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    Atrazine was found to have no effect on reproduction in rats when
administered in the diet but was embryotoxic  when administered  through
subcutaneous injection.   Atrazine administered in the diet from Day  1
of pregnancy throughout gestation had no effect on reproduction at
1000 mg/kg (Peters and Cook, 1973).   Atrazine administered through
subcutaneous injection on Days 3,  6,  and 9 of gestation had no  effect
on reproduction at 200 mg/kg, however,  higher concentrations  of 800  to
2000 mg/kg were embryotoxic.  Another study indicated that long-term
exposure to rats and mice revealed no teratogenic effects,  however,  no
information on experimental methodology was available (Patty,  1981).
Reproduction in sheep was not affected at  15  mg/kg/day,  however, a
higher concentration (30 mg/kg/day) caused 100%  mortality of  adults
during Days 36 and 60 of gestation.   One of the ewes  failed to  con-
ceive, three had experienced embryo death, and two carried normal
fetuses (Binns and Johnson,  1970).

    Atrazine caused mutagenic responses in certain plant and  animal
systems.  Atrazine alone or atrazine  following mammalian activation
was usually nonmutagenic.  Atrazine following plant activation,
however, had a strong mutagenic effect.  Plewa and Gentile (1976)
suggested that atrazine may be degraded by the plant into environ-
mental mutagenic agents, and a mutagenic metabolite in the environment
could adversely affect human health.   Additional concern exists
because atrazine as a plant activated promutagen is not only a
laboratory phenomenon but can occur in the environment at
concentration levels used  in modern agricultural practice  (Plewa et
al., 1984).  Atrazine following  plant activation caused a positive
effect on forward mutation  in Schizosac~  charomyces pombe  (6 mM),
Aspergillus nidulans, Streptomyces coelicolor (6 mm), and Chinese
hamster cells  V79  (3.0 mM); unscheduled DNA synthesis in human  cells
EUE line  (3.0 mm);  chromosome aberration in vivo in mouse bone-
marrow cell; gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; reversion
(plants grown in soil with  35.3 mg/pot)  and pollen waxy locus assay
(in situ field plots, 3.84 kg/ha) in  Zea mays; and mitotic crossing
over in Aspergillus nidulans.

    Atrazine has caused mutagenicity in some  animal systems.  Induction
of dominant lethal mutations in mice spermatids occurred at high
concentrations (1500 ppm).   Atrazine  administered through  larval
feeding (0.01  percent)  to Drosophila  caused  a significant increase in
sex-linked recessive lethal  and a significant difference in chromosome
loss in comparison to the controls.   Mammalian activation caused a
positive effect on  forward  mutation  in E.  co^i.  (100 mg/kg).

    No original data on carcinogenic effects were obtained; however,
information obtained from Ciba-Geigy  Corp. stated that long-term
studies in rats and mice revealed no carcinogenic effects on  parents
or progeny.   Duration and dose were unspecified (Patty, 1981).   Walker
et al.  (1979)  found that 6 to 8 interperitoneal injections of atrazine
at 120 to 140 mg/kg/day inhibited development of Ehrlich ascites tumor
cells in mice.  Walker et al. (1979)  also  found that atrazine
inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis in vivo.


                                  23

-------
\
            Information obtained from epidemiological studies also  is limited.
        Applicability  of  these  studies  in determining effects of atrazine on
        human health is reduced because the people examined in these studies
        were exposed to several pesticides.   Long et al.  (1969),  however,
        found a significant correlation between the amount of atrazine used by
        the high-use group and the bilirubin  1-minute and 30-minute values.
        It was noted that only a small number of subjects were involved in
        this study.  Yoder et al.  (1973) noted a 4-fold increase in chromosome
        aberrations detected in lymphocyte cultures from blood samples of
        workers exposed to 2,4-D,  amitrole,  and atrazine during the peak usage
        season.

                       CRITERIA EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

            No information was found on current water-quality criteria or
        standards.

                                   Aquatic Toxicity

            An Aquatic Life Criterion as defined by Stephan et al.  (1985)
        consists  of two concentrations:  the Criterion Maximum Concentration
        (CMC) and  the  Criterion Continuous Concentration  (CCC).  While
        toxicity  data  are not available for  eight genera, as required by the
        Guidelines, there were sufficient aquatic toxicity data to estimate an
        advisory  concentration.

            The CMC is equal  to one-half the  Final Acute Value (FAV).  The
        Final Acute Value using the following equations:

                       Final Acute Value = eA
        where:

                  A =  S(  0.05) + L
                  L =[ (In GMAV) - S(  ( p))]  /4)

                  S2 =  ((In GMAV)2) -  ((  (In GMAVM2/4)
                                   (P) -  (( (  P))2/4)

                  P =  Cumulative probability  as R/(N+1);
                  R =  Rank from "1" for the lowest to "N" for the highest GMAV.

        Genus Mean Acute Values  (GMAVs)  were selected from the reviewed liter-
        ature  (Table 1).  Values used in calculating the Final Acute Value are
        listed  in  Table 3.  Acute toxicity test results from Salvelinus fonti-
        nalis  (salmonid), Lepomis macrochirus  (a recreationally important
        species),  Pimephales promelas  (another family in  the phylum  Chordata),
        Daphnia magna  (planktonic  crustacean), Gammarus fasciatus  (benthic
        crustacean), and Chironomus tentans (insect)  were used to calculate
        the Final  Acute Value.   Laboratory tests and procedures were accept-
        able except for tests  with  C. tentans.  Guidelines for deriving water-
        quality criteria require that  acute toxicity tests with C. tentans be
        started with second or third instar larvae, whereas this test was
        started with first instar larvae.

                                         24

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        TABLE 3.   DATA USED FOR CALCULATION OF FINAL ACUTE VALUE

                         Acute LC50         GMAV
Species
                                                        Rank
 Daphnia magna
Gammarus faciatus
Chironomus tentans
Salvelinus fontinalis
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
                          6.9
                         5.7
                         0.72
                         6,
                         5,
  6.9
 5.7
 0.72
 6.3
15.0
>8.0
2
1
3
6
5
 0.57
0.29
0.14
0.43
0.86
0.71
Substituting values from Table 3 into the formulae gives an
estimated Final Acute Value for atrazine based on six aquatic
species of 0.34 ppm.

    The estimated maximum cocentration for atrazine was  calculated by
the equation:
     Estimated maximum concentration = Final Acute Value
                                                 2,
giving a value of 0.17 ppm.
    The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)  is equal to the
lowest of the Final Chronic Value, the Final Plant Value, and the
Final Residue Value  (unless other data show that a lower value should
be used).

    Chronic toxicity test results from P. promelas  (fish),  D.  magna
(invertebrate) and C. tentans  (acutely sensitive freshwater animal
species)  were used to calculate the Final Chronic Value.  The Species
Mean Acute-Chronic Ratio was determined  for  each  species (Table 4).
Because the Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratio increases as the Species
Mean Acute Value increases, the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio was calcu-
lated as the geometric mean of the acute-chronic ratio for the species
whose Species Mean Acute Values are close to the Final Acute Value.
Therefore,  the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio is equivalent to the geo-
metric mean of the Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratio for C.  tentans
(1.24) which  is  closest to the Final Acute Value  (0.34).  The
Guidelines, however, suggest the use of an acute-chronic ratio of 2
when the ratio falls below this level because of possible
acclimation of the organism.  The  Final Chronic Value  was calculated
by the equation:

                                    Final Acute Value
           Final Chronic Value = Final Acute-Chronic Ratio
                                  25

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        TABLE 4.   DATA USED FOR CALCULATION OF  FINAL CHRONIC  VALUE

                           Acute LC50           SMCV          Acute-Chronic
   Species                  (ppm)             (ppm)               Ratio


Daphnia magna                6.9            0.6245             11.0488
Chironomus tentans           0.72            0.5831               1.2348
Pimephales promelas         15.0            1.0392             14.4342

Substituting appropriate values into this equation gave a Final
Chronic Value  of  0.17 ppm.

    A Final Plant Value was not derived because no  96-hour  test  with
an alga or acceptable chronic test  with an  aquatic vascular plant,  as
required by the EPA guidelines,  was found.  A Final Residue Value also
was not determined as no maximum permissible tissue  concentrations  or
bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factors were found.  Nevertheless,
it was noted that plant effects occur at concentrations lower than
0.17  ppm.   Specifically,  concentrations  as low as 0.001 mg/L  were
found to significantly inhibit algal growth (O'Kelly and Deason,
1976) .

    The Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)  is  equal to  the
lowest of the Final Chronic Value,  Final  Plant  Value, and Final
Residue Value.  While the Final Plant Value and Final Residue Value
were not derived, an advisory concentration was determined  to be
equivalent to the lowest effect level found in algae.   The  advisory
concentration for atrazine, therefore,  is 1 ug/L, based on  data  from
O'Kelly and  Deason (1976).

    Additional information on the toxicity of atrazine  to aquatic
organisms is still needed to  fulfill guideline  requirements completely
(Table 5).   Acute toxicity tests are needed for aquatic animals  from
two different families of  insects and from a phylum other than arthro-
pods or chordates.

    Test results used in calculating the Final  Chronic  Value  are
acceptable except  for acute toxicity tests with C.  tentans, where the
results are questionable  due to the use of first instar larvae instead
of second and third as required by the guidelines.   However,  it  is
likely that  acute  and chronic toxicity tests are needed for C. tentans
or another acutely sensitive freshwater animal species.

    A 96-hour test conducted with an alga or a chronic test conducted
with an aquatic vascular  plant  in which the concentration of  the test
material was measured and the endpoint was  biologically important is
needed (Stephan et al.,  1985).   Several  studies which determined the
effect of atrazine on growth and photosynthesis of  algae were found,
however, no studies were based on a 96-hour exposure period.   A
chronic study determining the effect of  atrazine on  growth  of aquatic
vascular plants was unacceptable because concentrations of  atrazine
used in the experiment were not measured.   Toxicity  tests with aquatic

                                  26

-------
plant species from two different phyla are recommended  as two tests
are required by the EPA guidelines if plants are among  the most sensi-
tive aquatic organisms.  Current studies show that aquatic plants are
extremely sensitive to atrazine and indicate that at least two
toxicity tests with aquatic plants are needed.

    A study on bioaccumulation with a freshwater species also is
needed.   Some bioaccumulation  data were available but not acceptable
because actual tissue concentrations were  not mentioned and tests were
not performed using a North American species.

                            Health Effects

    Limited data on health effects were available but were insuffi-
cient to calculate a water-quality criterion (Table 6).  Atrazine
generally had a low mammalian toxicity.  Most information on animal
toxicity was based on LD50 values and NOELs obtained from review
articles.  Little or no information was given on experimental condi-
tions and methodology.   NOELs  reported in the available literature are
considered inadequate to calculate a water quality  criterion.  No-
observed-adversed-effeet levels  (NOAEL), and lowest-observed-adverse-
effect levels  (LOAEL) from studies that meet EPA guidelines are
needed.   Nevertheless, the lowest NOEL for oral  ingestion of atrazine
found in this search of the literature was 25 ppm.  This value was
noted in a number of  studies involving different species,  and will be
used to derive an  advisory concentration  of:  0.025 ppm (25 ppm  x  0.001
where 0.001  represents  an application factor  for adjustment of the value
from test animal data to human use)  to protect against human health
effects until better data becomes available.  Toxicity  studies with
atrazine indicate that the compound is not carcinogenic or teratogenic
and therefore further studies  are not recommended.  Information on the
mutagenicity of atrazine is more abundant,  but additional testing may
be needed.   Atrazine  alone or  atrazine following mammalian activation
was usually nonmutagenic, however,  atrazine following plant activation
had a strong mutagenic effect.
                                  27

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     TABLE 5.  DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR CALCULATION OF AQUATIC LIFE
               INTERIM CRITERIA—ATRAZINE
  Data Requirements
  Aquatic Toxicity
Available Data
Acceptability of
  Available Data
Acute Test Results from tests on:
  A salmonid (class Osteichthyes)      YES
  A warm water species commercially    YES
    or recreationally important
    (class Osteichthyes)
  Another family in the phylum         YES
    Chordata (fish, amphibian, etc.)
  A planktonic crustacean              YES
    (cladoceran, copepod, etc.)
  Benthic crustacean  (ostracod,        YES
    isopod, scud, crayfish, etc.)
  Insect  (mayfly, dragonfly,           YES
    damselfly, stonefly, mosquito, etc.)
  Phylum other than Arthropoda/         NO
    Chordata (Rotifera, Annelida,
    Mollusca)
  Another family of insect              NO

Acute-chronic ratios with species from
three different families:
  One fish                             YES
  One invertebrate                     YES
  Acutely sensitive freshwater         YES
    animal species

Acceptable test results from a test with:
  Freshwater algae                     YES
                        YES
                        YES
                        YES

                        YES

                        YES

                   QUESTIONABLE
               (first instar larvae)
  A vascular plant
Bioaccumulation factor with a
freshwater species  (if a maximum
permissible tissue concentration
is available)
     YES
     YES
                        YES
                        YES
                         NO
        NO
(no 96-hour test)
        NO
 (no measurement
   of atrazine
 concentrations)

        NO
(no actual tissue
  concentration
 no North American
      species)
                                  28

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        TABLE 6.  DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR CALCULATION OF HEALTH
                  INTERIM CRITERIA—ATRAZINE


   Data Requirements                                 Acceptability of
 Human Health Effects              Available Data     Available Data


Nonthreshold:
  Carcinogen                              NO                	
  Tumor incidence tests (Incidence of     NA                	
    tumor formation significantly more
    than the control for at least one
    dose level), or
  Data set that gives the highest         NA                	
    estimate of carcinogenetic risk, or
  Lifetime average exposure tests, or     NA                	
  Human epidemiology studies              NA                	
    (if available, not required)

Threshold:
  Noncarcinogens                          YES               NO
  No observed adverse effect level        NO                	
    (at least 90-day), or
  Lowest observed effect level            NO                	
  Lowest observed adverse effect level    NO                	

Acceptable Daily Intake:
  Daily water consumption                 YES               YES
                                                       (EPA approved)
  Daily fish consumption                  YES               YES
                                                       (EPA approved)
  Bioconcentration factor                 NO                	
  Nonfish dietary intake                  YES               YES
                                                       (EPA approved)
  Daily intake  by inhalation              NO                	

Threshold Limit Value:
  (Based on 8-hour time-weighted          YES               YES
    average concentrations in air)

Inhalation Studies:
  Available pharmacokinetic data          NO                	
  Measurements  of absorption efficiency   NO                	
  Comparative excretion data              NO                	


NA = Not applicable.
                                  29

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                                                                   -• I
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago,  IL  60604-3590

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