 33% of the ultimate
visitor capacity. Peak wastewater flows from this section of the
park, 53,000 gallons per day, can easily be handled by CVI.
Park areas in the Phase II Service Area of CVI would serve
daily from 8,500 persons to 10,500 persons, or about 24 percent of
the ultimate visitor capacity. Peak wastewater generation would
be 69,000 gallons per day. The remainder of the park, which will
receive about 43 percent of the use, is outside the CVI study area.
This southern end of the park could be served by Phase II of the
CVI, if its service area were extended to the south.
Phase III of the CVI will not serve any segment of the NRA.
In addition to inside-the-park wastewater generation, approxi-
mately 26 percent of park visitors are likely to seek overnight
accommodations near major entrances to CVNRA. At ultimate usage of
the park, approximately 11,300 persons on peak days will need such
facilities. Assuming they all are accommodated in Phases I and II
of CVI in proportion to park usage in those phases and that each
person generates 30 gpd that would not be attributable to ordinary
commercial wastewater flows (a portion of the 70 gpcd domestic
wastewater generation rate), then Phase I overnight visitor waste-
water flows would be .15 mgd and Phase II .19 mgd.
Anticipated 2020 water consumption by CVI phase and by type of
consumption is summarized in Table 4-1. These water consumption
projections are carried forward as projected wastewater generation
figures without taking deductions for consumptive losses. This
4-4
-------
results in wastewater flow projections that are perhaps 20 percent
high. These flows are doubled in Table 4-1 to show the design
peak wastewater flow rate for each phase in 2020.
3) Inflow
CRSD's inflow figure has two components:
a. measured inflow from existing sewered areas as tabulated in
Table 17 of the Assessment, and
b. calculated inflow for existing sewered areas not metered.
Of the Assessment's 84.4 MGD of inflow 59.7 MGD is existing metered
inflow and 24.7 MGD is calculated unmetered inflow. The method of
calculation is described on page 88 of the Assessment. All inflow
figures have been adjusted for a standard design precipitation of
0.88 inches in one hour with a one year recurrence interval.
(
a. Metered Inflow
Five of the nineteen plants metered, with about 35 per cent of
the nominal acreage, contributed about 75 per cent of the metered
inflow.
Plant
Bedford Hts. 15"
Bedford STP
Brecksville
Bedford Hts. eld.
Macedonia #15
Population
Served
1500
19,000
7800
12,200
7981
Nominal
Acreage
520
2050
3700
2050
Dry Weather
Sewage Flow(MGD)
(inc
1908
(35%)
udes
0.80
2.39
1.27
1.83
1.75
FTO?
Tnfilt)
Metered
Design
13.78
11.86
7.39
6.36
5.48
41737 (75%)
At these plants inflow is between three and seventeen times dry
weather flow. A cost-effective reduction of 20 per cent (9 MGD) by
2020 is not unreasonable, as some of the combined sewers will age
and need replacement. Individual infiltration and inflow studies of
the various contributing systems are underway, but will not be com-
pleted for at least a year. The high inflow figures also suggest
that should the interceptor turn out to be underdesigned by 2020
additional capacity might be obtained by inflow reduction. The
applicant, in its Cleveland Southerly Infiltration and Inflow
Study, treated the whole Southerly service area as a unit, con-
cluding that for the total Southerly service area it would be cost
effective to pump and treat the entire I&I component.
4-5
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b. Unmetered Inflow
As shown in Table 2-24, the actual sewered area used to calculate
inflow rate per acre is considerably smaller than that shown in
Table 17 of the Assessment. The 4000 gallons per acre per day
figure developed on page 89 is relatively high for two reasons:
1.
2.
Phase
The very high (at least 27,000 Gallons Per Acre Per Day)
inflow figure for the Bedford Heights 15" plant is
averaged in, significantly distorting the inflow rate.
The rate generated is applied throughout the total service
area. A phased calculated inflow figure would produce the
following approximate results:
Unmetered Sewered
acreage
Phase Inflow
Rate (GAD)
517.5
117.5
3085.0
2244
6230
2068
Calculated
Inflow (MGD)
77IF5
1.16
0.73
6.38
15.33
4. Infiltration
Infiltration was calculated in the Southerly I/I report for new collecto
sewers and for sewer service areas not metered in the I/I study. The
method used there depended upon service area acres as the common de-
nominator between metered and unmetered or future systems. Since
specifications for infiltration in new sewers is based upon the inch-
miles of sewer constructed, not acres served, it would be more accurate
to project future infiltration based upon estimates of sewerage re-
quired to serve populations (present and future) which are presently
unsewered. Also, calculated infiltration in the Environmental Assess-
ment uses an unreported acreage figure for unmetered but presently
sewered areas. The only published infiltration figure which includes
the calculated infiltration in existing sewers refers to 1980 infil-
tration and apparently includes an allowance for 17,000 acres of
newly sewered (1975-1980) service area.
Infiltration for unmetered, existing sewered acres is calculated by
applying the 500 gpad of the Environmental Assessment to actual
unmetered, sewered acreage by phase as follows:
Recalculated
Unmetered Phase Infiltration Unmetered
Phase Sewered Acreage Rate (gpad) Infiltration (mgd)
I
II
IIIA
IIIB
2485.Q
517.5
117.5
3085.0
500
500
500
500
1.24
.26
.06
1.54
3.10
4-7
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In order to estimate the amount of sewer in inch-miles required to
serve existing unsewered population and new development, the number
of inch-miles of sewer per 1000 people served in Brecksville was
calculated from service area population (7,800 reported in the
Southerly I/I Analysis and the Environmental Assessment) and the
sewer pipe inventory (251 inch-miles reported in the Southerly I/I
Analysis). The 32.2 inch-miles of sewer per 1000 population will
likely over-estimate the actual amount of sewer to be constructed
since the sewered area population density in Brecksville (4.27
persons per sewered acre) is low for areas with central sewage
facilities.
Populations served by private septic systems (existing unsewered)
from Table 2-28 and 1975-2020 population increases predicted by
the EPA-RPI and NEFCO projections in Tables 2-42 and 2-43 adjusted
by the ratio of 2020 populations in and out of the study area (see
Table 2-49) , were added by municipalities to calculate populations
that will require new sewers. Summaries of populations and infil-
tration by phase are presented in Table 4-2.
EPA specifications for new sewer construction set a maximum for
infiltration of 200 gallons per day per inch-mile (gpdin) of sewer.
Aging of sewer pipes will cause this rate to increase over time.
The infiltration rate used in Table 4-2 is 600 gpdin assuming
that infiltration will triple. The use of this safety factor
plus the overestimation of future sewer requirements caused by
using Brecksville data combine to make the 3.25 mgd future CVI
infiltration rate a high figure.
Total infiltration in each phase of CVI in 2020 would be the sum
of metered infiltration recalculated unmetered infiltration and
future infiltration in new sewers. These values are:
Metered Recalculated Future 2020
Infiltration Unmetered Infiltration Infiltration Total
Phase (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd)
I .64 1.24 1.20 3.08
II .95 .26 .74 1.95
IIIA 3.17 .06 .46 3.69
IIIB 1.54 1.54 .85 3.93
12.65
5. Cost-Effective Evaluation of I/I Rehabilitation
A letter dated 10 May 1976 from the Director of OEPA certifies that
"the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor may be subject to excessive infil-
tration/inflow as defined in 40 CFR 35.927." (See Section 7). The
cost effective analysis of I/I Rehabilitation reported in the Cleve-
land Southerly Infiltration and Inflow Study (CRSD, 1975) concluded
4-8
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Table 4-2.
Future Infiltration
Phase
I
II
IIIA
IIIB
Population
Requiring New
Sewers by 2020
(1000 persons)
62.26
38.06
23.86
44.28
Inch Miles per
1000 Persons3
(in-mi/1000)
32.2
32.2
32.2
32.2
Future
Sewer
Needed
(in-mi)
2005
1225
768
1426
Future
Inf iltratioi
at 600 gpdii
(mgd)
1.20
.74
.46
.85
3.25
aBased on population served and pipe inventory for Brecksville.
4-9
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that, for the entire Southerly service area, it was not cost-
effective to rehabilitate existing sewers. However, the analysis
considered only two alternatives: attempting to remove all I/I
and treating all I/I. The cost-effectiveness of identifying the
most easily remedied sources of I/I and an estimate of how much
peak flow reduction could be achieved cost-effectively is not
analyzed. Also because most of the sewers in the CVI study area
are relatively new and have a much lower proportion of combined
sewers, the difficulty of rehabilitation reflected in rehabilitation
cost estimates presented in the I/I analysis probably does not per-
tain to the smaller CVI study area. Considering that more than
half the design flow for CVI is I/I, a more specific analysis of
rehabilitation cost effectiveness and the effects of rehabilitation
on CVI design flows seems appropriate.
In order to evaluate the possible cost effectiveness of selectively
rehabilitating sewers, the six CVI municipalities with the most
significant inflow are analyzed using data from the CRSD report
except for Solon for which a detailed I/I study has been completed
(Floyd G. Browne & Assoc., 1974). The six municipalities are
Brecksville, Macedonia, Hudson Township, Bedford, Bedford Heights
and Solon. Since Brecksville is the only municipality for which
a sewer size inventory is published in the I/I report, the assump-
tion was made for the five municipalities excluding Solon that the
amount of installed sewer per 1000 users is the same in the other
five municipalities as in Brecksville. Further, it was assumed
that the intensive rehabilitation program costed out in the I/I
report for the entire Southerly service area would be performed
but would only be 70 percent effective in removing both infiltra-
tion and inflow to be conservative. The rehabilitation program
costed for Southerly envisioned a complete physical survey, in-
specting and cleaning 50 percent, replacing 50 percent of the sewers
and repairing or replacing 15 percent of the sewer connections.
It is felt that 50 percent replacement of sewers in these munici-
palities is very conservative and not necessary in the short run.
Replacing this proportion of sewer would concurrently include
repair or replacement of most improper house connections. To
avoid double counting but also to remain conservative, the 50
percent replacement figure is used to account for both replacing
irreparable sewer and remedying improper house connections.
The amount of I/I removed from these six municipalities would be
a total of approximately 40 mgd as tabulated in Table 4-3. Also
in Table 4-3 the costs for rehabilitation calculated by the method
described above are presented.
The costs for transporting and treating this amount of I/I must
be weighed against the cost of rehabilitation. Conveyance costs
were calculated as the difference in cost between various sizes
of the main line interceptor that would be attributable to I/I
reduction only. No cost savings from reducing trunk sewer sizes
is included. The cost of treatment for infiltration was determined
assuming that infiltration would receive complete treatment of
Southerly. However, only 28 percent of inflow was assumed to
4-10
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Table 4-3. Assumed Reduction in I/I for Six CVI Municipalities at
70 Percent Reduction.
Reduction in:
Infi]
Municipality
Brecksville
Macedonia
Hudson Twp.
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Solon*
2.33 37.35 = 39.68 mgd 6.874
Infiltration
(mgd)
.27
.67
.11
.34
.48
.46
Inflow
(mgd)
5.17
3.84
1.93
8.81
14.10
3.50
Rehabilitation Cost
(million dollars)
1.300
.567
.538
2.269
1.715
.485
*Data for Solon is from Floyd G. Browne & Assoc., 1974.
Note: Costs are in terms of January 1976 dollars.
4-11
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receive complete treatment because of design flow 72 percent of
the inflow would be bypassed after transport and primary treatment.
A summary of transport and treatment costs is presented in Table 4-4
This table assumes that 70 percent of I/I in the six municipalities
cited is removable.
The total cost for transport and treatment of the 40 mgd, there-
fore, is calculated to be $8,519,000. The net cost benefit of
rehabilitating the sewer systems in these four municipalities, is:
$8,519,000 Transport and treatment (No rehabilitation)
-$6,874,000 Rehabilitation
$1,645,000
It is emphasized that this analysis is based upon some assumptions
which are not verified by field data. With the exception of using
service area population in Brecksville to estimate the amount of
sewers in other municipalities, however, the assumptions made are
comparable to those made by CRSD in the prior cost benefit on the
entire Southerly service area.
The time required to perform the sewer evaluation surveys necessary
to acquire field data is a minimum of four to six months. Because
the field work for evaluation surveys is best conducted during the
period of February to May, the construction of Phase I CVI could
be delayed should it be desired to redesign the interceptor on the
basis of adequate I/I information.
Regardless of the impact of I/I rehabilitation on the design of the
Phase I interceptor, the information derived from detailed sewer
studies in the entire CVI study area is necessary for future sewer
facilities planning. This data collection and analysis should pro-
ceed immediately in the form of Sewer System Evaluation Surveys for
all of the existing collector systems in the study area as part of
the Step II grant for Phase I CVI.
6. Design Flows
Incorporating the above considerations and estimates, Table 4-5
shows projected 2020 design flows for CVI by phase and source of
flow. :
These projections are based on several assumptions that cause the
flows to be quite high:
• That the entire 2020 residential population will be
served by central sewage facilities. This would re-
quire sewering all future low density residential areas
and elimination of all existing private septic tank
sewage disposal systems. Elimination of private sep-
tic tank systems which discharge to streams is highly
desirable but practically infeasible considering the
4-12
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Table 4-4. Transport and Treatment Costs for I/I in Six CVI Municipalities.
Based upon cost data from CRSD, 1974.
Treatment
Infiltration
28 percent of inflow
provided full treatment
72 percent of inflow by-
passed after primary treat-
ment
Capital costs
O&M costs
Capital costs
O&M costs
Capital costs
O&M costs
$956,000/MGD
181,215/MGD
224,325/MGD
9,702/MGD
50,229/MGD
9,702/MGD
Transport - Entire mainline CVI can be reduced by one size with removal of
70 percent of I/I from the above six communities.
Brecksville to Tinker's Creek: 78" to 72"
$25/foot x 10,000 feet = $250,000
Tinker's Creek to Southerly: 96" to 90"
$62.50/foot x 25,000 feet = $1,747,500
Note: Costs are in terms of January 1976 dollars.
4-13
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Table 4-5. Design Flows 2020
Phase
I
II
IIIA
IIIB
Wastewater
(mgd)
17.
8.
14.
12.
7
8
4
2
Metered
Infiltration Inflow*
(mgd) (mqd)
3.
1.
3.
3.
08
95
69
93
9.
7.
31.
3.
08
80
73
11
Calculated
Inflow
(mgd)
7.06
1.16
.73
6.38
Total
(mgd)
36.9
19
50
25
.7
.6
.6
132.7
*Minus 20 percent for the 5 metered service areas with highest inflow,
4-14
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economics of severing low density areas a^J' continu-
ing state an-; local practice of permitting '.-..--se
systems.
• That there will be no consumptive water losses between
water metering and waste disposal. Water losses have
been discounted in these projections to account for any
unpredictable increases in wascewater generation.
• That all industrial wastewatei will be picked up by
CVI. The economics of industrial pretreatinent with
joint final treatment with municipal wastes versus
complete treatment by industry may work against some
large industries with incompatible pollutants agree-
ing to joint treatment.
« Taat only 20 percent of inflow in the five worst metered
collection systems be eliminated. Pre'l-'.-r:. nary costing
of inflow removal in the six municipalities with the
greatest inflow problems indicates that it could be
cost effective to conduct extensive rehabilitation pro-
grams if 70 percent of inflow i.c; removed, Sanitary
sewer evaluation surveys in many sections of the United
St?tes indicate that 80 to 90 percent of inflow is
usually cost effective to remove. At 70 percent re-
moval for these six municipalities the total design
flow in Table 4-5 would be reduced to approximately
100 mgd.
• That all peak flows will occur at the same time in
some section of the main interceptor. All of the flows
have- been added arithmetically, thereby implicitly
assuming that wastewater flow peaks and inflow peaks
frc~ each of the tributary service areas will coincide.
Tim^ of concentration studies have not been conducted
to determine the probability of this possibility.
7, Conclusion
Notwithstanding considerations of interceptor slope, I/I rehabili-
tation and alternatives for Phases II and III, a 90 inch diameter
interceptor from Tinkers Creek to Southerly and a 66 inch inter-
ceptor from the Brecksville sewage treatment to Tinkers Creek would
be able to carry the projected flowt; ;,t: the slopes called for in
existing design drawings.
Resolution of slope, I/I ard phasing considerations would require
further analysis and investigation that would require six to nine
months to complete at a minimum. I/I and phasing need to be
studied for reasons other than design considerations in Phase I.
Sewer system evaluation surveys of the collector systems in the
entire CVI study area and facilities planning including environ-
mental assessments for Phases II and III should, therefore, pro-
ceed immediatelv. The possible cost savings due to altering the
slopes of the r^ain interceptor must be weighed against the time
delay involved in •^assessing the design slopes,
4-15
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CHAPTER 5
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
A. General-Environmental Assessment
The discussion of environmental effects and mitigative measures
on pages 137 to 163 is generally quite valid. The project will
result in a substantial reduction in BOD and suspended solids
discharged to the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries; it will
reduce groundwater contamination and allow more consistent
treatment of effluent than now possible. This is particularly
true in the case of industrial discharges now served by small
package plants.
At the same time it will result in lower minimum flow,
particularly on some of the tributaries, and will produce the
impacts normally associated with sewer construction (loss of
trees and vegetation, disposal of spoil, etc'. All of these
positive and negative impacts are summarized on pages 162 to 163
of the Assessment.
The applicant has planned many useful mitigative measures for
use during both the design and construction stages. These
measures, summarized below, have been planned to limit impact
on sites of archaeological value.
In spite of this, and in spite of the overall excellence of
the Assessment, a number of important effects are not discussed,
difference of opinion with state agencies and even previous
drafts of the same asssessment are not clarified, and several
possible mitigative measures are ignored. Discussion of these
additional points follows.
B. General-Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area
1. The Cuyahoga Valley 1975 Utilities Study.
conclusion of the Assessment were generally confirmed by the
consultant utilities study prepared for the Ohio Department of
Natural Resources and used in the Cuyahoga Valley 1975 study.
Early portion of this study suggest CVI might be acceptable
should changes in construction now planned be undertaken, but
goes on to consider questions of secondary and other impact:
Assessment of Utility Impacts
a. Water and Sewer Facilities
At the northern end of the valley, the proposed Phase I of the
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Sewer (CVI) will provide service
to the communities of Independence, Brecksville, Valley View,
and portions of Walton and Sagamore Hills. If the currently
proposed construction method is carried out, this line would
be tunneled the entire length within the park thus minimizing
the potential environmental damages. Tunneling also permits
much greater spacing between manholes (1000-2000 feet) and thus
5-1
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less disturbance to the natural landscape. Sealed manholes
at-grade are proposed for a portion of its length from the
Brecksville plant to Tinkers Creek Road. However, it is ad-
mitted in the CVi environmental assessment that the length of
this airtight run will probably cause sewage to turn septic.
Prom Tinkers Creek Road north to Rockside Road manholes are
proposed to be elevated above the floodplain. This would
create a series of unnatural mounds through the valley floor
even with the proposed 50 to 1 side slopes. It is suggested
that an alternate method of ventilating the trunk line must be
found which will then permit all manholes to be placed at-grade.
This, coupled with the tunneling of trunk lines, would appear to
make the existence of the CVI, Phase If within the park acceptable.
According to the projections of the growth and economic activity
by both Tri-County Planning Commission and AMATS the area along the
east side of the valley will experience significant growth during
the next 20 years.* Water distribution lines already extend as
far south as Northfield Center Township. Akron water extends
northward into the southeastern corner of Northampton Township and
also north of Cuyahoga Falls. Lines and facilities to close the
gap will most likely occur within the next 5 to 10 years, thus
providing the entire eastern side of the valley with adequate
water.
The problem at this time that confronts the eastern side and
therefore acts as a constraint on development is access to sewer
facilities of adequate capacity. There is presently a building
ban in effect in the ffacedoRia -Northfield Center Township area due
to inadequacies related to the Macedonia sewer treatment plant. A
recent decision by the Ohio EPA** favors servicing this area via
the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor (CVI) and emphasizes the need for
accomplishing this within this decade. More specifically, this
involves the second phase of the CVI which will extend southward
from the existing Brecksville plant, then eastward to connect to
the Macdonia plant and other smaller plants in the Hudson area.
Although there were plans developed by the Summit County
Sanitary Engineer to expand and upgrade the Macedonia plant, these
have apparently been abandoned in favor of the Phase II CVI. The
location of this line in the valley as shown on the Utility Loca-
tion Map is only a first approximation. It is recommended that
because of the sensitive nature of the soils, underlying bedrock,
heavy forested areas and other ecological considerations in the
valley, alternative locations outside the valley should be studied.
The forecast for growth population and economic activities
along the western side of the valley over the next twenty years are
considerably less than those along the eastern side. This is partly
*Population Forecast, 1970-2020, Regional Study 153, Tri-County
Regional Planning Commission, October, 1972. Population^Project
1970-1990, Cuyahoga Regional Planning Commission, Sept'72
**June 4, 1974 letter from Ohio EPA to the Summit County Engineer.
5-2
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due to the already developed nature of Independence and Brecks-
ville and partly based on the potential for development in the
Richfield-Bath Township area.
The bulk of the undeveloped Richfield-Bath area has large
lot zoning, inadequate land capabilities for septic systems and
no immediate plans to provide sewer and water service-to the area.
Thus, it is unlikely that growth in this area will occur rapidly.
However, there are two small areas which are exceptions to this
general premise. Both are served by a small, recently constructed
sewage treatment plant and one is seived by Akron watei. A 200,000
GPD plant at Furnace Run is designed to serve an estimated 570
single family dwelling units. These units are to be located west
of Furnace Run near SR 303. The other area is around the Mileti
Sports Coliseum which recently constructed a 220,000 GPD treatment
facility. This plant is estimated to be approximately twice the
capacity needed for the coliseum. The excess capacity will
apparently serve either additional housing units or commercial
facilities, such as hotels and restaurants.
[EPA note: Recent information provided bT- NEFCO explains
that the 570 unit subdivision has failed for unstated reasons but
that the wastewater treatment plant that would have served it has
been installed.]
Akron water does serve only the Mileti Coliseum, by contractual
agreement with Akron. Any subdivision or community wishing Akron
water would have to enter into a similar agreement for the ex-
tensions of new lines from Akron. This would appear unlikely to
occur unless the potential water buyer could also provide adequate
sewer facilities.
Acquisition of the park will mean control of most of the water
courses which contain flows adequate to support discharge of any
major treatment plant effluent. This is generally true for Furnace
Run, its tributaries, and some of the minor tributaries of the
Cuyahoga River. This suggests that acquisition of the park will
provide a certain amount of control over the density of potential
development around" the geiFTprieryof'^trie park boundary until such
time as municipal sewers become available. There are practically
no areas within or around the park which are considered adequate
for septic systems under the revised criteria of Ohio EPA (See
Septic Adsorption Systems Map Exhibit XI, Soils/Geology Report).
[EPA note: The above paragraph implies that the National
Park Service will have jurisdiction over effluent discharges to
streams passing through CVNRA. This is not the case. Ohio Environ-
mental Protection Agency and local health boards are the responsible
agencies for permitting effluent, discharges to surface water of
Ohio] .
In the center of the valley, although not entirely within
the park boundary, is the Village of Peninsula. On August, 197-
Peninsula was officially placed on the National Register of Hist*.
Places. Although its population is modest (700) it is already the
valley's community center and focal point of many visitors wishing
to experience the recent restoration of historic and other buildings
5-3
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within the town. With the establishment of the park, more rapid
development can be expected. This coupled with its visitor
attractiveness will create pressure in the near future for pro-
vision for adequate water and waste water treatment facilities.
Phase III of the CVI could come south to Peninsula and Akron water
could come north. This would increase pressure for additional
development. To control this possibility acquiring scenic
easements in the area outside the park boundary should be con-
sidered.
2. Specific Inpacts of Phase I on CVNRA
Phase I of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor will directly and in-
directly impact the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area (NRS). Major
adverse effects will result from:
o The construction of six access shafts and attendant
roads.
o Increased development pressures along the eastern
and western boundaries of the NRA.
Benefits will result from:
o The elimination of the discharge of inadequately
treated wastewater to the Cuyahoga River.
o The provison of a wastewater collection system to
serve the northern third of the NRA.
a. Access Shafts
At least six access shafts (12-17) will be needed in the
NRA. Each site will require from 1 acre to 2 acres and an ac-
cess road. Each access raod will connect to the nearest road
and will consist of a 30-foot permanent easement and a 30-foot
temporary easement. The only exception is access area 17. Be-
cause of the sensitive nature of this lowland forest and scrub
area, CRSD will acquire a wider permanent easement for access
to the site. An ecologist/forester will be employed to selec-
tively route the road to the construction site to minimize dis-
ruption of high quality vegetation, wildlife habitat, and
drainage. The other access roads (to sites 12-16) could disturb
from 0.03 acre to 1.65 acres, each.
Use of the railroad right-of-way for access to sites 15 and
16 should be considered. A haul road could be cleared just west
of, and parallel to, the railroad. This would shorten the length
of access road needed to each site and eliminate the disruption
of higher quality lowland forest habitat between Riverview Road
and the construction sites. Consideration also should be given
to eliminating the stagnant water condition between sites 15 and
16 which is caused by the ponding of water against the railroad
embankment. During construction of the haul road, a culvert could
be installed under the railroad embankment to eliminate this
situation.
5-4
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Additional access shafts could be required should there be
an equipment failure or some unanticipated snag in the tunneling
operation. The CRSD is letting constrviction contracts separately
so that each contractor will bore through relatively homogeneous
substrate, and thus minimize the probability of equipment hang
ups and the need for additional construction sites in the NRA.
The six planned access areas in the NRA are located between
Tinkers Creek Road and the southern terminus of Phase 1. They
generally lie west of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad embankment
and east of Riverview Road.
Most of this land will be acquired by NFS via scenic ease-
ments and no special park activities are planned on this land
(NFS 1976). When construction activities have been completed,
a sealed, 12-feet by 15-feet, concrete slab containing a man-
hole will be the only structure that will remair1.
Access roads to each shaft site, should be designed to shield
the concrete slab and manhole from the view of visitors using
the B&)0 Railroad. Proper drainage under the access roads should
be provided to prevent the ponding of water which could prevent
the establishment of natural vegetation and concurrently supply
additional breeding habitat for mosqui-coes. Any large ruts at
construction sites also should be filled.
CRSD has stated that-access sites will be allowed to revege-
tate naturally. Owing to the transitory nature and quick re-
covery capacity of floodplain vegetation, the at grade concrete
slab will likely be concealed from view within one growing season.
NFS, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, ODNR, and other interested
agencies should be contacted to develop appropriate management
strategies, if deemed appropriate, to enhance the value of these
areas to local wildlife. Special consideration will be required
at sites 13 and 14 which presently are disturbed.
Depending on the construction method used by each contrac-
tor, additional surface disruption along the alignment of the
tunnel between access shafts could occur. Some tunneling tech-
niques require air holes and/or alignment holes. CRSD has re-
cently provided graphics indicating that such techniques will
be banned from use along segments of the tunneled interceptors
and trunks where access routes to hole locations would substan-
tially disrupt high quality vegetation or wildlife habitat.
3. Induced Development Adjacent to CVNRA Due to Phase I
Construction of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor will add
impetus to pressures for development of areas adjacent to the
NRA. About 5,600 feet of the Maple Heights-Garfield Heights
trunk will parallel Canal Road. The area immediately east of
Canal Road (roughly between Rockside Road and Sagamore Road),
presently not proposed for inclusion in the NRA and previously
not sewered, will become prime for commercial development. De-
pending on the tyr>es of controls applied to this area by local
government (Valley View Village) future development may or may
not be, compatible with the NRA.
5-5
-------
The section of the NRA bounded by Canal Road is open land
including the major features of theOhio and Erie Canal and Alex-
ander Mill. The National Park Service anticipates the utiliza-
tion of Alexander Mill as a "historic scene setter" for visitors
entering the park from the north along Canal Road. It is imperative
that the use of land along Canal Roal be controlled to preserve
and to some degree create a "historic" flavor. The National
Park Service should consider acquiring scenic easements on the
lowland areas east of Canal Road to guarantee that strip develop-
ment does not occur.
A similar situation may be generated on lands immediately
west of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad embankment south of
Rockside Road. The National Park Service declared that the
B&O Railroad line will be an essential component of the internal
transportation system of the park (PPS 1976). It is hoped
that the railroad will become the major public access to the
park from Cleveland and Akron. Commercial establishments will
vie for developable land west of the railroad near train stops.
No stops have been designated yet by NFS. To insure the integrity
of this northern gateway to the park the NFS might need to acquire
additional lands outside the current park boundary. A less cer-
tain alternative is the application of architectural controls
by local government.
4. Park-peripheral Commercial Demand
The Environmental Assessment of the management plan for the
Cuyahoga National Recreation Area describes three alternative use
plans (NFS 1976b). Alternative C of this Assessment most closely
resembles the strategy presented in the "Draft General Management
Plan" (NFS 1976a). Regardless of the alternative selected, the
National Park Service does not plan to provide overnight facili-
ties at the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area (Interview, Mr.
William Birdsel, NPS, 22 July 1976).
"The development of the CVNRA and the ensuing influx of
recreationalists will provide major incentives for improving and
expanding visitor support services (e.g., gas stations, restaurants,
private recreational facilities, and specialty shops) in the val-
ley" (NPS 1976a). It is highly probable that this prospective
commercial growth will take place at the immediate periphery of
the Park because of the scarcity of land in the Valley.
The National Park Service estimated that benefits to the local
economy would be $6.15 million annually. This figure was based on
a 4.1 million-person increase in annual visitation and on $1.50
spent per person per day.
Visitation projections for the Cuyahoga National Recreation
Area in 1990 were based on the following assumptions:
o 5 percent of users would be from outside the region
o 21 percent of users would be from outside the Cleve-
land-Akron metropolitan area
o 73 percent of users would be from within the metro-
politan area, including more than a 66 percent repeat
estimate.
5-6
-------
Based on these projections about 26 percent (1,779,214 per-
sons) of the annua1 visitors may require o v e r n iqht accommodations,
On a given peak day (45,000 persons), therefore, 11,700 person!
conceivably could be seeking some sort of overnight lodging.
Wastewater flows generated by commercial enterprises serving
this number of persons have been included in Phase I and Phase
II CVI projections.
Based on the existing information prepared by the National
Park Service, it is not possible to estimate what percentage of
this visitation will require camp grounds, motels, or hotels.
Nevertheless, it is safe to assume that commercial establishments
will proliferate on the uplands flanking the National Recreation
Area to meet the demand, because no steps have been taken by
agencies to forestall this eventuality. Pressure for park re-
lated commercial development will be greatest along roads to
major park entrances. Many of these areas will not realize this
development unless centralized sewer facilities are provided.
Phase I of CVI and, potentially, Phase II could eliminate this
restriction on commercial development.
5. Mitigating Measures for Impacts of Commercial Development
on Neighboring CVNRA Communities
Under the guidance of regional and local planning agencies,
the municipalities adjacent to the current boundary of the Cuyahoga
Valley National Recreation Area (CVNRA) have formed the Cuyahoga
Valley Park Communities Council. The primary goals of the Committee
are:
o To gain insight into local concerns.
o To work with the National Park Service to insure a
compatible final design and management plan for the
CVNRA.
o To prepare the communities for development pressures
intrinsic to the CVNRA.
In addition to the local municipalities, seven planning groups
attend Committee meetings. These include the Northeast Four County
Planning Organization (NEPCO), the Summit County Council of Govern-
ments, the Summit County Planning Commission, the,Akron Metropoli-
tan Area Transportation Study (AMATS), the Cuyahoga County Planning
Commission, the Cuyahoga Valley Park Federation, and the National
Park Service.
The Committee currently is reviewing various sign and zoning
ordinances to better prepare local municipalities to deal with
future and present development pressures. It is hoped that through
the efforts of the Committee, development which may be induced
by the Park will be compatible with (at least tolerable by) the
traditional trends of development in the area and with proposed
activities within, the CVNRA.
5-7
-------
6. Increase in Costs of Park Land Due to CVI
No evidence has been found that^indicates that prices paid
for park land has or will be increased by speculative buying
related to development of CVI.
7. CVI Relationship to CVNRA Sewerage Needs
The National Park Service has not prepared formal statements
on the treatment of wastewater flows generated in the NRA. The
following general guidelines were contained in the Draft General
Management Plan (NPS 1976) : ______ —
The existing utility systems with-in the valley, particularly
water and liquid and solid waste treatment are not capable
of servicing facilities much beyond the present level of
development and use.
The National Park Service will encourage and support the
upgrading of sewage facilities serving developed areas
within and near the park boundary.
The National Park Service generally will oppose federal
treatment plant and other facility outfalls that fail
to recharge Cuyahoga Basin aquifers. Tertiary treatment
and aquifer recharge will be employed wherever feasible
at park facilities. ,
The third guideline above, if followed, would preclude the
necessity of providing centralized sewer service to park area.
However, the feasibility of the guideline has not been evaluated.
C. Additional Specific Effects and Mitigative Measures
1. Primary Effects-Natural Environment
a* Water Quantity
Reduction in low flows in study area streams will result
from the interception of numerous point source effluent dis-
charges. The largest of these point sources, the municipal
and semi-public discharges, will be intercepted as soon as the
various phases of CVI are completed since trunk sewers will,
as in Phase I, be specifically located and designed for that
purpose. Most of the existing industrial discharges are located
in close proximity to currently sewered areas or to areas that
will likely be reached by extension of sewers. Phase I will
facilitate the sewering of several developed areas currently
depending on discharging septic tank-filter field sewage dis-
posal systems, i.e., Valley View, Independence, Walton Hills
and part of Seven Hills, Brecksville, Broadview Heights and
North Royalton.
5-8
-------
Date presented in Table 5-1 can be used to compare the pre-
sent expected low flows (1968 Base Flow plus 197a T-ewage Flow
and 1975 Septic Tank Flow) with low flows if all existing point
sources are eliminated (1968 Base Flow). Phase I will intercept
sewage flows only in Sagamore Creek, Chippewa Creek and part
of Tinkers Creek. The estimated septic tank flows will be in-
tercepted only to the extent that new collector systems are
installed in these watersheds. Collector sewers are not included
in the application for'Phase I.
It is evident from the data in Table 5-1 that significant
low flow reductions will occur in any of these watersheds when
sewage flows are intercepted.
Of particular concern would be the reduction of low flows
inBrandywine and Tinkers Creeks. Both of these creeks form
scenic falls that are major attractions in the CVNRA. Inter-
ception of effluents in these creeks would occur primarily as
a result of sewering Phases II and III to Southerly.
Low flows in these creeks after interception of sewage will
be due to groundwater and wetland flows and cultural additions
such as yard and farm irrigation, car washing, fire hydrant
flushing, etc. The expected increase in dependence on Lake Erie
as the water supply source for the area may result in groundwater
storage gains which could, in turn, increase the groundwater
contribution to low flow. In the opposite direction, however,
development of wetland areas could reduce this source of water
storage, thereby depleting low flows. Cultural contributions
would likely increase.
None of these low flow sources can be quantified with avail-
able data. These changes in low flow contributions will gain
signficance if and when sewace effluents are removed from the
area streams.
Increases in- flood flows in the area could occur as a result
of increased development. This increase would occur as a result
of decreased permeability and decreased time of travel. The
most significant effect would probably be due to decreased time
of travel, or time of concentration as it is usually referred.
Time of concentration affects the duration of the storm necessary
to cause the maximum flood. As the time of concentration is
decreased shorter and more intense storms become more significant.
Time of concentration is affected by the slope, drainage pattern,
roughness and other factors. The installation of storm sewers
in an area can significantly decrease the time of concentration
of an area. It it is assumed that the development of the CVI will
be accompanied by installation of storm sewers there can be sig-
nificant increases in the flood intensities in the streams. The
magnitude of the effects would be a function of the design of
the storm sewer system and therefore cannot be assessed in this
study.
5-9
-------
Table 5-1. 7 day ten year Flow Analysis for Cuyahoga Valley
Interceptor
Watershed
Tinkers
Sagamore
Chippewa
Creek
Creek
Creek
Brandywine Creek
Furnace
Cuyahoga
Run
Mainstem
TOTAL
Basel
Flow
1968
mgd
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
70
0
10
35
06
(Direct)
96.
0
Sewage^
Flow
1968
mgd
5.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3.
10.
80
68
06
19
00
30
03
Sewage^ Septic Tank^
Flow Flow
1975 1975
mgd mgd
12
1
0
2
0
1
17
.12
.20
.18
.57
.12
.58
.77
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
.64
.32
.90
.32
.29
.34
.81
Source: Havens and Emerson 1970
Values developed for this study.
5-10
-------
b. Water Quality
Removal of Phase I effluent should result in improved BOD and
suspended solids levels on Chippewa Creek and the Cuyahoga
mainstem. Some other pollutants, however, should show relative-
ly little change. Ammonia levels are largely determined by the
Akron-Botzum treatment plant; this plant is now being upgraded,
and ammonia levels, now ranging from 0.37 to 7.1 mg/1 should
then decrease. Akron STP effluent and local runoff should also
keep other nutrient levels at an excessively high level.
Although the source of PCBs in the basin has not yet been de-
termined, experience elsewhere suggests that landfill leachate
may be a likely source; if this is the source of the PCBs, not
only will they not be removed by the CVI, but in later phases,
particularly on Tinkers Creek, concentrations under low flow
conditions could be increased several times.
Changes in annual pollutant loadings to area streams due
to intercepting existing effluent flows have been calculated
and are presented in Section 5.C.3.C.
c• Sagamore Road Salamanders
It is important to note that the Hawthornden trunk is being
constructed along existing roadways, and that not only will
it be constructed after the normal breeding season, but it
also should not increase the width of the open corridor the
amphibians must cross during the breeding season.
d. Trunk Sewer Impact on Tributary Stream Valleys
The Maple Heights and Brecksville trunk sewers were origi-
nally proposed to be built in part along two undeveloped (and
because of their steep slope largely undevelopable) creekbeds.
In the case of both trunks the area to be excavated is prime
forest. All this makes the failure of the assessment to dis-
cuss the merits of alternate routes even more inexplicable.
Discussion of the Brecksville and Maple Heights trunk
impacts on pages 143, 144-5, and 147-8 indicate that the trunks
proposed will follow small stream valleys up the wall of the
Cuyahoga Valley itself through prime mature forest. The un-
stable nature of area soils and the steep slope, over 25 per
cent, raise possibilities of greatly increased erosion which
may not be fully checked for years, despite replanting and
other mitigative measures (page 148, EA).
On the Brecksville trunk this damage could be completely
avoided by adopting Alternatives "B" and "C" (pages 106,
110, EA) which follows Old Royalton and Weise Road right of
way, leaving the Chippewa Creek streambed intact. These
alternatives are not only preferable in terms of impact, but
cost an estimated $12,000 less than those selected in the
Assessment.
5-11
-------
Similarly Maple Heights Alternative "B" follows the
unnamed creek for less than one tenth the distance of alterna-
tive A, leaving most of seven thousand feet of prime forested
streambed intact, for an estimated $29,000 more (pages 107-8
and Figure 18, EA).
Thus significant damage to areas unlikely otherwise to
be developed can be avoided for a total cost of $18,000.
The situation on the Walton Hills trunk is not nearly as
serious. Although a portion of the trunk crosses one of the
forks of Sagamore Creek between Walton Hills Road and Dunham
Road, the slopes are much more moderate, 40 to 100 feet over
about one quarter mile, the stream is considered to be inter-
mittent according to U.S.G.S. topographic maps, the length
involved is about one seventh that affected by the previous
two trunks, and the affected trees are generally secondary
growth timber on old pastures and cultivated land.
The alternatives (pages 108-9 and Figure 19, EA) including
the unidentified alternative "C", are very expensive ($600,000
to $900,000 more) for the relatively small acreage affected.
It is doubtful whether the alternatives even approach cost-
effectiveness. The applicant might, however, consider con-
struction during early or mid-summer to allow grass plantings
and other measures to control erosion before late fall rains.
As discussed in Section 2.A.2, aerial photographs in engineer-
ing plans show signs of soil slump along the route proposed by the
Valley View #2 trunk line. Damage to sewer laid through such areas
would result in exfiltration which could accelerate the rate of
soil slumping. On-site soil investigations are required in this
area.
The Walton Hills trunk Alternative "B" parallels Schreiber
Road and for a portion of its length appears to be very close to
Class IV soils that might possibly be avoided. Design of this sewer
should minimize the amount of Class IV slopes traversed by the
open cut for the sewer.
Where trunk sewers traverse steep, unstable slopes, existing
design drawing call for use of ductile iron pipe with concrete
anchors at every other pipe junction. Use of ductile iron pipe
should provide the maximum stability in these unfavorable soil
conditions.
e. Soil Erosion from Sewer Construction
Erosion of soil due to construction of the tunnel should
be negligible. The small access sites should be easily protected
from soil losses with staked hay bales.
Erosion during construction of trunk lines installed by open
cut methods will be potentially more significant. Design specifi-
cations prepared by Cuyahoga County, and now property of CRSD, re-
quire that trenches on steep slopes be sodded after sewer construction,
This should significantly reduce erosion in these areas if the timing
interval between trench opening and closing is minimized by manage-
ment of construction schedules.
5-12
-------
Clearing of access right of ways for the trunk sewers and the
actual trench opening will increase soil erosion particularly where
rainfall runoff concentrates. Much of the trunk sewer will be
constructed along existing roadways, thereby reducing the amount
of right of way clearing and providing access to the construction
operations directly instead of via construction roads. On all
trunk sewers, management of construction schedules to minimize
the time interval between trench opening and closing followed by
timely reseeding of disturbed earth should effectively reduce
potential soil erosion due to pipe construction.
2. Primary Effects-Manmade Environment
a. Historic and Archaeological Site-Phase I
As described earlier in this statement, the archaeological
survey of Dr. Brose, of the Cleveland Natural History Museum,
recommended three specific steps to protect the archaeological
sites uncovered:
1) avoidance of all ground disturbing activity on
specified portions of Access Areas 3 and 11, and
2) salvage of the Access Area 4 site prior to
construction.
The applicant has agreed to this, has undertaken the
necessary changes in design, and is conducting discussions
with property owners prior to commissioning the salvage
(see CRSD's letter of November 14,1975).
The Ohio State Historical Preservation Officer, (letter of
January 13, Iy76), has approved these measures, with the addi-
tional recommendation that Dr. Brose be contacted should evi-
dence of archaeologic remains be found during actual construction.
b. Archaeological and Historic Sites-Later Phases
The alignment of later phases is not yet certain, but Tables 15
and 16 and Figures 10 and 11 of the Assessment indicate literally
J dozens of historical and archaeologic sites in the service area
of later phases. According to Cuyahoga Valley 1975 many hundreds
of sites, undiscovered or uninvestigated, exist within
the Akron-Cleveland corridor. Any future CVI construction should
show the same high degree of care exhibited on Phase I.
3. Secondary Effects-Natural Environment
a. Fisher ies
Although the CVI will remove large amounts of BOD and dissolved
solids from the service area streams, it is uncertain whether
this will have a significant impact on Cuyahoga River main-
stem fisheries. These are largely limited by ammonia discharged
from the Akron-Botzum treatment plant; it is only as this
ammonia is reduced during the coming years that numbers and
species of fish will be able to expand significantly within the
National Recreation Area. Even then, PCB concentrations may be
such as to rule out human consumption.
5-13
-------
Although occasionally high algae measurements have occurred
on the Cuyahoga River, algae growth and blooms are limited
by toxic discharges, periodically low dissolved oxygen in
summer, and by the relatively high turbidity of the river.
Construction of the CVI Phase I and later phases will remove
significant quantities of BOD, suspended solids and toxic
industrial discharges, but will have only a minor effect on
the heavy nutrient load received from. Akron STP discharges
and local runoff. The natural turbidity of the Cuyahoga
River is high, so these changes may have only a minor effect
on algae growth, but at least a minor chance exists for algae
blooms of increased size and duration.
Such blooms would be particularly unfortunate, as the
ultimate effect of CVI construction, Akron treatment plant
upgrading, and land acquisition for the National Recreation
Area may be to render the river fit for at least some contact
recreation.
c. Water Quality
Interception of wastewater flows and transport out of the
CVI study area to Southerly will improve water quality in area
streams both in terms of concentration and annual load. Develop-
ment that occurs in the study area will increase non-point
source pollutant loads. In order to assess the relative changes
in pollutant loadings, non-point, recognized point source and
septic tank pollutant loads have been estimated and projected
to 2020 for the study area as a whole and for two major streams,
Tinkers and Brandywine Creeks.
1) Non-point Source Loadings
Development of land is widely recognized as having the ef-
fect of increasing pollutant loadings to streams. In order to
evaluate the increase in non-point source pollutant loadings to
study area streams and to develop a base against which to evalu-
ate the impact of proposed sewerage plants, 1970 and 2020 non-
point pollutant loadings for total load (mostly dust and dirt),
BODc, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and fecal coliforms were
estimated.
For purposes of this analysis the non-point source pollu-
tion is defined as urban runoff. This was considered justified
by the fact that la'nd use figures in the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement (EPA 1976) and the Cuyahoga County Solid Waste
Management Study (Stanley Consultants, 1973) indicated that
the area was 48 percent developed in the Phase I area, 52 per-
cent developed in the Phase IIIA area but only 22 percent de-
veloped in the part of the Phase II area for which land use
figures were available. See Table 5-2 for the figures used
in these calculations. Despite the fact that parts of the area
are not extensively developed at this time,.the population in-
creases projected indicate that this will not be the case for
long.
5-14
-------
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5-15
-------
The method used to estimate the amount of non-point pollu-
tion is that described in McElroy et al (1976). Basically this
method projects the urban load as a function of curb miles in the
area. To determine the curb mile estimates for the area we used
a correlation reported in McElroy, between population density
and curb miles per acre*. Once the total amount of curb miles
is estimated the urban pollution is determined by multiplying
a constant loading factor by the curb mile estimates. The fac-
tors used (in pounds per curb mile per day) were:
Dust and Dirt 291.000
BOD5 5.791
Total P 0.853
Total N 2.739
Fecal Coliforms 58.1 (Billions)
The population figures for 2020 for the Study Area were ob-
tained from the Draft Environemntal Impact Statement. The popu-
lation for 1970 was obtained from reported 1970 Census figures
in the Draft Environmental Statement where they were given. If
the 1970 population figures were not given in the DEIS then they
were obtained from the Euthenics-Polytech report (1972). The
area (in acres) of the parts of the various municipalities within
the study area were obtained from the Euthenics-Polytech report.
Where the boundaries of the study area had been changed since
the Euthenics-Polytech study the area within the study area was
estimated from topographic maps.
The urban pollution load was estimated for the parts of the
municipalities within the study area. Since the study area
boundaries corresponded generally with the boundaries of the local
drainage, pollutional loads calculated for municipalities were
assumed to all end up in the study area and-not flow to adjacent
drainage basins. Some jurisdictions crossed drainage area boun-
daries within the study area. For example, part of Sagamore
Hills drains to Sagamore Creek, part to Brandywine Creek and part
directly to the Cuyahoga. Since it was decided to estimate the
pollutional loads by major drainage areas an approximate alloca-
tion of loads from municipalities to the various drainage areas
was developed. The distribution of the laod from each jurisdic-
tion to the various drainage areas is shown in Table 5-3.
Urban pollution loads were calculated for each jurisdiction
or part thereof within the study area and then the loads were
distributed to the drainage basin. No attempt was made to deter-
mine the variation of population within the jurisdiction along
drainage boundary lines. In view of the simplicity of the method
used to determine the loads, uncertainties about where future
development would occur and a general scarcity of data it was
felt that to do so would be an unjustified refinement.
* CM = 0.078 - 0.0668 x (0.839) PD
Where CM is curb miles per acre and PD is popultion density
in people per acre.
5-16
-------
Table 5-3. Distribution of Urban Pollution Loads by Drainage Basin
MUNICIPALITY
Phase I
Brecksville
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Independence
Maple Heights
Northfield Village
North Royalton
Oakwood
Sagamore Hills
(part 1)
Seven Hills
Valley View
Walton Hills
Phase II
Boston Heights
Boston Twp.
Hudson Village
Hudson Twp.
(part 1)
Macedonia
Peninsula
Richfield Twp.
Richfield Vill.
Sagamore Hills
(part 2)
Northfield Twp.
Phase IIIA
Bedford
Bedford Heights
Glenwillow
Solon
, Phase IIIB
Aurora
Ba'inbridge
Franklin Twp.
Hudson Twp.
(part 2)
Reminderville
Shalersville
Streetsboro
Twinsburg Vill.
Twinsburg Twp.
DISTRIBUTION
1/3 Mains tern, 2/3 Chippewa Creek
Chippewa Creek
Mainstern
Mainstern
Tinkers Creek
Sagamore Creek
Chippewa Creek
Tinkers Creek
1/2 Mainstem, 1/2 Sagamore Creek
Mains tern
Mainstem
1/2 Tinkers Creek, 1/2 Sagamore Creek
Brandywine Creek
Mainstem
Brandywine Creek
Brandywine Creek
Brandywine Creek
Mainstem
Furnace Run
Furnace Run
1/2 Mainstem, 1/2 Brandywine Creek
Brandywine Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Mainstem
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
Tinkers Creek
-------
In evaluating the impact of future urban pollution loadings
several factors must be taken into account. First, the loadings
calculated are average annual loadings. As McElroy, et al, point
out it takes about one half inch of rainfall to wash off about
90 percent of the dust and dirt. Therefore during dry periods
there is essentially no urban loading on the stream. Conversely
during and after storms the loading on the streams is much higher
than the calculated figures. Second, there are any number of
methods of reducing urban pollution which can be implemented
between now and 2020. Examples of these methods are street sweep-
ing and silt traps. In view of the fact that most of the area
does not have storm sewers, as the area develops and is sewered
the storm sewer design could include strucutral measures to miti-
gate the urban runoff problem. For these reasons the estimates
of urban runoff pollution for 2020 should probably be taken as
an estimated upper bound.
A computer program was developed to perform the calculations
necessary to estimate the urban pollution. The calculations were
performed on a jurisdictional basis. The estimates of urban
pollution for 1970 are shown in Table 5-4. The estimates for 2020
are shown in Table 5-5 , and the difference between 1970 and 2020
loads are shown in Table 5-6.
Once the pollutional loads for the portion of each juris-
diction were distributed to the stream basins as described above.
The resulting estimates for each stream basin are given in Table
5- 7. The results show that urban pollutional loads are expected
to increase by about 35 percent between 1970 and 2020. As pointed
out above this increase assumes no treatment of the stormwater
runoff and is an average annual figure.
2) Municipal and Domestic Point Sources
Available data on the location, size and treatment effi-
ciencies of identified point sources was assembled and used as the
basis for calculating present pollutant loads from these sources
discharged to area streams. 1975 BOD and flow figures presented
in Table 2-24 for major point sources were used in these calcu-
lations except where BOD values were less than 10 mg/1. In view
of the fact that even tertiary treatment normally results in BOD
concentrations around 10 mg/1, the minimum value used was 10 mg/1.
Where no BOD data was available, secondary treatment and a BOD of
30 mg/1 were assumed. Similarly, values for other parameters were
assumed under secondary treatment to be: suspended solids -
30 mg/1, and fecal coliforms - 200 per 100 ml. Pollutant concen-
trations in tertiary treated effluent were assumed to be: BOD -
10 mg/1, suspended solids - 12 mg/1, fecal coliforms - 200 per
100 ml. Nutrient concentrations in secondary effluent used were
8 mg/1 for total phosphorus and 25 mg/1 for total nitrogen. In
tertiary treatment with phosphorus removal, these concentrations
are 1 mg/1 total phosphorus and 25 mg/1 total nitrogen. For the
many small treatment plants, only design flow was available so
this was used as average daily flow.
5-18
-------
Table 5-4. 1970 Urban Runoff Pollution Loads
Phase I
CIIYAFIOGA VALLFY IN IERCECTOk
URBAN POLLUTION LOADING (OR 1970 CONDITIONS
NAME
BRECKSVILL E HIS
BROADVIEW HIS
GARflfcLD UTS
INDEPENDENCE
MAPLE HTS
NORTHFIfLIi VII L
NORTH ROYALTON
OAKUOOD
SAGAMORE HILLS
SEVLN HILLS
VALLEY VILU
UAL TON HILLS
TOTAL
LOAD
71567.
49604.
16675.
40673.
14234.
9940.
0.
16902.
30207,
4225.
10030.
24216.
BUH 5
1424.
9f(7.
332.
£109.
283.
J98.
0.
336.
601 .
84.
359.
402.
TOTAL
PHOS
21O.
145.
49.
119.
42.
29.
0.
50.
89.
12.
33.
71.
TOTAL
NIT
674.
467.
157.
383.
134.
94.
0.
159.
284.
40.
170.
228.
F-COLI
BILLIONS
14296.
9909.
3331.
8125.
2843.
1986.
0.
3376.
6034.
844.
3602.
4837.
PHASE TOTAL
296272.
5096.
868.
2789.
59103.
URBAN
NAME
BOSTON HTS
BOSTON TUP
HUDSON UILL
HUDSON IUP
MACEDONIA
PENINSULA
RiCHFiri D run
KlL'HflELD VH L
SAGAMOkE HILLS
NOKTHFlELfi IUP
U. U 1 MMUUM VML 1. t 1 IHItrM.cr 1 Uf\
POLLUTION LOADING f OR IV ,70 CONDITIONS
TOTAL
LOAD
160/7.
15013.
19166.
14983.
41691 .
7670.
40730.
27446.
30207.
25175.
DOD5
320,
299.
381.
298.
830.
153.
811 .
546.
601 .
501 .
TOTAL
PHIJ3
47.
44.
56.
44.
122 .
on 4
119.
00,
89.
74.
TOTAL
NIT
151.
141 .
180.
141.
392.
72.
384.
250.
204.
237.
F-COl I
BILLIONS
3212.
2999.
3829.
2993.
8328.
1532.
8138.
5483.
6034.
5029.
PHASE TOTAL
238165.
4737.
698.
2242.
47576.
Phase III A
NAME
BE DFORD
BEDFORD HTE
GLENUILLOU
SOLON
CUYAHOGA VALLLY INTERCEPTOR
URBAN POLLUTION LOADING FOR 1970 CONDITIONS
TOTAL HOIiis TOTAL TOTAL ( -COLI
LOAD PUDS NIT BILLIONS
48339. 962. 142. 455. 9656.
36850. 733. 108. 347. 7361.
7934. 158. 23. 75. 1585.
55564. 1106. 163. 523. 11099.
PHASE TOTAL
148687.
2959.
436.
1400.
297O2.
Phase III 1
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR
URBAN POLLUTION I HADING FOR 1970 CONDITIONS
NAME
AURORA
BAINBRIDOE TUP
FRANKLIN TUF1
HUDSON TWP
REMINDERVILLE
SHALERSVILLL
STRFETSBORO
TUINBBURG VILA
TWINSBURG TUF'
TOTAL
LOAD
31831.
1481.
1435.
18807.
5244.
0.
78243.
4;>704.
25137.
BOD5
633.
29.
29.
374.
104.
0.
1557.
ti50.
500.
TOTAL
PHOS
93.
4.
4.
55.
15.
0.
229.
125.
74.
TOTAL
NIT
300.
14.
14.
177.
49.
0.
737.
402.
237.
F-COLI
BILLIONS
6359.
296.
287.
3757.
1048.
0.
15630.
8531.
5021.
PHASE TOTAI
204883.
4077.
60O.
1929.
40927.
5-19
-------
Table 5-5. 2020 Urban Runoff Pollution Loads.
Phase I
CUYAHOGA VAILF.Y INTERCEPTOR
URBAN POLLUTION LOADING FOR 2020 CONDITIONS
NAME
BRECKSVILLE UTS
BROADVIEW HT!J
GARFIELD HTS
INDEPENTH NCf
MAPLE HTS
NORTHFIELH MILL
NORTH ROYAL TON
OAKWOOD
SAGAMORE HILLS
SEVEN HILLG
VALLEY VIE.U
WALTON HIl LS
TOTAL
LOAD
103184.
72309.
23813.
48971 .
15520.
116iM.
0.
21086.
31251 .
3972.
20945.
29325.
BOD5
2053.
1439.
474.
975.
309.
231.
0.
4?0.
622.
79.
417.
584.
TOTAL
PHOS
302.
212*
70.
143.
45.
34.
0.
62.
92.
12.
61.
86.
TOTAL
NIT
971.
681.
224 .
461.
146.
109.
0.
199.
294.
37.
197.
276.
F-COLI
BILLIONS
20612.
14444.
4757.
9782.
3100.
2322.
0.
4212.
6243.
794.
4184.
5858.
PHASE TOTAL
382000.
7602.
1119.
3596.
76308.
Phase II
CUYAHOGA VALLEY TNlERCrF'TOR
URF
-------
Table 5-6. Change in Urban Runoff Pollution Loads,
1970-2020.
Phaue I
ClIYAHOOA VAL LEY
CHANGF
NAME
BRECKSVILLE HTS
BROADVIEW HTS
GARFIF.LD HTS
INDEPENDENCf
MAPLE HTS
NORTHFIELD VILI.
NORTH ROYALTON
OAKUOOD
SAGAMORE HILtS
SEVEN HILLS
VALLEY VIEU
UALTON HILLS
IN
iN POL.t 1)1 ION
TOTAL
LOAD
3161/.
22705.
7138.
829B.
1286.
1682.
0.
4184.
1045.
-252.
2915.
5109.
I OADINU
11 Oil 5
629.
452.
142.
165.
26.
33.
0.
83.
21.
-5.
58.
102.
f«(IM 1970
TOTAL
PHOS
93.
67.
21 .
24.
4.
5.
0.
12.
3.
-1.
9.
15.
T(J 2020
TOTAL
NIT
298.
214.
67.
78.
12.
16.
0.
39.
10.
-2,
27.
48.
f - COL I
HILl IONS
6316.
4536.
1426.
1658.
257.
336.
0,
836.
209.
-50.
582.
1021.
F'HASE TOTAL
1706.
251.
807.
Phase II
CUYAHOOA VALLt-Y INI ERCfcPTOF'
CHANGE IN URBAN POLLUTION LOAHING FKIJM 19/0 10 20^-0
NAME
BOSTON HTS
BOSTON TUP
HUDSON YILL
HUliSON TUP
MACEDONIA
PENINSULA
RICHFIELD TUP
RICHFIELD WILL
SAGAMORE MILLS
NORTHFIELD TUh1
TOTAL
LOAD
3953.
923.
7859.
30AO.
16831.
1919,
12566.
12133,
1045,
14535,
lions
79.
18.
156.
61 .
335.
38.
250.
241.
21 .
289.
TOTAL
PHOS
12.
3.
23.
9.
49.
6.
37.
36.
3.
43.
TOTAL-
NIT
37.
9.
74.
29.
158.
18.
118.
114.
10.
137.
r-coLi
BILLIONS
790.
184.
1570.
613.
3362.
303.
2510.
2424.
209.
2904.
PHASE TOTAL
74832.
1489.
219.
704.
14948.
CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR
CHANGE IN URBAN POLLUTION LOADING FROM 19/0 TO 2020
NAME TOTAL HOUD TOTAL TOTAL F-COLI
LOAD PHOS NIT BILLIONS
BEDFORD 6120. 122. 18. 58. 1223.
BEDFORD HIS 11989. 239. 35. 113. 2395.
GLENUILLOU 3315. 66. 10. 31, 662.
SOLON 21977. 437. 64. 207. 4390.
PHASE TOTAL
4340L.
864.
127.
407.
8670.
— UUTHI-1UUH VOLLtT IMItKLth'lUK
CHANGE
NAME .
AURORA
BAINBRIDGE TUP
FRANKLIN TUP
HUDSON TWP
REMINDFRVILLE
SHALEZRSVII.I f
STREETSBORt)
TUINSBURG VILA
TUINSBURG TWP
IN URBAN POLLUTION
TOTAL
LOAD
28335.
2380.
790.
3843.
13515.
0.
38253.
13706.
7247.
LOADING
BOD5
564.
47.
16.
76.
269.
0.
761.
273.
144.
FROM 1970
TOTAL
PHOS
83.
7.
-> ^
11.
40.
0.
112.
40.
21 .
TO 2020
TOTAL
NIT
267.
22.
7 .
36.
127.
0.
360.
129.
66.
F-COLI
BILLIONS
5660.
475.
158.
768.
2700.
0.
7641.
2738.
1448.
PHASE TOTttL
108068.
2151.
317.
1017.
21588.
5-21
-------
Table 5-7. Estimated Urban Runoff Pollution Loads by Basin.
1970 Urban runoff Loads
Dust and Dirt BODS Total N
Mainstern Cuyahoga
Tinkers Creek
Brandywine Creek
Chippewa Creek
Sagamore Creek
Furnace Run
Total
Total P Fecal Coll
888010.
V. J- \j / v-o-y /
156350.
396813.
132396.
97315.
37152.
68184.
3111.
7895.
2631 .
1936.
740.
1357.
1472.
3737.
1243.
916.
350.
642.
459.
1162.
387.
285.
109.
199.
31232.
79267.
26408.
19440.
7420.
13621 .
17670.
8360.
2601
177388
Mainstern Cuyahoga
Tinkers Creek
Brandywine Creek
Chippewa Creek
Sagamore Creek.
Furnace Run
Total
2020 Urban Runoff Lodas
204501 .
478762.
163337.
141098.
41912.
92884.
3759.
11071 .
3562.
2808.
834.
1849.
1777.
5238.
1685.
1328.
394.
875.
554.
1629.
524.
413.
123.
272.
37731
111126
35749
28185
8372
18554
1122494.
23883. 11297,
3515.
239717
Mainstem Cuyahoga
Tinkers Creek
Brandywine Creek
Chippewa Creek
Sagamore Creek
Furnace Run
Total
Change from 1970 to 2020
32526. 646. 306.
159495. 3174. 1500.
46769. 930. 440.
43783. 871. 413.
4760. 94. 45,
24699. 491. 232,
312032.
6206.
2936,
97.
467.
138.
129.
15.
73.
919,
6523.
31861.
9344.
8747.
951 .
4934.
62360.
Percent Change from 1970 to 2020
Mainstem Cuyahoga
Tinkers Creek
Brandywine Creek
Chippewa Creek-
Sagamore Creek
Furnace Run
Total
20.8
40.2
35.4
45.0
12.8
36.2
35.1
(All other loads change in the
same ratios since they were
calculated as a fixed percentage
of the Dust and Dirt Load.)
5-22
-------
Projections of wastewater flow for each watershed were simple,
straight line increases from 1975 to 2020 based upon current dis-
charges for each watershed multiplied by the ratio of 2020 to
1975 approximate watershed populations using distribution of
municipal populations equivalent to the distributions of municipal
land areas listed in Table 5-3.
Two sets of load projections were developed. One projection
assumed that all existing point sources would remian in use through
2020 with secondary treatment until 1980 and tertiary treatment
with phosphorus removal after 1980. This projection serves as a
baseline against which the changes resulting from complete inter-
ception by CVI can be compared.
The second point source load projection assumes that both
Phase I and Phase II will be operable by 1980 thereby intercepting
all point sources by that time. Phase III wastewaters, previously
treated to tertiary levels with phosphorus removal, are assumed
to be intercepted by CVI in 1995.
The locations of quantifiable point sources in relation to
their receiving streams are presented diagrammatically in Figure
5-1. Locations of point sources as described in available ma-
terials, especially point source inventory maps prepared by NOACA,
were transferred to U.S.G.S. topographic maps from which both
stream lengths and point source locations were measured.
3) Septic Tank Discharges
Nearly all of the residences and small commercial establish-
ments in the study area not connected to centralized sewer systems
depend on discharging septic tank-filter bed disposal systems.
Estimated populations by municipality dependant upon these systems
were given in Table 2-28. Assuming 75 gallons discharged per
person per day and the average concentrations of pollutants pre-
sent in septic tank discharges estimated and presented in Table
2-26, pollutant loads from these sources were estimated by
municipality and disaggregated to wastersheds according to the
proportions listed in Table 5-3. It was assumed that a negli-
gible number of discharging septic tanks would be permitted in the
future. Further, it was assumed that all septic tanks would be
intercepted as CVI is installed in each phase. These last two
assumptions are obvious over simplifications but still serve the
purposes of projection.
The calculated pollutant loads for each watershed are pre-
sented in Table 5- 9.
4) Synthesis of Pollutional Loadings
Figures 5- 2 through 5- 8 show changes in pollutant loadings
for the entire study area and for Tinkers and Brandywine Creeks.
5-23
-------
en
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Table 5-8.
Pollutant Loads from Point Sources by Watershed.
Effluent
1975 Loads from
Point Sources
Cuyahoga Mainstern
Tinkers Creek Ph.Ill
Tinkers Creek Ph. I
Brandywine Cr.
Chippewa Cr.
Sagamore Cr.
Furnace Run
Total
1980 Secondary Tmt.
Cuyahoga Mainstern
Tinkers Cr. Ph. Ill
Tinkers Cr. Ph. I
Brandywine Cr.
Chippewa Cr.
Sagamore Cr.
Furnace Run
Total
1980 Tertiary Tmt.
Cuyahoga Mainstern
Tinkers Cr. Ph. Ill
Tinkers Cr. Ph. I
Brandwine Cr.
Chippewa Cr.
Sagamore Cr.
Furnace Run
Total
1995 Tertiary Tmt.
Cuyahoga Mainstern
Tinkers Cr. Ph. Ill
Tinkers Cr. Ph. I
Brandywine Cr.
Chippewa Cr.
Sagamore Cr.
Furnace Run
Total
2020 Tertiary Tmt.
Cuyahoga Mainstern
Tinkers Cr. Ph. Ill
Tinkers Cr. Ph. I
Brandywine Cr.
Chippewa Cr.
Sagamore Cr.
Furnace Run
Total
ss
(Ib/day)
395.9
3166.8
102.4
642.6
45.0
279.6
91.7
4723.6
445.1
3565.1
109.9
710.6
45.0
290.8
101.7
5268.2
197.8
1427.0
44.0
284.4
18.0
116.4
40.6
2128.2
252.8
1587.0
47.0
368.4
20.0
129.4
51.6
2456.2
346.8
2599.0
69.0
506.4
23.0
150.4
69.6
3764.2
BOD5
(Ib/day)
250.7
1860.0
3.4
752.3
45.0
250.2
91.5
3283.7
277.2
2075.0
37.0
830.0
45.0
285.9
101.5
3655.5
150.6
118.0
37.0
237.0
15.0
96.9
34.0
1759.5
202.7
1234.0
39.0
306.8
16.7
107.7
45.5
1952.4
272.6
2134.0
57.0
421.8
19.2
125.2
57.8
3087.6
N
(Ib/day)
329.0
1924.5
85.4
535.5
37.5
233.0
76.5
3222.1
370.8
2971.1
91.6
592.0
37.5
242.4
84.8
4390.2
370.8
2971.1
91.6
592.0
37.5
242.4
84.8
4390.2
485.3
3304.2
97.9
767.0
41.7
269.4
107.7
5073.2
680.9
5473.8
143.7
1054.3
47.9
313.2
145.2
7859.0
P
(Ib/day)
105.5
844.3
27.3
171.3
12.0
74.6
24.4
1259.4
118.5
9i>u.6
29.3
189.4
12.0
77.6
27.0
1404.4
14.8
118.8
3.7
23.9
1.5
9.8
3.4
175.9
19.4
132.2
3.9
30.8
1.7
10.8
4.4
203.2
27.1
216.4
5.8
42.2
1.9
12.6
5.9
311.9
F. Coli
(Billions)
.240
6.692
.222
1.364
.095
.593
.199
9.405
.945
7.541
.232
1.506
.095
.617
.220
11.156
.945
7.541
.232
1.506
.095
.617
.220
11.156
1.237
8.383
.248
1.952
.106
.686
.278
12.893
1.735
13.733
.365
2.684
.122
.797
.373
19.809
Flow
(mgd)
1.58
11.71
0.41
2.57
.18
1.20
.37
18.02
1.78
13.27
0.44
2.84
.18
1.16
.41
20.08
1.78
13.27
0.44
2.84
.18
1.16
.41
20.08
2.33
14.82
.47
3.68
.20
1.29
.52
23.31
3.27
25.62
.69
5.06
.23
1.50
.70
37.07
5-25
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5-26
-------
First, in Figures 5-2, 5-3 and 5-4 the relative amounts of
BOD, total phosphorus and total nitrogen in Tinkers Creek as re-
duced by tertiary treatment in 1980, intercepted by CVI in 1980
(Phase I) and 1995, and remaining in 2020 given tertiary treatment
and no interception of septic tanks. Significant results demon-
strated by these figures are that (1) point sources and septic
tank discharges represent relatively small proportions of annual-
ized loads for BOD and phosphorus but are proportionately more
significant for total nitrogen and (2) interception of point
sources and septic tanks will have their greatest effect on nitro-
gen loading because tertiary treatment as assumed for future plants
in the watersheds will not remove significant amounts of nitrogen
as it would for BOD and phosphorus.
The net results of interception and tertiary treatment on
these pollutant loadings in Tinkers Creek is shown in Figure 5-5
According to these estimations total interception of wastewater
would reduce total phosphorus loadings by 15 percent compared to
continuing tertiary treatment until 2020. More sizeable reduc-
tions in BOD and total nitrogen are evident. Increases in non-
point sources of BOD offset reductions due to interception. Net
1975-2020 reductions in pollutant loadings would be realized for
phosphorus whether interception or tertiary treatment is used.
Figure 5-6 presents the loading results graphically for
Brandywine Creek for BOD, N and P. Generally the same conclu-
sions can be derived from this figure as from the figure for
Tinkers Creek although the loading changes for Brandywine Creek
are simpler due to different assumptions about sewerage facilities.
Projections of BOD, N and P loadings for all CVI watersheds
were totalized and are presented in Figure 5-7.
Projections for suspended solids (sediment) and fecal coli-
forms are presented in Figure 5-8. Due to the amount of dirt and
dust contributed by non-point sources, virtually the entire load
of suspended solids to study area streams is from these sources.
The organic suspended solids contributed by point sources is
negligable compared to non-point sources. A considerable reduc-
tion in fecal coliform loadings would occur if all sewage flows
were intercepted.
5) Relationship between Pollutant Loadings and
Pollutant Concentrations
Because pollutant loadings from non-point sources are strongly
dependent on rainfall and, therefore, highly variable in time,
the loads discussed in the previous paragraphs cannot be divided
by any stream flow parameter to predict pollutant concentrations.
Instead the pollutant concentrations will vary widely and should
be greatest during heavy runoff periods.
Minimum pollutant concentrations would likely be realized
during intermediate flow periods when grounwater and wetland run-
off provide a maximum proportion of stream flow. During low flow
conditions, however, the proportion of flow and pollutant concen-
trations attributable to point sources and septic tank discharges
5-27
-------
Q
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cj
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8
CVJ
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a-
Intercepted Septic Tanks
rSeptic Tank Loads
(-.Domestic and
Semi-Public
Point Sources
JJrban Runoff
Loads
o
1975 1980
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure 5-2.Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
B.O.D. Loadings for Tinkers Creek Basin
5-28
-------
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1975 1980
Intercepted Septic Tanks
Intercepted Point Sources
Septic Tank ; oads
'Domestic and Semi-
vPublic Point Source
Urban Runoff Loads
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure 5-3. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Total P Loadings for Tinkers Creek
5-29
-------
\^f
*^ o
o
TJ
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8
Q
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8
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1975
1980
Intercepted Septic Tanks
intercepted Point Sources
peptic Tank Loads
Domestic and Semi-
Public Po-int Sources
Urban Runoff Loads
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure 5-4. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Total N Loadings for Tinkers Creek
5-30
-------
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CVJ
BOD5 WITHOUT CVI
22%
1975 1980
TOTAL N WITHOUT CVI
TOTAL N WITH CVI
TOTAL P WITHOUT CVI
> 15%
TOTAL P WITH CVI
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure 5-5. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Pollutant Loadings for Tinkers Creek
5-31
Pcu.
-------
o
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8
10
8
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O
BOD5 WITHOUT CVI
1975 1980
BOD5 WITH CVI
TOTAL N WITHOUT CVI
TOTAL N WITH CVI'
TOTAL P WITHOUT CVI
TOTAL P WITH CVI
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
13%
41%
} 12%
2020
figure5-6. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Pollutant Loadings for Brandywine Creek
5-32
feu.
-------
o
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8.
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BOD5 WITHOUT CVI
O
1975 1980
BOD5 WITH CVI
\
TOTAL N WITHOUT CVI
TOTAL N WITH CVI
s
TOTAL P WITHOUT CVI
TOTAL P WITH CVI
45%
16%
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure 5-7. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Pollutant Loadings for the Entire Study Area
5-33
-------
o ~
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a or
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0%
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
WITHOUT CVI
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
WITH CVI
FECAL COLIFORM WITHOUT
37%
FECAL COLIFORM WITH CVI
1975 1980
1990 2000
YEAR
2010
2020
figure5-8. Analysis of Impact of C.V.I, on
Pollutant Loadings for the Entire Study Area
5-34
-------
will increase until stream concentrations of these pollutants
approach the average effluent concentrations. Average effluent
concentrations will depend upon both the thoroughness with which
septic tanks are intercepted and the decisions reached in regard
to intercepting point sources in Phase II and III.
d. Soil Erosion
Residential, commercial and industrial development that
will be facilitated by centralized sewer system, whether converted
to CVI or not, will result in disruption of natural soil surfaces
and consequent acceleration of soil erosion.
At present there are no soil erosion control ordinances in
Summit County. Of the five soil erosion control ordinances in
Cuyahoga County, only one, Valley View, requires performance
bonding and has provisions for fines in the event of non-compliance
None of the ordinances designate a responsible local official for
enforcement of the ordinances.
4. Secondary Effects-Manmade Environment
a. General
The question of secondary impact of sewer construction and its
role in inducing growth an development has been the subject of
controversy in the Environmental Assessment.
CRSD, on pages 153-157 of the Assessment, after qualifying
its answer with an extended discussion of the arguments for an
against induced growth, states that:
"Once the CVI is installed, it would appear that
development might be a little easier than at present.
However, since the area surrounding the river and
the park, particularly the eastern portion, has
been planned for growth by the Regional Planning
Commission, and has adequate transportation facilities
to Akron and Cleveland and electric facilities the area
will undergo substantial growth. The lack of available
sewers has not appeared to be a significant deterent
in the past. Individual package plants have been used
and will continue to be used as a means of waste dis-
posal, unless a public facility is provided. The
major constraint to development is the provision
of water, particularly to the western portions around
Richfield. However, plans have been developed to
provide the area with public water from Cleveland.
"The trunks to the CVI may tend to induce development.
The trunks have been sized for ultimate development
and although they are primarily designed to intercept
existing sewage plants, growth may occur along the
route of the trunk.
5-35
-------
The summary of the assessment of utility impacts cited in
Cuyahoga Valley•1975 is somewhat more definite:
"Current projections of population growth and
economic activity indicate the area along the east
side of the valley will experience significant
growth within the next 20 years. It is expected
that within the next 5 to 10 years this entire
area will be provided with adequate water service.
The lack of sewer facilities of adequate capacity
acts as the major constraint on development at this
timeT Growth projections for the west side of the
valley are significantly less than those for the
eastern side. This is due to the already developed
nature of the northern communities and the develop-
ment potential in the southern areas. Much of the
latter areas have large lot zoning, inadequate land
capabilities for septic systems, and no immediate
plans to provide sewer and water service. Thus
rapid growth in these regions is unlikely.
It has been suggested (see Chapter 3) that such funding also
removes most economic barriers to expansion into areas of low
density development.
In its earlier (1974) draft Environmental Assessment CRSD ad-
dressed the question of induced growth much more directly (Draft
Assessment, Pages 46-51), although heavily qualifying any direct
acknowledgement of induced growth:
"The social and economic impacts resulting directly
and indirectly from the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
will be of major significance in terms of the growth
of the region, the change in land usage and the
Tncrease in land values.
"The interceptor is not being built, however, for the
purpose of inducing development, but rather to correct
existing pollution problems.
"With the exception of the cities of Maple
Heights, Garfield Heights, and Cuyahoga Heights,
which have little land available for further
residential development, the Interceptor will
probably have considerable'effect on the rate of
growth of communities within its drainage area.
The sewer will, make possible increased development
and construction in the municipalities of" Independence,
Brecksville, Valley View, Walton Hills, Brooklyn
Heights, and Northfield. This effect is somewhat
mitigated by the fact that the construction of
the interceptor in these areas not only eliminates
5-36
-------
existing pollution problems, but provides .
for residential development without accompanying
water pollution effects. Growth in these communities
is far more related to their location and access
to a metropolitan area, a minimum concentration
of population; their history of recent growth;
and their economic base. The availability of
a major interceptor sewer, in and of itself, is
no guarantee of economic or population growth.
"The projected population increases in the CVI
communities will likely be responsible for some
destruction of vegetation and wildlife habitat,
increased storm storm runoff and erosion, increase
traffic and residential heating related air pollution,
etc. These effects, however, are caused by people
and not by the sewer. While the sewer will have
some effect in terms of inducing residential devel-
opment, it is not true that this growth is a direct
result of the sewer.
"The possibility exists that the interceptor may
encourage zoning changes to permit higher density
multi-unit residential and commercial activities.
The minimum lot size zoning in areas of present
septic tank use may well be modified when the
sewer system becomes available. At present time
none of the communities that use septic systems
in the Phase I drainage area have plans to decrease
their minimum lot size or to modify their present
zoning regulations. These communities have zoning
plans which contain a mixture of industrial, com-
merical, and residential area, and it is questionable
whether these areas would change simply because of
the interceptor.
"The City of Independence is presently building a
temporary treatment facility to handle the sewage flow,
until the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor is completed.
In 1970, only twenty percent of the population of
Independence was served by sewers. By 1980, every
residence and business in Independence will be connected
into the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor. It has been predic-
ted that the population of Independence will increase
from 7,034. One of the main reasons for the increase
is the development of business and industry in the
City. The sewer will enable the development of the
extensive industrial zoned lands along the eastern
corporation line; however, the City will remain pre-
dominately a residential community with single family
housing.
5-37
-------
"The Village of Valley View presently has no residential
sanitary sewers. The only sanitary sewers are located
in the two industrial parks in the Village. The Village
will build sanitary sewers to tie into the Valley View
Trunks 1 and 2 after the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
is completed, and will probably be totally sewered by
the year 2000. The land south of Rockside Road between
Canal Road and the Cuyahoga River will be part of the
proposed Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The sewer will
not cause any change in this planned land use. The
development in the Village will increase enormously
once the sewer is built.Although the population of
Valley View was projected to increase from 1422 in 1970
to 8000 in 1980 and eventually to 20,000 in the year
2020, more recent projections have lowered this figure
substantially.
"The City of Brecksville presently has sanitary or
combination sewers serving all of its population. The
population of Brecksville is expected to increase from
8,790 in 1970 to 13,500 in 1980 and 37,000 in the year
2020. The Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor and the Brecksville
Trunk have adequate capacity to handle the increased
flow.
"The Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor should have little
effect on the development of the Cuyahoga River floodplain
in this area since the City of Brecksville recommended
in its 1967 Master Plan that no residential structure
should be permitted to be erected in the fifty year
floodplain, and that the floodplain land should be
limited to agriculture, parks, open spaces, and recreation.
There is no reason to assume that this recommendation
will be modified. The Brecksville Trunk Sewer will
cause increased development of Brecksville,but the
development should be in line with the zoning plans
developed by the City.
"The Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor will necessitate a modi-
fication of the existing Brecksville collection system.
The City presently has both sanitary and combined sewers.
During storm periods the capacity of the existing treatment
plant is often exceeded and untreated wastewater is dis-
charged directly into the Cuyahoga River. The Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor and the Brecksville Trunk will be
able to carry this additional storm water flow
initially, but as the area develops the capacity of
the sewer will be exceeded if the storm water is not
eliminated from the system. Combined sewers may
eventually be replaced with separate stornr sewers and
sanitary sewers. The Village of Walton Hills is presently
separated into two major areas. The area along its eastern
border between Bedford and Northfield is zoned for industry
while the remainder of the Village is zoned for country
homes or park land, except for a small business area
5-38
-------
at the intersection of Walton Poad and Alexander Road.
Presently over twenty percent oi t-u r ommar. L\.y is served
by sanitary sewers. By 1990, all of tu. <:onununity will
be served by the Cuyahoga Valley Interce ,-tui . The present
land zoning should not be affected by the trunk sewer,
although it is projected that the population will grow
to approximately 16,000 by the year 2020.
"The Village of Northfield has been plagued with inadequate
sewage treatment facilities for a number of years. At the
present time its treatment plant is at least 25% overloaded
and orderly growth and development has been retarded by a
imposed
State
Jniildinc; ban. Construction of the Walton
Hi 11s~tr unk wji lT"pe r mi. t the resumption of the Village ' s
orderly growth in accordance with the local zoning
landuse plan.
ana
"The Village of Brooklyn Heights will not experience any
significant land use changes due to the Brooklyn Heights
Trunk. The area wherein the Trunk i ,: located is now zoned
industrial and should remain unchanged in the future.
"Sagamore Hills Township will not experience any changes in
land use or population growth due to the Hawthornden Trunk
Sewer since this trunk sewer will only serve the Hawthorn-
den State Hospital in Sagamore Hills.
CRSD concluded its 1975 evaluation:
"Generally it is felt that the sewers will have a
negligible effect on the growth of the area compared
with other growth factors.
It also stated:
"The installation of a large sewer with excess capacity
creates a situation whereby growth is needed to make
future payments on the outstanding debt. This is not
the case with the proposed action since the CRSD will
not fund the sewer on local assessments, but by reve-
nue from the total CRSD service area."
b. Air Quality Impacts
The principal primary effect of the construction of the
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor on air quality would be increased
dust levels caused by the associated land clearing and excavat-
ing operations. Excessive dust levels can be prevented by such
standard techniques as the wetting of dry, dusty areas. Any
on-site waste incineration, if conducted in accordance with
state and local regulations, should pose no serious problem to
the maintenance of air quality. Emissions of particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from con-
struction equipment, as well as those from the personal vehicles
of those working on the construction project, should present
no significa^i difficulties. The potential secondary effects
of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor on air quality, which cannot
be quantified with any reasonable degree of certainty, are
described below.
5-39
-------
The average concentrations of particulate matter observed
in the project area are presented in Table 2-22. Since sampling
is only conducted intermittently, the second-highest 24-hour
levels would not be directly comparable to the applicable
standards (which may be exceeded only once in a full year) and
are thus not presented. While it is believed that the very high
particulate levels recorded at Valley View (which averaged 184
ug/m3, nearly 2.5 times the 75 ug/m3 annual primary standard,
and is also known to have exceeded the 250 ug/m3 24-hour state
standard 10 times in 1973) are indicative of a predominantly
localized problem in the lower Cuyahoga Valley, which may be
solved by improved industrial source controls; the levels
measured at other locations in the project area have also been
unacceptable (Twinsburg averaging 5 percent over the annual
primary standard in 1974, and exceeding the 150 ug/m3 24-hour
secondary standard at least twice). Any increased development
or activity in the project area may therefore be expected to
result in additional violations of ambient particulate standards.
Sulfur Dioxide
The average concentrations of sulfur dioxide monitored in
the project area are shown in Table 2-22. Again, short-term
levels have not been presented. However, sulfur dioxide levels
observed in the project area are generally well within the appli-
cable standard. In any case, sulfur dioxide levels approaching
ambient standards are almost always attributable to specific
large sources, such as fossil fuel-fired power plants, that may
be controlled utilizing available technology. Communications
with the local utilities indicate that there are no plans to
construct a new power plant in the project area. Therefore,
the construction of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor cannot be
considered as a threat to the maintenance of ambient sulfur
dioxide standards.
Other Contaminants
Concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
dioxide and photochemical oxidants are ordinarily a problem only
in areas with very high traffic densities, and are thus believed
to be low in the project area at the present time, though only
thelevels of nitrogen dioxide have been measures there. These
are also presented in Table 2-22, and are well within the appli-
cable standard.
Carbon monoxide concentrations may be presented from exceed-
ing the applicable ambient standards by means of appropriate
transportation planning measures and highway design techniques.
Hydrocarbon, nitrogen dioxide and photo-chemical oxidant levels
are ofgreat concern only in the case of geographically large
and very highly developed areas, since photochemical smog forma-
tion occurs on a large scale rather than in isolated cases.
Emissions of all the vehicle-related air contaminants discussed
in this paragraph will be greatly reduced nation-wide as more
efficient pollution control devices are installed on new auto-
mobiles, and as new cars replace the old ones on the roads.
5-40
-------
Conclusion
In summary, of all the principal air contaminants, only
total suspended particulates may be expected to exceed the appli-
cable ambient standards partly as an indirect result of the
construction of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor. Such viola-
tions would be an indirect result of area growth, cannot be
reliably quantified and may be avoidable through theincreased
utilization of efficient particulate control equipment and tech-
niques by industrial emission sources. There is the possibility
that decentralization of industry and population in a metropoli-
tan area that is not growing rapidly in total, such as Cleveland,
may actually result in a reduction in air contaminant levels
in the central city.
c. Transportation Impacts
Although it does not appear that there will be any surges
of development in the CVI Study Area, it is believed that the
past pattern of low density spread and scattered development
of both residential and non-residential land will continue.
If so, a continued dependence upon the automobile seems likely
for a comparatively high proportion to total trips. It would
therefore appear logical to expect either that the existing
roadways will need to be upgraded or that the construction of
new roadways to meet new demands will be required. Unfortu-
nately, the Ohio Department of Transportation, which has the
primary responsibility of planning new construction in the CVI
Study area, is currently unable to undertake any long range
plans due to the lack of funds. Therefore, ODOT is cancelling
any long range projects until Federal funds are available.
According to Mr. Harry Meyers, the Ohio Department of Trans-
portation is only considering roadway construction for the period
between 1977 and 1981. Within the CVI Study Area, the State
is contemplating only one project. That is, the reconstruction
of State Road 8 from Graham Road in Cuyahoga Falls to Route 303
in Boston Heights. Construction is to start in the Spring.
The estimated cost is $12 million, with the local share to be
approximately five percent.
If funds are secured after 1981, ODOT expects to continue
the reconstruction of State Road 8 from Route 303 to Route 271
in Macedonia. The estimated construction cost for this phase
of the reconstruction is $10 million (present dollars).
5-41
-------
d. Undeveloped Land
The amount of undeveloped land subject to development pres-
sures is of concern in evaluating the impacts of community
growth to be served by proposed sewers. The Environmental
Assessment cites a total of 81,700 undeveloped acres in the
three phases of the CVI study area. It was also estimated
that approximately 50 percent, or about 40,000 acres, could
be estimated as unsuitable for development because of topogra-
phy and soil limitations. For the sake of conservatively esti-
mating the level of residential development that could be
accommodated within the undeveloped land, it might be assumed
that another 20,000 acres would be necessary for utility right-
of-ways, highways, public or quasi-public use, commercial de-
velopment and industrial development. Also assuming several
mixes of single family and milti-family dwelling units at
conservative (low) densities, the future increases in study
area population that could be housed on those 20,000 acres can
be calculated as shown in Table 5-10.
According to these calculations, the projected increase
in study area population between 1975 and 2020, 131,000 persons,
could be accommodated on the assumed amount of available land
only if more than 10 percent of residentially developed land
is used for multi-family dwellings. If developmental densities
are very low, future developmental pressures may result in
development of land unsuitable for development for environmental
or structural reasons.
This brief evaluation of undeveloped land is not intended
to quantify the exact number of buildable acres or to promote
multifamily residential development. It is intended to show
(1) that properly developable land is limited to some extent
in the study area, and (2) that with unguided low density de-
velopment, future demand for land may result in incroachment
on land that might properly be left undeveloped. Existing
sewered areas and areas opened to development offer the potential
for increasing residential densities in land that can justify-
ably be developed. Opening up new land areas also could in-
crease opportunities fordevelopment of land which provides its
highest use while vacant.
Maximizing the benefits of centralized sewerage facilities
while minimizing the detriments requires knowledge of land
capabilities and environmental factors in land development
coupled with motivation to assure that land sees its best use.
Accumulating the knowledge and applying the motivation to zoning
decisions are the functions of a multiplicity of municipal,
county and regional agencies.
5-42
-------
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5-43
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D. Conclusions
The need for centralized sewage collection facilities in
Phase I is evident. Removal of septic tank effluent from an
area almost totally unsuited for filter fields, of poorly
treated industrial discharges from a stream still heavily
loaded with pollutants, and transfer of all these to a plant
with a consistently high level of treatment are very valuable
improvements.
In bringing these improvements about, however, two important
criteria must be met:
1. avoidance of unnecessary harmful impacts in the project
construction itself, and
2. Institution of planning steps to insure the cost effec-
tiveness and environmental soundness of alternatives
for future sewerage facility improvements in Phases II
and III of the CVI study area.
CRSD has taken a number of reasonable precautions to limit
harmful primary projects impacts. Additional design revisions
and mitigating measures to improve the cost effectiveness and
environmental soundness of Phase I to be incorporated into Step
II design are:
1. Main interceptor sizing of 90 inches inside diameter
below Tinkers Creek (Contracts A, B, and C) and 66
inches inside diameter between the Brecksville sewage
treatment plant and Tinkers Creek (Contract D). This
sizing incorporates the revised flow projection des-
cribed herein and assumes only minor reductions in
inflow and no revision of sewer slopes from those
originally proposed in engineering design documents.
2. Adoption of alternate routes B for the Maple Heights
trunk sewer and B and C for the Brecksville trunk.
These simple and economical changes will not only
preserve some of the last remaining prime forest of
northeastern Ohio, but will limit erosion to Chippewa
Creek and Swan Creek.
3. Implementation of all recommendations of Dr. Brose's
archeological survey as published in the Environmental
Assessment.
4. Preparation of soil erosion control specifications to
include at least resodding of open trench construction
areas as described in existing engineering drawings
and similarly for the alternate routes to be followed
by the Brecksville and Maple Heights trunks; reseeding
of all other open trench construction areas within a
reasonably short period after trench closing; construc-
tion management provisions to minimize the time period
between trench excavation and closing.
5-44
-------
5. Timing of Hawthornden trunk construction co avoid the
Sagamore Road salamander breeding season.
6. On-site soil inspections and testing along the Valley
View #2 trunk near its terminus and Maple Hill trunk
along Schreiber Road to determine optimal placement
of these sewers.
7. Incorporation of flexible joints into the main tunneled
interceptor at manholes and pipe joints near shale/
soil transition zones.
8. Use of railroad right-of-ways to reach access sites
15 and 16 to preserve high quality lowland forest.
9. Prohibition of air or alignment holes or vegetation
clearing for other purposes in areas designated in
revised graphics submitted by CRSD (Pe .sonal communi-
cation with Mr. Gerald Peters, 5 August 1976-see
Agency Comments).
Preliminary cost-effectiveness and environmental analysis for
Phase II and III sewage facilities suggest that there are viable
alternatives to proposed CVI extensions. Many actions now being
taken (interceptor capacity at the Milete Sports Complex, Ter-
tiary treatment plant construction underway in the Phase III area,
Ohio EPA's freeze on Phase II plant upgrading, and CVI Phase I
construction itself) affect the value of different service approaches,
Certifiably cost-effective and environmentally sound alternatives
for future area service can only be produced by facilities planning
now. The Phase I Step 2 grant should therefore require three major
planning steps, with a proposed schedule to be submitted for
approval within 120 days of any grant award for Phase I design:
i '
1. A complete Sewer System Evaluation Survey (SSES) for the
entire proposed three phase service area, with a point-by-point
survey of infiltration and inflow sources and recommendations to
be implemented for cost-effective removal of infiltration and
inflow. Ohio EPA (See May 10, 1976 letter in Chapter 7) has
certified that CVI may be subject to excessive infiltration and
inflow. The CRSD infiltration and inflow analysis for Cleveland
Southerly is not useful as a planning tool for CVI area projects.
2. Initiation of full facilities planning (including an
Environmental Assessment) for Phase II. This plan should include
full consideration of alternatives suggested in Chapter 3. Ohio
EPA (See June 4, 1974 letter in Chapter 7) has specifically
recommended accelerated CVI construction for Phase II. Phase II
badly needs clarification of what form it will take. Environ-
mental issues include local scenic and natural values. (Brandy-
wine Falls), strong support for local land use planning decisions
(for Richfield and other western areas),, and reconciliation of
sewerage needs and tunnel impact in the Cuyahoga Valley National
Recreation Area.
3. Initiation cf full facilities planning (including an
environmental assessment) for the Phase III area. The start of
5-45
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this planning may be delayed until completion of the sewer system
evaluation survey. Consideration should at least include those
alternatives discussed in Chapter 3.
No EPA commitment to Phase I construction should imply any
commitment to any course of action for later phases.
There is little doubt that CVI Phase I even at its revised
capacity is significantly oversized. Much of this is due to the
change in design and sizing standards that has occurred in the
last ten years. Had there now been an SSES and later phase plan-
ning information, as much as 20 percent of projected construction
cost might have been saved. The very serious water quality prob-
lems that exist in the Phase I area, and CRSD's strong commitment
to remedying them requires that this project proceed without
delay, but in the future it is vital that major projects not be
undertaken without a full planning foundation.
5-46
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CHAPTER 6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT TERM USES OF MANJS ENVIRONMENT
AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY
The local short term uses of CVI service are land are for the
proposed interceptor, constructed as part of a wastewater treat-
ment system, and the commercial, residential, and industrial
development induced by it. Long term productivity of the
available habitat and open land in the study area as a wildlife
resource and as a land resource for future agricultural or urban
use will be affected by short term land use decisions„
A short term decision has immediate and long term effects.
Immediate temporary effects during construction of the project
would be Jocal disruption of traffic, increased noise levels,
removal of vegetation and potential erosion of bare soils.
In general, these impacts are inconsequential compared with
long term benefits for the water quality oc lie study area.
Long term effects include changing the water quantity and
quality of both surface and ground water, generally improving
the quality but decreasing the quantity. Another long term
effect is a decrease in the amount of open land available for
wildlife or agricultural use.
Another short term impact might be an increase in land values
and development pressure, slowing or obstructing land acquisition
for the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area.
Importance of the long term productivity of the study area
as a wildlife resource is limited by the prospective development
of the Cuyahcna Valley National Recreation Area, and the existence
of sizabje acreages of land undevelopable because of slope, which
factors -:;og^ther put a "floor" under the total amount of unde-
velopec area. For each phase, but particularly Phase II, the
community and regional need for open space and recreation areas
must be weighed against the economic benefits of committing
open land to an interceptor which would accelerate use of more
open land for industrial, commercial, and industrial development.
Both of these in turn must be weighed against uncertain prospects
for growth and development for both the study area and the two
SMSAs with which it is associated.
5-1
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CHAPTER 7
FEDERAL/STATE AGENCY AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
A. Pre-KTS Comments
A hearing on the final environmental assessment was held
on November 5, 1975, between eleven representatives of CRSD
and its consulting firm and eight members; of local environ-
mental groups. There is not any indication that this was a
public meeting, but CRSD's nummary is attached, as part of
the November 14, 1975, letter referenced elsewhere.
Also attached is the CRSD letter of August 5, 1976 con-
cerning access sites and airholes; the Ohio State Historic
preservation officer's letter of January 13, 1976; the
July 19, 1974 letter of the Director the the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources; iand the October 21, 1975 letter of the
executive director of NOACA, agreeing with the funding of
the Project. Both the Ohio DNR and SHPO requirements for approval
have been met.
Also included are June 4, 1974 and May 10, 1976 letters
from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the first sup-
porting accelerated Phase I'.-' construction and the second certi-
fying excessive infiltration and inflow.
An extended period of agency and public coordination took
place during and after preparation of the 1974 draft environ-
mental assessment. Objections raised during this time, chiefly
by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, were among the
major factors contributing to the redesign of the CVI. Public
meetings at the time (March 28, 1974) also led to the first
consideration of the Sagamore Road salamander community.
B. Draft EIS Comments and 3SPA Response
Copies of the Draft EIS were sent to 250 agencies, citizen
organizations, local governments, individuals. Comments were
received from one individual, nine local government agencies
(including the applicant and both local A-95 clearinghouses)
three citizens organizations, one state environmental agency
(acting as clearinghouse), and three federal agencies.
In general many of these comments expressed the same con-
cerns: most felt that further study of secondary impacts, par-
ticularly on the recreation area was needed; most supported the
alternate trunk routings; and many expressed strong concern about
low flow reductions and the safety of the Sagamore Road salaman-
ders. To thoroughly research these and other questions raised
a consultant firm, WAPORA, Inc., was retained to perform special
study of secondary impacts, low flow reduction, cost effective
sizing, and many other concerns. Rather than repeat the same
answers over and over, our responses reference those places in
the new text where the question raised may be found.
7-1
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A. Pre-EIS Comments
7-2
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CLEVELAND REGIONAL e^vV.'-jqi U;Li * : 'I-, *
BO1 ROCKWELL • CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114 • TEL 216. 7G' bCCJU
JAMES ^J-'^p"-^
, -. — ^j_.^.£_.»^-
August 5, 1976
Mr. Gerald 0. Peters, Jr.
6900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20015
RE: CVI - EIS
Dear Mr, Peters:
In response to your questions concerning the construction of the CVI we
have the following answers.
1. The work areas around each access chamber average about one acre or
less of land. The total acreage of land for permanent and temporary
easements is approximately 66.6 acres, of which 38.8 acres are per-
manent easements and 27.8 acres temporary.. The area provided for
construction and for material storage at 'the access shafts totals
24.3 acres, 12.8 acres of which is permanent easement, but all of
which is specified to be returned to a condition comparable to that
which existed prior to the construction. About 8.2 acres additional
is contained in access roadways, most of which are presently used as
such by the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, and all of which
will be restored to the present status.
Property maps for the four Interceptor Contracts (A, B, C and D) are
attached. Permanent easements are colored in red and temporary ease-
ments in green.
2. It is anticipated that the Contractor will want air and alignment
holes in those areas where he is permitted to do so by the specifi-
cations. The specs provide .stationing limitations on where the
Contractor may install the holes. The Contractor will not be allow-
ed to work (at the surface) in any area of ecological or environmental
concern. (Areas where air and alignment holes will be prohibited are
shaded on the attached maps.)
3. Air and alignment holes were utilized on the Northwest Interceptor
Project. However, much of NWI was in or closely adjacent to public
right-of-way and environmental limitations were not a factor of con-
cern.
7-3
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Mr. Gerald 0. Peters, Jr.
August 5, 1976
Page 2
4. Necessity for installing air and alignment holes is usually determined
by the Contractor as he discovers underground conditions effecting his
method of operation. In general holes adjacent to access shafts are
preferred in order to ensure correct and accurate transfer of line and
grade down to the tunnel. In long runs between access shafts, changes
of direction or changes in surrounding materials the holes do permit
greater ease for the Contractor in maintaining line and grade; how-
ever, it is feasible to construct the tunnel through those areas where
drop holes are prohibited.
5. The air and alignment holes are normally 8" diameter lined holes
located on the center!ine of the tunnel. Installation is by a drill
rig, the same as used for making test borings, and surface disruption
consists solely of getting the vehicle to and from the site, plus the
hole. Subsequent to the tunnel construction, the Contractor is re-
quired to remove the lining, refill the hole and return the effected
area to its original status.
6. We do not contemplate the installation of anymore access shafts be-
yond those provided on the plans. As the Contractor will bear all
cost of additional shafts we feel he will only ask to install one
in an emergency. He will still need written permission from CRSD
before he can do so. Additionally, our experience on the NWI in-
dicates no need for additional access.
7. Upon completion of the work the only visible sign remaining will be
a concrete slab measuring H'-8" by 14'-8", at grade. The surround-
ing area will be regraded and reseeded. Vent pipes will not be re-
quired.
8. Temporary easements, as with permanent easements where any surface
disruption has occurred, will be restored to the condition which
existed prior to the construction. All unusable materials are to
be removed from the site and disposed of by legal means (the Con-
tractor being responsible for obtaining any permits necessary for
the disposal). The areas used and disturbed shall be restored
properly.
9. CRSD will engage the services of a qualified dendrologist to mark
those trees in temporary easements which may not be removed. No
tree larger than 2" diameter can be removed by the Contractor
from a permanent easement without prior written approval from CRSD
and must be replaced with like species.
7-4
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Mr. Gerald 0. Peters, Jr.
August 5, 1976
Page 3
Should you desire additional information, please contact Erwin Odea!
of my staff.
Very truly yours,
CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
£ A
JamesyP. Harris
Chief Engineer
JPH:pak
Attachments
c.c. Andrew T. Ungar
Erwin J. Odeal
7-5
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November 14, 1975
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Attention: Mr. Michael MacMullen, Planning
Re: Environmental Assessment, Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
Dear Mr. MacMullen:
Enclosed herewith are two (2) copies of Volume I and II of the revised Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor Environmental Assessment Statement. These printed copies of Volume
I, will replace the xerox copies sent to you on October 17, 1975.
Appendix "D" of Volume II contains the Archeological survey conducted by Dr. David
Brose of the Archeological Laboratory of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
This survey was undertaken in accordance with the procedures specified by the Ohio
Historical Preservation office. In his report Dr. Brose noted: "With the exception
of the test excavations in portions of CVI Access Areas #3, #4 and #11 noted in Sec-
tion VI of this report, no evidence of prehistoric cultural material was encountered"
(Page 23, Appendix D).
In the case of Access Shaft #3 and #11 the CRSD will follow Dr. Brose's recommen-
dation that all ground-disturbing construction activity be avoided. To accomplish
this end on site #11, the Hillside Trunk connection will be shifted to the east side
of the CVI main!ine.
Because the relocation of Shaft #4 would be extremely difficult from a technical
standpoint, the CRSD is pursuing obtaining permission from the affected property owners
for Dr. Brose to salvage the area prior to construction. We will advise you further
on this matter at the conclusion of our discussions with the property owners.
In addition, the Western Reserve Historical Society has advised the Ohio Histori-
cal Preservation office that no Historical or Architectural Treasures will be adversely
affected by the CVI project.
To facilitate expeditious review of the Assessment, CRSD will distribute copies
to Ohio EPA, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, National Park Service, Ohio Histori-
cal Office, Cleveland and Akron Metropolitan Park District, Northeast Ohio Areawide
Coordinating Agency and several other local groups.
As agreed, we arc al-"o tr I hiainl iiio and trunks to aid in your review of
the assessment. As a result of the Environmental Assessment, several changes have
7-6
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Attention: Mr. Michael MacMulloiv November 14, 197'
been made in the project;, some of which at.:- not shovn on the plans beitvj suL "iJ
Since it is possible that additional changes nay be required after Ohio and L
review of the Assessment Statement, the District would prefer to make all cL-v
the plans and specifications at one time after the Assessment is approved. !,:/
struction will proceed without the submission and approval of final drawinc; ~.
fications showing all changes.
The following changes will be incorporated in the project, although not s1
detailed plans at this time:
1. In order to minimize environmental impacts, eleven (11) manholes
will be deleted. A list of those to be deleted is included as
attachment. "A".
2. The size of the mainline interceptor will be reduced from 108
inches in diameter to 96 inches in -diameter between Stations
100+00 to 344+70 and from 84 inches in diameter to 78 inches
in diameter between Stations 344+70 to 447+38.
3. Plans for the Brooklyn Heights Trunk are not being submitted
at this time since it will be redesigned to reduce costs.
4. The C.V.I. Pump Station is presently undergoing intensive review
in order to reduce costs.
Since completion of the Assessment, we have met with representatives of all sign
ficant local environmental groups to discuss the project and our revised Assessment.
A copy of our staff notes on the meeting is enclosed as Attachment "B". As the notes
indicate, there were no objections raised to the project at the meeting, and it is
our feeling that a negative declaration would not be protested locally.
Should you have any questions or comments, please contact Erwin Odeal of my
staff.
Very truly yours,
CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
Andrew T. Ungar, Director
ATU/bl
enclosures
cc: D. C. Hasbrouck, OEPA
J. P. Harris
L. C. Rego
L. J. Odea!
7-7
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V\T1ACH.'£NT "A"
MANHOLES TO BE DELETED FROM CUYAHOGA VALLEY INTERCEPTOR PLANS,
CONTRACT A; STATION 10/H-80
STATION 1'WOO
CONTRACT B: STATION 169+00
CONTRACT C: STATION 230+50
STATION 25.1+00
STATION 296+50
STATION 318+00
STATION 333+00
CONTRACT D: STATION 358+00
STATION 38G+50
STATION 438+00
7-8
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(•:
t
INTERNALCORRESPONDENCE
TO: E.J. Odeal
mOM: Wm. Lutz
DATE:
November 75
H FAf/i!
n wi<;;;
u soun
n cci;>ji,'
D LA
SUBJF-CT- CVI Environmental Assor,sn,ent
Meeting November 5, 1975
Page I of 3
On November 55 1975, representatives of the CRSD staff, and .Havens and
met with several local environmentalist to discuss the CVI Environmental /'ss-:
Statement which has recently been completed.
The following people were in attendance:
James Sanders
Charles J. Vasulka
Paul Murphy
Nicholas M. DeVito
Tony Jordan
Wm. Lutz
Frank K'eissman
Andrew Ungar
Erwin Odeal
Ellen M. Knox
Michael D. Duermit
George H. Watkins
Harvey R. Swack
Wayne G. .Rogers
Leonard Zavarella
Mrs. James H. Angel
N.E. Hopson
H.N. Merkle
Janet Hutchinson
CRSD
CRSD/Western Cuyahoga Audabon Society
CRSD
CRSD Trustee
CRSD
CRSD
CRSD
CRSD
CRSD
Sierra Club
Ohio Conservation Foundation
Three Riive^s Watershed District
Cuyahoga Valley Park Federation
NOACA
NOACA
Water
Citizens for Land &
H & E
H & E
League of Women Voters
Use
Mr. Ungar began the meeting with a short review of the project, and the
Public Hearing on the Environmental Assessment Statement held about 1'2 years
ago at the Cuyahoga Heights Village Hall. Mr. Ungar noted that there had been
many changes in the project since that first meeting, and the District had en-
deavored to address and accommodate every concern over the project raised at
that time. Specifically, the project had been changed from open-cut con-
struction through the valley with several stream modifications to a complete
tunnel all the way from the'Southerly Plant to the Brecksville Treatment Plant.
In addition, the District had made several efforts to accommodate environmental
consider.'; Lions by inovir.n shaft, lecr'ticns. Mr. Uncr-r 1;;r:rd the recti'i'"1 '^:-T to
Erwin Odeal who pr..\ i'led a brief introduction to l.Vtiry .''i-rkle from !!v/r.;-i:, u
7-9
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H.J. Odea I
Page 2
November 5, 1975
Emerson. All the members of the group were familiar with Mr.- Merklc's work and
his knowledge of the valley.
Mr. Merkle presented the project using the same format as been employed in
prior meetings with Ohio and U.S. EPA's, and with the representatives of the
National Park Services and the Akron and Cleveland Metropolitan Park districts.
Mr. Merkle utilized slides and the District maps to discuss each shaft site and
the changes that h?d been iwde to accommodate environmental problems. Mr. Merkle
also discussed each of the trunks anJ noted that, with the exception of the
Brecksvillc and Maple Heights trunks, he saw no real environmental problems.
The Brecksville and Maple Heights trunks presented a trade-off between the most
economical route and potential environmental considerations since they follow
stream val1eys.
Mrs. Angel asked questions about efforts to reduce infiltration/inflow into
the sewers and the quality control which would be utilized for sewer construction.
E.J. Odea! assured her that I/I studies had been completed and the best con-
struction practices would be utilized to keep infiltration/inflow to a minimum.
Mr. Ungar assured her that CRS'J would have its own inspectors on the job who
would keep close track of quality control.
Mr. Watkins was concerned about the clean-up of debris on the site lest they
be washed into the stream. Tony Jordan noted that the specifications require the
contractor to clean-up the site and that these specifications would be rigorously
enforced.
Mr. Duermit asked about provisions for erosion control. Tony Jordan noted
that because the shaft sites are minimal in size, erosion will not be a signi-
ficant problem. Adequate provisions will, however, be incorporated to minimize
erosion during construction. Because of the bulk of the soil is clay or shale
in nature erosion should be minimized.
Mrs. Angle was concerned about-the possibility of the sewer pipe being over
loaded because of the large depth of the sev/er. Mr. Ungar assured her that the
pipe had been properly designed to carry the weight of the over burden.
.After Henry Mcrkel completed his presentation, Ed llopson explained the
population projections, land use considerations, sewer size, and economic
analysis that had gone into the Assessment of the sewer project. He indicated
that population projections were not simply a'total of local projections, but
were conservative in nature and had been reconciled against the OBERS projections
for the total area and found to be reasonable.
Based on these conservative population projections and a development pattern
consistent with local zoning, H & E reduced the maximum pipe size from 108" to
96" for the mainline CVI. the 100" :>i;>p had been based on an ultimate design for"
7-10
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C.J. Odea 1
P.age 3
November 5, 1975
the service area.
Hopson noted the size and capacity of the CVI should not encourage excessive
yrowlh upon the areas served since tin.- project is not being assessed but ratr,:r
is being financed on the utility concept by the CRSD. At such, there will he no
economic pressure on adjacent land owners to develop in order to pay assessments.
Mr. Ocieal also noted to the group, which was extremely familia*- v/ith the
valley, that there are literally hundreds of package plants in the area and the
unavailability of sewers to date has not represented any significant impediment, to
development. In fact the proliferation of these plants has caused some real diffi
culity and perhaps the absence of sewers has encouraged a lower quality develop-
ment than might have come about if sewers were available. A question v/as raised
by Mrs. Angel concerning CRSD's ability to control the quality of the construe Li or,
of sewers corning into the CVI. Mr, Ungar assured her that CRSD has complete re-
gulatory control over the quality and type of all connections.
All attendees at the meeting were pleased and satisfied with CRSD efforts.
Mrs. Angel indicated that her organization would give whatever support is re-
quired. Mrs. flutchinson comn'ended the District on an exceptionally fine job
in the preparation of the Assessment. Mr. Swack seemed particularly pleased
with the work. Me expressed some concern that the sewer be adequate to serve
the development that may come in around the park. He was assured that the sewer
while not being over designed, had sufficient capacity to accommodate localised
land use changes around the park should local communities desire to permit cer-
tain kinds of commercial development to accommodate park activities.
In conclusion there were no unfavorable remarks generated nor was there any
indication that any of the groups would file a protest should EPA decide to make
a negative declaration on the need for a Environmental Impact Statement.
7-11
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January 13, 1976
Andrew T. Ungar, Director
Cleveland Regional Sev/er District
801 Rockwell
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Re: Cleveland Regional Sev/er District
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Project
EPA Construction Grant No. C 390764
Dear Mr. Ungar:
The Ohio Historic Preservation Office has reviewed "The Archaeological Survey of
the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Project" prepared by Dr. David S. Brose and the
related attachments and letters. This office has also contacted Dr. Brose con-
cerning the salvage excavations in CVI Access Area #4. The Preservation Office
wishes to express its appreciation for your concern regarding nonrenewable cultural
resources and your cooperation and support in identifying possible historic and
archaeological sites.
Providing that the recommendations of Dr. Brose are followed in Access Areas #3 and
#11, the documentation meets the review criteria established by the Ohio Historic
Preser'/sticn Gf'ice in accordance with Federal regjlations. I would like to rr,2.
-------
IU», 6
July .19, 197U
Dr. Jra L. Whitman, 1)5) odor1
Ohio bnvii onnenla..! :-rorr>.;( j on A;1/: n<\y
361 }>st broad Si root
Columbus, Ohio f-i3xib
Dear ] ra :
1 have reviewed recent construction clianf-f-.0, ])rc>]>o:3ed by the Cleveland
Regional Sewer District to mi niinj /,e rid'/eiT.e ins t dil.it ion impact? of the
^a Valley Interceptor.
I endorse procoerJ5i;f; with Plrii;<- I const rue I ion ))'ised upon project
mod ifi cat ion to ine]udr; the f olio1,, i nf, C.H.S.n. iTfp.or,;!j s :
• TunneJJed inalaJ 1 a tion of all i nterceptor and trunk
line;; witLiri the boundt.rM' <-z of the Cuyah.^r^i Vallej"
Park .
Man-holes to be installed eit-frade and made
tight as or. posed to elevated and VCMI! ed v.'i th hi the
park boundaries.
Elimination of a]J rlvor ehanne.1 reloedt ior.h \:ith\n
tiie j)_/k boundaries. lljir, ii"icl\sdes eT.ipnr.-~ii ion of
channej v.'ork nerir Stone Kr;ad .
Minimi 7(ji ion of surface soil arvi vi^f'etation di'iruptiori
at man-hole and j)ouj'--ho] <> ;; i 1 es w.itli'n the park
boundaries .
V."itl] the incorj'oj'al ion of th»ye cons Lruct i on changes, Phase 1 c~ippe^irs
to have no nnaccep- able aspects and .should proceed. I still have reservatio
about construction and operation oi future pliases of this project anc' resei've
judgement and ei'dorscnient' pondinp; review of a formal Environmental Impact
Statement .
7-13
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Mr. .' i c. i-.'ii' i ii.ai
I'd)'/-1 'I'..': >
Ju.iy jo, J'JVM
F inut;l ,'.,,jy 1)i.11 J 'Jin ]) J c.M.'ifl u i I li 1 }\>' i-xlciit of coop'., r-it i on or''(';''
by C. K.S.I). 5i) d(>.-i .1 iij;' v:' 1 h I).!!.!'. r.onr;f)'n-; in 1'h.r." J. M/ '.iuijlf^'1 M
of Lli.it. !'ho,';e ;i s thcM'. l(,.j'u ,-r:.suri"'l.
Sincci'cly,
WI LI JAM H. NYC
Director
WBKrjkd
cc: Andrew Unger, Cleveland Keeional Hewer DititrLct -*'
7-14
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OHIO
AREAWIDE COORDINAriNG AGENCY
439 The Arf ode. Clpv.-land, Ohio 'ill 14
Phone (2161 24
DONALO G Siu'K tj, '.
President
FRTDLHICI' (" J ;• /,/'_
Executive O r<.r 1'jr
October 21, 1975
Mr. Michael MacMullen
Unit Coordinator - Planning Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. MacMullen:
RE: Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor,
Phase I, Step 3
This letter is written in regard to NOACA's review of 201 application
for the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor, Phase I, Step 3 (C390764-010). Under
Phase I, the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Sewer will serve all.or part of the
communities of Brooklyn Heights, Independence, Valley View, Garfield Heights,
Maple Heights, Brecksville, Walton Hills, Broadview Heights, Sagamore Hills,
and Northfield.
The Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor will extend from the Southerly Waste-
water Treatment Center through the Cuyahoga River Valley to the existing
Brecksville Treatment Plant. The entire length of the Interceptor will be
constructed by tunnelling between the Southerly Treatment Center and the
Brecksville Treatment Plant.
We understand that the Cleveland Regional Sewer District has submitted
its final environmental impact assessment to U.S. EPA and we found that tins
project is consistent with existing regional and areawide planning. It will
be coordinated with
ject be funded.
NOACA's 208 planning process. We recommend that this pro-
If further information is needed, please do not hesitate to call.
Yours truly,
V • , (
cc: Carl Wilheim, Ohio FPA
Douglas Williams, U.S. EPA
Bob Gill, Ohio EPA
Andrew Ungar, Director,CRSD
7—15
Frederick E.J. Pizzedaz
Executive Director
-------
State Of Ohio Environmental Protection Age."—. Box 1049, 450 East Town Street, Columbus, Ohio 43216 (614) 469-3543
John J. Gilligan
Governor
Or. Ira L Whitman
Director
June 4, 1974
Re: Northwest Summit County
Proposed Sewerage Recommendation
Mr. Jack Garner
Summit County Sanitary Engineer
19 North High Street
Akron, Ohio 44308
f t
Dear Mr. Garner:
The staff of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency has
reviewed and analyzed the reports and testimony regarding
the various proposed alternatives for a sewerage service
system in Northwest Summit County. Based upon staff re-
commendations, it is my decision that the most feasible
and environmentally satisfactory solution to the problem
is to provide service to Northwest Summit County at the
Cleveland Southerly Treatment Plant via an accelerated
development of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor, CVI.
This decision envisions the CVI will be completed this
decade.
Reaching this decision has involved judging the various
impacts of a large number of issues. The staff investigated
four alternative systems:
1. Service at the proposed Brandywine Treatment Plant.
2. Service at the Cleveland Southerly Plant via an accel-
erated development of the CVI.
3. Interim expansion of Macedonia 15, construction of a
Furnace Run Plant, and future connection to Cleveland
and Akron systems respectively.
4. Service at a number of package plants distributed through-
out the area.
Each alternative was judged for its effects on water quality,
the environment, feasibility, and other factors. Alternative
four was rejected early in the decision process because it
was considered to be an unsatisfactory short-run solution that
could hinder and would delay the creation of a satisfactory
7-16
100' Recycled Paper
-------
Mr. Jack Garner
June 4, 1974
Page 2
long-term sewerage system. It was also recognized that
Macedonia 15, Hudson Village, Greenwood, and Connecticut
Colony Plants have immediate needs that cannot be met by
the alternative four approach.
Alternative three was eliminated because this proposal
represented an interim solution to a problem that can now
be more permanently resolved in nearly the same time frame.
No one appeared to be very enthusiastic about trying to
meet water quality standards with a rather costly but temp-
orary plant at Macedonia 15. With alternatives three and
four judged unacceptable, the staff had its greatest
difficulty deciding between the remaining alternatives.
One of the causes of the difficulties was that a number of
issues were handled equally well or with insignificant
differences. For example, a cost-effective analysis of
the proposals using federal guidelines resulted in insignif-
icant differences. After discarding a number of factors,
the staff felt that three elements (meeting water quality
standards, environmental impact on the proposed park, and
the need to adhere to a previously adopted acceptable and
progressing general plan) significantly favored alternative
two.
First, it is the staff's judgment that alternative one will
cause a slight violation of water quality standards at the
canal diversion dam. Secondly, the adverse environmental
impact of a plant near or within the proposed park would be
greater in the long run than the temporary effects of the
interceptor construction. Much of the short term impact of
alternative two can be avoided or minimized with careful
design and close coordination with the Ohio Department of
Natural Resources. However the long term impact of alternative
one.- with the intrusion of a plant in or near the proposed
park, was judged to have a significant impact on the potential
recreational usage. Third, the planning process itself requires
not only competent preparation (including public input), the
ability to make necessary adjustments in the plan as time and
other factors dictate, but also necessitates overall adherance
to the proposed development plan and a reluctance to allow
major changes without significant reasons for those changes.
Given these three factors, the staff recommends alternative
two.
Having accepted this recommendation, I recognize that building
of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor, on an accelerated basis,
can only be accomplished if federal, state, and local officials
7-17
-------
Mr. Jack Garner
June 4, 1974
Page 3
will cooperate. A number of very important issues will have
to be dealt with before construction can begin. It is my
hope that the agency will be able to assist Summit County
and the Cleveland Regional Sewer District in resolving these
issues in a mutually satisfactory manner.
Should you have any further questions or wish to meet with
me or my staff, please call.
Very truly yours,
Ira L. Whitman
Director
ILW/or
cc: William B. Nye
Summit County Commissioners
Raymond Robinson Jr.
George Watkins
Akron Metropolitan Parks
Congressman Seiberling
Harlan Hirt
7-18
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May 10, 1976
Jamas A. Rhodes
Governor
. Ned E. Williams, P.E
Director
Mr. Todd Gayer, Chief
Construction Grants Branch
U. S. EPA, Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Re: CRSD - CVI
I/I Analysis
C 390764 010
Dear Mr. Gayer:
It is hereby certified that, in my professional judgment, the
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor may be subject to excessive infil-
tration/inflow as defined in 40CFR 35.927. It is further certi-
fied that:
1. The treatment works for which this grant application is
made will not be changed by any rehabilitation program
and will be a component part of any rehabilitated system.
2. That the Grantee has assured that any necessary sewer
system evaluation will be continued on a schedule accept-
able to the State.
3. That any resulting rehabilitation program will be conducted
on a schedule consistent with treatment works construction
and satisfactory to the Regional Administrator.
Very truly yours,
Ned E. Williams, P.E.
Director
NEW/rm
7-19
100% Recycled Paper
-------
B. Draft EIS Comments and EPA Response
7-20
-------
State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Box 1049, 361 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43216 (614) 466-8565
August 19, 1976
James A. Rhodes
Governor
Ned E. Williams, P.E.
Director
Re: Draft EIS - Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor - USEPA
Mr. Gene Wojcik
Planning Branch
EIS Preparation Section
USEPA Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
OKsEFft
Dear Mr. Wojcik:
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, acting as lead agency
and review coordinator for Federal Environmental Impact State-
ments, has received comments on the above referenced Draft EIS
from sections of this Agency and the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources. The following comments constitute those received by
this Agency as of August 12, 1976.
General
All reviewers commenting had praise for the quality of the document
as set forth in draft form. The state of Ohio has been actively
involved with this project for several years, and is in agreement
with the concept and construction techniques being utilized on
the project. All necessary mitigative measures appear to have
been met and applied on the project, thus protecting and enhancing
the Cuyahoga River Basin through this area to the greatest extent
possible.
The following comments are made with regard to physiographic
limitations and considerations for proposed developments in the
project area.
Specific
1. The proposed action is in compliance with the goals of the
Shoreland Management Program. The Cleveland Regional Sewer
District's proposed pump station at the Southerly Wastewater
Treatment Plant must be flood-protected to an elevation of
602.5 msl. in order to conform to "Ohio Flood Plain Regulation
Criteria."
7-21
100% Recycled Paper
-------
Mr. Gene Wojcik
Page Two
August 19, 1976
2. There appears to be no significant adverse impacts on any
of the existing known natural areas or nature preserves
in the project area. It is recommended that every possible
mitigative action be taken to avoid disturbance to the
salamander populations in the Sagamore Road area. Any
questions or issues regarding the project's effects on
natural areas should be brought to the attention of the
Division of Natural Areas and Preserves, ODNR.
3. Of primary concern is the impact of constructing trunk
sewers through areas within and adjacent to the Cuyahoga
Valley NRA, specifically sewers traversing valley walls.
Page 144, first sentence, states "...trunk sewers in the
proposed parkland are being tunnelled " While it is
known that the trunk sewers will be constructed primarily
by open cut methods, it remains unclear as to the method
of construction to be employed in ascending the valley
walls. Page 143, first paragraph, describes a 30 foot
easement for the Brecksville and Maple Heights Trunks.
Clarification must be provided on all activities related
to trunk'line construction affecting the Cuyahoga Valley
NRA.
4. Concerning trunk sewer alignments, the state has been informed
by the applicant that the Brecksville trunk alternative align-
ment as proposed by USEPA may traverse areas with severe soil
stability problems. We have also been informed that the
extensive forested area which the trunk was originally going
to bisect has been, to a great extent, destroyed by new,
ongoing development. We would suggest that USEPA give con-
sideration to these facts in the preparation of the Final EIS.
5. While the general geology and physiography of the CVI study
area is sufficiently discussed, it is felt that more specific
and detailed information should have been presented in descrip-
tion of the physical environment along the Phase I interceptor
tunnel. For example, it is noted in Part II, Appendix C,
Exhibits 1-7, that an array of borings apparently have been
taken along the Phase I tunnel alignment, and incorporation
of the logs and any interpretations from these borings in
the EIS would have been an appropriate part of the project
description.
6. It is suggested that the proposed CVI alignment be delineated
on figures 3-12, Part II of the EIS, in order to more clearly
present the relationships between the interceptor and various
facets of the environment.
7-22
-------
Mr. Gene Wojcik
Page Three
August 19, 1976
7. Erosion, slumping, mudflows, and land slides are potential
hazards, especially in the slope instability areas identi-
fied in Figure 12 (Part II). Appropriate erosion control
and structural measures (as suggested on Page 78) will
undoubtedly be required to minimize the hazard.
8. Page 15 (Part II) - A typograhpical error was noted on the
6th line from the top of the page. Instead of Carlisle
muds the soil type name should be Carlisle muck.
9. Page 142, Biology: The last sentence, first paragraph,
should read "construction management methods...to protect
these amphibians."
We appreciate the opportunity to review the Draft EIS and look
forward to receipt of the Final EIS.
Very truly yours,
Director
NEW/mam
7-23
-------
Response
Problems of traversing valley walls results of borings are discussedin Chapter 2.A.2.
Almost all agencies contacted thus far and most individuals have recommended the
Brecksville trunk alternatives discussed in Chapters 4 and 5; on-site observation
indicates that within the Chippewa creek valley the lower portion of the streambed
is relatively intact. Suggested CVI Phase I alignment is now shown in several figures
of the Statonent to allow the recommended presentation.
On page 142 CRSD presumably meant herpetiles, rather than reptiles.
7-24
-------
~Y
UU
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency
JAMES F PATTERSON
President
FREDERICK E.J PIZZEDA2
Executive Director
August 16, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
U.S. EPA - Region V
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Alexander:
The Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Phase I of the Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor has been reviewed by the Northeast Ohio Areawide
Coordinating Agency. Two copies of the Policy Board resolution on this
matter are attached.
It should be pointed out that many of the recommendations contained
in the Board resolution have already been taken into consideration by the
Cleveland Regional Sewer District. This situation is partially due to the
fact that this Draft EIS was prepared some time ago and doe not reflect the
recent developments regarding the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area.
Therefore, it should be understood that one review was based on the Draft
as it was presented to us, and resolution 76-227 accurately reflects our
comments on that Draft.
As a NOACA function, we plan to follow up on the status of this project,
and we would appreciate receiving a copy of the final EIS.
Sincerely,
Frederick
Executi ve
cc: Cleveland Regional Sewer
District
RECEIVED
AUG 2 019?6
400 The Arcade
Cleveland, Ohio 441 1 4
7-25
(216) 241 -241 4
-------
No. 76-227
RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD
OF THE
NORTHEAST OHIO AREAWIDE COORDINATING AGENCY
WHEREAS, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has submitted for review
and comment a Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
sewer project; and
WHEREAS, the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, as the
recognized Metropolitan Clearinghouse in the five Northeast Ohio Counties of
Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, and Medina has, through the established project
notification and review system the mechanism to solicit comments regarding this
type of study; and
WHEREAS, the Board of NOACA has determined it advisable to obtain
comments from governmental units, agencies, and committees with respect to
said study, having delegated that authority to NOACA staff; and
WHEREAS, this Board has received appropriate input as determined by
NOACA staff:
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVEn by the Board of the Northeast Ohio
Areawide Coordinating Agency:
Section 1. That the Draft Environmental Impact Statement on the
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor sewer project submitted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency has had appropriate review and it is recommended that the
draft be accepted as presented with the following modifications.
a. Manhole covers in the area from Tinkers Creek to Rockside
Road should be flush to the ground as this area is now part
of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (CVNRA).
b. The Draft should consider the handling of sewage created by
the development of centers in the CVNRA.
c. Alternative B or C should be chosen for the Brecksville Trunk
line so as to protect the natural environment.
d. The Draft should consider the effects of new commercial and
residential construction, enhanced by the availability of
new sewers, on the water table in the Cuyahoga Valley.
e. The Draft should consider non-point sources in the land
use planning.
f. CRSD should consider coordinating the required land acquisition
for the project with the land acquisition schedule for the
CVNRA so as not to cause increased land values due to sewer
availability, and thus higher expense for park land acquisition.
g. The entire Draft in general should be updated to include
considerations of and coordination with the CVNRA.
Section 2. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Executive Director be and
1s hereby authorized to transmit a certified copy of this resolution to the
applicant as well as to appropriate State and Federal agencies.
Certified to be a true copy of
a Resolution of the Board of the
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating
Agency dated August 4, 1976
'Afthur E. Joreski^Secretary
7-26
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5 5 S 5 T U R N K Y H O A D
GA-HL'I.D K-'IiGHIS. Ci:?O <';)T5
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR
July 20, 1976
UA
JuL 2 1 19/6
iCK E. J. PIZZED4Z
A. P. 0. EXEJjifiV'E D^£C70^
Mr. Freoerlck B. J. Plzzc-o'az
Cxecu'ive Direcfor
NO AC A
400 The Arcoc'e
Cleveland, Onio 44114
Dear Mr. Pizzc-o'az:
Please be oc'vised tnaf the Cify of Garfie'd Heights \v,',o!ehec;rfed!y en corses ine
devefopmenf of fne Cuycnoga Valley Infefceplor Sc'.ver end suggest that every ef-
fort be mode to resolve differences, if ony, re-carding the Er.viror.Tienral i~,poct
Sioiernent so *nat 'he project ccn oo forNvard forihwifh.
SFncerely,
, ,.
Rcyn-ond A. Sloche\vicz
n ^ ^->
Mayor
RAS:Ir
cc; Andrew T. Unoar, Direcfor
Cleveland Regional Sewer District
-------
BROOKLYN HEIGHTS
BROOKLYN HEIGHTS VILLAGE * °
- MUNICIPAL CENTER
345 Tuxedo Avenue
Brooklyn Heights, Ohio 44131 749-4300
August 12, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Gentlemen:
We have read the draft of the Environmental Impact Statement
for Phase I of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor in Cuyahoga and Summit
Counties, Ohio, and are in basic agreement with the statement. I feel
it will have no adverse affect upon us, infact, the CVI should be a great
asset to the Village of Brooklyn Heights. The only detriment would be a
delay in construction.
As Mayor, I urge you to do everything possible to hasten the
beginning of this project.
Very truly yours,
/^4~^<
x"*"* Mayor Robert D. Cusick
Village of Brooklyn Heights
RECEIVED
RDCrclb « ,-
EPA REGION 5
OFFICE Or :;rc:cN^L
7-28
-------
Response
Portions of this project within the National Recreation Area will be tunnelled,
with flush manhole covers. CVNRA generated sewage and its disposal is discussed ir.
Chapter 2.B.2.d and 5.B. As discussed in Section 5, impacts on the water table should
be minor, due to the generally impermeable nature of most service area soils.
An expanded discussion of the future role of non-point sources is found in
Chapter 5.C.3. Coordination of the project with the CVNRA land acquisition is
discussed in 2.B.2*d.
7-29
-------
Cleveland Metroparks System
55 Public Square
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
(216) 621-1054
Metroparks u juiy is, 1976
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Attn: George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
Planning Branch - EIS Preparation Section
Gentlemen:
We have reviewed the U.S. EPA Environmental Impact Statement
for the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Sewer System.
Since we have been in the original consultation with the
Cleveland Regional Sewer District on this phase, many of
our previous suggestions have been considered and taken
into account.
We believe this is in the best public interests and will not
harm the Parks except for the installation of the manholes
for access to the trunk lines. We favor Alternates B or C
to minimize disturbance i:o Chippewa Creek in the Brecksville
Area and Sagamore Creek \n the Walton Hills Area.
I would suggest that the Soil Conservation Service be contacted
regarding their concern with siltation into Chippewa Creek and
Sagamore Creek.
Sincerely,
Harold Schick
HS:PC Executive Director
7-31
Board of Park Commissioners
John F. Ray, Jr., President Paul D. White. Vicj President Lee C. Hovtfley, Vice President
Harold Schick, Executive Director O Dale Gr. ham. Deputy Director Lou E. Tsipis, Deputy Director
David G. Dinaer. Executive Secretary
-------
Response
The SCS has been repeatedly contacted during preparation of the final EIS. Additional
erosion concerns are discussed in Chapter 5.A.3.
. -32
-------
Walter, Haverfield, Buescher <&, Chockley
Attorn e_y s at Law
fvul W. Walter
n Rusk Haveriieid 1215 Terminal Tower
, Jr. Cleveland, Ohio 44.13
Homer W. Giles Henry J William-j
Arthur P. Steinmetz ' 210/781-1212
Robert L. Musser ,/»-/.
J. Robert Malloy AUgUSt 10, 1976
Michael T. McMenamin
David R. Williams
Thomas H. licuighman
Robert S. Horbaly
Charles T. Richl
Robert M. Bloom
David E. Schreiner
«^ -^
|^ E, /^ p* .
'VS. \* J£ j \/ fa f\
Mr. George R. Alexander
Regional Administrator °Fnce OF
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
RE: Cleveland Regional Sewer District - Preliminary
Environmental Review
ATTENTION: Planning Branch, EIS Preparation Section
Dear Mr. Alexander:
The undersigned is Solicitor for the Village
of Cuyahoga Heights and receipt is acknowledged of your
communication of July 23, 1976 in the captioned matter.
The Southerly Sewage Treatment Plant operated
by the Cleveland Regional Sewer District is located in
the Village of Cuyahoga Heights. Therefore, the Village
of Cuyahoga Heights has a vital interest in the amount
of sewage that will be treated at the Southerly Sewage
Treatment Plant. The Village has no objection to
including the Phase One area defined in your communi-
cation, but has strong objection to the inclusion of
the Phase Two area which would include Stronsville B
and C Districts, North Royalcon Districts A and B,
Medina Sewer District 300, Columbia Township, the
Grayton Pump Station area and North Olmsted.
The Village has had to live with the nuisances
emanating from the Southerly Plant for approximately 50
years. Although the operation under the Cleveland
Regional Sewer District is some improvement over the
7-33
-------
Mr. Alexander
Page 2
August 10, 1976
operation formerly conducted by the City of Cleveland,
it is still a nuisance and the introduction of more
sewage to the Southerly Plant will make it extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to operate this plant in
a nuisance free manner.
The municipalities comprising the area proposed
to be added to the Southerly Plant's drainage area have
in recent years, at considerable expense, constructed
their own sewage treatment plants. It is safe to say
that none of these plants are fully paid for at this
time. To abandon these plants and build the necessary
interceptor sewers to pipe the sewage the great distances
to be covered seems to us to be an enormous economic
waste. The money could be better spent in improving
the facilities at the Southerly plant so that the •
present load can be handled efficiently and without any
nuisance to the neighboring communities.
We would like to receive a copy of the draft
of the EIS when it becomes available and would like to
be kept informed as to any developments in consideration
of the captioned matter. If there are to be any public
hearings in connection with these proceedings, we would
like to receive notices of such hearings.
Yours very truly,
•v
Loyal V-.' Buescher, Solicitor
Village of Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio
LVB:deh
7-34
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REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION County of Cuyahoga
Carl S. Bohm, Director 415 The Arcade / Cleveland, Ohio 44114 / 216-861-6805
August 10, 1976
^C£/r
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr. *• / \fi
Regional Administrator Alt/-
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency «' / y
Midwest Region V ££
230 S. Dearborn Street o/.F ^
Chicago, Illinois 60604 • ^Cf
Re: Cuyafooga, Valley Interceptor
Dear Mr. Alexander Draft EIS' —.
At the August 3, 1976 meeting of the Executive Committee of the Regional Planning
Commission action was taken concerning the support of Phase I of the CVI. The
Executive Committee unanimously supported the conclusions of the USEPA EIS as
stated on Pages 5-12, limited the support at this time only to the Phase I inter-
ceptor without anticipation of other phases without further study, and incorp-
orated the staff comments and questions as part of the motion of approval.
The following staff report to the Executive Committee should be discussed and
answered in the final EIS document:
Staff Report to the Executive Committee
August 3, 1976
The Regional Planning Commission Executive Committee reviewed a Draft
Environmental Assessment of the CVI at the April 27th meeting. A staff
report at that time presented staff comments concerning the CVI:
1. Support of CVI Phase one.
2. Pointed out the development of the CVNRA and its goal of
conserving open space. The possibility of interceptor
extensions through the Park, the provision of sewer ser-
vice along the valley walls and open lands both east and
west have the potential to escalate land costs and shift
growth in an undeveloped area.
7-35
-------
-2-
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr. August 10, 1976
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3. The loss in population in Cuyahoga County experienced between
1970 and 1975 is expected to continue for some time in the
future. This is caused by decreased birthrates, increased
out migration and decreased in migration. The shift of popu-
lation away from the central city and urban county may be
encouraged by the later CVI phases which will open up raw
land for development.
4. The ultimate burden and equity of project costs and its oper-
ation of the second and third phases should be carefully ex-
amined. Action on the Draft EAS was tabled until receipt of
a EIS which would provide fuller documentation of this project.
The Draft EIS prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in July
of this year expands the review of impacts of the -sewer installation,
specifically in geology, soils, existing stream pollutants, land use,
zoning, population projections, secondary effects, natural vegetation
and wildlife.
The stated goals of the EIS are:
"Securing the future integrity and environmental quality of the
CVNRA."
"Diversion of growth into constructive channels,...and avoid-
ing urban sprawl."
"Reclamation and cleansing of the Cuyahoga River and its
tributaries."
The final recommendations of the Draft EIS are that the "Sizing 96 in as
proposed by CRSD although there is a marginal case for downsizing to a
90" size which might be more cost effective. Adopt alternatives B and C
for Brecksville trunk to avoid erosion of the Chippewa Creek; alt. B for
Maple Heights trunk phased construction of Hawthornden trunk to avoid
disturbing endangered species.
Conclusions on Page 5-17 state:
"There is little doubt that CVI Phase I is needed." However,
two criteria must be met: 1) "avoidance of unnecessary im-
pacts in the project," and 2) "coordination with other major
actions affecting water quality in the Cuyahoga River Corridor."
"Such actions include:
1. Upgrading of Akron Sewer Treatment Plant.
2. Completion of the CVNRA.
3. Preparation and Imp. of 208.
4. Local, County and Areawide Land Use Planning."
Th« staff strongly supports these conclusions of the U.S. EPA statements.
7-36
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-3-
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr. August 10, 1976
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
In addition, the staff provides the following comments concerning
the Draft EIS:
A. Page 1-1 of the EIS describes this undeveloped open valley
area as a major corridor with a "whole complex of Cleveland
Suburbs developed along it." Except for Garfield Heights,
this whole area, however, would best be described as an open,
vacant, agricultural and park land greenbelt corridor between
Cleveland and Akron. Significant development has taken place
only on the east and west plateau of the valley. Developed
urban corridors in this county area are Rte 6 (Bay Village and
Lakewood), Lorain Road (North Olmsted), Pearl and Ridge, Broad-
way, Mayfied Road and Rte. 2 (Euclid - Lake County). The
goal of "diversion of growth and development" into this open
channel with 60-70% open land south of Cuyahogj. County is mis-
directed and will cause further urban sprawl at the loss to
established communities and despoliation of the open lands
around the CVNRA.
B. Pages 2-4 and 2-5 of the Draft EIS amplify the soil problems
in the Valley and emphasize the slippage of unstable soils
that make up the steep valley walls and 14% of the entire
service area. These slopes will be transversed with the trunk
lines connecting the developable lands on the plateau and the
interceptor along the Valley floor. The Draft EIS also docu-
ments the seismic activity in the Cleveland area and that a
major seismic risk area lies only 50 miles to the southwest.
From this the staff questions what precautions are being pro-
posed in the construction of the trunk lines as they travel up
the steep soils to insure stability, limit to erosion, slippage
or faults in the service line-? Further, what precautions are
proposed to limit tie-ins or development along the steep slopes?
The clearing of virgin woods and extreme grading for development
would be deleterious to the Valley area in terms of preser-
vation, erosion, pollution, aesthetics, etc.
C. On Pages 2-43 the Draft EIS states that Furnace Run and Slipper
Run (both serving Phase II area) are the "least developed areas,
rugged with steep stream gradients, no major communities,
presently no wastewater treatment discharge and that pollution
load from surface runoff and septic tanks is minor. Both are
clean water streams of high water quality and meet existing
standards."
If these areas are undeveloped, with very minor pollution, and
clean water streams, why is an interceptor of some 6 miles pro-
posed into these areas? What will be the secondary impacts of
development in these areas on these streams?
7-37
-------
-4-
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr. August 10, 1976
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
D. Pages 5-7 through 5-11 of the Draft EIS discuss the second-
ary effects of the sewer construction, i.e., increased
development. While the latest EAS from CRSD discounts the
growth effects, zoning changes, increased costs, etc., as a
result of sewer construction, the EIS cites earlier reports
from ODNR and CRSD wherein the effects on land use are well
documented. The staff further attests to the fact that
sewer development has and will continue to permit and direct
construction and subdivision activity (which is sometimes
unchecked). The lack of sewer and water has the greatest
deterent effect on development especially in areas where the
land owners pay for such service. On Page 6-1 the EIS states,
"For each phase, but particularly Phase II, the community and
regional needs for open space and recreation areas must be
weighed against the economic benefits (staff questions this)
of committing open land for industrial, commercial and resi-
dential development."
E. Finally, there is no discussion in either the EAS ot EIS of
the financial and social impacts of the improvement and its
financial burden, who pays? How much? How long? Etc.?
From data to date all residents and users in the entire CRSD
will be charged an unknown amount for the construction and
operation of this expansion being built to service an area
nearly equal to the size of the present district. In addition,
other areas are being added to the CRDS, notably the Rocky
River Valley to the southwest.
The staff questions what the projected unvoted sewer charge will be
for the service area resident over time as all improvements are made
and at the cost to the entire district?
Therefore, the staff recommends that support be given to Phase I only
and incorporate the conclusions of U.S. EPA in terms of sizing, trunk
location and land use planning, and that the comments and questions
raised by the staff be addressed in the final EIS.
We have appreciated the opportunity to review and provide comments and assistance
to your agency's efforts in improving the quality of life for all people and to
the people of Cuyahoga County.
Sincerely yours,
Carl S. Bohm
Director
CSB:rmp:jf
cc: Messrs. Andrew Ungar, Cleve. Reg. Sewer District
William C. Birdsell, Cuyahoga Valley National Park
Thomas Pascarella, Summit Co. Planning Dept.
Michael Duermit, Ohio Conservation Commission
7-38
-------
Response
The statement on Page 1-2 is " Another important part of land use and water quality
planning is the diversion of growth and development and growth into constructive
channels, avoiding urban sprawl, strip development, and other blights."
Futher discussion of steep slope problems is found in Chapter 2.A.2.
Questions as to the desirability of sewering the Phase II and III area, and what
action would be desirable, are among the reasons for requiring immediate facilities
planning for Phases II and III.
7-39
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il
•f
!f • -.-? rm /^wj^rr-.^.
\! ; ^i=4 t V:
\U.li W*V,r>'
IV Norlh 1'Kjli f)tioct Akron. OhioM3O8 Telephone (216)535 26
-------
Planning Branch - ElS Preparation Section . ,
USEl'A, Region V, Chicago .
Pane 2
August 13, 1976
vinaUv induced arowth should not be considered a detriment, if that growth
Finally, inu *> system and thus reduces scattered growth in other
centralizes ar ^ ^ without any or all phases of the CVI, we project
^hfslme growth for the NEFCO-NOACA area. Without the CVI, we simply
expect it to be more scattered, thus encroaching on more outlying productive
agricultural land.
RCL:ms
cc- Irwin Odeal, Cleveland Regional Sewer District
" Anthony H. K. Ma - NOACA
Carl Wilhelm —-OEPA _Tririr.
Douglas Hasbrouk - OEPA-NEDO
John J Garner -- Summit County Sanitary Engineer
A K Boydell — Portage County Sanitary Engineer
7-41
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Response
The refereeced low flow assumption was made to establish the 58 per cent figure
as a minimum , thus showing the substantial role of the effluent component.
7-42
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SCSE
SUMMIT COUNTY SANITARY ENGINEERS
19 NORTH HIGH STREET, AKRON, OHIO 44308 • Phone (216) 379-5660
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
RichtrdE Sluuer
John J. Gorn«r, P.E. Ted E- C01*
Sonitory EnginMr Don M. Stephens
July 30, 7976
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
ATTENTION: Planning Bfianch
E1S Research Section
Re: Sanitary Improvement No. Q-127
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
Dear
Summit County respectfully requests the U.S. EmuAonmento^
Agency to give ^ull consideration to the extension o& the Cuyahoga Valley
Interceptor into Northern Summit County as soon as possible. The development
OjJ an extensive water pollution control program in Northern Summit County
has been dealyed ^or years because a former director o^ tne Ohio Environmental
Protection Agency insisted that the only viable solution to the Northern
Summit County problem was the extension ofi the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor.
toe fiej>pe.ct&ully oJU>o n.e.quut that the. him>t phoAe. o& the,
Cu.ya.hoga Valle.y lntuic.e.pton. be designed to take, into consideration the.
growth and development o^ Northern Summit County.
Thank you &or your consideration o& this matter.
submitted,
JOHN J. GAMMER, P.E.
Summit County Sanitary Engineer
JJG/dmc
cc Cleveland Regional Sewer District
Board o& Summit. County Commissioners
NEFCfl
N0ACA
V. lazo
M. Tond/ia 7~43
Fite (2)
Mr. Ned Williams, Director, Ohio EPA
Mr. Vouglas C. Hasbrouck. W.E. District ®hi° EPA
SUMMIT COUNTY SANITARY ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CREATED BY ACTION Of TRf BOASB OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS UNDER AUTHORITY OF
te/-Tii-vw AM7 nf THF STATF OF OHIO REVISED CODE BY RESOLUTION NO. 706-67, JUNE 1967.
-------
Response
Consistent with the reconnendations of the Sunroit County Sanitary Engineer, this
statement recommends and requires initiation of full facilities planning for Phases
II and in.
7-44
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* CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
F3O1 ROCKWELL • CLEVELAND OHIO -4-41M • TEL yit'i /Hlh^iJ.
A1VDREWT. UWGAR
August 13, 1976
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Region V
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Attention: Planning Branch
EIS Preparation Section
Re: Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
C 390764-010
Gentlemen:
The Cleveland Regional Sewer District has reviewed EPA's Draft
Environmental Impact Statement for our Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
Project. In general, we believe that EPA has done a good job of
evaluating the Environmental Impacts.
In our judgement, the central issue which must be decided in the
final EIS is whether or not it is cost-effective and environmentally
sound to provide sufficient capacity in Phase I of the CVI to leave
open the option of future extensions. We believe that all of the a-
vailable data strongly supports a 96" diameter for Phase I of the CVI.
While we recognize that there are many specific questions which have
been raised concerning future extensions of the CVI (particularly Phase
II), unfortunately all of these questions cannot be satisfactorily
answered without detailed facilities planning for these phases.
Facilities Planning is a complex and time consuming process in-
volving infiltration/inflow analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis,
as well as an analysis of environmental impacts. It must be noted
that at this time, alignments for Phase II andlll are merely graphical
representations.
Alternate alignment both within and out of the Valley must be
thoroughly evaluated. To await the completion of future facilities
planning for later phases could increase the cost of Phase I beyond
the differential cost of the size increment needed to serve later
phases and allow environmental degradation to continue unchecked.
7-45
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In order to provide clarification of some of the issues discussed
in the Draft EIS and to assist EPA in the preparation of the final EIS,
we offer the following specific comments:
1. Page 1-2, Section B — The following changes should be made
in the list: Seven Hills - Cleveland Southerly and septic
tanks; Independence - delete Cuyahoga County; Oakwood add
Cleveland Southerly; Macedonia - add septic tanks; Reminderville -
add County Plant; Boston Heights Village - add septic tanks;
Stow City - delete small in front of County Plant.
2. Page 1-3 — Discussion about septic tanks should note that most
were installed with off site discharges to either storm sewers
or ditches. Few systems were designed to leach into the soil
since there is very little good leaching soil in the area.
3. Page 1-4— It should be noted that at this time alignments
for Phases II and III are merely graphical representations.
Actual alignments can only be determined through complete
Facilities Planning for each of these Phases at such time as
they are actually proposed to be constructed.
4. Page 1-5 — Cuyahoga County Board of Supervisors should be
Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners.
5. Page 1-6, Section D-4 — This question concerning population was
raised by US-EPA in its letter of January 15, 1976, and addressed
in detail in our "Reply of the Cleveland Regional Sewer District
to Questions posed by the Planning Branch, Region V US-EPA con-
cerning the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Project in their letter
of January 15, 1976". A copy of our answer to this question is .
enclosed as Attachment "A". In that answer we note, among other
things, that USDC reports a range of 5.9% to 13% in using its
population forecasting procedures. It further notes that these
procedures usually yield under-estimates. We request that the
Attachment "A" discussion be included in total in the final EIS.
6. Page 1-6 — The ODNR comments of April, 1974, pertain to when the
CVI was proposed to be constructed in open cut and included
several Cuyahoga River crossings. Since the project has been
redesigned in tunnel, the ODNR supports Phase I of the project.
(A letter from ODNR indicating the conditions of their support
is included on Page 7-11 of the Draft EIS. CRSD will comply
fully with the ODNR recommendations.)
7. Page 2-4 — The CRSD has thoroughly reviewed the CVI project
from the standpoint of earthquake potential and believes that
the design adequately addresses the appropriate degree of seismic
risk for the area.
7-46
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- 3 -
8. Page 2-5 — The CRSD is well aware of the potential slope stability
problems, and the design and proposed method of construction will
ensure adequate protection against failure.
9. . Page 2-6 — It should be noted that none of the wetland areas
listed are in the Phase I Service area.
10. Page 2-26 — The credibility of the EIS would be enhanced if the
source of the "suggested" BOD and COD values for urban and rural
streams were cited.
11. Page 2-49, Section B-la — The particulate level at Twinsburg
may possibly be explainable by the number of industries in
Twinsburg including a major automobile stamping plant.
12. Page 2-57, Section 2c — The table on occupied family units for
the Cuyahoga County portion of the ultimate service area indi-
cates an increase of over 3,700 occupied family units from
October, 1970 to October, 1974. The communities in this table
represent only part of the ultimate CVI area, and communities
such as Garfield Heights and Maple Heights, which are only
partially in the CVI service area, have seen most of their
new development in the CVI area. Based on this information,
the statements about population decline on page 1-6 do not
seem reasonable.
13. Page 2-65 — Note should be made that CRSD complied fully with
the recommendations of the archaeological survey and received
"... acknowledgement of compliance with preservation procedures
and formal approval to proceed with the project", from the Ohio
Historic Preservation Office.
14. Page 2-65, Section 3b — The statement from the Northeast Ohio
Water Development Plan on industrial water consumption is accurate
as far as it goes, but does not present the entire picture. The
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan projects an increase in
per capita water consumption of1.75 gpd per year starting with
1969. The CRSD does not project any increase in its HAS for the
CVI area water consumption.
The CRSD is not aware of the degree of sensitivity of the NEOWD
Plan per capita water consumption figures to the population
projections developed for that plan. Since EPA feels that the
NEOWD Plan population projections are no longer valid, the
public might, however, raise some questions concerning the use
of NEOWD Plan water consumption projections.
7-47
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The CRSD charges for its sewerage service on the basis of "water
billed as sewage" which is obtained from actual water meter
readings. On a District-wide basis, the "water billed as
sewage" (domestic, commercial and industrial use) has remained
fairly constant at approximately 125 gpd per capita.
In developing the per capita flows for the CVI area, CRSD took
the actual metered water consumption for each community for the
year 1973, subtracted any non-billable flow in terms of water
not discharged to the sanitary system, and developed the per
capita usage by community.
A review of the information indicates that for communities
which are now predominantly residential such as Broadview
Heights, Garfield Heights and Oakwood, water consumption is in
the range of 65 to 80 gpcd. For communities with significant
industrial and commercial development such as Bedford Heights,
Independence and Solon, water consumption is in the range of
125 to 150 gpcd.
Because nearly all of the CVI communities have significant
undeveloped industrial and commercial areas, CRSD believes that
prudent judgment dictates that the use of total CVI service
area average per capita water consumption is more appropriate
for design of the project than a variable community by community
approximation. In light of the fact that CRSD is not predicting
an increase in per capita water consumption, as many studies do,
and the historical record of a "water billed as sewage" of 125
gpcd, CRSD believes that 105 gpcd is in order, and if anything,
on the low side.
15. Page 2-74, Section 3c — The reference should be to the Northeast
not the Northwest Water Development Plan.
16. Page 2-75 to 2-104 — This section provides an extensive discussion
of several sources and methods of population projections. Past
discussions among US-EPA, Ohio EPA, local planning agencies,
and the CRSD staff and consultant have yielded general agreement
that none of these are infallible and none has yet been sub-
stantiated as yielding significantly more accurate results. It
has also been generally agreed that the accuracy of population
forecasts decreases as the geographic area is reduced and the
time span from the base year increases. In addition, population
projections can best be considered as a range of probable future
numbers rather than absolute numbers. '
Based on these limitations the EIS appropriately notes a range
of probable population in the CVI Service Area in the year 2020
of 280,000 (as developed by US-EPA) to 333,000 (as developed by
CRSD). The proposed 96" diameter sewer will provide for gravity
conveyance of the wastewater from approximately 314,000 people,
7-48
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- 5 -
or slightly more than the mean of the range of probable popu-
lation in the year 2020. Probable service area population would
have to be reduced to approximately 266,000 in 2020 to permit
a reduction in sewer size to 90" diameter.
It also has been pointed out by NOACA, that as many as 20,000,000
visitors per year may use the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation
Area. Because of the uncertainty of the population projections and
neither EPA ior CRSD have attempted to assign a population equivalent
to park users, CRSD believes that reduction in pipe size below 96"
in diameter is unrealistic and unsupportable on the basis of
probable service population.
17. Page 3-1, Section A — The text implies that a staged approach to
the extension of the CVI may be undesirable. The staging,, and
phasing of major interceptor projects, such a ,,he CVI, is quite
cost-effective and consistent with US-EPA's Cost Effectiveness
Guidelines.
In the Phase II Service Area, virtually all communities are fore-
going any major capital expenditures for improvements to their
wastewater treatment facilities. Summit County may proceed with
some interim improvements to its Macedonia 15 Wastewater Treatment
Plant, but these will be designed with sufficient capacity to serve
only until the anticipated completion of Phase II.
In the case of Phase III, service to this areaa has been established
as at least 20 years off. Communities in this area are, therefore,
proceeding with improvements on that basis.
On this basis, we see virtually no duplication of expenditure in
the Phase II area. In the Phase III area, the only duplication
results from the incremental cost associated with providing suf-
ficient capacity in the Phase I CVI for future extension to the
Tinkers Creek communities.
18. Page 3-1, Section B — We assume that the reference to "... one
local planning agency has suggested that service not be extended
to the proposed Phase II service area", refers to the Cuyahoga
County Regional Planning Commission. CRSD has discussed this
matter with the RPC Director and he indicated their strong support
for Phase I CVI at the 96" diameter size in order to leave open
future options. RPC has, however, expressed reservation about Phase
II and raised numerous questions concerning Phase II that should
be answered before it is constructed. CRSD believes RPC's questions
are valid and will be addressed at such time as Phase II Facilities
Planning is performed. CRSD does not feel that all questions con-
cerning later phases must be answered before Phase I can proceed.
We believe that RPC concurs with us on this matter. To do so could
increase the cost of Phase I beyond the differential cost of the
size increment needed to serve later phases and allow environmental
degradation to continue unchecked.
7-49
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- 6 -
19. Page 3-1, Section B — The reference to CRSD's evaluation of the
Summit County Jaite proposal should appropriately note that CRSD
is referring to the Valley floor and western side of the Phase II
area. The EAS prepared by CRSD indicates a total 2020 estimated
population of 8900 people. This number of people would have no
effect on the size of Phase I CVI.
20. Page 4-1, Section B — In general, CRSD can accept the recommendations
of US-EPA concerning routing. In the case of the Brecksville trunk,
however, the City of Brecksville has advised us that construction
was recently initiated on a new allotment which will contain over
600 homes along the original "A" alignment. Protection of this
stream valley is no longer a factor, since the subdivision is
altering the entire valley. In addition, the Brecksville City
Engineer has advised that the Wiese Road alignment compounds a
slope stability problem along Wiese Road. The Wiese Road alignment
would also preclude the possibility of eliminating the Bradford
Lane Pump Station. The "A" alignment appears, therefore, to
remain the most cost-effective choice.
In the case of the Alternate C recommendation, the Royalton Road
(Rt. 82) and Brecksville Road (Rt, 21) intersection is the crossing
of two major arterial highways. Traffic disruption at this inter-
section during construction would represent a serious hardship to
hundreds of motorists daily. In addition, Royalton Road from
Brecksville Road to Chippewa Creek already presents a safety
hazard with a steep slope and relatively sharp curve. Construction
of the sewer in this area would compound the hazard. On this basis,
the Chippewa Creek alignment appears to be more desirable, and
CRSD will take all feasible means to minimize the impact to the
vegetation along the creek.
21. Page 4-2, Section C-l — As noted in number 16 above, a range of
population concept appears reasonable and logical. As noted in
16, CRSD believes the range that all agreed upon was from 280,000
to 333,000 with a mean of approximately 313,000.
22. Page 4-2, Section C-2 — As noted in number 14 above, we do not be-
lieve that the 33% reduction in consumption -presents a true picture
because it refers to industrial consumption only. The Northeast
Ohio Water Development Plan projects an increase in per capita
water consumption of.1.75 gpd starting from. 100 gpd in 1969. The
CRSD does not project any increase in its EAS for the CVI area
water consumption.
23. Page 4-3, Section 3a — There appears to be no engineering basis
for the assumption of 20% reduction of inflow since combined sewers
represent only a very small fraction of the total sanitary sewers
in the CVI area. In reality, sewers tend to deteriorate over the
years, and past work in the tributary communities has indicated
many sources on private property which are difficult and costly to
correct. In addition, CRSD is allowing for zero inflow from
presently unsewered areas when they are sewered and this is probably
an unrealistic assumption. 7-50
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- 7 -
It must also be noted that approximately 31 mgd of I/I would have
to be removed permanently from the CVI service area to reduce the
CVI one size increment to 90" in diameter. Considering that in-
filtration is relatively insignificant in this case and costly
and difficult to reduce, it can be assumed for discussion that
the 31 mgd reduction would have to come from the inflow component
of the total flow figure. Since 62.9 mgd of the total inflow comes
from the future Tinkers Creek Interceptor (Phase III) communities, the
downstream leg can be evaluated at the reduced 90" size while the
upstream leg remains at 78". Such a revised proposal consisting
of 10,000 lineal feet of 90" sewer and 25,000 lineal feet of 78"
sewer would result in a net savings of about $400,000, or 2% less
than the 96" proposal. It is extremely doubtful if 31 mgd of
inflow could be removed for $400,000.
24. Page 4-4, Section 5 — The CRSD believes that while both population
projections and I/I reduction are subject to some uncertainties,
reduction in the size of CVI from 96" to 90" in diameter is not
cost-effective or supportable.
25. Page 5-2, Section B-a — All mainline CVI manholes will be at grade
and those in the flood plain will have solid, water tight covers.
The CRSD has thoroughly evaluated the problem of Hydrogen-Sulfide
generation and does not feel that it will be a problem.
26. Page 5-2, Section B-a — Alternate alignments for Phase II CVI
both in and out of the valley will be evaluated at such time as
Facilities Planning is performed for Phase II.
27. Page 5-3, Section B-a — An implication is made that the Cuyahoga
Valley National Recreation Area could control the discharge of
sewage effluent into streams which flow into the Park. The CRSD
is not aware that NFS has such authority. If they do, the reference
should be cited in the EIS.
28. Page 5-3, Section B-a — The reference in the discussion on
Penninsula should be to Phase II, not Phase III.
29. Page 5-12, Section D — CRSD believes, as we noted in our intro-
duction to this letter, that available data supports immediate
Construction of Phase I CVI at 96" diameter which provides sufficient
capacity for later phases.
7-51
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- 8 -
The CRSD would be pleased to discuss any of our comments further with
EPA at your convenience. We would also like copies of all comments which
US-EPA receives on the draft EIS.
Very truly yours,
CLEVELAND REGIONAL SEWER DISTRICT
Andrew T. Ungar
Director
ATU/EJO/inc
xc: Ned Williams, Dir. of OEPA
D. C. Hasbrouck, OEPA
J. P. Harris
E. J. Odeal
Gerald Peters, WAPORA
7-52
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ATTACHMENT A
QUESTION 8 - Recent census data show a population decrease between 1970
and 1973, for a net decrease of 5% in the basic service
area. Do these recent trends affect your latest population
projections?
ANSWER - The projections used in this study are based on long term
trends in the area and are explained in pages 52-61 of the
CVI EAS. The base data and various projections were modi-
fied to strike a balance between areawide projections and
local projections. These projections provide guidelines
for making decisions related to planning for a possible
future. They are not predictions of a future fact.
Estimates of existing population can be developed in
various ways. The 1975 current Population Report (U.S.
Department of Commerce, USDC) estimates the population
for July 1973 using birth-death records for the county
level and some smaller areas, net migration estimates
based on income tax and local security information, and
special allowances for immigrants from abroad and student
and military movements, etc.
7-53
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Yearly estimates and short-term projections are prepared
for the Cleveland area by Real Property Inventory of
Metropolitan Cleveland (recent RPI copies are included in
Appendix "F"). The estimates are made using costs of
occupied family units and estimates of persons per dwelling
unit based on past trends. Estimates are prepared for
October of each year. . <.
*
The Department of Commerce document shows an analysis of
their method versus some special censuses to show the per-
cent differences. Eighty-six (86) special counts were
performed to check the administrative records based esti-
mates (USDC). Also, 165 special census counts were made
for other purposes and were used to determine the differences.
The comparison show a general difference of 5.9% for the
86 special censuses and 13.6% for the 165 special censuses.
The procedure loses accuracy as the areas become smaller
and as the growth rate increases.
Table I shows the communities covered in part by the CVI
service area and an estimation of the portion of each com-
munities population that is within the service area. The
table contains the 1970 census data; the 1973 estimate by
the USDC (rounded to 100's); the 1980 projection as in
the CVI report; the 1973 estimate by the RPI; and the 1980
projection prepared by RPI in 1975. Unfortunately the RPI
data does not cover the entire CVI service area so that
7-54
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7-55
-------
estimates and short-term projections are not available in
many areas. To make comparisons, totals are presented
for the total service area, the area included in the RPI
data and the non-RPI data.
The contributing population is estimated by assuming the
density of a community is constant over the entire 'area
of the community. In reality the outter, less dense areas
»,
of the major communities are in the service area while the
older more dense areas are not. These areas will likely
increase in population more rapidly than the older areas
and the assumption of uniform increases has the effect of
"underestimating the increase in population contributing
to the CVI.
An analysis of the table provides the following information:
A. For the total community populations in 1970 and mid-
1973.
1. USDC estimates a decline in seven communities for
a total of 4500 persons.
2. USDC estimates an increase in total population from
238,400 to 240,000 for a total of 1600 persons or
0.7%.
3. USDC estimates a decline in the RPI area for 162,400
to 160,900 for a total of 1,500 persons or 0.9%.
4. RPI estimates a decline in one community for a total
-------
of 600 persons.
5. RPI estimates an increase in the RPI area from
162,400 to 169,100 for a total of 6700 persons
or 4.1%.
B. For the population contributing to' the CVI for 1970 -
mid-1973.
1. USDC estimates a populated decline in seven com-
i.
munities for a"1 total decline of 1900 persons.
2. USDC estimates an increase in the total contri-
buting area of 149,100 to 1F1,500 for a total of
2400 persons or 1.6%.
3. USDC estimates an increase in the RPI contributing
area of 87,200 to 87,400 for a total of 200 persons
or 0.2%.
4. RPI estimates a decline in two communities for a
total decrease of 400 persons.
5. RPI estimates an increase in the RPI contributing
area population from 87,200 to 92,000 for a total
of 4800 persons or 5.5%.
The USDC document gives some indication of the range of
population that can be expected using its procedures. The
differences reported are 5.9% and 13.6% and are usually
underestimates. Table II shows these ranges, the USDC
estimates, the RPI estimates, and an interpolation of
7-57
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the 1980 .data for this study to arrive at a 1973 CVI esti-
mate. The report projections were never meant to project
2h years.
Table II shows that the 1973 estimates are all within the
limitations expected by the USDC estimates. The following
statements also should be kept in mind in analyzing' the
1973 data.
i.
Portions of the 1-480 right-of-way have been cleared in
the past few years. This highway passes through Garfield
Heights and Maple Heights north of the CVI area. About
300 homes were moved during the process in Garfield
Heights. Although most of these homes remained in Garfield
Heights, the process could have affected the USDC and RPI
estimates.
In Maple Heights, recent populations are estimated as ap-
proaching 40,000 due to building in the CVI area.
Reminderville has started to build one development which
caused the mid-1975 population to increase to 1600 with
building in the development such that the 1980 population
will go over 6000 persons.
RPI reports that such a significant increase in building
occurred between the 1973 and 1974 population estimates
that the 1980 projected population for Cuyahoga County in-
creased 37,000 persons, and the CVI service area includes
some of the fastest growing portions of the Greater Cleve-
7-58
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TABLE II
USDC RPI CVI STUDY
AREAS EST. 5.9% 13.61 EST. EST.
Total Community
' Population - 1973 240.0 254.2 272.6 - *• 258.0
*
Contributing Community
Population - 1973 151.5 160.4 172.1 - 163.9
Total RPI Community
Population - 1973 160.9 170.4 182.8 169.1 172.9
Contributing RPI Community
Population - 1973 87.4 92.6 99.3 92.0 93.9
7-59
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land area.
With the above analysis it would not be good practice to
modify the long-term projections developed in the CVI re-
port because of fluctuations in population over a 2% year
period.
*
Another question arises as a companion to the stated
question which involves the population varieties which
k>
would dictate a different size pipe. The following table
gives some information on this subject:
Projected 2020 Contributing Population 333,000
96" Population Capacity " 314,000
90" Population Capacity . 266,000
N" - * - *
The reasons for the choice of a 96" interceptor are dis-
cussed in the study. The proposed project accepts a small
amount of surcharge (less than one foot) if the projected
population is realized. A smaller sized pipe would not be
appropriate unless the population peaked at about 266,000
persons. Therefore, the size chosen would not have changed
for a variation in population between 266,000 and 333,000
persons or 20% less than projected.
7-60 - --
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Response
Consistent with CRSD's concern facilities planning, including environmental assessments,
should begin immediately for Phases II and III.
The difference of opinion concerning validity of P-25 estimates and other local estimates
indicates the need that existed for further study. Further discussion of population
projections and the economic justification for them is found in Chapter 2.B.4. To all
indications the 20 million visitors per year figure is grossly inflated and is discussed
in Chapter 5.B.
Host agencies and individuals have supported the suggested Brecksville trunk alternatives.
Cn site observation suggests that the lower portion of the streambed is relatively
intact.
7-61
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUBJECT: Review of Draft EIS--Cuyahoga Valley DATE;MG 25 1976
Interceptor, Cleveland Sewer District
FROM: Kenneth E. Biglane, Director S\
Division of Oil and Special Materials Cqn/rol (WH-548)
TO: Regional Administrator
Region V
Attn: Henry Longest, Chief
EIS Section
The comments from the Office of Water Program Operations
concerning the subject document are enclosed. If any of the issues
raised in these comments require clarification, please contact
John M. Hill, Chief, Environmental Evaluation Branch 202-245-3054.
Project Identification
Location: Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio
Treatment:
Existing: Thousands of septic tank filter fields and several
treatment plants
Proposed: Construction of Phase I Cuyahoga Valley seven mile
interceptor sewer running from Brecksville sewage
treatment plant to the Cleveland Southerly treatment
plant with eleven trunk sewers and lift station.
Treatment of the wastewater is undertaken at
Cleveland Southerly Plant and discharged to the
Cuyahoga River.
Enclosure - ,
•§-»•*' \^, j
i
C;
5
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 6.72)
7-62
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Office of Water Program Operations
Comments on
Draft EIS for the
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
Cleveland Sewer District
1. We concur on the proposed construction routings on page 4-1 of the
EIS and encourage the adoption of the recommended alternatives
as described in order to ensure and preserve the integrity of the
ecological systems in the area.
2. Secondary and indirect impacts of the project are not fully developed.
The discussion of air quality requires further documentation. In order
to adequately evaluate the air quality impact of this action, specific
ambient air measurements should be made for localized and regional
impacts. »
3. "Other Federal Activities" in the area was not discussed at all in the
statement. A notice in the Federal Register of August 6 page 32944
indicated the existence of a proposed sewer facility project at
the Cuyahoga County airport. The interrelationships and impacts of
this project should be included in the final EIS on Cuyahoga Interceptor.
4. We view the presence of PCB in the waterbody as a significant issue
of concern for its recognized health and ecological hazards on the
environment. Therefore, prompt and specific plans should be
pursued to control and abate the source of this pollutant in the area.
5. Pursuant to EPA's guidance and goals, documented in "Alternative
Waste Management Techniques for BPT, EPA 430/9-75-01-3)" and
in November '74 memorandum to Regional Administrators from
Mr. Quarles, Deputy Administrator, land application and recycling
of wastewater for agricultral purposes are of the most viable
waste management techniques and should be considered in projects
funded with Federal grants. As indicated in the statement,
Cuyahoga River low streamflow during warm months (July, August,
September, October) is critical for agriculture; therefore, the
potential use of treated effluent for agriculture irrigation during
that period should be fully considered, provided the effluent meets the
criteria for such use.
7-63
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Response
Permanent air quality monitoring stations are to be established at Brecksville,
Solon, and Bedford. Recent SC>2 and NC>2 measurements for Peninsula and Twinsburg
are contained in Chapter 2, Section B.I.a.
Chapter 5.C.4 contains an expanded discussion of secondary impacts.
The Cuyahoga county airport sewage system is for a relatively small airport handling
largely non-scheduled and private aviation. The airport is well outside the proposed
service area and there is no indication of any significant interaction between the
airport and the proposed project.
One major source of PCBs in the Cuyahoga Basin may be landfill runoff and leachate.
The role of low flow reduction in relation to these and other non-point sources is
discussed in Chapter 5.C.I and 5.C.3.
Because of the significant industrial waste component, particularly from metal manufactur-
ing and processing, land application of effluent or sludge from the Cleveland South-
erly plant may not be practical. If suitable soils were available in needed amounts,
application of effluent or sludge from local plants serving largely residential areas
might succeed.
7-64
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United States Department of the Inu.^-^
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY
NOtTH CENTRAL REGION
230 S. DEARBORN STREET. 32nd FLOOR
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60604
(ER-76/719) September 1, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr Alexander:
This responds to your request for Department of the Interior review of
the draft environmental statement for Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor,
Cleveland Regional Sewer District, Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio.
General Comments:
We understand that our comments apply only to Phase I of the Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor (CVI) and that we will have an opportunity to review
subsequent draft environmental impact statements (EIS) which will cover
Phase II and III of the CVI.
The need for Part I and II is somewhat confusing to us as it appears
that Part I 1s actually U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's comments
on Part II. The result is a partial duplication of effort and the com-
bined volumes are more difficult to review. We suggest that the Informa-
tion from Part I and II be combined into one volume in the final EIS.
Future statements should contain all information necessary for a complete
appraisal.
Generally, 1t appears that Phase I will not be controversial since It will
be correcting existing sewer problems and will not result in secondary
Impacts of stimulating development of undeveloped areas. Furthermore,
the draft EIS includes adequate plans to mitigate most damages to the
natural environment in the project area. For example, the interceptor
will be placed via tunnel construction throughout the valley corridor.
Several of the access shafts along the interceptor have been moved to
avoid wetland areas. However, we suspect that the tunnel construction
may have a draining effect and de-water adjacent wetlands.
Since portions of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (NRA)
will be affected by the proposed actions, we recommend a section of the
final statement deal with the Impacts and mitigating measures on that
area. We realize the NRA is specifically addressed numerous times 1n
9/2/76 o'rlg. to W^ter Div.
-------
the statement; however, a consolidated treatment of the area would be
more beneficial. Disturbance of surface features within the Cuyahoga
Valley NRA will not be permitted by the National Park Service unless a prior
field Inspection, inventory and evaluation of the area for significant
natural and cultural values has been accomplished and appropriate miti-
gative measures taken.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS:
Part II ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Page 22, Water Quantities:
Project-caused low flow conditions is one of our concerns; however, we
believe that it is of lesser adverse impact when compared to the existing,
poorly treated sewage entering the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries.
Removal of sewage effluents in the project area would return the volume
of flow to a somewhat natural condition.
We concur with the statement on Page 26 which indicates that flood damage
has increased in the Cuyahoga Valley flood plain ". . . and will continue
to Increase with expanding development . . . ." We support a code which
would prevent development within flood prone areas of the valley, as
opposed to constructing flood control structures to protect developments
within the flood plain.
Measures to minimize any adverse effects on water quality from abandoned
septic tank systems in the project area should be considered.
The documents should include an evaluation of the potential for impacts
from exf1ltrat1on of sewage where the ground water head is insufficient
to maintain Infiltration Into the sewer system.
Chapter V, Effects of the Proposed Action
Several parts of both the statement and the assessment discuss the effects
of proposed actions or alternatives on park sites within the study area.
Several parks in the three-county project area were developed or acquired,
1n part, with monies from the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF).
Any of these park lands which are utilized by the proposed project are
subject to Section 6(f) of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act which
states, 1n part, that:
7-66
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No property acquired or developed with assistance under this section
shall, without the approval of the Secretary, be converted to other
than public outdoor recreation uses. The Secretary shall approve
such conversion only if he finds 1t to be in accord with the then
existing comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan and only
upon such conditions as he deems necessary to assure the substitu-
tion of other recreation properties of at least equal fair market
value and of reasonably equivalent usefulness and location.
Any actions Involving such parks should be coordinated with the Ohio State
Liaison Officer for the Land and Water Conservation Fund who is Mr. Robert
W. Teater, Director, Department of Natural Resources. A list of those
parks 1n the project area which have received LWCF monies is enclosed.
Additional sites presently may be under consideratic for funding; therefore,
careful coordination for use of all parks is recommended.
Specific mitigating measures for treatment of construction sites in park
areas also should be presented. While this information is briefly dis-
cussed in other areas, a complete case for protection of the aesthetics
and uses of park lands should be made.
We suggest that more specific information regarding the revegetation
program be provided 1n the final EIS. Names of plant species and combina-
tions of their uses to provide both food and cover for inhabiting wildlife
should be included. If requested, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
would provide technical assistance to prepare a revegetation plan.
The fourth paragraph on page 144 indicates that more than 100 trees would
be removed from a densely forested area. It is not clear if 100 trees
1s an estimate or only a minimum number.
The value of wetlands regardless of size should not be underestimated
1n the EIS. We suggest that all affected wetlands be listed in the final
EIS and classified as to type and size, and the expected resultant project-
caused Impact on each identified.
The final EIS should contain more specific information regarding the
utilization of non-structural and structural controls to minimize sliding
and erosion of soils on hazardous slopes.
Sincerely yours,
Enclosure
Madonna F. McGrath
Acting Special Assistant
to the Secretary
7-67
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Land and Water Conservation-Fund Assistance Projects
May 31, 1976
Cuyahoga County
Project No. Project Kane
26 - 00070 Rocky River Reservation
26 - 00108 Cuyahoga River Valley
26 - 00166 Maple Road Park
26 - 00186 Grantwood Rcc. Park
26 - 00187 Glen Burn Avenue Park
26 - 00188 Clamphcr Road Park
26 - 00251 Broadview Heights Park Add.
26 - 00321 Mailings Road Park
26 - 00341 Tennis Courts
26 - 00390 Tri-City Community Park
26 - 00406 Isaac Nature Preserve
Sponsor
Cleveland Metro.
State
Maple Heights
Solon
•Maple Heights
Maple Heights
Broadview Heights
Broadview Heights
Garfield Heights
Cities
Metro Park
Portage County
26
26
26
26
26
00234
00284
00420
00446
00459
Kramer Field
Gayle Creek
Kent Park
Eagle Creek II
Sunny Lalce Park
Kent
State
Kent
State
Aurora
Summit County
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
00027
00050
00061
00135
00224
00235
00338
00387
00443
00475
Cuyahoga Valley Park
Silver Springs Park
Twinsburg City Reg. Park
Seiberling Nature Center
BeavSn Hills Park
Northwest Comm. Park
Miller Road Park
Crcstdale Park
Heather Hills Park
Perkins Woods Park
Akron Metro.
Stow
Twinsburg
Akron Metro.
Northfield Center
Akron
Fairlawn
Stow
Stow
Akron
Tvp.
7-68
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Response
Project impact on the National Recreation Area is discussed in Chapter 5.B, with
conclusions and recommendations.
/"
No acquisition or change in land use of Land and Water Conservation Fund projects
is contemplated under this proposal, and coordination with Ohio Department of Natural
Resources has taken place.
Some discussion of treatment methods and construction within the recreation area is
now found in Chapter2.B.3.d and S.B.
Area wetlands are found almost exclusively in Phases II and III and are discussed in
Chapter 2.A.2 and 3iB.
Problems of slope instability are discussed in Chapter 2.A.2 and in CRSD's letter of
August 13, 1976.
7-69
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
REGION V
30O SOUTH WACKER DRIVE
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 606O6 OFFICE OF
THE REOIONAU DIHECTOB
July 30, 1976
Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Alexander:
Re: DEIS - Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor CPn. 1)
Cuyahoga and Summit Counties, Ohio
We have reviewed the Draft Environmental Impact Statement
for the above project. To our knowledge, and based upon
the information provided, this project will not impact to
any significant degree on the health, education or welfare
of the population.
Sincerely,
Robert A. Ford, Regional
Environmental Officer
Region V
cc: Charles Custard, OEA
Warren Muir, CEQ
AUG5 1976
7-70
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5731 Caranor Drive
. • Kent, Ohio W*2kQ
August 25, 1976
O.S, Environmental Protection Agency Region V
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, in. 606C*
Attention! Planning Branch - EIS Preparation Section
I appreciate this opportunity to comment on the Draft EIS for the Cuyahoga Valley
Interceptor and regret the lateness of these comments due to illness in my family.
I commend USEPA Region 7 insistence on preparation of a Draft EIS for the Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor, also for appreciation of the significance of its impact on the
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area (CVNRA). Many people worked hard for the
establishment of the CVNRA and protection of this park is important, including
protection of land and water resources in this area. I also appreciate the recogni-
tion of protecting archeological and historic sites. EPA emphasis on coordination
with 208 planning, areawide land use planning, CVNRA, and Akron STP is important.
Comments on specific pages follow!
P, 1-5i "Local agencies and citizens groups have raised few or no objections to the
project yet." This sentence does not discriminate between the separate phases of the
project. Phase I is widely accepted as a means to upgrade water quality by eliminating
a number of old STP's and adding service to areas now using individual sewage systems.
There has been much concern in Summit and P rtage counties about phases II and III,
with their impact on development of the area, the CVNRA, groundwater sup ly, and the
hydrology and water quality of the river and streams. Patterns of growth and develop-
ment have shifted substantially in northeast Ohio since this project was proposed.
With the current energy situation, movement of jobs to the south and southwest U.S.,
northeastern Ohio is now losing population slowly. I would like to recommend that
phases II and III be postponed indefinitely. I defer to those who have studied the
CVNRA more closely for recommendations on handling the sewage from the CVNRA, where
peak flows may vary from normal patterns. I would like to suggest that public funds
be saved by sizing various parts of the project for phase I only.
P. 1-6i Sizing and cost effectiveness! The population in the phase I service area
must be checked for more recent figures than 1973 and the size of the project must
be revised in line with current figures and projections. The money saved can be used
for upgrading more STP's in the area and adding advanced treatment.
P. 2-39» Solon^, Twinsburg, Aurora, Hudson, Tinkers Creeki Water quality data shows
the need for attention but 201 facilities plans are being made right now for these
areas and phase III would be a costly duplication of effort. The advantage of
several plants would be increased flexibility for changing development patterns in
this area (difficult to predict at present).
P. 2-49i Air qualityi I hope that USEPA will insist that all the important
air quality measurements be made between Akron and Cleveland, if this has not already
been done, because of the impact on the CVNRA.
P» 2-7^1 As is stated here, a major source of pollution is urban, suburban and
rural runoff. I hope that approval of CVI phase I will not diminish EPA efforts to
deal with nonpoint sources in this area.
P. 2-75 ff» Demography and economicsi No mention was made of Northern Ohio Urban
Systems, a private and valuable source of up-to-date population and economic data for
this area. With current fertility rates at 1.9 for the U.S., not expected to recover
to more than 2.1, why is Series "C" used (p. 2-95)? The extensive discussion of
projections in EPA Draft EIS is summarized on page 2-102. However I do not find a
recoBunendation to revise the size of theproposed interceptor to meet these lower pro-
-------
-2-
Jectiona or any updated figures (p. 4-4 conclusion la vague). The new July-August
1976 projections (p. 4-2) should be evaluated.
P. 3-1i Alternativesi Neither In EPA nor CRSD statements was any mention of the
alternative of water conservation (for both domestic and industrial users) as a
Beans of reducing per capita water use, thus reducing the capital and operating
expenditures for water supply and waste treatment, plus conservation of our scarce
energy resources. We could learn much from this approach which would be useful
during the next dry cycle*
P. 4-3i The "abnornally high inflow figures'* (p. 5-ll) mean that corrective measures
should be undertaken on a definite schedule, not wait until 2020 to do anything. It
is also important to take steps to reduce infiltration in current systems, and to
monitor very carefully all new construction for tight connections.
P. 5~5» Alternates for some trunk sewersi I appreciate EPA evaluation of alternates
and hope that the final route will be laid out by on-site inspection and consultation
with geologists because of the impact on steep slopes with unstable soils, conservation
of the limited supply of prime forest, and lower cost. I commend the attention to
preservation of historic and archeological sites.
P. 5-7» "'''he trunks have been sized for ultimate development." I object to the
projections on which this is based and to the philosophy of promoting development
rather than the goal of PL 92-500—to clean up the nation's waters. I just received
a copy of the 8-21-?6 Cleveland Plain Dealer article by Raymond Kadukis. "Without
commenting on other aspects of this article, I believe that USEPA Region V would do
veil to approve a project based on realistic figures and point out publicly that the
local funds saved could be spent on upgrading local sewer lines and other necesssry
expenses.
I also would like to express my deepest concern for the impact of the proposed
interceptor on the cost of acquiring land for the CV'NHA. If sewers are extended to an
area, the price of the land will go up and the limited funds appropriated by Congress
for park land acquisition will buy less. This could be avoided by timing certain
parts of the project so that sewer service will not be available until park land
acquisition is completed in that area. I would also like to point out that the northern
boundary of the CVNRA is Rockside Road and that all manholes to Rockside Road should
be at grade level and sealed within the park boundaries.
P. 7-1t Public participationi ^here seem to have been very few public meetings;
therefore this opportunity to comment onthe draft EIS is very much appreciated.
I would like to commend the extensive efforts made in the preparation of the Cleveland
Regional Sewer District Environmental Assessment and particularly the following pointss
P. 1-10t Recognition of the importance of control of erosion and soil loss during
construction.
P. 152i Recommendation for use of local construction labor where possible. Training
programs to upgrade skills would be important; also retraining and upgrading
current STP operators would be Important; their skills are needed.
P. D-li Detailed archeological survey and recommendations for protection of specific
sites.
P. 160i Construction management specifications are important and adequate supervision
is essential. The use of sediment traps is very important to protect the streams,
Ohio Canal, and Cuyahoga River. Careful supervision is critical In laying of sewer
lines for tight joints and minimizing Infiltration.
Good maps and extensive bibliography.
I also commend the OEPA for high priority rating for funding (p. 4).
7-72
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uosunenta on other aspects of GHSD Environmental Assessment!
P. 3« "Since water supply source for the area is primarily from Lake Erie, the
removal of the wastewater will reduce stream flow to near the natural condition."
There is confusion on this page regarding the word 'area,' This sentence is true
only for CVI phase I, not II and III. 'Area* in line 2, p. 3» refers to Kent, not
even in the CVI study area* Groundwater is a major source of water supply in this
whole Cuyahoga watershed (including Kent city water, all from wells). Groundwater
depletion would be a serious problem for domestic, industrial, and agricultural users.
Reductions in low flow (p. 22) of 82# for Tinker's Creek and 7^ for Brandywtne Creek
are unacceptable because of the need for aquifer recharge, damage to wetlands, and
increased concentration of toxic pollutants such as PCB's (see EPA EIS, p. 5-4).
P« 3*H Greater Cleveland water supply systemi I question the suggested extension of
the Cleveland water supply system into Portage County, both because of aging facilities
in Cleveland and several alternatives available to supply the Streetsboro area from
nearby sources. In northern Summit County plans are being made for Summit County to
buy water from the City of Akron and to sell it to those wanting this service.
P, 52-53! Use of 1960-70 population figures leads to erroneous conclusions with regard
to both feasibility of phases II and III and sizes of tunnels and trunk lines for
phase I* According to p. 125, a 66" tunnel size will take care of peak flows with high
population projections to the year 2020 for phase I. Therefore I suggest building a
72" tunnel for ample margin rather than 96" and save a significant amount of money*
As is pointed out, it may be cost effective to have all tunnels the same diameter.
In conclusion, I concur with EPA conclusions on p. 5-12 that the CVI phase I is needs--'
for removal of septic tank effluent, industrial discharges, and transfer to a plant with
a consistently high level of treatment. Several important questions remain unanswered!
Will EPA require that these "poorly treated industrial discharges" be pretreated
according to PL 92-500, before connections are made to the interceptor?
Will EPA promote reuse and recycling according to PL 92-500, and provide technical
assistance for this purpose?
Will EPA consider the alternative of water conservation?
Will EPA consider a .demonstration land sewage treatment project for Portage County
instead of phase III? (or other innovative methods)
Will EPA require that all dischargers (including septic tank owners) connect to the
sewer lines within a reasonable time after they are available?
Will EPA require action on infiltration/inflow problems?
Will EPA monitor carefully the impact on CVNRA?
Will the Cleveland Southerly plant (when completed), recipient of all these effluents,
meet the requirements of the U.S.- Canada Agreementon Water Quality of 1972?
There is extensive evaluation of CRSD population proections in EPA Draft EIS, with
questions raised about the impacts of phases II and III, but no mention of any modifi-
cations of size of proposed Interceptors and lines. What are your recommendations on
size? on status of phases II and III?
Thank you for your attention.
Sincerely yours,
•~^-j&~^&' f^^' / &
&&.8i £s&*-*Z
Mrs. Edith Chase -^
-------
Response
Cost-effectiveness of sizing is discussed in Chapter 4.C; questions of possible econ-
omic growth were considered in Chapter 2.B.4 and 5.C.4. This statement proposes
immediate initiation of facilities planning for Phases II and III to ensure consideration
of the need (if any) for these later projects. Such planning would of course include
consideration of multi-plant alternatives, such as those suggested in this comment.
Air quality measurements will soon be undertaken at Brecksville, Solon, and Bedford
(see Chapter 2.A.l.a and 5.C.4).
Any possible approval of CVI Phase I will not effect EPA's commitment to non-point
source reduction through the Section 208 and other planning programs.
A complete SSES will be undertaken as a condition of a possible grant, to determine
cost-effective inflow reductions, point by point, throughout the CVI service area.
A more detailed discussion of trunk sewer points of instability is found in Chapter
2.A.2.
As described in Chapters 2.B.2.d and 5.B, the construction of CVT Phase I should
have little or no effect on land acquisition costs for the National Recreation
Area. All manholes within the park area will be at grade and covered.
Because of the highly impermeable nature of most CVI area soils, low flow reduction
should have little effect on aquifer recharge (See Chapter 5.C.I and 5.C.3).
Water supply considerations are discussed in Chapter 2.B.3.b and 2.B.4.C.
Some of the Phase II and III multi-plant configurations discussed in Chapter . 3.B
might allow land application should sufficient suitable soils be found.
Residents of the new service area will be subject to Ohio law requiring tiein
to available sewer service within 90 days.
7-74
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National Wildlife Federation
1412 16TH ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 Phone: 202-797-6800
August 27, 1976
Mr. Alfred E. Krause
Environmental Impact Statement
Preparation Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Re: Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor (Draft Environmental Impact
Statement)
Dear Mr. Krause:
I transmit comments from Ms. Sallie Rhodes of our Con-
servation Division on Phase I of the captioned project.
As you can see from the four-page enclosure, we have
serious concerns about the secondary impacts of this pros-
pective funding. We are particularly worried about the im-
pacts on wetlands, and about the inducement this interceptor
may provide for ill-advised, uneconomic, and ecologically
damaging development in the floodplaln area. Finally, we note
the possibility of causing development pressures and/or land
value increases in the area proposed for acquisition by the
National Park Service as the Cuyahoga .Valley National Rec-
reation Area. None of these secondary impacts are adequately
dealt with in the impact statement. All have a great bearing
on how the interceptor should be routed; and indeed, whether
it should be built.
We are also concerned that, unless the nutrient problem
is solved by concurrent upgrading of the Akron plant, all the
good works that this $36 million expenditure will generate will
not, in the final analysis, make the receiving waters in the
Cuyahoga Valley either fishable or swimmable.
We trust that diligent effort will be made to solicit the
advice of the U.S. Pish and Wildlife Service personnel and
to enlist the interest of the Flood Insurance Administration
as the planning for this project moves ahead. It is important
that the Flood Insurance Administration begin, and quickly, to
move the affected flood hazard communities into Phase II of the
Flood Insurance Program, by giving those communities flood-
7-75
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•National Wildlife Federation
Mr. Alfred E. Krause
August 27, 1976
Page Two
rate mapping priority. In that way, effective floodplain
development constraints will, through the imposition of
high insurance rates and mandatory flood-proofing or elevation
requirements, be discouraged.
Finally, in order to control the location and extent of
secondary growth we would encourage your Regional Office to
give careful consideration to:
1) addressing the infiltration/inflow problems in the existing
system now, rather than later, so as to prevent over-capacity
from being built into the new system;
2) cutting down the size of the interceptor (which is very
substantial, especially in Phase I) ; and
3) using sewer restrictions as conditions of the grant, i.e.,
to prevent tie-ins from new development in ecologically sensitive
areas (wetlands, floodplain). There is ample precedent for the
latter approach, and EPA Program Guidance Memorandum #50, coupled
with EPA's Wetland Protection Policy, lends endorsement to It.
Thank you for this chance to give you our thoughts.
Very truly yours,
Robert J. Golten
Counsel
7-76
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National Wildlife Federation
1412 16TH ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C 20036 Pfon«. 202— 797-«00
August 27, 1976
George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
RE; Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Proposal by Cleveland Regional
Sewer District
Dear Mr. Alexander:
We have received the draft EIS and Environmental Assessment
for the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor. The area is rich in
floodplains, wetlands, and recreational areas. We believe
the final EIS should offer a more comprehensive evaluation
of secondary effects of these resources. We hope you will
consider the following observations.
1. The divergence of the sewage from the tributaries will
certainly contribute to a low flow problem during some
years. The impact of this problem on the water quality
of the stream as well as possible solutions should be
addressed in the final EIS.
2. The proposed three phase project seeks to decrease BOD,
suspended solids and toxic element levels which will in
turn contribute to higher water quality. However, the
remaining problem of high nutrient levels and the possi-
bility of alqal blooms are not presented in the draft EIS.
No provisions for coordinated upgrading of the Akron-
Botzum Treatment Plant are evident. Quantification of
the nutrient levels and the integration of new plans for
the Akron plant should be discussed in the final EIS.
7-77
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National Wildlife Federation -2-
3. The EPA on page 2-4 'points out that minor seismic risk
pccurs in Cuyahoga Valley and no mention of this problem
is made in the Environmental Assessment. The possible
impact of seismic activity should be explored in the
final EIS.
4. The construction of trunk sewers is complicated since
the proposed trunks cross mature tree standsr slide
hazard areas and erosion hazard areas. We support
Alternative B and C on the Brecksville Trunk and Alternative
B on the Maple Heights Trunks. In addition the impact
on sensitive areas of Phases II and III should be
considered in the early stages of planning. Routes in the
already developed highlands should be considered
to avoid construction on steep slopes and in the floodplain.
5. There appears to be confusion over the population estimates
for the Cuyahoga River Valley. It is hoped that any
controversy over the projections will be cleared up in
the final EIS. In addition, the secondary impacts of
development due to the construction of the interceptor
need more analysis.
6. The two miles of the main interceptor which will be
tunnelled through the Cuyahoga National Recreation Area
will certainly reduce the impact of the project. The
Recreation Area is in the floodplain and we are concerned
that the interceptor will increase the possibility of
commercial and residential development in the area
before the land is acquired by the Federal Government.
The secondary impacts of the project on the cost and
schedules of the Recreation Area need to be more thoroughly
examined.
7. The draft EIS discussed potential floodplain development
only in general terms. Page 2-75 of the EIS states creation
of the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area will
eliminate possible development of a "large portion of
the Cuyahoga Valley main floodplain." This statement
should be supplemented by a table indication how much
floodplain will remain developable in order to assess the
potential for floodplain development.
The Environmental Assessment states on page 25 that there are
"existing floodplain regulations within some of the
communities"(our emphasis). The final EIS should summarize
these regulations by community. Also, for communities
with flood hazard areas and no ordinances protecting
them from development, we^sk EPA to consider initiating
steps under P.G. Memo #50Arequiring as a grant condition
adoption of adequate floodplain regulations.
7-78
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National Wildlife Federation
8. The draft EIS fails to discuss secondary impacts on
wetlands. Our concern is heightened by Lhe assessment
which indicates that developers have in the past filled
and built on wetlands as indicated on page 70* The
final EIS should discuss what (if any) local or state
regulations serve to protect wetlands from development.
If wetlands are not adequately protected from filling and
development, what does EPA intend to do to insure
compliance with EPA Wetlands Policy (38 Fed. Reg. 10834)
which calls upon your agency to protect wetlands from
damaging misuses? (See also Program Guidance Memo 150.)
We commend your attention to the use of sewer tie in
restrictions to protect wetlands from development.
For example, we refer you to the use of just such a
restriction asrecently employed by EPA Region VIII
for a project in Oahe, S.D. (Project No. C460243, June
9, 1976). The final EIS should discuss the measures
deemed necessary to protect wetlands from development*
9. Much of the Cuyahoga Valley through which the interceptor
will pass is either wetlands or floodplain and these
areas are extremely important for wildlife. We,are
concerned that the secondary impacts of future development
on the flora and fauna were not considered to any extent
in the draft EIS beyond inventories being taken. A
number of endangered species frequent this area and a
study of the impact of habitat encroachment on their
population levels needs to be undertaken.
We are particularily concerned with the spotted salamander
(Ambystoma maculatum). It is commendable that the trunk
sewer is planned alongside Sagamore Road to minimize
the impact on these animals. However, the questions of
how much additional space will be opened up and whether
the hazard to these migrating salamanders will be
significantly increased have not been discussed in the
draft EIS.
10. On page 5-12 the EPA states that one of the criteria
for improvement in the Cuyahoga River Valley should
be "coordination with other major actions affecting
water quality in the Cuyahoga River corridor from Akron
to Cleveland." There is a need at this early planning
stage for coordination with the upgrading of the
Akron-Botzum and the Southerly Sewage Treatment Plants
as well as with the various land use planning agencies.
The final EIS would be more responsive if this planning,
including all three phases, was initiated now.
7-79
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National Wildlife Federation
-4-
In conclusion, we support the conclusions which the EPA
made on pages 5-12 and 5-13 of the draft EIS, and we trust
that the concerns which have been expressed in this letter
will be addressed in the final EIS.
Sincerely,
SALLIE RHODES
Research Correspondent
7-80
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Response
A. Cover letter
Upgrading of the Akron STP has the highest Ohio State priority rating of any project.
Together the CVI and Akron projects may well allow secondary contact recreation on
the river between Akron and Cleveland. Garments of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-
vice are included below.
The minor cost differences of various sizings will allow the project to proceed relatively
unchanged, provided proper sizing and planning is undertaken now for later phases.
There are few or no sensistive wetlands in the Phase I area (See 2. A. 2).
B. Garments
Low flow reduction concerns are now discussed and quantified in Chapters 5.B.I and
5.B.3.. Construction of Phase I of the CVI and Akron STP improvements should be
ccnpleted within a year of each other.
Seismic risk concerns are discussed in Chapter 2.A.2. Highland routes for portions
of Phase II are discussed in Chapter 3.B.
Final population projections and economic crosschecks on them are now found in
Chapter PC.B.4 and 5.C.4.
Secondary growth and impact on the CVNRA has been expanded and is included in
Chapter V.B.
Floodplain regulations are sunmarized in Chapter 5.C.3. Study of wetland impacts
will be a part of required facilities planning for Phases II and III.
No broadening of the corridor the Sagamore Road salamanders must cross will occur,
according to CRSD.
Initiation of facilities planning will be a condition of the Step 2 grant. Among
those tiems required will be a definite schedule.
7-81
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13005 S. WESTERN AVE., BLUE ISLAND, ILLINOIS 60406
p. o. BOX ii6 PHONE aiz-as
Jr J*
August 23, 1976
George R. Alexander, Jr.
Regional Administrator, Planning Branch
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
RE: Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Proposal by Cleveland Regional
Sewer District
Dear Mr. Alexander:
This statement prepared by Frank B. Goetschel, President, Illinois
Wildlife Federation and a member of the National Wildlife Federation.
My statement is non-technical and non-scientific because the drafts
submitted are non- technical and non-scientific. My interests are to
see an upgrading of the waters in the Great Lakes Basin and to pre-
serve our natural non-replaceable resources. This statement has been
sent to all concerned, hoping they will concur or respond with additional
pertinent information relative to this EIS.
Having completed a study of the draft Nos. I, II, and III as prepared
by the C.R.S.D., each phase must stand on its own merit, realizing Phase
I must be sized to take the load of future Phases II and III. A few
general statements are necessary before my EIS statement.
1. The pollution problems of the Cuyahoga River and its tributary
streams are not a new problem for Ohio and its effect on Lake
Erie.
2. The prime pollution problem to be solved with this proposal is
not the rivers and tributaries in this valley, but Lake Erie.
PUBLISHERS OF
ILLINOI
NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION AFFILIATE
-------
—2 —
k^ point source problems documented in the EIS are older than the
study is able to document. This proposal would never have had to
be conceived if through the years proper steps would have been
taken to bring suit against violators.
i. The federal funds made available for such programs are limited and
collected from all of the citizens of the United States. It does
seem questionable as to whether the citizens of the U.S. should
bail this area out of a dilemma that was known to exist, yet not
taking any remedial action through the years. It is like the U. S.
government paying a federal court-ordered fine for the violator.
%. It is necessary for the C.R.S.D. to face the questions of:
a. future financing for operating and maintenance and the
service charge to the user or user community.
b. pretreatment of all manufacturing effluents before discharge
into the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor (CVI).
3. A plan to limit the growth of this area is necessary, with a land
use policy allowing no new suburban construction and no new manu-
facturing complexes that will contribute large volumes of effluent
to CVI.
There is no documented information in the EIS which gives positive
proof that the environs in each area had any great input, and that
they know what the tax rate will be to retire the debt and to pay
the operating costs plus maintenance.
Realizing that a problem exists, and that funding is available if
approved, I make the following statements directed toward this EIS:
I. With 98,400 feet of interceptors and the main trunk, which is
35,000 feet, making 133,400 feet or 25 miles of construction with
an average estimated width of 25 feet or more 3,335,000 square feet
or roughly 100 acres of disrupted land.
2. Within this 25 miles of CVI corridor it is evident that some
irreplaceable resources exist. It is evident that this corridor1
is mainly in some flood area - wet land area - stream beds - park
areas - prime wildlife habitat with desirable wildlife reproduction
areas.
J« The protection of all wildlife is of main concern. The spotted
salamander colony will be distressed and could cause a complete
loss of the species.
*• The lowering of the stream and associated tributaries is of major
concern, and with the loss of acre feet of water it is evident that
a loss of water area will reduce the fish life population. Lowering
of the water level will drain some of the normally flooded wet
7-83
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lands, causing a loss of these areas if they are allowed to dry
up for any extended time, thus the loss of the plant and animal
life which will reduce the wildlife food chain produced in wet
lands.
5. The services of the National Fish and Wildlife Service should be
enlisted to prepare a documented study of the areas in question.
6. Construction of 25 miles of interceptors and trunk sewers will
naturally penetrate some shallow ground water aquifiers and will
present construction problems along with the problems of dewatering
these aquifiers when infiltration takes place into the interceptor
or sewer trunk. This water will need treatment and must be added
to the total hydraulic load on the receiving plant.
7. Due to the projected time schedule it is evident that the pollution
of the streams and rivers will increase, and due to the sewage
sludge banks already in these streams it is evident that recovery
of these streams is questionable; the possibility of having anything
to save in this long period of time is also questioned.
8. It is evident from the report that some natural treatment is taking
place in the streams due to dilution and increases in D.O. This
natural treatment must be considered when considering the CVI in
place of remote plants.
9. The EIS does not address itself definitely to secondary impact.
Some of these secondary impacts are well documented from other
large metropolitan sewage treatment systems (covered under
Secondary Impacts).
10. The effect of the present effluent on Lake Erie is well documented
in other studies of the Cuyahoga through the years. The Great Lakes
Basin is of concern to all boundary states and the provinces of
Canada. Efforts to correct the Cuyahoga pollution problems should
have been instituted years ago.
11. The degree of treatment to be instituted must meet the requirements
of a less than 1 to 1 dilution factor. The treatment process must
be a part of this EIS to document what effluent quality can be ex-
pected with respect to D.O., B.O.D.s, nutrient removal, total
suspended solids, etc.
12. With the proposal presented it cannot be expected that 100% of the
load will be removed from the streams in question and final effluent
to Lake Erie will still have some polluting effect.
Conclusions:
It is evident that there will be loss of irreplaceable resources.
There will be damage to fish and wildlife through associated habitat and
food supply damage.
7-84
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-4-
Future operating costs are of major importance to assure proper
maintenance and updating of treatment facilities as will be required.
Handling of storm water and natural infiltration will be a problem.
Park areas will be disfigured and scarred. .
Low flow problems will create drainage of flood plains and natural wet
lands.
Secondary Impacts:
The study does address itself to some secondary impacts; however, some
are important.
1. The CVI corridors will need constant care for many years to re-
place vegetation controlling erosion and correction of backfill
problems.
2. All tunnel access structures must be as high as possible — water-
proofed with secured inspection holes — to prevent these structures
from becoming future flood relief structures. All tunnel access
structures must be protected with adequate fencing to prevent any
vandalism and possible opening for overflow reasons.
3. The secondary impact on Lake Erie after construction of CVI and
treatment by the Southerly Treatment Plant (STD) must be evaluated.
The proposal to collect sewage is well documented but the degree
of treatment is not. With the population studies of the CVI corridor
and the estimated M.G.D. tables, the hydraulic load to the C.R.S.D.
is not tremendous. But the addition of this load to C.R.S.D. must
be considered as to the treatment process and the percent reduction
that will be expected.
If this plant will arbitrarily service 1,000,000 people at 90%
efficiency, pollution to Lake Erie will be equal to a population
of 10,000 people with no treatment.
With no drawings showing new process to be added to the C.R.S.D.
plant, it will be assumed that all known control will be added with
maximum control on B.O.D. removal, increased D.O., disinfection,
total suspend solids, and nutrient removal.
Processing special industrial wastes will require C.O.D. monitoring
and special equipment to separate the pollutants in certain in-
dustrial wastes.
The expansion of the plant must be studied for land available in
the immediate area.
7-85
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-5-
4. The pumping station to lift the CVI collected waste water to the
treatment plant is of major importance because it can be assumed
that a flood overflow structure will be necessary. It can be
assumed that they will be used in emergency and these emergencies
will present themselves. With no storm water retention for future
treatment it is evident that pollution will exist at this time in
the receiving stream.
5. The information on the treatment facilities, land available for
future expansion is not available in the EIS. The updating of the
present plant must provide all of the known technology for treatment.
Of major importance is the ability to treat industrial wastes from
the inventory of present effluents and their particular characteristics,
Of prime importance is a study to determine how many times the
plant has been on bypass because of untreatable wastes and storm
overflow.
6. The cost study ratio of small plants versus one large plant should
not be a determining factor in this proposal for many reasons:
a. Each area in question has an obligation to discharge a suitable
effluent to the receiving stream.
b. Is land available at the treatment plant to expand, to provide
new tertiary treatment and for retention of storm flow?
c. Is the present metropolitan system free of storm flow?
d. Land in remote areas in the CVI system appears to be available.
e. Treatment of 100% residential sewage can produce sludge of
somewhat high quality without excessive amounts of heavy
metals, which could be used for land reclamation. Mixing with
discharges from the manufacturing and processing plants can
cause problems with the disposal of sludge because of heavy
metals.
f. Properly operated small plants located on the streams in
question can be considered an asset to water levels in the
streams.
g. Special treatment can be used where necessary in place of
special treatment to 100% of the flow at one plant.
h. Small plants treating refinery wastes or volatile discharges
must be required where necessary.
In conclusion:
The total MGD of the collection system is not monumental if sectionalized.
If handled in remote plants operated by the C.R.S.D. employees, a local
7-86
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employment factor is evident that is beneficial. Monitoring of small
plants is not as complex as" one large plant. Elimination of the CVI
construction costs and future maintenance and operating costs is a
major factor for establishing future tax structures. The EIS does
indicate certain environmental short term items, and also lists the
long term items, but it does not address itself directly to the real
problem of pollution to Lake Erie from all sources.
There is not a documented statement that.thf; 208 Committee has had time
to study this proposal. Time should be allowed for this Committee to
function and to bring forth a representative study by the environs of the
area in question.
It is questionable as to whether future polluted discharges into the
streams and tributaries in question will be prohibited by local governing
bodies, as no master plan has been proposed for land use and the pro-
tection of flood plains and wet lands.
The problems of the Cuyahoga are as old as the first settlements. A
crash program for immediate approval is not necessary today. All of the
pros and cons must be studied.
The benefit cost ratio is of utmost importance and an over-constructed
system is a waste of our natural resources. It is important that steps
be taken to improve water quality in the Cuyahoga Valley immediately,
with the main thrust of getting a better effluent into the Cuyahoga
River and discharge into Lake Erie. In as many areas as possible,
sewage lagoons should be provided by the county or C.R.S.D. to intercept
septic tank discharges and as many other discharges as it is feasible
to intercept. If the C.R.S.D. has legal control over the area, immediate
steps should be made to correct the individual problems.
In the alternatives listed my study indicates this priority:
D - a multiple plant system
B - dual interceptor to small plants
F - alternate trunks
C - CVI - new regional plant
A - CVI Phase I
E - no action.
I would like to make one final suggestion without documentation at this
time because of lack of engineering data. My suggestion is that a
study by the Army Corps of Engineers be instituted immediately to close
the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, reverse the river to a southerly flow
into a sanitary canal, then into one of the tributaries flowing south
in Ohio after treatment.
Sincerely,
Frank B. Goetschel, President
Illinois Wildlife Federation
FG/lj
7-87
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Response
Had action been taken on all existing pollution problems in the United States there
would not be so many of them today. The people and governments of the Cleveland area
are no more culpable than those of hundreds of other cities. Indeed those agencies
preceding CRSD were almost pioneers in the introduction of secondary treatment in the
1930's.
Chapter 5.C.4 and Chapter 5 generally contain a discussion of secondary growth and
induced development. Apparently water supply is a dominant limiting factor of greater
significance than availability of sanitary sewers. Financial impact of construction
on local municipalities is partially discussed in Chapter 5.C.4.
The calculations of land disrupted by construction ignore tunneling of the interceptor
mainstem and trunk lines within the National Recreation Area. Wetlands within
the Phase I service area are minimal (See 5.A.2). The Sagamore Road Salmander
colony is of a species endangered only within Cuyahoga County and relatively cannon
within the State of Ohio.
Low flow reduction impact is now discussed in greater length in Chapters 5.C.1 and
5.C.3. Lowering of water levels in the Cuyahoga River mainstem will be minimal.
Comments resulting from coordination with the Fish and Wildlife Service are included
below.
Considerations of tributary water quality with a multi-plants or partially multi-plant
alternative for Phase II and III is included in Chapter III.B. Water quality projections
for the proposed project are in Chapter 5.C.I and 5.C.3.
All access areas within the Recreation Area will be sealed and normal revegetation
r t
should conceal them after one year. CVT service area sewage received at the southerly
STP will receive tertiary treatment, Phosphorus removal, nitrification and disinfection.
7-88
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Possible Phase II and III alternative discussed in Chapter < may ^oduca a sludq*-
of quality high enough to allow land application.. Expansion and upgrading of the
Southerly STP is now underway and ample land exists for future needs.
The reversal of the Cuyahoga River suggested in this comment may divert enough water
from Lake Erie to violate agreements of the International Joint Commission.
7-89
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CITIZENS FOR LAND AND WATER USE
Water
Is Not Free
To Modern Man
Dilution
Is No Longer The
Solution To
Pollution
'Water is Life"
August 3, 1976
Citizens for Land and Water Use, Cleveland Metropolitan Area*
reaction to Region V, U.S. EPA Environmental Impact Statement
for Phase I of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Sewer.
A need for Phase I of the CVI was recognized prior to
1959.
In 19^6, the late Walter E. Gerdel, Cleveland Commissioner
of Pollution Control, Interviewed the late Mrs. Edmund P.
Smiroina and me, to enlist the aid of Citizens for Land and
Water Use,
We were to encourage the suburbs that had developed
without restraint, installing hundreds of septic tanks in an
area unsulted for filter fields, to Join Clevelandfs Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor Sewer.
Most of these septic tanks are still polluting, plus
numerous package sewage treatment plants that are nothing
bat costly Jokes for pollution control.
For these reasons it seems unconscionable to allow this
polluting of the Cuyahoga River to go on another day.
The Citizens who helped to make the money available for
the clean-up want the clean-up as of yesterday.
The installation of Phase I of the CVI is overdue. It
was needed before the word'ecology* became a household word.
The CVI was needed during the 'Environmental Fad* that caused
agencies like the EPA to be formed. It is needed now, even
though 'Ecology* is in fourth or fifth place of popular concern.
Why should an Environmentalist have to beat an Agency
over the head for the implementation of the projects the Agency
was formed to facilitate?
Install Phase I of the CVI nowl No contingencies» please,
Mrs. lams H. A»i«l. 2014 Bbur An.. Crtwliri Okto 44107 216/221-1159
7-90
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Page two " August 3, 1976
Citizens for Land and Water Use, Cleveland Metropolitan Area*
reaotion to Region V, U.S. EPA Environmental Impact Statement
for Phase I of the Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Sewer.
continued—
that are enumerated in the conclusions of your Environmental
Impact Statement. It seems as if Region V is attempting to
make the CVI incidental to the conclusions on page twelve of
chapter five.
Too many people are dead who should have had the
opportunity to realize the Installation of Phase I of the CVI.
These people were dedicated to the welfare of future taxpayers.
It makes economic sense to build sufficient capacity
into Phase I to handle Phase II and Phase III. Not to do so
is to create problems for the future.
People want solutions, and no planner approaches a problem
with a solution. In fact a good plan usually calls for another
plan.
i
We wring our hands in anguish at the word 'plan1.
To adapt a saying* *hell is paved with plans'. And that
is where too much of our pollution control money is going—-
...—to hell.
Mrs. James H. Angel, Chairman
Citizens for Land and Water Use
2081* ELbur Ave.
Cleveland, Ohio
RECEIVED
AUG6 1976
EPA REGION 5
OFFICE OF REGIONAL
7-91 ADMINISTRATOR
-------
CITIZENS FOR LAND AND WATER USE
Dilution
Water J T XT , ^i
I Is No Longer I he
Is Not Free I c , . „,
J Solution T. o
To Modern Man L ^ n n ^
Pollution
"Water is Life" August 30, 1976
Mr, George H. Alexander, Jr., Director
Planning Branch, EIS Preparation Section
U.S. EPA Begion V
230 South Dearborn
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Dear Mr. Alexander!
Thank you for sending us a copy of the Illinois Wildlife
Federation's statement to Begion V, on Phase I of the Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor in the Cleveland Metropolitan Area, Ohio.
As polluted as our area is alleged to be, we have not
ever contemplated 'thumbing our nose' at Nature by reversing
the flow of the Cuyahoga River.
There is no question that a locally financed Job is the
most economical. As early as 1966, we volunteered time and
effort for the implementation of the CVI at the local level.
But the suburbs so hated Cleveland that this was an impossi-
bility. (How do you deal with mass human intolerance?)
We consider ourselves very fortunate that the Cleveland
Begional Sewer District has been legally established.
We are dedicated to doing everything in our power to help
Cleveland Begional Sewer District do a good job. OUB OBJECTIVE
IS CLEAN WATEB. If need be, we will run strong interference,
to keep 'outsiders' from hampering the implementation of Phase-
I of the CVI.
Prank B. Goetschel, President of the Illinois Wildlife
Federation, took a cheap shot when he said, M the citizens
of the United States are bailing the Cleveland area out of a
dilema that was known to exist, yet not taking any remedial
action through the years.
Federal funding should be tripled for the Cleveland area,
in compensation for the slander that has been broadcasted world-
wide, that Lake Erie is dead and that you can't drown in
Lake Erie because you can walk on the pollution.
continued-
Non-profit Mrs. Jamas H. Ante! 2084 Hour Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44107 216/221-1859
7-92
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Mr. George R. Alexander, Jr.
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor
August 30f 1976
The truth is, that Cleveland's Easterly and Southerly
STPs, serving Q5% of the Cleveland area, had secondary
treatment as early as 1938, far ahead of most municipalities
in the United States.
Mr. Alexander, you have our permission to call in the
services of the National Pish and Wildlife Service, relative
to Phase I of the CVI, as suggested by the Illinois Wildlife
Federation, AFTER both agencies assume some responsibility to
the people in the United States and Ohio by forcing the Ohio
Wildlife Division to allow the fish to spawn during the main
Spring spawning season, March 15th through May 15th.
The commercial taking of fish in the corridrrs to the
spawning beds in Lake Erie before the fish spawn, is fish
genocide.
If the Illinois Wildlife Federation and the National
Fish and Wildlife Service do not have the authority to help
in this long-festering wildlife problem, of considerable
magnitude, then we question their authority to hinder the
speedy Installation of the CVI. (Fish flyer enclosed)
4
The Illinois Wildlife Federation's concern for the
spotted salamander colony seems to draw attention away from
the matter at hand; namely the installation of the CVI.
I have never seen a spotted salamander. (Is it related to
the *red herring"?)
When a plumber is called in to repair a broken pipe,
it is prudent not to beat him over the head with a wrench
while he Is working. It raises the cost of the Job, to say
the least.
Our objective is to get all of the sewage to the sewage
treatment plant to be properly treated, with a minimum impact
on the environment. The Cleveland Regional Sewer District
has promised to do this.
Thus far, Region V seems, to me, to be almost as cussed
about the CVI as the Cleveland suburbs were.
Drop that wrenchI Men want to work.
Yours very truly,
Mrs. James«H. Angel, Chairman
7-93
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CITIZENS FOR LAND AND WATER USE
Water
Is Not Free
To Modern Man
Dilution
T XT , „,,
Is No Longer The
o i *• T
Solution To
poUution
World's fish catch
could be tripled
"Water is Life"
lion tons a year, could be nearly trij:'
. pled, "If mankind is intelligent ,*3
enough to cooperate and use the best" *j
' available management techniques," >•'.
-------
APPENDIX A
STREAM BIOLOGY
In this section, we have included a more detailed description of the stream
biology. First is a discussion of the classification of zones as used in the
description of reaches of the stream. The second section of the Appendix
describes the use of the Biotic Index(34) ancj the third section is the detail
biology of each station.
CLASSIFICATION OF ZONES
A. The Clean Water Zone or Relatively Unpolluted
1. General Features
a. DO high
b. BOD low
c. Turbidity low
d. Organic content low
e. Bacterial count low
f. Numbers of species high
g. Numbers of organisms of each species moderate or low
h. Bottom free of sludge deposits
2. Characteristic fauna includes wide variety of forms such as:
a. Caddis fly larvae (Trichoptera)
b. Mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera)
c. Stonefly larvae (PlecopteraJ
d. Damselfly larvae (Zygoptera)
e. Beetles (Coleoptera)
f. Clams (Pelecypoda)
g. Fish such as:
Minnows, Notropid type
Darters (Etheostomicjae)
Millers thumbs (Cottj.dae)
Many sunfishes and basses (Centrarchidae)
Sauger, yellow perch, etc. (Percidae)
3. The Biotic Index of this zone generally would be above 15.
However, in low nutrient water, the Biotic Index may be
very low.
B. Zone of Recent Pollution or Polluted
1. General Features
a. DO variable, 2 ppm to saturation
b. BOD high
c. Turbidity high
d. Organic content high
A-l
-------
e. Bacterial count variable to high
f. Number of species declining from clean water zone
g. Number of organisms per species tends to increase
h. Other: Slime appearing on bottom
2. Characteristic fauna
a. Midge larvae (Chironomidae or Tendipedidae) becoming
more abundant
b. Back swimmers (Corixidae) and water boatmen (Notonectidae)
often present
c. Sludgeworms (Tubificidae) common
d. Dragonflies (Anisoptera) often present
e. Fish Types
Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
White sucker (Catostomus commersonnii)
Bowfin (Amia calva)
Carp (Cyprinus carpiq)
3. The Biotic Index of this zone would range between 2 and 7.
C. Septic Zone or Grossly Polluted
1. General Features
a. DO little or none during warm weather
b. BOD high but decreasing
c. Turbidity high, dark, odoriferous
d. Organic content high but decreasing
e. Bacterial count high
f. Number of species very few
g. Number of organisms: may be extremely high or none at all
h. Others: Slime blanket and sludge deposits usually
present, oily appearance on surface, rising gas
bubbles
2. Characteristic fauna
a. Mosquito larvae
b. Rat-tailed maggots
c. Sludgeworms (Tubificidae)
d. Air breathing snails (Physa)
e. Fish types: None
3. The Biotic Index of this zone would be less than 2.
D. Zone of Recovery (may be subdivided, often abnormally productive)
or Moderate to Excessive Enrichment
1. General Features
a. DO 2 ppm to saturation
b. BOD dropping
c. Turbidity dropping, less color and odor
A-2
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d. Organic content dropping
e. Bacterial count dropping
f. Numbers of species increasing
g. Numbers of organisms per species decreasing
(with the increase in competition)
h. Other: less slime and sludge
2. Characteristic fauna
a. Midge larvae (Chironomidae)
b. Black fly larvae (Similium)
c. Giant water bugs (Belostoma)
d. Clams (Undo)
e. Fish types
Green sunfish (Lepomus cyanellus)
Common sucker (Catostomus conunersonnii)
Flathead catfish (Pilodictis olivaris)
Stoneroller minnow (Campostoma anomalu'.y
Buffalo (Megastomatobus cyprinella)
3. The Biotic Index of this zone would range between 5 and < >
E. Clean Water (Downstream)
1. General Features: similar to upstream clean water except
that it is now a larger stream.
2. Characteristic fauna: similar to upstream clean water
fauna except that species include those indigenous to
larger stream.
3. The Biotic Index of this zone would be similar to the Clean
Water or Relatively Unpolluted zone and generally would be
greater than 15.
RELATIONSHIP Of BIOTIC INDEX TO WATER QUALITY STUDIES
Aquatic Life communities have long been used as indicators of water
nuali'l , The repeated occurrence of certain benthic species in similar habi-
- . ..= of a given watershed have provided the biologist and the engineer with
an important device for the assay of water quality, particularly as a monitor
for various criteria, such as DO and organic waste loads, and under certain
conditions, toxic substances. Biological surveys of streams, rivers, and
la'' es do not require frequent periodic sampling. One intensive investigation
by a competent observer or team using methods that properly sample all of the
n: :.;!.-•. ;f a determined sampling area is sufficient to biologically classify
the wate,' quality.
The streams of the Cuyahoga River Tributary Study area represent a wide
variety of aquatic habitats. Some reaches of these streams are slow flowing,
some rapid, some deep, others shallow. F eel lent to poor reaeranon and vary-
.'iig light penetration occur in most of t streams. Varying turbidity between
watersheds or within & watershed has a '. ed effect on comparison of t"
-------
data. All of the watersheds of this study area have at least one comparatively
long reach in which reaeration is excellent through falls, cascades, and rif-
fles. DO in these reaches is invariably, and misleadingly high when compared
to the organic load and other oxygen depleting factors.
Quantitative reporting of stream biology can be a difficult problem and
its validity is often questioned. If the data are to be compared between
stations on a stream, sampling techniques should be such to eliminate the
variables caused by the variations in physical habitat. These variations
affect not only the make-up of the aquatic community species, but their popu-
lations. Although the physical and chemical properties of a given series of
stations appear to be equally comparable, a strict total species - total in-
dividuals biology may not necessarily support the chemical analysis. Con-
versely, neither does this kind of data give proof of a degraded condition.
Collecting techniques for coarse and irregular substrates of rubble and rough
bedrock, although often highly populated, leave room for significant error
in retrieving and collecting all of the individuals within a given sample area.
In considering the several problems of collecting, compiling data, and
reporting, the technique was chosen of reporting a quantitative value based
on the number of macro-invertebrate species collected at the various stations.
This procedure is adapted from Beck(34) and is in use by the Miami Conservancy
District in southwestern Ohio. The organisms are first listed in categories
of varying degrees of tolerance to organic pollution. First, a group, identi-
fied as Class I is compiled as intolerant of any or very low quantities of
organic wastes. The latter being reflected as the natural addition of plant
and animal detritus plus possibly, highly diluted unnatural additions. The
cumulative effect could not be above the natural range for unspoiled streams
in the area. It should be pointed out that there is a good deal of variation
in the rates of eutrophication on the watersheds of a large area or region
such as the present study. The second group of organisms, Class II, is made
up of those that are tolerant of moderate pollution levels. This group is
numerous in total species but becomes more restricted as the pollution load
increases. The last group, Class III, includes those organisms that survive,
or in the case of some, thrive in grossly polluted conditions. The first and
third groups contain fewer kinds than Class II.
The significance of Class I organisms is increased by applying a factor
of two to the number of Class I species. All data are representative of the
number of kinds. The number of individuals is not computed as a part of this
biotic index. Class III organisms are recorded but are not included in com-
puting the index as the goal is to arrive at a value of quality above the
grossly polluted condition. If such a value is not derived then a biotic
index of zero is reported and gross pollution is assumed unless accompanied
by an explanation that satisfactorily shows why the quality is otherwise.
The formula for computing a biotic index based on the above considerations
is then:
2 (n of Class I) + n of Class II = BI (Biotic Index)
The raw data for each sampling station was gathered by collecting and
recording the macro-invertebrates attached to or living on the bottom of the
stream at the sampling point. The area of search is the width of the stream
A-4
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for a length of approximately fifty feet. Collecting techniques varied with
the conditions at the station. Hand picking, seining, dredging, and screen-
ing provide a range of collecting techniques suitable to reveal the variety
of organisms, but not all of these give valid quancitative data.
The index is used as a statement of biological quality at a sampling
point and as a basis of comparison of biological conditions in a stream from
upstream sampling points to the lower terminus of the stream. If the geography,
geology, and hydrology of several streams of an area are similar, comparisons
of these streams can be made with validity.
DETAILED BIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION BY SAMPLING STATIONS
Following is a detailed biological description of the major streams within
the study area.
Tinkers Creek No. 1
Biology: BI=1*
Algae
Oscillatoria
Spirogyra
Cladophora
Stigeoclonium
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Arthropoda, Tendipedidae, midge
*In the gorge immediately upstream of the Wood Creek entry near this station,
a brief survey period yielded a BI of 4. Reaeration in the gorge is high and
there is visible improvement in water quality over Station 2. The Wood Creek
discharge of Bedford effluent is severely damaging to the water quality below
that entry.
Tinkers Creek No. 2
Biology: BI=2
Algae
Oscillatoria
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Arthropoda, Cladocera, daphnids
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
A-5
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Tinkers Creek No. 5
Biology: BI=2
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Arthropoda, Decapoda, crayfish
Diptera
Tendipedidae, midge
Fish
Esox vermiculatus, red-fin pickerel
Tinkers Creek No. 4
Biology: BI=12*
Algae Higher Plants
Oscillatoria Acoris calamus, sweetflag
Nitzschia Sagittaria, arrowhead
Stigeoclonium
Cladophora
Spirogyra
Animals
Annelida, Hirudinea, leech
Arthropoda, Decapoda, crayfish
Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae, mayfly
Ephemeroptera, Baetidae, mayfly
Odonata, Zygoptera, Calopterygidae, damselfly
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, whirligig beetle
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Trichoptera, Leptoceridae, caddis fly
Amphibia, Rana clamitans, green frog (tadpoles)
*No riffles at this station. Current relatively swift with gradient of
approximately 10'/raile. BI good for this physical conformation.
Numerous mayfly naiads and caddis fly larvae are valid criteria for good
water quality at this station, particularly considering the absence of riffles
combined with the relatively deep stream. A swampy area comprised of a
former stream bed supports a rich biota. The swamp is the probable origin of
the tadpoles found in Tinkers Creek at this station. No fish were found.
A-6
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Tinkers Creek No. 5
Biology: BI=10*
Algae
Oscillatoria
Diatoms
Spirogyra
Hydrodictyon
Higher Plants
Anacharis canadensis, waterweed
Lemna, duckweed
Wolffia, water meal
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworms
Hirudinea, leech
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Gastropoda, Helisoina, snail
Pelecypoda, Sphaeridae, fingernail clam
Arthropoda, Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae, mayfly
Odonata, Libellulidae, dragonfly
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Fish
Lepomis macrochirus, bluegill sunfish
Lepomis gibbosus, pumpkinseed sunfish
Esox vermiculatus, red-fin pickerel
Ictalurus sp., bullhead
*Slow moving, relatively deep reach. BI good for this situation.
Tinkers Creek No. 6
Biology: BI=23
Algae
Oscillatoria
Spirogyra
Desmids
Animals
Bryozoa, Plumatella
Annelida, Hirudinea, leech
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Gastropoda, Gyraulus, snail
Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae, snail
Arthropoda
Cladocera, daphnids
Copepoda, cyclops
Amphipoda, Gammarus, scuds
Odonata, Zygoptera, Lestes, damselfly
Odonata, Aeschnidae, Anax, dragonfly
Odonata, Libellulidae, dragonfly
Hemiptera, Belastomatidae, Belastoma, water bug
Hemiptera, Notonectidae, backswimmer
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Higher Plants
Typha latifolia, cattail
Sparganium, Burreed
Potenderia cordata, Pickerelweed
Sagittaria, Arrowhead
Anacharis canadensis, waterweed
Lemna, duckweed
A-7
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Tinkers Creek No. 6 (Cont'd.)
Arthropoda
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Coleoptera, Hydrophillidae, water scavenger beetle
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Diptera, Culicidae, mosquito
Fish
Lepomis gibbosus, pumpkinseed sunfish
Esox vermiculatus, red-fin pickerel
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Tinkers Creek No. 7 (Pond Brook)
Biology: BI = 6
Algae
None
Higher Plants '
Petandra virginica, arrow-arum
Sagittaria sp., arrowhead
Potenderia cordata, pickerelweed
Polygomun sp., smartweed
Nuphar advena, pond lily
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Arthropoda
Copepoda, Diaptomus
Megaloptera, Sialis, alderlfy
Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae, mayfly
Odonata, Zygoptera, Lestidae, damselfly
Odonata, Anisoptera, Libellulidae, dragonfly
Hemiptera, Belastomatidae, Belastoma, giant water bug
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Hemiptera, Gerridae, Gerris, water strider
Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, Dineutes, whirligig beetle
Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Hydrophilus, water scavenger beetle
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
This station is located on Ohio Route 82 and south of Aurora Pond. Pond
Brook is the outlet of Aurora Pond and the drainage for a large area of very
low gradient land around this former bog pond. Bog conditions occur throughout
the area, however, agriculture, land drainage, and effluents have modified the
quality of the area considerably. The stream water is brown and highly organic,
and although the bed substrate is clay and/or sandy gravel, an organic silt
usually is evident as an overlay. No riffles occur near the sampling point.
The stream flow is from three to ten feet wide and one to two feet deep. Rooted
aquatic vegetation encroaches on the flow section from the banks. Silt is
deposited around the submerged stems. The aquatic life here reflects a pH
higher than is usually found in a more typical acid bog area where pH is usually
below 6.
The biotic index of 6 is considered evidence of good water quality for
water from a bog-like source.
A-8
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Brand/wine No. 1
Biology: BI«0
Algae
Oscillatoria
Anabaena
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworms
Arthropoda, Syrphidae, hover fly (maggot)
Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
This station is located immediately below the entry of effluent from
the aerated lagoon of the Jaite Paper Mill of the Owens Illinois Company.
The water is always highly turbid and odoriferous. The odor varies from a
moderate STP type to a strong paper mill type. The cree1 ^olor is brown
although the oxidation pond effluent and its ditch bank is dark gray. The
organisms are all pollution tolerant; however, they occur only in the shallow,
virtually dead water zones near the stream bank. Bottom samples from mid-
channel contained no organisms.
Above the paper mill effluent the stream is in a condition of a recovery
zone. It has entered the flood plain of the Cuyahoga from a rocky, high
gradient wooded gorge. The drop is about 300 feet from station two (2) at
Akron-Cleveland Road to station one (1) including the Brandywine Cascade of
about forty feet. Water quality improves due to oxygenation and some tribu-
tary dilution in this reach. Prior to and during the study period several
silting problems occurred due to more or less prolonged periods of construc-
tion of Interstate 271 paralleling and crossing the stream above the falls,
and straightening of the stream course and slope seeding at the Brandywine
Ski Area above the Jaite Paper Mill. Equipment operation in the stream and
on its banks, as well as runoff, contributed quantities of silt, soil, and
gravels much of which were deposited in the channel on the Cuyahoga flood
plain.
In the reach passing through the ski area, the biology shows some im-
provement over station two upstream. Midge and caddis larvae, two snail
species, and a few unidentified minnows were collected or seen. Cladophora
is common. Although to be expected, crayfish could not be found. None of
the forms were abundant.
Briefly, the stream shows qualities of advanced recovery in the reach
just above the sampling station (1), but it is grossly damaged at that station
by effluent from the mill lagoon and changing character of the stream channel
providing less natural reaeration.
Brandywine No. 2
Biology: BI=0
Algae
Oscillatoria
Cladophora
A-9
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Brand/wine No. 2 (Cont'd.)
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Above this station, the stream has passed through a long reach of rela-
tively low gradient with little aeration. At this station, it is entering
the gorge cut in the valley wall that drops the stream over three hundred
feet in the next three miles. Immediately above this station, highway con-
struction has repeatedly damaged the stream channel and contributed a silt
load several times during and before the study period. Macedonia No. 15
discharges an effluent of 1 mgd just above this station. The stream dis-
charge is made up largely of effluent from wastewater treatment plants at
this point. The water quality above the Macedonia No, 15 effluent is a
recovery zone, nutrient enriched, supporting large populations of green
alga, higher aquatic plants, isopods, crayfish, and a few minnows. The
water quality at station two (2) is polluted; generally, it has a brownish
gray color, and a noticeable effluent odor.
Brandywine No. 5
Biology: BI=3
Fungi
Sphaerotilus
Algae Higher Plants
Oscillatoria Elodea
Diatoms Myriphyllum
Animals
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Arthopoda, Cladocera, daphnid
Hemiptera
Corrixidae, water boatman
Under normal flow conditions, about one-half of the discharge at this
point is effluent from the Hudson Wastewater Treatment Plant on Hines Hill
Road. No clean water animal forms were collected. The stream here is on a
low gradient with two low riffles in a hundred and fifty yard reach above
and below the station. Water color is usually gray brown but occasional
blooms of blue-green algae produce a blue-green color in the long deep pools.
This reach is in a. zone of recent pollution.
Brandywine No. 4
Biology: BI=7
Algae Higher Plants
Qscillatoria Anacharis canadensis, waterweed
Cladophora
Spirogyra.
A-10
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Brand/wine No. 4 (Cont'd.)
Animals
Arthropoda
Isopoda, Ascellus, aquatic so' ag
Caonata, Zygoptera, damselfly
Odonata, Anisoptera, aeschnid dragonfly
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Coleoptera,Dytiscidae, predaceous diving beetle
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
Throughout the early part of the study period, the above biology was
noted on several occasions. The principle quality problem obvious during
the same period was occasional silting, with a thin layer remaining on the
substrate and submerged plants.
The stream here is in a recovery zone. However, th_ .vater quality is
frequently within the parameters of clean water. Pollution problems here
are occasional slugs from upstream residential developments. All of the
organisms found at station four (4) are moderate to heavy pollution tolerant.
On July 30, the sampler reported a gray water color, sewage odor, and
zero DO for this station. A follow-up check on July 31 showed improved
color, odor and DO of 11.4 mg/1. However, no aquatic animals could be
found. Examination of several upstream points yielded the location of
potential problem sources in the development called Connecticut Estates.
The DO of outfalls into two Brandywine headwater streams were below 3 mg/1.
One is an aerator type tank, yielding a small flow at that time of 11°C.
water with a DO of 2.5 mg/1. The other is a small package plant with an
effluent of 21°C. and DO of 2.8 mg/1 at the time of the survey. The fenced
area prevented close study, but the probable source of the previous day low
DO and odor-color observation may have been effluent from the package plant.
Minnows were present on July 31 in the brook downstream of the effluent. The
IX. uas 4.2 mg/1. This reach is in the zone of recovery.
Sagamore Creek i\u. 1
Biology: BI=6
'Ugae Higher Plants
Cladop;;Ora None
Diatoms
Animals
Arthropoda
Decapoda, crayfish (exuvea only)*
Ephemeroptera, Stenonema, mayfly
Hemiptera, Gerris, water strider
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Tendipedidae, midges
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
*The mo'lted exoskeletoa is evidence of the presence of crayfish.
A-ll
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Sagamore Creek No. 1 (Cont'd.)
Fish
Pimephales notatus, blunt-nose minnow
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
This station is located at Sagamore and Canal Roads where the creek
enters the Cuyahoga River flood plain. The water quality is improved over
the number two (2) station upstream in spite of the addition of effluent
from Hawthornden State Hospital. The gradient is relatively steep, falling
230 feet in the nearly two miles below station two (2). The stream bed is
rocky, much of it being unstable sand and gravel mixed with rubble.
Aeration is high with saturated DO in most sections of this reach.
During the period of this study, much of the flow at this downstream station
was made up of effluent from the upstream WT Plants.
Sagamore Creek No. 2
Biology: BI=6
Algae Higher Plants
Oscillatoria None
Diatoms, Nitzschia, Navicula
Hydrodictyon
Cladophora
Spirogyra
Animals
Platyhelminthes, planarian
Annelida, Hirudinea, leech
Mollusca, Physa, snail
Sphaeridae, finger-nail clam
Arthropoda, Isopoda, Ascellus, a uatic sow bug
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
Fish
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Sagamore Creek in this reach is in a zone of recovery from the rich ef-
fluent out of the Northfield Treatment Plant. Cladophora and blue-green alga
are abundant. Midge larvae, Ascellus, and Physa snails are numerous as is
typical of organically rich water. The other forms are present in moderate
numbers.
The absence of sludgeworms may indicate an excess of metal ions, al-
though neither were they found at sampling station three (3) on Sagamore
Creek. Crayfish also appear to be absent from this section of the watershed.
The streams that make up the headwaters of Sagamore Creek are all inter-
mittent, except the branch which carries the effluent of the Northfield Plant.
This stream has a continuous flow often made up almost entirely of the effluent,
A-12
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Sagamore Creek No. 3
Biology: BI=5
Algae Higher Plants
Hydrodictyon None
Spirogyra
Animals
Mollusca, Physa, snail
Arthropoda, Ascellus, aquatic sow bug
Hemiptera, Gerris, water strider
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Trichoptera, caddis fly
Amphibia, Rana clamitans, green frog (tadpoles)
This branch of Sagamore Creek is the outlet of Willow Lake, a small
impoundment of what was formerly a smaller natural body of water, partly
upland swamp. Throughout most of the sample period there was a low stable
flow over the substrate of gravel and rubble with riffle situations pre-
dominant. The organisms in the samples were represented by very low numbers,
Ascellus being most generally distributed in the riffles. A small pool below
the highway culvert at the station contained filamentous algae and tadpoles
of the green frog. The latter may have been transported from the upstream
lake during higher flow periods.
This branch of Sagamore Creek is, in general, unpolluted.
Chippewa Creek No. 1
Biology: BI=6
Algae
Diatoms
Oscillatoria
Cladophora
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworms
Arthropods, Copepoda, Cyclops
Decapoda, Orchinectes - crayfish
Hemiptera, Gerridae, Gerris, water strider
Diptera, Simuliidae, blackfly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
Diptera, Culicidae, mosquito
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Pimephales notatus, blunt-nose minnow
A-13
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Chippewa Creek No. 1 (Cont'd.)
This station includes collections and observations from the Riverview
Road bridge upstream to include the ford of the Brecksville Metropolitan
Park parkway. The substrate is an alluvium of sand, silty soil, broken
shale, and sandstone rubble. The stream has emerged from the gorge con-
dition with its accompanying high aeration into its own short flood plain
and blends into the Cuyahoga flood plain. The very poor water quality of the
Harris Road station has improved considerably due to the excellent reoxygena-
tion occurring in the gorge. Most of the tributary streams between these
two stations, Stations 1 and 7, contribute water that is in excellent con-
dition to help recover quality in the main stream carrying a moderate
organic pollution load. Storm discharge and periodic slugs of wastes from
upstream produce temporary conditions of biologically limiting quality on
small streams draining the urban area. Oily stains and discolored sediments
were found in tributary streams which also lacked crayfish and mayflies in
habitats where they were to be expected.
At station one (1) none of the organisms were found in an abundance
indicating high levels of nutrient. The above normal frequency of freshets
and more severe runoffs during the study period with resulting disturbance
of the substrate each requiring a period of time for re-establishment of
the biotic community is undoubtedly a factor affecting the quantitative and
qualitative observations. Toxic substances in addition to organics may also
play a role here in limiting the biotic index.
The fish were collected here in June. A subsequent check in October
yielded fewer invertebrates and no fish in this reach of the stream. The
only evidence of crayfish during the early summer period were some exoskeleton
fragments and a pincer left after racoon predation.
Water quality here is moderately polluted with a classification of
partial recovery.
Chippewa Creek No. 2
This station is located at Harris Road and situated on Chippewa Creek
in the reach that is most damaged at the present time.
The valley here is wider and somewhat deeper than the upstream station
(3). Although mostly wooded, the immediate stream course is more exposed to
direct sunlight and diurnal heating is more evident here than at the upstream
station. The substrate is shale and alluvium exposed as the stream works
against the banks. Erosion is more evident in this stretch than in most
other sections of the stream. The gradient is steep enough that in spite of
high BOD, the field DO readings are high, usually at or near saturation.
The biology yields a more realistic evaluation.
Biology: BI=4
Algae Higher Plants
Flagellates None
Oscillatoria
Stigeclonium
Hydrodictyon
A-14
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Chippewa Creek Station No. 2 (Cont'd.)
Animals
Mollusca, Gastropoda, ^hysa, snail
Arthropoda, Cladocers , daphnids
Hemiptera, Corixidae , water boatman
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Tendipes sp.;, midge
Culicidae - mosquito
Fish
Campostome annmalum. - stone roller
Lepomis gibbosus^ - p_umpkinseed sunfish
The first biological study at this station coincided with a fish kill
that was observed for several hundred yards below the entry of the flow from
the sanitary landfill. The only species found in the stream at this time
were the pumpkinseed and stone roller, the later numerou^. In the vicinity
of the entry the stream flows over bedrock and beds of shale chips and fine
gravel, suitable habitat for several minnow species and darters that were
present several years ago (1951-1952). Distressed and dead stone rollers
were found from the entry of the landfill leachate downstream for a distance
of about one and one-half miles. The greatest number were noted at the Harris
Road sampling station. Over one hundred dead fish were counted. In addition,
one hundred to one hundred fifty stone rollers were observed in creeks and
small runs entering the main stream at this station. The water in these
tributaries was i";t deep enough most places to cover the fish and under
ordinary circumstances they would not remain in such a shallow stretch. Wat*..
quality in the main stream was of such condition that the three to five inch
minnows appeared to be repelled by it to the extent that several living fish
were observed forcefully swimming and beating themselves out of the water and
onto the shore r.argin or rocks.
Two hours later another check at the sampling station revealed additional
dead fish. The water throughout this period was orange-brown in color, turbid,
and fleckod with foam. Silt and organic matter deposits formed in all but
the riffle and rapid sections of the stream.
Subsequent restudies of Chippewa Creek at this station show an absence
of fish, mollusks, and several of the insect nymphs and larvae that would be
expected under natural conditions here. The feeder streams entering at this
station contain caddis, mayfly, and beetle larvae which were formerly present
in the main stream.
At present the substrate of the station is overlayed by a silty black
sludge from a film to 0.5 feet in depth. Sludgeworms are present but not
numerous. "Bloodworm" (Tendipes), midge larvae, and mosquito larvae are present
No macroscopic life form is abundant.
The COD and BOD remain high and field DO readings have been within one
or two ppm of saturation at water temperature of 8° - 9°C. during the
fall of 1969.
Chippewa Creek is grossly polluted in this reach. In spite of sufficient
DO, fish and most tolerant forms do not survive here.
A -15
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Chippewa Creek Station No. 3
Biology: BI=7
Algae Higher Plants
Diatoms None
Oscillatoria
Stigeoclonium
Cladophora
Phytoconis
Spirogyra
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Arthropoda, Cladocera, daphnid
Decapoda, crayfish
Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae, mayfly
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Hemiptera, Gerridae, Gerris, water strider
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Diptera, Syrphidae, hover fly
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Etheostoma nigrum, johnny darter
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Amphibia
Plethodon cinereus, red-black salamander
The steep sided gully that the stream has cut in the reach adjacent to
this station is wooded and very much shaded. Small seeps or springs are
common. The geology is clay underlayed by soft shales and broken sandstone
slabs. The cut varies from forty to fifty feet below the till surface of
the area.
The stream gradient is sufficient to maintain near saturation DO concen-
trations at the present pollution loads.
The heavy runoffs or freshets on an unstable substrate seem to be a
reasonable factor in the low quantities of several of the algae present
here. At no time was there an abundant growth. The submerged portion of
sandstone supported an extensive thin layer of the several attached forms
listed above. Spirogyra was noted in the quiet pools between marginal rocks
Diatoms became abundant in narrow zones bordering the main current. The
absence of higher plants at this station is not significant.
The animal population reflects the pollution load specifically by an
abundance of the midge fly larvae as contrasted to the other insect forms
that are present but in very low numbers. The midge larvae are equipped to
succeed well whereas the mayflies and caddis cannot, due either to competi-
tion or the pollution load present, or both.
A-16
-------
Chippewa Creek Station No. 3 (Cont'd.)
Sludgeworms were present in the silty substrate, but not in large numbers.
No sludge deposits were found or expected here.
The fish were surprisingly few in number. One darter and two of the
shiners were taken or seen in the vicinity of the station. The nature of
the stream is such that many should have been present. The scarcity of
darters could be associated with the apparent complete absence of one important
group of animals, the mollusks. Snails should have been present and formerly
were further downstream. Snails are a significant part of this darters diet.
This may indicate intermittent heavy loads of pollution.
Yellow Creek No. 1 (Bath Poadj
Biology: BI=12
Algae Higher Pi, j
Cladophora None
Diatoms
Animals
Bryozoa, Plumatella, moss animal
Platyhelminthes, planarian
Mollusca, Ancylidae, Ferrissia, limpet
Arthropoda, Decapoda, Orchinectes, crayfish
Ephemeroptera, Stenonema, mayfly
Hemiptera, Gerridae, Gerris, water strider
Coleoptera, Psephenidae, Psephenis, water penny
Diptera, Simuliidae, Simulium, blackfly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Calospectra, midge
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Etheostoma nigrum, johnny darter
Lepomis gibbosus, pumpkinseed sunfish
Campostoma anomalum, stoneroller
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Yellow Creek at Bath Road flows over a substrate of shales and rubble
partly overlaid by sandy and silty gravels. Aeration is good. Water quality
of little to moderate pollution is attested to by the variety of organisms
present with the inclusion of clean water restricted forms such as Psephenis,
a beetle larva that seems to be quite sensitive to organic pollution in this
region. It is indigenous to riffles. Yellow Creek in this reach is a clean
water zone.
Furnace Run No. 1
Biology: BI=16
Algae
Oscillator.! *
Diatoms
Cladophora , -, -,
——: * t\~ j. /
Spirogyra
Hydrodictyon
-------
Furnace Run No. 1 (Cont'd.)
Animals
Bryozoa, Plumatella
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Arthropoda, Decapoda, crayfish
Megaloptera, fish fly
Ephemeroptera, Stenonema, mayfly
Odonata, Zygoptera, Agrionidae, damselfly
Hemiptera, Gerridae, Gerris, water strider
Coleoptera, Psephenidae, water penny
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Diptera, Culicidae, mosquito
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Etheostoma nigrum, johnny darter
Notropis cprnutus, common shiner
Pimephales notatus, blunt-nose minnow
The diverse species found at this station reflect a very good water
quality. BOD is very low. Much of the watershed is protected by forest cover
and within Furnace Run Reservation of the Akron Metropolitan Park. From the
standpoint of pollution, it is one of the least spoiled streams in the study
area.
Furnace Run No. 2
Biology: BI=14
Algae
Diatoms
Cladophora
Spirogyra
Animals
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Helisoma, snail
Arthropoda, Decapoda, crayfish
Plecoptera, stonefly
Ephemeroptera, Baetidae, mayfly
Odonata, Zygoptera, Agrionidae, damselfly
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, whirligig beetle
Diptera, Simuliidae, blackfly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Pimephales notatus, blunt-nose minnow
A-18
-------
Furnace Run No. 2 (Cont'ci.)
This station is located at Brush Road within the Furnace Run Reservation.
The water quality is good as indicated by the diverse organisms, especially
stoneflies and this particular damselfly. The biotic index though somewhat
lower than sampling point 1 is probably freer of unnatural waste pollutants.
The BOD of 2.6 average is slightly higher than Station 1, but probably has a
natural source in the lower gradient upstream area. It still falls within
the range of a clean stream.
Mud Brook No. 1
Biology: BI=16
Algae Higher Plants
Diatoms Anacharis canadensis, waterweed
Oscillatoria
Cladophora
Stigeoclonium
Animals
Platyhelminth.es, planarian
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworm
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Helisoma, snail
Mollusca, Sphaeriidae, fingernail clam
Arthropoda, Amphipoda, Gammarus, scud
Decapoda, crayfish
Ephemeroptera, Baetidae, mayfly
Odonata, Zygoptera, damselfly
Hemiptera, Gerridae, water strider
Hemiptera, Corixidae, water boatman
Coleoptera, Psephenidae, water penny
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Diptera, Tendipedidae, midge
Fish
Etheostoma nigrum, johnny darter
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
The substrate at the sampling point located at Akron-Peninsula Road is
sand with some bars of gravel and rock rubble. Between the road and Mud Brook
confluence with the Cuyahoga River, the banks and stream bed are littered with
rubbish of mixed materials. At some points, the bank is obviously used for
solid waste disposal.
The stream water quality is markedly improved here from the upstream sampling
point at Seasons Road. The gradient dropping into the Cuyahoga Valley combined
with an excellent storage period in Wyoga Lake removes much of the BOD.
Biotic index of 16 is improved over 1967 when it equaled 10. Two of the
additional animals are in group I and are difficult to miss in collection. The
improvement is certa,j:i;/ due in part to the installation of the Mud Brook
interceptor.
A-19
-------
Mud Brook No. 2
Biology: BI=3
Algae Sphaerotilus, sewage bacteria
Oscillatoria
Stigeoclonium Higher Plants
Cladophora Anacharis canadensis, waterweed
Potamogeton crispus, pondweed
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworms
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Helisoma, snail
Arthropoda, Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
This station is below the confluence of Mud Brook and Powers Brook. Up-
stream, Mud Brook drains a swampy area. Powers Brook is badly polluted by the
overloaded Hudson Township Plant No. 6. On all sampling and examination oc-
casions at this station, the odor was strong and the DO was low. The color
was often brown affected excessively during the study period by excavation in
connection with the extension of Trexel Road northwest from its intersection
with Barlow Road and the abandoned NYC railroad right-of-way. Removal of large
quantities of clay and peat in this construction area has periodically caused
the discharged water to be a dark, coffee brown color.
The biology at Seasons Road (Station 2) reflects the very poor quality
water present from this station downstream to its entry into Wyoga Lake.
The enrichment of Wyoga Lake is a source of concern considering its use
as a swimming facility by the residents of the development building up around
the lake. A symptom of the problem is reflected in the occurrence, during the
summer months, of algae blooms intense enough to temporarily color swimmers
skin and hair a greenish hue. Swimsuits were also discolored. Ohio Department
of Health reportedly maintained surveillance of water quality during the summer
at this lake.
Fish Creek
Biology: BI=5
Algae Higher Plants
Cladophora None
Diatoms, Navicula
Oscillatoria
Animals
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Physa, snail
Amnicola, snail
Arthropoda, Isopoda, Ascellus, aquatic sow bug
Decapoda, crayfish
Tendipedidae, midge
A-20
-------
Fish Creek (Cont'd.)
Fish
Notropis cornutus - common shiner
The limited li<:t of organisms found here coupled with the abundance of
a few indicates an early recovery zone with abundant nutrients. Cladophora,
at times, is plentiful enough to virtually choke the stream.
Sand Run No. 1
Biology: BI=0*
Algae
Cladophora
Animals
Annelida, Tubificidae, sludgeworms
Diptera, Tendipedidae, Tendipes, midge
Diptera, Calospectra, midge
*See probable explanation in paragraph below.
The sample location is at Riverview Road. The substrate is sand, gravel,
and rubble mixed with a gray silt. The same gray silt is a continuous sus-
pended component of the stream and appears to be its greatest pollution problem.
The BOD was low for the test period. The stream has always been turbid with
a gray suspension during the present study period and throughout a tributary
study done in 1967. It is reasonable to assume that the silt interferes with
the respiratory surfaces of the organisms that should otherwise be found here.
Populations of all species are low numbering two or three individuals per
square yard.
Slipper Run No. 1
Biology: BI=6
Algae Higher Plants
Diatoms None
Animals
Arthropoda, Plecoptera, Acroneuria, stonefly
Ephemeroptera, Stenonema, mayfly
Coleoptera, Psephenidae, water penny
Slipper Run flows through a wooded watershed, the lower part in a deep
ravine. The stream is at present in good condition with an interesting com-
munity of only a few animals (insects). This is one of the few streams in the
area that contain stoneflies, a form generally associated with unpolluted water.
The lack of algae is in part due to the fact that little direct sunlight gets to
the bottom ofthesttep sided and heavily wooded ravine. The condition is
almost similar to a cav<;
A-21
-------
Spring Run
Biology: BI=7
Algae Higher Plants
Cladophora None
Animals
Arthropoda, Ephemeroptera, Stenonema, mayfly
Diptera, Simuliidae, black fly
Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae, caddis fly
Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae, caddis fly
Fish
Rhinichthys atratulus, short-nosed dace
Notropis cornutus, common shiner
Spring Run is basically a clean stream. It has a continuous flow of
good quality ground water for the most part flowing through a shaded ravine.
Recent grading and excavation work in the reach immediately above the
sampling point by the Boston Mills Ski Area has choked the stream with silt,
soil, and gravel as it enters and flows across the flood plain. All of the
above listed organisms occurred during this study in low numbers. The
Cladophora filaments are covered with silt. The animals are represented by
one or two specimens each found after intensive search. In the ravine itself,
the water is cool and clear. The sparsity of organisms is to be expected
in that environment. Reseeding and the eventual protection of the lower part
of the watershed, followed by natural flushing of the clogging sediments
should permit Spring Run to return to a more normal condition.
A-22
-------
Appendix B
METHODOLOGY FOR DERIVING SUBURBA?" EMPLOYMENT
Employment by place-of-work is preferred to employment by
place-of-residence for the kind of analysis undertaken in this
paper. All employment data given is p^ice of work. Since it
was not available for the suburban jurisdictions it was obtained
for 1960 and 1970 by subtracting city employment by place-of-
work. The latter is available; the former is not. It was cal-
culated by converting census of population data or place-of-
residence for the two SMSA's. -vties and years into the desired
place-of-work, as follows.
The Censuses present data enti tied Place of Work during the
Census Week by Selected Characteristics for SMSA's. They can be
aggregated into the form of Table B-l. The Not TJ^ sorted number
in the SMSA column was distributed to the SMSA a^ the outside
SMSA rows proportionately. The SMSA addition was then distri-
buted to the city and the suburbs proportionately. The new
(higher) SMSA number (SMSA row and SMSA column) was then multi-
plied by the higher (now that the Not Reported had been added)
numbers for the City and Suburbs rows in the SMSA column. The
new (even higher) numbers for the City and Suburbs rows in the
SMSA column. The new (even higher) numbers for the City row and
SMSA column were transferred directly to Table 2-51, where they
were subtracted from the SMSA employment figures to yield the
desired suburbs employment data.
-------
Table B-i. Number of Employees by Place of Work.
Cleveland SMSA's for 1970 and 1960.
Residents of the Akron and
Place of Residence
Akron 1970
Place of Work SMSA
All Places 245941
SMSA 193749
(plus not reported) (204800)
[plus OBES adjustment] [245000]
City 105785
(plus not reported) (111819)
[plus OBES adjustment [111232]
Outside SMSA 38921
(plus not reported x
[plus OBES adjustment] x
Not Reported 13271
City
99037
84552
65910
9043
5442
Suburbs
146904
109197
39875
29878
7829
Akron 1960
SMSA City Suburbs
184225 106912
165746 99607
(169923)
[198000]
125245 89521
(128401)
[48383]
13951
x
x
4528
4185
3120
77313
66139
35724
9766
1408
Place of Residence
Place of Work
Cleveland 1970
SMSA City Suburbs
All Places 797902 276653
SMSA 719208 243668
(plus not reported) (770790)
[plus OBES adjustment] [855000]
City 389650 183816
(plus not reported) (417596)
[plus OBES adjustment] [463219]
Suburbs 329558 59852
(plus not reported) (353194)
[plus OBES admustment] [391781]
Outside SMSA 25298 3444
(plus not reported) x
[plus OBES adjustment] x
Not Reported 53396 29541
521249
475540
205834
269706
21854
23855
Cleveland 1960
SMSA City Suburbs
681847 330719
645613 312840
(669990)
[700000]
463322 288723
(480816)
[502353]
182291
(189174)
[197647]
11426
x
X
351128
332773
174599
24117 158714
2780
24808 15099
8646
9709
x - not needed.
Sources: (1) Table 190
(40> Table 131
-------
APPENDIX C
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following list includes those references cited s. -, the text
and some primary and secondary references not specifically cited.
To provide easy accessibility to references concerning specific
topics, the references are arranged in groups based on the EIS
outline. Specific page references are provided as appropriate.
I. Background
A. Project History and Goals
Cuyahoga Valley 1975; Ohio Department of Natural Resources;
Columbus, Ohio; 1975.
Environmental Assessment, Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor,
Volume I; Havens & liiiiarson; Cleveland, Ohio; 1975.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan; Ohio Department of
Natural Resources; Columbus, Ohio; 1972.
B. Existing Water Quality Standards
Environmental Assessment, as above.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above.
Water Quality Management in the Central Cuyahoga Basin;
Havens & Emerson; Cleveland, Ohio; 1970, for the Three
River Watershed District.
Municipal and Semi-Public Dischargers Inventory; The
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency, July 1975.
Industrial Discharges; The Northeast Ohio Areawide
Coordination Agency, Aguust, 1975.
Map of Phase II study area boundaries; CRSD, 1976.
C. Existing Problems
Cuyahoga Valley 1975, as above.
Environmental Assessment, as above.
Water Quality Manaagement in the Central Cuyahoga Basin,
as above.
Grant Application, Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor; Cleveland
Regional Sewer District; Cleveland, Ohio; 1976.
D. Identified Issues
Ohio Department of Natural Resources Letters, April 11
and July 19, 1974.
EIS Decision Memorandum, Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V, Chicago,
Illinois; January 30, 1976.
C-l
-------
tl. Existing Environment
A. Natural Environment
Climate and Weather
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 8-9.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above;
Pages 33-36.
Climatic Summaries, Cleveland and Akron Ohio; National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Washington, D.C.;
1960-75.
Annual Climatological Summaries, Ohio; National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration; Washington; 1963-75.
Quality of Life Indicators in U.S. Metropolitan Areas,
1970; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington,
D.C.; 1974; Page 236.
Land
a. Topography
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 6-8.
Soil Survey, Summit County, Ohio; U.S. Soil Conser-
vation Service; Washington, D.C.; 1974.
Cuyahoga Valley, 1975, as above; Pages 14-15.
U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps (1:24,000);
Aurora, Broadview Heights, Cleveland South, Hudson,
Northfield, Peninsula, Twinsburg and Shaker Heights
Quadrangles; Washington, D.C.; 1962-67.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above;
Page 16.
b. Geology
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 5-9, 17-19,
and Table 2.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975 as above; Page 15.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan as above;
Pages 13-16.
Earthquake History of the United States; U.S. Geological
Survey; Washington, D.C. 1970.
C-2
-------
Pngineyr. *.-? --lesiqn drawings and spec ,.£' '• -r^-,0, -
interceptor and trunk lines; Cuyahoq • ,.,u.i' .uit.-irv
Engineering Department and Euthenicr-;, inc. • °olytcch,
Inc. A Joint Venture, various dates 1973-1975.
Foundation Engineering for Difficult Subsoil Conditions;
Leonardo Zeevaert, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1972.
Persona] communication - Dr. Ed Walker, John Carroll
University Seismic Detection Department, 6 Aug. 1976.
c. Soils
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 13-17
and Figure 3.
Soil Survey, Summit County, Ohio, as above.
Cuyahoga Valley, 1975 as above; Pages 14-19.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above;
Pages 16-22.
d. Wetlands
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 5-7,
14-16, 67, 69-70, 72-3, and Figure 3.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975 as above; Pages 20-21, 24.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan; Pages 30-32.
Water
a. Water Quantity
Water Resources Data for Ohio, Part I; U.S. Geological
Survey; Washington, D.C. 1964-74.
Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 22-28.
b. Water Quality - General
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 28-33.
Cuyahoga Valley 197.S, as above; Pages 16-17.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan as above; Pages
186-192.
The Groundwater Resources of Summit County, Ohio;
Division of Water, Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Nov. 1953.
Geology and Groundwater Resources of Portage County,
Ohio, Geological Survey Professional Paper 511; U.S.
Geological Survey in cooperation with the Ohio Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, Division of Water, 1966.
C--3
-------
The Water Resources of Cuyahoga County, Ohio; Division of
Water, ODNR, August 1953.
Water Inventory of the Cuyahoga and Chagrin River Basins,
Ohio - Volume I - Basin Review; Division of Water, ODNR,
Jan. 1959.
c. Water Quality - Mainstream
Water Quality and Aquatic Biota in the Cuyahoga River
Mainstream; Jack McCormick & Associates; Devon, Penn-
sylvania; 1974; Pages 13-26.
Water Resources Data for Ohio, Part II; U.S. Geological
Survey; Washington, D.C.; 1964-75.
Water Quality Measurement Printout, Cuyahoga River
1966-76; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V;
Chicago, Illinois; 1976.
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 28-33.
d. Water Quality - Tributaries
Sources as above;
Plan for Water Quality Management in the Central Cuya-
hoga Basin; Havens and Emerson, Ltd., Cleveland,
Ohio, 1970, Pages 36-56, Appendix C.
4. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
1975 Environmental Assessment as above, Pages 39-45,
142, Appendix B-2.
Wildlife of the Cuyahoga Valley Project Region, Jack
McCormick & Associates; Devon, Pennsylvania, 1974.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan as above, Page 186.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975 as above, Page 17.
Plan for Water Quality Management in the Central Cuyahoga
Basin as above, Appendix C.
Ecological Monitoring of the Cuyahoga River; Biological
Testing Laboratory, Biology Department, University of
Akron; Akron, Ohio; 1974; Pages 5-33.
5. Sensitive Natural Areas
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 68-73,
Figures 9, 19.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975 as above; Pages 24, 86-87.
C-4
-------
B. Manmade Environnienj:
1. Air
a. Air Quality
Air Quality Printout for Twinsburg and Valley View,
Ohio, 1973-75; U.S. EPA Region V; Chicago, Illinois; 1976
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Page 9-12,
Table 1.
Personal communication, Jerry J. Garve, Air Monitoring
Officer, Akron Regional Air Polltuion Control, 11 Aug.
1976.
b. Noise
Quality of Life Indicators in U.S. Metropolitan Area,
1970; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington,
D.C.; 1974; Page 236.
c. Odor
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Page 25.
Plan for Water Quality Management in the Central
Cuyahoga Basin as above; Pages 36-56.
Ecological Monitoring of the Cuyahoga River as above;
Page 7.
Land
a. Existing Land Use
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 52, 61-62,
62-63, 63-75.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975 as above; Page 29.
Cuyahoga Valley Park Study: Land Use; Mosure-Fok and
Syrakis; 1974; Pages 15-36.
Real Property Inventory of Metropolitan Cleveland;
Cleveland, Ohio; 1975.
Cuyahoga Valley Park Study: Sizing; Mosure-Fok and
Syrakis; 1974; Pages 1-19.
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Volume II
(not included in EIS): Archaeological Survey of
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor Project; Pages 5-7, 10,
18-22.
Land use Planning Authority: Ohio Revised Code
713.0, 713.05, 1969.
C-5
-------
b. Proposed Land Use
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 52,
62-3, 66 and Figures 7-9.
Cuyahoga Valley 1975, as above; Pages 28, 48.
Cuyahoga Valley Park Study: Land Use, as above;
Pages 15-36.
Telephone Conversations: Cleveland Metropolitan
Park District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers;
April 1976.
Interview, Mr. William Birdsel, Superintendent, NRA,
22 July 1976.
National Park Service 1976a. Draft general management
plan, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area/ Ohio.
120 pp.
National Park Service 1976b. Environmental assessment
... draft general management plan, Cuyahoga Valley
National Recreation Area/Ohio. 260 pp.
Jack McCormick & Associates, Inc. 1974. Water quality
and aquatic biota in the Cuyahoga Valley project region.
In: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Technical
report forthe Cuyahoga River Valley park study. Volume
One. Variously paged. 45 pp.
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency 1974. Summit
county housing development plan. 58 pp.
Dalton-Dalton-Little-Newport 1973. Environmental Assess-
ment, master plan for water and sewer facilities, North-
west area of Summit County, OH. 42 pp.
Water Quality and Quantity (Manmade)
a. Problems
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 24-26
and 30-33.
Telephone Conversations with Dr. N. Edward Hopson;
April 1976.
Southerly Wastewater Treatment Center, Infiltration/
Inflow Analysis; Haven & Emerson, Ltd. for Cleveland
Regional Sewer District; Cleveland, Ohio; 1975.
Wastewater Management Study Report for Cleveland -
Akron Metropolitan and Three Rivers Watershed Areas;
1973; Pages 56-57.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan as above; Pages
203-215 and 257-8.
OEPA records of sewage treatment plant operation.
-------
Otis, R. J. and Boyle, W. C., Performance of Single
Household Treatment Units, Journal of the Environmental
Engineering Division, ASCE Vol. EEl, Feb. 1976; p. 175.
Sauer, O.K. Boyle, W. C., and Otis, R. J. Intermittent
Sand Filtration of Household Wastewater under Field
Conditions. Small Scale Waste Management Project,
University of Wisconsin, Wise., No date.
Personal communication, Mr. Robert L. Roseler, Summit
County Health Department, 12 Aug. 1976.
b. Uses
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Page 88.
Southerly Wastewater Treatment Center, Infiltration/
Inflow Analysis, as above.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above;
Pages 76-79, 97.
Water Billing records for City of Cleveland water
service accounts; provided by CRSD.
c. Management
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan as above;
Pages I, IV.
Greater Cleveland Water Supply System — Development
Plan; Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade and Douglas,
March 1972.
d. Flood Control
1975 Environmental Assessment, as above; Pages 26-27.
Demography and Economics
a. Existing Conditions - County
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 54-55.
Current Population Reports: Series P-25, No. 580
(Ohio); U.S. Census Bureau; 1974.
Real Property Inventory of Metropolitan Cleveland,
as above.
Northeast Ohio Water Development Plan, as above;
Pages 76-79.
Population Forecast 1970-2020; Battele Memorial
Institute; Columbus, Ohio; Page 32.
A Review of NOACA Area Population Projections;
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency; Cleveland
Ohio; 1975.
C-7
-------
Telephone Conversation with Kathleen McManus (NEFCO);
April 1976.
Telephone Conversation with Donal Starsevich (Census
Bureau); March 1976.
Krawcheck, J. 1975. Article on Population. The Cleve-
land Press, 1 October.
Mosure-Fok & Syrakis Co., Ltd., Land Design Research,
Inc., and Jack McCormick & Associates, Inc. 1975. Cuya-
hoga Valley Park Study, government controls for the
orderly development and preservation of land around the
periphery of the Park. Prepared for Ohio Department
of Natural Resources, Division of Planning. Columbus,
OH, 20 pp.
~- 1974a Cuyahoga Valley land use, 33 pp.
1974b Socio Economic Technical report, 57 pp.
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency. 1974.
Summit County housing development plan. Akron, OH, 58 pp.
1975. A Review of NOACA area population projec-
tions including a revision of NOACA1s 1972 projections.
Cleveland, OH, 47 pp.
Northeast Ohio Four County Regional Planning and Develop-
ment Organization. 1974 Living and Working in the NEFCO
Region. Akron, OH, 5 pp & ma/v.
1976a. Summit County building permits (units),
1970-1975, 1 p.
1976b. Portage County building permits (units),
1970-1975, 1 p.
Regional Planning Commission Cuyahoga County. 1972a.
Housing, Cuyahoga County: Development Standards. Cleve-
land OH, 206 pp.
1972b. Housing, Cuyahoga County: The Housing
Industry, 107 pp.
•1972c. Housing, Cuyahoga County: Housing Sales, 40 pp.
1972d. Housing, Cuyahoga County: The housing stock,
55 pp.
1972e. Housing, Cuyahoga County: land development,
93 pp.
1972f. Housing, Cuyahoga County: population pro-
jections, 12 pp.
1974. Land Development Regulations, 262 pp.
1976. 1974 household migration, 107 pp.
Tri-County Regional Planning Commission. 1972. Popula-
tion Forecast, 1970-2020. Akron, OH , 71 pp.
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1973a. Availability of centralized sewer and
water facilities in the Tri-County Region. Regional
Topics 5(3) : 1-7.
.—I973b. Residential building permit authorizations
and population estimates, Jan. 1, 1973. Regional Top-
ics 5(1) : 1-8.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Current population re-
ports Series P-25 and Series P-26, various numbers,
especially No. 122, Washington, DC
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 1973. General Revenue
Sharing, initial data elements, Entitlement Period 6.
Office of Revenue Sharing, Washington, DC.
Weld, Edric A., Jr. 1976. The population of the Cleve-
land Metropolitan Area in 1974 with projections through
1980. Institute of Urban Studies, the Cleveland State
University, Cleveland, OH. 91 pp.
County of Cuyahoga. 1975. 1975 Housing assistance plan
of the Community Development Block Grant application.
Cleveland, OH, 34 pp.
Northeast Ohio Four County Regional Planning and Develop-
ment Organization. 1973. Regional goals and policy de-
velopment. Akron, OH, 45 pp.
1975. Preliminary housing goals and policies, 22 pp.
1976a. Composite plan, 4 pp.
1976b. Land-capability and suitability analysis, 6 pp.
1976c. .Land use attitude survey, 5 pp.
1976d. Land use forecasts, 21 pp.
1976e. Nash, Thomas L. Population projections, 1970-
2000, Memorandum to NEFCO, 9 pp.
1976f. Preliminary land use policies, 13 pp.
Ohio Department of Development. 1969. Ohio laws relating
to planning. Planning Division, Columbus, OH, 125 pp.
Summit County Needs and Capital Improvement Committee.
1973. Recommended program for improving facilities and
services in Summit County. Akron, OH, 42 pp.
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b. Existing Conditions - Intermediate ~ sources as above.
c. Existing Conditions - Local — sources as above.
Census of Manufacturers, 1963, 1967, 1972; U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce; Washington, D.C.
Autumn 1975 Urban Family Budgets and Comparative
Indexes for Selected Urban Areas; U.S. Department
of Labor; Washington, D.C.; 1976.
d. Projections — sources as above.
Akron Metropolitan Transportation Study, 1975 revised
projections;
Akron Metropolitan Transporation Study; Akron, Ohio;
1975.
5. Economics
BJ.S. Department of Commerce. Social andEconomic Statistics
Administration. Bureau of the Census (Census). 1970 Census
of Population.
Census. 1972 Census of Manufactures.
Census. 1972 Census of Business. Retail Trade
Census. 1972 Census of Business. Wholesale Trade
Census. 1972 Census of Business. Selected Services
Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission. The Cuya-
hoga County Manufacturing Industries. Cleveland, 1972.
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency. Company
name, address, SIC code, year established and local and
total employment by company.
Census. Speical Economic Reports. Employment and Popu-
lation Changes. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
and Central Cities. Series ES 20(72)-!. 1972.
City Planning Commission. City of Cleveland. Jobs and
Income: An Analysis of Income from Employment by City
of Cleveland Residents and the Changing Location of Jobs
in the Cleveland Area. Volume I. Sept. 1973.
The Department of Human Resources and Economic Develop-
ment (HRED), City of Cleveland. City of Cleveland:
Factors Affecting Industrial Location. April, 1973.
R. Balasubramaniam. HRED. Economy of the City of Cleve-
land (A General Profile) March 8, 1972.
Cuyahoga County Regional Planning Commission. 1974 House-
hold Migration. Cleveland. May, 1976.
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Edric A. Weld, Jr. The Population of theCleveland Metro-
politan Area in 1974 with Projections through 1980.
Institute of Urban Studies. The Cleveland State University.
Cleveland. June 10, 1976.
Greater Cleveland Growth Association (GCGA). The Cleveland
Market. Cleveland. April, 1976.
GCGA. Greater Cleveland firsts and facts. 1975.
GCGA. Transportation. 1975
Census. Survey of the Origin of Exports of Manufacturing
Establishments in 1972 Series MA-161(72)-2.
GCGA. Headquarters Cleveland. Various dates
Labor, 1975?
Largest Corporate Employers. 1975?
Largest Employers within City Limits of
Cleveland. 1975?
Sales Management. Cleveland Metro. Changing Markets U.S.A.
Comeback on the Cuyahoga. May 13, 1974.
Census. 1960 Census of Population.
Cleveland Regional Sewer District. Cuyahoga Valley In-
terceptor. Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Part II
Environmental Assessment. 1975?
Census. 1970 Census of Population. U.S. Summary PC(1)-AI
Rand and Population of Cities of 100,000 or More in 1970:
1790-1970.
Census. Estimates of the Population of SMSA's by Popu-
lation Rank Size: 1974
Census. Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan Areas
and Their Component Counties. Ohio, July 1, 1972 and 1973.
Census. Residential Population. Population Estimates Pro-
ject. Series P-25 No. 614. Estimates of Population of
the U.S. by Age, Sex and Race. 1976.
NEFCO Report. Living and Working in the NEFCO Region.
Vo. 1 No. 2. Sept. 1974. Akron.
GCGA. Research and Planning Department. Population and
Employment Trends, City of Cleveland and Suburbs. June
9, 1976.
Department of Commerce. Survey of Current Business. Labor
Force, Employment and Earnings, June 1976. p. 9-14.
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Department of Commerce. 1973 Statistical Supplement to
the Survey of Current Business. Labor Force, Employment
and Earnings - Employment, pp 70-72.
Ohio Bureau of Employment Services. (OBES) Division of
Research and Statistics. Nonagricultural Wage and Salary
Employment in Akron Metropolitan Area. Cleveland Metro-
politan Area (annual summaries)
Paul Craig. The Structure and Condition of the Ohio
Economy. Bulletin of Business Research (BBR) Volume LI.
Number 1. Jan. 1976. Center for Business and Economic
Research. The Ohio State University. Columbus.
Census. Current Population Reports. Federal-State Coopera-
tive Program for Population Estimates. Estimates of
the Population of Ohio Counties and Metropolitan Areas:
July 1, 1973 and 1974. June 1975 Estimates of the Popu-
lation of Ohio Counties July 1, 1971. June 1973.
U.S. Water Resources Council. 1972 OBERS Projections: Re-
gional Economic Activity in the U.S. 7 Volumes. Wash-
ington, DC. April 1974.
Ohio Bureau of Employment Services. State of Ohio Occupa-
tional Projections 1970-1980. Columbus. August 1975.
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Tracking the BEA State Economic Projections (Reprinted
from the Survey of Current Business April 1974 Volume,
54 Number 4 and April 1976 Volume 56 Number 4).
U.S. Department of Commerce. Domestic and International
Business Administration. Bureau of Domestic Commerce.
U.S. Industrial Outlook 1976 with projections to 1985.
January, 1976.
U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
Structure of the U.S. Economy in 1980 and 1985. Bulletin
1831. 1975.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. Independent Demand Forecast Assess-
ment forCapco Power Pool. Complete Final Report including
Summary and Supporting Material to Ohio Power Siting
Commission. Jan. 1976. Cambridge, Mass.
Wilford L'Esperance and Arthur E. King. The Age Distri-
bution of Ohio's Manufacturing Plant and Equipment. Parts
I and II. Bulletin of Business Research (BBR) Vol. L
Nos. 4 and 5. March and April, 1975. Ohio State Uni-
versity. Columbus.
James C. Yocum. Future Employment Dimensions in Ohio.
BBR. Vol. L No. 12. Dec. 1975.
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Henry L. Hunker. It's 1976, No+ 1876 - Ohio's Changing
Resource Base. BBR Vol. LI No. 2. Feb. 1976.
Interview. David L. Marshall, WAPORA Consultant with
Messrs. J. Nichols and J. A. Weekley, East Ohio Gas.
Cleveland. Aug. 5, 1976.
III. Alternatives
1975 Environmental Assessment, as above; Pages 78-84, 89-116;
Tables 18-31.
Report on CVI Extension into Northwest Summit County; Cleveland
Regional Sewer District; Cleveland, Ohio; 1973; Pages 14-15.
Engineering Design Drawings - as above
IV. Description of Proposed Action
A. General
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 105-109, 130-
136; Figures 17-19; Table 23.
CRSD letter of November 14, 1975.
B. Routing
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Page 106.
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Volume II, Pages 5-7,
10, 18-22.
C. Sizing Rationale
Northeast Ohio Water. Development Plan, as above; Pages 76-79;
97.
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 85-89, 129.
Southerly Wastewater Treatment Center, Infiltration/Inflow
Analysis, as above.
Telephone Conversation with Dr. N. Edward Hopson; April 1976.
CRSD letter of May 7, 1976.
CVNRA Draft General Management Plan - as above.
Cost Effective Evaluation of I/I Rehabilitation
I/I Analysis for the City of Solon; Floyd G. Browne
and Assoc., 1974.
Cost Effectiveness Analysis - Advanced Wastewater
Treatment Facilities, Southerly Wastewater Treatment
Center; Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., May, 1974.
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V Environmental Effects of the Proposed Action
A. General - Environmental Assessment
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 137-163.
B. General - Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area
Cuyahoga Valley Park Study: Utilities; Mosure-Fok and Syrakis;
1974; Pages 7-11.
C. Special Effects and Mitigative Measures
1. Primary Effects - Natural Environment »
a. Water Quantity
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Table 3.
b. Water Quality
Ecological Monitoring of the Cuyahoga River, as above;
Pages 5-33.
Wastewater Management Study Report, as above; Pages
56-57.
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Table 3.
c. Trunk Sewer Impact on Tributary Valleys
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 143-148;
Figures 18, 19; Table 32.
2. Primary Effects - Manmade Environment
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Tables 15-16,
Figures 10-11; Volume 2, Pages 5-7, 10, 18-22.
January 13, 1976, letter of the Ohio State "Historical
Preservation Officer.
CRSD letter of November 14, 1975.
3. Secondary Effects •- Natural Environment
Ecological Monitoring of the Cuyahoga River, as above.
Havens & Emerson, LTD. A plan for Water Quality Manage-
ment in the Central Cuyahoga Basin, 1970.
McElroy, E.D., et al., Loading Functions for Assessment
of Water Pollution from Non-Point Sources, USEPA, EPA
600/2-76-151, May, 1976.
CRSD, An Infiltration/Inflow Analysis for the Southerly
Wastewater Treatment Center, CRSD, March 1975.
Stanley Consultants, Cuyahoga County solid waste manage-
ment plan, 1972-1995, Board of Commissioners, County of
Cuyahoga, Ohio, Jan. 1973.
USEPA, draft Environmental Impact Statement - Cuyahoga
Valley Interceptor, Parts I & II, July 1976.
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Euthenics-Polytech, Preliminary Engineering Study,
Cuyahoga Valley Interceptor, Oct. 1972.
NOACA, Municipal-Public Dischargers Inventory (Map and
Tabulations), Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency,
July 1975
Ohio EPA, Records of Operation Data from Ohio Environmental
Protection Agency, not published, 1976.
USEPA, Secondary Treatment Information, 38FR22298, Aug.
1973.
Clark, L. W., Viessman, W. L. , and Hammer, M. L., Water
Supply and Pollution Control, International Textbook
Company, Scranton, PA, 1971 p. 259 3.5-8 mg/1 P, 18-28
rng/lN.
Otis, R. L. and Boyle, N.C., Performance of single family
household treatment units, Journal of the Environmental
Engineering Division, ASCE VOL. EEL, Pp 175, Feb. 1976.
Wisler, C. 0. and Braten, E. F., Hydrology, 2nd Edition,
Lehn Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1959
Secondary Effects - Manmade Environment
1975 Environmental Assessment as above; Pages 153-157.
Cuyahoga Valley, 1975, as above; Page 43, conclusion 15;
Pages 35, 83.
1974 Environmental Assessment Statement, Cuyahoga Valley
Interceptor; Euthenics, Inc. and Polytech, Inc.; 1974;
Pages 46-51.
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