PB86-143 062 c.2
                                                     CLEAR Technical Report # 291
                                                                   905R84103
                                                1983 - 1984  Oxygen Depletion Study
                                  Prepared By

                                David E. Rathke
                                  Laura Aa Fay
                                 Prepared For
                   United States Environmental Protection Ageny
                       Great Lakes National Program Office
                                    Region V
                                Chicago, Illinois
                               Grant # R005516-03
                         Project Officer-David C. Rockwell
                                  November 1984

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                                    CLEAR Technical Report # 291
                              1983 -  1984 Oxygen Depletion Study
                Prepared By

              David E. Rathke
                Laura A0 Fay
               Prepared For
United States Environmental Protection Ageny
     Great Lakes National Program Office
                  Region V
              Chicago, Illinois
             Grant # R005516-03
      Project Officer-David C. Rockwell
                       U.S. Environments! Protection Agency
                       Region V, L*;£.ry
                       230 South  C-:?"ocx:i_^.--^
                       Chir-a,o, Illinois  t'-oO->
                November 1984

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environmental i .auction Agency

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                              Page  No,

List of Tables                                    2

List of Figures                                   3

Acknowledgments                                   4

Summary and Conclusions                           5

Introduction                                      7

Methods                                           8
     Sampling Schedule                            8
     Sampling Location                            8
     Field Procedures                             9
     Quality Assurance                            9
     Data Analysis                               10

Data Interpretation                              11
     Central Basin                               11
             Temperature Cycle                   11
             Thermal Structure                   11
             Dissolved Oxygen                    12
             Oxygen Depletion Rates              13

     Eastern Basin                               14
             Temperature Cycle                   14
             Thermal Structure                   14
             Dissolved Oxygen                    16
             Oxygen Depletion Rates              16


References Cited                                 17


Tables                                            18


Figures                                          27


Appendix A - 1983 Cruise Summaries               38


         B - 1984 Cruise Summaries               67


         C - Cruise Contours                     96

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                                                                         PAGE 2
                                List of Tables
                                                            Page No.
1. Geographic Coordinates of the 1983 - 1984 Lake
   Erie Oxygen Depletion Stations                              18


2. Central  Basin Water Quality Summary                         19
3. Lake Erie Central  Basin Limnion , Oxygen and
   Temperature Data from Survey 8 Volume Weighting
   Procedure                                                   21
4. Summary of Central Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys               22


5. Eastern Basin Water Quality Summary                         23
6. Lake Erie Eastern Basin Limnion, Oxygen and
   Temperature Data from Survey 8 Volume Weighting
   Procedure                                                   25
7.  Summary of Eastern Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys               26

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                                                                         PAGE 3
                                List of Figures
                                                            Page No.
la. 1983 Sampling Stations                                     27
 b. 1984 Sampling Stations                                     28


2.  Mean Central  Basin Hypolimnion Temperature for             29
    1983 and  1984.
3.  Mean Central  Basin Hypolimnion Thickness for 1983          30
    and 1984.
4.  Mean Central  Baisn Hypolimnion Dissolved Oxygen            31
    Concentrations for 1983 and 1984.
5.  Mean Central  Basin Hypolimnion Dissolved Oxygen            32
    Percent Saturation for 1983 and 1984.
6.  Central  Basin Hypolimnion Oxygen Depletion Rates           33
    for July from 1929 to 1984.
7.  Mean Eastern Basin Hypolimnion Temperature                 34
    for 1983 and 1984.
8.  Mean Eastern Basin Hypolimnion Thickness for               35
    1983 and 1984.
9.  Mean Eastern Basin Hypolimnion Dissolved Oxygen            36
    Concentrations for 1983 and 1984.
10.  Mean Eastern Basin Hypolimnion Dissolved Oxygen            37
    Percent Saturation for 1983 and 1984.

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                                                                         PAGE 4
                                Acknowledgments
     The authors  of this  report would like to express  their appreciation to the
CLEAR  staff  who helped  in completing this project.   In addition we would like
to thank Mr.  F.   Rosa of Canada  Centre  for  Inland   Waters   (CCIW-NWRI)  for
providing the 1929 - 1982 oxygen depletion rates.   The contribution of computer
expertise by Yu-Chang Wu  and Shaio Cheng-Mu was  appreciated.

     We would also like to acknowledge the  financial   support  and  ship  time
provided  by  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency - Great Lakes National
Program Office.  Also we  wish to express our appreciation to  Captian Ingram and
crew of the R/V Roger Simons for their help during the project.

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                                                                         PAGE 5
                            Summary and Conclusions
General

     This study was implemented in order to provide minimum information  on  the
oxygen  status 1n the open waters of Lake Erie.  Two important concepts  need to
be recognized:

1.  The yearly stratification cycle for the  central   and   eastern   basins  are
quite different from each other.

2.  The annual  variation  between  and  within  a  stratified  season   can  be
substantial.    This  means  oxygen  concentrations,  oxygen  depletion   rates,
individual limnion thickness/temperature and nutrient related  processes  all  can
show considerable variation.

Thus, this study was very limited in scope.   Only  a  one  month   segment  was
examined  in  1983 and 1984 which provided a single oxygen depletion data point
each year.  Based upon this restraint it is not possible to make any  detailed
interpretation of the 1983 and 1984 stratified season.
Central Basin

     The 1983 and 1984 July period were found to  be representitive  of  the  year
to  year  variation  reported  for the basin since the 1970 study  (Burns  1976).
The initial  thickness, temperature and dissolved  oxygen concentrations  of   the
stratified  layers  are  variables  which  can  show  considerable   fluctuation
annually and within  the  stratified  season.   These  physical  considerations
together with the biological processes which are responsible for the production
and/or consumption of oxygen in the three limnions all  interact  in   determining
the rate at which the hypolimnion waters are depleted of oxygen.

     The July period was considered stable enough to provide  information   that
could  be  used  for  long  term  trend  analysis  but  it  does have  limited
application.  When the 1983 and 1984 rates were compared with rates  calculated
for  an  equivalent  time frame (July) since 1970, it is evident that  the  rates
recorded for the first half of 1980 have  become   somewhat  more stable   at  a
decreased  level  over  ten years ago.  It is expected that the  depletion  rates
will  further  respond  to  the  decrease  in  phosphorus  loading   and   in-lake
concentrations.

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                                                                         PAGE 6
Eastern Basin

     The eastern basin is somewhat more  stable  physically  than  the  central
basin.   Due  to  the thicker and colder hypolimnion, oxygen concentrations are
not as variable as those encountered in the central   basin.   Even  though  the
basin  is  more  stable,  depletion  rates do vary from year to year.   The rate
calculated for 1983 was less than  the  1970  rate  while  the  1984  rate  was
considerably greater.  The eastern basin data base is not nearly as complete as
for the c entral basin thus a trend analysis is not  possible at this time.
     The 1983-1984 study provide information on the  depletion  rates   for  the
eastern  and  central  basins but were not temporally  complete enough to provide
detailed information on the status of these basins.  Until   the  concentrations
of  major  nutrients  (ie.   phosphorus)  and  chlorophyll   have  stablized  the
programs designed to examine current basin conditions and establish  long  term
trends need to be more inclusive.

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                                                                         PAGE 7
                                 INTRODUCTION
     Prior to the early 1950's the Increase in the eutrophication of Lake  Erie
was  not  well  documented.   Since the early 1930's (Wright 1955), the western
basin had shown  signs  of  increased  enrichment  primarily  through  periodic
blue-green  algae blooms.  However, the first clear evidence that Lake Erie was
being seriously impacted by eutrophication came in the mid 1950's.  During  the
summer  of  1954,  a  very  warm  and  storm free period provided the necessary
conditions for the western basin to thermally stratify and subsequently  become
oxygen  depleted  at  the  sediment  water  interface.   Up until this time the
concentration of the benthic mayfly larvae (Hexagenia) had been reported to  be
between  100  to  400  organisms per square meter throughout much of the basin.
This anoxic period (July through August) killed nearly all the mayfly larva  in
the  basin and by the 1960's no mayflies were evident in the open water regions
of the basin.

     By  the  1960's  it  became  clear  that  the   detrimental   effects   of
eutrophication  had  begun  to seriously impact the central basin as well.  The
hypolimnion waters were found to be void of oxygen during the later portion  of
summer  stratification  (late  August through mid September).  Not only did the
anoxic period eliminate the cooler water habitat for fish and benthic organisms
but also resulted in the regeneration of soluble nutrients ie.  phosphorus from
the sediment bound interstitial water.

     Lake Erie's central basin  has  been  monitored  annually  since  1973  as
required  by  the Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.
As a result of the reoccurring problems of  oxygen  depletion  in  the  central
basin  associated  with  culturally  accelerated eutrophication ie.  phosphorus
enrichment, the  major  concern  and  focus  has  been  on  the  central  basin
hypolimnion.   Since  the early 1970's, remedial programs have been designed to
decrease these reoccurring episodes of anoxia.  Phosphorus  reduction  programs
were  implemented  at all  major (> 1 MGD) municipal sewage treatment facilities
discharging into the drainage basin.  These programs have resulted in nearly  a
100% reduction in the phosphorus loadings to the lake since 1970.  This loading
decrease has also resulted in a decrease of open lake central basin  phosphorus
concentrations from 20 ug/1 in 1970 to 10 ug/1 in 1982 (Rosa 1985).

     The Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR)  under  contract  to  USEPA
Great  Lakes  Program  Office,  Region  V  -  Chicago, examined the central and
eastern basin hypolimnion oxygen concentrations  during  1983  and  1984.   The
study  format and calculation procedure utilized for this two year program were
designed to be as compatible as possible with the programs employed in previous
years.

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                                                                          PAGE 8
                                     METHODS
>     The 1983 - 1984 oxygen  study  examined  hypolimnion  temperature,  thickness,
 and  oxygen  concentrations  in the central  and  eastern  basins of  Lake Erie.   In
 addition,  central  and eastern  hypolimnion   dissolved  oxygen  depletions  rates
 were determined for the midsummer  period  (July)  in  1983 and  1984.
 SAMPLING SCHEDULE:

      Central  and  eastern  basin open waters were sampled during   the  same  time
 span  in  1983  and  1984.   This  design  provided data  for oxygen depletion rate
 calculations  over a mid-summer period when conditions  in  the   hypolimnion  are
*most stable.   Thus, this  study design provided comparable data  sets  for the two
 year period.


                              1983                       1984
     CRUISE 1              JUNE  25  -  29               JULY  2-3

     CRUISE 2              AUGUST 4-7               AUGUST  7-9
 SAMPLING LOCATIONS:

      During  the  1983 field  season  14 stations were  sampled  in  the central basin
 and  5 stations were  sampled in  the eastern  basin.   A  somewhat  different station
 pattern was  used  in  the  1984 field season  with  9  stations   sampled  in  the
 central   basin   and  6 stations  sampled  in the eastern basin.   Table  1 lists the
 station numbers  and  locations for  both  field seasons  while  Figures   la  and  Ib
 present  the relative  station positions.  The station  pattern was  modified to
 accommodate  differences  in  ongoing tandem   research  programs   during  the  two
 field  seasons.    Considering   the similarity in the two sampling patterns ie.
 both  patterns provided adequate coverage  of  the   stratified   region  in  both
 basins,  no  significant difference between the  1983 and 1984 results could be
 attributed to differences in the sampling patterns.

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                                                                         PAGE 9
FIELD PROCEDURES:
     Sample depths were determined from an  Electronic  Bathythermograph  Trace
(EBT) and water samples were obtained using Niskin bottles coupled with the EBT
unit (Rosette Sampler).  Water  samples  were  taken  in  the  following  depth
configuration:
                            1 Meter
                        Lower Epilimnion
                        Upper Hypolimnion
                       Bottom Minus 1 Meter
     Dissolved oxygen concentrations  were  determined  according  to  Standard
Methods procedures (APHA 1981).
QUALITY ASSURANCE


     The quality assurance program for  this  study  was  designed  to   provide
information  about the reliability of the data base collected during the study.
Ten percent of the total   samples  were  replicated  to  determine  variability
between samples.  Standard deviations were estimated by summing the differences
between duplicate samples , calculating  a  mean  and  dividing  by  1.128  (as
suggested  by  the  IJC).   Acceptable limits for the range of differences were
determined by multiplying the mean difference by the  predetermined  factor  of
3.27.   The  calculated  control  limits  for  dissolved  oxygen titrations was
+/-.3S.  None of the data collected exceeded the control limits.

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                                                                        PAGE 10
DATA ANALYSIS
     Data analysis procedures used  to  evaluate  open  lake  data  bases  were
similar  to  those  used  1n  past  studies (Fay et al, 1983).  These procedure
followed a sequence of steps.  First, data  for  each  of  the  parameters  was
entered  into  a  data  base file and reviewed for possible errors.  Biomedical
Computer Programs (BMDP)  statistical  software  programs  were  then  used  to
calculate  means,  medians,  standard  errors,  25 and 75 percent quartiles and
histograms of the data  set.   The  resulting  data  was  plotted  following  a
modified  notch  block  plot format  (Reckhow 1980).  In addition, all data were
tabulated and are presented in Appendixes A (1983) and B (1984).

     Volume weighted mean concentrations of dissolved  oxygen  were  determined
for  each  limnion  (epilimnion  and  hypolimnion)  using the Survey "8"  volume
weighting program (Hanson et al , 1978).   Oxygen  depletion  rate  calculations
were  made  using  the Mesolimnion Exchange Model  (Burns 1976).  This model has
been used for rate calculations since 1970 and'was applied to the data sets  to
produce comparable values.

     The dissolved oxygen depletion rates reported in this report for 1983  and
1984  were calculated for the open lake representivitve areas (Figure 1)  of the
central and eastern basins as defined by Rosa and  Burns (1985).  Thus  not  all
stations  surveyed  were included in the calculation procedure in order to make
the rates compatable with previously reported data.

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                                                                        PAGE 11
                              DATA INTERPRETATION
CENTRAL BASIN
Temperature Cycle:

     Epilimnion and hypolimnion  temperatures  recorded  during  the  July  and
August  cruises  in  1983  and  1984 were representative of the normal seasonal
cycle.  In addition, the differences between the  two  years  were  within  the
normal year to year variablity characteristic of the central basin (Figure 2).

     Surface temperatures recorded during late June/early July  indicated  that
lake temperatures were still increasing.  Solar energy continues to add heat to
the water column until   early  August  when  the  surface  waters  reach  their
maximum.   Consequently,  the  surface  temperatures  recorded during the early
August cruise (1983 and 1984) indicated that epilimnion temperatures were  near
the maximum seasonal values  (1983 - 23.5°C and 1984 - 24.5°C) (Table 2).

     The hypolimnion temperatures recorded during the first survey of both 1983
and  1984  were  indicative of the early seasonal temperature cycle (Figure 2).
By the first  cruise  (late  June/early  July),  hypolimnion  temperatures  had
already  increased  over the temperatures recorded during the initial  stages of
thermal stratification (late May /early June).  The mean  1983  late  June/early
July  hypolimnion temperature (9.5°C) was 1 C warmer than the 1984 early summer
bottom temperature however, this difference is typical  of  the  year  to  year
variability.   As  with the epilimnion, bottom or hypolimnion temperatures also
increase through  the  stratified  period.   Over  the  cruise  interval,  mean
hypolimnion  temperatures  increased  by 0.8°C in 1983 and 1.3°C in 1984.  This
means that by early August temperatures may  have  increased  2° to  3 °C  over
initial  hypolimnion  temperatures measured during early June and will continue
to increase until fall  mixing occurs.  Mean hypolimnion temperatures calculated
for the early August cruises of 1983 and 1984 were within 0.5°C (Table 2).


Thermal Structure:

     Thermal stratification in the central basin exists for  approximately  110
days,  generally  extending  from  late  May through mid September.  Due to the
configuration and shallowness of the basin,  the  hypolimnion  is  considerably
thinner  than normally encountered in the other Great Lakes or even the eastern
basin of Lake Erie.  The average hypolimnion is approximately  4  meters  thick
covering an area of over 10,000 km2.

     The hypolimnion thickness recorded for 1983 was typical  for  the  central
basin  (Figure 3).  Two interesting observations were evident from the 1983 EBT
information.  First, the hypolimnion thickness was found to range from  1.7  to
7.7 meters.  The central basin hypolimnion is characterized by a semi -permanent
tilt, resulting in a thicker hypolimnion along the northern half of  the  basin
and  a  thinner hypolimnion along the southern portion.  This tilt results from
southwesterly prevailing winds creating a depression in the southwestern corner

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                                                                        PAGE 12
of the basin and upwelling along the northern shore.  Thus a range of 5 or more
meters In hypolimnion thickness accross the basin is not considered unusual.

     Second, an Increase in the mean  hypolimnion  thickness  and  volume  were
noted  during  the 1983 stratified season.  Between the June and August cruises
the hypolimnion thickened by 1.3 meters and the volume increased from  61.7  to
73.9  km3  (Table  3).   The total area of the hypolimnion decreased due to the
erosion of hypolimnion waters in the shallower (< 15 meters) shoreline regions.
This most commonly occurs in the southwestern section of the basin known as the
Sandusky Sub-basin which has a mean depth of 13 meters.  Increasing hypolimnion
volumes  were first reported for the central basin by Burns and Ross (1972) and
recently studied by Ivey and Boyce (1982).  An increasing volume  results  from
the  incorporation of mesolimnion waters into the hypolimniBon generally due to
either internal waves or seiche activity.  Accompanying this volume increase is
an increase in the temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.  This is due
to the higher oxygen concentrations and warmer water found in the  incorporated
mesolimnion  waters.   Thus,  this  volume  increase  represents  an  important
physical process affecting the hypolimnion oxygen budget.

     During 1984 a typical hypolimnion configuration was  also  apparent.   The
hypolimnion  thickness again ranged from 6 to 9 meters in June and from 2 to 10
meters in August, indicative of the north - south  tilt  previously  discussed.
In  contrast  to  the 1983 season, the hypolimnion indicated a steady thickness
decrease over the period surveyed (Figure 3, Table 3).


Dissolved Oxygen:

     Epilimnion  dissolved  oxygen  concentrations   are   not   an   important
consideration  in  Lake  Erie  since  concentrations are not depleted to levels
considered  detrimental   to  oxygen  dependent  organisms.   In  fact,   oxygen
concentrations  in  the  epilimnion  are  rarely  found  to be less than 85% of
saturation and are frequently found to be in excess of  100%  (Table  2).   The
oxygen  rich  conditions  can be attributed to the free oxygen exchange between
the surface waters and the atmosphere and to the photosynthetic  production  of
oxygen by the phytoplankton community.

     On the other hand,  central  basin  hypolimnion  dissolved  oxygen  annually
decreases  to  levels  below  the  minimum  concentration  necessary to sustain
aerobic life.  Since the hypolimnion can not freely exchange  with  the  oxygen
rich  epilimnion and photosynthic oxygen production is not sufficient to offset
the demand for oxygen by heterotrophic organisms, a net depletion of oxygen  is
recorded  for the basin.  Since the hypolimnion can not replenish the oxygen as
rapidily as it is consumed and it contains an  insufficient  oxygen  reservoir,
the  central  basin  hypolimnion  is generally depleted of all  dissolved oxygen
reserves by early September.

     The initial  hypolimnion oxygen concentration and quantity varies  annually
depending  on  the  initial hypolimnion temperature.  The early 1983 (cruise 2)
hypolimnion oxygen concentrations were 2.5 mg/1  lower than  the  concentrations
recorded  for  the  same period during 1984 (Figure 4).  The percent saturation
calculated for 1983 was  also less than that calculated  for  1984  (Figure  5).
These  differences in the initial dissolved oxygen picture can be attributed to

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                                                                        PAGE 13
two factors.  First, the 1984 hypolimnion temperature was  nearly  1°C  colder
than  in  1983,  thus  the 1984 initial  oxygen content of the hypolimnion would
have been slightly greater due to temperature  dependent  saturation.   Second,
the  1984  hypolimnion  was  found  to  be  over 3 meters thicker than the 1983
hypolimnion, consequently the oxygen reservoir was 1.7 times  greater  In  1984
(Table  4).  Since there was a greater quantity of oxygen available during 1984
the concentration would remain greater assuming equal depletion  rates.   As  a
result of these two factors the 1984 hypolimnion was found to have an initially
(late June) higher oxygen concentration than was measured in 1983.

     By the August cruise  the  mean  1984  central   basin  hypolimnion  oxygen
concentration  was only 0.6 mg/1 greater than the 1983 concentration (Figure 4)
and the percent saturation was nearly the same (Figure 5).   In  addition,  the
mean  hypolimnion  temperature  for  1983 and 1984 was now only 0.5 C different
however the 1983 hypolimnion was thicker than the 1984 hypolimnion.  Since  the
1983  hypolimnion  thickness  increase  was  a  result  of  an incorporation of
mesolimnion water (richer in oxygen), the  initially  lower  concentration  and
quantity  of oxygen recorded during 1983 was offset resulting in similar oxygen
conditions  by  early  August.   The   entrainment   process   and   subsequent
reoxygenation  have  also  been  recorded during past central basin hypolimnion
studies (Burns 1976).


OXYGEN DEPLETION RATES:

     The calculation procedure used to determine the central basin  hypolimnion
oxygen  rates  for  1983  and 1984 followed a step-wise progression in order to
insure the resulting rates would be comparable with  the  existing  data  base.
First,   the   Survey   "8"   program   was  used  to  produce  volume-weighted
concentrations  of  dissolved  oxygen,  hypolimnion  temperatures  and  limnion
thicknesses  for  the complete central basin data set.  This output was used to
produce contour maps for the parameters  discussed (Appendix C).

     Second, the Survey "8" program was  rerun restricting the area used for  to
the  region  identified to be representitive of the open of the basin (Rosa and
Burns 1985).  This provided the necessary  information  ie.   dissolved  oxygen
concentrations, hypolimnion thickness and temperatures for the defined region.

     Lastly, the Mesolimnion Exchange Model (Burns 1976) was used to  calculate
the  quantity  of  oxygen added to the hypolimnion by physical  processes.  With
this information, depletion rates were than calculated for  the  central   basin
open  lake  region.    The  results were  than compared with rates determined for
previous years which also had been corrected  for  vertical  mixing  (Rosa  and
Burns 1985).

     The depletion rates calculated for  the mid-summer (July) of 1983 and  1984
were  2.92 and 3.16 mg/1/mo.  respectively (Figure 6).  The 1983 and 1984 rates
were plotted with rates calculated  for   the  representitive  area  during  the
mid-summer  (July)  period  from 1970 through 1982.  The early 1980's depletion
rates seem to represent a decrease compared to rates calculated for  the  early
1970's.   If  a downward trend in depletion rates is developing, the change can
be considered to be a response to remedial action programs designed  to  reduce
point source phosphorus loadings to the  lake.

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                                                                           PAGE 14
   EASTERN BASIN


   Temperature Cycle:

        As was reported for the central  basin, the eastern  basin  epilimnion  and
   hypolimnion  temperatures  recorded  during  the  1983  and  1984  cruises were
   representitive of the normal seasonal  cycle.  The year to  year  variation  was
   also within the normal range of annual  variability (Figure 7).  The 1983 - 1984
   early cruise epilimnion temperatures  showed the greatest  difference  (>  3°C)
   while  the  August  cruises  and the  hypolimnion temperatures for the early and
   late summer cruises varied by less than 1°C (Table 5).

        Surface temperatures measured in the eastern basin  during  late  June  of
   1983  were  cooler  than  those  recorded for the same period in 1984 ( 2.6°C).
^  This variation was due to cooler 1983 spring and early summer temperatures than
   recorded  during  1984.   In contrast,  the 1983 - 1984 central basin epilimnion
   temperatures did not vary as greatly  during' the  early  summer.   Due  to  the
   greater mean depth of the eastern basin compared to the central basin (27 vs 18
   meters) early spring temperatures have a less pronounced  effect  on  the  heat
   budget  during the early stratified period.  Eastern basin surface temperatures
0  reached near maximum levels by mid-August (23° -  24 °C).   Even  though  early
   summer  surface  temperatures  were cooler in 1983, the mean August temperature
   was nearly 1°C warmer than the 1984 surface temperatures.

        Stratification in the eastern basin initially begins to develop when water
   column  (surface)  temperatures  begin  to  increase above 4°- 5°C.  Due to the
•  thicker eastern  basin  hypolimnion,   the  bottom  water  temperatures  do  not
   significantly  increase through the stratified period.  By the August cruise in
   both 1983 and 1984 mean hypolimnion temperatures had not increased by more than
   1°C reaching nearly 6°C, while central  basin values had elevated to 10°C.  This
   colder hypolimnion temperature permits  the eastern  basin  to  maintain  higher
   oxygen  concentrations  due to the saturation effect and at the same time keeps
•  the biological metabolic activity at  a  slower rate.   Thus  the  year  to  year
   variability  in  eastern  basin  hypolimnion  temperatures  is  less  than that
   associated with the central  basin and  is more representitive of the other Great
   Lakes.


*  Thermal Structure:

        The stratified period in the  eastern  basin  begins  in  early  June  and
   terminates  by  late  October or early  November.  Thus, stratification persists
   for approximatly 135 - 145 days or over a month  longer  than  in  the  central
   basin.   The  deeper  conical configuration of the eastern basin allows for the
9  formation of a thermal structure similar to that encountered in the other Great
   Lakes.   If  the thermal structure of  a central basin station which has a depth
   of 20 meters is compared with an eastern basin station having  a  depth  of  60
   meters, differences in the mid-summer  vertical profile are apparent:

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                                                                        PAGE 15
                   CENTRAL BASIN

               THICKNESS (M)       %
                                  EASTERN  BASIN

                              THICKNESS  (M)      %
EPILIMNION

MESOLIMNION

HYPOLIMNION
14

 2

 4
70

10

20
36

 9

25
60

15

25
     The percent of water column distributed  between  the  three  limnions   is
similar  for  the  two  basins  however  the actual  thickness  of the individual
limnions is significantly greater in  the  eastern  basin.   The  substantially
thicker  eastern basin hypolimnion accounts for the  temperature and to  a lesser
degree oxygen stability of this water mass.

     The volume weighted limnion thickness results from Survey  "8"  (Table   6)
indicate  a  somewhat  different  thermal structure  for the 1983 and 1984 early
summer sampling period.  During the first cruise in  1984 a  narrow  mesolimnion
was encountered (3.8 meters) compared with a 10.6 meter thick  mesolimnion found
in 1983.  This resulted in a hypolimnion that was 3  meters thicker  during  the
first  cruise in 1984 (17.4 meters) than was encountered during the June cruise
of 1983 (Figure 8).  Generally, the  sharpness  of  the  thermal  structure   is
dependant  upon  the  mixing  of  the  water  column  (wind  and  wave  action),
consequently the more intense the mixing action  the  sharper   the  demarcation
between the limnions.  Due to the intensity of the 1984 early  summer winds,  the
demarcation between the limnions in 1984 was sharper than that observed  during
the first cruise of 1983.

     The August thermal  structure (1983 and 1984) was characterized by  a nearly
equal  thickness  of epilimnion, mesolimnion and hypolimnion.   The 1983 thermal
structure indicated a normal seasonal   increase  in   epilimnion  thickness  and
volume and a slight decrease of both the mesolimnion and hypolimnion (Table  6).
In 1984 a significant change in the thermal profile  occurred  between  cruises.
A  major  portion  of  the  hypolimnion  water  mass  was incorporated  into  the
mesolimnion resulting in an increase in the mesolimnion water  mass.  The mean
1984 mesolimnion volume (thickness) increased from 19.2 km3(3.8 meters) in June
to 60 km3(13.4 meters) in August or nearly a four fold increase.  While  during,
the  same  interval  the  hypolimnion volume (thickness) decreased from 78.8 km2
(17.4 meters) to 32.6 km (11.9  meters).   Over  this  period   the  mesolimnion
temperature  increased only 2.4°C while the epilimnion temperature increased by
4.6°C.  This indicates that the major contribution of water to the  mesolimnion
orginated from the colder hypolimnion layer.

     The year to year variation in thermal structure described for the  1983  and
1984  field  seasons  is  in the normal range of variablity consistent  with  the
variation in the annual  meterological  cycle.

-------
                                                                           PAGE  16


e

   DISSOLVED OXYGEN:

        Eastern basin epilimnetic dissolved  oxygen  values  recorded  during  1983 and
   1984  were  all   greater  than  80%  saturated  .with  numerous   values  recorded
£  exceeding 100% saturation.  As reported  for  the  central  basin,   the   epilimnion
   of  the  eastern basin also maintains dissolved  oxygen  concentrations in excess
   of 7 mg/1  (Table 5).

        Unlike  the  central   basin,  eastern   basin   hypolimnion  dissolved   oxygen
   concentrations  do  not  reach  critical   levels   during the  stratified  period.
•  Similar concentrations were recorded  for  both years  of  the  study.   Initial  mean
   hypolimnion   oxygen  concentrations  measured  for the early cruises  in  1983 and
   1984 were 10.4 and 10.8 mg/1   respectively  while the   1983  and   1984   August
   concentrations  were   8.5  and  8.8  mg/1  (Figure 9).  Mean concentrations  only
   decreased by 2 mg/1 over the month of July during both years.

•
   OXYGEN DEPLETION RATES:

        Since the eastern basin has not  presented an oxygen depletion problem,  at
   least in the deeper regions (Figure 10),  there has not  been an  intensive effort
   to monitor the oxygen regime in the  basin  equivalent   to  the  past programs
*  employed  in  the  central basin.  Consequently,  a historical record of  eastern
   basin oxygen depletion rates  similar  to that which is available  for  the  central
   basin has not been developed.

        Table 7 presents the volumetric  and  area! depletion rates  for the  1983 and
_  1984  eastern basin hypolimnion.  The volumetric  rates  calculated  for midsummer
*  (July) 1983  and  1984  were 1.40 and 1.86 mg/0  /month  respectively.   The  rate
   calculated  for  the  eastern basin midsummer period  (July)  during  the 1970  Lake
   Erie study (Burns  1976) was 1.47 mg/0 /month.  Based on  the  variation   in  the
   rates  observed   for   the  central  basin over  the  period  of record, it is not
   possible at  this time to comment definitively  on  the eastern  basin trend.

-------
                                                                        PAGE 17
                               References Cited
American Public Health Association (APHA)  1981,  Standard  Methods  for
     the Examination of Water and Wastewater.  Fifteenth Edition.

Burns, N.M., 1976. Nutrient Budgets  for Lake Erie ,1970.  J.  Fish. Res.  Bd.
     Can. 33: 520-536.

Burns, N.M., 1976.  Lake Erie in the Early Seventies.   J.  Fish. Res.
     Bd. Can. 33  (3) Special  Issue.  643 pg.

Burns, N.M. and Ross, C., 1972. Project Hypo, An Intensive Study of the  Lake
     Erie Central Basin Hypolimnion  and Related Surface Water Phenomena.
     Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Paper No. 6.  182 pg.

Fay, L.A., Arico, G.R., and Letterhos, J.A., 1983.   1982 Open Lake Water
     Quality Conditions for Lake Erie.  Center for  Lake Erie  Area  Research,
     Technical  Report  274, 114 pg.  The Ohio State  University.

Hanson,B., Rosa, F.,and Burns, N.M., 1978. Survey 8, a budget calculation
     program for Lake Erie. Canada Centre  for Inland Waters.  In-house
     document,  unpublished mimeo. 54 pg.

Ivey, G.N., and Boyce, F.M., 1982.  Entrainment by  Bottom Currents in
     Lake Erie.  Limnol. Oceanog. 27: 1029-1038.

Reckhow, K.H.,  1980. Techniques for  exploring and presenting  data  applied
     to lake phosphorus concentration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.  Sci. 37: 290-294

Rosa, F. and Burns, N.M. 1985.  Lake Erie  Central Basin Oxygen Depletion
      Changes from 1929 to 1980.  NWRI Contribution   85-102.

Wright, S. 1955.  Limnological Survey of Western Lake  Erie.
     U.S. Department of Interior.  Special Scientific  Report.
     Fisheries  No. 139.  341 pg.

-------
                                 TABLE  1
               Geographic  Coordinates  of  the  1983 -  1984
                   Lake Erie Oxygen  Depletion Stations
                                                                     PAGE  18
Station     Basin    Latitude(N)     Longitude(W)
              Water Depth
                  (m)
Year
   6
   9
  10
  15
  18
  24
  25
  26
  30
  32
  36
  37
  38
  42
  43
  47
  63
  73
  78
  79
E
E
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
E
C
C
C
423754
423218
424048
423100
422518
420554
421454
422400
422548
420454
415606
420636
421654
415754
414718
415018
422500
415840
420700
421500
792400
793700
794130
795336
800448
802900
803336
803812
801218
810042
812842
813430
814018
820230
815642
821248
794800
814525
811500
804800
27.5
46.6
31.8
60.2
39.8
22.0
21.5
19.8
20.5
21.5
22.9
23.9
21.6
22.2
22.6
18.9
45.3
24.1
22.5
20.5
84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83
83
83
83
83
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84

-------
                                                                        PAGE  19
                                    TABLE 2


                      CENTRAL  BASIN  WATER QUALITY  SUMMARY
YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS     TEMP.       D.O.       D.O.  SAT,
                                      (°C)       (MG/L)
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
19.0
0.7
18.5
22.2
16.5 '
13
8.2
0.1
8.3
8.7
7.6
14
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
9.5
0.3
9.5
11.1
8.0
10
6.7
0.2
6.8
8.1
4.7
14
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
23.5
0.3
23.5
25.0
21.0
13
7.9
0.1
7.9
8.2
7.7
13
1983   6/27    EPI        MEAN         19.0       8.2          86.3
                                                              0.3
                                                             86.1
                                                             87.9
                                                             84.2
                                                              14
       6/27    HYPO      MEAN          9.5       6.7          58.5
                                                              2.3
                                                             58.5
                                                             71.0
                                                             40.7
                                                              14
       8/5      EPI       MEAN         23.5       7.9          92.4
                                                              0.2
                                                             92.3
                                                             93.4
                                                             90.2
                                                              13
       8/5     HYPO      MEAN          10.3        3.9          34.2
                          SE            0.4        0.5          4.0
                        MEDIAN         10.8        3.3          29.4
                         MAX           13.0        8.0          69.0
                         MIN            7.0        2.1          18.8
                          N             13         13           13

-------
                               TABLE 2 CONTINUED
                      CENTRAL  BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
                                                                        PAGE 20
YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS
                       TEMP.
                         D.O.
                        (MG/L)
                     D.O. SAT.
1984   7/2
 EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
19.7
0.3
19.7
20.9
18.4 '
8
8.9
0.1
8.9
9.8
7.9
13
94.5
1.5
96.1
103.8
82.5
16
       7/2
HYPO
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
8.6
0.1
8.7
8.9
8.1
8
8.2
0.2
8.0
9.9
7.4
16
                       70.5
                        1.6
                                                             68
                                                             85
                                                             63
                                                              16
      8/8
EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
24.5
0.2
24.3
25.5
23.5
9
8.0
0.2
8.5
8.7
5.1
17
94.5
3.2
99.7
107.7
57.4
18
      8/8
HYPO
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
 9.9
 0.2
 9.8
10.6
 8.9
  9
4.5
0.4
4.8
7.2
1.9
16
39.3
 3.8
                                                              40.9
                                                              63.4
                                                              16.6
                                                               16

-------
                                                                            PAGE 21
                                      TABLE 3
            Lake Erie Central  Basin  Limnion,  Oxygen and  Temperature Data
                     From  Survey  8  Volume Weighting Procedure


  Date      Yr/Cruise  Limnion    Volume    Area   Thickness   Oxygen     Temp
                                (km3)     (km2)      (m)       (mg/1)      (C)
 6/25-      83/2          epi       182.9              11.2      8.2       19.2
 6/29                  meso        72.4               4.9      7.4       14.8
m                     hypo        61.7    13,413     4.6      6.6       10.3
                      total       317.0
 8/4-       83/6          epi       213.9              13.1      7.7       23.6
 8/7                    meso        29.1               2.2      5.7       16.4
»                      hypo        73.9   12,525      5.9      4.0       10.4
                      total       316.9
 7/2-       84/1         epi       206.5               12.6     8.9       19.4
 7/3                   meso        27.8                1.9     8.5       13.4
»                     hypo        82.6    13,322      6.2     8.5        9.1
                      total       316.9
 8/7-       84/2          epi       196.7                12.0    8.2       23.5
 8/9                   meso        71.7                 4.8    6.3       16.2
»                     hypo        47.0    11,190       4.2    4.9        9.9
                      total       315.4

-------
                                                                           mot. C.L.
                                     TABLE 4
                  Summary of Central Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys
                        Thick-   Heat   Heat   02      02   AVG T   AVG 02
Yr/Date   Area  Volume   ness   Total   Cone  Total   Cone  Grad     Grad
         (km2)   (km3)   (m)    kcal    (C)   kg 02   mg/1  C/m      g 02/m
                                 (*)          (**)
1983
6/25     13,413   61.7   4.6    635.5   10.3  407.2   6.6   1.82     0.32
6/29
8/4-     12,525   73.9   5.9    768.6   10.4  295.6   4.0   6.0      1.68
8/7
1984
7/2-     13,322   82.6   6.2    751.7    9.1  702.1   8.5   5.42     0.21
7/4


8/7-     11,190   47.0   4.2    465.3    9.9  230.3   4.9   2.83     0.69
8/9
                                              12
                                   *=kcal x 10 6
                                  **=kg 02 x 10

-------
                                                                           PAGE 23
                                     TABLE 5


                       EASTERN BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
16.4
0.2
16.3
17.3
16.0 -
5
8.6
0.1
8.6
8.7
8.5
5
 YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS     TEMP.      D.O.      D.O. SAT.
1                                     (°C)      (MG/L)       (%)
 1983  6/27     EPI       MEAN         16.4       8.6          85.5
                                                               0.2
                                                              85.3
                                                              86.2
                                                              84.8
                                                                5
       6/27     HYPO      MEAN          5.5      10.4          84.5
                          SE           0.3       0.3           2.6
                        MEDIAN         5.5      10.8          87.5
                          MAX          6.3      11.0          88.2
                          MIN          4.7       9.1          74.7
                           N            5         5             5
      8/5      EPI       MEAN         24.2       7.9          93.5
                                                               0.4
                                                              93.4
                                                              94.8
                                                              92.4
                                                                5
      8/5      HYPO      MEAN          5.8       8.5          69.4
                          SE           0.3       0.2           1.8
                        MEDIAN         5.6       8.6          69.8
                          MAX          6.8       9.3          75.4
                          MIN          5.1       7.9          65.4
                           N            5         5             5
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
24.2
0.1
24.1
24.6
23.8
5
7.9
0.1
7.9
8.0
7.8
5

-------
                                                                           PAGE 24
                                TABLE 5 CONTINUED


                       EASTERN BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
19.0
0.2
19.0
19.7
18.6
6
9.8
0.2
9.6
11.1
• 8.9
12
 YEAR    DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS     TEMP.      D.O.      D.O. SAT.
I                                     (°C)       (MG/L)        (%)
 1984   7/2      EPI       MEAN          19.0       9.8         101.3
                                                               1.8
                                                              98.4
                                                             114.4
                                                              95.1
                                                               12
        7/2     HYPO      MEAN          5.0       10.8          88.3
                          SE           0.1       0.2           1.5
                        MEDIAN         5.5       10.9          88.2
                          MAX          5.3       11.6          96.8
                          MIN          4.6       9.4          79.9
                           N            6        12            12
       8/8       EPI       MEAN          23.4       8.6          99.7
                                                               1.7
                                                             100.3
                                                             105.5
                                                              82.1
                                                               12
       8/8      HYPO      MEAN           5.9       8.8          71.5
                          SE            0.5       0.4           3.0
                        MEDIAN          5.4       9.2          73.3
                          MAX           8.3       10.0          81.0
                          MIN           4.8       5.6          47.5
                            N             6        10            11
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
23.4
0.1
23.5
23.8
22.8
6
8.6
0.1
8.5
9.1
7.5
11

-------
                                                                            PAGE 25
                                      TABLE 6
            Lake  Erie Eastern Basin Limnion, Oxygen and Temperature Data
                      From Survey 8 Volume Weighting Procedure


           Yr/Cruise  Limnion   Volume   Area   Thickness  Oxygen     Temp
                                (km3)    (km2)     (m)      (mg/1)     (C)


 6/25-      83/2          epi        66.0               11.2    8.6       16.5
 6/27                   meso        52.4               10.6   10.2        8.7
                       hypo        42.6    2,938      14.5   10.4        5.8
                      total       161.0
 8/4-       83/6          epi        80.3               13.6    7.9       24.1
 8/7                    meso        49.2               10.6    9.2       13.0
•                      hypo        31.5    2,972      10.6    8.5        5.9
                      total       161.0
 7/2-       84/1          epi        63.0               10.7    9.8       18.3
  /3                    meso        19.2                3.8   10.5       12.5
                       hypo        78.8    4,529      17.4   10.7        6.2
                      total       161.0
 8/7-       84/2          epi        65.4               11.4    8.6       22.9
 B/9                    meso        60.0               13.4    8.3       14.9
                       hypo        32.6    2,739      11.9    8.8        5.9
                      total       158.0

-------
                                                                           rnuc. tu
                                     TABLE 7
                  Summary of Eastern Basin Hypollmnetic Surveys
                        Thick-   Heat   Heat   02      02   AVG T   AVG 02
Yr/Date   Area  Volume   ness   Total   Cone  Total   Cone  Grad     Grad
         (km2)   (km3)   (m)    kcal    (C)   kg 02   mg/1  C/m      g 02/m
                                 (*)          (**)


1983
6/25-     2,938   42.6  14.5    247.1    5.8  443.0  10.4   1.01     -.17
6/29
8/4-      2,972   31.5  10.6    185.9    5.9  267.8   8.5   1.72     -.06
8/7
1984
7/2-      4,529   78.8  17.4    488.6    6.2  843.2  10.7   3.18     -.24
7/3
8/7-      2,739   32.6  11.9    192.3    5.9  286.9  8.8    1.27     -.02
8/9
                                   *=kcal  x 1012
                                  **=kg 02 x 106

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APPENDIX A
   38

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