REPORT OK
HYDROGRAPHIC STUDIES
OF THE
MISSISSIPPI, MINNESOTA, & ST. CROEC
RIVERS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
TWIN CiriES-lJPFER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
DECEMBER, 1965
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TITLE VI CIVIL RIGHTS STATEMENT
DISCRIMINATION PROHIBITED—Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 196**
states: "No person in the United States shall, on the ground of
race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in,
be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any
program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." There-
fore, the Federal Water Pollution Control Program, like every program
or activity receiving financial assistance from the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, must be operated in compliance with
this law.
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REPORT ON
HYDROGRAPHIC STUDIES
OF THE
MISSISSIPPI, MINNESOTA, & ST. CROIX
RIVERS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
DECEMBER, 1965
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INTRODUCTION
This document represents an accumu-
lation of individual reports prepared
on the hjrdrographic aspects of the
rivers within the Project's study
area for utilization with data char-
acterizing the quality of these waters.
The individual reports have "been re-
designated herein as chapters and
have been numbered sequentially for
the readers benefit.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page No._
I Ify-drographs
Introduction 1
Object 1
General Information 1
Stations Selected 2
St. Francis - Figure 1-1 3
Lock & Dam #1 - Figure 1-2 3
Mankato - figure 1-3 U
Carver - Figure 1-^ 5
St. Paul - Figure 1-7 5
St. Croix Falls - Figure 1-8 6
Stillwater - Figure 1-9 7
Lock & Dam #3 - Figure 1-10 7
II Mean Stream Depths
Introduction 9
Object 9
General Information 9
Method of Computation 10
III Range of Mean Monthly Discharges
Introduction 13
Object 13
General Information 13
IV Mean Flow Velocities
Introduction 15
Object 15
General Information 15
V Range of Daily Discharges
Introduction 20
Object 20
General Information 20
VI Low Flow Frequency
Introduction 22
Object 22
General Information 22
Method of Computation 2^
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LIST OF FIGURES
Follows
Ho..
1-1 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196U - September 1965
(Rum River near St. Francis, Minnesota)
1-2 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196^ - September 1965
(Mississippi River - Lock and Dam No. l)
1-3 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196^ - September 1965
(Minnesota River at Mankato, Minnesota)
I-k Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196^ - September 1965
(Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
1-5 Lower Minnesota Flow Correction 8
1-6 Minnesota River - Mankato to Carver Prorated Flows 8
1-7 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 1964 - September 1965
(Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota)
1-8 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196^ - September 1965
(St. Croix River - St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls,
Wisconsin)
1-9 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 196U - September 1965
(St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota)
I- 10 Daily Hydrograph for Period of Water Quality Study 8
April 1964 - September 1965
(Mississippi River - Lock and Dam Wo. 3)
II-l Discharge - Depth Relationships 12
Mississippi River (River Mile 871.0 - SjU.l)
II-2 Discharge - Depth Relationships 12
Mississippi River (River Mile 853.2 - 8^8.5)
II-3 Discharge - Depth Relationships 12
Mississippi River (River Mile 81*8.5 - 81*3.0)
II-U Discharge - Depth Relationships 12
Mississippi River (River Mile 81*3.0 - 836.5)
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Ho.
II-5
II-6
II-7
II-8
II- 9
11-10
11-11
11-12
11-13
III-l
III-2
III-3
III-U
III- 5
17-1
IV-2
Follows
Page
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 836.5 - 823.5)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 823-5 - 815.75)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 815.75 - 8H.U)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 8ll.U - 801.5)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 801.5 - 788.0)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 788.0 - 781.0)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 781.0 - 76^.9)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
Minnesota River (River Mile 109.3 - O.l)
Discharge - Depth Relationships
St. Croix River (River Mile U8.0 - 0.8)
Range of Mean Monthly Discharges - Water Years 1^0-1964
(Mississippi River - Lock and Dam No. l)
Range of Mean Monthly Discharges - Water Years 19kO-lS6k
(Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
Range of Mean Monthly Discharges - Water Years 19UO-196U
(Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota)
Range of Mean Monthly Discharges - Water Years 19^0-196*1
(St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota)
Range of Mean Monthly Discharges - Water Years 1914-0-196U
(Mississippi River - Lock and Dam No. 3)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 871.0 - 8^7.6)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Ik
Ik
Ik
Ik
Ik
19
19
iii
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No.
IV-3
IV- U
IV- 5
17-6
IV- 7
IV-8
17-9
17-10
17-11
IV-12
V-l
7-2
7-3
71-1
VI- 2
VI- 3
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 8^3.0 - 836.5)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 836.5 - 823.5)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 823.5 - 815.75)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 815.75 - 811.U)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 811.1* - 801.5)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 801.5 - 786.0)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 786.0 - 781. 0)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Mississippi River (River Mile 781.0 - 76^.9)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
Minnesota River (River Mile 109-3 - O.l)
Discharge - Velocity Relationships
St. Croix River (River Mile 1*8.0 - 0.8)
Range of Daily Discharges for Period of Water Quality
Survey (Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
Range of Daily Discharges for Period of Water Quality
Survey (Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota)
Range of Daily Discharges for Period of Water Quality
Survey (St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin)
Low Flow Frequency - December, January, February
(Mississippi River at Lock and Dain No. l)
Low Flow Frequency - July, August, September
(Mississippi River at Lock and Dam No. l)
Low Flow Frequency - December, January, February
Follows
Page
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
21
21
21
25
25
25
(Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No.
Follows
Page
VI-U Low Flow Frequency - July, August, September
(Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
VI-5 Low Flow Frequency - December, January, February
(Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota)
VJ-*> Low Flow Frequency - July, August, September
(Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota)
VI-7 Low Flow Frequency - December, January, February
(St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota)
VI-8 Low Flow Frequency - July, August, September
(St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota)
VT-9 Low Flow Frequency - December, January, February
(Mississippi River at Lock and Dam No. 3)
VI-10 Low Flow Frequency - July, August, September
(Mississippi River at Lock and Dam No. 3)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
LIST OF TABLES
Follows
Figure
V-l Summarization of Discharges on the Mississippi
River at St. Paul, Minnesota River near Carver,
Minnesota and the St. Croix River at St. Croix
Falls, Wisconsin prior to W.Y. 1951
V-3
APPENDIX TABLES
III-A Mean Monthly Discharges
(Mississippi River - Lock & Dam $
(Mississippi River at St. Paul)
(Mississippi River - Lock & Dam #3)
(Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota)
(St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota, St. Croix
River at St. Croix Falls plus Apple River near
Somerset)
VI-10
v
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CHAPTER I
HYDROGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
Hydrographs of the average daily discharge at various gaging stations
on the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers within the Project study
area are presented in this chapter. Eight stations have been selected such
that the flow occurring in any segment of any of the streams under study
may be determined. The average daily discharges are presented for the period
of the Project's routine and intensive surveys from April 20, 19^^, through
September 30, 1965.
OBJECT
These hydrographs are presented in order that instantaneous pollution
loadings and assimilative capacities of the rivers may be determined, and
so that the general conditions of flow occurring during the period of
survey may be compared vith predicted conditions of average and drought
flow.
GENERAL DEFORMATION
In selecting appropriate gaging stations to adequately represent the
numerous segments of stream under study, several factors were considered and
some simplifying assumptions were required. Only dams, lock & dam
combinations and gaging stations where consistent, daily records are
maintained were considered. Their location relative to reaches of stream
of particular interest to the Project and their location relative to
significant tributaries were also important considerations. The avail-
ability of particular records at an early date was a factor in selecting
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the stations as well as in selecting the source of the data. For example,
two agencies often keep records for the same gaging station, but the data
were obtained from the agency which was able to provide the information
at the earliest time.
STATIONS SELECTED
Hydrographs are presented for the selected gaging stations by the
following Figures:
1-1. Rum River near St. Francis, Minnesota
1-2. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #1
1-3. Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota
1-5. Minnesota River at Mankato, Minnesota
1-7. Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota
1-8. St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin
1-9. St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota
I-10. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #3
The exact location of the gaging station, the method of measurement,
the data source, its reliability and the segments of stream to which it may
be applied are discussed below. When applying a point discharge to several
miles of stream it is recognized that runoff and groundwater contributions,
usually occur along that stream segment. Unless specially noted these
contributions are considered negligible as a percent increase of the main
stream flow. Where a significant change does occur, provisions for
adjustment are provided. Such is the case on the Minnesota River.
In describing the accuracy of the stream flow data, "excellent"
indicates that, in general, the error in the daily records is believed
to be less than 5 percent; "good", less than 10 percent; and "fair",
-2-
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less than 15 percent.
Unpublished records provided by the U. S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.)
are provided to the Project on a provisional basis but are rated for
accuracy herein in accordance with the history of the record.
St. Francis - Figure 1-1
Records for the Rum River near St. Francis are provided by the U. S.
Geological Survey in a provisional basis for water years 196^ and 1965.
The site is located on the right* bank at the upstream side of a highway
bridge, h miles south of St. Francis, Minnesota and 15 3A miles upstream
from the mouth. The gage is a water stage recorder, and the records are
good except for periods of ice effect during which they are fair. These
flows may be applied to the Rum River from its mouth upstream to the
gage. It may also be subtracted from the flow at Lock & Dam #1 to obtain
the Mississippi River flow above the confluence of the Rum River. In
making such a subtraction, the Rum River flow for the day in question
may be subtracted from the Lock & Dam #1 flow for the same day.
Lock & Dam #1 - Figure 1-2
The flow record of the Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #1 is provided
by the U. S. Corps of Engineers (U.S.C.E.) for the period of the Project
survey. Lock & Dam #1 is located at Mississippi River mile UM 8^7.6
(DM 0.0 is at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers). The
Ford Motor Company operates a hydroelectric plant at this site; and flow is
determined by them by means of headwater and generator ratings and supplied
In keeping with the U.S.D.H.E.W., F.W.P.C.A. STORET System, right and
left are determined by facing upstream.
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to the U.S.C.E. several times a day. The record is excellent. These flows
may be applied to the Mississippi River from just above the mouth of the
Minnesota River (UM 8hh.O) upstream to just below the mouth of the Rum
River (UM 8?!.^). Lock & Dam #1 flows normally agree closely with flows
recorded at the Coon Rapids Dam (UM 866.2).
Mankato - Figure 1-3
Records for the Minnesota River at Mankato, Minnesota are provided
to the Project by the U.S.G.S. on a provisional basis for water years
196i)- & 1965. The gage site is located on the right bank at the downstream
side of the Main Street Bridge in Mankato, 1.8 miles downstream from the
Blue Earth River at MN 106.1*. The gage is a water stage recorder and
the records are good except for periods of ice effect during which they
are fair. There is some diurnal fluctuation at low and medium stages
caused by power plants on the Blue Earth River. These flows are used in
conjunction with the record of the Carver gage to determine Minnesota
River flows between MN 106.U and MN 36.0 and may be applied directly to
the Minnesota River from MN 106.U upstream to the mouth of the Blue Earth
River (MN 109.3).
In order to best define the flow occurring at any point between the
Mankato and Carver gages, a graphical method is provided in Figure 1-6 by
which the two flows may be prorated. Again a linear increase in flow
may be assumed between the two stations (MN 1.06.k to MN 36.0) because of
numerous small streams and springs located along this stream segment. No
single source is significant in itself. To determine the flow at any
point between the two stations for a particular day the flows at Mankato
and Carver are used for the same day. It is recognized that since the two
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stations are 70 miles apart, the degree of accuracy may be reduced because
changes in flow do not take place simultaneously at the two gaging stations.
The effect, however, would be slight except midway between the stations
when the flow regime is greatly altered within one or two days. Even
under these circumstances the degree of accuracy would not be less than
that of either of the two gaging stations.
Carver - Figure I-k
Records for the Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota are provided by
the U.S.G-.S. on a provisional basis for water years 196U and 1965- The
site is located on the right bank 2 1/2 miles south of Carver at Minnesota
River mile MN 36.0 (MN 0.0 is at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mis-
sissippi Rivers). The gage is a water stage recorder, and the records are
good except for periods of ice effect, which are fair. These flows may be
applied to the Minnesota River from its mouth upstream to the gage (MN 36.0),
If a more accurate description of the flow condition is desired for
stations below MN 36.0, the flow may be increased linearly such that from
MN 36.0 to MN 0.0 the total added flow is 5 percent of the flow at MN 36.0
(Carver gage). This rule of thumb is utilized by engineers of the U.S.G-.S.
and U.S.C.E. and has been found to be the most generally applicable correc-
tion factor. It represents the total additions of groundwater and runoff,
and may be applied linearly because of the numerous springs and streams
located along the lower reaches of the Minnesota River. Figure 1-5 provides
a simple method of prorating this 5 percent correction over the 36 miles of
river segment to determine the flow at any point from the flow at the Carver
gage.
St. Paul - Figure 1-7
Records for the Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota are provided
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to the Project by the U.S.G.S. on a provisional basis for water years
196U and 1965. The site is located at UM 839.3 on the left bank in
St. Paul, 300 feet upstream from the Robert Street Bridge. The gage is
a water stage recorder, and the records are good. There is slight regulation,
except during extreme floods, by reservoirs on headwaters and by power
plants. Beginning June 20, 1938, sewage from Minneapolis and St. Paul,
which formerly entered above the station, was diverted to the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District sewage treatment plant, thence to the river
below the station. Figures of daily discharge do not include this
diversion. These flows may be applied to the Mississippi River from
just above the mouth of the St. Croix River (UM 811.3) upstream to just
below the mouth of the Minnesota River (UM 8V*. 0).
If a more accurate description of the flow condition is desired
below the outlet of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District (MSSD)
sewage treatment plant, the plant discharge may be added to the flow
recorded at St. Paul and applied to the Mississippi River from UM 836.3
to UM 811.3.
St. Croix Falls - Figure 1-8
Records for the St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin are
provided by the Northern States Power Company (iJSP), which operates a
hydroelectric plant there at St. Croix River mile SC 52.5 (SC 0.0 is
at the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers). Plow is
computed on the basis of gate openings, head, and plant efficiency, and
the records are good. The flow is regulated by another power plant, farther
upstream. However, fluctuations are moderate and of a short duration,
thereby not significantly altering the average daily flow.
-6-
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Flows at St. Croix Falls may be applied to the St. Croix River from
SC kk.Q upstream to the falls (SC 52.5).
Stillwater - Figure 1-9
Records for the St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota SC 23.3
are derived from the addition of the St. Croix River flow at St. Croix
Falls, Wisconsin and the Apple River flow near Somerset, Wisconsin. The
Apple River flow is measured at the HSP power plant 3-5 miles downstream
from Somerset. Headwater and tailwater gages are read hourly and flow is
computed on the basis of gate openings, head, and plant efficiency. Records
are good except those below 100 cubic feet per second, which are fair.
The flow is regulated by another power plant upstream. Both plants are
classed as run of the river plants.
When adding these St. Croix and Apple River flows, they may not be
added directly day by day. The St. Croix Falls flow recorded one day
does not combine with the Apple River flow recorded near Somerset until
the following day. The Somerset flow reached the St. Croix River the
same day. Consequently, in combining these records, a one-day shift must
be applied prior to addition. The resulting flow shortly reaches Still-
water (SC 23.3). Therefore, the daily flow at Stillwater has been
recorded as the flow of the Apple -River ner-r Somerset for the sane cLciy.
plus the flow at St. Croix Falls for the previous day.
This combined flow record may be applied to the St. Croix River from
its mouth upstream to the mouth of the Apple River (SC 31-0).
4
Lock & Dam #3 - Figure 1-10
The flow record of the Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #3 is provided
by the U.S.C.E. for the period of the Project survey. Lock & Dam #3 is
located at UM 796.9. The flow is determined from gate opening computations
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during normal and low flows and from tailwater ratings during high flows.
The record is excellent and normally agrees closely with the U.S.G.S.
gage at Prescott, Wisconsin just below the mouth of the St. Croix River.
These flows may be applied to the Mississippi River from just above the
mouth of the Chippewa River (UM 763.5) upstream to just below the mouth
of the St. Croix River (UM
-8-
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3
£ 3
S'f
I!
20 1 10 20
APRILJ MAY -
1 10 20 1 10 20
-JUNE ' JULY-
FIGURE I -
RUM RIVER
NEAR ST. FRANCIS, MINNESOTA
1 10
- SEPTEMBER -
FIGURE 1-2
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LOCK AND DAM NUMBER I
20
— AU6UST-
- SEPTEMBER -
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DAILY HYDROGRAPH
FOR PERIOD OF
WATER QUALITY STUDY
>RIL 1964 - SEPTEMBER 1965
LP«rToPF HEAL™. EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AOMIN.
ULUHCXS
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3 -
4 '-
|Q2h |JMIMHLI|IILUI uliu tli nm i MM I m LI mlmm mill. 111111 n 11 in 11 mil in 111 IJM i li i
1 20 1 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20 1
APRIL-1 MAY-
FIGURE 1-3
MINNESOTA RIVER
AT MANKATO, MINNESOTA
- AUGUST-
FIGURE 1-4
MINNESOTA RIVER
NEAR CARVER, MINNESOTA
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DAILY HYDROGRAPH
FOR PERIOD OF
WATER QUALITY STUDY
iPRIL 1964 - SEPTEMBER 1965
FEDERAL
IgGIOM V
^UUTON CONTROL
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.050 pi—i—i—i—i—f—r—i—n—|—i—i—n—pi—i—r—i—j—r-i—r~i—|—i i i—r—\
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£ 1.020-
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1.010
1.000^
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30 25 20 15 10
Minnesota River Mile
Flow at river mile N *iow at Carver gage x correction factor
for river mi!e N
SAMPLING STATION CORRECTION FACTORS
Station
MN 1.9
MN 7.4
MN 10.8
MN 14.3
MN 16.8
MN 23.0
MN 25.1
MN 27.5
MN 29.6
Correction
1.047
I.04O
1.035
I.03O
1.027
1.018
1.015
1.012
1.009
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOWER MINNESOTA
FLOW CORRECTION;
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. 8 '...£_.-
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CC .'/:..„_
ADMIN.
FIGURE l.
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FIGURE 1-7
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AT ST. PAUL. MINNESOTA
20 1 10 20
APRIL-1 MAY —
1O 20
- AUGUST
..I.. I -I
10 2O JO
-SEPTEMBER-
t 3
i.
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L20' I iii
FIGURE 1-8
ST. CROIX RIVER
ST. CROIX RIVER AT ST. CROIX FAU.S, WISCONSIN
I- 10 2O
— JUNE-
'"' mini. n null ml ,il.i..
10 2O 1 1O 2O
- JULY ' AUGUST-
10 20 30
-SEPTEMBER—1
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DAILY HYDROGRAPH
FOR PERIOD OF
WATER QUALITY STUDY
>RILI964 - SEPTEMBER 1965
rnH- EDUCATION, a WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AOMIN.
-------
-------
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
X 4
£ 3
I a
FIGURE 1-9
ST CROIX RIVER
AT STILLWATER, MINNESOTA
>°*L^Lftm^«r
10 z
JUNE
ii ....i..
"""'"" ...... 1 '0 ...... 20 10 20 1 10 20 0 20
JULY - ' - AU6UST - >— JUNE - < - JULY - ' - AUGUST
FIGURE I - 10
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LOCK AND DAM NUMBER 3
,,M|, I Mil I I ln.,.,,,.1 I,,, i., 1.1 11,.In I
'° _2° ' 10 20 1 10 20 1 10 20 t 10 20 3O
- AUGUST L__ Jl)NE 1 JOLY , AueuST 1 SEPTEMBER ->
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DAILY HYDROGRAPH
FOR PERIOD OF
WATER QUALITY STUDY
PRIL I964 - SEPTF.MBF.ff 1965;
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CHAPTER II .
MEAN STREAM DEPTHS
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INTRODUCTION
Mean stream depths for a range 'of discharges are presented for the
Mississippi River from river miles IM 871.0 to TJM 764.T in Figures II-l
through 11-11, the Minnesota River from river miles MN 109.3 to MN O.I2
in Figure 11-12, and the St. Croix River from river miles SC k8.0 to
•3
SC 0.8-' in Figure 11-13. Discharge-depth relationships have been estab-
lished for numerous segments of these rivers. The segments were selected
on the basis of significant natural and man-made changes in the hydrologic
regime, the location of principle wastewater inputs, and to match the river
segments used in the discharge-velocity relationships presented in the
Chapter "Mean Flow Velocity".
OBJECT
Mean stream depths have been determined for use in calculating the
reaeration constant (k2) for insertion into the oxygen sag equation.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The mean stream depths for the numerous stream segments were cal-
culated for three conditions of stage and flow frcm cross sections de-
termined by the Project or obtained from other agencies. Cross sections
1 UM 0.0 is at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
2 MN 0.0 is at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers.
3 SC 0.0 is at the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi. Rivers.
-9-
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obtained from other agencies were for the Mississippi River from UM 859.0
to UM 797.0 and were taken at 1/U to 1/2 mile intervals. This includes
the entire stretch of the Mississippi River from above Minneapolis to
Lock & Dam #3. Time and budgetary considerations prevented the develop-
ment of cross sections at such close intervals on all other segments of
the 3 major streams studied by the Project. However, these other segments
were cross sectioned by the Project at intervals which provided representa-
tion sufficient for the use of the data and in keeping with the Project's
needs.
Water surface profiles were developed for three conditions of stage
and flow in order to prorate the cross sections. Each flow condition
provided a mean stream depth and thus a coordinate for the discharge-depth
relationship. Plotting the log of the three coordinates results in a
straight line for each segment of stream.
METHOD OF COMPUTATION
The computations described were carried out using areas and widths de-
rived from the prorated cross sections. The mean stream depth for the seg-
ment of stream between every adjacent pair of cross sections was calculated.
Mean stream depth for any stream segment is defined as the volume of
that segment divided by its surface area. From a pair of cross sections
the average volume is given by:
A +A
i x L
2
the average surface area by:
Wl + ¥2
x L
-10-
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-------
where:
A-, & Ap = areas of the respective cross sections.
W, & Wp = widths of the respective cross sections.
L = distance between the respective cross sections.
Combining these, the formula reduces to:
A1+A2
Mean Stream Depth
wl + W2
The mean stream depths for the larger stream segments presented in
the Figures are distance-weighted averages of the depths obtained from
the numerous smaller segments.
The depth values derived are to be used in determining the stream's
reaeration capability. Since a stream is not always totally effective from
bank to bank in reaerating a water mass moving downstream, the full cross
section of a stream was not always used in determining the mean depth.
Special judgments were made in areas of slack water, back channels, and
extensive submerged floodplains. Slack water and nearly stagnant back
channels were not considered in calculating the mean stream depth. The
region of submerged floodplains from UM 825.0 to UM 815.2 was the most
extensive segment of stream where the percent effectiveness was reduced.
In this region the areas of submerged floodplains outside the main channel
were considered to be 60 percent effective. This percent effectiveness is
the same as that established by the MSSD investigation* in developing mean
flow velocities which were checked by tracer studies conducted by the Project.
5 "Pollution and Recovery Characteristics of the Mississippi River", A
Project sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, 1961,
Volume One-Part Three.
-11-
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All special changes frcm 100 percent effective areas are noted in the
original calculations available in the Project's Hydrologic Studies-
Basic Data file.
-12-
-------
20
15
10
UM 871.0 - UM 867.0
OJ
U.
a
-------
20 r~
15 —
10
UM 853.2 - UM 852.5
i
u-
S1—
20
15
, 10
O.
o
O
E
o
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0)
5 20
15
10
UM 852.5 - UM 850.5
i
i
i—•--•
- UM 850.5 - UM 848.5
51—
-
H
500 IOOO 3000 5000 IO,OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30.0OO
NOTE;
flashboards down at Lock
and Dam Number I.
Use this for decreasing
stages where flows have
been In excess of IO,OOO
cubic feet per second.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE 'DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 853.2-848.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a '.VEL5ARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
CHICAGO ILLINOIS
FIGURE IT-2
-------
I 5
20r—
15
10
LU UM 848.5 - UM 847.6
cu
-------
T~r
20
IS
10
5
2O
15
• 10
r.
4-
Q.
- UM 841.5 - UM 839.2
UM 839.2 - UM 836.5
I
I
I
50O
IOOO 3OOO 5OOO IO.OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30.OOO
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE -DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RiVER
RIVER MILE 843.0 - 833.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 6 Y,'I_.-,-,.->
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CC.\7.%C_
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ;'_.'NC.S
FIGURE H-4
-------
-i—i—i—r
20 r—
15
10
UM 836.5 - UM 825.8
51—
20 p-
15
Q.
- UM 825.8 - UM 824.5
c
o
:20
15
10
UM 824.5 - UM 823.5
51—
I
I
j j 1 |
500
IOOO 3OOO 5OOO IO.OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 836.5- 823.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
CHICAGO. IULIMOIS
FIGURE H-5
RECIOM V
-------
20
15
IO
~i—r
i—i—i—r
- UM 823.5- UM 820.5
51—
20 r—
15
I
, 10
E
o
t>
- UM 820.5 - UM 816.5
s
15
10
UM 816.5 - UM 815.75
51—
J_
I i
J
-j
1
H
-i
50O 1000 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE 'DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 823.5-815.75
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
**"*
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE n-6
-------
20
15
10
5
20
15
a
£
o
a>
c 5
O
-------
T 1—TT
20
15
10
- UM 811.4 - UM 809,5
51—
2Or—
SL
, 10
QL
-------
II
20
15
10
5
20
15
, io
c
"5.
Ol
Q
e
D
01
UM 801.5 - UM 797.0
UM 796.5 - UM 793.7
i
15
10
- UM 793.7 - 788.0
I l t I
5OO
IOOO 3OOO 5OOO IO,OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,OOO
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE -DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER M-L.E 801.5-788.0
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE H-9
-------
-------
20
15
10
5
20
15
«j
£
, 10
a.
-------
20
IS
10
5
40
30
O>
JC
Q.
O
£
o
01
05 10
o
01
520
15
10
5
i • i i
- UM 781.0 - UM 776.4
_
—
,_ —
— —
— —
" UM 776.4 - UM 764.9
-
— . —
c~ ~2
— • —
_ _
-
. , . 1 , , , , 1 , 1 , 1 , , , , 1
500 IOOO 3OOO 5000 10,000 3O,OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE "DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 78I.O - 764.9
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. & WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE TJ-ll
-------
10
2-5 MN 109.3 -. MN 49.4
I2r—
£
Q.
01
Q
E
o
o
k_
00
c
o
o
MN 49.4 - MN 20.0
20
15
10
MN 20.0 - MN O.I
l_
J_
I
5OO
1000 3OOO 50OO IO.OOO
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - DEPTH
RELATIONSHIPS
MINNESOTA RIVER
RIVER M'LE 109.3 - 0.
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE H-12
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-------
6
3
1.5
20
15
*-
O
£
, 10
.c
Q.
-------
CHAPTER III
RANGE OF MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGES
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INTRODUCTION
Mean monthly discharges for various gaging stations on the Mississippi,
Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers within the Project study area are presented
in this chapter. Five gaging stations were selected such that mean monthly
discharges may be determined for any segment of these three streams. The
maximum, mean and minimum of the mean monthly discharges were derived from
the 25-year period of record from Water Year 19^0 through Water Year 1964.
OBJECT
These monthly plots of average discharge provide a basis for compari-
son and discussion of general stream conditions and illustrate the direc-
tion and magnitude of seasonal variations.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The range of mean monthly discharges for the selecting gaging stations
are given by the following Figures:
III-l. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #1
III-2. Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota
III-3. Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota
III-4. St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota
III-5. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #3
The chapter "Hydrographs" includes a discussion of each of these
stations as well as general comments concerning their selection. The
segment of stream to which the flows may be applied as well as the source
and reliability of the record are also provided.
The 25-year period of record used in the determination of the "Range
-13-
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of Mean Monthly Discharges" was selected after scrutiny of each stream's
hydrologic history. Most of the information was obtained through consulta-
tion with personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, U. S. Geological
Survey, Minnesota Department of Conservation and the Northern States Power
Company. The following general conditions applicable to the rivers under
study were most relevant in selecting water years 19^0 through 196^:
1. Major dam construction was completed about 1938.
2. There have been no significant changes in storage capacity during
this time.
3. Operating procedures for the numerous locks, dams, power plants
and reservoirs have remained relatively constant.
Concerning the derivation of flow of the St. Croix River at Stillwater,
the mean monthly discharges of the St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls and
of the Apple River near Somerset were added directly with no regard being
given to the one day required for flows from St. Croix Falls to reach the
mouth of the Apple River. No appreciable error can be noted in utilizing
this technique.
The maximum, minimum and mean of the mean monthly discharges for each
station were derived from the compilation of mean monthly discharges pre-
sented in Appendix "III-A". The mean discharge for a given month was listed
for the 25 consecutive water years, the highest and lowest selected, and
the average computed. The same was done for each month thus defining the
three curves presented in Figure^ III-l through III-5.
-------
Mississippi ;
-------
T
6
5
4
3
2 -
I04
9
8
7
6
5
C
o
o
0) 4
o
la
3
O
•
2
ViNNESOTA Riven:
NEAR CARVER, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
D
M A
Month
M
A
NOTES
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY .DISCHARGE
MEAN - MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
M,"..,'.J:-i - MINIMUM OF MEAN
V10NTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YE^RS 1940 - 1964
I DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
i FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
j ADMIN.
I REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE ILT-2
-------
I05c-
MISSISSIPP: RIVER
AT ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
D
M A
Month
M
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
NOTES
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN OF MEAN
.OfVt'HLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN
MIIM —
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YE/RS 1940 - 1964
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, a WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FiGURE m-3
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER
AT STILLWATER, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
D
F M A
Month
NOTE
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEV • MEAN OFS MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MiN •-•UN'' - MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER Y ARS 1940 - 1964
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHiCAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE m-4
-------
•o
c
o
0
-------
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CHAPTER IV
MEAN FLOW VELOCITIES
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DCTBODUCTION
Mean flow velocities for a range of discharges are presented for
the Mississippi River from river mile UM 8?1.0 to UM ?6U.9 in Figures IV-1
p
through IV-10, the Minnesota River from river miles MN 109.3 to MN 0.1 in
Figure IV-11, and the St. Croix River from river miles SC M3.0 to SO 0.8^
in Figure IV-12.
Discharge-velocity relationships have been established for numerous
segments of these rivers. The segments were selected on the basis of
significant natural and man-made changes in the hydrologic regime, the
location of principle wastewater inputs, and to match the river segments
used in the discharge-depth relationships presented in the chapter,""Mean
Stream Depths".
OBJECT
Mean flow velocities have been determined for use in calculating the
reaeration constant (k.r>) for insertion into the oxygen sag equation and for
use in conjunction with the oxygen sag equation to establish the physical
downstream location of the sag and stages of recovery.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The mean flow velocities for the numerous stream segments were deter-
mined by one of the following three methods and checked by one or both of
the other methods:
1 UM 0.0 is at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
2 MN 0.0 is at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers,
3 SC 0.0 is at the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers,
-15-
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1. Fluorometric tracer studies.
2. Values presented in "Pollution and Recovery Characteristics of
4
the Mississippi River1, Volume One, Part Three.
3. Volume displacement calculations.
Fluorometric tracer studies were conducted over all reaches of the
Mississippi., Minnesota and St. 'Croix Rivers under study by the Project,
with the exception of Lake St. Croix and lower Lake Pepin. Tracer studies
were conducted using Rhodamine"B" dye as the fluorescing tracer and the
Turner Model 111 fluorometer for detection. Three general methods of
detection were employed: l) individual analysis of discrete stream samples,
2) continuous monitoring at a fixed point in a stream, and 3) continuous
monitoring while traveling by boat up or down the main channel of a stream.
The majority of the studies were conducted utilizing the third method for
which the details of planning and execution are presented in "Study Plan -
Time of Travel Determination Using Tracer Techniques". The first and
second methods of detection were avoided as being time consuming and were
used only where circumstances prohibited the use of a boat.
Fluorometric readings of relative concentration were converted to a
concentration vs. time plot either by Rustrak recorder where continuous
monitoring was employed or by plotting the analyses of discrete samples.
Where sampling was not conducted at a fixed point, time and river mile were
directly related. From these plots the time and point of the tracer's
arrival were determined; a velocity was computed; and knowing discharge,
the coordinates of a point were provided for the discharge-velocity
relationship.
4 An investigation sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District.
Hereafter referred to as the MSSD investigation.
5 Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River Project. "Study Plan - Time of Travel
Determination Using Tracer Techniques." 1965. (Mimeographed.)
-16-
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Three major tracer studies, covering 210 miles of the Mississippi,
Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers, were conducted at times of distinctly
different conditions of flow. Each provided a coordinate for the dis»
charge velocity relationship. Plotting the log of these coordinates
results in a straight line for each segment of stream.°>7,&
Values of time of travel for limited segments of the Mississippi River
are presented in the MSSD investigation and are easily converted to mean
flow velocity. These values were treated in the same manner to establish
the discharge-velocity relationships as were the results of the tracer
studies.
Volume displacement calculations were used to develop mean flow
velocities for assumed discharges from the cross sections discussed in
"Mean Stream Depths". These calculations were carried out to check and
compare with the results obtained by tracer study. Where tracer studies
were not economically feasible as in the case of Lake Pepin and Lake St.
Croix, volume displacement calculations provided the basic data for the
discharge-velocity relationships.
The following outlines is a synopsis of the methods used for the
various reaches of river to provide the basic data and check for the dis-
charge-velocity relationships.
6 Worley, John Larry, "A System Analysis Method for Water Quality Management
by Flow Augmentation in a Complex River Basin," June, 1963, USPHS, DWS&PC,
Region IX.
7 Velz, C. J. , "Factors Influencing Self-Purification and Their Relation to
Pollution Abatement, Part II, Sludge Deposits and Drought Probabilities,"
Sewage and Industrial Wastes Journal, Vol. 21-3, March,
8 O'Connor, Donald J. , "The Effect of Stream Flow on Waste Assimulation
Capacity," Proceedings Seventeenth Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,
May, 1962.
-17-
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I. Mississippi River.
A. Anoka to Lock & Dam #1 (UM 871 - UM 81*7-6).
1. Tracer studies - basic data.
2. Volume Displacement - check.
B. Lock & Dam #1 to Lock and Dam #3 (UM 81+7.0 - UM 797.0).
1. MSSD investigation - basic data.
2. Tracer studies - check.
C. Lock & Dam #3 through upper Lake Pepin (UM 796-5 - UM 776.1*).
1. Volume displacement - basic data, (judgments were made
concerning the percent effectiveness of the stream cross
section. See notes with Figures.)
2. Tracer studies - check.
D. Lower Lake Pepin (UM 776. U - UM 76^.9).
1. Volume displacement - basic data.
2. Wo check was provided. However, the judgments of percent
effectiveness in upper Lake Pepin correlated very well with
the tracer studies, and the same reasoning was applied to
this portion of the Lake. See notes with Figures.
II. Minnesota River.
A. Mankato to the mouth (MET 109.3 - M O.l).
1. Tracer studies - basic data.
2. Volume displacement - check.
III. St. Croix River.
A. Upper St. Croix River (SC 1*8.0 - SC 26.3).
1. Tracer studies - basic data.
2. Volume displacement - check.
B. Lower St. Croix River (SC 26.3 - SC 23.3) and Lake St. Croix
(SC 23.3 - SC 0.8).
1. Volume displacement - basic data.
2. No check was provided. However, the percent effectiveness
was judged in the same manner as in Lake Pepin where tracer
studies supported the assumptions. See notes with Figures.
The agreement between the basic data and the check was in most cases
excellent, regardless of the combination of methods. There were slight
variations for two segments of the Minnesota River, one segment of the St.
-18-
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Croix River and in the Spring Lake area of the Mississippi River. In each
of these cases, however, the correlation was still very good. The variation
usually occurred when the results of one tracer study did not coincide with
the relationship established by the results of other tracer studies, the
MSSD investigation, and the volume displacement calculations. Such a
variation in one study could have been caused by rapidly fluctuating stage
or flow, special wind conditions, or a variety of special hydraulic cir-
cumstances.
-19-
-------
-------
10.0
5.0
2.0
1.0
TJ
C
O
o
Cl
0.5
Cl
0.
a>
o>
U.
•G 0.2
5
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.01s
200
UM 871.0 - UM 847.6
i I I i I
I
_L
I i i I I I
IOOO 3OOO 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MlSSISf:PPl RIVER
RIVER M,_E 871.0-847.6
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE
-------
10.0
5.0-
2.0
1.0
•o
c
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0.5
41
0
U-
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ZOO
UM 847.0 -
UM 844.0 -
UM 844.0
UM 843.0
I i 1
I I i I I I
IOOO 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER M,uE 847.0-843.0
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. & WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE EC-2
-------
10.0
5.0-
2.0
1.0
•a
c
o
o
o
1/5
o
a.
o
if
0.5
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£1
5
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0.
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200
DM 843.0 - UM 839.2
UM 839.2 - UM 836.5
J_
_L
_L
J_
_LJ_
500
IOOO 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER \ ;LE 843.0-836.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. & WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLIMOIS
FIGURE JZ-3
-------
10.0
5.0
2.0-
LO-
TS
c
o
u
tl
&
£
o 0.2
36
iZ
c
o
.05
.02-
UM 836.5 - UM 825.8
UM 825.8 - UM 823.5
20O
5OO
IOOO 3000 SOOO 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MiLE 836.5-823.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE IE-4
-------
10.0
5.0
2.0
1.0
•o
c
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t>
W)
41
Q.
0.5-
o 0.2
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0.1
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200
DM 823.5 - UM 820.5
UM 82O.5 - UM 816.5
UM 816.5 - UM 8I5.T5
_LL
J_
.J I.. i i
_L
SCO
IOOO 3000 5OOO IO.OOO
Discharge - Cubic F«et Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
'- MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 823.5-815.75
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, & WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 3E-5
-------
I0.0r
5.0
2.0
1.0
c
o
o
CO
O.5
o 0.2
o
I
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O.I
.05
.02-
UM 815.75 - UM8,5.2
UM 815.0 - UM 813.5
UM 813.5 - UM8II.4
5OO
1 1 I
I I I I
IOOO . 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER :ilLE 815.75-811.4
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE JSE-6
-------
10,0
5.0
2.0
1.0
•o
c
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0.5
a.
*-
*>
• 0.2
o
I
.s
o
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.05
UM 811.4 - UM 809.5
UM 809.5 - UM 808.0
UM 808.0- UM 801.5
.02-
.Oi '-—
200
500
JL
i i I I I
_L
1000 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
I
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER MILE 811.4-801.5
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, a WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
W-7
-------
-------
10.0
5.0
2.0
1.0
xi
c
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co
0.5
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£
V
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.05
.02
0','——
200
UM 801.5 - DM 797.0
UM 797.0 - UM 786.0
_L
• I I
500
IOOO 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER IVrLE 801.5-786.0
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. 8 WELFARE |
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL '.
ADMIN. ':
REGION V CHICAGO IL-'» - S ,
FIGURE 3E-,
-------
10.0
5.0
2.0
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UM 786.0 - UM
UM 783.0 - UM
783.0
781.0
X
_L
< I I I I i I
ZOO
600 IOOO 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
_L
30,000
NOTE
Calculations based on the assumption
thar 20% of the area (or volume) is
effective in transporting the water mass
downstream.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RiVER
RIVER MiLE 786.0-781.0
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE IZ-9
-------
lO.Or
5.0
T—r~
2.O
1.0
•o
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0.5
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u.
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.05
.02
1 I i I L
UM 781.0 - UM 776.4
UM 776.4 - UM 764.9
I [ I .1 I
1000 300C 5000 10,000
Discharge -_Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
NOTE
Caicu!«tions based on the assumption
thai 40% of UM 781.0.- UM 776.4 and
60% of UM 776,4- UM 764.9 areas
(or volumes) are effective in trans-
porting the water mass downstreami
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
RIVER M.LE 781.0-764.9
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS !
FIGURE JE-!0
-------
lO.Or
5.0
2.0
1.0
•o
c
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u
01
0.5
4)
a.
11
5
o
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.OIL~
2C"3
MN 109.3 - MN 49.4
MN 49.4 - MN 20.0
MN 20.0 - MN O.I
_L
I
1 I I I I
500 IOOO 3000 5OOO 10,000
Discharge -.Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
MINNESOTA RIVER
RIVER IV! „.£ 109.3 - 0.!
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 8 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
_REGION V
CHICAGO, ILL1SOIS
FIGURE
-------
iO.Or
5.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
•o
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a.
01
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u.
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3
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.05-
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.or
2<
SC 48.0 - SC 26.3
SC 26.3 - SC 23.3
SC 23.3 - SC 0.8
Calculations based on the assumption
that 60% of the area (or volume) is
effective in transporting the wafer mass
downstream.
I 11 I
I
I
I I I I I
IOOO v 3000 5000 10,000
Discharge - Cubic Feet Per Second
30,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISCHARGE - VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIPS
ST. Cr-OIX RiVER
RIVER .V -E 48.0 - 0.8
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, & WELFARE I
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL !
ADMIN.
EGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS f
FIGURE EL-12
-------
-------
CHAPTER V
RANGE OF DAILY DISCHARGES
-------
INTRODUCTION
The general conditions of flow occurring on the Mississippi, Minne-
sota and St. Croix Rivers during the period of the Project's routine and
intensive surveys are presented in this Chapter. One gaging station on
each of these three rivers has been selected to represent the condition
of flow. Daily discharges are categorized into low, medium and high
ranges in keeping with the discharge history of the respective stations.
OBJECT
The range of daily discharges are provided in order that water
quality data may be grouped according to the discharge range for general
interpretation.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The range of discharge conditions for the selected gaging stations
are given by the following Figures:
V-l. Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota
V-2. Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota
V-3. St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls,, Wisconsin
A description of these stations and the daily discharge records from
which the ranges presented here are derived may be found in this Project's
report on Hydrographs.
The Carver gage is located just above that stretch of the Minnesota
River which has been studied most carefully by this Project. It therefore
provides the most single useful record on that stream and will reflect the
-20-
-------
general stream flow conditions of the entire stretch under study.
The St. Paul gage provides the most useful record of the Mississippi
River because of its location just above that stretch of stream into which
considerable waste is being discharged. This record may be applied to the
entire stretch of the Mississippi River within the Project study area unless
Minnesota or St. Croix River flows are not within or very nearly within
the same relative range of flow.
The St. Croix Falls gage is located at the upstream end of the Project
study area and reflects accurately the St. Croix River conditions. The
Apple River, which flows into the St. Croix River 23 miles below St. Croix
Falls does not alter the flow regime of the St. Croix River and therefore
the range of flow derived from the St. Croix Falls record may be applied
below the confluence of the Apple River.
The flows defining the low, medium and high ranges were selected by
examining the U. S. Geological Survey compilation of the discharge records
through 1950 (Water Supply Paper 1308) of the three stations used here.
Although these records do not correspond to those used by this project for
mean monthly and low flow analysis, they provide a simple and effective
means of selecting appropriate ranges of flow. Low flows include the
highest minimum daily discharge and the lowest yearly mean discharge.
Medium flows include the mean discharge for the period of record but do
not include either the highest or lowest yearly mean discharges. High
flows include the lowest maximum daily discharge and the highest yearly
mean discharge.
Selection of representative discharges for the ranges of flow at the
three stations was based upon the mean and daily discharges presented in
Table V-l.
-21-
-------
MINNESOTA RIVER
BASED ON DISCHARGE
GAGE NEAR
CARVER MINNESOTA
-nwm-
iHlHl
5000 Cubic Feet Per Second
or Greater
iOOO fc 4999 Cubic Feet Per
Second
i" "ubic Feet Per Second
or Less
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF DAILY
DISCHARGES FOR PERIOD OF
WATER DUALITY SURVEY
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, 6 WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CM'CASO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE ~SL-\
-------
2ASED ON DISCHARGE
GAGE AT
£7. PAUL, MINNESOTA
I9o4
DAYj A M J
"RTF**
i_ LLxx
S 0
N
0
J
F
M
1965
A M
J
J
A
S
l«+t
\JLL .
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
••:• Cubic Feet Per Second
or Greater
3 to 14,993 Cubic Fee.
Per Second
1 RANGE OF DAILY
!
(DISCHARGE? FOR PERIOD c.-
I WATER UALiTY SURVEY
"ubic rest
or L
-------
bT". CRO;X A. 2R
EASED ON DiSCHARGE
CAGE AT
ST. C.^OIX FALLS, WISCONSIN
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
c- -\ \}/*, ~ r>~~ r *. •, Y
(\ M ! \! w L_ O . L/A-,ii_J
ER
UAL:TY SURVEY
or Greater
D:SCr,ARS£- FOR =ER;OD O
',. 70 1 to 5999 Cubic Fee? PC,
"- j u£PT. Or rcAL.'H, i£.C'JCAT!C.\, £. ",/ZLFARE
• FED£RA_ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
1 -< ADMI.V Ch,-,-. -^,- .
— __ FIGURE i-^
-------
TABLE V-l
Maximum - daily
discharges for the
period of record
prior to W.Y. 1951
Lowest maximum daily
discharge for a year
prior to W.Y. 1951
Highest Yearly Mean
prior to W.Y. 1951
Mean - Annual Dis-
charge for period
of record prior
to W.Y. 1951
Lowest Yearly Mean
prior to W.Y. 1951
Highest Minimum
Daily Discharge
for a year prior
to W.Y. 1951
Minimum Daily
Discharge for
period of record
prior to W.Y. 1951
MISSISSIPPI MDE1ESOTA ST. CROK RIVER
RIVER RIVER AT
AT ST. PAUL MAR CARVER ST. CROIX FALLS
107,000 cfs 6)4,100 cfs 5^,900 cfs
9,61*0 cfs it,010 cfs 6,lUO cfs
18}200 cfs 5,602 cfs 6,221 cfs
9.MJ2 cfs 3,OMf cfs 3,838 cfs
1,935 cfs
cfs
632 cfs
729 cfs 1,75^ cfs
650 cfs 1,350 cfs
79 cfs
75 cfs
-------
CHAPTER VI
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY
-------
INTRODUCTION
Low flow frequency curves, based on average daily flows during wLibe
and summer months for the 25-year period of record from Water Year 19^0
through 1964, are presented. A family of curves describing 1, 7, 15> 3n
and 60 consecutive day periods of low flow are provided for each of five
gaging stations. These stations were selected to provide adequate repre-
sentation of the segments of the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Crolx
Rivers within the Project's study area.
OBJECT
These curves may be used to predict the minimum average flow for 1,
7, 155 30 or 60 consecutive days during either the winter or summer
months which is likely to occur in any given span of time up to 26 years.
GENERAL INFORMATION
A family of low flow frequency curves for the winter months of
December, January and February and the summer months of July, August
and September for each of the selected gaging stations are presented in
the following Figures:
VI-1. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #1 - winter months
VI-2. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #1 - summer months
VT-3. Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota - winter months
VT-4. Minnesota River near Carver, Minnesota - summer months
VI-5. Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota - winter months
VI-6. Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota - summer months
-22-
-------
71-7• St. Croix River at Stillwater, Minnesota - winter months
VI-8. St. Croix River at Stillwater., Minnesota - summer months
VI-9. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam t/3 - winter months
VI-10. Mississippi River at Lock & Dam #3 - summer months
The chapter "Hydrographs" includes a discussion of each of these
stations as well as general comments concerning their selection. The
segment of stream to which the flows may be applied as veil as the source
and reliability of the record are also provided.
The 25-year period of record, used in the computation of the average
low flow for the consecutive day periods> was selected after scrutiny of
each stream's hydrologic history. The information was obtained largely
through consultation with personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Geological Survey, Minnesota Department of Conservation and the
Northern States Power Company. The following general conditions applicable
to the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers were most relevant in
selecting Water Years 19^0 through 196H:
1. Major dam construction was completed about 1938.
2. There have been no significant changes in storage capacity
during that period.
3. Operating procedures for the numerous locks, dams, power plants
and reservoirs have remained relatively constant.
The amount of storage capacity made possible by the erection of dams
and the operation of these dams is of particular importance where low f.low
frequency analyses are to be made. With the possible exception of Lake
Pepin and Lake St. Croix, there is little storage capacity in the river
systems of the Project's study area. Furthermore^ upstream reservoirs
arc not operated to their fullest potential to modify either high or low
-23-
-------
-------
flows. For various reasons upstream reservoir levels have been maintained
within certain limits. On the St. Croix and Apple Rivers, the Northern
States Power Company operates hydroelectric plants under approximately
"run-of-the-river" conditions.
The governing philosophies of the agencies that operate the locks,
dams, power plants and reservoir affecting the study area have remained
relatively unchanged since 1939- The existence of these facilities and
their operation do alter the natural hydrology. However, since neither
the facilities nor methods of operation changed during the period of record
and as long as these conditions do not change, the low flow frequency
curves derived from this period are certainly valid and can be used to
predict expected low flows for similar intervals in the future.
METHOD OF COMPUTATION
All computations required to plot these frequency curves were performed
by a digital computer. The program was written, checked and executed by
the Project's Data Processing Unit.
The procedure described below was carried out for winter and summer
months at every gaging station. The average daily discharges for every
year were arrayed, and the lowest average daily discharge was selected.
Every consecutive 7-day average was computed and the lowest selected. The
minimum average flow for the 15, 30 and 60 consecutive day periods was
calculated in the same way. The minimum average flows for the consecutive
day periods were then arrayed in ascending order and their recurrence inter-
val calculated from the formula:
n + 1
-------
-------
where:
Tr = recurrance interval in years
n = number of years of record
m = rank of the event (m = 1 for the lowest flow
in the array)
After plotting flow vs. recurrance interval, the lines of best fit were
drawn. This resulted in one family of curves for the winter months and
a similar set for the summer months at each of the selected gaging
stations.
-25-
-------
-------
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOW FLOV7 FREQUENCY
DECEMBER, -JANUARY, FEBRUARY
MISS1SS ^P! RiVER AT
LOCK A>. - DAM NUMBER i
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
F1GURE3ZT-!
-------
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
\
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY
JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT
LOCK AN DAM NUMBER i
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, & WELFARE i
I FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTSC*.
ADMIN.
i REGION' V C-i!Ci3C LL'SC S
FIGURE 3ZL-2
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY
DECEMBER, JANUARY, FEBRUARY
MINNESOTA RIVER NEAR
CARVE' , MINNESOTA
DEPT. OF HEALTH. EDUCATION, & WELFARE '
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
i REGION V
ADMIN.
CX.CAGC, ILLINOIS
FIGURE 3ZI-3
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY
JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER
MINNESOTA RIVER NEAR
CARVr \ MINNESOTA
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POuLUTiON CONTROL
ADMSW
REGION V Cri'CA?0. ILL'NCIS
FIGURE ZL-4
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DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, £ \VELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADY.N.
1 REGION V
Cri-CAGC. !LLiNO!S
FIGURE m-5
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY
JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT
ST. PA I , MINNESOTA
DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, & WELFARE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADM::;.
FIGURE 2L-6
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TWIN CITiES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOW FLOV/ FREQUENCY
JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER
ST. C^ X RIVER AT
STiLL':/; ~^. ;.•••/.'•£r-A
j DEPT. OF HEAL7.-:, EDLCAT.G.N, & V,'£LFARE
| FEDERAL WATER PCLLUTiO.N CONTROL
AD,V.!,\'.
REGION V
FIGURE 3ZL-S
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APPENDIX "III-A
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