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Clean Lakes Program
1987 Annual Report
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  Clean Lakes Program
       1987 Annual Report
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Office of Water
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
           Washington, DC
             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
             77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
             Chicago, IL 60604-3590

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            Prepared by the North American Lake Management Society under Coopera-
            tive Agreement No. CX 814969-01-0 for the U.S. Environmental Protection
            Agency.  Project officer:  Frank Lapensee, Criteria  & Standards Division,
            Nonpoint Sources Branch, Washington, DC 20460.   Publication does not
            signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views  and policies of the En-
            vironmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or com-
            mercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
EPA Regional Clean Lakes coordinators contributed the information for this Clean Lakes Program Annual
   Report. Tom Davenport of Region V compiled the report, which was reviewed by Frank Lapensee,
       head of the Clean Lakes Program, Carl Myers, chief of the Nonpoint Sources Branch, and
         Headquarters staff members Terri Hollingsworth and Susan Ratcliffe. Lura K. Taggart
                      of the NALMS office designed and produced the report.

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Contents

Introduction  	1
Fiscal Year 1987: New Directions for Water Quality and the Clean Lakes Program .  .  3
  A Year of Progress	4
  Program Implementation	4
Region I   	8
Region II	   10
Region III  	12
Region IV  	14
Region V	16
Region VI  	18
Region VII	19
Region VIII	21
Region X	22

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Introduction
Widespread public support for preserving  and
protecting our Nation's lakes gave rise to the Clean
Lakes Program in 1972. Initiated under the Federal
Water  Pollution  Control Act,  the  Clean Lakes
Program set ambitious  goals for defining  the
causes  and extent of  pollution problems in  the
lakes of each State and for developing and  im-
plementing effective techniques to  restore  and
protect  lake resources. The Clean Lakes Program
provided financial assistance to the States to carry
out the provisions and objectives of the Act.
   Early EPA grants provided funding for a number
of research and development activities, as well as
for local demonstration projects. As a result, in-lake
monitoring and restoration  techniques as well as
watershed  best   management  practices  were
developed  to meet the  needs  of lake restoration
planners nationwide. In addition, initial research ac-
tivities provided  important  baseline data against
which the effectiveness of lake  restoration projects
later could  be judged.
   Promulgation of the Clean Lakes Regulations in
1980 focused the program by establishing a com-
prehensive grant assistance program that included
grants to the States for the preparation of Clas-
sification Surveys, as well as for Phase I diagnos-
tic/feasibility studies and Phase II implementation
projects. The purpose of the State  lake classifica-
tion survey was to identify and classify the publicly-
owned lakes within each State according to trophic
conditions. This activity set the stage for the award
of Phase I  grants by defining a universe of potential
lake water quality projects in each State and by
serving  to assist in prioritizing lakes for potential
funding  assistance.
  Phase I studies were intended to determine the
causes and extent of pollution in particular lakes of
each State, to evaluate possible pollution control
mechanisms for them, and to recommend the most
feasible  and cost-effective methods for  restoring
and protecting lake water quality. Up to 70 percent
of the total cost of the project could be awarded by
the Federal  government, with  a maximum  of
$100,000 awarded to any one study.
  The award of Phase II Federal assistance grants
translated  Phase I lake restoration and protection
recommendations into action. Funds provided for
Phase  II  projects  were  intended for actual  im-
plementation of in-lake restoration practices and
best management practices  (BMP's) in the lake's
watershed. Phase II projects  required at least a 50
percent non-Federal match. Since 1976, EPA has
funded over 350 projects at $102 million.
  With  the  passage of the Water Quality Act of
1987, new directions for the Clean Lakes Program
were established within  the broader  context of
State water quality management.  The next section
of this report discusses these new directions and
program activities in 1987. The remainder of the
report provides region-by-region status.

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Fiscal Year 1987: New Directions for Water
Quality  and the Clean Lakes Program
The Water Quality Act of 1987 (WQA) offers a spe-
cial opportunity for regulatory agencies, the regu-
lated community, and the public to implement the
ambitious new initiatives in concert with ongoing
core Clean  Water  Act (CWA)  programs. States
have  been  actively  involved  in  water quality
management planning since before the 1972 CWA,
and, under the amendments, need to address im-
portant new  responsibilities in the areas of surface
water toxics,  nonpoint source pollution, clean
lakes, and estuaries. In  addition, wetlands and
groundwater represent very important resources
that merit protective efforts. The U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (EPA) is actively encouraging
States to meet the  goals and requirements of the
WQA to the fullest extent possible, and to do so in
an open, consultative framework  using the latest
techniques of problem assessment and  manage-
ment. This framework is generally referred to as the
State Clean Water Strategy Process.
   As each State addresses its ongoing  and new
responsibilities,  it has the opportunity to  integrate
its Clean Lakes Program into its overall water
quality management  efforts. The  Clean  Lakes
Program is  particularly conducive to a highly in-
tegrated and unified approach to water restoration
and protection by the States. The natural linkages
between Clean  Lakes management activities and
other environmental programs, is the flexibility af-
forded both EPA and the States by Section 314;
Section 314 and the cross-program and cross-
agency relationships,  established  just  recently,
combine to encourage an integrated approach.
  Specifically, Section 315 of the Water Quality Act
of 1987 reauthorized the Clean Lakes Program and
mandated a number of new initiatives and require-
ments.  First, in order to remain  eligible for Clean
Lakes Program grant funds, each State is required
to submit biannually to EPA the following:
   • Revised Lake Classification Report;
   • List of lakes not meeting water quality
     standards or that will require controls to
     maintain standards;
   • Lake pollution control procedures;
   • Restoration plan for degraded lakes;
   • Methods and procedures to mitigate the
     harmful effects of acidity in lakes;
   • Assessment of the status and trends of lake
     water quality; and
   • A list of threatened and impaired lakes.
  As required by the Act, the 305(b) Report will be
the mechanism for reporting this information, as

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well as for reporting information concerning non-
point sources of pollution and toxics.
   Second, under the new Act, EPA is required to
establish a Clean Lakes demonstration program
that will enhance the  current scientific database
regarding the causes of lake degradation and the
effectiveness  of  various lake restoration  techni-
ques.  This  initiative will include a study of the
causes and extent of lake acidification nationwide,
resulting in the development of  mitigation techni-
ques for affected lakes. However, no funds were
either requested  or provided for this program. As
such,  demonstration projects will be incorporated
within  the framework of  the  existing program
guidance and regulations.
   Third, EPA was required to develop a lake res-
toration guidance manual and distribute it to the
States. This manual  must be revised and updated
every two years.  The manual has been completed
by EPA's Office of Research and  Development and
published and distributed by the Office of Water;
subsequent updates will be the responsibility of the
Office of Water.
   Finally, in accordance with Section 518(e) of the
Water Quality Act of 1987, EPA's administrator  is
authorized to treat qualified Indian tribes as States.
Therefore, a special effort will be made to involve
Indian tribes in Clean Lakes Program activities and
initiatives in the future.
A Year of Progress

During fiscal year 1987, the Clean Lakes Program
made significant progress toward meeting the new
goals set forth  by the reauthorized Water Quality
Act. In May 1987, EPA convened a Clean Lakes
Work Group that included  representatives of the
States, Regional EPA Offices, Indian tribes, a lake
managers' association, and others. From these dis-
cussions  evolved  the   Clean   Lakes  Program
Guidance   document  (December   1987)   that
describes procedures for complying with the re-
quirements of the new Act. The Guidance stresses
an integrated program approach and development
of  a State Clean Water  Strategy integrating the
Clean Lakes Program into the States overall water
quality management efforts. As outlined in several
of the  success  stories  in   this report,  cross
programs and cross agency relationships were es-
tablished providing an  integrated  Clean  Water
Strategy approach.
   EPA funded several projects that will expand the
base  of scientific  knowledge  in  lake  restora-
tion/protection methodology  for  subsequent up-
dates to the  Lake  Restoration and Reservoir
Guidance Manual. Projects included funds to con-
duct a National Conference on State Lake Manage-
ment   Programs,   remote  sensing   studies  of
nonpoint source impact on lakes, production of the
Monitoring Section of the Technical Supplement to
the  Lake  &  Reservoir   Restoration  Guidance
Manual, research  on  how grass carp  reduces
aquatic  vegetation in lakes, and  further develop-
ment  of a computer model (AGNPS) to  estimate
nutrient loadings  from watersheds  to lakes and
wetlands.
Program Implementation

In fiscal year 1987, $4.5 million was appropriated
for the Clean Lakes Program. These funds were al-
located to the EPA Regions based  upon two fac-
tors: the number of active Clean Lakes projects and
population.
   To ensure that projects were designed to attain
program goals, the Regions were given three
specific objectives:
   1. Select  projects that maximize  benefits to the
environment;
   2. Select  projects that maximize  benefits to the
public; and
   3. Follow  an integrated program approach.
   The Regions then selected projects submitted
by the States that met these objectives. Forty-nine
applicants   qualified:  32   Phase  I  diagnos-
tic/feasibility studies  totalling $2,220,716,  and 17
Phase II projects totalling $2,477,284. Figures 1
and  2  show the distribution of funds and projects
by Region. Figure 3  shows the distribution of the
Clean Lakes restoration activities funded for 1987.
Figure 4 shows the States which received Clean
Lakes grants in 1987.

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                    Clean Lakes 1987 Funding
                  7.0%
       7.1%
 6.9%
8.9%
       23.4%
 Figure 1.
                                   16.3%
                                             10.5%
                                          11.8%
                                 8.1%
                Clean Lakes 1987 Projects
                                        Phase I
                                        New Phase II
                                    S*%aAmended Phase
   0    1
  Figure 2.
23456
            Projects
8
10

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                             FY 87 Restoration Activities





Region

1


II






V


VII
VIII
X





Lake/State
Threemile, ME
Hills, MA
Sluice/Flax, MA
Hopatcong, NJ
Saratoga, NY
Van Cortlandt Park, NY
Nockamixon, PA
Wallenpaupack, PA
Como, MN
Big Stone, MN
Clear, MN
Medicine, MN
Springfield, ll_
Delevan, Wl
Blackhawk, IO
Deer Creek, VT
Devil's, OR
Watershed Management


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                                                                                                         MASS.
                                                    £~	•J~^<  Virgin
                                                   Puerto Rico   is|ands
Figure 4.   States receiving FY 87 Clean Lakes grants indicated by shaded area.

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                                      Region I
During fiscal year 1987, Region 1 received nine
Clean Lakes applications. Two applications were
rejected at the regional level because they did not
meet the regional guidance criteria established for
all projects  requesting  fiscal  1987 Clean  Lakes
funds.
  The Region requested and received approval to
award seven Clean Lakes grants for the following
projects:
Lake
Threemile Pond, ME
Long Lake, ME
Sluice, Flax and Floating
Bridge Ponds, MA
Hills Pond, MA
Mendums Pond, NH
Webster Lake, NH
Olney Pond, Rl
TOTAL
Grant
$130,000
$68,836
$170,356
$70,050
$99,971
$99,787
$100,000
$734,000
Type of Project
Restoration/Protection
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Restoration/Protection
Restoration/Protection
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility

The Region now has 17 active projects.


Success  Story: Lake

Morey

An example of  a successful  lake  restoration
program in Region I is Lake Morey, a 218.62-hec-
tare  lake  in Fairlee, VT.  The lake, an  important
recreational site, had  a long-standing problem of
excessive algae  growth that often severely  inter-
fered with  recreational use of the lake. At times,
blooms of blue-green  algae and other algal types
formed extensive scum on the surface of the lake.
In 1985, collapsing algal bloom caused a major fish
kill involving yellow perch.
   Early studies  indicated that phosphorus leach-
ing into the lake  from failing shoreline septic tanks
caused  Lake Morey's  eutrophication problem.
However, subsequent  modeling analyses indicated
that internal phosphorus  loading from  lake sedi-
ments might be a significant contributor.  Uncertain-
ty over the cause of the excessive phosphorus
levels led to a Phase I Diagnostic/Feasibility study
on Lake Morey by the  State of Vermont.
   Central  to the study, which was  completed  in
1984,  was an extensive  sampling program that
directly measured phosphorus inputs to the lake
                              Sluice, Rax
                              and Roating
                              Bridge Ponds
                               • Phase I projects
                               A Phase II projects

Figure 5.  Region I FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.

from  tributary  streams, groundwater (including
septic systems), and  precipitation. In addition, in-
ternal phosphorus loading was evaluated through
detailed mass balance calculations.
   The results clearly indicated  that internal phos-
phorus loading from anoxic hypolimnetic lake sedi-
ments was the  main  cause  of  the  elevated
phosphorus levels in the lake. Paleolimnological
analysis of a dated sediment core from the  lake
suggested  how the problem might have started.
Evidence preserved in the core  indicated that from
1880-1920, when  most  of the lakeshore develop-
ment took place, soil erosion and sewage dischar-
ges  may  have contributed a massive load of

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phosphorus to the lake that had been recycled in-
ternally ever since.
   Feasibility  studies  for  restoring  Lake  Morey
focused on techniques to break the cycle of inter-
nal phosphorus loading. Treatment of the hypolim-
netic sediments with alum and sodium aluminate
was chosen as the preferred restoration method
because it provided the best opportunity to control
the problem over the long term.
   A Phase II  lake restoration project began on
Lake Morey in  1986 by treating the entire 133.8-ha
sediment area with 175,000 gallons of liquid alum
and sodium aluminate at a cost of $177,000. The
chemicals were injected during a 19-day period in
May-June 1986 at a depth of 8 meters from a barge
equipped with  chemical storage tanks, adjustable
booms, and a spray manifold.
   The   two-year   post-treatment   monitoring
program showed a dramatic improvement in the
lake's water quality. Total phosphorus concentra-
tions in surface waters remained below  10 mil-
ligrams per liter (mg/L) during most of 1986 and
1987, compared with previous levels averaging 20-
40 mg/L. During the summers of 1986 and 1987,
hypolimnetic  phosphorus  concentrations  were
below 50 mg/L, down sharply from pre-treatment
levels of 200-500 mg/L. The spring 1987 level was
only 9 mg/L, compared with average annual spring
phosphorus levels of 37 mg/L before treatment.
  Algae levels  and water  clarity also  improved
after treatment. Average chlorophyll concentrations
during the summer of 1986 were the lowest in nine
years, and no significant algal  blooms have oc-
curred  since treatment. Water clarity  reached all-
time highs during 1987.
  Aluminum levels in the lake, while somewhat
elevated  immediately  after   treatment,   soon
returned to pre-treatment levels. No deaths of fish
or other aquatic life were observed following ex-
posure,  although a decline in the condition of yel-
low  perch  was  observed.  Fisheries  data are
currently being examined to determine whether
temporary aluminum exposure caused the decline.

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                                     Region II
During fiscal year 1987, the State of New York sub-
mitted two applications and the State of New Jer-
sey   submitted   one   application.   All   three
applications were for amendments to Phase  II
projects.
Lake
Lake Hopatoong, NJ
Saratoga Lake, NY
Van Cortlandt Park
  Lake, NY
Grant     Type of Project
$265,000   Restoration/Protection

$154,241   Restoration/Protection

 $52,759   Restoration/Protection
TOTAL
$472,000
  The grants for New Jersey's Lake Hopatcong
and New York's Saratoga Lake, multi-year projects
that  involve  weed  harvesting  and  watershed
management, complete Federal funding for those
projects. The grant for New York's Van Cortlandt
Park Lake $7 million project includes stormwater
diversion,   dredging,  and  upstream  detention
basins.  Locations  of these projects  within the
Region are shown in Figure 6. Fourteen projects
are now active in Region II.
         Lake Hopatcong
 • Phase I projects
 A Phase II projects
 Figure 6.  Region IIFY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.
Success  Story:  Iroquois

Lake and Duck  Pond

Iroquois Lake  and the Duck Pond  are  shallow,
urban bodies  of water located in  Central Park,
Schenectady, NY. The lake provides the means for
several water-related activities, such as  boating,
fishing, and swimming in the summer months; and
ice-skating and ice-hockey in the winter. Surround-
ing the lake are many walkways, grassy areas and
picnic tables which allow for a variety of recreation-
al activities around the lake.
   Historically,  recreational uses of the lake  had
been impaired  by a deterioration of the lake water
quality.   Macrophyte   growth  was  extensive
throughout   the  summer due to  organic  and
nutrient-rich  sediments.  The sediments also stimu-
lated the overgrowth of plankton and algae in the
summer. Odors, as a result of the seasonal die-off
of aquatic plants, and repeated winter fish kills also
diminished the aesthetics of the lake and  impaired
its use.
   A Phase I diagnostic/feasibility study indicated
that  urban   stormwater runoff was  the  primary
source of nutrients to the lake and pond. As a result
of this study, the Phase II restoration  project in-
cluded the following:
   1.  Drawdown and excavation  of nutrient-rich
sediments from the lake and pond;
   2.  Bottom  sealing of the lake  and  pond  with
clay-soil  liner  to prevent excess  exfiltration of
water;
   3.  Development of a stormwater retention  area
for control of watershed drainage to the lake/pond
system;
   4.  Installation of a seepage pit to control street
runoff to the lake;
   5.  Rehabilitation of the Iroquois Lake  Fountain
to recirculate  lake water, and make operable by
direct water line connection to the City Water Supp-
ly, to enable periodic dilution and flushing of the
lake.
   Post-restoration monitoring began  in January
1986. The results of the sampling indicated the level
of success of  the restoration project. Total phos-
phorus, Kjeldahl nitrogen, suspended solids, and
chlorophyll  a  concentrations were reduced  as  a
                                               10

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                                                  result of the project. Total phosphorus concentra-
                                                  tions of Iroquois Lake fell 63.4 percent; Kjeldahl
                                                  nitrogen   concentrations   fell   54.4    percent;
                                                  suspended  solids  dropped  59.6 percent;  and
                                                  chlorophyll a concentrations were 27.4 percent
                                                  below pre-restoration levels. Similar patterns were
                                                  noted in Duck Pond.
                                                     Dissolved  oxygen measurements indicated that
                                                  oxygen levels were at  or  near saturation values
                                                  throughout the 11 -month monitoring period in both
                                                  surface and bottom waters; at no time was there
                                                  any indication of a return to the depleted oxygen
                                                  conditions of the past.  Measurements also indi-
                                                  cated the absence of significant photosynthetic ac-
                                                  tivities. As a result, no fish kills or algal blooms have
                                                  occurred since the restoration.
                                                     The project also successfully reduced the den-
                                                  sity of  macrophyte species.  Some macrophytes
                                                  have recurred in shallow portions of the lake and
                                                  pond which provide a suitable habitat for the new
                                                  fish population but have not impaired the recrea-
                                                  tional aspects of the lake.
  • Water quality
Figure 7.  Sampling stations for Iroquois Lake and Duck Pond
projects.
                                               11

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                                    Region III
During fiscal  year  1987,  Region III  received
$530,400 in allocated funds. Two Phase I studies
were funded: Silver Lake in Dover, DE at a cost of
$21,000 and Big Cherry Reservoir in Big Stone
Gap, VA  at a cost of $30,000. Two Pennsylvania
restoration  efforts received Phase II  funding of
$239,000 each:  Lake Wallenpaupack  in Paupack,
and Lake Nockamixon  in Quakertown. The partial
funding will permit implementation  of the highest-
priority restoration methods,  which  are mostly
agricultural best  management  practices.  Four
projects are active in Region III.
Lake
Grant     Type of Project
Silver Lake, DE        $21,000

Big Cherry Reservoir, VA  $30,000

Lake Nockamixon, PA    $239,700

Lake Wallenpaupack, PA  $239,700
          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Restoration/Protection

          Restoration/Protection
TOTAL
$530,400
                          Lake Nockamixon
                      Silver Lake-Dover
   Big Cherry
   Reservoir
           • Phase I projects
           A Phase II projects
 Figure 8.  Region III FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.
Success Story: South

Fork Rivanna  Reservoir
The South Fork Rivanna Reservoir is located in the
Upper James River Basin near Charlottesville, VA in
Albemarle County.  The  reservoir  covers  1.58
square kilometers and receives  drainage from a
629-square-kilometer watershed.  The mean depth
is 4.5 meters and the mean residence time is eight
days.
  Algal blooms, fish kills, and problems with taste
and odor commonly occur in this reservoir. A 1977
watershed management study concluded that the
lake was highly eutrophic. Of the land  around the
watershed, 61 percent is undeveloped; of the rest,
4 percent is developed, 8 percent is cropland, and
27 percent is pasture land. Nonpoint sources were
found to contribute nearly all of the  suspended
solids and 76 percent of the phosphorus load to the
reservoir.
   Reports funded through the Section 314 Clean
Lakes  and Section 208 programs have recom-
mended the  following  activities to restore and
manage the reservoir:
   1. Implementation of a strict  runoff control or-
dinance;
   2. Implementation of agricultural, roadway, and
other best management practices;
   3. Implementation of streambank erosion con-
trols;
   4. Construction of a regional detention basin;
   5. Employment of a watershed manager.
   The  Rivanna Water  and Sewer Authority, Al-
bemarle County, and  the City  of Charlottesville,
together with funding and support from EPA and
the Virginia State Water Control Board, have imple-
mented almost all of these recommendations.
   EPA provided an $800,000 Clean Lakes Phase II
grant in 1981, which has helped to finance comple-
tion of 85 percent of the project. Most of the imple-
mented BMPs have been agricultural and represent
about  75 different contracts;  the highway BMP
program has been limited by budget restrictions in
the  Virginia  Highway  Department. A watershed
manager has been hired  and a  runoff control or-
dinance was developed  and implemented. The
                                              12

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regional detention basin remains under considera-     pre-restoration levels. The project is expected to
tion due to rising construction costs.                  continue for up  to  four  more  years, and  more
   Monitoring of the reservoir is showing positive     reductions in algae  growth and loadings are ex-
results. Total phosphorus, suspended  solids and     peeled.
chlorophyll levels are down 10 to 25 percent from
                                               13

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                                     Region IV
This  southeastern  Region  encompasses eight
States:  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  North  and  South
Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and
Florida. The Region is  managing three  active
projects, and this year, funded four Phase I diag-
nostic/feasibility studies.
Lake
Grant     Type of Project
Lake Edgar A. Brown, SC $64,048

Wolf Lake, MS        $100,000

Moon Lake, MS       $100,000

Lake Washington, MS   $100,000
          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Diagnostic/Feasibility
TOTAL
$364,048
   • Lake Washington
           I
     • Wolf Lake
   Phase I projects
  . Phase II projects
 Figure 9.  Region IV FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.



 Success Story: Lake
 Jackson
 Lake Jackson is a 1,619.4-ha solution lake located
 near Tallahassee, FL Comprehensive studies of
 the water quality of Lake Jackson during 1974 and
 1977 led to increased awareness of pollution in the
 lake resulting from stormwater drainage. Rapid ur-
banization in the Megginnis Arm watershed  (902.8
ha) of the lake resulted in greater drainage with in-
creased  nutrient and sediment  loads, and sub-
sequently accelerated the eutrophication of both
the watershed and the lake.
   As the result of a cooperative effort  by EPA
(which provided $1.6 million in Section 314 fund-
ing), the Florida  Department  of Environmental
Regulation,  and  the  Northwest  Florida  Water
Management  District, a stormwater treatment
facility was built along a natural inflow stream to
Megginnis Arm. This facility, which began operat-
ing in the fall of 1984, incorporates proven and in-
novative techniques to  treat  the  stormwater
drainage that enters the watershed.
   Stormwater drainage  enters a 163,000  cubic
meter  detention  pond  (Fig.  10),  and  passes
through a 1.8-ha intermittent underdrain filter that
removes  solids  and  nutrients.  Immediately
downstream, the flow is diverted  into a  2.5-ha
marsh, which has an average depth 0.5 meters, ex-
cept for a 2.5-meter deep settling basin  near the
outfall. The  marsh  impoundment  is divided  into
three cells, each of which contains a different  kind
of macrophyte.
                                                         Megginnis Arm Lake
                                                                \
                                                            Megginnis Creek
                                                                    -Lakeshore Drive
                                                      Dikes
                                                    Artificial
                                                    marsh
                                                    Stoplog weir
                                                                Heavy sediment
                                                                                    collection basin
                                  Intermittent filte
                                 U
                                                  Megginnis Creek
                                 Lake Jackson Project
                                  Cedars Executive Center
                                                                   Tallahassee
                                                                   Mall
                                Figure 10.  Location of detention pond.
                                                14

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  Based on  three years  of  post-project water    the remaining  load. All other loading parameters
quality monitoring  by Florida State University's    show reductions ranging from 37 to 90 percent
Department  of  Oceanography,  the  impound-    under normal operating conditions.
ment/filter bed can remove 91 to 98 percent of the       In 1987, the project was named the Outstanding
suspended   solid  load  from the  stormwater    Restoration  Project of  the  year by the  North
drainage while the  marsh removes 75 percent  of    American Lake Management Society (NALMS).
                                             15

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                                      Region V
In April  1987,  Region V issued fiscal year 1987
Funding Guidance for the  Clean Lakes Program.
This Regional Guidance was based on the National
Guidance, and Regional priorities.
   In response to this guidance, over 50 potential
projects were identified. Five States submitted ap-
plications  for a total of 17 projects  for possible
Clean Lakes funding, of which 16  received ap-
proval. Of the approved projects, 10 were Phase I
studies and  six were Phase II restoration projects
(see Fig. 11).
  | MINNESOTA
       Lake Sallie
  ,    and Detroit Lakes
Sauk River Chain!
  (.   '»   C WISCONSIN
   (I •• ^CrMedicine Lake
         • V^Janners Lake
         '  Lake Como   Delavan Lake
           :iearLake          \MICHIGAN
                                                 Lake              Grant
                                                 Chicago Park Lagoon, IL  $50,000
Type of Project
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Big
Stone
Lake
         Upper and
         Lower Prior)
         Lakes   /^Chicago Park
       Lake Ripley f  Lagoons I
 Big Kandiyohi Lake (          I
      LakePittsfieJd*   Lake Springfield
                  .^ILLINOIS)
                            INDIANA
                            Marble-Coldwater Chain
• Phase I Projects
* Phase II Projects

Figure 11.  Region V FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.

   In addition  to the 16 grant actions mentioned
above, the Region continued to manage 35 active
projects. The Region conducted field reviews of 20
active and  new projects as well as three potential
projects during fiscal year 1987.
   To ensure efficient and effective management of
its Clean Lakes projects, the  Region developed a
data management system to facilitate the tracking
of projects and to assist in responding to inquiries
concerning the Clean Lakes  Program  and water
quality problems.  Regional personnel also  par-
ticipated in the Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin Annual
State Lake Association Meetings, and cosponsored
and participated in the first Regional  NALMS meet-
ing in Columbus, OH.
Coldwater-Marble
Chain, Ml
Lake Ripley, MN
Lake Pittsfield, IL
Tanner's Lake, MN
Indian Lake, OH
Lake Sallie & Detroit
Lakes, MN
Lake Springfield, IL
Clear Lake, MN
Medicine Lake, MN
Delavan Lake, Wl
Upper & Lower Prior
Lakes, MN
Big Kandiyohi Lake, MN
Como Lake, MN
Sauk River Chain, MN
Big Stone Lake, MN
TOTAL
$25,000
$28,283
$23,166
$39,556
$50,000
$41 ,239
$219,708
$70,039
$135,268
$153,449
$36,017
$19,588
$76,078
$33,725
$51,473
$1 ,052,589
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Restoration/Protection
Restoration/Protection
Restoration/Protection
Restoration/Protection
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Restoration/Protection
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Restoration/Protection

                                                  Success Story:  Lake

                                                  Le-Aqua-Na

                                                  Lake Le-Aqua-Na,  located in Lake Le-Aqua-Na
                                                  State Park in Stephenson County, IL, was formed in
                                                  1956 by the damming of Waddams Creek. Of the
                                                  lake's 951.4-ha watershed,  31  percent is owned by
                                                  the State; the rest is in small private holdings, most
                                                  of which are agricultural.
                                                    The  lake  and  surrounding  State  park  are
                                                  managed  by the  Illinois Department of Conserva-
                                                  tion (IDOC) for a wide variety  of recreational uses,
                                                  including fishing, boating, canoeing, camping,  pic-
                                                  nicking, hiking, water sports, and swimming. Park
                                                  attendance peaked at 530,000 in 1976; by 1981, at-
                                                  tendance had declined by  approximately 43.4 per-
                                                  cent. This decline seemed partially related to the
                                                  lake's deteriorating water quality.
                                                    A 1981-83 Phase I study identified the following
                                                  major problems in the lake:
                                                    1. High nutrient levels;
                                                    2. Nuisance algal blooms;
                                                    3. Excessive aquatic macrophytes;
                                               16

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   4. Dissolved oxygen depletion;
   5. Turbidity and sedimentation.
   Since  most of the lake's problems stemmed
from excessive nutrient and sediment loading from
the watershed,  the  State  decided not to pursue
Phase II funding until watershed controls were im-
plemented.
   Using the results of the Phase I study as the key
component of a public awareness and information
program, the local Soil Conservation Service, Soil
and Water Conservation District, and Cooperative
Extension Service developed interest in the project
among watershed  landowners.  The  Agricultural
Stabilization  and Conservation  Service  (ASCS)
County Committee determined that there was suffi-
cient  landowner interest to propose a special na-
tional conservation  tillage land treatment project
within the watershed.  The objective of the project
was  to cut cropland  soil  erosion by  42  percent,
using a variable cost-share rate as an incentive.
   Within six months, all landowners in the project
area  had  signed either "no-till"  or reduced tillage
contracts for 1984. Consequently, soil erosion fell
46 percent, and sediment yield to the lake fell 31
percent.
  The successful  implementation  of  the special
conservation tillage project helped the State obtain
a Phase II grant. The grant helped finance installa-
tion of a lake destratification system, harvesting of
aquatic macrophytes, algal control, lake shoreline
stabilization,  lake monitoring,  and installation of
resource management systems designed to con-
trol priority nonpoint source areas within the water-
shed.
  Additional ASCS  and  supplemental  Phase  II
funding financed completion of the watershed work
and supported another year of lake water quality
monitoring. After implementation of all watershed
management activities, soil losses  were down 69
percent and sediment yields had fallen 57 percent
from pre-restoration  levels. Continued monitoring
of dissolved oxygen data and visual  examination in-
dicates that in-lake water quality is continuing to
improve.
                                               17

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                                    Region VI
During fiscal year 1987, Clean Lakes Program fund-
ing  for  Region VI totaled  $400,000. All of the
projects were Phase I diagnostic/feasibility studies;
each  received  $100,000 of funding. Two  of the
projects were located in Oklahoma, the other two
in Texas.

                        Lake Ellsworth
                              Cherokees
                                 ARK.
                                  LA.

NEW MEXICO
_ 	 ^t^^^^^H^P^



	 1 	 •"
/OKLA. £
'-^ —
• LakeV
                 TEXAS
                   Lake Houston <
 • Phase I projects
 A Phase II projects

Figure 12. Region VI FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.
Lake
Lake Houston, TX
Lake Worth, TX
Lake Ellsworth, OK
Grand Lake of the
Cherokees, OK
TOTAL
Grant
$100,000
$100,000
$100,000
$100,000
$400,000
Type of Project
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility

   The Region also conducted field reviews of ex-
isting Clean  Lakes projects. During fiscal year
1987, the region managed five Phase II projects:
four in Oklahoma and one in Louisiana. Regional
personnel visited the Louisiana project during the
fiscal year. The Region also participated  in the
Regional  Workshop  sponsored  by the  North
American Lake Management Society in Austin, Tex.
   States  in  the  Region also  identified  several
potential Clean Lakes projects. One is Beaver Lake,
AR, which was identified in Section 315 of the 1987
Water Quality Act  as a demonstration project.
However, no commitment for local matching funds
has yet been secured. Other potential projects in-
clude two  in  Oklahoma, Grand  Lake of the
Cherokees and Lake Ellsworth, and two in Texas,
Lake Houston and Lake Worth.
Success  Story:  Ada City

Lake

Ada City Lake, part of Wintersmith Park in Ada, OK,
is a  popular recreational  lake among  local  resi-
dents. But residential development from the  mid-
1950s through the  early  1970s accelerated  the
aging of the 4.7-ha lake, speeding up the growth of
weeds  and algae that eventually died,  decom-
posed, and settled with the sediments at the bot-
tom of the lake. Construction around the lake also
displaced  soil, which  ran down  into the  lake.
Nitrogen  fertilizers  applied  to  new  lawns  ac-
celerated the growth of macrophytes,  resulting in
algae and aquatic plants that choked the lake and
its tributaries.
  In 1981, the City of Ada established restoration
of the lake as a priority in  its  budget, and pledged
$80,000 as its share  of cleanup costs. The  Ok-
lahoma Water Resources Board completed prelimi-
nary studies and  secured approval of a  restoration
plan for the lake.
  In February 1984, dredging  to increase the
depth of the lake began, after pipelines and pumps
were installed  and pits prepared for storing  and
dewatering the thick,  black  slurry from the  lake.
Dredging was  completed  in June 1985, and water
drained from the sediments  was returned to the
lake.
   Sampling by State personnel  for one year after
completion of the restoration indicates  that the
quality of the lake water has improved dramatically.
The now-clear water replaces vast patches of algae
and  weeds, and  fish stock has been added to the
lake. The success  of the Ada City Lake cleanup
process was the subject  of an article in  the April
1987 edition of Oklahoma  Water Quality News.
                                              18

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                                     Region VII
During fiscal year 1987, Region VII received a target
allocation of $311,000 for the Clean Lakes Program.
This amount funded three projects in the Region:
two new Phase I studies and extension of an ongo-
ing Phase II project. The two Phase I projects are lo-
cated in Iowa and Missouri; the Phase II is in Iowa.
                         A Blackhawk Lake
                          Iowa Lake •
 • Phase I projects
 A Phase II projects

Figure 13.  Region VII FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.

The  two Phase  I projects, Iowa  Lake  in  IA  and
Springfork  Lake  in  MO,  are  evaluating nonpoint
source controls.  The Iowa Lake project  includes a
substate agreement with  Iowa State University's
Center for Agricultural  Resource Development; the
Springfork  Lake  watershed has been selected for
special State funding for implementing erosion con-
trol measures.
Lake               Grant
Spring fork Lake, MO     $35,000

Iowa Lake, IA           $10,600

Blackhawk Lake, IA     $265,400
          Type of Project
          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Diagnostic/Feasibility

          Restoration/Protection
TOTAL
$311,000
  The Phase II project, Blackhawk Lake  in  IA,
probably will be completed for substantially less than
the $1 million estimated cost to the Federal govern-
ment. Watershed nonpoint  source controls  have
been targeted more directly than was believed pos-
sible to  critical  areas,  and  the actual  costs of
management practices have been below the original
estimates.
                                  The Region manages nine projects, and Regional
                               personnel are assisting with preparations for NALMS
                               Regional Workshop in Denver.
Success  Story:  Green

Valley  Lake

Effective use of best management practices has sub-
stantially improved the water quality of Iowa's Green
Valley Lake since 1980.
   Built in 1952 as an impoundment near the head-
waters of the Platte River, the  390-acre Green Valley
Lake began  to demonstrate major problems in the
1970's that affected both aquatic life and recreational
use. Sedimentation had reduced the lake area by
about 10 percent, and nutrients in watershed runoff
stimulated excessive algal growth (the blue-green
Aphanizomenon).
   The runoff from the 5,198-acre watershed - more
than 72 percent  in cropland—was found to be the
source of these water quality problems.
   A Clean Lakes grant of $569,100 in 1980 ad-
dressed three goals:
   • Reduce sediment/nutrient delivery to the lake
     to acceptable levels by installing best
     management practices on croplands in the
     watershed.
   • Reduce resuspension of nutrients within the
     lake bed by deepening shallow water areas.
   • Monitor chemical, physical, and biological
     parameters.
   The landowner contracted the construction of the
approved BMP's  and was reimbursed for 75 percent
of the cost using 50 percent  Federal funds and 25
percent State funds.
   The Iowa  Department of Natural Resources coor-
dinated the project, whose participants  included (in
addition to the landowners and  EPA Region VII),
U.S. Soil Conservation Service in Des Moines,  Iowa
Department  of Agriculture and Land Stewardship,
Union  County Soil Conservation District, Union
County Agricultural  Stabilization and Conservation
Service, Area Extension  Office (Creston),  and the
University Hygienic Laboratory (Iowa City).
                                               19

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Table 1.- Practices constructed at Green Valley Lake
Watershed 1981-1987.
Number
Practice
Grade Stabilization Structures
Tile Intake Terraces
Diversions
Grassed Waterways
Water Sediment Control Basins

Jobs
3
39
1
6
16

Installed
3
108,068ft.
1,245ft.
9,660 ft.
13,897ft.
Total Cost
Cost
$12,277.43
363,297.14
1,948.00
11,078.82
57,476.50
$446,077.99
  Analysis of data from six years of monitoring at
Green  Valley Lake revealed  significant improve-
ment in the annual means for the following key
water quality parameters:
   • Total phosphate concentration
     systematically declined to nearly one-fourth
     of that found in 1981 at the deep water
     station and about half at the shallow water
     station.
              • Chlorophyll a was markedly
                reduced at both stations to
                nearly one-third that recorded in
                1981.
              • Dissolved oxygen fell by nearly
                50 percent at both stations.
                No summer fish kills attributable
             to dissolved oxygen sags have oc-
             curred since  1981.   Algal blooms
             have been noticeably less intense  in
             recent years,  nor  has the  public
complained  of  taste and odor  problems in fish
during 1985 and 1986.  However, water clarity has
declined  during   the  six-year   project  period,
probably because of the lake's expanding popula-
tion of bottom-feeders, such as bulkhead and carp.
   Conservation practices in the watershed has
reduced delivery of sediments to the lake by 5,500
tons annually, reducing loss in lake volume by half,
from approximately 7 acre-feet per year pre-project
to about 3 1/2 acre-feet at this time.
                                                20

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                                   Region VIII
During fiscal year 1987,  Region VIII received a
$319,893 for its grants. The Region received four
applications for Clean Lakes Program funding, of
which three were approved. The three projects ap-
proved  were  Bear  Creek  Reservoir,  Pineview
Reservoir, and Deer Creek Reservoir. Deer Creek is
a Phase II project that received $149,493; the other
two are  Phase I  studies that  received $100,000
each. The Region manages eight projects.
 • Phase I projects
 A Phase II projects

Figure 14.  Region VIII FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.
Lake              Grant
Bear Creek Reservoir,   $100,000
  CO

Pineview Reservoir, UT  $100,000

Deer Creek, Reservoir, UT$119,893
          Type of Project
           Diagnostic/Feasibility

           Diagnostic/Feasibility

           Restoration/Protection
TOTAL
$319,893
Success Story:
Spiritwood Lake
Spiritwood  Lake is a deep natural lake located in
east central North Dakota. The lake, which is ap-
proximately 1  1/2 miles long and 1/2 mile wide,
drains a large land area of 6,032.3 ha, of which
runoff from about 3,846.2 ha goes directly into the
lake.
  Approximately  80  percent of  the  land area
around the watershed is farmed intensively for row
crops and small grains. In the past, much  of this
land was tilled following harvest, leaving bare soil
which then washed from  the fields during  spring
runoff.
  Primarily because of nutrient and sediment load-
ing,  Spiritwood  Lake  was  subject  to   severe
eutrophication by the mid-1970s. During the sum-
mer, algal  blooms restricted recreational use of the
lake. Under a Section 208 plan, the lake was iden-
tified as one of 10 in the State to be given priority
for nonpoint source controls.
  In 1980, the North  Dakota State Department of
Health began a two-year diagnostic study to iden-
tify  the causes of the lake's eutrophication. The
study concluded that agricultural runoff and inter-
nal loading from sediments were the principal sour-
ces of the  nutrients.
  Tests performed during the diagnostic study in-
dicated that nitrogen was the chief nutrient for the
algae, but nitrogen control was believed to  be dif-
ficult because of its solubility, input from the atmos-
phere, and the presence of algal species capable of
nitrogen fixation. In contrast, the largest portion of
the  phosphorus input to the  lake came from soil
particles; thus, reducing soil erosion was viewed as
a way to significantly diminish phosphorus loading.
  Implementation of agricultural best management
practices to control soil erosion and nutrient runoff
began in 1981 and were essentially completed by
the  end of 1983. The principal BMPs implemented
were tree planting, grassed waterways, no-till crop-
ping, protected fallow land, and techniques to com-
bat  wind erosion.
  Using Clean Lakes Program funds, a pipeline
and pump house to  draw water from the lake's
hypolimnion were constructed in 1982.
  Monitoring  of the  project indicated  reduced
levels  of  phosphorus,  nitrogen,  and   algae.
However,  the long-term success  of  the  project
depends on  the  success of agricultural  BMPs.
Some of the BMPs employed thus far have proven
inadequate for water  quality  protection  and are
being modified.
                                              21

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                                     Region  X
During fiscal year 1987, Region X received seven
applications: four for Phase I studies, one for a new
Phase II  project,  and two  amended Phase II
projects. All but the new Phase II and one amended
Phase II project were approved (see Fig. 15). The
Region now manages nine projects.
Lake
Lake Pend Oreille, ID
Mauser, Lake, ID
Winchester Lake, ID
Garrison Lake, OR
Devil's Lake, OR
TOTAL
Grant
$77,000
$52,000
$51,000
$74,900
$61,170
$316,070
Type of Project
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Diagnostic/Feasibility
Restoration/Protection

                             Lake Pend Oreille

                             Mauser Lake
• Phase I projects
A Phase II projects

Figure 15.  Region X FY 87 Clean Lakes project grants.

   The State of Idaho responded to the Region's
call for new Clean Lakes applications by submitting
three Phase I proposals in fiscal year 1987, after a
three-year  absence  from program  activity.  The
State also has  published  a  lake  management
manual, initiated a citizen's  monitoring program,
and is overseeing an aerial survey of seven north-
ern Idaho lakes. The survey, which was completed
in January 1988, received  a $65,000 grant.
   Other accomplishments  by Region X  include
participation by Regional  personnel in the newly-
formed  Washington Lakes Protection Association,
negotiation of an interagency work plan for a Con-
gressionally-mandated study of Lake Pend Oreille
and the Clark Fork River System;  and, receipt of a
$30,000 research grant to study feeding preferen-
ces of sterile white amur in northwestern habitats.
Success  Story:  Lake

Ballinger

Lake Ballinger is  a 40.5-ha eutrophic lake located
within the City of Mountlake Terrace, just north of
Seattle. In the past, the lake has suffered from ex-
cessive nutrient loading, particularly phosphorus,
which has resulted in algal growth that has reduced
the recreational value and beauty of the lake.
   Studies conducted on the lake by the City and
other government agencies since the mid-1970s
concluded that the best way to restore the lake was
to reduce  phosphorus loading  from both internal
sediment loading and external  loading from Hall
Creek, the main inflow to the lake.
   A two-part project was  undertaken. Part  I en-
tailed the restoration of Hall Creek through the es-
tablishment of two sedimentation basins. Part  II
involved  construction  of a  hypolimnetic dis-
charge/withdrawal system to facilitate the removal
of phosphorus-rich  hypolimnetic  waters  and en-
hance the dissolved oxygen levels.
   Restoring Hall  Creek reduced erosion and flood-
ing, and cut the phosphorus and sediment loading
of the lake. Construction of the two sedimentation
ponds resulted in the removal of particulate phos-
phorus and suspended solids. The improvement  in
the creek  generated an oxidizing environment  in
which the ammonia  in the creek was converted to
nitrate-nitrogen, and the water  had high dissolved
oxygen concentrations.
   Hypolimnetic    injection    and    withdrawal
prevented hypolimnetic anoxia  and limited internal
loading of phosphorus from lake sediments. The in-
jection and withdrawal system cut internal phos-
phorus  loading  86  percent from pre-treatment
levels and contributed  greatly to overall  water
quality improvement through 1985.
   However, phosphorus loading from the creek
basin began to increase dramatically  in late  1984,
resulting in a  substantial decline in water quality in
1985 and 1986. This deterioration reflected the ef-
fects of accelerated watershed development and
stormwater runoff throughout  the Lake  Ballinger
basin. It became clear that long-term  improve-
ments in the  lake's  water quality depended  upon
successful enhancement of the  water quality of the
runoff and Hall Creek.
   Although the  Clean Lakes project for the lake
ended monitoring and implementation funding sup-
                                              22

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port in 1986, the City of Mountlake Terrace con-     grassland  swales  and  erosion  control.  Lake
tinued the effort. In 1986, the City hired a full-time     monitoring  and stream rehabilitation are continu-
watershed manager to identify and control  poten-     ing, and a citizen's watch phone number has been
tial and actual sources of nutrient loading  to the     established  to facilitate  citizen  reporting  and
lake. Three ordinances have been passed requiring     government response to nutrient loading and toxic
development construction projects to take steps to     spills.
reduce nutrient loading through strategies such as
                                               23

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Clean Lakes Program Regional Coordinators
    REGION I
    Warren Howard
    John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.
    Boston, MA 02203
    (617)565-3541

    REGION II
    Terry Faber
    26 Federal Plaza
    New York, NY 10278
    (212) 264-8708

    REGION III
    Randy Waite
    841 Chestnut St.
    Philadelphia, PA 19107
    (215) 597-3425

    REGION IV
    Leonard Nowak
    345 Courtland St. NE
    Atlanta, GA 30365
    (404)347-2126

    REGION V
    Don Roberts
    230 S. Dearborn
    Chicago, IL 60604
    (312)886-1765
REGION VI
Doug Holy
1445 Ross Avenue
Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202
(214)655-7140

REGION VII
Lynn Kring
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS66101
(913)236-2817

REGION VIII
Tom Braidech
999 18th St.
Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202
(303)293-1572

REGION IX
Wendell Smith
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415)974-0828

REGION X
Sally Marquis
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)442-2116
                               24

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