United Slates      Off ice of Solid Waste   SW 3004
         Environmental Protection   Washington DC 20460   1978
         Agency
         Solid Waste
&EPA   Resource Recovery
         Technology

         An Implementation
         Seminar Workbook

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    RESOURCE RECOVERY  TECHNOLOGY
 AN IMPLEMENTATION  SEMINAR WORKBOOK
U,S, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY
          Revised Edition,  1978

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     This workbook (SW-3004)  contains copies of some
of the slides presented by the Resource Recovery Division
of the Office of Solid Waste  at its seminars.

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g  ฃ*  \
f 2J77 I   UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
V   ,r<^                     WASHINGTON. D C  20460
                                                            OFFICE OF WATER AND
                                                            HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
  Welcome . . .
  to this resource recovery seminar presented by the Office of Solid Waste
  of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

       The purpose of the seminar is to provide an overview of the status
  of resource recovery and a discussion of implementation procedures.  We
  believe that this information can be particularly helpful to municipal
  and State agencies that are considering implementation of resource recovery.
  We view this activity as augmenting the in-depth technical assistance which
  is to be provided through the Resource Conservation Panels program mandated
  by the recently enacted Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

       In utilizing our own staff for presentation of this seminar, we in
  no way presume to be the foremost expert on each of the subjects presented.
  However, based on our tracking of nationwide activities in resource
  recovery, our experience in providing technical assistance, and our
  involvement in demonstration and evaluation projects, we hope to be able
  to provide a unique "third-party" perspective to this subject.  We will
  endeavor to be fair and even-handed, yet honest and objective in the
  process.

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     In an attempt to make available a wide range of information,  we
have included references to technical reports to supplement the information
which will be presented at the seminar.  In addition, we have provided
each registrant with a package of publications which includes an eight-part
EPA publication series called: Resource Recovery Implementation: A Guide for
Municipal Officials.

     This is one in a series of regional seminars, and will be presented
to State and local governments on a more individual  basis if requested.

     We thank you for your attendance and hope that this will be an
informative and productive experience for both you and EPA.
                                   StefffijfW. Plehn
                            Deputy Assistant Administrator
                                   for Solid Waste

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                              LIST OF  EPA

                           REGIONAL  CONTACTS
 II,
III.
 IV.
          Dennis  Huebner
          Solid Waste Program
          John F.  Kennedy Bldg.
          Boston,  MA  02203
          (617) 223-5775
Michael F. Debonis
Solid Waste Branch
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY  10007
(212) 264-0503/4/5

C. Howard/Wm. Schremp
Solid Waste Program
6th & Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA  19106
(215) 597-8116

James Scarbrough
Solid Waste Section
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Atlanta, GA  30308
(404) 881-3116

Karl J. Klepitsch, Jr.
Solid Waste Program
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL  60604
(312) 353-2197
VI.     Richard 0. Amber
        Solid Waste Program
        1201 Elm Street
        First Intl.  Bldg.
        Dallas, Texas  75270
        (214) 767-2734

VII.    Morris G. Tucker
        Solid Waste Section
        1735 Baltimore Ave.
        Kansas City, MO  64108
        (816) 374-3307

VIII.   Lawrence P.  Gazda
        Solid Waste Branch
        1860 Lincoln Street
        Denver, CO  80203
        (303) 837-2221

IX.     Charles Bourns
        Solid Waste Program
        215 Freemont Street
        San Francisco, CA  94105
        (415) 556-4606/7/8

X.      Tobias A. Hegdahl
        Solid Waste Program
        1200 6th Avenue
        Seattle, WA  98101
        (206) 442-1260

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                     RESOURCE RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY

                      AN IMPLEMENTATION SEMINAR



                                AGENDA



DAY 1

    TIME                                TOPIC

8:00-9:00 am                       REGISTRATION

9:00-9:15 am                       INTRODUCTION AND STATUS OF
                                     IMPLEMENTATIONS

9:15-9:45 am                       IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH

9:45-10:45 am                      MARKETS

10:45-11:00 am                     COFFEE BREAK

11:00-12:15 pm                     SOURCE SEPARATION

12:15-1:30 pm                      LUNCHEON

1:30-2:00 pm                       COMPATIBILITY

2:00-3:00 pm                       MECHANICAL PROCESSING

3:00-3:15 pm                       COFFEE BREAK

3:15-4:30 pm                       DIRECT COMBUSTION

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DAY 2

    TIME                                     TOPIC

8:30-9:45 am                            REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL

9:45-10:00 am                           COFFEE BREAK

10:00-10:45 am                          PYROLYSIS

10:45-11:30 am                          CO-DISPOSAL

11:30-12:00 pm                          METHANE RECOVERY

12:00-1:30 pm                           LUNCHEON

1:30-2:15 pm                            INDUSTRIAL  WASTE  EXCHANGE
                                          AND WASTE OIL RECOVERY

2:15-2:45 pm                            HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
                                          CONSIDERATIONS

2:45-3:00 pm                            COFFEE BREAK

3:00-3:30 pm                            ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

3:30-4:30 pm                            CONTRACTS,  RISKS  AND FINANCING

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS



                     Introduction and Status of Implementations


                                        Implementation Approach


                                                        Markets


                                              Source Separation


                                                  Compatibility


                                          Mechanical Processing


                                              Direct Combustion


                                            Refuse-derived Fuel


                                                      Pyrolysis


                                                    Co-disposal


                                               Methane Recovery


                                Waste Exchange and Oil Recovery


                Health, Safety and Environmental Considerations


                                        Economic Considerations


                                 Contracts, Risks and Financing


                                                   Reading List
MARGIN INDEX - To use, bend book in half and follow margin index to the
page with black-edge marker.

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Introduction and Status of Implementations

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                           INTRODUCTION

I.   SEMINAR OBJECTIVES
     A.   Purpose
     B.   Who is it for?

II.  SEMINAR MATERIALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
     A.   Workbook
     B.   Publications
     C.   Plan for presentations
     D.   Schedule

III.  BACKGROUND
     A.   RCRA mandates
     B.   Activities of Resource Recovery Division
     C.   Driving forces

IV.  CURRENT STATUS
     A.   Source separation
     B.   Mechanical systems

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Implementation Approach

-------
                    IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
I.    PRIMARY FACTORS
     A.    Markets
     B.    Waste supply
     C.    Technologies
     D.    Procurement strategy
     E.    Performance requirements

II.   ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
     A.    Procurement
     B.    Financing

III.  ISSUES
     A.    Compatibility
     B.    Citizen acceptance

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        MARKETS
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

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Markets

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                              MARKETS

I.    INTRODUCTION
     A.    "Markets first"
     B.    Wasteville,  USA

II.   MARKETING TECHNIQUES
     A.    Three marketing  steps
          1.    Identification
          2.    Preliminary commitment
          3.    Contract
     B.    Waste composition defines  potential  products

III.  ENERGY PRODUCTS FROM  SOLID WASTE
     A.    Energy products  recovered  from a  ton of solid waste
     B.    Potential  buyers
     C.    RDF
          1.    Capacities  of potential  users
          2.    Are electric utilities a viable market?
          3.    Experience  in marketing
     D.    Steam
          1.    Considerations in marketing
          2.    Experience  in marketing

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     E.    Electricity
          1.    Considerations in  marketing
          2.    Experience in  marketing
     F.    Gas and oil
          1.    Considerations in  marketing
          2.    Experience in  marketing

IV.   MATERIAL PRODUCTS  FROM SOLID WASTE
     A.    Ferrous metals
          1.    Alternative users/values
          2.    Buyer requirements
     B.    Nonferrous metals
          1.    Aluminum users/values
          2.    Mixed nonferrous users/values
     C.    Glass
          1.    Use/value as cullet
          2.    Use/value as aggregate
     D.    Paper
          1.    Matching of users  and grades
          2.    Values

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                MATERIALS FROM MUNICIPAL  SOLID  WASTE
Component
Steel
Non-Ferrous
Glass
Newspaper
Percent*
8
1
10
6
Recovery
Efficiency
75-95
40-70
40-70
40-70
Gross
Value
($)
20-50
200-350
2-30
10-35
Revenue Per
Ton of Waste
($)
1.30-3.80
.80-2.45
.10-2.10
.40-1.50
^National  Average
Source:    U.  S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  Office of Solid
          Waste, Resource Recovery Division,  April  1977.
Notes:    (1)  Based on "most likely" outputs and values.   Examples
               outside of these ranges are possible.

          (2)  These are gross values and do not consider  either the
               cost to produce these products or the  cost  of transport
               to a user.

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-------
                   MARKETS FOR NON-FERROUS METAL
                                                       Typical  Price*
User	Form	($/Ton)
Primary Producers
Secondary Smelters
Intermediate Processor
Clean Aluminum
Medium Aluminum
Mixed Aluminum
Mixed Non-Ferrous
300 -
200 -
200 -
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350
250
250
250
     York Market Price - March 1977 - F.O.B. Recovery Plants.

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                         Example of

           Specification for Heavy Ferrous Metals
Composition:             Miscellaneous magnetic steel of various
                         alloys substantially free of cans for
                         foods, beverages, and the like.

Dirt:                    Less than 1%.

Loose Organics:          Less than 2%, including small amounts
                         of paint, paper,  food wastes, etc.

Physical Description:    Loose, free-flowing pieces, except for
                         miscellaneous lengths of wire.

Piece Size:              95% passing through an 8 x 8 inch screen,

Bulk Density:            In excess of 50 pounds per cubic foot.

-------
                         Example of

               Specification for Light Ferrous
1.  Particle Size - 90% 4" or less with not more than 20%
   being less than 1" nominal in size.

2.  Ferrous Density - Ferrous metal density should be between
   20 and 24 pounds per cubic foot.

3.  The recovered ferrous metals should not be in a balled form
   which would prevent MC&P's liquid chemical cleaners from
   reaching 95% of the metals surface.

4.  There are no restrictions on inclusions of white goods in
   the recovered ferrous as long as such white goods are
   processed through shredder mills prior to magnetic separation
   and have a particle size not greater than 6" to 8" nominal.

5.  Tramp inclusions in the recovered ferrous metal should not
   exceed 6%.

-------
                         EXAMPLE OF

        PROPOSED INDUSTRY SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINUM

            RECOVERED FROM MIXED MUNICIPAL REFUSE

                           GRADE A
     The scrap aluminum in mixed municipal refuse must be
separated from all other materials.   If the material is
reclaimed using dry processing following thermal treatment
of the refuse, it must be baled to a density of 15-25 pounds
per cubic foot.  If the aluminum is separated from raw
refuse or if wet processing techniques are used to separate
the aluminum, the aluminum must be shredded or dried prior
to baling.  The shredded material must pass over a U.S.
Standard 12 mesh screen to reduce fines (dust, dirt, sand,
paint, etc.).  Fines must not exceed three percent  (3%) of
gross weight.  The finished product must be baled to a
density of 15-25 lbs./ft.   Alternatively, dry shredded
material may be shipped loose if it has a density of 15-25
lbs./ft.^  Analyses will be on the melt of a total shipment.

     Each shipment shall yield after melting a total net
weight of at least 85 percent (85%)  of the gross weight of
aluminum scrap received and shall contain by chemical
analysis the following maximum elements.

                                      MAXIMUM
          ELEMENT                  WEIGHT PERCENT

            Si                          .30
            Fe                          .60
            Cu                          .25
            Mn                         1.25
            Mg                         2.0
            Cr                          .10
            Ni                          .05
            Zn                          .25
            Ti                          .05
            Bi                          .02
            Pb                          .02
            Sn                          .02
       Others - Each                    .04
       Others - Total                   .12
            Al                       remainder
March 1977

-------
                          EXAMPLE OF

        PROPOSED INDUSTRY SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINUM

            RECOVERED FROM MIXED MUNICIPAL REFUSE

                           GRADE B
     The scrap aluminum in mixed municipal refuse must be
separated from all other materials.  If the material is
reclaimed using dry processing following thermal treatment
of the refuse, it must be baled to a density of 15-25 pounds
per cubic foot.  If the aluminum is separated from raw
refuse or if wet processing techniques are used to separate
the aluminum, the aluminum must be shredded or dried prior
to baling.  The shredded materials must pass over a U.S.
Standard 12 mesh screen to reduce fines (dust, dirt, sand,
paint, etc.).  Fines must not exceed three percent (3%) of
gross weight.  The finished product must be baled to a
density of 15-25 lbs./ft.3  Alternatively, dry shredded
materials may be shipped loose if it has a density of 15-25
lbs./ft.^  Analyses will be on the melt of a total shipment.

     Each shipment shall yield after melting a total net
weight of at least 85 percent (85%) of the gross weight of
aluminum scrap received and shall contain by chemical
analysis the following maximum elements.

                                      MAXIMUM
          ELEMENT                  WEIGHT PERCENT

            Si                           .5
            Fe                          1.0
            Cu                          1.0
            Mn                          1.25
            Mg                          2.0
            Cr                           .3
            Ni                           .3
            Zn                          1.0
            Ti                           .05
            Bi                           .3
            Pb                           .3
            Sn                           .3
       Others - Each                     .05
       Others - Total                    .15
            Al                        remainder
March 1977

-------
                         EXAMPLE OF

             SPECIFICATION FOR NONFERROUS METALS



Contents:           Miscellaneous nonferrous metals,
                    including non-magnetic stainless
                    steel.

Size:               100% retained in 1/2 inch screen.

Cleanliness:        Minimum 60% by weight metal.

Form:               Loose,  but not balled and dry.

-------
                          EXAMPLE  OF

       SPECIFICATION FOR NON-COLOR SORTED GLASS FINES
1. SCREEN SIZING:  0% retained on 2-inch mesh screen.
                   10% max. through 140 mesh screen.

2. COLOR;  Fines to contain only soda lime glass.  No
           color mix specified.

3- LIQUID;  No drainage from representative sample.
            Should be non-caking and free-flowing.

4. ORGANIC MATERIAL;  Total paper, plastics and organic
                      materials max. 0.25%.

5. MAGNETIC METAL;  .05% max.
                    .25 inch max. size.

6. NON-MAGNETIC METAL;  SIZE               NO. PARTICLES
                        +20 mesh           1 particle in 40 Ibs.
                                           {max. size 0.25 inch)

7. SOLID INORGANIC OTHER THAN METAL:
     7.1 TOTAL INORGANIC    AMOUNT:  Max. 0.10% (nonrefractory)
                            SIZE:    Max. 0.25 inch

     7-2 REFRACTORY     งIฃE               NO. PARTICLES
                        +20 mesh           1 particle in 40 Ibs.
                                           (Max. size 0.25 inch)
                        -20+40 mesh        2 particles in 1 Ib.
                        -40+60 mesh        20 particles in 1 Ib.
Special note -- it is anticipated that this product will be
     from flotation and size reduction processes where
     non-magnetic metals and refractory particles will have
     been removed.

-------
                         Example of

             Specification for Waste Newspapers



     Consists of newspaper packed in bales of not less than

54 inches in length, containing less than five percent of

other papers.



Prohibitive materials may not exceed 	 0.5%

Total outthrow may not exceed	2%
Source: Paper Stock Institute of America, Specification
        Circular PS-72.

-------
ADVANCE LETTER OF INTENT TO BID FOR THE PURCHASE OF RECOVERED PRODUCTS
     WHEREAS, the
Corporation (hereinafter called the CORPORATION) endorses resource
recovery from municipal solid waste as a means toward a cleaner
environment and preservation of natural resources; and,

     WHEREAS, the CORPORATION recognizes the need to develop firm
expressions of intent to purchase materials or energy products
recovered from waste within known financial parameters as part of
the planning process for a new endeavor such as this; and,

     WHEREAS, the City of Anytown (hereinafter called the JURISDICTION),
is evaluating the prospects of substituting resource recovery for the
traditional means of solid waste disposal in its area; and,

     WHEREAS, the JURISDICTION recognizes the need to establish product
revenue bases for the determination of the economic feasibility of
processing up to 	 tons per day of municipal solid waste to
produce up to 	tons per day of	 (herein-
after known as the PRODUCT) in a form usable and acceptable to the
CORPORATION according to the Specifications attached to the AGREEMENT
and made part hereof; and,
                         Page 1  of 7 pages

-------
     WHEREAS, the JURISDICTION may wish to assign this AGREEMENT to
either public or private groups (hereinafter called the ASSIGNEE) who
may operate a resource recovery facility for the JURISDICTION and thus
have a requirement for a user of the quantity of PRODUCT herein described,

     THEREFORE, in consideration of the fact that the legal  authority to
sell recovered products may rest upon a requirement to advertise for the
purchase of such products, it is mutally agreed between the CORPORATION
the JURISDICTION that:

     I.   The CORPORATION, as an expression of its support of the
municipal solid waste recovery program, agrees to:

          (1)  offer herein a firm commitment to bid for the purchase
               of 	 tons per day of the recovered PRODUCT at
               prices not less than those entered here should the
               JURISDICTION or its ASSIGNEE be required or decide to
               effect a competitive procurement; and,

          (2)  agrees that if public bidding is not necessary and not
               the course chosen by the JURISDICTION or its ASSIGNEE,
               then the conditions of the AGREEMENT may be considered
               as a bona fide offer to purchase the recovered PRODUCT
               at prices not less than those stated here.
                         Page 2 of 7 pages

-------
(3)   respond,  should a bid be required, with a bona fide
     offer to  purchase which will  include the following:

     (a)   It will  be a firm bid for five (5) years
          offering an Exchange Price either fixed
          or related to a commodity quote, and if
          the  Exchange Price is not fixed, it will
          offer a  Floor Price below which the
          Exchange Price will not fall  during the
          term of  the contract.

     (b)   The  periodic price paid shall be $	
          less than the 	 of the previous
          period's quotations published in 	
     (c)  If the Exchange Price is not fixed, a
          Floor Price will be bid which will not be
          below $	  	per ton f.o.b. (fill in
          dollar amount) the recovery facility (or
          CORPORATION'S plant •- choose one).

     (d)  The CORPORATION shall retain the right to
          reject any material delivered which does


               Page 3 of 7 pages

-------
     not meet Specifications.   Such  rejection
     will  be at the expense of the resource
     recovery plant.

(e)   The bid will  be subject to force majeur.

(f)   It will be noted the Additional  Conditions
     of the CORPORATION covering general  terms
     and conditions of purchase, acceptance
     delivery, arbitration, weights,  and
     downgrading not explicitly covered in
     the Letter of Intent or by reference,
     will  be negotiated according to good
     business practices and include  such
     Additional Conditions as are attached
     to this AGREEMENT and made a part
     hereof.

(g)   This AGREEMENT is null and void if during
     the period between its execution and the
     actual bid or negotiated contract the
     CORPORATION'S plant ceases operation or
     ceases use of this or equivalent grade of
     recovered PRODUCT.

          Page 4 of 7 pages

-------
     II.  In accepting the assignment of this AGREEMENT,  the JURISDICTION
or its ASSIGNEE agrees:
          (1)  to see that the recovery plant establishes
               specification assurance procedures for the
               recovered PRODUCT, using good industrial
               quality control practices in recognition  of
               the CORPORATION'S use technology as practiced
               in their	__ plant, so  as to
               produce and offer the recovered PRODUCT for sale
               in a form and to the required Specification,
               usable in the plant with minimum alterations to
               present processing technology and business
               practices, and

          (2)  to require, should a contract be effected  as a
               result of this AGREEMENT, that the PRODUCT be
               delivered to the CORPORATION according to
               conditions and prices determined herein and
               not diverted to the spot market which may  on
               occasion be higher than the Exchange Price
               determined by the pricing relationship set
               forth here or as modified by the contract.

          (3)  that should the CORPORATION'S plant, as
               specified herein, become saturated in its

                         Page 5 of 7 pages

-------
               ability to handle  the  recovered  PRODUCT as
               a  result of other  Letters  of  Intent  issued
               by the CORPORATION being converted into
               firm contracts  for delivery and  purchase
               prior to effecting such arrangements as a
               result of this  commitment, the provisions
               of this AGREEMENT  become null and void.

     The JURISDICTION will consult with and  obtain  the approval  of the
CORPORATION concerning its intent to  assign  this AGREEMENT to  any ASSIGNEE
prior to such assignment.

     The CORPORATION will communicate to  the JURISDICTION  or its ASSIGNEE
that information  about its use, technology and  business  practices which
the CORPORATION at its sole discretion  shall consider necessary so as to
assure receipt of the recovered material  in  form and cleanliness necessary
for use by the CORPORATION.  Such communication shall be on a  nonconfidential
basis, unless otherwise subject to a  subsequent confidentiality agreement.

     The JURISDICTION in executing this AGREEMENT does  not represent or
bind itself to any obligation, legal  or otherwise,  that  a  resource recovery
plant will in fact be constructed or  placed  into operation as  a result of
its present efforts.

-------
     This AGREEMENT shall become null and void on 	without
any obligation on either party unless steps toward assignment are made
or it is mutually extended by both the CORPORATION and the JURISDICTION.

Witnessed by:                      JURISDICTION
                                   By:
                                   Date:
Witnessed by:                      CORPORATION
                                   By:
                                   Date:
                            ATTACHMENT
     Specification for 	

-------

-------
Source Separation

-------
          MATERIALS  RECOVERY  THROUGH  SOURCE  SEPARATION





I.    INTRODUCTION





     A.    Outline of talk





     B.    Waste stream composition





     C.    Percentage of waste stream  recycled





     D.    Recycling  centers





II.   SINGLE MATERIAL RECYCLING





     A.    Aluminum can recycling





     B.    Paper recovery techniques





          1.    Corrugated paper





          2.    High-grade office  paper





               a.   Office waste  stream composition





               b.   Office paper  separation  case studies





          3.    Newsprint recovery





               a.   Separate  collection - Fort Worth, Texas





               b.   Piggyback approach





                    (1)  Rack - Madison, Wisconsin

-------
                    (2)   Other piggyback methods





III.  MULTI-MATERIAL SOURCE SEPARATION





     A.    Somerville-Marblehead





     B.    Other multi-material programs





IV.   IMPLEMENTATION OF SOURCE SEPARATION





     A.    Success factors





     B.    Contractual  elements





     C.    Factors influencing participation rate





     D.    Publicity techniques





     E.    Management plan

-------
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      SOMERVILLE-MARBLEHEAD COST ANALYSIS (1976)
Revenue



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-------
Compatibility

-------
                      COMPATIBILITY


I.   COMPATIBILITY ISSUE - DO ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES CONFLICT?


     A.   Source separation


     B.   Beverage container deposits


     C.   Energy and materials recovery plants
II.  IMPACT OF SOURCE SEPARATION OF PAPER ON ENERGY RECOVERY
     PLANTS
     A.   Quantity of paper recoverable


     B.   Impact on Btu content of solid waste


     C.   Impact on economics of an energy recovery plant
III.  IMPACT OF CONTAINER DEPOSITS ON SOURCE SEPARATION
     AND MECHANICAL RECOVERY
     A.   Quantity of metals and glass removed through
          deposits
     B.   Impact on economics of mechanical recovery


     C.   Impact on source separation


IV.  CONCLUSIONS

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         CONTAINERS AS A PERCENT OF MATERIALS

                    IN SOLID WASTE
                                   Containers as a Percent
                                       of Components	
Ferrous                                     15%

Aluminum                                    38%

Glass                                       45%

-------
                   IMPACT OF CONTAINER DEPOSITS ON

                   MECHANICAL SEPARATION ECONOMICS
Case A
Case B
Case C
                                                     Increased Costs
                                                 C$/Ton Incoming Haste)
     Plants That Don't Include
     Glass/Aluminum Recovery

          Fe Recovery                               .30 -  .40
          Glass/Aluminum                                0
                                                    .30 -  .40
     Plant with Glass/Aluminum Recovery
     Operations with Reduced Revenues

          Fe Recovery                               .30 - .40
          Glass/Aluminum                            .40 - .50
                                                    .70 - .90
     Plant Discontinues Glass/Aluminum Recovery

          Fe Recovery                               .30 - .40
          Glass/Aluminum                            .70 -2.00
                                                   1.00 -2.40

-------
Mechanical Processing

-------
                MECHANICAL PROCESSING AND RECOVERY

I.    INTRODUCTION - "ADD-ON"  CONCEPT

II.   PREPROCESSING FOR MATERIALS RECOVERY
     A.    Dry processing
          1.    Shred
          2.    Air classify
          3.    "Light" and "heavy"  fractions
     B.    Wet processing
          1.    Hydropulper
          2.    Liquid cyclone

III.  MATERIALS RECOVERY SUBSYSTEMS
     A,    Paper fiber recovery
          1.    Equipment
          2.    Droduct
          3.    Franklin, Ohio demonstration  results
     B.    Ferrous metals recovery
          ]„    Equipment
          ?.,    Product
          3.    Postcombustion recovery
     C.    Glass and nonferrous metals concentrates
          1.    Trommel

-------
     D.    Nonferrous metals recovery
          1.    Recovery of a mixed nonferrous  product
          2.    Recovery of an aluminum product
               a.  Concept
               b.  Product characteristics
          3.    Recovery equipment
               a.  Jig
               b.  Eddy current separator
          4.    Economics of aluminum recovery
     E.    Glass recovery
          1.    Recovery of glassy aggregate
               a.  Recovery techniques
               b.  Uses of aggregate
          2.    Gullet recovery
               a.  Froth flotation
                   (1)   Equipment.
                   (2)   Product
                   (3)   Economics
               b.  Color sorting
                   (1)   Equipment
                   (2)   Product
                   (3)   Franklin, Ohio demonstration results

IV,  STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR GLASS AND METALS RECOVERY

V.   SUMMARY  OF MATERIALS RECOVERY THROUGH MECHANICAL PROCESSES

-------
                   MATERIALS RECOVERY PROCESSING
       Pre-processing
o    Shredding/pulping
o    Classification
       Heavy Fraction
o    Ferrous metals
o    Nonferrous metals
o    Glass
o    Rocks/dirt
o    Misc.

0
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Light Fraction
Paper
Plastic
Wood
Misc.

-------
                  COMPOSITION OF HEAVY FRACTION1
                     FROM AIR CLASSIFICATION
     Combustibles                                    37.5
     Glass                                           28.5
     Ferrous                                         11.4
     Non-Ferrous                                      6.8
     Other Non-Combustibles                          15.8
^Average based on tests at the St.  Louis  RDF plant and  the  NCRR
 Environmental Test and Evaluation  Facility in Washington,  D.  C.
 Assumes that 90 percent of ferrous metals  are removed.

-------
                   ALUMINUM RECOVERY ECONOMICS

                                             $/Ton Raw
                                            Waste Input
Probable Gross Revenues                     0.75 - 2.00
Probable Processing Costs                   0.75 - 1.25
Net Revenues                               (0.50)- 1.25

-------
                 GLASS GULLET RECOVERY ECONOMICS
                        (FROTH FLOTATION)

                                                  $/Ton Raw
                                                 Waste Input
Probable Gross Revenues                          0.50 - 1.75
Probable Processing Costs                        1.25 - 2.00
Net Revenues                                    (1.50)- 0.50

-------
                  GLASS GULLET RECOVERY  ECONOMICS

                          (Color Sorting)
                                                     Dollars/ton
                                                   raw  waste  input

                                              (500  tpd         (1000  tpd
                                           msw facility)    msw facility)
Probable gross revenues (includes glass
     and misc. ferrous and nonferrous
     metals)
$2.78
$2.78
Probable processing and facility
     amortization costs
$3.46
$2.30
NET COST (profit)
$ .68
($.48)

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Direct Combustion

-------
                 DIRECT COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTE

I.    INTRODUCTION
     A.    Systems
          1.    Waterwall  combustion - mass burning
          2.    Waterwall  combustion - processed waste
          3.    RDF
     B.    Variations
          1.    Adapt system to waste
          2.    Adapt waste to system
          3.    Adapt both

II.   WATERWALL COMBUSTION - MASS BURNING
     A.    History
     B.    Terms
     C.    Profile
          1.    260 plants world-wide
          2.    Size
          3.    Age
          4.    Exportable energy products
     D.    Description of technology
     E.    American experience
          1.    Chicago
          2.    Harrisburg
          3.    Saugus
          4.    Norfolk
          5.    Portsmouth
          6.    Nashville
          7.    Oceanside

-------
     F.    Implementations:  Europe vs.  America
          1.    Land
          2.    Energy
          3.    Markets
          4.    Commitment

III.  WATERWALL COMBUSTION - PROCESSED  WASTE
     A.    Advantages/Disadvantages
          1.    Fuel preparation
          2.    Combustion method
          3.    Materials recovery
     B.    Experience
          1.    Hamilton
          2.    Akron
          3.    Niagara Falls
          4.    Dade County
          5.    Hempstead

IV.   SMALL STEAM GENERATORS
     A.    Approach: Europe vs.  America
     B.    American  technology
     C.    Application
     D.    Experience
          1.    Si loam Springs
          2.    Blytheville
          3.    Groveton
          4.    North Little Rock
          5.    Crossville
          6.    Industrial  sites

-------
     E.   Environmental  considerations

V.   CONCLUSIONS
     A.   Available technology
          1.   Waterwall  combustion - mass burning
          2.   Waterwall  combustion - processed waste
          3.   Small  steam generators
     B.   History of success
          1.   Waterwall  combustion - mass burning
          2.   Processed  waste and steam generators
     C.   Commitment

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-------
                       REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL

I.    INTRODUCTION
     A.    Technology
     B.    Operating results
     C.    Review of recent implementations

II.   TECHNOLOGY
     A.    Production of RDF
          1.    Types of RDF
               a.   Fluff
               b.   Powder
               c.   Densified
          2.    Characteristics  of RDF vs. coal
          3.    Fluff RDF production system
          4.    Powder RDF production system
          5.    Densified RDF production  system
     B.    Use of RDF as supplementary fuel
          1.    Existing boilers designed to fire coal
               a.   Suspension
               b.   Grate and semisuspension
          2.    Cement kilns

III.  OPERATING RESULTS
     A.    St. Louis project
          1.    Test facility -  operated  intermittently from 1972-1976
          2.    Process system

-------
          3.    RDF  product
          4.    Power  plant  facilities
          5.    Processing plant  operating  results
          6.    Power  plant  operating results
     B.    Ames  project
          1.    Full-scale  "commercial"  facility
          2.    Process  system
          3.    Power  plant  facilities
          4.    Processing plant  operating  results
          5.    Costs

IV.   REVIEW OF  RECENT IMPLEMENTATIONS
     A.    Plants  in shakedown
          1.    Milwaukee -  Fluff RDF
               a.   Process system
               b.   Power plant  facilities
               c.   Americology/WEPCQ agreement
               d.   Status
          2.    Chicago  - Fluff RDF
               a.   Process system
               b.   Power plant  facilities
               c.   Status
     B.    Powder  and  densified RDF  test facilities
          1.    Powder RDF
               a.   Process system
               b.   Test burns

-------
           2.   Densified RDF
               a.    Process system
               b.    Test burns
     C.   Plants  under construction
          1.    Bridgeport,  Connecticut
          2.    Lane County, Oregon
          3.    Monroe County,  New York
V.   SUMMARY

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                  CHARACTERISTICS OF RDF  AND  COAL
                               Fluff     Powder*      Coal
Heat Value (BTU/lb)            4,500-     7,800      11,000-
                               6,000                 14,000
Particle Size (in)             ^-1%      <0.015
Moisture (%)                   20-30      2.0        3-12
Ash (%}                        15-25      9.4        3-11
Sulfur (%}                     0.1-0.5    0.1-0.6    0.5-4.3

*Data provided by CEA
                     RDF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

o    St. Louis emissions not typical
          Each situation is different
o    Need air pollution control engineer
          St. Louis data on resistivity, size distribution,  gas flow
          rates, etc.
          Consider your project: ash, moisture, sulfur content of
          fuels; collection efficiency; boiler operation;  etc.
o    If problem expected
          Reduce RDF firing rate
          Reduce boiler load
          Beef up APC equipment

-------
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                          AMES ECONOMICS

                                             Cost per Ton
Capital Cost                                   $14.50
     ($6.3 million, 7%, 20 years)

Operating Cost                                  13.00

Revenues
     RDF ($7.80)
     Ferrous ($3.25)                           (11)
Net Cost                                       $16.50

-------
                         MILWAUKEE SUMMARY

o    1,200 tpd; fluff RDF
o    Operational spring 1977
o    Low quality RDF - slagging
o    Shakedown/modification stage
o    WEPCO
o    Full service contract with American Can

                          CHICAGO SUMMARY

o    1,000 tpd; fluff RDF
o    Operational 1978
o    Commonwealth Edison
o    EPA evaluation
o    A&E; G.O. bonds; city operation

                          BROCKTON SUMMARY
o    20 tph; powder RDF
o    CEA
o    Demo/test facility
o    Operational spring 1977
o    Test burns at Waterbury, CT

-------
                        D - RDF PRODUCTION
500 tons produced
Textiles jammed pelletizer
Die wear
No problem with moisture
Power:  6-8 KW-HR/ton
Costs:  $3-6/ton
Savings
                          D - RDF FIRING
20/40/100% of fuel requirement
No major problems
Air emissions
     Particulates:  No change
     SOY:  Decreased
       A
      Cl:  Increased

-------
                  RDF PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
  Location              RDF           Size            RDF User

Bridgeport,            Powder       1,800 tpd            UI
Connecticut
Lane County,           Fluff          400 tpd            UO
Oregon
Monroe County,         Fluff        2,000 tpd           RG&E
New York

-------
                  WHO HAS (WILL HAVE)  EXPERIENCE?

CONSULTING ENGINEERS
     St. Louis - Homer & Shifrin,  Inc.
     Ames - Henningson, Durham & Richardson
     Chicago - Ralph M. Parsons Co.;  Consoer  Townsend  &  Associates

CONTRACTORS
     Milwaukee - American Can Co.
     Bridgeport, CT - Combustion Equipment Associates,  Inc.;  Occidental
                      Research Corporation
     Monroe County, NY - Raytheon  Service Co.
     Lane County, OR - Allis-Chalmers

-------
Pyrolysis

-------
                             PYROLYSIS

I.   INTRODUCTION
     A.   Definition
     B.   Process parameters
     C.   Major systems

II.  UNION CARBIDE PROCESS
     A.   Description
     B.   Status

III. ANDCO PROCESS
     A.   Description
     B.   Status

IV.  SAN DIEGO
     A.   Process description
          1.   Preliminary processing
          2.   Organic pretreatment
          3.   Flash pyrolysis
     B.   Project status

V.   BALTIMORE
     A.   Process description
          1.   Receiving and storage
          2.   Shredding
          3.   Storage of shredded waste
          4.   Waste firing

-------
          5.   Pyrolysis kiln
          6.   Afterburner
          7.   Steam production and distribution
          8.   Air pollution control  equipment
          9.   Residue handling
     B.   Project status
     C.   Problems and solutions

VI.  LESSONS LEARNED

-------

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Co-disposal

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                            CO-DISPOSAL

I.    INTRODUCTION
     A.   Sludge disposal  methods
          1.    Landfill ing
          2.    Land application
          3.    Ocean dumping
          4.    Incineration
     B,   Incineration technques
          1.    Multiple hearth furnace
          2.    Fluidized bed furance
          3.    Other
          4.    Energy recovery

II.   APPROACHES
     A.   Solid waste technology
          1.    Past attempts
          2.    Evolved systems
          3.    Experience
               a.   Germany
               b.   France
               c.   America
     B.   Sludge incineraters - RDF fuel
          1.    Fluidized bed
          2.    Multiple hearth
          3.    Experience
               a.   Franklin
               b.   Concord

-------
III.  CONCLUSIONS
     A.    Available technology
          1.    Solid waste-fired steam generators
          2.    Being replicated
     B.    Developmental  technology
          1.    Incineration with RDF
          2.    Pyrolysis with RDF
          3.    Autothermic pyrolysis
     C.    Integrated facilities - optimal  option?

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Methane Recovery

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               METHANE GAS RECOVERY FROM LANDFILLS

I.    BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE IN LANDFILLS PRODUCES
     METHANE GAS

II.   MIGRATION/BUILD-UP OF METHANE GAS CAN BE HAZARDOUS
     Solutions:     A.   Install impermeable barriers
                    B.   Counterpumping
                         1.    Flare gas
                         2.    Recover gas

III.  TYPICAL LANDFILL METHANE GAS COMPOSITION
          Methane (CH4)                         50
          Carbon dioxide (C02)                   48
          Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (02),
               Nitrogen (N2), misc.              _2
                                               100%

IV.  POTENTIAL UTILIZATION OF METHANE  GAS FROM LANDFILLS
                                                  BTU/SCF
     A.   Onsite use (raw gas)                     450-500
     B.   Offsite use (raw gas) in small           450-500
          industrial boiler
     C.   Offsite use in industrial  boiler,       750-900
          in utility pipe line  (after  C02,
          H20 removal)

-------
     D.   Onsite generation of electric power
          through use of landfill  gas as fuel
V.   METHANE RECOVERY OPERATIONS AT LANDFILLS
     A.   Palos Verdes, CA
     B.   Mountain View, CA
     C.   Sheldon-Arleta, CA
     D.   Azusa-Western, CA

VI.  ECONOMIC FACTORS
     A.   Quantity of landfill gas available
     B.   BTU content of gas
     C.   Cost per BTU of local natural gas and/or alternative fuels
     D.   Capital cost for landfill gas processing equipment
          and facilities

-------

-------
Waste Exchange and Oil Recovery

-------
                          WASTE EXCHANGE

I.   INTRODUCTION
     A.   What is a waste exchange?
     B.   How does a waste exchange work?

II.  DEFINITIONS
     A.   Information exchange
     B.   Materials exchange

III. HISTORY
     A.   Foreign
     B.   Domestic

IV.  SUCCESS
     A.   Past; present; future
     B.   Most likely to succeed
     C.   Potential partners
     D.   Deterrents

V.   SUMMARY

-------
                          Waste Oil  Recovery
I.    Waste Oil  Resources.

     A.    Approximately 1.2 billion  gallons of waste oil are generated
          each year in the United States.

     B.    Automotive lubricating oil accounts for the majority of the
          waste oils generated.

II.  Waste Oil Destinations.

     A.    Energy recovery accounts for over 50% of the waste oil
          reuse today.

     B.    Approximately 10% of the waste oil is rerefined.

     C.    20% is used as a dust suppressant or asphalt extender.

     D.    As much as 20% is dumped or incinerated without any recovery
          occuring.

III. Environmental/Resource Conservation/Energy Conservation.

     A.    Rerefining offers the most conservation benefits.

-------
     B.    Energy recovery requires complete "cleaning" of the oil or
          adequate pollution control  technology to protect against air
          pollution problems.

IV.   Federal  Actions.

     A.    Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

          1.    Hazardous Waste Management.

          2.    Procurement.

     B.    Energy Policy and Conservation Act - Labeling Containers of
          Oil.

V.   Examples of State and Local Activities.

     A.    Utah.
     B.    Maryland.
     C.    San Diego, California.

VI.   What You Can Do.

     A.    Procurement of rerefined lubricating oil.
     B.    Selling of crankcase drainings to rerefiners.
     C.    Collection of waste oil by lube oil sellers.
     D.    Incentives for locating rerefiners in your region.

-------
         INFORMATION EXCHANGES IN THE UNITED STATES

                         March 1978

California

California Waste Exchange
California State Health Department
Vector and Waste Management
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
(415)843-7900 Ex. 434

Illinois

Environmental Clearinghouse Organization
Illinois Liquid Waste Haulers Association
3426 Maple Lane
Hazelcrest, IL 60424
(312)335-0754

Iowa

Iowa Industrial Waste Information Exchange
CIRAS, Building E
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50010
(515)294-3420

Georgia

Georgia Waste Exchange
Georgia Business and Industry Association
181 Washington Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404)659-4444

Minnesota

Minnesota Waste Exchange
Minnesota Association of Commerce and Industry
200 Hanover
480 Cedar Street
St. Paul, Minnesota  55101
(612)227-9591

Missouri

St. Louis Industrial Waste Exchange
St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth Association
10 Broadway
St. Louis, MO  63102
(314)231-5555

-------
New Jersey

New Jersey State Waste Exchange
New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce
5 Commerce Street
Newark, N.J.  07102
(201)623-7070

New York

Industrial Material Bulletin
EnKarn Corporation
P.O. Box 590
Albany, N.Y.  12201
(518)436-9684

Syracuse Waste Exchange
Allied Chemical
P.O. Box 6
Solvay, N.Y.  13209
(315)487-4198

Ohio

Industrial Waste Information Exchange
Columbus Industrial Association
1515 West Lane Avenue
Columbus, OH  43221
(614)486-6741

Oregon

Portland Recycling Team
1801 N.W. Irving
Portland, OR 97209
(503)228-5375

Tennessee

Tennessee Waste Swap
Tennessee Department of Public Health
Division of Solid Waste Management
230 Capitol Hill Building
Nashville, TN  37219
(615)741-3424

Texas

Houston Waste Exchange
Houston Chamber of Commerce
1100 Milam Building - 25th Floor
Houston, TX  77002
(713)651-1313

-------
Washington

Western Environmental Trade Association
Park Place Suite 314
1200 6th Avenue
Kent, WA  98101
(206)623-5235
           MATERIAL EXCHANGES IN THE UNITED STATES

                         March 1978
California

Zero Waste Systems
2928 Popular Street
Oakland, CA  94608
(415)893-8257

Mas sachusetts

National Resources Recycling Exchange
286 Congress Street
Boston, Mass.  02210
(617)482-2727

New__York

Union Carbide
Surplus Products Group
Investment Recovery Department
270 Park Avenue
New York, N.Y.  10017
(212)551-2345

-------

-------
Health, Safety and Environmental Considerations

-------
               HEALTH,  SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

                        CONSIDERATIONS
 I.   INTRODUCTION
     A.   Any waste processing facility will  have environmental
         impacts
     B.   It is possible to satisfy all  environmental  requirements


     C.   Don't try to cut corners


     D.   Topics to discuss


         1.   Air emissions


         2.   Bacteria and virus


         3.   Fires and explosions


         4.   Noise


         5.   Water effluents


         6.   Solid residuals


II.   AIR EMISSIONS
     A.   The technology is available to control  emissions to
         all applicable standards
     B.   New ESP's on waterwall  combustion units are meeting
         new Federal  and State regulations
     C.   There have been problems too

-------
      D.   It's  cheaper to  do  it  right  the  first  time


      E.   St. Louis  results


          1.  No increase  at  design  load of  boiler


          2.  Two-fold increase  at "normal"  operating  load


      F.   New attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards


          1.  Conflicting  objectives
          2.   Must offset new sources  by eliminating  existing
              sources
      G.   Dust


          1.   Plant interior


          2.   Plant exterior


          3.   Controlling  dust -  can  be  costly


III.   BACTERIA


      A.   Associated with  high dust levels


      B.   High counts measured in St.  Louis


          1.   Not in worker areas


          2.   No dust control


          3.   Sampled within ducts


      C.   Controlling bacteria

-------
 IV.   FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS





      A.   Two types of explosions





          1.  Deflagrations





          2.  Detonations





          3.  Control  of explosions





  V.   NOISE





      A.   At the property line





      B.   Within the plant





 VI.   WATER EFFLUENTS





      A.   No unique problems





      B.   Conventional solutions available





VII.   SOLID RESIDUALS





      A.   No system recycles everything





      B.   Still must have a sanitary landfill





      C.   Some residue can be recycled

-------
Economic Considerations

-------
                               COSTS

I.    TWO COMMON QUESTIONS
     A.    Which system is cheapest?
     B.    How much will  it cost?
               Questions cannot be answered  as  stated  because:
               o    Each situation is  different
               o    There is  no universally  cheapest system
               o    Cost data,  without details, are meaningless

II.   WHICH SYSTEM IS CHEAPEST?
          No answer - RDF vs. Waterwall  combustion  example

III. HOW MUCH WILL IT COST?
     A.    Which cost elements are included?
          1.   Capital cost elements - examples of  relative  magnitude
          2.   0 & M cost elements - examples of relative magnitude
     B.    Specific features of  project
          1.   Financing method
          2.   Design features
          3.   Markets
     C.    Accuracy of estimates
          1.   Level of technology development
          2.   Level of system  design

IV.   SUGGESTIONS FOR EVALUATING COSTS

V.    KEEP COSTS IN PERSPECTIVE

-------
                      HOW MUCH MILL IT COST?

o    Which cost elements are included

o    Specific features of implementation
          Financing method
          Design features
          Markets

o    Accuracy of estimate
          Level of technology development
          Level of system design

-------
                       CAPITAL COST ELEMENTS
                                   (OOP)
Construction                      $26,400                     57
Land and site preparation           2,100                      4.5
Contingency                         2,800                      6.0
Engineering                         4,000                      8.6
Start-up                            5,200                     11
Interest during construction        4,500                      9.7
Financing, legal, spare parts,
     construction management        1,500                      3.2
Debt reserve

                                  $46,500                     100

-------
                        0 & M COST ELEMENTS



                                             (OOP)                %



Labor (including overhead)                  $2,000               35



Utilities                                    1,100               19



Consummables (supplies, parts)               1,100               19



Replacement Equipment



Residue Disposal                               530                9.3



Insurance, Taxes, Licenses                     160                2.8



Management Fees                                790               14



Bond Reserve Fill-up
                                            $5,680              100
                     COST VS. DESIGN FEATURES





Reliability





Utilization





System Size





Products





Health and Safety Considerations





Site Conditions





Architectural Treatment

-------




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                 SUGGESTIONS FOR EVALUATING COSTS







o    Published costs will  not apply to your situation.







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-------
Contracts, Risks and Financing

-------
                 CONTRACTS, RISKS, AND FINANCING

I.   INTRODUCTION
     A.   The implementation process
     B.   Outline of talk
          1.    Managing implementation
          2.    Plant procurement
          3.    Risk management
          4.    Financing
          5.    Developing the RFP

II.   MANAGING IMPLEMENTATION
     A.   Elements of good management
     B.   Minimize conflicts of interest

III.  PLANT PROCUREMENT
     A.   Procurement strategy
     B.   Procurement approaches
     C.   Which procurement approach is best?
     D.   Why it is important to select one  procurement  approach
          and stick with it

-------
IV.  RISK MANAGEMENT
     A.   Elements of risk management
          1.   Identify the sources
          2.   Identify the consequences
          3.   Identify the probabilities
          4.   Reduce the risk
     B.   Categories of risk
     C.   Ways to reduce risk
     D.   Who will accept the responsibility?

V.   FINANCING
     A.   Options to consider
     B.   Making a project financeable

VI.  DEVELOPING THE RFP
     A.   What the RFP should include
          1.   Technical requirements
          2.   Management requirements
          3.   Financing requirements
          4.   Environmental  requirements
          5.   Contractual requirements
     B.   Alternative approaches
     C.   Selection and negotiation

-------
D.   Resource recovery categories
E.   Ways of reducing risks
F.   Who will accept risks
     1.   How many involved, who has control
     2.   Who will accept risks
G.   Cost of accepting risks
H.   Conclusion

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• COMMITTMENT TO THE PROJECT
• STRONG LEADER/GOOD STAFF
• APPROPRIATE USE OF CONSULTANTS
• COORDINATION WITH OTHER
   INTERESTED GROUPS
• CAREFUL PLANNING, SCHEDULING, REVIEW

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Reading List

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                          FURTHER READING

                                ON

               RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTE REDUCTION
     The following information is a compilation of published and
unpublished resource recovery and waste reduction information.   Most
have recently been developed by the U.S.  Environmental  Protection
Agency.  Unless otherwise stated, for copies, please write to:

          Solid Waste Information
          U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
          (Order blank attached)

I.   GENERAL INFORMATION

390+ DECISION-MAKERS'S GUIDE IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.  Environmental
          Protection Agency, 1976.  158 p.
          A series of two to five-page discussions of approximately
          thirty solid waste management topics including resource
          recovery and separate collection.

448  RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTE REDUCTION:  THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS.
          Environmental Protection Agency, 1975.  96 p.
          Examines policy issues, reviews technological progress,
          summarizes city and States activities, and reviews EPA
          studies and investigations for 1974.

600  RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTE REDUCTION:  FOURTH REPORT TO CONGRESS.
          Environmental Protection Agency.  January 1977.  (In
          preparation.)
          Examines policy issues, updates solid waste generation and
          summarizes city, State and Federal Government activities in
          R&D, Guidelines and implementation of resource recovery and
          waste reduction programs during 1975-76.

344  RECYCLING AND THE CONSUMER.  Environmental Protection Agency,
          1974.  12 p.
          An introduction to recycling and waste reduction and
          what the individual can do to promote them.

443  COMPARATIVE ESTIMATES OF POST-CONSUMER SOLID WASTE.  Smith,
          Frank.  1975.  18 p.
          Presents a comparison of the quantity and composition of
          municipal solid waste.
     +The number at left is the number for ordering publications from
the above address.

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432  NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF WASTE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY ACTIVITIES.
          McEwen, L.  1977.
          A summary of progress in resource recovery projects throughout
          the United States.  Updated periodically.

     BASELINE FORECASTS OF RESOURCE RECOVERY.  Midwest Research Institute.
          March 1975.  376 p.  Distributed by the National  Technical
          Information Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,
          Va.  22151.  Publication No. PB-245 924.
          Forecasts to 1990 the quantity of waste generation, the
          recovery of resources from municipal solid waste, the
          recovery of specific materials in solid waste, the total
          recoverable quantity of seven specific materials  and the
          sources of generation for residential, commercial and
          industrial wastes.

528  DEMONSTRATING RESOURCE RECOVERY.  EPA Staff.  Reprinted from
          Waste Age, June 1976.
          A summary of EPA's resource recovery demonstration projects.
          Discusses problem encountered and gives current status.

505  WASTE REDUCTION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY:  THERE IS ROOM  FOR BOTH.
          Humber, N.  Reprinted from Waste Age^ November 1975.
          Defines terms and explains how resource recovery, source
          separation and waste reduction can work together.

     THE IMPACT OF SOURCE SEPARATION AND WASTE REDUCTION ON THE ECONOMICS
          OF RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES.  Skinner, J. H.   Presented
          at the Fifth National Congress on Waste Management Technology
          and Resource and Energy Recovery sponsored by the National
          Solid Waste Management Association.  Dallas, Texas, December 9,
          1976.  Distributed by the Resource Recovery Division (AW-463),
          Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
          Washington, D. C. 20460.

II.  WASTE REDUCTION

487  BEVERAGE CONTAINERS:  THE VERMONT EXPERIENCE.  Loube,  M.  1975.
          16 p.
          Analyzes the impact of the Vermont beverage container
          legislation.

462  QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON RETURNABLE BEVERAGE CONTAINERS FOR BEER
          AND SOFT DRINKS.  Environmental Protection Agency, June 1975.
          9 p.
          Gives answers to frequently asked questions on deposit
          legislation and its impacts.

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463  SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT-GUIDELINES FOR BEVERAGE CONTAINERS.
          Federal Register, September 20, 1976.   (40 CFR Part 244.)
          Guidelines for implementing a deposit  system on beverage
          containers sold on Federal  facilities.

572  UNTRASHING YOSEMITE PARK.   Pierce, C.  Reprinted from EPA Journal,
          October 1976.
          Review of the Yosemite National Park's  experience with
          returnable beverage containers.

531  PRICE SURVEY OF BEVERAGES IN REFILLABLE AND  NONREFILLABLE CONTAINERS.
          Peterson, C,   October 1976.  2-pg. press release.
          Summary of price comparison survey of  beverages in refill able
          and nonrefillable containers.

III. MARKETS

518  MARKET LOCATIONS FOR RECOVERED MATERIALS.   Howard, S.  1976.   88 P.
          Contains lists of actual  or potential  users of recycled  paper,
          steel, glass, and aluminum.  Certain  key data are presented when
          available for each facility, including  whether they use  recycled
          materials and their yearly capacity.

     OVERCOMING INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO SOLID  WASTE UTILIZATION  AS AN
          ENERGY SOURCE.  Prepared for Federal  Energy Administration by
          Gordian Associates Inc.,  1976.  Distributed by the National
          Technical Information Service, U. S.  Dept, of Commerce,
          Springfield,  Va. 22151.  Will be available in July 1977.

343  THE NATIONAL BUYER'S GUIDE TO RECYCLED PAPER.  Environmental
          Educators, Inc.  October 1973.  208 p.
          Directory of paper companies and their  distributors who
          manufacture products containing recycled paper.  Products
          and recycled  contents are listed.

     USE OF REFUSE-DERIVED SOLID FUEL IN ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS.
          Lingle, S. A., and J. R.  Holloway.  Presented at the Fifth
          National Congress on Waste Management Technology and Resource
          Recovery sponsored by the National Solid Waste Management
          Association.   Dallas, Texas, December  9, 1976.  Distributed
          by the Resource Recovery Division (AW-463), Office of Solid
          Waste, U. S.  Environmental  Protection Agency, Washington, D.  C.
          20460.
          Discusses the status of electricity utility use of solid waste
          as a supplemental boiler fuel, the concerns of the utilities
          and a method  for estimating value of solid waste as a fuel.

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IV.  SOURCE SEPARATION AND PAPER RECYCLING

486  RESIDENTIAL PAPER RECOVERY:  A MUNICIPAL IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE.
          Hansen, P.   1975.  26 p.
          Discusses municipal separate collection in terms of methods
          of collection, public vs. private collection,  success factors,
          pilot vs. full-scale programs, and mandatory vs. voluntary
          separation.

553  RESIDENTIAL PAPER RECOVERY:  A COMMUNITY ACTION PLAN.
          National Center for Resource Recovery,  Inc.  1976.
          Describes how to conduct a public education campaign
          implementing a community source separation program.
          This is a companion document to #486.

400  A NEW LOOK AT THE ECONOMICS OF SEPARATE REFUSE COLLECTION.
          SCS Engineers and EPA Staff.  Reprinted from Haste Age,
          May/June 1974.
          Discusses the economic implications of  separate refuse
          collection.

     ANALYSIS OF SOURCE SEPARATE COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLE SOLID WASTE.
          (2 vols.)  SCS Engineers.  1974.  Distributed  by the National
          Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
          Springfield, Va. 22151.  Will be available in  July 1977.
          Final report of detailed case studies of separate collection
          and recycling centers.  Discusses economics, equipment,
          public response and other influencing factors.

446  WHAT YOU CAN DO TO RECYCLE MORE PAPER.  Environmental Protection
          Agency.  1975.  12 p.
          Guide for citizens interested in ways  to recycle paper.

473  MATERIALS RECOVERY:  SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  GUIDELINES FOR
          SOURCE SEPARATION.  Federal Register. April 23, 1976.
          (40 CFR Part 246.)
          Guidelines for source separation in Federal facilities.

     A NEW LOOK AT RECYCLING WASTE PAPER.  Citizens'  Advisory Committee
          on Environmental Quality.  1976.  88 p.  Distributed by  the
          Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
          Washington, D. C. 20402.  No. 040-000-00369-0.   $1.55/copy,
          25% discount on orders of 100 or more.
          Report on a conference held May 11, 1976, sponsored by NCRR,
          involving key people knowledgeable on the subject of the
          recycled paper problem.

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     WASTEPAPER RECYCLING.   12 p.
     WASTEPAPER RECYCLING FOR COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY.   12  p.
     WASTEPAPER RECYCLING FOR CIVIC AND CHARITABLE  GROUPS.   12  p.
     OFFICE PAPER RECYCLING.   12 p.
          Distributed by the American Paper Institute,  Paper Stock
          Conservation Committee,  260 Madison  Avenue,  New York,  N.  Y.
          10016.
          Four brief brochures outlining considerations for  starting
          municipal, civic,  office or industrial  paper  collection
          programs.

510  DEMONSTRATING MULTIMATERIAL SOURCE SEPARATION  IN  SOMERVILLE AND
          MARBLEHEAD, MASSACHUSETTS.  Hansen,  P.  and Resource Planning
          Associates.  Reprinted from Waste Age,  Feb.  1976.   Describes
          two demonstration  projects, funded in part by EPA, where
          source separated materials are collected  for  recycling.

     EVALUATION OF A COMPARTMENTALIZED REFUSE  COLLECTION  VEHICLE FOR
          SEPARATE NEWSPAPER COLLECTION.  SCS  Engineers.   1976.  94 p.
          Distributed by the National Technical Information  Service,
          U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151.   Publication
          No. PB-257 969.
          Presents information on  the economic viability of  a compart-
          mentalized refuse  collection vehicle for  separate  newspaper
          collection.

575  RESOURCE RECOVERY THROUGH MULTIMATERIAL SOURCE SEPARATION.
          Hansen, P.  Reprinted from Waste Age, October 1976.
          Review of Somerville and Marblehead, Mass.,  source
          separation demonstrations.

551  SOURCE SEPARATION:  THE COMMUNITY AWARENESS  PROGRAM. Resource
          Planning Associates.  1976.  88 p.
          Describes the public education campaign conducted  to
          kick-off the source separation programs in Somerville and
          Marblehead, Mass.

V.   ECONOMICS

482  RESOURCE RECOVERY PLANT COST  ESTIMATES.  A COMPARATIVE  EVALUATION
          OF FOUR RECENT DRY-SHREDDING DESIGNS.  Smith, Frank.
          October 1975.  20  p.
          A standardized evaluation of cost estimates  for four
          dry-shredding facilities.

     ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WASTE TO  ENERGY SYSTEMS.
          Ralph M. Parsons Co., 1977.  Distributed  by  the National
          Technical  Information Service, U. S. Dept. of Commerce,
          Springfield, Va. 22151.
          An evaluation of existing resource recovery  systems.
          EPA Contract No. 68-02-2101.

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VI.  MECHANICAL MATERIALS RECOVERY

558  COLOR SORTING WASTE GLASS AT FRANKLIN, OHIO.   Garbe, Y. M.
          Reprinted from Waste Age, September 1976.  An evaluation
          of the waste glass color sorting subsystem at the Franklin,
          Ohio, resource recovery demonstration project.

     A TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE GLASS
          RECOVERY PLANT AT FRANKLIN, OHIO.  Systems Technology
          Corporation.  1977.  Distributed by the  Resource Recovery
          Division (AW-463), Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental
          Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.  20460.

VII. WATERWALL COMBUSTION

548  CAN NASHVILLE'S STORY BE PLACED IN PERSPECTIVE?  McEwen, L. B,. and
          S. J. Levy.  Reprinted from Sgljd Waste_Management, August 1976.
          An evaluation of the technical problems  encountered by the
          Nashville Thermal Transfer Corporation's waterwall incineration
          facility.

537  AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE-FIRED STEAM GENERATORS IN THE U. S.
          Sussman, D.  Reprinted from Waste Age, July 1976.
          A list with discussion compiled from Various sources of
          particulate emission data from 100 percent solid waste-fired
          steam generators.

VIII. SOLID WASTE AS A SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL FOP, POWER PLANTS

538  EPA RESOURCE RECOVERY DEMONSTRATION:  SUMMARY OF AIR EMISSIONS
          ANALYSES.  Ho'iloway, J. R.  Reprinted from Wa^te__Ag_e,  August
          1976.
          Summary of St. Louis RDF project particulate, and bacteria
          and virus emissions testing at processing plant, and
          particulate and gaseous emissions at power plant.

     ST. LOUIS/UNION ELECTRIC REFUSE FIRING DEMONSTRATION AIR POLLUTION
          TEST REPORT.  Midwest Research Institute.  August 1974.
          Distributed by the National Technical Information Service,
          U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151.  Publication
          No. PB-237 630.
          The result of EPA's air emission test conducted in December
          1973 as part of the St. Louis energy recovery demonstration.

     ST, LOUIS DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AIR EMISSION  TESTS:   EVALUATION OF
          UNREGULATED PARTICIPATES, VAPQSS, AND GASES IN POWER PLANT
          FLUF. GASES.  Ho'Moway, J. R., and S.  ,.">.  Levy.  Distributed by
          the Resource Recovery Division (AW-4o3), Office of Solid Waste,
          U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.  C. 20460.
          A summary of air emissions tests for unregulated substances.

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IX.  PYROLYSIS

537  BALTIMORE PYROLYSIS PLANT STATUS REPORT.   Sussman, D.   Reprinted
          from Waste Age.  July 1976.
          A status report on the Baltimore demonstration project covering
          the period of January 1-June 30, 1976.

     DEMONSTRATION OF PYROLYSIS AND MATERIALS  RECOVERY IN SAN DIEGO,
          CALIFORNIA.  Garbe, U. M.  Reprinted from Waste Age.
          December 1976.  Distributed by the Resource Recovery
          Division (AW-463), Office of Solid Waste.  U. S.  EPA,
          Washington, D. C. 20460.

     REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF PYROLYSIS AS A MEANS OF RECOVERING ENERGY
          FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE.  Levy, S. J.  Presented at the
          Third Annual U. S. - Japan Conference on Solid Waste Management
          May 12-14, 1976.  29 p.  Distributed by the Resource Recovery
          Division (AW-463), Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental
          Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460.
          A technical review of four pyrolysis systems currently being
          marketed in the United States.

X.   IMPLEMENTATION

     RESOURCE RECOVERY PLANT IMPLEMENTATION:  GUIDES FOR MUNICIPAL
          OFFICIALS.
          A series of publications  covering all aspects of the planning
          and procurement process for resource recovery.

          533  PLANNING AND OVERVIEW.  Lowe, R. A., and A.  Shilepsky.
                    1976.  34 p.
                    Discusses three major steps—study, selection, and
                    procurement--!eading to implementation of resource
                    recovery with emphasis on  significant issues and
                    problems.

          550  TECHNOLOGIES.  Levy, S. J. and  H.  G. Rigo.  1976.  81 p.
                    A review of various technologies available to
                    recover energy and resources from municipal
                    solid waste.

          496  RISKS AND CONTRACTS.  Randol.R.  1976.  52 p.
                    Examines risks  in resource recovery and possible
                    risk allocations.  Case studies of contractual
                    arrangements in Milwaukee, Nashville, and
                    Bridgeport.

          499  MARKETS.  Garbe Y. M., and S. J. Levy.  1976.  47 p.
                    Discusses the markets for energy and material
                    products recovered from municipal solid waste.

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          493  ACCOUNTING FORMAT.  Sussman, D.   1976.   17  p.
                    Presents a standardized accounting  procedure
                    for resource recovery facilities.

          471  FINANCING.  Randol, R.  1975.  20 p.
                    Discusses alternatives for financing resource
                    recovery facilities.

          495  PROCUREMENT.  Shilepsky, A.  1976.  66 p.
                    Discusses the process of preparing  a Request
                    for Proposals and evaluating the responses.

     470  FURTHER ASSISTANCE.  Hawkins, D.  1975.  29 p.
               Provides sources for  information  on resource  recovery.

567  RESOURCE RECOVERY PLANNING:  AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
          PROCESS.  National League of Cities.   1976.
          A brief discussion of issues to assist local  officials
          in preparing and mobilizing the investigation of local
          resource recovery opportunities.  This is a short  version
          of # 533.

552  RESOURCE RECOVERY RFP AND CONTRACT SUMMARIES.  Hawkins,  D.  1976.
          54 p.
          Summaries of 12 requests for proposals (RFP's),  5  contracts
          and a letter of intent issues by cities, counties  and States
          for resource recovery projects.
                                         ซUS. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 265-358/6174 1-S

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              RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTE REDUCTION-
                          Current Reports

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              Street
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