PB86-143  062 c.l
                                                  C1EAR Technical Report # 291
                                                        905R84107
                                             1983 - 1984  Oxygen Depletion Study
                                Prepared By

                              David E. Rathke
                                Laura A. Fay
                               Prepared For
                 United States Environmental Protection Ageny
                     Great Lakes National Program Office
                                  Region V
                              Chicago,  111inois
                             Grant # R005516-03
                      Project Officer-David C. Rocksvell
                                November 1984

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                                    CLEAR Technical Report # 291
                               1983 - 1984  Oxygen Depletion Study
                Prepared By

              David E. Rathke
                Laura A. Fay
               Prepared For
United States Environmental Protection Ageny
     Great Lakes National Program Office
                  Region V
              Chicago, Illinois
             Grant # R005516-03
      Project Officer-David C.  Rockwell
                         y r-  £>-.>,-Appier.*"! F.Ttsction  Agency
                         RHfrm V, >'-'*  .iV
                         231' £/.>-i;i L'.-^  -^;_
                         Chicago, iiilnois  6C-w04
                November 1984

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U;S. Environment^;  L ^.^.on Agency

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                             Page  No,

List of Tables                                   2

List of Figures                                  3

Acknowledgments                                  4

Summary and Conclusions                          5

Introduction                                     7

Methods                                          8
     Sampling Schedule                           8
     Sampling Location                           8
     Field Procedures                            9
     Quality Assurance                           9
     Data Analysis                               10

Data Interpretation                              11
     Central Basin                               11
             Temperature Cycle                   11
             Thermal Structure                   11
             Dissolved Oxygen                    12
             Oxygen Depletion Rates              13

     Eastern Basin                               14
             Temperature Cycle                   14
             Thermal Structure                   14
             Dissolved Oxygen                    16
             Oxygen Depletion Rates              16


References Cited                                 17


Tables                                            18


Figures                                          27


Appendix A - 1983 Cruise Summaries               38


         B - 1984 Cruise Summaries               67


         C - Cruise Contours                     96

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                                                                         PAGE  2
                                List of Tables
                                                            Page No.
1. Geographic Coordinates of the 1983 - 1984 Lake
   Erie Oxygen Depletion Stations                              18
2. Central Basin Water Quality Summary
3. Lake Erie Central  Basin Limnion , Oxygen and
   Temperature Data from Survey 8 Volume Weighting
   Procedure                                                   21
4. Summary of Central Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys               22


5. Eastern Basin Water Quality Summary                         23
6. Lake Erie Eastern Basin Limnion, Oxygen and
   Temperature Data from Survey 8 Volume Weighting
   Procedure                                                   25
7. Summary of Eastern Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys               26

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                                                                            PAGE 3
                                   List  of  Figures
                                                               Page No,
   la.  1983 Sampling  Stations                                      27
    b.  1984 Sampling  Stations                                      28
   2.   Mean  Central  Basin  Hypolimnion  Temperature  for              29
       1983  and  1984.
   3.   Mean  Central  Basin Hypolimnion  Thickness  for  1983           30
       and  1984.
   4.   Mean  Central  Baisn  Hypolimnion  Dissolved  Oxygen             31
       Concentrations  for  1983 and  1984.
ft  5.   Mean  Central  Basin  Hypolimnion  Dissolved  Oxygen             32
       Percent  Saturation  for  1983 and 1984.
   6.   Central  Basin  Hypolimnion  Oxygen  Depletion  Rates            33
       for  July from  1929  to  1984.
   7.   Mean  Eastern  Basin Hypolimnion  Temperature                 34
       for  1983  and  1984.
   8.   Mean  Eastern  Basin Hypolimnion  Thickness  for               35
       1983  and  1984.
   9.   Mean  Eastern  Basin Hypolimnion  Dissolved  Oxygen            36
       Concentrations  for  1983  and  1984.


   10.  Mean  Eastern  Basin Hypolimnion  Dissolved  Oxygen            37
       Percent  Saturation for 1983  and 1984.

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                                                                         PAGE 4
                                Acknowledgments
     The authors of this  report would  like to express  their appreciation to the
CLEAR  staff  who helped  in completing this project.  In addition we would like
to thank Mr.  F.  Rosa of Canada  Centre  for  Inland   Waters   (CCIW-NWRI)  for
providing the 1929 - 1982 oxygen depletion rates.  The contribution of computer
expertise by Yu-Chang Wu  and Shaio Cheng-Mu was appreciated.

     We would also like to acknowledge the  financial   support  and  ship  time
provided  by  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency - Great Lakes National
Program Office.  Also we  wish to express our appreciation to  Captian Ingram and
crew of the R/V Roger Simons for their help during the project.

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                                                                         PAGE 5
                            Summary and Conclusions
General

     This study was implemented in order to  provide  minimum  information  on  the
oxygen  status in the open waters of Lake Erie.   Two important concepts  need to
be recognized:

1.  The yearly stratification cycle for the   central   and  eastern  basins  are
quite different from each other.

2.  The annual  variation  between  and  within   a   stratified  season   can   be
substantial.    This  means  oxygen  concentrations,  oxygen  depletion   rates,
individual  limnion thickness/temperature and nutrient related  processes  all  can
show considerable variation.

Thus, this  study was very limited in scope.    Only   a  one   month   segment  was
examined  in  1983 and 1984 which provided a single  oxygen depletion data point
each year.   Based upon this restraint it is  not  possible to  make  any detailed
interpretation of the 1983 and 1984 stratified season.
Central Basin

     The 1983 and 1984 July  period  were found  to  be  representitive  of  the  year
to  year  variation  reported  for  the basin since  the  1970 study  (Burns  1976).
The initial  thickness, temperature  and dissolved  oxygen  concentrations  of   the
stratified  layers  are  variables   which  can show considerable   fluctuation
annually and within  the  stratified  season.   These  physical  considerations
together with the biological  processes which are  responsible for the production
and/or consumption of oxygen  in the three limnions  all interact  in   determining
the rate at which the hypolimnion waters are depleted of oxygen.

     The July period was considered stable enough to provide  information   that
could  be  used  for  long  term  trend  analysis  but   it   does  have  limited
application.  When the 1983  and 1984 rates were compared with rates calculated
for  an  equivalent  time frame (July) since 1970,  it is evident that  the  rates
recorded for the first half of 1980 have  become  somewhat   more stable   at  a
decreased  level  over  ten years ago.  It is  expected that the  depletion  rates
will  further  respond  to the  decrease  in  phosphorus loading   and   in-lake
concentrations.

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                                                                         PAGE 6
Eastern Basin

     The eastern basin is somewhat more  stable  physically  than  the  central
basin.   Due  to  the thicker and colder hypolimnion, oxygen concentrations are
not as variable as those encountered in the central   basin.   Even  though  the
basin  is  more  stable,  depletion  rates do vary from year to year.  The rate
calculated for 1983 was less than  the  1970  rate  while  the  1984  rate  was
considerably greater.  The eastern basin data base is not nearly as complete as
for the c entral  basin thus a trend analysis is not  possible at this time.
     The 1983-1984 study provide information on the  depletion  rates   for  the
eastern  and  central  basins but were not temporally complete enough to provide
detailed information on the status of these basins.  Until   the  concentrations
of  major  nutrients  (ie.    phosphorus)   and  chlorophyll   have  stablized the
programs designed to examine current basin conditions and establish  long  term
trends need to be more inclusive.

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                                                                         PAGE 7
                                 INTRODUCTION
     Prior to the early 1950's the Increase in the eutrophication of Lake  Erie
was  not  well  documented.   Since the early 1930's (Wright 1955), the western
basin had shown  signs  of  increased  enrichment  primarily  through  periodic
blue-green  algae blooms.  However, the first clear evidence that Lake Erie was
being seriously impacted by eutrophication came in the mid 1950's.  During  the
summer  of  1954,  a  very  warm  and  storm free period provided the necessary
conditions for the western basin to thermally stratify and subsequently  become
oxygen  depleted  at  the  sediment  water  interface.   Up until this time the
concentration of the benthic mayfly larvae (Hexagenia) had been reported to  be
between  100  to  400  organisms per square meter throughout much of the basin.
This anoxic period (July through August) killed nearly all the mayfly larva  in
the  basin and by the 1960's no mayflies were evident in the open water regions
of the basin.

     By  the  1960's  it  became  clear  that  the   detrimental    effects   of
eutrophication  had  begun  to seriously impact the central basin as well.  The
hypolimnion waters were found to be void of oxygen during the later portion  of
summer  stratification  (late  August through mid September).  Not only did the
anoxic period eliminate the cooler water habitat for fish and benthic organisms
but also resulted in the regeneration of soluble nutrients ie.  phosphorus from
the sediment bound interstitial water.

     Lake Erie's central basin  has  been  monitored  annually  since  1973  as
required  by  the Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada.
As a result of the reoccurring problems of  oxygen  depletion  in  the  central
basin  associated  with  culturally  accelerated eutrophication ie.  phosphorus
enrichment, the  major  concern  and  focus  has  been  on  the  central  basin
hypolimnion.   Since  the early 1970's, remedial programs have been designed to
decrease these reoccurring episodes of anoxia.  Phosphorus  reduction  programs
were  implemented  at all  major (> 1 MGD) municipal sewage treatment facilities
discharging into the drainage basin.  These programs have resulted in nearly  a
100% reduction in the phosphorus loadings to the lake since 1970.  This loading
decrease has also resulted in a decrease of open lake central basin  phosphorus
concentrations from 20 ug/1 in 1970 to 10 ug/1 in 1982 (Rosa 1985).

     The Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR)  under  contract  to  USEPA
Great  Lakes  Program  Office,  Region  V  -  Chicago, examined the central and
eastern basin hypolimnion oxygen concentrations  during  1983  and  1984.   The
study  format and calculation procedure utilized for this two year program were
designed to be as compatible as possible with the programs employed in previous
years.

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                                                                         PAGE 8
                                    METHODS
     The 1983 - 1984 oxygen study examined hypolimnion temperature,  thickness,
and  oxygen  concentrations in the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie.  In
addition, central  and eastern hypolimnion  dissolved  oxygen  depletions  rates
were determined for the midsummer period  (July) in 1983 and 1984.
SAMPLING SCHEDULE:

     Central and eastern basin open waters were sampled during  the  same  time
span  in  1983  and  1984.  This design provided data for oxygen depletion rate
calculations over a mid-summer period when conditions in  the  hypolimnion  are
most stable.  Thus, this study design provided comparable data sets for the two
year period.


                             1983                       1984
    CRUISE 1             OUNE 25 - 29               OULY 2-3

    CRUISE 2             AUGUST 4-7               AUGUST 7-9
SAMPLING LOCATIONS:

     During the 1983 field season 14 stations were sampled in the central  basin
and 5 stations were sampled in the eastern basin.  A somewhat different station
pattern was used in the 1984 field  season  with  9  stations  sampled  in  the
central  basin  and 6 stations sampled in the eastern basin.  Table 1 lists the
station numbers and locations for both field seasons while Figures  la  and  Ib
present  the  relative  station positions.  The station pattern was modified to
accommodate differences in ongoing tandem  research  programs  during  the  two
field  seasons.   Considering  the  similarity in the two sampling patterns ie.
both patterns provided adequate coverage  of  the  stratified  region  in   both
basins,  no  significant  difference between the 1983 and 1984 results could be
attributed to differences in the sampling patterns.

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                                                                         PAGE 9
FIELD PROCEDURES:
     Sample depths were determined from an  Electronic  Bathythermograph  Trace
(EBT) and water samples were obtained using Niskin bottles coupled with the EBT
unit (Rosette Sampler).  Water  samples  were  taken  in  the  following  depth
configuration:
                            1 Meter
                        Lower Epilimnion
                        Upper Hypolimnion
                       Bottom Minus 1 Meter


     Dissolved oxygen concentrations   were  determined  according  to  Standard
Methods procedures (APHA 1981).
QUALITY ASSURANCE


     The quality assurance program for  this  study   was  designed  to  provide
information  about the reliability of the data base  collected during the study.
Ten percent of the total   samples  were  replicated   to  determine  variability
between samples.  Standard deviations were estimated by summing the differences
between duplicate samples , calculating  a  mean  and  dividing  by  1.128  (as
suggested  by  the  IJC).   Acceptable limits for the range of differences were
determined by multiplying the mean difference by the  predetermined  factor  of
3.27.   The  calculated  control   limits  for  dissolved  oxygen titrations was
+/-.S5.  None of the data collected exceeded the control limits.

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                                                                        PAGE 10
DATA ANALYSIS
     Data analysis procedures used  to  evaluate  open  lake  data  bases  were
similar  to  those  used  in  past  studies (Fay et al, 1983).  These procedure
followed a sequence of steps.  First, data  for  each  of  the  parameters  was
entered  into  a  data  base file and reviewed for possible errors.  Biomedical
Computer Programs (BMDP)  statistical  software  programs  were  then  used  to
calculate  means,  medians,  standard  errors,  25 and 75 percent quartiles and
histograms of the data  set.   The  resulting   data  was  plotted  following  a
modified  notch  block  plot format (Reckhow 1980).  In addition, all data were
tabulated and are presented in Appendixes A (1983) and B (1984).

     Volume weighted mean concentrations of dissolved  oxygen  were  determined
for  each  limnion  (epilimnion  and  hypolimnion)  using the Survey "8"  volume
weighting program (Hanson et al, 1978).   Oxygen  depletion  rate  calculations
were  made  using  the Mesolimnion Exchange Model  (Burns 1976).  This model has
been used for rate calculations since 1970 and'was applied to the data sets  to
produce comparable values.

     The dissolved oxygen depletion rates reported in this report for 1983  and
1984  were calculated for the open lake representivitve areas (Figure 1)  of the
central and eastern basins as defined by Rosa  and Burns (1985).  Thus  not  all
stations  surveyed  were included in the calculation procedure in order to make
the rates compatable with previously reported  data.

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                                                                        PAGE 11
                              DATA INTERPRETATION
CENTRAL BASIN
Temperature Cycle:

     Epilimnion and hypolimnion  temperatures  recorded  during  the  July  and
August  cruises  in  1983  and  1984 were representative of the normal seasonal
cycle.  In addition, the differences between the  two  years  were  within  the
normal year to year variablity characteristic of the central basin (Figure 2).

     Surface temperatures recorded during late June/early July  indicated  that
lake temperatures were still increasing.  Solar energy continues to add heat to
the water column until   early  August  when  the  surface  waters  reach  their
maximum.   Consequently,  the  surface  temperatures  recorded during the early
August cruise (1983 and 1984) indicated that epilimnion temperatures were  near
the maximum seasonal values  (1983 - 23.5°C and 1984 - 24.5°C) (Table 2).

     The hypolimnion temperatures recorded during the first survey of both 1983
and  1984  were  indicative of the early seasonal temperature cycle (Figure 2).
By the first  cruise  (late  June/early  July),  hypolimnion  temperatures  had
already  increased  over the temperatures recorded during the initial  stages of
thermal stratification (late May/early June).  The mean  1983  late  June/early
July  hypolimnion temperature (9.5°C) was 1 C warmer than the 1984 early summer
bottom temperature however, this difference is typical  of  the  year  to  year
variability.   As  with the epilimnion, bottom or hypolimnion temperatures also
increase through  the  stratified  period.   Over  the  cruise  interval,  mean
hypolimnion  temperatures  increased  by 0.8°C in 1983 and 1.3°C in 1984.  This
means that by early August temperatures may  have  increased  2° to  3 °C  over
initial  hypolimnion  temperatures measured during early June and will continue
to increase until fall  mixing occurs.  Mean hypolimnion temperatures calculated
for the early August cruises of 1983 and 1984 were within 0.5°C (Table 2).


Thermal Structure:

     Thermal stratification in the central  basin exists for  approximately  110
days,  generally  extending  from  late  May through mid September.  Due to the
configuration and shallowness of the basin,  the  hypolimnion  is  considerably
thinner  than normally encountered in the other Great Lakes or even the eastern
basin of Lake Erie.  The average hypolimnion is approximately  4  meters  thick
covering an area of over 10,000 km2.

     The hypolimnion thickness recorded for 1983 was typical  for  the  central
basin  (Figure 3).  Two interesting observations were evident from the 1983 EBT
information.  First, the hypolimnion thickness was found to range from  1.7  to
7.7 meters.  The central  basin hypolimnion is characterized by a semi -permanent
tilt, resulting in a thicker hypolimnion along the northern half of  the  basin
and  a  thinner hypolimnion along the southern portion.  This tilt results from
southwesterly prevailing  winds creating a depression in the southwestern corner

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                                                                        PAGE 12
of the basin and upwelllng along the northern shore.  Thus a range of 5 or more
meters in hypolimnion thickness accross the basin is not considered unusual.

     Second, an increase in the mean  hypolimnion  thickness  and  volume  were
noted  during  the 1983 stratified season.   Between the June and August cruises
the hypolimnion thickened by 1.3 meters and the volume increased from  61.7  to
73.9  km3  (Table  3).   The total area of  the hypolimnion decreased due to the
erosion of hypolimnion waters in the shallower (< 15 meters) shoreline regions.
This most commonly occurs in the southwestern section of the basin known as the
Sandusky Sub-basin which has a mean depth of 13 meters.  Increasing hypolimnion
volumes  were first reported for the central  basin by Burns and Ross (1972) and
recently studied by Ivey and Boyce (1982).   An increasing volume  results  from
the  incorporation of mesolimnion waters into the hypolimniBon generally due  to
either internal waves or seiche activity.  Accompanying this volume increase  is
an increase in the temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.  This is due
to the higher oxygen concentrations and warmer water found in the  incorporated
mesolimnion  waters.   Thus,  this  volume   increase  represents  an  important
physical process affecting the hypolimnion  oxygen budget.

     During 1984 a typical  hypolimnion configuration was  also  apparent.   The
hypolimnion  thickness again ranged from 6  to 9 meters in June and from 2 to  10
meters in August, indicative of the north - south  tilt  previously  discussed.
In  contrast  to  the 1983 season, the hypolimnion indicated a steady thickness
decrease over the period surveyed (Figure 3, Table 3).


Dissolved Oxygen:

     Epilimnion  dissolved  oxygen  concentrations   are   not   an   important
consideration  in  Lake  Erie  since  concentrations are not depleted to levels
considered  detrimental   to  oxygen  dependent  organisms.   In  fact,   oxygen
concentrations  in  the  epilimnion  are  rarely  found  to be less than 85%  of
saturation and are frequently found to be in excess of  100%  (Table  2).   The
oxygen  rich  conditions  can be attributed to the free oxygen exchange between
the surface waters and the atmosphere and to the photosynthetic  production  of
oxygen by the phytoplankton community.

     On the other hand,  central basin  hypolimnion  dissolved  oxygen  annually
decreases  to  levels  below  the  minimum   concentration  necessary to sustain
aerobic life.  Since the hypolimnion can not freely exchange  with  the  oxygen
rich  epilimnion and photosynthic oxygen production is not sufficient to offset
the demand for oxygen by heterotrophic organisms, a net depletion of oxygen  is
recorded  for the basin.  Since the hypolimnion can not replenish the oxygen  as
rapidily as it is consumed and it contains  an  insufficient  oxygen  reservoir,
the  central   basin  hypolimnion  is generally depleted of all dissolved oxygen
reserves by early September.

     The initial  hypolimnion oxygen concentration and quantity varies  annually
depending  on  the  initial hypolimnion temperature.  The early 1983 (cruise  2)
hypolimnion oxygen concentrations were 2.5  mg/1  lower than  the  concentrations
recorded  for  the  same period during 1984 (Figure 4).  The percent saturation
calculated for 1983 was  also less than that calculated  for  1984  (Figure 5).
These  differences in the initial dissolved oxygen picture can be attributed  to

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                                                                        PAGE 13
two factors.  First, the 1984 hypolimm'on temperature was  nearly  1°C  colder
than  In  1983,  thus  the 1984 initial  oxygen content of the hypolimm'on would
have been slightly greater due to temperature  dependent  saturation.   Second,
the  1984  hypolimm'on  was  found  to  be  over 3 meters thicker than the 1983
hypolimnion, consequently the oxygen reservoir was 1.7 times  greater  In  1984
(Table  4).  Since there was a greater quantity of oxygen available during 1984
the concentration would remain greater assuming equal depletion  rates.   As  a
result of these two factors the 1984 hypolimnion was  found to have an initially
(late June) higher oxygen concentration than was measured in 1983.

     By the August cruise  the  mean  1984  central   basin  hypolimnion  oxygen
concentration  was only 0.6 mg/1 greater than the 1983 concentration (Figure 4)
and the percent saturation was nearly the same (Figure 5).   In  addition,  the
mean  hypolimnion  temperature  for  1983 and 1984 was now only 0.5 C different
however the 1983 hypolimnion was thicker than the 1984 hypolimnion.  Since  the
1983  hypolimnion  thickness  increase  was  a  result  of  an incorporation of
mesolimnion water (richer in oxygen), the  initially   lower  concentration  and
quantity  of oxygen recorded during 1983 was offset resulting in similar oxygen
conditions  by  early  August.   The   entrainment   process   and   subsequent
reoxygenation  have  also  been  recorded during past central basin hypolimnion
studies (Burns 1976).


OXYGEN DEPLETION RATES:

     The calculation procedure used to determine the  central basin  hypolimnion
oxygen  rates  for  1983  and 1984 followed a step-wise progression in order to
insure the resulting rates would be comparable with  the  existing  data  base.
First,   the   Survey   "8"   program   was  used  to  produce  volume-weighted
concentrations  of  dissolved  oxygen,  hypolimnion  temperatures  and  limnion
thicknesses  for  the complete central basin data set.  This output was used to
produce contour maps for the parameters  discussed (Appendix C).

     Second, the Survey "8" program was  rerun restricting the area used for  to
the  region  identified to be representitive of the open of the basin (Rosa and
Burns 1985).  This provided the necessary  information  ie.   dissolved  oxygen
concentrations, hypolimnion thickness and temperatures for the defined region.

     Lastly, the Mesolimnion Exchange Model (Burns 1976) was used to  calculate
the  quantity  of  oxygen added to the hypolimnion by physical  processes.  With
this information, depletion rates were than calculated for  the  central   basin
open  lake  region.    The  results were  than compared with rates determined for
previous years which also had been corrected  for  vertical  mixing  (Rosa  and
Burns 1985).

     The depletion rates calculated for  the mid-summer (July) of 1983 and  1984
were  2.92 and 3.16 mg/1/mo.  respectively (Figure 6).  The 1983 and 1984 rates
were plotted with rates calculated  for   the  representitive  area  during  the
mid-summer  (July)  period  from 1970 through 1982.  The early 1980's depletion
rates seem to represent a decrease compared to rates  calculated for  the  early
1970's.   If  a downward trend in depletion rates is  developing, the change can
be considered to be a response to remedial action programs designed  to  reduce
point source phosphorus loadings to the  lake.

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                                                                        PAGE 14
EASTERN BASIN
Temperature Cycle:

     As was reported for the central  basin, the eastern  basin  epilimnion  and
hypolimnion  temperatures  recorded  during  the  1983  and  1984  cruises were
representitive of the normal seasonal  cycle.  The year to  year  variation  was
also within the normal range of annual variability (Figure 7).  The 1983 - 1984
early cruise epilimnion temperatures  showed the greatest  difference  (>  3°C)
while  the  August  cruises  and the hypolimnion temperatures for the early and
late summer cruises varied by less than 1°C (Table 5).

     Surface temperatures measured in the eastern basin  during  late  June  of
1983  were  cooler  than  those  recorded for the same period in 1984 ( 2.6°C).
This variation was due to cooler 1983 spring and early summer temperatures than
recorded  during  1984.   In contrast, the 1983 - 1984 central basin epilimnion
temperatures did not vary as greatly  during' the  early  summer.   Due  to  the
greater mean depth of the eastern basin compared to the central basin (27 vs 18
meters) early spring temperatures have a less pronounced  effect  on  the  heat
budget  during the early stratified period.  Eastern basin surface temperatures
reached near maximum levels by mid-August (23° -  24 °C).   Even  though  early
summer  surface  temperatures  were cooler in 1983, the mean August temperature
was nearly 1°C warmer than the 1984 surface temperatures.

     Stratification in the eastern basin initially begins to develop when water
column  (surface)  temperatures  begin  to  increase above 4°- 5°C.  Due to the
thicker eastern  basin  hypolimnion,   the  bottom  water  temperatures  do  not
significantly  increase through the stratified period.  By the August cruise in
both 1983 and 1984 mean hypolimnion temperatures had not increased by more than
1°C reaching nearly 6°C, while central basin values had elevated to 10°C.  This
colder hypolimnion temperature permits the eastern  basin  to  maintain  higher
oxygen  concentrations  due to the saturation effect and at the same time keeps
the biological metabolic activity at  a slower rate.   Thus  the  year  to  year
variability  in  eastern  basin  hypolimnion  temperatures  is  less  than that
associated with the central  basin and  is more representitive of the other Great
Lakes.
Thermal Structure:

     The stratified period in the  eastern  basin  begins  in  early  June  and
terminates  by  late  October or early November.  Thus, stratification persists
for approximatly 135 - 145 days or over a month  longer  than  in  the  central
basin.   The  deeper  conical configuration of the eastern basin allows for the
formation of a thermal structure similar to that encountered in the other Great
Lakes.   If  the thermal  structure of a central basin station which has a depth
of 20 meters is compared  with an eastern basin station having  a  depth  of  60
meters, differences in the mid-summer vertical profile are apparent:

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                                                                        PAGE 15
                   CENTRAL BASIN

               THICKNESS (M)
                                  EASTERN BASIN

                              THICKNESS  (M)       %
EPILIMNION

MESOUMNION

HYPOLIMNION
14

 2

 4
70

10

20
36

 9

25
60

15

25
     The percent of water column distributed  between  the  three  limnions   is
similar  for  the  two  basins  however  the actual  thickness  of the  individual
limnions is significantly greater in  the  eastern  basin.   The  substantially
thicker  eastern basin hypolimnion accounts for the  temperature and to  a  lesser
degree oxygen stability of this water mass.-

     The volume weighted limnion thickness results from Survey  "8"  (Table   6)
indicate  a  somewhat  different  thermal structure  for the  1983 and  1984 early
summer sampling period.  During the first cruise in  1984 a  narrow mesolimnion
was encountered (3.8 meters)  compared with a 10.6 meter thick  mesolimnion found
in 1983.  This resulted in a  hypolimnion that was 3  meters thicker during  the
first  cruise in 1984 (17.4 meters) than was encountered during the June  cruise
of 1983 (Figure 8),  Generally, the  sharpness  of  the  thermal  structure   is
dependant  upon  the  mixing   of  the  water  column  (wind   and  wave  action),
consequently the more intense the mixing action  the  sharper   the demarcation
between the limnions.  Due to the intensity of the 1984 early  summer  winds,  the
demarcation between the limnions in 1984 was sharper than that observed  during
the first cruise of 1983.

     The August thermal  structure (1983 and 1984) was characterized by  a  nearly
equal  thickness  of epilimnion, mesolimnion and hypolimnion.   The 1983 thermal
structure indicated a normal  seasonal   increase  in   epilimnion  thickness  and
volume and a slight decrease  of both the mesolimnion and hypolimnion  (Table  6).
In 1984 a significant change  in the thermal profile  occurred  between  cruises.
A  major  portion  of  the  hypolimnion  water  mass  was incorporated  into  the
mesolimnion resulting in an increase in the mesolimnion water  mass.  The mean
1984 mesolimnion volume (thickness) increased from 19.2 km3(3.8 meters) in June
to 60 km3(13.4 meters) in August or nearly a four fold increase.  While  during
the  same  interval  the  hypolimnion volume (thickness) decreased from 78.8 km3
(17.4 meters) to 32.6 km3(11.9  meters).   Over  this  period   the mesolimnion
temperature  increased only 2.4°C while the epilimnion temperature increased by
4.6°C.  This indicates that the major contribution of water  to the mesolimnion
orginated from the colder hypolimnion layer.

     The year to year variation in thermal structure described for the  1983  and
1984  field  seasons  is  in  the normal  range of variablity  consistant  with  the
variation in the annual  meterological  cycle.

-------
                                                                        PAGE 16
DISSOLVED OXYGEN:

     Eastern basin epilimnetic dissolved oxygen values recorded during 1983 and
1984  were  all  greater  than  80%  saturated  with  numerous  values recorded
exceeding 100% saturation.  As reported for the central  basin,  the  epilimnion
of  the  eastern basin also maintains dissolved oxygen concentrations in excess
of 7 mg/1 (Table 5).

     Unlike the central   basin,  eastern  basin  hypolimnion  dissolved  oxygen
concentrations  do  not  reach  critical  levels  during the stratified period.
Similar concentrations were recorded for both years  of the study.   Initial  mean
hypolimnion  oxygen  concentrations  measured for the early cruises in 1983 and
1984 were 10.4 and 10.8 mg/1   respectively  while  the  1983  and   1984  August
concentrations  were  8.5  and  8.8  mg/1 (Figure 9).  Mean concentrations  only
decreased by 2 mg/1 over the month of July during both years.


OXYGEN DEPLETION RATES:

     Since the eastern basin has not presented an oxygen depletion problem,  at
least in the deeper regions (Figure 10), there has not been an intensive effort
to monitor the oxygen regime in the  basin  equivalent  to  the past  programs
employed  in  the  central basin.  Consequently, a historical record of eastern
basin oxygen depletion rates  similar to that which is available for the central
basin has not been developed.

     Table 7 presents the volumetric and areal depletion rates for the 1983 and
1984  eastern basin hypolimnion.  The volumetric rates calculated  for midsummer
(July) 1983 and 1984 were 1.40 and 1.86 mg/0  /month  respectively.   The  rate
calculated  for  the eastern basin midsummer period  (July) during  the 1970  Lake
Erie study (Burns 1976) was 1.47 mg/0 /month.  Based on the  variation  in   the
rates  observed  for  the  central  basin  over the  period of record, it is not
possible at this time to comment definitively on the eastern basin trend.

-------
                                                                           PAGE 17
                                  References Cited
*  American Public Health Association (APHA) 1981,  Standard Methods for
        the Examination of Water and Wastewater.  Fifteenth Edition.

   Burns, N.M., 1976. Nutrient Budgets for Lake Erie ,1970.  J. Fish. Res. Bd.
        Can. 33: 520-536.

^  Burns, N.M., 1976.  Lake Erie in the Early Seventies.  J. Fish. Res.
        Bd. Can. 33  (3) Special Issue. 643 pg.

   Burns, N.M. and Ross, C., 1972. Project Hypo, An Intensive Study of the Lake
        Erie Central Basin Hypolimnion and Related Surface Water Phenomena.
_       Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Paper No. 6. 182 pg.

   Fay, L.A., Arico, 6.R., and Letterhos, J.A., 1983.  1982 Open Lake Water
        Quality Conditions for Lake Erie.  Center for Lake Erie Area Research,
        Technical Report  274, 114 pg. The Ohio State University.

^  Hanson,B., Rosa, F.,and Burns, N.M., 1978. Survey 8, a budget calculation
        program for Lake Erie. Canada Centre for Inland Waters. In-house
        document, unpublished mimeo. 54 pg.

   Ivey, G.N., and Boyce, F.M., 1982.  Entrainment by Bottom Currents in
        Lake Erie.  Limnol. Oceanog. 27: 1029-1038.
•
   Reckhow, K.H., 1980. Techniques for exploring and presenting data applied
        to lake phosphorus concentration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 290-294

   Rosa, F. and Burns, N.M. 1985.  Lake Erie Central Basin Oxygen Depletion
         Changes from 1929 to 1980.  NWRI Contribution   85-102.
*
   Wright, S. 1955.  Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie.
        U.S. Department of Interior.  Special Scientific Report.
        Fisheries No. 139.  341 pg.

-------
                                 TABLE 1
               Geographic Coordinates of the 1983 - 1984
                   Lake Erie Oxygen Depletion Stations
                                                                     PAGE 18
Station     Basin   Latitude(N)     Longitude(W)
              Water Depth
                  (m)
Year
   6
   9
  10
  15
  18
  24
  25
  26
  30
  32
  36
  37
  38
  42
  43
  47
  63
  73
  78
  79
E
E
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
E
C
C
C
423754
423218
424048
423100
422518
420554
421454
422400
422548
420454
415606
420636
421654
415754
414718
415018
422500
415840
420700
421500
792400
793700
794130
795336
800448
802900
803336
803812
801218
810042
812842
813430
814018
820230
815642
821248
794800
814525
811500
804800
27.5
46.6
31.8
60.2
39.8
22.0
21.5
19.8
20.5
21.5
22.9
23.9
21.6
22.2
22.6
18.9
45.3
24.1
22.5
20.5
84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83
83
83
83
83
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84
83
83-84
83-84
83-84
83-84

-------
                                    TABLE  2
                      CENTRAL  BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
                                                                       PAGE  19
YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS
                      TEMP.
 D.O.
(MG/L)
D.O. SAT.
  (*)
1983   6/27    EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
19.0
0.7
18.5
22.2
16.5 '
13
8.2
0.1
8.3
8.7
7.6
14
                                             86.3
                                              0.3
                                             86.1
                                             87.9
                                             84.2
                                              14
       6/27    HYPO
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
9.5
0.3
9.5
11.1
8.0
10
6.7
0.2
6.8
8.1
4.7
14
                                             58.5
                                              2.3
                                             58.5
                                             71.0
                                             40.7
                                              14
       8/5
EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
23.5
0.3
23.5
25.0
21.0
13
7.9
0.1
7.9
8.2
7.7
13
             92
              0
             92
             93
             90
              13
       8/5      HYPO
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
10.3
0.4
10.8
13.0
7.0
13
3.9
0.5
3.3
8.0
2.1
13
                                            34.2
                                             4.0
                                            29.4
                                            69.0
                                            18.8
                                             13

-------
                                  TABLE 2 CONTINUED
                         CENTRAL BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
                                                                           PAGE 20
   YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS
                       TEMP.
 D.O.
(MG/L)
D.O. SAT,
   1984   7/2
 EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
19.7
0.3
19.7
20.9
18.4 '
8
8.9
0.1
8.9
9.8
7.9
13
94.5
1.5
96.1
103.8
82.5
16
          7/2     HYPO
          MEAN
           SE
         MEDIAN
           MAX
           MIN
            N
8.6
0.1
8.7
8.9
8.1
8
8.2
0.2
8.0
9.9
7.4
16
             70
              1
             68
             85
             63
              16
         8/8
EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
24.5
0.2
24.3
25.5
23.5
9
8.0
0.2
8.5
8.7
5.1
17
94.5
3.2
99.7
107.7
57.4
18
         8/8
HYPO
t
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
9.9
0.2
9.8
10.6
8.9
9
4.5
0.4
4.8
7.2
1.9
16
              39.3
               3.8
              40.9
              63.4
              16.6
               16

-------
                                                                            PAGE  21
                                     TABLE 3
           Lake Erie Central Basin Limnion, Oxygen and Temperature Data
                     From Survey 8 Volume Weighting Procedure
 Date     Yr/Cruise
6/25-     83/2
6/29
8/4-      83/6
8/7
7/2-      84/1
7/3
8/7-      84/2
8/9
Limnion

epi
meso
hypo
total
epi
meso
hypo
total
epi
meso
hypo
total
epi
meso
hypo
total
Volume
(km3)
182.9
72.4
61.7
317.0
213.9
29.1
73.9
316.9
206.5
27.8
82.6
316.9
196.7
71.7
47.0
315.4
Area Thickness
(km2) (m)
11.2
4.9
13,413 4.6
•
13.1
2.2
12,525 5.9

12.6
1.9
13,322 6.2

12.0
4.8
11,190 4.2

Oxygen
H/l)
8.2
7.4
6.6

7.7
5.7
4.0

8.9
8.5
8.5

8.2
6.3
4.9

Temp
(C)
19.2
14.8
10.3

23.6
16.4
10.4

19.4
13.4
9.1

23.5
16.2
9.9


-------
                                     TABLE 4
                  Summary of Central  Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys
                        Thick-   Heat   Heat   02      02   AVG T   AVG 02
Yr/Date   Area  Volume   ness   Total   Cone  Total   Cone  Grad     Grad
         (km2)   (km3)   (m)    kcal     (C)   kg 02   mg/1  C/m      g 02/m
                                 (*)           (**)
1983
6/25     13,413   61.7   4.6    635.5   10.3  407.2   6.6   1.82     0.32
6/29
8/4-     12,525   73.9   5.9    768.6   10.4  295.6   4.0   6.0      1.68
8/7
1984
7/2-     13,322   82.6   6.2    751.7    9.1  702.1   8.5   5.42     0.21
7/4
8/7-     11,190   47.0   4.2    465.3    9.9  230.3   4.9   2.83     0.69
8/9
                                              12
                                   *=kcal  x 10 6
                                  **=kg 02 x 10

-------
                                     TABLE  5
                       EASTERN  BASIN  WATER  QUALITY  SUMMARY
                                                                          PAGE 23
YEAR   DATE  LIMNION   STATISTICS
                       TEMP.
                         D.O.
                        (MG/L)
D.O. SAT,
1983  6/27     EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
16.4
0.2
16.3
17.3
16.0 •
5
8.6
0.1
8.6
8.7
8.5
5
                                      85.
                                       0.
                                      85.
                                      86.
                                      84.8
                                        5
                                                  5
                                                  2
                                                  3
                                                  2
      6/27     HYPO
          MEAN
           SE
         MEDIAN
           MAX
           MIN
            N
5.5
0.3
5.5
6.3
4.7
5
10.4
0.3
10.8
11.0
9.1
5
                                      84.5
                                       2.6
                                                             87.
                                                             88.
                                                             74.
      8/5
EPI
MEAN
SE
MEDIAN
MAX
MIN
N
24.2
0.1
24.1
24.6
23.8
5
7.9
0.1
7.9
8.0
7.8
5
                                      93.5
                                       0.4
                                      93.4
                                      94.8
                                      92.4
      8/5
HYPO
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
5.8
0.3
5.6
6.8
5.1
5
8.5
0.2
8.6
9.3
7.9
5
   69.4
    1.8
   69.8
   75.4
   65.4
     5

-------
                                TABLE 5 CONTINUED
                       EASTERN BASIN WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
                                                                               24
YEAR   DATE  LIMNION    STATISTICS
                       TEMP.
                         D.O.
                        (MG/L)
           D.O.  SAT.
1984  7/2
EPI
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
19.0
0.2
19.0
19.7
18.6
6
9.8
0.2
9.6
11.1
• 8.9
12
             101.3
               1.8
              98.4
             114.4
              95.1
               12
       7/2    HYPO
          MEAN
           SE
         MEDIAN
           MAX
           MIN
            N
               5.0
               0.1
               5.5
               5.3
               4.6
                6
10.8
 0.2
10.9
11.6
 9.4
 12
88.3
 1.5
88.2
96.8
79.9
 12
      8/8
EPI
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
23.4
0.1
23.5
23.8
22.8
6
8.6
0.1
8.5
9.1
7.5
11
              99.7
               1.7
             100.3
             105.5
              82.1
               12
      8/8
HYPO
 MEAN
  SE
MEDIAN
  MAX
  MIN
   N
5.9
0.5
5.4
8.3
4.8
6
8.8
0.4
9.2
10.0
5.6
10
              71.5
               3.0
              73.3
              81.0
              47.5
               11

-------
                                                                             PAGE 25
                                      TABLE 6
            Lake Erie Eastern Basin Limnion, Oxygen and  Temperature Data
                      From Survey  8 Volume Weighting  Procedure


 t Date     Yr/Cruise  Limnion   Volume   Area   Thickness   Oxygen      Temp
                                 (km3)     (km2)      (m)       (mg/1)      (C)


  6/25-     83/2         epi        66.0                11.2     8.6        16.5
  6/27                  meso        52.4                10.6    10.2        8.7
 »                     hypo        42.6    2,938       14.5    10.4        5.8
                      total      161.0
 8/4-      83/6         epi       80.3                13.6     7.9        24.1
 8/7                   meso       49.2                10.6     9.2        13.0
 ft                      hypo       31.5     2,972       10.6     8.5         5.9
                      total       161.0
 7/2-      84/1         epi       63.0                10.7     9.8        18.3
•7/3                   meso       19.2                 3.8    10.5        12.5
                       hypo       78.8    4,529       17.4    10.7         6.2
                      total       161.0
 8/7-      84/2         epi       65.4                11.4     8.6        22.9
+8/9                   meso       60.0                13.4     8.3        14.9
                       hypo       32.6     2,739       11.9     8.8         5.9
                      total       158.0

-------
                                                                           mac.
                                     TABLE 7
                  Summary of Eastern Basin Hypolimnetic Surveys
                        Thick-   Heat   Heat   02      02   AVG T   AVG 02
Yr/Date   Area  Volume   ness   Total   Cone  Total   Cone  Grad     Grad
         (km2)   (km3)   (m)    kcal    (C)   kg 02   mg/1  C/m      g 02/m
                                 (*)          (**)


1983
6/25-     2,938   42.6  14.5    247.1    5.8  443.0  10.4   1.01     -.17
6/29
8/4-      2,972   31.5  10.6    185.9    5.9  267.8   8.5   1.72     -.06
8/7
1984
7/2-      4,529   78.8  17.4    488.6    6.2  843.2  10.7   3.18     -.24
7/3
8/7-      2,739   32.6  11.9    192.3    5.9  286.9  8.8    1.27     -.02
8/9
                                   *=kca1  x 1012
                                  **=kg 02 x 106

-------
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