TESTING MANUAL
FOR SOLID WASTE INCINERATORS
This Processing and Disposal Division Open-File Report fSW-3ts)
was prepared by WILLIAM C. ACHINGER and JOHN J. GIAR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1973
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TESTING MANUAL
FOR SOLID WASTE INCINERATORS
This Processing and Disposal Division Open-File Report (SW-Sts)
was prepared by WILLIAM C. ACHINGER and JOHN J. GIAR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1973
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Thi,s report is printed as prepared by the Processing
and Disposal Division, which is responsible for its
editorial style and technical content.
Mention of commercial products does not imply
endorsement by the U.S. Government.
An environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series (SW-3ts).
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PREFACE
The Testing Manual is a working tool which can be used as the
basis for conducting an environmental evaluation of the performance
of solid waste incinerators. It constitutes a recommended set of
testing procedures for use by both public agencies and private firms.
It will serve as the basis for making the environmental assessment
of solid waste incinerators which will be called for in the Municipal -
Scale Incinerator Guidelines now under development and in the New
Source Performance Standards established for municipal incinerators
by this Agency. If testing is to be conducted to determine compliance
with other standards, testing procedures other than those contained
herein may be required. This is in no way a limitation of this Manual
or any similar document—a fact that should be fully understood by
users.
This document had its real beginning back in 1968 with the initiation
of municipal incinerator field testing work by the former Division of
Technical Operations. Performance evaluations, utilizing and further
refining the Testing Manual, have since been conducted at: Ogden, Utah;
Alexandria, Virginia; Memphis, Tennessee; Cincinnati, Ohio; Atlanta, Georgia;
DeKalb County, Georgia; New Orleans, Louisiana; New Haven, Connecticut;
Greenwood, South Carolina; Delaware County, Pennsylvania; Buffalo, New York*;
Montgomery County, Maryland*; and Braintree, Massachusetts*.
*Reports not yet available.
Hi
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The test procedures contained herein have, therefore, been the
subject of extensive field application and are considered to represent
the best current methodology for properly assessing the performance
of solid waste incinerators from a total environmental approach. This
is not to say that the test procedures cannot or will not be improved.
Anticipating such improvements, this Manual has been produced for
limited distribution to those directly involved in incinerator testing
work and in a format that can be readily amended or supplemented.
Comments or suggestions for improvements by those working in the field
are encouraged and should be directed to the senior author:
Mr. William C. Achinger
Chief, Process Technology Branch
Processing and Disposal Division
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Users of the Manual should feel free to reproduce the data sheets. The
Table of Contents that follows lists only the major subject areas for
each Chapter, and a more detailed listing (including data sheet titles,
figures, and tables) precedes each Chanter.
John T. Talty
Director
Processing and Disoosal Division
IV
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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title
1 Introduction
2 Study Protocol
3 Preliminary Test Arrangements
4 Charging and Operation
4a Determination of Charging Rate
4b Operational
4c Log of Operation
5 Incoming Solid Waste Characterization
5a Field Procedures
5b Laboratory Analyses
5c Summary of Incoming Solid Waste Characteristics
5d Glossary of Incoming Solid Waste Characteristic
Data Symbols
5e References
6 Residue and Grate Siftings Characterization
6a Field Procedures
6b Laboratory Analyses
6c Summary of Residue and Grate Siftings
Characteristics
6d Glossary of Incoming Solid Waste Characteristic
Data Symbols
6e References
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Chapter Title
7 Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout Characterization
7a Field Procedures
7b Laboratory Analyses
7c Summary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout
Characteristics
7d Glossary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout
7e References
8 Characterization of Process and Wastewaters
8a Field Procedures
8b Laboratory Analysis: Wastewater Characterization
8c Laboratory Analysis: Effluent Solids
Characterization
8d Summary of Effluent Wastewater Characteristics
8e Glossary of Process and Wastewater Characteristic
Data Symbols
8f References
9 Stack Sampling
9a Preliminary Considerations
9b Trial Run
9c Test Run for Particulates
9d Summary of Particulate Emission Data
9e References
10 Incinerator Efficiency
lOa Determination of Total Weight Charge
lOb Solid Effluent Measurements
lOc Incinerator Efficiency Calculations
vi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Contents
Page No.
Introduction 1-1
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1. INTRODUCTION
The procedures and sampling equipment described are being
used by the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs in its
incinerator evaluation projects and are to be used to evaluate
thermal processing operations supported by the Office. Appropriate
changes will be made to the procedures and equipment as research
and development studies and/or additional experience justify.
The manual is also recommended to State, regional and local
officials and others involved in testing incinerators.
Dependina on the objectives of a specific incinerator evaluation,
'the use of all or only a part of the procedures and equipment may be
necessary. Some example objectives of an evaluation are to:
1. Determine the efficiency of the thermal processing system
as a solid waste reduction device in terms of the reduction in
heat content, volume, and weight of the solid waste processed.
2. Determine the pollution load placed on the environment in
terms of the quality and quantity of the solid, liquid, and
gaseous effluent streams.
3. Evaluate the effect of incinerator design or operational
variations on performance.
4. Determine the efficiency of pollution abatement devices.
5. Determine the economics of incineration including ownership,
financing, and operating costs.
6. Completely characterize the operation of the incinerator.
7. Determine the acceptability (from a health and safety stand-
point) of the work environment in the incinerator area.
1-1
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Highly specialized objectives of some research programs may require
testing procedures other than those described.
In OSWMP-supported projects, procedures and/or sampling equipment
other than those specified may be used only when unusual conditions
or evaluation objectives dictate otherwise. The use of alternate
procedures or equipment should be the exception rather than the rule.
Before alternate procedures and/or sampling equipment may be used
they must be justified by the tester and he must obtain approval in
writing from the project officer. Permission to use alternate procedures
and/or sampling equipment will not be granted until the Office is
convinced that acceptable data will be obtained. If the justification
provided by the tester includes test data, an Office observer must be
present during such tests before the data will be considered acceptable
evidence. Any expense incurred in developing justification for the use
of alternative procedures and/or sampling equipment must be borne by the
tester. The only exception to this will be the expenses incurred by the
Office to send an observer to witness tests.
The Processing and Disposal Division is available for consultation
to other users of this manual. Requests should be sent to the Director,
Processing and Disposal Division, Offi-ce of Solid Waste Management Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
1-2
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CHAPTER 2
STUDY PROTOCOL
Contents
Study
Figure
2-1
1
2
3
4
Tables
1
"
Protocol
List of Figures
Title
Example Flow Diagram
Incinerator and Surrounding Area
Cross Section of the Incinerator
Steam System Flow Diagram
Flow Diagram of Incinerator Process
List of Tables
Title
Work Schedules
Page No.
2-1
Page No.
2-3
2-7
2-9
2-14
2-21
Page No.
2-29
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2. STUDY PROTOCOL
The manual is intended to be a guide for testing. For each
individual study a study protocol must be developed by the tester
describing the details of the test procedures and equipment to be used
and the facility to be tested. The applicable test procedures must
be selected from this manual except in those few cases where the specific
study objectives dictate the use of alternative procedures. Prior to
the test, the tester must obtain agreement in writing from the OSWMP
project officer to this study protocol. The study protocol, in addition to
describing the test procedures and the facility, should identify:
1. The goals or objectives of the study;
2. The location of all sampling points;
3. The method of determining the charging rate for:
a. the entire study period;
b. the period of stack tests
The procedures identified in this study protocol will be followed during
the field tests.
In any testing situation, compromises must be made because of the
non-ideality of sampling locations. When judgment decisions are required
in developing the study protocol, the tester shall consult with the Office.
For example, when the only available stack sampling location does not
fall within the criteria specified (see Section 9al), the tester must
discuss with the Office the necessary modifications to the stack testing
procedures specified in Section 9. The agreed-upon-test procedures will then
be put into the study protocol by the tester.
2-1
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Should any deviations from the study protocol become necessary
during the field study, they must be noted in writing on the Office's
copy and the tester's copy of the protocol and agreed to by the Office's
observer prior to making changes and marked with his initials. The
date and time such a change is made should also be noted on the copies
of the protocol and on the study log maintained by the tester.
It is recommended that the study protocol be developed in the
following sequence:
1. Development of study goals (if developed by a testing group
outside the Office, the goals should be submitted to the
Office for approval);
2. An initial site visit shall be made by the tester for the
purpose of orienting himself with the facility;
3. Development of a facility description which must include a flow
diagram showing the flow in, through, and out of the incinerator
of all gases, liquids, and solids plus the points intended for
sampling these streams. A format similar to that shown in Figure
2-1 is recommended;
4. Another site visit shall be made by the tester and a representa-
tive of the Office to evaluate the sampling points suggested and
to discuss potential testing procedures;
5. Development by the tester of a specific study protocol;
6. Submission of the study protocol to the Office for approval.
Since specific testing procedures are to be developed for each
study, the study protocol should be tailored to the needs of that
study. An example of a study protocol is shown on pages 2-4 through 2-29.
2-2
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ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
A
STACK
i
SCRUBBER
i
/N
i
I
FURNACE
AND KILN
STORAGE PIT
SCALE
SOLID WASTE
RECLAIMED
FERROUS
METALS
WATER COURSE
FERROUS
1ETALS
H
GRIT CHAMBER
/s.
NONFERROUS
METALS
QUENCHING SYSTEM
SOURCE
FLOW
SAMPLING POINT
SOLID WASTE AND RESIDUE
PROCESS WATER
o
a
GASES AND PARTICULATES - -- -
Flow Diagram of the (name) incinerator.
Figure 2-1. Example Flow Diagram
2-3
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EXAMPLE STUDY PROTOCOL
PROTOCOL FOR (NAME)
MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR STUDY
2-4
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PURPOSE
The original objective of the (Name) Municipal Incinerator study
was to obtain air pollution emissions data which would assist the
Office of Air Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in the
establishment of National Emission Standards for municipal incinerators
in accordance with the Clean Air Amendments of 1970. However, since
the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs was not permitted to
conduct tests on the incinerator until its acceptance by the Town of
(Name) in September, 1971, it was not possible to obtain the data in
time for its use in the establishment of the standards. Since the
incinerator is a modern plant equipped with high-efficiency air
pollution control equipment, data obtained from the tests can be used for
possible substantiation of the National Emission Standards.
Another objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of processing
plastic materials delivered to the plant by local industries. Deter-
mination that the plastics increase the environmental pollution
potential could hopefully lead to operational changes which would permit
their processing to continue.
A third objective of the study is to compare the Office of Air
Programs' (OAP) particulate sampling train and collection method with
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) equipment and method.
The ASME method has been used extensively in testing American incinerators,
and a comparison of it with the OAP method would be of much value in
relating the particulate emissions data from incinerators tested by the
ASME method to data collected using the OAP method.
2-5
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An incinerator discharges effluents into the environment in three
states: solid, liquid, and gaseous. The sources of these effluents
are the processes of combustion, gas cleaning, and residue quenching.
Any determination of the pollution contribution to the environment by
incineration must be concerned with all these effluents. The final
objective of the (Name) study is to produce data that defines these
effluents and determines the efficiency of the incineration process.
DESCRIPTION OF FACILITY
General
The (Name) Municipal Incinerator is located near the geographic
center of the Town Of (Name) and was completed in May, 1971. The
incinerator serves a population of approximately 36,000 for the Town
of (Name). The incinerator operation is under the direction of
(Name), Superintendent, Haste Disposal Department. The operating
funds for the incinerator are appropriated from the town budget by
the Town Finance Committee.
The incinerator is located at the old town disposal area just west
of the Southeast Expressway. The plant is oriented in a general northeast-
southwest direction, with the refuse storage pit located on the southwest
side of the building and the stack located on the northeast side facing
the expressway. Figure 1 shows the layout of the incinerator and
surrounding area.
The incinerator processes both industrial and residential wastes.
A private collector, on a contract with the town, provides once a week
2-6
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Penn -
Central
Railroad
South
Brdinfree
Old Dis
Area (Completed)
Figure 1. Incinerator and surrounding area,
2-7 .-
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residential waste collection. A significant amount of waste is
delivered to the incinerator by town residents via private automobiles
and small trucks. Industrial waste1 is transported to the incinerator
by the industries themselves or by private collectors. Vehicles with
capacities of 6,000 Ibs. or more'are charged from $3.00 to $20.00. per
load, depending on the vehicle size.
The design capacity of the incinerator is 240 tons per day based on
solid waste having a heat content of 5,000 Btu per pound as fired. The
plant has two identical but independent furnaces, with provisions for
a third. The furnaces are charged by a P&H* five-ton bridge crane with a
3 cu yd grapple bucket from a storage pit whose dimensions are 48 ft in
length, 28 ft in width, and 30 ft in depth. The crane, bucket, and
storage pit are housed in the main building, along with administrative
offices, a locker room, and shower facilities. The walls of the main
building are non-bearing, precast prestressed concrete panels, while the
walls of the furnace and boiler room are insulated, corrugated metal
siding. The furnaces have a common stack and residue quench trough.
Furnaces
The two 120 tons per day water-wall furnaces (Figure 2) were
constructed by Antonellis-Pyro, Furnace Contractors, and are of the
travelling grate type. Each furnace has a water-cooled charging chute
attached to a charging hopper through which the refuse is fed by gravity
* Mention of specific companies, products, or equipment does not imply
endorsement by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2-8
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03
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c:
*r™
O
o
E
O
O
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to
1/5
O
OJ
en
2-9 -
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onto a Riley Stoker Corporation 15° inclined drying grate. The drying
grate is 12 ft long and 7-1/2 ft wide. The refuse falls from the drying
grate to a Riley horizontal burning,grate that is 21 ft long and
7-1/2 ft wide. Each of the grates is equipped with a Riley hydraulic
variable drive mechanism to permit regulation of the speed. The
hydraulic systems of the drive mechanisms are water-cooled. Each of the
furnaces has a volume of 2,780 cu ft.
Combustion air is provided by separate Clarage Fan Company overfire
air and forced draft (underfire air) fans for each furnace. The overfire
air fan is rated at 9,000 cfm at 7.4 in. of water static pressure, and
can be regulated by an inlet damper"control. The overfire air enters
the furnace through slotted openings in the front and side walls. Some
of the openings have been plugged to permit better distribution of the
air. The forced draft fan is rated at 18,000 cfm at 3 in. of water
static pressure and supplies underfire air through the grates from
wind boxes beneath the grates. The drying grate section has two wind
boxes, on the rear half, while the burning grate has four wind boxes.
The forced draft fan is also equipped with an inlet damper control. The
air to the individual wind boxes is controlled by manually-operated
dampers.
/
/
Residue Removal System
The residue from the furnace drops from the burning grate through
a chute into a residue quench trough filled with water. Siftings through
the section of the drying grate beneath the charging chute drop directly
2-10
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into a hopper, from which they fall through a duct into a container.
A drag conveyor originally installed to remove the grate sittings is
not used because of operational problems. Siftings through the remainder
of the drying grate and the burning grate drop into the wind boxes,
from' which they are moved manually into hoppers. One hopper under the
drying grate and two beneath the burning grate handle these siftings.
These siftings also drop into containers through ducts from the hoppers.
The grate siftings collected in the containers are manually transferred
to the quench trough. A continuous flight, conveyor drags the residue
through the trough anc1 up an inclined section for direct discharge into
a waiting truck and ultimate disposal at the adjacent disposal site,
Air Pollution Control Equipment
The gases leaving the economizer area of each unit pass through a
Wheelabrator/Lurgi electrostatic precipitator designed to clean 32,000
actual cubic feet per minute of dust-laden gases at 600 F. The gases
flow horizontally through the 12 1/2 ft field length of the electrostatic
precipitatcr at 3.38 ft/sec for a treatment time of 3.7 sec. The
precipitator unit has a cross sectional area of 158 sq ft and a field
height of 15 ft. Gas distribution through the precipitation zone is by
means of a 12 gauge perforated plate at the inlet.
'The collecting surfaces of the electrostatic precipitator consist
of cold rolled 18 gauge carbon steel sections hanging in line from their
supports to make up one wall of a gas passage in the field. The pocketed
sections are 18 3/4 in. wide and 15 ft in height. There are 12 gas
2-11
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passages with a wall spacing of 10. in. The actual collecting area is
5,690 sq ft, while the projected collecting area is 4,740 sq ft. The
high voltage system is made up of star-shaped 0.288 in. diameter wire
discharge electrodes suspended vertically between the rows of collecting
walls. The mild steel electrodes are 10 ft in length,-and are held in
alignment by 1-in. diameter pipe frames. The total length of the'
electrodes is 4,559.ft.
The power supply requirement for the precipitator unit is 480 volts,
60 cycle, 3 phase. The 300 ma, 45 KV high voltage set consists of a
liquid cooled transformer and silicon diode rectifier.
The rapping system includes 13 hammers with a single drive for the
collecting surfaces and 12 hammers with a single drive for the discharge
electrodes. Automatic timers control the duration of the rapping cycle
and the interval between cycles.
An induced-draft fan rated at 39,600 cfm at 6 in. of water static
pressure draws the gases through the furnace, boiler area, and
electrostatic precipitator on each unit for discharge through the stack.
The stack is double-walled'steel, with a height of 100 ft, an inside
diameter of 7 ft, and an outside diameter of 7 1/2 ft.
Fly Ash and Wastewater Handling
The fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator hoppers is discharged
• /
into portable containers which, when full, are removed by a rear-hoisting
truck to the disposal area and emptied. Rotary feeders installed on each
2-12
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of the boiler-economizer hoppers were originally intended to remove
fly ash collected with discharge into the quench trough, but were never
used, due to a lack of accumulation,
The quench water from the residue quench trough is discharged into
the sanitary sewer system. Two coarse screens in the quench trough
remove the larger solids prior to discharge.
Steam System
The steam system is designed to produce 30,000 Ib of steam per
hour at 250 psig for each furnace. The actual production is
26,000 - 28,000 Ib per hour due to condenser capacity limitations.
The convection section of each unit is a Riley RX-54/42 two-drum single
pass water-tube boiler with a heating surface of 3,921 sq ft. The
steam system includes auxiliary equipment sized for the design steam
production capacity. The arches and all four walls of the furnace are
water-cooled, with the water-tubes of the arches being refractory-clad.
The tubes are 3 1/4 in. in nominal outside .diameter. The heating
surface area of the projected water-walls is 1,236 sq ft, The heating
surface of the economizer is 1,506 sq ft.
A flow diagram of the steam system is shown in Figure 3. Feedwater
is obtained from the town water system. ' After treatment in a water-
softening system, the water passes through the deaerator where it is
heated to 240 F before it is pumped to the boilers. Two electric driven
boiler feed pumps and one steam-turbine driven pump supply the boilers
with the required quantity of preheated and deaerated feedwater. Exhaust
steam from the turbine is used in the deaerator heater.
2-13
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[__
!
Industrial ^
j.; Roof-Top
Condensers
»
/
Cus Lomer ' " ^x
1
i
Small
Condensate
Receiver
V
i
Condensate
Return
Pump |
\J/
Large
Condensate --^-
Receiver
A
f
\
s
Boiler ^
/
\
Economizer
/
\
Boiler
Feed Pumps
/
\
Deaerator
/
\^-
Water
Softener
/
i v
\
N?.
Break
A
M/
Chemical
Feed
System
1
Legend
^ —
\
Town
Water
System
Water
Steam
ConSensate
>
Figure 3. Steam system flow diagram
2-14
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A chemical feed system is included to introduce feedwater chemicals
into the upper drums of the boilers and the deaerator. The lower
steam drum and four lower water-wall headers are provided with blowdown
valves, and the water blown down enters a blowdown tank prior to
discharge into the quench trough.
The two air-cooled condensers installed on the roof condense the
steam for reuse. When the plant was constructed, provisions were made
for delivery of the steam produced to a nearby industry for its use.
However, the inability to negotiate a suitable contract with the company
has curtailed the sale of steam, at least for the present time. When
the local industrial customer uses^the steam,, a spillover valve diverts
the excess to the condensers. A small tank which acts as a condensate
receiver and a condensate return pump are installed at the industrial
location.
Each unit is equipped with two Blaw-Knox T-30 Mark I-E retractable
soot blowers for cleaning the outside of the boiler and economizer tubes.
The steam lancing blowers have a traversing speed of 4 fpm and a rotating
j-
speed of 12 rpm.
A Riley Intertube Burner is installed in the rear wall of each
furnace to augment the steam production from refuse when required and
to produce steam when refuse is not fired. £ach burner has a capacity
/
of 34,000 cu ft/hr of gas, and is capable of producing 30,000 Ib/hr of
steam. A fan supplies combustion air to the burner through a wind box.
2-15
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Instrumentation
An upright instrument panel is located in front of the furnaces on
the furnace floor. This instrument panel contains gauges, indicators,
and recorders for displaying the temperatures, pressures, component
.speeds and positions, etc. for each furnace. The following are indicated
or recorded on the instrument panel: furnace outlet temperature and
pressure, precipitator outlet temperature and pressure, pressures for
overfire air fan outlet, stoker wind box, furnace, and gas wind box;
induced draft fan speed and power; steam drum level, steam flow,
condenser pressure, steam head pressure, boiler drum, main feedwater,
and main steam header pressures. The panel also contains controls and
indicators for drying grate speed, forced .draft fan damper, overfire
air damper, feedwater valve, and gas valve. Separate panels for the
precipitators indicate the primary voltage-and current, load current,
and sparking rate.
The speeds of the grates are indicated on instruments located on
the drive mechanisms. A panel on the deaerator contains instruments which
j-
indicate the boiler feedwater temperature and related data. The gas
pressure to the burners is indicated by pressure gauges on the backs of
the burners.
/ Operation
Industrial waste and that residential waste collected by the
private collector is received at the incinerator from 8:00 A.M. to
4:00 P.M. Monday through Friday, and from 8:00 A.M. to Noon on Saturday.
-------
Residential waste delivered to the incinerator by small, private vehicles
(automobiles, small trucks, etc.) is accepted from 8:00 A.M. to
5:00 P.M. seven days per week. All of the larger trucks are weighed,
while the small vehicles are not. The residue removed to the ultimate
disposal area is weighed during the first shift only, while the fly
ash removed to the disposal area is not weighed.
The incinerator processes waste five days per week, Monday through
Friday, during two eight hour shifts. Charging begins at 7:00 A.M.,
and light-off occurs when the refuse drops onto the burning grate. The
charging gate is closed around 10:00 P.M. for burndown. A third shift
and weekend, or swing, shift has been established on gas operation only.
At the present time, soot blowing of the units occurs one time each
shift (for about 30 sec, when steam pressure is low) when burning
refuse. If the industrial customer use of the steam resumes, modifications
to this schedule will probably be required.
A sample of the water from each boiler is taken daily for chemical
analysis. This analysis determines the blowdown required in addition to
the continuous blowdown through the orifice blowdown valves.
The engineer controls the incinerator's burning rate by adjusting
the speeds cf the grates and the overfire and underfire air. The drying
grate speed can be adjusted remotely at the instrument panel, while the
/
burning grate adjustment is made on the drive mechanism. The induced
draft fan speed is controlled automatically in order to maintain a pre-
set furnace draft.
2-17
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The six regular jobs on the first shift include an engineer, mechanic,
crane operator, truck driver, laborer, and weigh clerk. The five
regular jobs on the second shift ar,e engineer, mechanic, crane operator,
truck driver, and laborer. Only an engineer is required for the third
and swing shifts. The shift engineer is responsible for the plant
6pefa~tib"rf in the absence of the superintendent.
2-18
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STUDY PROCEDURE
Operation
During the study period the incinerator will be charged and operated
in the same manner as it is for normal day-to-day operation, except
where noted. The tests will be conducted while burning the same type of
waste normally burned in the incinerator with the exception of those
conducted on Wednesday, July 26, when the plastic materials normally
delivered by two local industries will be excluded.
The charging rate for the two furnaces will be determined by
obtaining the average grapple-load weight and recording the number of
grapple-loads charged per furnace each hour. The average grapple-load
weight will be determined by placing a grapple-load of waste into the
dump box every 30 minutes (or less often if" this time proves to be
pressing) and recording the weight. In past incinerator studies, the
charging rate has been determined by recording the total weight of the
waste burned during the period along with the tctal burning time.' Since
the storage pit will probably not be empty at the beginning of the study,
and the small vehicles cannot be weighed, the average grapple-load
method is the only alternative available for determining the charging rate,
The weight of the residue removed will be determined on both a
daily and weekly basis also. After a residue truck is loaded, it will
/
be weighed prior to dumping of the load at the disposal area. The weight
of the grate siftings and any other residue which may be removed through
clean-out doors will be determined as the removal occurs. At the end of
the week, after the quench trough is drained, the "floating" residue
will be removed and weighed.
2-19
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The weight of the fly ash removed will be determined on a weekly
basis. The precipitator hoppers will be empty at the beginning of the
study.
The flow rate of the quench water discharged during the study will
.be measured to determine the amount of residue removed with it.
A flow diagram of the incinerator process, with sampling locations
indicated, is shown in Figure 4.
Raw Solid Haste Samples
a. An area adjacent to the storage pit, on the tipping floar level, will
be used"for separation and operations requiring the use of the
dump box.
b. Two 200-300 pound samples will be taken on each test day of the
study. • If all testing is conducted according to schedule, this would
result in a total of eight samples.
c. The density of the waste will be determined from the weights and
volumes obtained with the dump box. As a check on this, one grapple-
load per test day will be dumped on the floor of the separation area
and its density determined by filling a 20-gallon container to the
top and weighing the contents until the entire amount is weighed.
d. Composition of each sample will be determined by separating the
sample in a diligent manner into the following categories:
Combustibles:. .
(1) food waste
r.. (2) garden waste
2-20
-------
Atmosphere
f
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Water
Supply
Atmosphere
Stack
Electrostatic
Precipitator
\
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Economizer
Sanitary
Sewer
Quenching
System
Source
resi
*
Ultimate
Disposal
Area
Flow
Sampling
Point
Process water
Gases and parti culates -- ^ —
Figure 4. Flow diagram of incinerator process.
2-21
-------
(3) paper products .
(4) plastics, rubber, leather
(5) textiles
(6) wood
(7) fines
(8) smalls
Noncombustibles:
(9) metal
(10) glass and ceramics
(11) ash, dirt, rocks, etc.
After the larger, distinguishable components have been separated,
the unidentifiable fine material remaining shall be sifted on a 1/8-
in. mesh screen. Material passing this screen will be placed in the
"fines" category. The material remaining on the 1/8-in. mesh screen
shall be sifted on a 1-in. mesh screen. Material passing this screen
will be placed in the "smalls" category. The material remaining on
the 1-in. mesh screen will be separated and placed in the appropriate
^
categories. The material for each category will be placed in the
20-gal containers provided, weighed, and the net weight recorded on
the appropriate forms.
e. One of the two samples separated each test day will be returned to
the laboratory for analysis. These laboratory samples, of approximately
• 15 Ib each, shall be reconstituted from the separated components
on a.percent weight basis. Each of the individual reconstituted
2-22
-------
components will be placed in a plastic bag and tightly knotted, and all of
these bags shall be placed in another larger plastic bag, which is also
tightly knotted. Each sample shall be clearly identified by showing
the plant, date, time, sample number, and component.
f. Samples will be taken according to the following schedule:
Monday - 2 samples; return #2 (afternoon)
Tuesday - 2 samples; return #1 (morning)
Wednesday - 2 samples; return #2 (afternoon)
Thursday - 2 samples; return #1 (morning)
Residue and Grate Siftings Samples
a. One residue sample will be obtained for complete laboratory analyses
on each dav of the study. The sample shall be taken in a perforated
5-gal container as the residue falls from the flight conveyor. It
will be necessary to fill the container to the top for later density
determination. Two additional residue samples will be obtained
during the study for determination of leaching potential. At the end
of the week, one 5-qal sample of the "floating" residue shall be
obtained from the conveyor as it is removed from the drained quench
tank. One 1-liter samele will be taken from each of the grate
siftings containers twice during the study. The first series will
be obtained on Tuesday, July 25, while "normal" waste is being
processed, while the second will be obtained on Wednesday, when
plastics are excluded. These samples will be placed into double
independently knotted plastic bag and clearly identified by showing
the plant, date, time, sample number, and sample location.
b. Density determinations for tie residue will be made by weighing the
contents of the 5-gal container after it has drained for several minutes.
2-23
-------
c. The entire residue sample will be placed into double independently knotted
plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for analyses. Each sample
shall be clearly identified by showing the plant, date, time, sample
number, and type of sample. The sealed double plastic bags will be placed
in a 20-gal container for transportation.
d. Samples will be taken according to the following schedule:
For complete analyses: For leachate analyses:
Monday - late afternoon Monday - mid-morning
Tuesday - late morning Wednesday - mid-morning
Wednesday - early afternoon
Thursday - early afternoon
Fly Ash and Breeching Samples
One fly ash sample will be obtained from each of the precipitator
hoppers on each day of the study. The samples will be placed in 1-liter
containers, sealed, and clearly identified by showing the plant, date, time,
sample number, and location. Breeching samples will not be collected.
Liquid Samples
a. One quench water effluent sample will be taken on each day of the
study. A single grab sample of the city water will be obtained.
b. The liquid samples will be placed in 1-liter containers. Temperature
measurements will be made at the time the samples are taken. Alkalinity
and pH measurements will be made when the sample is taken to the cleanup
area. The samples will be clearly identified by showino the plant, date,
time, sample number, and source. The samples will be placed in a sample
box for storage after chemicals have been added to preserve them during
transit to the laboratory.
2-24
-------
Stack Samples
a. Stack sampling will be performed by the stack sampling teams in
•accordance with the procedures outlined in the "Federal Register,
-December 23, 1971, Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources." and in those portions of the Office of Air Programs
"Specifications for Incinerator Testing at Federal Facilities"
pertaining to the rear half of the particulate sampling train.
b. The testing schedule will be as follows:
Thursday - Set up and check out equipment.
Friday - Obtain preliminary measurements (velocities, temperatures,
moisture, etc.) and complete final arrangements for
commencing testing.
Monday - Two particulate sampling runs each on two inlet
locations and outlet location with OAP trains,
conducted simultaneously.
M
Tuesday - Two particulate sampling runs each on two inlet
locations and outlet location with OAP trains,
conducted simultaneously.
Wednesday- Two particulate sampling runs each on two inlet
/
locations and outlet location with OAP trains,
conducted simultaneously.
2-25
-------
Thursday - Three participate sampling runs on outlet location
with OAP and ASME trains operating simultaneously.
c. Two samples for hydorgen chloride and several for particle sizing
will be taken on each of the test days.
d. One integrated bag sample will be collected at each sampling
location during each particulate sampling run. The bags will be
analyzed by both an Orsat and the automatic instrumentation.
In addition to the bag samples, continuous sampling with the
automatic instrumentation for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
oxygen, and total gaseous hydrocarbons will be conducted, alternating
the sampling locations at 5 min intervals.
e. Cleanup of the OAP particulate sampling trains will be as
follows:
(1) The sampling train probes, glassware, etc., will be
cleaned in accordance with "Specifications for
Incinerator Testing at Federal Facilities."
(2) One distilled water blank and one acetone blank sample
M
will be obtained from the appropriate dispensers on
each cleanup day.
f. The ASME trains will be cleaned in accordance with standard ASME
methods.
2-26
-------
Instruments Monitoring
A constant record of the drafts, temperatures, grate controls,
etc., will be made during the stack tests at 5 minute intervals (more
or less often, as required) and recorded on the appropriate forms. A
record of incinerator operational adjustments will also be maintained.
Visible Emissions
A record of the visible emissions will be maintained during the
stack tests.
Work Schedule
a. The participants of the study have been assigned the work areas
classified as either critical or alternate. The critical area will
be filled by EPA personnel and includes those positions which require
experience and/or working knowledge in the particular fields assigned.
Persons in this area will perform the same duties each day in order
to assure that the data is obtained on a uniform basis. The alternate
area includes those positions in which the personnel can be alternated
from day-to-day, and will be filled by temporary personnel.
b. The equipment assembly, setup, and removal efforts will be under
the direction of Mr. O'Connor. The equipment checkout and
preliminary measurements will be directed by Mr. Giar. Mr. Grems
will direct the solid waste sampling and dump box operations, while
the remaining miscellaneous sampling activities (residue, grate
siftings, fly ash, liquid, etc.) will be handled by Mr. Bertke.
Mr. Hopperton will direct the overall stack sampling activities, while
Mr. O'Connor will guide tie sampling operations at the inlet locations.
Mr. Allen will be in charge of the sampling train, cleanup, analytical,
2-27
-------
an other laboratory activities. Mr. Giar and Mr. Brinkerhoff will
serve as Project Officers and, as such, will coordinate the various
phases of the study. A portion of the study team will arrive at the
incinerator sitem the Thursday preceding the study to begin setting
up and preparing for the study. All preparations will be completed
before Monday of the study week.
The duty roster for the study week is shown on Table 1. The work
schedule is subject to change if the sampling schedule requires
alterations during the study.
2-28
-------
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-------
CHAPTER 3
PRELIMINARY TESTS ARRANGEMENTS
Contents
Page No.
Preliminary Test Arrangements 3-1
-------
-------
Chapter 3
PRELIMINARY TEST ARRANGEMENTS
Preliminary visits must be made by the tester to the incinerator
as early as possible before the testing date so that all necessary
arrangements can be completed before actual testing begins. During these
preliminary surveys the tester shall obtain the following information:
1. Normal schedules, charging rates, weighing procedures, cycles
of operation, and related operational data.
2. Physical characteristics of the plant, such as solid waste
storage provisions, charging method, and types of grates, pollution
abatement equipment and residue handling equipment.
3. Sampling locations for solid waste, residue, grate siftings,
residue quench water, scrubber water, and fly ash, so that a flow
diagram including these locations can be prepared (See Figure 2-1
page 2-3).
4. Types, location, and form of readout (in. H^O, °F, psi, etc.)
of plant instrumentation. Arrangements should be made to have these
instruments calibrated before the study begins. If permanent records
are kept of these instrument readings, arrangements should be made
to obtain the readings for the year-preceding the study period. It
may be necessary to record these readings on a form similar to that
used for monitoring the instrumentation during the study period
(see Section 4bl).
5. Location and size of stack sampling ports, the platform or scaf-
folding requirements, and stack modification requirements.
3-1
-------
6. Special stack sampling equipment requirements or modifications
due to space limitations, obstructions, or other conditions.
7. Location of laboratory and/or cleanup facilities.
8. Availability of electricity (type and locations of outlets,
quantity of power, voltage, size of circuit breakers or fuses, etc.)
and water.
9. Location of economic data and names of personnel to contact
regarding these data.
10. Locations of areas for occupational hazards measurements.
11. Types and meanings of all alarm signals and appropriate action
to take should an alarm sound.
12. Types and composition of auxiliary fuel, if used, and analytical
data regarding the fuel, if available.
13. Names and telephone numbers of personnel connected with the
management and/or operation of the plant, such as Director of Public
Works, superintendent, foremen, etc.
14. Stack diameter at sampling ports and, if sampling ports are
available, stack gas temperatures and velocities.
15. Any available data from previous studies of the incinerator
such as burning rates, emission rates, and efficiency. The tester
should also make arrangements to have the residue quench tank,
breechings, siftings hoppers, stack, and air pollution control
equipment hoppers cleaned immediately before the study and imme-
diately after the study. If auxiliary fuel is used in the operation
of the incinerator, and analytical data regarding this fuel are
not available, arrangements should be made to obtain samples so
that proximate and ultimate analyses can be made. Arrangements
3-?
-------
should also be made to determine the total auxiliary fuel con-
sumption, firing rate, and burning time periods during the study
period.
16. The tester should obtain drawings of the incinerator,design
data, and annual reports, if available, and any other data which
he feels may be helpful.
When the available stack sampling locations do not meet the
specifications described in Section 9al, the tester must discuss with
the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs the necessary modifications
to the stack testing procedure. This modified testing procedure, as
approved by the Office, shall be described in the written study protocol
submitted by the tester (see. Section 2).
The tester shall notify the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
in writing at least 30 days prior to the test to allow an Office
representative to be present as an observer at each test.
3-3
-------
CHAPTER 4
CHARGING AND OPERATION
Contents
Page No.
CHARGING AND OPERATION 4-1
4a Determination of Charging Rate 4al-l
4al During Stack Tests 4al-l
4a2 During Entire Study 4a2-l
4b Operational Data 4b-l
4bl Instrumentation Monitoring 4bl-l
4b2 Combustion Air Distribution 4b2-l
4c Log of Operations 4c-l
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Incinerator Instrumentation Data 4bl-2
Operational Data 4c-2
-------
-------
Chapter 4
CHARGING AND OPERATION
During the test period the incinerator shall be charged and operated
in the same manner as it would be for normal day to day operation unless
the goals of the tests dictate other operating conditions. The tests
shall be conducted while burning the same type of waste normally burned in
the incinerator unless otherwise specified. New incinerators shall be
charged at their design rates, or, if this is not possible, at rates which
produce optimum burning efficiencies, as determined by shakedown operations.
In addition to the total weight of the waste charged during the test period,
which is determined as described in Section lOa, page 10a-l , the actual
charging rate during the stack sampling runs shall be determined. All
instrumentation with which the plant is equipped shall be monitored during
the test period.
4-1
-------
4a. Determination of Charging Rate
4al. During Stack Tests. The actual charging rate during the stack
tests shall be determined by measurement rather than by estimation so
that the stack emission data can be related to the weight of waste
charged. These measurements must be as sensitive as available equipment
and existing conditions at the incinerator permit. There are several
methods for determining the charging rate that are accepted by the Office
of Solid Waste Management Programs. Every effort should be made to use
the most sensitive method possible before a less sensitive method is
considered. The following methods are listed in order of decreasing
sensitivity.
Alternate No. 1. The most sensitive method consists of determining
the weight of each charge. For municipal incinerators this necessi-
tates the weighing of each bucket-load of material before it is
transferred to the charging hopper. This is accomplished by first
placing the waste from the bucket into a container attached to or
resting upon portable scales or a load cell, recording the weight,
and then transferring the waste to the charging hopper.
Alternate No. 2. This method consists of setting aside a quantity
of waste of known weight sufficient to sustain operation during the
testing period and charging in the normal manner, noting the time
each charge is placed in the hopper and the total burning time for
this waste. On continuous feed municipal incinerators, the charging
hopper should be full at the beginning and end of the charging period.
4al-l
-------
Alternate No. 3. This method, for municipal incinerators, utilizes
average bucket-load weights in determining an average burning rate.
Every tenth bucket-load, or at least one bucket-load per hour, which-
ever is more frequent, is weighed during the active test period on
the charging floor by portable scales or transferred to a truck for
weighing. A record of the number of charges is maintained, and the
average burning rate is computed using this average bucket-load
weight.
Alternate No. 4. In this method, the storage area or pit is cleared
of all waste before the test period begins. All incoming waste is
weighed on scales and placed in the empty storage area or pit. A
record of the weights and burning time is maintained, and the burning
rate is computed from these data. This procedure is most easily ac-
complished on a weekly basis, since most plants operate on a five or
six days per week schedule. The waste from the previous week is
burned down on the weekend preceding the test period, and that remaining
after testing is completed is burned down the following weekend. This
method gives an average charging rate for the time period required to
burn all the incoming waste.
If the method described in Alternate No. 1 cannot be used for some
reason, approval must be obtained from the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs before one of the other methods can be substituted. The details
of the approved method shall be described in the written study protocol (see
Chapter 2).
4al-2
-------
4a2. During Entire Study. The actual charging rate for the entire
study period shall be determined by measurement rather than by estimation
so that material balance and efficiency calculations can be made (See
Chapter 10). This measurement must be as accurate as available equipment
and existing conditions at the incinerator permit. There are several
methods for determining charging rate that are accepted by the Office of
Solid Waste Management Programs. Every effort should be made to use
the most accurate method possible before a 1ess accurate method is
considered. The following methods are listed in order of decreasing
accuracy.
Alternate No. 1. In this method, the storage area or pit must be
cleared of all waste before the test period begins. All incoming
waste is weighed on scales and placed in the empty storage area or
pit. A record of the weights and burning time is maintained, and
the burning rate is computed from these data. This procedure is most
easily accomplished on a weekly basis, since most plants operate
on a five or six days per week schedule. The waste from the previous
week is burned down on the weekend preceding the test period, and
that remaining after testing iscompleted is burned down the following
weekend. This method gives an average charging rate for the time
period required to burn all the incoming waste.
Alternate No. 2. This method, for municipal incinerators, utilizes
average bucket-load weights in determining an average burning rate.
Every tenth bucket-load, or at least one bucket-load per hour,which-
ever is more frequent, is weighed during the active test period on
the charging floor by portable scales or transferred to a truck for
4a2-l
-------
weighing. A record of the number of changes is maintained, and the
average burning rate is computed using this average bucket-load
weight. When this method is used a check should be made on the
charging rate measured. This check should be made by estimating
the quantity of waste in the storage area or pit at the beginning
and end of the study period and weighing all wastes brought to the
incinerator during the study period.
The details of the method used shall be described in the written
study protocol (see Chapter 2).
4a2-2
-------
4b. Operational Data
In order to identify the variables encountered in the plant operation,
data pertaining to the operation shall be obtained during the test period.
These data are acquired by monitoring the instrumentation with which the
plant is equipped and by such other agreed upon measurements made with
portable equipment operated by the tester.
4b-l
-------
4bl. Instrumentation Monitoring. From the monitoring instruments
with which the plant is equipped, readings shall be recorded at 5 minute
intervals during the active test period. These data are used as an aid
in identifying existing operating conditions and any deviations from
normal. This log shall commence on the day of the trial run (see Section
9a) and continue during all active testing until the tests are completed.
All pertinent variables for which instrumentation is available shall be
recorded, includina pressures (or drafts) of air supply systems, damper
settinqs, temperatures, speeds of equipment components, and process water
This loq shall DG included as a part of the tester's report to the
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs. An example of a data sheet
for recording certain instrumentation data"is shown on page 4bl-2.
Specific data sheets must be prepared for each study.
451-1
-------
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4b2. Combustion Air Distribution. Procedures for the determination
of flow rates and patterns of the combustion air have not yet been
developed.
Until uniform procedures are developed, each incinerator will be
considered on an individual basis. The tester shall develop procedures
for making these measurements in consultation with the Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs. Every effort should be made to obtain this
information by actual measurement rather than by estimation. The total
flow rates of the underfire and overfire air systems should be determined.
The distribution of the air into the various zones of the combustion
chamber should also be measured.
If it is not possible to obtain this information by actual measurement,
it can be estimated from fan performance data, damper settings, etc.
However, before estimation techniques can be used, approval must be
obtained from the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs. The details
of the agreed upon method shall be described in the written study protocol
(see Chapter 2).
4b2-l
-------
4c. Log of Operations
The tester shall work closely with the operator of the unit
during the testing period. The tester shall maintain an operating
log in which all changes and adjustments in operation are noted, along
with the reasons for such changes. This log shall be included as part
of the tester's report to the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs,
An example of a data sheet for recording the operational data is shown
on page 4c-2.
4c-l
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-------
CHAPTER 5
INCOMING SOLID WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Contents
INCOMING SOLID WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 5-1
5a Field Procedures 5al-l
5al Sampling 5al-1
5a2 Bulk Density Determination 5a2~l
5a3 Physical Composition Determination F>a3-l
5a4 Preparation of Laboratory Samples 5a4-l
5b Laboratory Analyses 5bl~l
5bl Moisture Determination 5M-1
5b2 Sample Preparation 552--1
5b3 Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determination 5b3-l
5b4 Gross Calorific Value 5b4-l
5b5 Ultimate Analysis 5b5-l
5c Summary of Incoming Solid Waste
Characteristics 5c-l
5d Glossary of Incoming Solid Waste
Characteristic Data Symbols 5dl-l
5dl Symbol Rationale 5dl-l
5d2 Nomenclature 5d2-l
5e References 5o-l
-------
List of Tables
Table Title Page No.
5al-l Determination of the Number of Solid
Waste Samples Required Sal-2
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination
Alternate No. 1 - Field Data and Calculations 5a2-3
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination
Alternate No. 2 - Field Data and Calculations 5a2-4
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination
Alternate No. 3 - Field Data and Calculations 5a2-5
Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data -
Field Sample 5a3-3
Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data -
Laboratory Sample 5a4-3
Incoming Solid Waste Moisture Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 5bl-2
Incoming Solid Waste Moisture Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 5bl-3
Dry Combustibles and Noncombustibles Percentages
Calculations 5b3-2
Incoming Solid Waste Weight Loss Upon Heating and
Ash Determinations - Laboratory Data and Calculations 5b3-3
Incoming Solid Waste Gross Calorific Value
Determination - Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter
Calculations 5b4-2
Incoming Solid Waste Gross Calorific Value
Determination - Calculations 5b4~3
Incoming Solid Waste Ultimate Analysis -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 5b5-2
Summary of Incoming Solid Waste Physical
Characteristic Data 5c-2
Summary of Incoming Solid Waste Laboratory Data 5c-4
-------
Chapter 5
INCOMING SOLID WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
In addition to determining the charging rate and the total weight
of the incoming solid waste during the test period, as described in
Sections 4a and lOa, respectively, samples of the incoming solid waste
shall be taken to determine the physical and chemical characteristics
of the waste.
5-1
-------
5a. Field Procedures
5al. Sampling. Incoming solid waste samples shall consist of
approximately 200 to 300 Ib of "typical" waste (as determined by
visual inspection). This size sample is used when characterization
of the physical and chemical composition of the waste is desired.
The samples should be collected in a manner consistent with the
type of charging operation at the incinerator.
An area convenient to the charging system but one that will
not interfere with the operation of the incinerator, should be
selected. Each waste sample is transferred to this area for separation
and oreoaration of laboratory samples. In municipal incinerators
equipped with cranes, it is usually most convenient to select an
area on the charging floor adjacent to the charging hopper so that
the crane operator can dump a partial bucket load of waste without
disrupting the normal charging operation.
The number of incoming solid waste samples required during the
test period is dependent upon the precision desired in the average
values of the physical composition categories. The number of samples
required for any given precision (Table 5al-l) was developed from data
from past incinerator studies. For example, if the incoming solid
waste contains an average of 50 percent paper products, the table indicates
that a total of eight samples must be separated to obtain a precision
5al-l
-------
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of 10 percent of the mean for this component. As indicated
by the table, the precision of the components which constitute
a small portion of the total sample must be sacrificed in order to keep
the number of samples required within practical limits. Based on the
data in this table, eight samples taken during a five-day testing
period appear to be a good compromise between precision and practicality.
The number of samples should be divided as evenly as possible over the
number of days of the study period, and if more than one sample is taken
per day, then the samples should be spread throughout the day. The times
at which the samples are taken need not be closely coordinated with
other phases of the study, such as stack sampling and residue sampling
unless specific study objectives dictate otherwise or unless the
composition of the wastes being burned changes rapidly.
Sal-3
-------
5a2. Bulk Density Determination. The bulk density of the incoming
solid waste measurement must be as accurate as available equipment and
existing conditions at the incinerator permit. There are several methods
of determining bulk density that are accepted by the Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs. Every effort should be made to use the most
desirable method before a less desirable method is used. The following
methods are listed in order of decreasing desirability.
Alternate No. 1. A complete grapple load of waste shall be placed as
it falls from the grapple into a 3 cu yd box (dimensions-5 ft x 5 ft x
3-1/5 ft deep) and weighed. If the contents do not completely fill the
box, the wastes shall be leveled and the volume noted. If the contents
overflow the box, the wastes shall be leveled off at the top of the
box and then weighed. The overflow should then be placed by hand into
the box to obtain its weight and volume (if necessary, this procedure
should be repeated until the volume and weight of the entire sample are
determined). At no time should a compactive effort, other than that
applied by the grapple, be applied to the waste. This procedure should
be repeated at least once, more often if possible, every hour during
the active testing period so that at least 8 readings are obtained daily.
These weights shall be recorded on the form on paqe 5a2-3 and the bulk
densities calculated from equation 5a2-l.
Alternate No. 2. A complete grapple load of waste shall be placed
on a plastic sheet (or other nonpermeable surface or material). This
waste shall be manually placed into 55 gallon drums, leveled off at the
top, and weighed. This procedure is repeated until the weight of the
entire sample is determined. The material remaining at the end which
5a2-l
-------
does not completely fill the container should be discarded. At no time
during this procedure should a compactive effort be applied to the waste.
The judgement of the tester must be used when oversize objects are
encountered. This procedure should be repeated at least once, more
often if possible, every 60 minutes during the active testing period so
that at least 8 readings are obtained daily. These weights, shall be
recorded on the form on page 5a2-4 and the bulk densities calculated from
equation 5a2-2.
Alternate No. 3. A complete grapple load of waste shall be placed on a
plastic sheet (or other nonpermeable surface or material). This waste
shall be manually placed into 20 gallon "garbage cans", leveled off at
the top, and weighed. This procedure is repeated until the weight of
the entire sample is determined. The material remaining at the end which
does not completely fill the container should be discarded. At no time
during this procedure should a compactive effort be applied to the waste.
The judgement of the tester must be used when oversize objects are en-
countered. This procedure should be repeated at least once, more often
if possible, every 60 minutes during the active testing period so that
at least 8 readings are obtained daily. These weights shall be recorded
on the form on page 5a2-5 and the bulk" densities calculated from equation
5a2-3.
5a2-2
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination: Alternate No. 1
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Date
Time
Orqanization
Recorded by
Container
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average
Vol. of
waste
(cu yd)
—
Wt. of 3 cu yd
container &
waste (Ib)
—
Container
tare
weight (Ib)
Weight
of
waste
(Ib)
—
i
Bulk Density*
of waste
(Ib/cu yd)
!
I
Wftdr
* Where Bulk Density =
Comments:
Weight of waste
Volume of waste
(5a2-l)
5a2-3
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination: Alternate _No_._2_
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Date
Time
Organization
Page of
Recorded by
Container
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
Weight of 55-
gal container
and waste (Ib)
Container
tare weight
(Ib)
i
i
I
Weight of Bulk Density * ;
waste (Ib) of waste '
(Ib/cu yd)
i
j
i
( (
\
I ,
I
i Wftrlr
* Where Bui k Density
Comments:
Weight of Haste
0.272
(5a2-2)
5a2-4
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Bulk Density Determination: Alternate No. 3
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample Mo.
Date
Time
Organization
Page of
Recorded by
Container
Mo.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
Weight of 20-gal
container and
waste (Ib)
Container
tare weight
(Ib)
i
i
Weight of
waste (Ib)
1
Bulk Density*
of waste
(Ib/cu yd)
Wftdr
•
* Where Bulk Density =
Comments:
0.099
(5a2-3)
5a2-5
-------
5a3. Physica1 Composition Determination. The samples collected as
prescribed in Sal are next spread on a plastic (or other nonpermeable
material) sheet and classified according to the categories of
combustibles and noncombustibles by manually separating the sample
into the following subcategories (the term component will be used to
mean these subcategories):
1. Combustibles
a. food waste (waste normally generated in the kitchen)
b. garden waste (grass clippings, shrubbery trimmings, etc.)
c. paper products
d. plastics, rubber, leather
e. textiles
f. wood
g. smalls
h. fines
2. Noncombustibles
a. metal
b. glass, ceramics
c. ash, dirt, rocks
Any waste material whose composition falls into more than one
of these components shall be placed into the component where the
majority of its weight falls, unless it can be easily separated into
the separate components. After the larger distinguishable components
have been separated, the unidentifiable material remaining shall
5a3-l
-------
be sifted on a No. 6 mesh (about 1/8 inch) screen. The material
passing this screen shall be placed in the fines component. The
material remaining on the screen shall be sifted on a 1-inch mesh
screen. The material passing the 1-inch screen shall be placed in
the smalls component. The material remaining on this screen shall
be separated and placed in the appropriate components.
A portable scale with a capacity of at least 100 Ib is required
for the weighing of each component after separation. These weights
shall be recorded on the form shown on page 5a3-3.
5a3-2
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data
Field Sample
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Category
or
Component
Combustibles
Food waste
Garden waste
Paper products
Plastics, rubber, leather
Textiles
Wood
Sma 1 1 s
Fines
Noncombustibles
Metals
Glass, ceramics
Ash, dirt, rocks
Total
Weight of
container
and waste
(lb)
Container
tare weight
(lb)
As received
weight
(lb)
Wfcwr
Wf(fw)wr
Wf (gw)wr
Wf(pa)wr
Wf(pr)wr
Wf (tx)wr
Wfwwr
Wf swr
Wf(fi)wr
Wfnwr
Wfmwr
Wf(gl)wr
Wf(ad)wr
Wftwr
As received
percentage*
Wfcpr
Wf(fw)pr
Wf (gw)or
Wf (pa)pr
Wf (pr)pr
Wf(tx)pr
Wfwpr
Wfspr
Wf(fi)pr
Wfnpr
Wfmpr
Wf(gl)pr
Wf(ad)pr
100.0
As received percentage ^"dividual category component as recejvelwejaht) ]00 (5a3..
Comments:
5a3-3
-------
5a4. Preparation of Laboratory Samples. When the sample is to
be returned to the laboratory for analysis, the wet weight percentages
of each category and component recorded on the form shown on page 5a3-3
are used to reconstitute a laboratory sample of 20 pounds total
weight consisting of two subsamples.
A subsample is prepared from the eight combustible components
based upon their percentages by weight as determined on page 5a3-3,
The wet percentages of the laboratory subsamole should be calculated
from equation 5a4-l and entered on the form shown on page 5a4-3.
The wet percentages of the laboratory subsample (page 5a4-3) should
closely agree with the wet percentages of the field sample (page 5a3-3)
although precise agreement will probably not be possible. Major
deviations between these values must be explained. The reconstituted
subsample is placed in a plastic bag, which is tightly knotted, and
this bag is placed in a second plastic bag, which is also tightly
knotted, for return to the laboratory for detailed analysis. If the
moisture content of each component is desired, the reconstituted
portion of each of the components should be placed in separate plastic
bags and knotted before placing the bags into the larger bag for
shipment to the laboratory.
A subsample is prepared from the three noncombustible components
in the same manner as for the combustible components, sealed in a
plastic bag, placed in the same larger bag with the combustible sub-
sample, and returned to the laboratory for detailed analyses. If
the moisture content of each component is desired, the reconstituted
portion of each of the components should be placed in separate plastic
5a4-l
-------
bags and knotted before placing the bags into the larger bag for
shipment to the laboratory.
The form shown on page 5a4-3 should be included with the sub-
samples for laboratory identification.
5a4-2
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data
Laboratory Sample
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Recorded by
Category or Component
Combustibles
Food waste
Garden waste
Paper products
Plastics, rubber, leather
Textiles
Wood
Smal 1 s
Fines
Noncombustibles
Metals
Glass, ceramics
Ash, dirt, rocks
Total Sample
As received
weight (Ib)
Wlcwr
As received
percentage *
>
Wl nwr
100
/ individual category or \
*As received percentage =[component as received weight 1100 (5a4-l)
Comments:
total sample weight
5a4-3
-------
.5b. Laboratory Analyses
5bl. Moisture Determination
The moisture content of the incoming solid waste laboratory
subsamples should be determined as soon as possible after their
arrival in the laboratory.
When only combustible and noncombustible subsamples are re-
constituted in the field, the entire reconstituted portions of the
laboratory subsamples shall be placed in separate tared pans, and
after obtaining the initial sample weight, be dried to a constant
weight in an appropriately-sized mechanical convection oven at 100
to 105 C the data are recorded on the data sheet shown on page 5bl-2.
After determining the weight of moisture lost, the moisture content
of the total field sample is calculated from Equation 5bl-3, page 5bl-2,
When each individual component is reconstitued in the field,
the entire reconstituted portions of the laboratory subsamples shall
be placed 1n senarate tared p^.ns, and after obtainino the initial
sample weight, be dried to a constant weight in an appropriately-
sized mechanical convection oven at 100 to 105 C, the data are
recorded on the data sheet shown on page 5bl-2. After determining
the weight of moisture lost, the moisture content of the total field
sample is calculated from Equation 5bl-17, page 5bl-4.
5bl-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Incoming Solid Haste Moisture Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Category
Combustibles
Noncombustibles
Weight
of pan
(lb)
Wlcmt
Wlnmt
Wet Laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (ib)
Wlcmw
Wlnmw
Dry Laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (lb)
Wl cmd
Wlnmd
From Incoming Solid Haste Composition Data, Field Sample Form, page 5a3-3:
Percentage of combustibles "as received" Wfcpr =
Percentage of noncombustibles "as received" Wfnpr =
Calculations: see page 5bl-4
Moisture content of laboratory - field combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent
Wf(lf)cmr -
W(lf)cmr =
Wlcmw-Wlcmd
100
[Wlcmw-Wlcmt,
Moisture content of laboratory—field noncombustibles
subsamples "as received", percent
Wf(lf)nmr =
W(lf)nmr =
Wlnmw-Wlnmd'
Wlnmw-Wlnmt,
100
(5bl-2)
Moisture content of total laboratory - field samples
"as received", percent
W(lf)tmr =
W(lf)tmr = [W(1f)cmr] (Wfcpr) + [w(1f)nmr] (Wfnpr)
100
Comments:
(5bl-3)
5bl-2
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Incoming Solid Haste Moisture Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Component Weight of
pan (Ib)
Food waste Wl (fw)mt
Garden waste Wl (gw)mt
Paper products Wl(pa)mt
Plastics, rubber,
leather Wl(pr)mt
Textiles Wl (tx)mt
Wood Wlwmt
Smalls Wlsmt
Fines Wl(fi)mt
Metals Wlmmt
Glass, ceramics Wl(gl)mt
Ash, dirt, rocks ' Wl (ad)mt
Wet Laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (Ib)
Wl (fw)mw
Wl (gw)mw
Wl (pa)mw
Wl (pr)mw
Wl (tx)mw
Wlwmw
Wlsmw
Wl(fi)mw
Wlmmw
Wl (gl )mw
Wl (ad)mw
Dry Laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (Ib)
Wl(fw)md
Wl (gw)md
Wl(pa)md
Wl (pr)md
Wl(tx)md
Wl wmd
Wl smd
Wl(fi)md
Wl mmd
Wl (gl)md
Wl(ad)md
5bl-3
-------
From Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data, Field Sample form page 5a3-3:
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
Percentage of
combustibles "as received" Wfcpr
food wastes "as received" Wf(fw)pr =
garden waste "as received" Wf(gw)pr =
paper products "as received" Wf(pa)pr =
plastics, rubber, leather "as received" Wf(pr)pr =
textiles "as received" Wf(tx)pr =
wood "as received" Wfwpr
snails "as received" Wfspr
fines "as received" Wf(fi)pr =
noncombustibles "as received" Wfnpr
metals "as received" Wfmpr
glass, ceramics, "as received" Wf(gl)pr =
ash, dirt, rocks "as received" Wf(ad)pr =
Calculations:
Moisture content of laboratory - field food wastes component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(1f)(fw)mr =
U1jfwimw - W1ifw?md1inn
wi(fw)mw - Wl(fw)mtj IUU
(5b1-4)
Moisture content of laboratory - field garden wastes component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(gw)mr =
100 (5bl-5)
Moisture content of laboratory - field paper products component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(pa)mr =
w - W1(pa)md]
wi(pa)mw - Wl(pa)mtJ100
(5bl-6)
Moisture content of laboratory _ field plastics, rubber, leather component of
combustibles subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(pr)mr =
- W(pr)md
wi(pr)mw - Wl(pr)mt
(5bl-7)
5bl-4
-------
Moisture content of laboratory - field textiles component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(tx)mr =
Moisture content of laboratory - field wood component of combustibles of
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)wmr
Moisture content of laboratory - field smalls component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)smr
Moisture content of laboratory - field fines component of combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(fi)mr
- Wl(fi)md, inn
100
W1(fi)mw _ Wi(fi)mtj
Moisture content of laboratory - field metals component of noncombustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)mmr = __ ___
00 <5b1-12'
Moisture content of laboratory - field glass, ceramics component of non-
combustibles subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(gl)mr = ____
Moisture content of laboratory - field ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)(ad)mr = _ _______
ads : a{;dd}g 100
5bl-5
-------
Moisture content of laboratory - field combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent !^(lf)cmr
+ [W(1f)(gw)mr][Wf(gw)pr]
, [W(1f)(pa)mr][Wf(pa)pr] + [W(1f)(pr)mr][Wf(pr)pr]
100
, [M(1f)(tx)mr][Mf(tx)pr] + [W(1f)vimr](Wfwpr)
100
, [M(1f)smr] (Wfspr) + [U(1f)(f1)mr] [Uf(fi)pr] (5bl-15)
100
Moisture content of laboratory - field noncombustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(]f)nmr = _ _
W(1f)nmr = [U(1f)mmr] (Mfmpr) + [M(1f)(g1)mr] [Mf(g1)pr]
[W(1f)(ad)mr] [wf(ad)pr] (5b1 1
100 {
Moisture content of total laboratory - field samples
"as received," percent W(if)tmr =
[M(1f)cmr1 (Mfcpr) H- [Wdf)nmr] (Wfnpr) (5bl_]y)
100
5bl-6
-------
5b2. Sample Preparation. The reconstituted noncombustible
subsample may be discarded after its moisture content has been deter-
mined (unless specific study objectives dictate otherwise). These
materials are assumed to be inert containing no heat content and no
material that would belost upon heating although it must be recognized
that they do contain small quantities of combustible material.
The reconstituted combustible subsample, either that reconstituted
in its entirety in the field or that comprising reconstituted subsamples
of each combustible component, shall be prepared for further analyses
in a manner which will insure that the final portions prepared for
subsequent analyses will be sufficiently homogeneous in composition to
allow replicate gram samples to be representative of the entire sub-
sample.
The subsample shall be ground. Because this is a reconstituted
subsample, the pieces of waste should be fed to the grinder in rotation,
i.e., one piece from each of the components with the sequence being
repeated until the total subsample is ground. This rotation of the
components expedites the mixing process. All components of the sub-
sample, with the exception of bits of metal, glass, or other inerts,
shall be reduced in size, torn apart, or otherwise appropriately handled
to allow them to be ground. The bits of metal, glass, and other inerts
that were not detected in the field separation shall be removed and their
weight recorded. After the grinding is completed, the subsample shall be
mixed either manually or with a mechanical mixing device. If suitable
mechanical mixing equipment is not available, the subsample may be
spread on a plastic sheet and mixed by manipulating the corners and sides
of the sheet. The subsample shall be mixed and quartered, with opposite
5b2-l
-------
quarters discarded, until a smaller sample of about 5 pounds remains,
A 1-to 2-pound portion of this small sample shall be further milled
until it passes through a 2-mm sieve; this is the final processed
subsample.
5b2-2
-------
5b3. Height Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determination. The weight
loss upon heating of the reconstituted combustibles shall be deter-
mined by transferring about two grams of the prepared suhsample to a
previously ignited and tared crucible and dried to a constant weight at
70 to 75 C, 5e~' The sample weight is determined to the nearest milligram.
The crucible shall then be placed in a cold muffle furnace and gradually
brought to a temperature of 600 C with the door slightly open. After being
muffled at this temperature for two hours, the subsample shall be cooled
in a desiccator and weighed. The laboratory data shall be recorded on
the form shown on page 5b3-3.
Before the weight loss upon heating of the total field sample
can be calculated, the dry combustibles percentage must be known. The
dry combustible and noncombustible percentages are calculated from
Equations 5b3-l and 5b3-2, page 5b3-2. The weight loss upon heating
of the total sample on a dry basis is calculated from Equation 5b3-4,
page 5b3-3. After the weight loss upon heating is determined, the ash
content of the total sample on a dry basis is calculated from Equation
5b3-5, page 5b3-3.
5b3-l
-------
Dry Combustibles and Noncombustibles Percentages
Calculations
From Incoming Solid Haste Composition Data, Field Sample Form, page 5a3-3
Weight of combustibles field subsample "as received", Wfcwr=
Ib
Weight of noncombustibles field subsample "as
received", Ib
Weight of total field sample "as received", Ib
Wfnwr=
Wftwr=
From Incoming Solid Waste Moisture Determination, Laboratory Data and
Calculations Form, page 5bl-2 or page^5b!-5
Moisture content of laboratory - field combustibles
subsamples, "as received", percent
Moisture content of laboratory - field noncombustibles
subsamples, "as received", percent W(1f)nmr=_
Moisture content of total laboratory - field sample,
"as received", percent
Calculations:
Dry combustibles percentage of laboratory sample- field
subsample
W(lf)tmr=
W(lf)cpd=_
W(lf)cpd -
Wfcwr - rw(1f)cmr1 Wfcwr
I 100 J
Wftwr - |H(lf)tmrl Wftwr
L 100 J
100 (5b3-l)
Dry noncombustibles percentage of laboratory - field
subsample
W(lf)npd =
Comments:
Wfnwr -
Wftwr -
"W(lf)nmr"
L 100 J
W(lf)tmr
L 100 J
Wfnwr
Wftwr
100 (5b3-2)
W(lf)npd=
5b3-2
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Height Loss Upon Heating
and Ash Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Weight of
crucible (mg)
Wpc(wl)t
Weight of combustiles
prepared subsample and
crucible before muffling
(mg) Wpc(wl)b
Weight of sample
and crucible after
muffling (mg)
Wpc(wl)a
From Dry Combustibles and Noncombustibles Percentages, Calculations form,
Page 5b3-2:
Dry combustibles percentage of laboratory - field
subsamples
Calculations:
Weight loss upon heating of dry combustibles
prepared subsample, percent
Weight loss upon heating of total dry field sample,
percent
Wft(wl)d =
100
[W(lf)cpd] (5b3-4)
Ash content of total dry field sample, percent
Wftad = 100.0 - Wpc(wl)d (5b3-5)
Comments:
W(lf)cpd
Wpc(wl)d
Wft(wl)d
Wftad
5b3-3
-------
5b4. Gross Calorific Value. The gross calorific value of the
combustibles shall be determined with a Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter. Se-2
The gross heat of combustion, in Btu per pound, for the prepared sample
shall be calculated from the equations shown on page 5b4-2 following
the example illustrated onthat page. Before the gross calorific value
of the total field sample can be calculated on an "as received" basis,
the dry noncombustibles percentage must be known. The dry noncom-
bustibles percentage is calculated from Equation 5b3-2, page 5b3-2. The
gross calorific value of the total sample on an "as received" basis is
calculated from Equation 5b4-l, page 5b4-3.
5b4-l
-------
Incoming Solid Waste Gross Calorific Value Determination
Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter Calculations
Plant
Sampling location
Calculated by
Organization
Date
Time
Test run
Assembly of Data
The following data should be available at the
completion of a test in the adiabatic calorimeter:
ta = temperature at time of firing, coirected for
thermometer scale error
tf = final maximum temperature, corrected for
thermometer scale error
ci = milliliters of standard alkali solution used
in acid titration
C2 = Percentage of sulfur in sample
c3 = cent imeters of fuse wire consumed in firing
W = energy equivalent of calorimeter in calories
per denree Fahrenheit or Centigrade
m = mass of sample in grams
Temperature Rise
Compute *ho net corrected temperature rise, t,
by sub<;t rut ing in the following equation:
Thermoehe-ical Corrections
Compute 'he following for each test:
ej = correction in calories for heat of formation
of : -trie acid (HNO_3)
= Cj if .0725N alkali was used for the acid ti-
trat ion
e = correction in calories for heat of formation
of s-.: If uric acid (H SO )
— / i .* i _ \ / \ ^ ^*
t.-
on -^n caiories for heat of combustion
wire
Gross Heat of Combustion
Compute the gross heat of combustion. Hg, in
calories per gram, by substituting in the follow-
ing equation:
_ tW-ei-e2-e3
Hg
m
Example
ta = 76.910-.001 = 76.909 F
tf = 82.740+.012 = 82.752 F
ex = 24.2 ml
C2 = 1.04% S
c3 = 7.4 cm Parr 45C10 wire
W = 1356 calories per deg. F
m = 0.9952 gram
t = 82.752-76.9O9
= 5.843 F
e - 24.4 calories
e0= (14)(1.04)(.9952) = 14.5 calories
e = (2.3)(7.4) = 17.0 calories
= (2.3)(c,) when using Parr 45C10 nickel-
chromium fuse wire, or
- (2.7)(c ) when using 34 B. & S. gage iron
fu^p wire
Comment s:
(5.8<±3)( 1356) -24.?- J4. 5-17.O
= 790'3.3 calorics per ur.im, or
= (79O5.3) ( l.H) = I4?iO 1',-iu. per pound
= Wpc(cv)d (Gross calorific value of the dry
combustibles prepared subsample in Dtu per pound)
5b4-2
-------
Incoming Solid Haste Gross Calorific Value
Determination
Calculations
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Performed by
From Incoming Solid Waste Moisture Determination, Laboratory Data and
Calculations form, page 5_b1-2:
Moisture content of total laboratory - field samples
"as received", percent W(lf)tmr
From Dry Combustibles and noncombustibles Percentages,
Calculations form, page 5b>3-2:
Dry noncombustibles percentage of laboratory-
field subsample W(lf)npd
From Parr Adi abatic Calorimeter Calculations, page 5b4-2:
Gross calorific value of the dry combustibles prepared
subsample, Btu/lb Wpc(cv)d
Calculations:
Gross calorific value of total field sample
"as received", Btu/lb
Wft(cv)r = Wpc(cv)d
Comments:
1
FwOf)tmr + HQf)npd1
"L 100 J
Wft(cv)r
(5b4-l)
5b4-3
-------
5b5. Ultimate Analysis. An ultimate chemical analysis shall be
performed on the prepared combustibles subsample to determine the
percentages (by weight) of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine, oxygen,
and nitrogen. The procedures used for the analyses shall be in
accordance with the following:
1. Carbon and hydrogen 5e-3
2. Sulfur 5e-4
3. Chlorine 5e-5
4. Oxygen 5e-6
5. Nitrogen 5e-7
The ash content of the prepared subsample used for the ultimate
analysis is determined during the source of the above analyses. The
percentages by weight as determined on a dry basis shall be adjusted
to an "as received" basis by assuming that each subsample contains
only the six elements above, plus moisture and inerts. The inerts
consist of the ash determined above and the noncombustibles of the
field subsample. The percentages of the eight constituents are
adjusted on a weight basis to 100 percent. The calculations for
making these adjustments are shown on pages 5b5-2, 5b5-3, and 5b5-4.
5b5-l
-------
Incoming Solid Haste Ultimate Analysis
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
From Laboratory analyses:
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Percentage of dry combusti
prepared sample
bles
Wpccd
Wpchd
Wpcsd
Wpc(cl)d
Wpcod
Upend
Wpcad
1
00
From Incoming Solid Waste Composition Data, Field Sample form,
page 5a3-3:
Weight of combustibles field subsample "as
received", Ib
Weight of noncombustibles field subsample
"as received", Ib
Wfcwr
Wfnwr _
Weight of total field sample "as received",Ib Wftwr _
From Incoming Solid Waste Moisture Determination, Laboratory
Data and Calculations form, page 5bl-2:
Moisture content of laboratory - field combustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)cmr
Moisture content of laboratory - field noncombustibles
subsamples "as received", percent W(lf)nmr
Moisture content of total laboratory - field samples
"as received", percent W(lf)tmr
-------
Weight of moisture in combustibles field
Wfcwm =[W(lf)ctnrJ (Wfcwr)] (5b5-l)
TOU
Weight of moisture in noncombustibles field subsample, lb
Wfnwm =[W(lf)nmr] (Wfnwr) (5b5-2)
100
Dry Weight of combustibles field subsample, lb
Wfcwd = Wfcwr -/Wfcram (5b5-3)
Dry Weight of noncombustibles field subsample, lb
Wfnwd = Wfnwr - Wfnmm (5b5-4)
Dry combustible content of the field subsample expressed
a percent of the total "as received" field sample
(5b5-5)
Wfcwm =
Wfnwm =
Wfcwd =
Wfnwd =
Wfcp(dr) =
Dry noncombustible content of the field subsample expressed as
a percent of the total "as received" field sample Wfnp(dr)=
(100)
(5b5-6)
Carbon percentage of total field sample "as received" Wftcr =
Wftcr =
100
(5b5-7)
Hydrogen percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wfthr . Upchd [Wfcp(dr)] (Bb5_8)
Wfthr
Sulfur percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftsr = MPCsd rwfcp(dr)] (5b5-9)
100
Chlorine percentage of total field sample "as received"
uift {ri \ [WPc(cl)d][Wfcp(dr)]
wmci;r - —m (5b5-10)
Oxygen percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftor =
Wftsr =
Wft(cl)r«
Wftor =
100
(5b5-ll)
5b5-8
-------
Nitrogen percentage of total field sample "as received" Wftnr =
wftnr JHPcnd10jjfcpfdr.)1 (5b5_12)
Ash percentage of total field sample "as received" Wftar =
Wftar =
Inerts percentage of total field sample "as received" Wftir =
Wftir = Wftar + Wfnp(dr) (5b5-14)
Wftcr =
Wfthr =
Wftsr =
Wft(cl)r =
Wftor =
Wftnr =
Wftir =
W0f)tmr = _
Total = 100.0
5b5-4
-------
5c. Summary-of Incoming Solid Waste Characteristics
The incoming solid waste characteristics should be summarized on
the forms shown on pages 5c-2, 5c-3, and 5c-4.
5c-l
-------
Summary of Incoming Solid Waste Physical Characteristic Data
Plant Date
Time
Sample No.
Organization_
Performed by
Average bulk density of total field sample "as received",
Ib/cu yd (pg 5a2-3, 5a2-4, or 5a2-5) Wftdr = _
Weight of food waste component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(fw)wr=_
Weight of garden waste component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(gw)wr=_
Weight of paper products component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(pa)wr=_
Weight of plastics, rubber, leather component of
combustibles category "as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(pr)wr=
Weight of textiles component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(tx)wr=_
Weight of wood component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wfwwr =
Weight of smalls component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wfswr =
Weight of fines component of combustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(fi)wr=_
Weight of combustibles field subsample "as received",
Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wfcwr = _
Weight of metals component of noncombustibles category
"as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wfmwr =
Weight of glass, ceramics component of noncombustibles
category "as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(gl)wr =
Weight of ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
category "as received", Ib (pg 5a3-3) Wf(ad)wr=
Weight of noncombustibles field subsample "as received",
Ib (Pg 5a3-3) Wfnwr =
5c-2
-------
Weight of total field.sample "as received,"
Ib (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of food waste component of combustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of garden waste component of combustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of paper products component of combustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of plastics, rubber, leather component
combustibles category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of textiles component of combustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of wood component of combustibles
category "as received", (5a3-3)
Percentage of smalls component of combustibles
category "as received", (5a3-3)
Percentage of fines component of combustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of combustibles category "as received",
(pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of metals component of noncombustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of glass, ceramics component of noncombustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
category "as received", (pg 5a3-3)
Percentage of noncombustibles category "as received",
(og 5a3-3)
Wftwr = _
Wf(fw)pr=_
Wf(gw)pr=_
Wf(pa)pr=_
Wf(pr)pr=
Wf(tx )pr=
Wfwpr =
Wfspr = _
Wf(fi)pr=_
Wfcpr = _
Wfmpr = _
Wf(gl)pr=_
Wf(ad)pr=_
Wfnpr = _
5c-3
-------
Summary of Incoming Solid Haste Laboratory Data
Plant
Sample No.
Date
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Moisture content of laboratory-field combustibles
subsamples "as received," percent (pg 5b1-2 or 5bl-6)
Moisture content of laboratory-field noncombustibles
subsamples "as received," percent Cpg 5bl-2 or 5bl-6)
Moisture content of total laboratory-field samples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-2 or 5bl-6)
Moisture content of laboratory-field food wastes
component of combustibles subsamples "as received,"
percent (pg 5bl-4)
Moisture content of laboratory-field garden
wastes component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-4)
Moisture content of laboratory-field paper
products component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pq 5bl-4)
Moisture content of laboratory-field plastics,
rubber, leather component of combustibles
subsamples "as received," percent (og 5bl-4)
Moisture content of laboratory-field textiles
component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-9)
Moisture content of laboratory-field wood
component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-9)
W(lf)cmr =
W(lf)nmr =
W(lf)tmr =
W(lf)(fw)mr =
W(lf)(gw)mr =
W(lf)(pa)mr =
W(lf)(pr)mr =
W(lf)(tx)mr =
W(lf)wmr =
5c-4
-------
Moisture content.of laboratory-field smalls
component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-5)
Moisture content of laboratory-field fines
component of combustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-5)
Moisture content of laboratory-field metals
component of noncombustibles subsamples
"as received," percent (pg 5bl-5)
Moisture content of laboratory-field glass,
ceramics component of noncombustibles
subsamples "as received," percent (pg 5bl-5)
Moisture content of laboratory-field ash,
dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
subsamples "as received," percent (pg 5bl-S")
Weight loss upon heating of total dry
field sample, percent (pg 5b3-3)
Ash content of total dry field sample,
percent (pg 5b$-3)
Gross calorific value of total field
sample "as received," Btu/lb (pg 5b4-3)
Carbon percentage of total field
sample "as received," (pg 5b5-3)
Hydrogen percentage of total field
sample "as received," (pg 5b5-3)
Sulfur percentage of total field
sample "as received," (pg 5b5-3)
Chlorine percentage of total field sample
"as received," (pg 5b5-3)
W(lf)smr =
W(lf)(f1)mr =
W(lf)mmr =
W(lf)(gl)mr =
W(lf)(ad)mr =
Wft(wl)d =
Wftad =
Wft(cv)r =
Wftcr =
Wfthr =
Wftsr =
Wft(cl)r =
5c-5
-------
Oxygen percentage of total field sample
"as received," (pg 5b5-3) Wftor =
Nitrogen percentage of total field sample
"as received," (pg 5b5-4) Wftnr =
Inert percentage of total field sample
"as received," (pg 5b5-4) Wftir =
5c-6
-------
5d. Glossary of Incoming Solid Waste Characteristic Data Symbols
5dl. Symbol Rationale. The first letter (capital W) signifies
that the sample is a solid waste sample. The second letter or group
of letters [first lower case letter(s)] signifies the type of solid
waste sample as follows:
1. f - field sample
2. 1 - laboratory sample
3. (If) - both laboratory and field samples
4. p - prepared sample
The third letter or group of letters signifies the composition of
the sample as follows:
1. (ad) - ash, dirt, rocks, etc.
2. c - combustibles
3. (fi) - fines
4. (fw) - Food waste
5. (gl) - glass, ceramics, etc.
6. (gw) - garden waste
7. m - metal
8. n - noncombustibles
9. (pa) - paper products
10. (pr) - plastic, rubber, leather, etc.
li. L. - smalls
12. t - total
13. (tx) - textiles
14. w - wood
5dl-l
-------
The fourth letter or group of letters signifies the type of analysis
as follows:
1. a - ash content
2. c - carbon
3. (cl) - chlorine
4. (cv) - gross calorific value
5. d - bulk density
6. h - hydrogen
7. i - inerts
8. m - moisture
9. n - nitrogen
10. o - oxygen
11. p - percentage
12. s - sulfur
13. w - weight
14. (wl) - weight loss upon heating
The fifth letter or group of letters signifies additional identification
as follows:
1. a - after muffling
2. b - before muffling
3. d - dry
4. (dr) - dry component expressed as portion of "as received" sample
5. m - moisture
6. r - as received
7. t - tare
8. w - weight
5dl-2
-------
5d2. Nomenclature.
Wf(ad)pr = Percentage of ash, dirt, rocks "as received"
Wf(ad)wr = Weight of ash, dirt, rocks component of
noncombustibles category "as received"
Wfcp(dr) = Dry combustible content of the field subsample
expressed as a percent of the total "as received
field sample
Wfcpr = Percentage of combustibles "as received"
Wfcwd = Dry weight of combustibles field subsample, Ib.
Wfcwm - Weight of moisture in combustibles field subsample, Ib.
Wfcwr = Weight of combustibles field subsample "as received,"
Ib.
Wf(fi)pr = Percentage of fines component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wf(fi)wr = Weight of fines .component of combustibles category
"as received," Ib.
Wf(fw)pr = Percentage of food waste component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wf(fw)wr = Weight of food waste component of combustibles
category "as received," Ib.
Wf(gl)pr = Percentage of glass, ceramics component of
noncombustible category "as received"
Wf(gl)wr = Weight of glass, ceramics component of
noncombustibles category "as received," Ib.
Wf(gw)pr = Percentage of garden waste component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wf(gw)wr = Weight of garden waste component of combustibles
category "as received," Ib.
Wfmpr = Percentage of metals component of noncombustibles
category "as received"
Wfmwr = Weight of metals component of noncombustibles
category "as received," Ib.
Wfnp(dr) = Dry noncombustible content of the field subsample expressed
as a percent of the total "as received" field sample
5d2-l
-------
Wfnpr = Percentage of noncombustibles "as received"
Wfnwd = Dry weight of noncombustibles field subsample, Ib.
Wfnwm = Weight of moisture in noncombustibles field
subsample, Ib.
Wfnwr = Weight of noncombustibles field subsample
"as received," Ib.
Wf(pa)pr = Percentage of paper products component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wf(pa)wr = Weight of paper products components of combustibles
category "as received," Ib.
Wf(pr)pr = Percentage of plastics, rubber, leather component of
combustibles category "as received"
Wf(pr)wr = Weight of plastics, rubber, leather component of
combustibles category "as received," Ib.
Wfspr = Percentage of smalls component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wfswr = Weight of smalls component of combustibles category
"as received," It.
Wftad = Ash content of total dry field sample, percent
Wftar = Ash percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftcr = Carbon percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wft(cl)r = Chlorine percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wft(cv)r = Gross calorific value of total field sample "as received,"
Btu/lb
Wftdr = Average bulk density of total field sample "as received,"
Ib/cu yd
Wfthr = Hydrogen percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftir = Inert percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftnr = Nitrogen percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftor = Oxygen percentage of total field sample "as received"
5d2-2
-------
Wftsr = Sulfur percentage of total field sample "as received"
Wftwr = Weight of total field sample "as received," Ib.
Wft(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of total dry field sample, percent
Wf(tx)pr = Percentage of textiles component of combustibles
category "as received"
Wf(tx)wr = Weight of textiles component of combustibles category
"as received," Ib.
Wfwpr = Percentage of wood component of combustibles category
"as received"
Wfwwr = Weight of wood component of combustibles category
"as received," Ib.
Wl(ad)md = Dry ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
category laboratory subsample weight plus pan in
moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(ad)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of
ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles subsample,
Ib.
Wl(ad)mw = Wet ash, dirt, rocks component of noncombustibles
laboratory subsamples weight plus pan in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wlcmd = Dry combustibles laboratory subsample weight plus pan
in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlcmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of
combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wlcmw = Wet combustibles laboratory subsample weight plus pan
used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlcwr = Weight of combustibles in laboratory subsample
"as received"
Wl(fi)md = Dry fines component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(fi)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of fines
component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
5d2-3
-------
Wl(fi)mw = Wet fines component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(fw)md = Dry food wastes component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(fw)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of
food wastes component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wl(fw)mw = Wet food wastes component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(gl)md = Dry glass, ceramics component of noncombustibles
laboratory subsample weight plus pan used in
moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(gl)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of glass,
ceramics component of noncombustibles subsample, Ib.
Wl(gl)mw = Wet glass, ceramics component of noncombustibles
laboratory subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(gw)md = Dry garden wastes component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(gw)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of garden
wastes component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wl(gw)mw = Wet garden wastes component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wlmmd = Dry metals component of noncombustibles subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlmmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of metals
component of noncombustibles subsample, Ib.
Wlmmw = Wet metals component of noncombustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wlnmd = Dry noncombustibles laboratory subsample weight plus
pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlnmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of
noncombustibles subsample, Ib.
5d2-4
-------
Wlnmw = Wet noncombustibles laboratory subsample weight
plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlnwr = Weight of noncombustibles in laboratory subsample
"as received"
Wl(pa)md = Dry paper products component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(pa)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of paper
products component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wl(pa)mw = Wet paper products component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(pr)md = Dry plastics, rubber, leather component of combustibles
laboratory subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wl(pr)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of plastics,
rubber, leather laboratory component of combustibles
subsample, Ib.
Wl(pr)mw = Wet plastics, rubber, leather component of combustibles
laboratory subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
Wlsmd = Dry smalls component of combustibles laboratory subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlsmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of smalls
component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wlsmw = Wet smalls component of combustibles laboratory subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(tx)md = Dry textiles component of combustibles laboratory subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wl(tx)mt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of textiles
component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
Wl(tx)mw = Wet textiles component of combustibles laboratory subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlwmd = Dry wood component of combustibles laboratory subsample
weight plus pan used in moisture determination, Ib.
Wlwmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of wood
component of combustibles subsample, Ib.
5d2-5
-------
Wlwmw = Wet wood component of combustibles laboratory
subsample weight plus pan used in moisture
determination, Ib.
W(lf)(ad)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field ash, dirt,
rocks component of noncombustibles subsamples
"as rece.ived," percent
W(lf)cmr = Moisture content of laboratory-field combustibles
subsamples "as received," percent
W(lf)cpd = Dry combustibles percentage of laboratory-field
subsamples
W(lf)(fi)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field fines
component of combustibles subsamples "as received"
percent
W(lf)(fw)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field food wastes
component of combustibles subsamples "as received"
percent
W(lf)(gl)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field glass, ceramics
component of noncombustibles subsamples "as received"
percent
W(lf)(gw)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field garden wastes
component of combustibles subsamples "as received"
percent
W(lf)mmr = Moisture content of laboratory-field metals component
of noncombustibles subsamples "as received" percent
W(lf)nmr = Moisture content of laboratory-field noncombustibles
subsamples "as received," percent
W(lf)npd = Dry noncombustibles percentage of laboratory-field
subsamples
W(lf)(pa)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field paper products
component of combustibles subsamples "as received,"
percent
W(lf)smr = Moisture content of laboratory-field smalls component
of combustibles subsamples "as received," percent
W(lf)tmr = Moisture content of total laboratory-field samples
"as received," percent
W(lf)(tx)mr = Moisture content of laboratory-field textiles
component of combustibles subsamples "as received,"
percent
5d2-6
-------
W(lf)wmr = Moisture content of laboratory-field wood
component of combustibles subsamples "as received,"
percent
Wpcad = Ash percentage of dry combustibles prepared subsample
Wpccd = Carbon percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpc(cl)d = Chlorine percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpc(cv)d = Gross calorific value of the dry combustibles prepared
subsample, Btu/lb
Wpchd = Hydrogen percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpcnd = Nitrogen percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpcod = Oxygen percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpcsd = Sulfur percentage of dry combustibles prepared
subsample
Wpc(wl)a = Weight of combustibles prepared subsample and crucible
after muffling in weight loss upon heating determination, rug
Wpc(wl)b = Weight of combustibles prepared subsample and crucible
before muffling in weight loss upon heating
determination, mg
Wpc(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of the dry combustibles prepared
subsample, percent
Wpc(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating
determination of combustibles prepared subsample, mg
5d2-7
-------
5e. References
1. American Public Works Association. Municipal refuse disposal.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration Service, 1970. Appendix
A. p.389-413.
2. Operating the adiabatic calorimeter. Iji Oxygen bomb calorimetry
and combustion methods. Technical Manual 130. Moline, 111.,
Parr Instrument Company, 1960. p.30-32.
3. Standard methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and
coke (D 271-68). sect.30-35. Jji_ 1969 Book of ASTM standards,
with related material, pt.19. Gaseous fuels, coal and coke.
Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, Mar.
1969. p.27-32.
4. Standard methods of laboratory sampling, sec.22-23, 1969 Book
of ASTM standards, pt.19, p.25-26.
5. Horwitz, W., ed_. Official methods of analysis of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, llth ed. chap.33. sect.33.009.
Washington, 1970. p.566.
6. Standard methods of laboratory sampling, sect.42, 1969 Book of
ASTM standards, pt.19, p.35.
7. Horwitz, W., ecL Official methods of analysis, chap.33,
sect.33.009, 1970, p.566.
5e-l
-------
CHAPTER 6
RESIDUE AND GRATE SITTINGS CHARACTERIZATION
Contents
Page No.
RESIDUE AND GRATE SITTINGS CHARACTERIZATION 6-1
6a Field Procedures 6al-l
Sal Sampling 6al-l
6a2 Bulk Density Determination 6a2-l
6b Laboratory Analyses 6bl-l
6bl Moisture Determination 6bl-l
6b2 Physical Composition Determination 6b2-l
6b3 Sample Preparation 653-1
654 Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determination 6b4-l
655 Gross Calorific Value 655-1
656 Ultimate Analysis 6b6-l
6c Summary of Residue and Grate Siftings
Characteristics 6c-l
6d Glossary of Incoming Solid Waste
Characteristic Data Symbols 6dl-l
6dl Sym5ol Rationale 6dl-l
6d2 Nomenclature • 6d2-l
6e References 6e-l
-------
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No,
Residue Bulk Density Determination - Field
Data and Calculations 6a2-2
Grate Siftings Bulk Density Determination -
Field Data and Calculations 6a2'-3
Residue Moisture Determination - Laboratory
Data and Calculations 6bl~2
Grate Sifting Moisture Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 6bl-3
Residue Composition Data - Laboratory Sample 6b2-2
Grate Siftings Composition Data - Laboratory Sample 6b2-3
Residue Sample Preparation and Composition
Adjustments - Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b3-3
Grate Siftings Sample Preparation and Composition
Adjustments - Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b3-5
Residue Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determination - Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b4-2
Grate Siftings Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determinations - Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b4-3
Incoming Solid Waste Gross Calorific Value
Determination - Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter
Calculations 6b5-2
Residue Gross Calorific Value Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b5-3
Grate Siftings Gross Calorific Value Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 6b5-4
Residue Ultimate Analysis - Laboratory Data and
Calculations 6b6-2
Grate Siftings Ultimate Analysis - Laboratory
Data and Calculations 6b6-4
Summary of Residue Physical Characteristic 6c-2
Summary of Residue Laboratory Data 6c-3
Summary of Grate Siftings Physical Characteristic
Data 6c-5
Summon-' of Grate Siftings Laboratory Data 6c-6
-------
CHAPTER 6
RESIDUE AND GRATE SITTINGS CHARACTERIZATION
In addition to determining the total weight of the residue and
grate siftings during the test period, as described in Section lOb,
samples of the residue and grate siftings shall be obtained to deter-
mine their physical and chemical characteristics. The procedures
described in this section apply to both wet and dry samples.
6-1
-------
6a. Field Procedures
Gal. Sampling. One residue sample, of approximately 6 gallons,
shall be taken daily in a manner consistent with the type of residue
handling system at the incinerator. Acceptable sampling techniques
include catching the residue as it falls from the residue conveyor
(care should be taken to prevent injury to the sampler), shoveling
from the conveyor, and shoveling from the residue truck. Any com-
bustion still occurring in dry samples should be halted by placing the
sample in an air-tight container and sealing the container.
Samples of the grate siftings shall be taken in a manner consis-
tent with the method used for handling grate siftings at the incinera-
tor. At least one one-liter sample shall be taken during the study
period from each location where these siftings accumulate for
laboratory analyses. If the method for removal of grate siftings
permits, these samples should be taken daily.
6al-l
-------
6a2. Bulk Density Determination. The bulk density of the
residue is determined before any other characterization. A
6-gallon perforated container is filled with the residue allowed
to drain for 60 minutes, and then weighed. These weights shall
be recorded on the form shown on page 6a2-2. The bulk density
is calculated from Equation 6a2-l, page 6a2-2. After the bulk
density of the residue is determined, the samples are placed
into double independently sealed plastic bags and labeled for
shipment to the laboratory.
The bulk density of the grate siftings is determined by
filling a 6-gallon container with the grate siftings. The
container is then weighed and the weight recorded on the form
shown on page 6a2-3. The bulk density is calculated from Equation
6a2-2, page 6a2-3. One liter laboratory samples from each in-
dividual sampling location are placed into separate knotted plastic
bags. All samples from one furnace are placed into another larger
plastic bag for transport to the laboratory.
6a2-l
-------
Residue Bulk Density Determination
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample
Date_
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Date
Weight of 6-
gallon container
and residue (Ib)
Container
tare weight
(Ib)
Weight of
residue (Ib)
Bulk density*
(lb/cu yd)
KJ?J_ j
* Bulk density =
Comments:
(6a2-l)
6a2-2
-------
Grate Sittings Bulk Density Determination
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Average
Date
Weight of 6-
gallon container
and grate si f tings
(lb)
Container
tare weight
(lb)
Weight of
grate si f tings
(lb)
Bulk
d.ensity*
(Ib/cu yd)
.
SftHc
*Bulk density =
Weight of grate siftings
0.0297
(6a2-2)
Comments:
6a2-3
-------
6b. Laboratory Analyses
6b1. Moisture Determination. The moisture content of the residue
and grate sittings samples should be determined as soon as possible
after their arrival in the laboratory.
Each sample shall be placed in a tared pan, and, after obtaining
the initial sample weight, it will be dried to a constant weight at
100 to 105 C. The laboratory data shall be recorded on the forms
on pages 6bl-2 and 6bl-3. After determining the weights of the
moisture losses of the individual samples, the moisture contents of
each sample are calculated from Equations 6bl-l, page 6bl-2 and
Equation 6bl-2, page 6bl-3.
These moisture contents are used in determining the total dry
weight of the residue and grate siftings during the test period
(See Chapter 10).
6bl-l
-------
Residue Moisture Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Organization
Performed by
Date
Time
Sample
Weight of
pan (Ib)
R(lf)tmt
As Sampled
laboratory wt.
plus pan (Ib)
R(lf)tm(st)
Dry Laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (Ib)
R(lf)tm(dt)
Moisture content of total laboratory and field
sample "as sampled", percent
-j[R(1f)tm(st)] -
~j[R(lf)tm(str
1 - fR(lf)tm(dt)lj1QQ
] - [R(lf)tmt ][100
R(lf)tms =
6bl-2
-------
Grate Si'ftings Moisture Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Organization
Performed by
Date
Time
Sample
Weight of
pan (Ib)
S(lf)tmt
As sampled
laboratory
weight plus
pan (Ib)
S(lf)tm(st)
Dry laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (Ib)
S(lf)tm(dt)
Moisture content of laboratory and field sample
"as sampled", percent " S(lf)tms
S(1f)tms ^1f)tm
-------
6b2. Physical Composition Determination. After the moisture
content is determined, the samples of residue and grate siftings are
spread on a plastic (or other nonpermeable material) sheet and
manually separated into the following categories: metals; glass,
ceramics, rocks, etc.; unburned combustibles (material visually
identifiable as belonging to the combustible category used to
describe the composition of solid waste - see Section 5a3); and fines
(material belonging to the first three categories but too small to
identify easily). After the larger distinguishable materials of
the first three categories have been separated and the ferrous
metals have been removed by a magnet, the sample shall be sifted
on a 1/2-in. mesh screen to remove the fines of each of these three
categories. After the material remaining on the screen is placed
in the appropriate categories, the weight of each category is
determined. These weights shall be recorded on the forms shown on
page 6b2-2 and 6b2-3. The dry percentages of the categories shall
be calculated and also recorded on the form.
6b2-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Residue Composition Data
Laboratory Sample
Date
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Category
Metals
Glass,
ceramics,
rocks, etc.
Unburned
combusti-
bles
Fines
Total
Weight of
container &
dry residue
(lb)
Container tare
weight (lb)
Dry weight
(lb)
Rlmwd
Rl(gl)wd
Rl(uc)wd
Rl(fi)wd
Rltwd
Dry
percentage*
Rlmpd
RKgDpd
Rl(uc)pd
Rl(fi)pd
100
* Percentage =
Comments:
individual category or sample dry weigh t}-[QQ
Rltwd
(6b2-l)
6b2-2
-------
Grate Sittings Composition Data
Laboratory Sample
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Recorded by
Category
Metals
Glass,
ceramics,
rocks, etc.
Unburned
combustibles
Fines
Total
Weight of
container & dry
qrate siftings
(lb)
Container
tare wt.
(lb)
Dry
weight (lb)
Slmwd
Sl(gl)wd
Sl(uc)wd
Sl(fi)wd
Sltwd
Dry
Percentage*
Slmpd
Sl(gl)pd
Sl(uc)pd
Sl{fi)pd
100.0
* Percentage =
Comments:
individual category or sample dry weight | -, nn
Sltwd IUU
6b2-3
-------
6b3. Sample Preparation. Because of the difficulty of getting a
uniformly mixed sample for laboratory analyses, the residue and grate
siftings samples are treated as three different samples: inerts, fines,
and unburned combustibles. Data representative of the entire residue
or grate siftings samples are calculated from the individual analyses
of each of these "sub-samples."
The metals and the glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. may be discarded
(unless specific study objectives dictate otherwise). These materials
are assumed to be inert containing no calorific value and no material
that would be lost upon heating. The fines and unburned combustibles
categories shall be prepared for further analyses.
The fines should be examined for the presence of metal, glass,
and unburned combustibles. The metal and glass should be removed and
placed in tared pans for weight determinations. If a large amount of
unburned combustibles is found, it should be separated and placed in
a tared pan for weight determination. The remainder of the fines
should be passed through a 1/4-in. mesh sieve, and the identifiable
pieces of metal and glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. should be removed,
weighed, and placed in their appropriate categories. As much of this
inert material should be removed as practical.
The unburned combustibles, including that removed from the fines
sample, shall be ground to pass through a 2-mm sieve and placed in a
sealed container for storage. The fines shall be further milled in
^
a pulverizer until they pass through a 60-mesh sieve. This is most
easily accomplished by grinding the sample several times. The first
6b3-l
-------
time the sample is ground to reduce the large particles to about 20
mesh. The clearance between the grinding plates in the pulverizer is
adjusted until all the material passes the 60-mesh sieve.
Any metal that becomes evident after grinding in the pulverizer
shall be removed, weighed, and added to that previously removed. If a
considerable quantity of unburned combustibles still remains in the
fines, it will form fluffy oarticles which tend to agglomerate and
remain on the top of the sieves. This material should be removed,
weighed, and added to the unburned combustibles category because of
the difficulty in forming a homogeneous mixture of the light, fluffy
material and the heavier particles.
The forms shown on pages 6b3-3 through 6b3-8 should be used for
recording the laboratory data for the sample preparation. These forms
also include the calculations for adjusting the weights of the
categories and for determining their percentages on an adjusted basis.
6b3-2
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Residue Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Category
removed from
fines sample
Metals
Glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc.
Unburned
combustibles
Weight of pan
(lb)
Rpmwt
Rp(gl)wt
Rp(uc)wt
Weight of pan
and sample removed
(lb)
Rpmw(ts)
Rp(gl)w(ts)
Rp(uc)w(ts)
From Residue Composition Data, Laboratory Sample form, page 6b2-2
Weight of dry metals residue sample before adjustment, lb Rlrnwd=
Weight of dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. residue sample
Rl(gl)wd=
before adjustment, lb
Weight of dry unburned combustibles residue sample
before adjustment, lb
Weight of dry fines residue sample before adjustment, Ib Rl(fi)wd:
Calculations:
Weight of dried metals removed from fines residue sample, Ib
Rpmwd = Rpmw(ts) - Rpmwt (6b3-l) Rpmwd=
Weight of dried glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. removed
from fines residue sample, lb
Rp(gl)wd = Rp(ql)w(ts) - Rp(ql)wt (6b3-2)
Rp(gl)wd=_
6b3-3
-------
Weight of dried unburned combustibles removed from
fines residue sample, Ib
Rp(uc)wd = Rp(uc)w(ts) - Rp(uc)wt (6b3-3)
Adjusted dry metals residue sample weight, Ib
R(ap)mwd = Rlmwd + Rpmwd (6b3-4)
Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. residue
sample weight, Ib
R(ap)(gl)wd = Rl(gl)wd + Rp(gl)wd (6b3-5)
Adjusted dry unburned combustibles residue sample
weight, Ib
R(ap)(uc)wd = Rl(uc)wd + Rp(uc)wd (6b3-6)
Adjusted dry fines sample residue weight, Ib
Rp(uc)wd=
P(ap)mwd=
R(ap)(gl)wd=_
P(ap)(uc)wd=_
R(ap)(fi)wd=
R(ap)(fi)wd = Rl(fi)wd - [Rpmwd + Rp(gl)wd + Rp(uc)wd] (6b3-7)
Total weight of dry residue sample, Ib
R(ap)twd = R(ap)mwd + R(ap)(gl)wd
R(ap)twd*
R(ap)(uc)wd + R(ap)(fi)wd (6b3-8)
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared
residue sample ~ -,
R(ap)mwd inn
R(ap)mpd = R(ap)twd 10°
R(ap)mpd=
Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks
etc. prepared residue sample
'R(ap)(g1)wd'
R(ap)(gl)pd =
100 (6b3-10)
R(ap)twd
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared residue sample
_TR(ap)(uc)wd
1 R(ap)twd
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-residue
sample
rR(ap)(fi)wd
R(ap)(gl)pd=_
R(ap)(uc)pd
100 (6b3-ll)
R(ap)(uc)pd=
R(ap)(fi)pd =
R(ap)twd
100 (6b3-12)
R(ap)(fi)pd=
* R(ap]twd should equal Rltwd page 6b2-2. Any major
diviation should be explained.
Comments:
6b3-4
-------
Grate Siftings Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed try
Category
removed from
fines sample
Metal s
Glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc.
Unburned
combustibles
Weight of
pan (Ib)
Spmwt
Sp(gl)wt
i Sp(uc)wt
Weight of
pan and sample
removed (Ib)
Spmw(ts)
Sp(gl)w(ts)
Sp(uc)w(ts)
From Grate Siftings Composition Data, Laboratory Sample form.
page 6b2-3:
Weight of dry metals grate siftings sample before
adjustment, Ib Slmwd=
Weight of dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. grate
siftings sample before adjustment, Ib Sl(gl)wd-_
Weight of dry unburned combustibles grate siftings
sample before adjustment, Ib SI(uc)wd=
Weight of dry fines grate siftings sample before
adjustment, Ib
Calculations:
Sl(fi)wd=
Weight of dried metals removed from fines grate
siftinqs sample, 1h
Spmwd = Somw(ts) - Spmwt (6b3-13)
6b3-5
Spmwd =
-------
Weight of dried glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. removed
from fines grate siftings sample, Ib Sp(g1)wd=_
Sp(gl)wd = Sp(gl)w(ts) - Sp(gl)wt (6b3-14)
Weight of dried unburned combustibles removed from
Sp(uc)wd=_
fines grate siftings sample, Ib
Sp(uc)wd = Sp(uc)w(ts) - Sp(uc)wt (6b3-15)
Adjusted dry metals grate siftings sample weight, Ib S(ap)mwd=_
S(ap)mwd = Slmwd + Spmwd (6b3-16)
Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. grate
siftings sample weight, Ib
S(ap)(ql)wd = Sl(gl)wd + Sp(gl)wd (6b3-17)
Adjusted dry unburned combustibles grate siftings
sample weight, Ib
S(ap)(gl)wdf_
S(ap)(uc)wd=_
S(ap)(uc)wd = Sl(uc)wd + Sp(uc)wd (6b3-18)
Adjusted dry fines grate siftings sample weight, Ib S(ap)(fi)wd=_
S(ap)(fi)wd = Sl(fi)wd -
Spmwd + Sp(gl)wd + Sp(uc)wd
• (6b3-19)
Total weight of dry grate siftings sample, Ib
S(.ap)twd*=_
S(ap)twd = S(ap)mwd + S(ap)(nl)wd + S(ap)(uc)wd + S(ap)(fi)wd (6b3-20)
S(ap)mpd=
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared-grate
siftings sample
KfEjSr
(6b3-2i)
Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks,
etc. prepared-grate siftings sample
100 (6b3-22)
S(ap)(gl)pd=_
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uc)wd
S(ap)(uc)pd =
Slapjtwd
S(ap)(uc)pd=_
100 (6b3-23)
*S(ap)twd should equal Sltwd cage 6b?-3. Any major
deviation should be explained.
6b3-6
-------
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-grate
siftings S(ap)(fi)pd
S(ap)(f1)pd = SW 10° {6b2-24)
Comments:
6b3-7
-------
6b4. Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determinations. The weight
loss upon heating of the unburned combustibles and fines categories
of the residue and grate siftings samples should be determined individ-
6p 1
ually . About two grams of the adjusted-prepared samples from
each category shall be transferred to previsouly ignited and tared
crucibles and dried to a constant weight at 70 to 75 C. The sample
weights are determined to the nearest milligram. The crucibles shall
then be placed in a cold muffle furnace and gradually brought to a
temperature of 600 C with the door slightly open. After being muffled
at this temperature for two hours, the sample shall be cooled in a
desiccator and weighed. The laboratory data shall be recorded on the
forms on pages 6b4-2 and 6b4-3.
The weight loss upon heating of the total sample on a dry basis,
taking into account the weight of material discarded as being inert
during the sample preparation, is calculated from Equations 6b4-3 and
6b4-7, pages 6b4-2 and 6b4-3. After the weight loss upon heating is
determined, the ash content is calculated from Equations 6b4-4 and 6b4-8,
pages 6b4-2 and 6b4-3. Because the characteristics of the residue and
grate siftings before quenching are desired, the data are calculated
on a dry basis.
6b4-l
-------
Plant
Sample No._
Residue Height Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Category
Unburned
Combustibles
Fines
Weight of
crucible
(nig)
R(ap)(uc)(wl)t
-------
Grate Sittings Height Loss Upon Heating, and Ash Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Category
Unburned
combustibles
Fines
Weight
crucible (mg)
S(ap)(uc)(wl)t
S(ap)(fi)(wl)t
Dried weight of
sample and crucible
before muffling (mg)
S(ap)(uc)(wl)b
S(ap)(fi)(wl)b
Weight of sample
and crucible after
muffling (mg)
S(ap)(uc)(wl)a
S(ap)(fi)(wl)a
From Grate Sittings Sample Preparation and Compos i
tion Adjustments, Laboratory
Data and Calculations form, page 6b3-8:
Dry percentage of unburned combustibles prepared-grate siftings
sample
Dry percentage of fines prepared-grate siftings sample
Calculations:
Weight loss upon heating of adjusted-unburned combustibles,
prepared-grate siftings sample, percent
S(ap)(uc)pd =
S(ap)(fi)pJ =
S(ap)(uc)(wl)d =
fs(ap)(uc)(w1)b-S(ap)(uc)(w1)a"
[S(ap)(uc)(wl)b-S(ap)(uc)(wl)t
100
S(ap)(uc)(wl)d
(6b4-4)
Weight loss upon heating of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings
sample, percent S(ap)(fi)(wl)d
S(ap)(fi)(wl)d =
S(ap)(f1)(wl)b-S(ap)(f1)(wl )a
S(ap)(fi)(wl)b-S(ap)(fi)(wl)t
100
(6b4-6)
Weight loss upon heating of total dry grate siftings sample,
percent
Sft(wl)d =
Sft(wl)d = [S(ap)(uc)Pd][S(ap)(uc)(w1)d]-[S(ap)(fi)Pd][S(ap)(f1)(wT)d3
100
(6b4-7)
Ash content of total dry grate siftings sample based on weight loss
upon heating sample data, percent Sft(aw)d =
Sft(aw)d = 100.0 - Sft(wl)d (6b4-8)
Comments:
6b4-3
-------
6b5. Gross Calorific Value. The gross calorific value of the
unburned combustibles and fines categories should be determined indivi-
dually. e A Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter shall be used. In determining
the gross calorific value of the fines, 1/2 to 1 gram of benzoic
acid shall be added as a combustion aid. The calorific value of the
benzoic acid must be obtained so that the necessary corrections can be
made.
The gross heat of combustion, in Btu per Ib, shall be calculated
for each category from the equations and example shown on page 6b5-2.
The gross calorific value of the total sample on a dry basis is calcu-
lated from Equations 6b5-2 and 6b5-4, pages 6b5-3 and 6b5-4.
6b5-l
-------
Incoming Solid Haste Gross Calorific Value Determination
Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter Calculations
Plant
Sampling location^
Calculated by
Organization^
Assembly of Data
The following data should be available at the
completion of a test in the adiabattc calorimeter:
ta = temperature at time of firing, corrected for
thermometer scale error
f = final maximum temperature
thermometer scale error
corrected for
cl =
C2 =
C3 =
milliliters of standard alkali solution used
in acid titration
percentage of sulfur in sample
centimeters of fuse wire consumed in firing
energy equivalent of calorimeter in calories
per degree Fahrenheit or Centigrate
mass of sample in grams
Temperature Rise
Compute the net corrected temperature rise, t,
by substituting in the following equation:
Thermochemical Corrections
Compute the following for each test:
e-j = correction in calories for heat of formation
of nitric acid (HN03)
Date_
Time
Test run
Gross Heat of Combustion
Compute the gross heat of combustion. Hg, in
calories per gram, bv substituting in the following
ec>uatl'on: tW-ere2-e3
9 m
Example:
la = 76.910-.001 = 76.909 F
tf = 82.740+.012 = 82.752 F
Cl = 24.2 ml
C2 = 1.042 S
C3 = 7.4 cm Parr 45C10 wire
W = 1356 calories per deg. F
m = 0.9952 gram
t = 82.752-76.909
= 5.843 F
el = 24.4 calories
e2 = (14)0.04)(.9952) = 14.5 calories
P3 = (?.3)(7.a) = 17.11 calories
u (5.843)(1356)-24.2-14.5-17.0
g 0.9952
e? = correction in calories for heat of formation
of sulfuric acid (H?S04)
= (14)(c2((m)
e, = correction in calories for heat of combustion
of fuse wire
= (2.3)(C3) when using Parr 45C10 nickel -
chromium fuse wire, or
= (2.7)(c3) when using 34 B.&S. gage
iron fuse wire
= 7905.3 calories per gram, or
= R(ap)(uc)(cv)d (gross calorific value of
adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-
residue sample in Btu per pound)
= R(ap)(bf)(cv)d (Gross calorific value of
adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample
and benzoic acid in Btu per pound)
= R(ap)b(cv)d (Gross calorific value of
benzoic acid in Btu per pound)
= S(ap)(uc)(cv)d (gross calorific value of
adjusted-unburned combustibles, prepared-
grate siftings sample in Btu per pound)
= S(ap)(bf)(cv)d (Gross calorific value of
adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings
sample and benzoic acid in Btu per pound)
= S(ap)b(cv)d = (gross calorific value of
benzoic acid in Btu per pound)
Comments:
6b5-2
-------
Residue Gross Calorific Value Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Performed by_
From Gross Calorific Value Determination, Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter
Calculations form, page 6b5-2:
Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combustibles, prepared-
residue sample, Btu/lb R(ap)(uc)(cv)dj
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-residue
sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb R(ap)(bf)(cv)dj=
Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in residue
analysis, Btu/lb R(ap)b(cv)d_f_____
From Residue Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments,
Laboratory Data and Calculations form, page 6b3-sT
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared
residue sample . R(ap)(uc)pd=___
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample R(ap)(fi)pd =
Calculations:
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-residue
sample, Btu/lb R(ap) (fi) (cv)dj=_
R(ap)(fi)(cv)d = R(ap)(bf)(cv)d - R(ap)b(cv)d (6b5-l)
Gross calorific value of total dry residue sample, Btu/lb Rft(cv)d=
^ [R(ap)(uc)pdJ[R(ap)(uc)(cv)d] + [R(ap)(f1)pd][R(ap)(fi)(cv)o]
tjrt _____ __ ——-
IUU (6b5-2)
Comments:
6b5-3
-------
Grate Siftings Gross Calorific Value Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Performed by
From Gross Calorific Value Determination, Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter
Calculations form, page 6b~5-2:
Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-
grate siftings sample, Btu/lb S(ap)(uc)(cv)dj
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings
sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb S(ap)(bf)(cv)dj
Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in grate siftings
analysis, Btu/lb S(ap)b(cv)d=
From Grate Siftings Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments,
Laboratory Data and Calculations form, page 6b3-8:
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-grate
siftings sample S(ap)(uc)pd=
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings sample S(ap)(fi)pd=
Calculations:
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings S(ap)(fi)(cv)d_
sample, Btu/lb
S(ap)(fi)(cv)d - S(ap)(bf)(cv)d - S(ap)b(cv)d (6b5-3)
Gross calorific value of total dry grate siftings sample, Btu/lb Sft(cv)d =
Sft(cv)d - [S(ap)(uc)pd][S(ap)(uc)(cv)d] + [S(ap)(fi)pd][S(ap)(fi)(cv)d]
TOO
(6b5-4)
Comments:
6b5-4
-------
6b6. Ultimate Analysis. An ultimate chemical analysis shall be
performed on a composite sample of unburned combustibles and fines of the
residue and grate siftings samples to determine the percentages (by weight)
of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The sample
composition shall be based upon the dry percentages of the unburned
combustibles and fines. The procedures used for the analyses shall be
in accordance with the following:
6e-3
1. Carbon and hydrogen
2. Sulfur 6e'4
3. Chlorine 6e~5
4. Oxygen 6e~6
5. Nitrogen 6e~7
The ash content of the composite sample used for the ultimate analysis
is determined during the course of the above analyses. Because the character-
istics of the residue and grate siftings before quenching or spraying are
desired, the percentages by weight are determined on a dry basis by assuming
that each sample contains only the five elements above, along with inerts.
The inerts consist of the ash determined above and the dry noncombustibles.
The percentages of the seven constituents are adjusted on a weight
basis to 100 percent. The calculations for making these adjustments are
shown on pages 6b6-2 through 6b6-5.
6b6-l
-------
Residue Ultimate Analyst's
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
From laboratory analyses:
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Percentage of dry adjusted-
unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-sample
R(ap)(uf)cd
R(ap)(uf)hd
R(ap)(uf)sd
R(ap)(uf)(cl)d
R(ap)(uf)od
R(ap)(uf)nd
R(ap)(uf)(au)d
100.0
From Residue Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments,
Laboratory Data and Calculations form, page 6b3-5:
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-residue sample
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-residue
sample
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared-residue
sample
Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks,
etc. prepared-residue sample
Calculations:
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(uc)pd
R(ap)(fi)pd
R(ap)mpd
R(ap)(gl)pd
R(ap)(uf)pd
R(ap)(uf)pd = R(ap)(uc)pd + R(ap)(fi)pd (6b6-l)
6b6-2
-------
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals and glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc. prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(mg)pd = R(ap)mpd + R(ap)(gl)pd (6b6-2)
Carbon percentage of total dry residue sample
(6b6-3)
- [RUp)(uf)cd][R(ap)(uf)pd]
Hydrogen percentage of total dry residue sample
Rfthd = -i!R(ap)(uf)hd][R(ap)(uf)pd] (6b6-4)
100
Sulfur percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftsd = [R(ap)(uf)sd][R(ap)(uf)pd] (6b6-5)
100
Chlorine percentage of total dry residue sample
Rft(cl)d = [R(ap)(uf)(clUn[RiaD)(uf)nd](6b6-6)
TW
Oxygen percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftod _[R(ap)(uf)od][R(ap)(iif)pd] (6b6-7)
100
Nitrogen percentage of total dry residue sample
pftnH = !R(ap)(uf)nd][R(ap)(uf)pd] (6b6-8)
100
Ash percentage of total residue sample
Rft/ \d =[R(ap')(uf)ad][R(ap)(uf)pd] (6b6-9)
__
Inerts percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftid = Rft(au)d + R(ap)(mg)pd (6b6-10)
R(an)(mg)pd =
Rftcd =
Rfthd =
Rftsd =
Rft(cl)d=
Rftod =
Rftnd =
Rft(au)d =
Rftid
Rftcd =
Rfthd -
Rftsd =
Rft(cl)d »
Rftod =
Rftnd =
Rftid -
Total
100.0
6b6*3
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Grate Siftings Ultimate Analysis
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date_
Time
Organization
Performed by
From laboratory analyses:
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Percentage of dry adjusted-unburned
tibles and fines prepared-sample
comb us-
S(ap)(uf)cd
S(ap)(uf)hd
S(ap)(uf)sd
S(ap)(uf)(cl)d
S(ap)(uf)od
S(ap)(uf)nd
S(ap)(uf)(au)d
100. 0
From Grate Siftincjs Sample Preparation and Composition Adjustments,
La bora to ry
Data and Calculations form, page 6b3-8:
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-grate
siftings sample S(ap)(uc)pd=*
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings sample S(ap)(fi)pd=_
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared grate siftings sample S(ap)mpd=
Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
prepared-grate siftings sample
Calculations:
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles and fines
prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)pd = S(ap)(uc)pd + S(ap)(fi)pd (6b5-ll)
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals and glass, ceramics, rocks,
etc. prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(mg)pd = S(ap)mpd + S(ap)(gl)pd (656-12)
S(ap)(gl)pd»
S(ap)(uf)pd=_
S(ap)(mg)pd=_
6b6-4
-------
Carbon percentage of total dry grate siftings sample Sftcd =
Sftcd =
= [S(aP)(uf)cd]IS(ap)(uf)pd]
100
(6b6-13)
Sfthd =
= [S(ap)(uf)hd][S(ap)(uf)pd]
100
(6b6-H)
Sftnd =
= [S(ap)(uf)nd][S(ap)(uf)pd]
100
(6b6-18)
Ash percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
cft/ail\ri - [S(ap)(uf)ad][S(ap)(uf)pd]
Sft(aU)d ' TOO (6b6-19)
Inerts percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftid = Sft(au)d + S(ap)(mg)pd (6b6-20)
Hydrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample Sfthd
Sftsd
Sft(cl)d
Sulfur percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
,f ... _ [S(ap)(uf)sd][S(ap)(uf)pd]
" TOO (6b6-15)
Chlorine percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftfrnn - [S(ap)(uf)(cl)d][S(ap)(uf)pd]
bmcua - - _ (6b6-16)
Oxygen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample Sftod
Sftod - [S(ap)(uf)od3[S(ap)(uf)pd]
bn°d " - TOO - (6b6-17)
Nitrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample Sftnd
Sft(au)d
Sftid
Sftcd
Sfthd
Sftsd
Sft(cl)d =
Sftod
Sftnd
Sftid
Total
100.0
6b6-5
-------
6c. Summary of Residue and Grate Sittings Characteristics
The residue characteristics should be summarized on the forms shown
on pages 6c-2, 6c-3, and 6c-4. The grate sittings should be summarized
on pages 6c-5, 6c-6, and 6c-7.
6c-l
-------
Summary of Residue Physical Characteristic Data
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Recorded by_
Average bulk density of field sample "as sampled," Ib/cu yd Rftds
(pg 6a2-2)
6c-2
-------
Summary of Residue Laboratory Data
Plant
Sample
Organization
Date
Time
Recorded by
Moisture content of total laboratory and field residue
sample "as sampled," percent (pg 6bl-2)
Adjusted dry metals residue sample weight, Ib (pg 6b3-4)
Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. residue
sample weight, Ib (pg 6b3-4)
Adjusted dry unburned combustibles residue sample
weight, Ib (pg 6b3-4)
Adjusted dry fines residue sample weight, Ib (pg 6b3-4)
Total weight of dry residue sample, Ib (pg 6b3-4)
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared-residue
sample (pg 6b3-4)
Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
prepared-residue sample (pg 6b3-4)
Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles,
prepared-residue sample (pg 6b3-4)
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-residue
sample (pg 6b3-4)
Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-unburned
combustibles prepared-residue sample, percent (pg 6b4-2)
Weight loss upon heating of dry-adjusted fines prepared-
residue sample percent (pg 6b4-2)
Weight loss upon heating of total dry residue sample,
percent (pg 6b4-2)
Ash content of total dry residue sample, percent
(pg 6b4-2)
Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combus-
tibles prepared-residue sample, Btu/lb (pg 6b5-3)
R(lf)tms =
R(ap)mwd =
R(ap)(gl)wd =
R(ap)(uc)wd =
R(ap)(fi)wd =
R(ap)twd =
R(ap)mpd =
R(ap)(gl)pd = _
R(ap)(uc)pd = _
R(ap)(fi)pd = _
R(ap)(uc)(wl)d
R(ap)(fi)(wl)d
Rft(wl)d =
Rft(aw)d =
R(ap)(uc)(cv)d =
6c-3
-------
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines perpared-
residue sample, Btu/lb (pg 6b5-3) R(ap)(fi)(cv)d =
Gross calorific value of total dry residue sample,
Btu/lb (pg 6b5-3) Rft(cv)d =
Carbon percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rftcd =
Hydrogen percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rfthd =
Sulfur percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rftsd =
Chlorine percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rft(cl)d =
Oxygen percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rftod =
Nitrogen percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rftnd =
Inerts percentage of total dry residue sample (pg 6b6-3) Rftid =
6c-4
-------
Summary of Grate Sittings Physical Characteristic Data
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Recorded by_
Average bulk density of field sample "as sampled," Ib/cu yd
(pg 6a2-3) Sftds =
6c-5
-------
Summary of Grate Siftings Laboratory Data
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Recorded by
Moisture content of total laboratory and field grate
siftings sample "as sampled," percent (pg 6bl-3) S(lf)tms =
Adjusted dry metals grate siftings sample weight, Ib
(pg 6b3-6) S(ap)mwd = __
Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. grate
siftings sample weight, Ib (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)(gl)wd =
Adjusted dry unburned combustibles grate siftings
sample weight, Ib (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)(uc)wd =
Adjusted dry fines grate siftings sample weight, Ib
(pg 6b3-6) S(ap)(fi)wd =
Total weight of dry grate siftings sample, Ib (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)twd =
Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared-grate
siftings sample (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)mpd =
Dry percentage of adjusted glass, ceramics, rocks,etc.
prepared-grate siftings sample (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)(gl)pd =
Dry percentage of adjusted unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample (pg 6b3-6) S(ap)(uc)pd =
Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-grate
siftings sample (pg 6b3-7) S(ap)(fi)pd = _
Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-unburned combu-
tibles prepared-grate siftings sample, percent
(pg 6b4-3) S(ap)(uc)(wl)d
Weight loss upon heating of dry, adjusted-fines prepared-
grate siftings sample, percent (pg 6b4-3) S(ap)(fi)(wl }d
Weight loss upon heating of total dry grate siftings
sample, percent (pg 6b4-3) Sft(wl)d =
Ash content of total dry grate siftings sample,
percent (pg 6b4-3) Sft(aw)d -
6c-6
-------
Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample, Btu/lb (pg 6b5-4)
Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-
grate siftings sample, Btu/lb (pg 6b5-4)
Gross calorific value of total dry grate siftings
sample, Btu/lb (pg 6b5-4)
Carbon percentage of total dry grate siftings aample
(pg 6b6-5)
Hydrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings
sample (pg 6b6-5)
Sulfur percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
(pg 6b6-5)
Chlorine percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
(pg 6b6-5)
Oxygen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
(pg 6b6-5)
Nitrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
(pg 6b6-5)
Inerts percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
(pg 6b6-5)
S(ap)(uc)(cv)d
S(ap)(fi)(cv)d
Sft(cv)d =
Sftcd =
Sfthd =
Sftsd =
Sft(cl)d =
Sftod = _
Sftnd =
Sftid =
6c-7
-------
6d. Glossary of Incoming Solid Haste Characteristic Data Symbols
6dl. Symbol Rationale. The first letter (capital R or capital S)
signifies that the sample is a residue or grate siftings sample, respectively.
The second letter or group of letters first lower case letter(s)] signifies
the type of solid waste sample as follows:
1. (ap)- adjusted prepared sample
2. f - field sample
3. 1 - laboratory sample
4. (If) - both laboratory and field samples
5. p - prepared sample
The third letter or group of letters signifies the composition of
the sample as follows :
1. b - benzoic acid
2. (bf) - benzoic acid plus fines
3. (fi) - fines
4. (gl) - glass,ceramics, etc.
5. m - metal
6. (mg) - metals plus glass .ceramics, etc.
7. t - total
8. (uc) - unburned bombustibles
9. (uf) - unburned combustibles plus fines
The fourth letter or group of letters signifies the type of analysis
as follows:
1. (au) - ash content based upon ultimate analysis sample
2. (aw) - ash content based upon weight loss upon heating sample
6dl-l
-------
3. c - carbon
4. (cl) - chlorine
5. (cv) - gross calorific value
6. d - bulk density
7. h - hydrogen
8. i - inerts
9. m - moisture
10. n - nitrogen
ll.o - oxygen
12. p - percentage
13. s - sulfur
14. w - weight
15. (wl) - weight loss upon heating
The fifth letter or group of letters signifies additional identification
as follows:
1. a - after muffling
2. b - before muffling
3. d - dry
4. (dt) - dry sample plus tare
5. s - as sampled
6. (st) - as sampled sample plus tare
7. t - tare
8. (ts) - tare plus sample
6dl-2
-------
6d2. Nomenclature.
R(ap)b(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in residue
analysis, Btu/lb
R(ap)(bf)(cv)d = Gross calorific calue of adjusted-fines prepared-
residue sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb
R(ap)(fi)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-
residue sample, Btu/lb
R(ap)(fi)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(fi)wd = Adjusted dry fines residue sample weiaht, Ib
R(ap)(fi)(wl)a = Height of adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample and
crucible after muffling in weight loss upon heating
determination, mg
R(ap)(fi)(wl)b = Dried weight of adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample
and crucible before muffling in weight loss upon heating
determination, mg
R(ap)(fi)(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-fines prepared-
residue sample, percent
R(ap)(fi)(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating deter-
mination of dry adjusted-fines prepared-residue sample, mg
R(ap)(gl)pd= Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(gl)wd = Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. residue sample
weight, Ib
R(ap)mpd = Dry percentage of adjusted-metals prepared-residue sample
R(ap)mwd = Adjusted dry metals residue sample weight, Ib
R(ap)(mg)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted - metals and glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc. prepared-residue sample
R(ap)twd = Total weight of dry residue sample, Ib
R(ap)(uc)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-residue sample, Btu/lb
R(ap)(uc)pd - Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-
residue sample
R(ap)(uc)wd = Adjusted dry unburned combustibles residue sample weight, Ib
6d2-l
-------
R(ap)(uc)(wl)a = Weight of adjusted-unbumed combustibles prepared
residue sample and crucible after muffling in weight loss
upon heating determination, mg
R(ap)(uc)(wl)b = Dried weight of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-
residue sample and crucible before muffling in weight loss
upon heating determination, mg
R(ap)(uc)(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-unburned
combustibles prepared-residue sample, percent
R(ap)(uc)(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating deter-
mination of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared
residue sample, mg
R(ap)(uf)(au)d = Ash percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(uf)cd = Carbon percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(uf)(cl)d = Chlorine percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-residue sample.
R(ap)(uf)hd = Hydrogen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-residue samples
R(ap)(uf)nd = Nitrogen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-residue samples
R(ap)(uf)od - Oxygen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-residue samples
R(ap)(uf)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-residue sample
R(ap)(uf)sd = Sulfur percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles and
fines prepared-residue sample
Rft(au)d = Ash content of total dry residue sample based on ultimate
analysis sample data, percent
Rft(aw)d = Ash content of total dry residue sample based on weight loss
upon heating sample data, percent
Rftcd = Carbon percentage of total dry residue sample
Rft(cl)d = Chlorine percentage of total dry residue sample
Rft(cv)d = Gross calorific value of total dry residue sample, Btu/lb
Rftds = Average bulk density of total residue field sample "as sampled",
Ib/cu yd
6d2-2
-------
Rfthd = Hydrogen percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftid = Inerts percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftnd = Nitrogen percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftod = Oxygen percentage of total dry residue sample
Rftsd = Sulfur percentage of total dry residue sample
Rft(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of total dry residue sample, percent
Rl(fi)pd = Dry percentage of residue fines
Rl(fi)wd = Dry sample weight of residue fines, Ib
Rl(gl)pd = Dry percentage of residue glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
Rl(gl)wd = Dry sample weight of residue glass, ceramics, rocks, etc., Ib.
Rlmpd = Dry percentage of residue metals
Rlmwd = Dry sample weight of residue metals, Ib
Rltwd = Dry sample weight of total residue sample, Ib
Rl(uc)pd = Dry percentage of residue unburned combustibles
Rl(uc)wd = Dry sample weight of residue unburned combustibles
R(lf)tm(dt) = Dry residue laboratory sample weight plus pan in moisture
determination, Ib
R(lf)tms = Moisture content of total laboratory and field residue sample
"as sampled," percent
R(lf)tm(st) = As sampled residue laboratory sample weight plus pan in
moisture determination, Ib
R(lf)tmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of residue
sample, Ib
Rp(gl)wd = Weight of dried glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. removed from
the fines during composition adjustment of the residue
sample, Ib
Rp(gl)wt = Weight of pan in composition adjustment of glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc. residue sample, Ib.
Rp(gl)w(ts) = Weight of pan and glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. removed
from fines during composition adjustment of residue sample, Ib
Rpmwd = Weight of dried metal removed from the fines during composition
adjustment of the residue sample, Ib
6d2-3
-------
Rpmwt = Weight of pan in composition adjustment of metals residue
sample, Ib
Rpmw(ts) = Weight of pan and metal removed from fines during
composition adjustment of residue sample, Ib
Rp(uc)wd = Weight of dried unburned combustibles removed from the
fines during composition adjustment of the residue sample, Ib
Rp(uc)wt = Weight of pan in composition adjustment of unburned
combustibles residue sample, Ib
Rp(uc)w(ts) = Weight of pan and unburned combustibles removed from
fines during composition adjustment of residue sample, Ib
S(ap)b(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in grate
siftings analysis, Btu/lb
S(ap)(bf)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-
grate siftinqs sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb
S(ap)(fi)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of adjusted-fines prepared-
grate siftings sample, Btu/lb
S(ap)(fi)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-fines prepared-grate
siftings sample
S(ap)(fi)wd = Adjusted dry fines grate siftings sample weight, Ib
S(ap)(fi)(wl)a = Weight of adjusted-fines prepared-grate siftings
sample and crucible after muffling in weight loss upon
heatinq determination, mg
S(ap)(fi)(wl)b = Dried weight of adjusted-fines prepared-grate
siftings sample and crucible before muffling in weight
loss upon heatinq determination, mg
S(ap)(fi)(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-fines
prepared-grate siftings sample, percent
S(ap)(fi)(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating
determination of dry adjusted-fines prepared-grate
siftinqs sample, mg
S(ap)(gl)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
prepared-grate siftinqs sample
S(ap)(gl)wd = Adjusted dry glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. grate
. siftings sample weight, Ib
S(ap)mpd = Dry percentage of adjusteu-metals prepared-grate siftings
sample
S(ap)mwd = Adjusted dry metals grate siftings sample weight, Ib
6d2-4
-------
S(ap)(mg)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-metals and glass, ceramics,
rocks, etc. prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)twd = Total weight of dry grate siftings sample, Ib
S(ap)(uc)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample, Btu/lb
S(ap)(uc)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uc)wd = Adjusted dry unburned combustibles grate siftings sample
weight, Ib
S(ap)(uc)(wl)a = Weight of adjusted-unburned combustibles prepared-
grate siftings sample and crucible after muffling in
weight loss upon heating determination, mg
S(ap)(uc)(wl)b = Dried weight of adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample and crucible before
muffling in weight loss upon heating determination, mg
S(ap)(uc)(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of dry adjusted-unburned
combustibles prepared-grate siftings sample, percent
S(ap)(uc)(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating
determination of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
prepared-grate siftings sample, mg
S(ap)(uf)(au)d = Ash percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)cd = Carbon percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)(cl )d = Chlorine percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)hd = Hydrogen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)nd = Nitrogen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)od = Oxygen percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)pd = Dry percentage of adjusted-unburned combustibles and
' fines prepared-grate siftings sample
S(ap)(uf)sd = Sulfur percentage of dry adjusted-unburned combustibles
and fines prepared-grate siftings samples
6d2-5
-------
Sft(au)d = Ash content of total dry grate siftings sample based
on ultimate analysis sample data, percent
Sft(aw)d = Ash content of total dry grate siftings sample based on
weight loss upon heating sample data, percent
Sftcd = Carbon percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sft(cl)d = Chlorine percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sft(cv)d = Gross calorific value of total dry grate siftings sample,
Btu/lb
Sftds = Average bulk density of total grate siftings field sample
"as sampled," Ib/cu yd
Sfthd = Hydrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftid = Inerts percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftnd = Nitrogen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftod = Oxygen percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sftsd = Sulfur percentage of total dry grate siftings sample
Sft(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of total dry grate siftings
sample, percent
Sl(fi)pd = Dry percentage of grate siftings fines
Sl(fi)wd = Dry sample weight of grate siftings fines, Ib .
Sl(gl)pd = Dry percentage of grate siftings glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
Sl(gl)wd = Dry sample weight of grate siftings glass, ceramics, rocks,
etc., Ib
Slmpd = Dry percentage of grate siftings metals
Slmwd = Dry sample weight of grate siftings metals, Ib
Sltwd = Dry sample weight of total grate siftings sample, Ib
Sl(uc)pd = Dry percentage of grate siftings unburned combustibles
Sl(uc)wd = Dry sample weight of grate siftings unburned combustibles, Ib
S(lf)tm(dt) = Dry grate siftings laboratory sample weight plus pan in
moisture determination, Ib
S(lf)tms = Moisture content of total laboratory and field grate siftings
sample "as sampled," percent
6d2-6
-------
S(lf)tm(st) = As sampled grate sittings laboratory sample weight plus
pan in moisture determination, Ib
S(lf)tmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of grate
siftings sample, Ib
Sp(gl)wd = Weight of dried glass, ceramics, rocks, etc. removed
from the fines during composition adjustment of the
grate siftings sample, Ib
Sp(gl)wt = Weight of pan in composition adjustment of glass,
ceramics, rocks, etc. grate siftings sample, Ib
Sp(gl)w(ts) = Weight of pan and glass, ceramics, rocks, etc.
removed from fines during composition adjustment of
grate siftings sample, Ib
Spmwd = Weight of dried metal removed from the fines during
composition adjustment of the grate siftings sample, Ib
Spmwt = Weight of pan in composition adjustment of metals grate
siftings sample, Ib
Spmw(ts) = Weight of pan and metal removed from fines during
composition adjustment of grate siftings sample, Ib
Sp(uc)wd = Weiciht of dried unburned combustibles removed from
the fines during composition adjustment of the grate
siftings sample, Ib
Sp(uc)wt = Weiqht of pan in composition adjustment of unburned
combustibles grate siftings sample, Ib
Sp(uc)w(ts) = Weight of pan and unburned combustibles removed from
fines during composition adjustment of grate siftings
sample, Ib
6d2-7
-------
6e. References
1. American Public Works Association. Municipal refuse disposal.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration Service, 1970. Appendix
A. p.389-413.
2. Operating the adiabatic calorimeter. Ij^ Oxygen bomb calorimetry
and combustion methods. Technical Manual 130. Moline, 111.,
Parr Instrument Company, 1960. p.30-32.
3. Standard methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and
coke (D 271-68). sect.30-35. In_ 1969 Book of ASTM standards,
with related material, pt.19. Gaseous fuels, coal and coke.
Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, Mar.
1969. p.27-32.
4. Standard methods of Laboratory sampling., 1969 Book of ASTM
standards, pt.19, p.25-26.
5. Horwitz, W., ed. Official methods of analysis of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, llth ed. chap.33. sect.33.009.
Washington, 1970. p.566.
6. Standard methods of Laboratory sampling, 1969 Book of ASTM
standards, pt.19, p.35.
7. Horwitz, W., ed. Official methods of analysis, chap.2.
sect.2.048-2.056, p.16-18.
6e-l
-------
CHARTER 7
FLY ASH AND BREECHING FALLOUT CHARACTERIZATION
Contents
Page No_,
FLY ASH AND BREECHING FALLOUT CHARACTERIZATION 7-1
7a Field Procedures 7al-l
7al Sampling 7al-l
7a2 Bulk Density Determination of Dry
Samples 7a2-l
7b Laboratory Analyses 7b--l
7bl Moisture Determination 7bl-l
7b2 Density Determination of Wet Samples 7b?-l
7b3 Sample Preparation 7b3-l
7b4 Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determination 7b4-l
7b5 Gross Calorific Value 7b5-l
7b6 Ultimate Analysis 7b6-l
7c Summary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout
Characteristics 7c-l
7d Glossary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout
Characteristic Data Symbols 7dl-l
7dl Symbol Rationale 7dl-l
7d2 Nomenclature 7d2-l
7e References 7e-l
-------
List of_Data Sheets
Title Paqe No,
As Sampled Fly Ash Bulk Density Determination -
Field Data and Calculations 7a2-2
As Sampled Breeching Fallout Bulk Density
Determination - Field Data and Calculations 7a2-3
Fly Ash Moisture Determination - Laboratory
Data and Calculations 7bl-2
Breeching Fallout Moisture Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 7bl-3
Dry Fly Ash Bulk Density Determinations -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 7b2-2
Dry Breeching Fallout Density Determination -
Laboratory Data and Calculations 7b2-3
Fly Ash Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash
Determinations - Laboratory Data and
Calculations 7b4-2
Breeching Fallout Weight Loss Upon Heating and
Ash Determinations - Laboratory and Data
Calculations 7b4-3
Fly Ash Gross Calorific Value Determination -
Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter Calculations 7b5-2
Fly Ash Gross Calorific Value Determination -
Calculations 7b5-3
Breeching Fallout Gross Calorific Value
Determination - Calculations 7b5-4
Fly Ash Ultimate Analysis - Laboratory Data 7b6-2
Breeching Fallout Ultimate Analysis - laboratory
Data 7b6-3
Summary of Fly Ash Characteristic Data 7c-2
Summary of Breeching Fallout Characteristic Data 7c-3
-------
Chapter 7
FLY ASH AND BREECHING FALLOUT CHARACTERIZATION
This Chapter outlines the field sampling procedures and the methods
for determining the physical and chemical characteristics of the fly
ash and breeching fallout. In addition to collecting samples for charac-
terization purposes, the total quantities of fly ash and breeching fallout
shall be determined as described in Section lOb.
7-1
-------
7a. Field Procedures^
7al. Sampling. One fly ash sample, of at least 1 liter, shall be
taken daily, if possible, from locations where the fly ash is representa-
tive of that collected in the air pollution control equipment and where
combustion no longer occurs.
From dry collectors such as electrostatic precipitators and cyclones,
the fly ash samples should be taken from the hoppers. These samples may be
moist if a water spray is used for cooling or additional control before the
dry collectors. These samples should be obtained by dipping a suitable
container into the hopper and removing a sufficient quantity of material.
From wet collectors such as spray chambers and scrubbers, every
effort should be made to collect the sample at a point where the moisture
content is minimized. If the wastewater is processed in a settling basin
or other such settling device, the sample should be collected from the
fly ash conveyor or if the unit does not have a conveyor from the sediment
at the bottom of the basin. If the sample is visibly dripping, it should be
sealed in a glass or plastic container and transported to th.e laboratorv
for analysis. If the fly ash must be taken from the spray or scrubber
waster discharge or sluicing line, proper sampling techniques must be used
(see Section 8). If this is the only possible sampling point, sufficient
liquid should be collected so that one liter of solids is obtained. The
sample should then be sealed in a qlass or plastic container and transported
to the laboratory for analysis.
One breeching fallout sample, of at least 1 liter, shall be taken
at the conclusion of the study when the breechings are cleaned out. The
sample may be obtained by dipping sufficient material into a glass jar or
other suitable container.
7al-l
-------
7a2. Bulk Density Determination of Dry Samples. The bulk density of
"dry" fly ash or breeching fallout samples is determined first in the field
before any other determination. A tared 500-ml graduated cylinder is filled
without compaction and then weighed to the nearest 0.1 gram. This procedure
is repeated twice for the 1 liter sample. The material remaining after the
second filling of the beaker can be discarded. These weights shall be
recorded on the form shown on pages 7a2-2 and 7a2-3. The density is calcu-
lated from Equation 7a2-l and 7a2-2, pages 7a2-2 and 7a2-3.
7a2-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
As Sampled Fly Ash Bulk Density Determination
Field Data and Calculations
Date_
Time
Performed by
Cylinder
No.
1
2
Average
Weight of
cylinder
(g)
Weight of cylinder
and sample (g)
Weight of
sample (g)
Bulk Density*
(lb/cu yd)
Fft
-------
As Sampled Breeching Fallout Bulk Density Determination
Field Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Recorded by
Cylinder
No.
1
2
Average
Weight of
cylinder
(g)
Weight of cylinder
and sample (g)
Weight
sample
__
Bulk Density *
(lh/cu yd)
Bftds
*Bulk Density = 3.33 (Weight of sample
(7a2-2)
Comments:
7a2-3
-------
7b. Laboratory Analyses
The entire fly ash and breeching sample should be placed in a glass
or plastic container, sealed, and returned to the laboratory for analyses
Proper care should be taken to identify the sample.
7b-l
-------
7bl. Moisture Determination. The moisture content of the fly nsh
and breeching fallout samples should be determined a? soor, as nossihle
after their arrival in the laboratory.
The sample shall be placed in a tared pan, and, after obtainino the
initial sample weight, dried to a constant weight at 100 to '05 C,
The laboratory data shall be recorded on the forms on pages 7bl-2 and
7bl-3. After determining the weight of the moisture lob.s, trie nioisturt
content of the samples is calculated from Equations 7bl-l and 7bl-i;
on pages 7bl-2 and 7bl-3.
These moisture contents are used in determining the tota^
-------
fly Ash Mo i s ture Pete rmi nat i on
Plant
Sample No.
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed
by
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
Fltmt
Weight of
pan (Ib)
Fltms
As sampled labora-
tory weight plus
pan (Ib)
1
Fltmd
Dry laboratory
sample plus pan
(Ib)
Moisture content of total laboratory and field sample "as sampled",
percent , F(lf)tms
FW- '(miSm)100
Comments:
7bl-2
-------
Breeching Fallout Moisture Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No. _
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
Bltmt
Weight of
pan (Ib)
Bltms
As sampled labora-
tory weight plus
pan (Ib)
Bltmd
Dry laboratory
sample weight
plus pan (Ib)
Moisture content of total laboratory and field sample "as sampled", percent
Comments :
7bl-3
-------
7b2. Density DC termination of Wet Samples. The bulk density of
"visibly wet" fly ash or breeching fallout is determined immediately
after the moisture content determination. A tared 500-ml graduated
cylinder is filled without compaction and then weighed to the nearest
0.1 gram. This procedure is repeated twice for the 1 liter sample.
The material remaining after the second filling of the beaker can be
discarded. These weights shall be recorded on the forms shown on
pages 7b2-2 and 7b2-3. The bulk density is calculated from Equations
7b2-l and 7b2-2 on pages 7b2-? and 7b2-3 .
7b2-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Dry Fly Ash Bulk Density Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Performed by
Cylinder
No.
Average
Weight of
cylinder
(g)
Weight of
cylinder and
sample (g)
*Bulk Density = 3.33 (Weight of sample
Weight of
sample (g)
Bulk Density*
(Ib/cu yd)
F(lf)tdd
(7b2-l)
Comments:
7b2-2
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
J?9. Fallout Density Determination
Laboratory Data apd Calculations
Date
Time
Performed by
Cylinder No.
1
2
Average
Weight of cylinder
(q)
Weight of cylinder
and sample (g)
Weight of
sample (g)
Bulk
Density*
(Ib/cu yd)
B(lf)tdd
*Bulk Density = 3.33 (wpi<;iit of sample) (7b2-2)
Comment?:
7b2-3
-------
7b3. Sample Preparation. The fly ash shall be prepared for further
analyses by first sifting on a 60-mesh seive. The fly ash which does
not pass through the seive is ground in a pulverizer until H does pass
through the seive. This is most easily accomplished by grinding the
sample several times. The first time the sample is ground to reduce the
large particles to about 20 mesh. The clearance between the grinding
plates on the pulverizer is adjusted until all the fly ash passes the
60-mesh seive.
7b3-l
-------
7b4. Weigh I Lo.>s Upon Heating and Ash Determination. The weight loss
upon heating of '^ prepared sample shall be determined by transferring
about 2 grams of in3 semole to a previously ignited and tared crucible
and drying to a constant weight at 70 to 75 C. The sample weight is
determined to the nearest milligram. The crucible shall then be placed
in a cold muffle furnace and gradually brought to a temperature of 600 C
with the door slightly open. After being muffled at this temperature
for two hours, the ? an ,>!<•? shall be cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
The laboratory data ;hall be recorded on the forms on pages 7b4-2 and
7b4-3.
The weight loss upon heating of the sample on a dry basis is calcu-
lated from Equations 7b4-l and 7b4-2, pages 7b4-2 and 7b4-3. After the
weight loss upon heatmn is determined, the ash content is calculated
from Equations 7b4-} .'rid 7b4-4, pages 7b4-2 and 7b4-3.
7b4~l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Fly Ash Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Fpt(w1)t
Weight of
crucible (mg)
Fpt(wl)b
Dried weight of
sample and crucible
before muffling (mg}
Fpt(w1 )a
Weight of sample
and crucible after
muffling (mq)
_
Weight loss upon heating of the total dry sample, percent Fft(wl)d
-j 100.0 (7b4-l)
Ash content of the total dry sample, percent Fft(aw)d
Fft(aw)d = 100.0 - Fft(wl)d (7b4-2)
Comments:
7b4-2
-------
Br_eeclrnig_Fa11out__Wej_ght Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determinations
Laboratory and Data Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by_
ample
No.
Bpt(wl)t
Weight of
crucible (mg)
Bpt(wl)b
Dried weight of
sample and cruci-
ble before muffling
(mg)
Bpt(wl)a
Weight of sampl<
and crucible af
muffling (mb)
Weight loss upon heating of the total dry sample, percent Bft(wl)d
100.0 (7b4-3)
Ash content of the total dry sample, percent Bft(aw)d
Bft(aw)d = 100.0 - Bft(wl)d (7b4-4)
Comments:
7b4-3
-------
7b5. Gross Calorific Value. The gross calorific value of the
fly ash and breeching fallout shall be determined with a Parr Adi a-
7o *"*
batic Calorimeter. In determining the gross calorific value 1/2 to
1 gram of benzoic acid shall be added as a combustion aid. The cal-
orific value of the benzoic acid must be obtained so that the necessary
corrections can be made.
The gross heat of combustion, in Btu/lb, shall be calculated from
the equations and example shown on page 7b5-2. The gross calorific
value on a dry basis is calculated from Equations 7b5-l and 7b5-2,
pages 7b5-3 and 7b5-4.
7b5-1
-------
Fly Ash Gross Calorific Value Determination
Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter r.aldilations
Sr.-pli.ig location
Calculated by
Organization
Date
Time
Assembly of Data
The following data should be available at the
completion of a test in the adiabatic calorimeter:
ta = temperature at time of firing, corrected for
thermometer scale error
tf = final maximum temperature, corrected for
thermometer scale error
ci = milliliters of standard alkali solution used
in acid titration
02 = percentage of sulfur in sample
c3 -~ centimeters of fuse wire consumed in firing
W = energy equivalent of calorimeter in calories
per degree Fahrenheit or Centigrade
m = mass of sample in grains
Temperature Rise
Compute the net corrected temperature rise, t,
by substituting in the following equation:
Gross Heat of Combustion
Compute the gross heat of combustion. Ha, in
calories per gram, by substituting in the follow-
ing equation:
Example
ta = 76.910-.001 = 76.909 F
tf = 82.740+.012 = 82.752 F
ci = 24.2 ml
C2 = 1.04% S
c3 = 7.4 cm Parr 45C10 wire
W = 1356 calories per deg. F
m = 0.9952 gram
Theraiochemical Corrections
Compute the following for each test:
e]_ = correction in calories for heat of formation
of nitric acid
= c if .0725N alkali was used for the acid ti-
tration
e = correction in calories for heat of formation
2 of sulfuric acid (H SO )
e = correction in calories for heat of combustion
of fuse wire
t = 82.752-76.909
= 5.843 F
e~ 24.4 calories
e = (14)(1.04)( .9952) = 14.5 calories
e,= (2.3)(7.4) = 17.0 calories
= (2.3)(c ) when using Parr 45C10 nickel-
chromium fuse wire, or
= (2.7)(c ) when using 34 B. & S. gage iron
fuse wire
Comment s:
H =
g
(5.843)(1356)-24.2-14.5-17.0
O.9952
= 7905.3 calories per gram, or
= (7Q05.3)(1.R) = l"2?n Rtu per nound
= Foh(cv)d (Gross calorific value of benzoic acid
used in flu ash analysis in Btu/lh)
= Fp(jt)(cv)d (Gross calorific value of prepared
fly ash sar.mle and benzoic acid in Rtu/lb)
=• Hnh(cv)d ( Gross calori-fic value of benzoic acid
used in breeching fallout analysis in Btu/lb.)
= Bp(bt)(cv)d (Gross calorific value of prepared
breeching fallout sample and benzoic acid in Btu/lb)
7b5-2
-------
Fly Ash Gross Calorific Value Determination
Calculations
Plant Date _
Sample No. Time
Organization Performed by
From Fly Ash Gross Calorific Value Determination, Parr Adiabatic
Calorimeter Calculations form, page 7b5-2: ~
Gross calorific value of prepared sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb Fp(bt)(cv)d_=
Gross calorific value of benzoic acid, Btu/lb Fpb(cv)d_^
Calculations:
Gross calorific value of total dry fly ash sample, Btu/lb Fft(cv)d =
Fft(cv)d = Fp(bt)(cv)d - Fpb(cv)d (7b5-l)
Comments:
7b5-3
-------
Breeching Fallout Gross Calorific Value Determination
Calculations
'lant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization Performed by_
Irom Breeching Fallout Gross Calorific Value Determination, Parr
Adjabatic Calorimeter Calculations form, page 7b_5-2:
Gross calorific value of prepared sample and benzole acid,Btu/lb Bp(bt)(cv)d
Gross calorific value of benzoic acid, Btu/lb Bpb(cv)d
Cajcujatjons:
Gross calorific value of total dry breeching
fallout sample, Btu/lb Bft(cv)d
Bft(cv)d = Fp(bt)(cv)d - Fpb(cv)d (7b5-2)
Comments:
7b5-4
-------
7b6. Ultimate Analysis. An ultimate chemical analysis shall
be performed on the prepared fly ash and fallout breeching samples
to determine the percentages (by weight) of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur,
chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The procedures used for the
analyses shall be in accordance with the following:
7e-3
1. Carbon and hydrogen
2. Sulfur 7e~4
3. Chlorine 7e~5
4. Oxygen 7e~6
5. Nitorgen 7e~7
The ash content of the preoared sample used for the ultimate
analysis is determined during the course of the above analyses.
Because the characteristics of the fly ash and breeching fallout
before spraying or sluicing are desired, the percentages by weight
are determined on a dry basis by assuming that each sample contains
only the five elements above, along with the ash. Since the prepared
sample is chemically identical to the field sample exceot for the
presence of moisture in the field sample, no adjustments to the
laboratory data expressed on a dry basis are required. The data
shall be recorded on the forms on page 7b6-2 and 7b6-3.
7b6-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Fly Ash Ultimate Analysis
Laboratory Data
Date
Time
Performed by
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Percentage of dry sample
Fftcd
Ffthd
Fftsd
Fft(cl)d
Fftod
Fftnd
Fft(au)d
100.0
Comments:
7b6-2
-------
Breeching Fallout Ultimate Analysis
Laboratory Data
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Percentage of dry sample
Bftcd
Bfthd
Bftsd
Bft(cl)d
Bftod
Bftnd
Bft(au)d
100.0
Comments:
7b6-3
-------
7c. Summary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout Characteristics
The fly ash and breeching characteristics should be summarized
on the forms shown on pages 7c-2 and 7c-3.
7c-l
-------
Summary of Fly_ Ash Characteristic Data
Plant
Sample No.
Date_
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Average bulk density of total field sample "as sampled"
Ib/cu yd (pg 7a2-2) Fftds __
Moisture content of total sample "as sampled", percent
(pg 7bl-2) F(lf)tms_
Average bulk density of total dry laboratory and field
sample, Ib/cu'yd (pg 7b2-2) F(lf)tdd_
Weight loss upon heating of the total dry sample,
percent (pg 7b4-2) Fft(wl)d_
Ash content of the total dry sample, percent
(pg 7b4-2) Fft(aw)d_
Gross calorific value of total dry sample, Btu/lb
(pg 7b5-3) Fft(cv)d
Carbon percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Fftcd _____
Hydrogen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Ffthd _
Sulfur percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Fftsd
Chlorine percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Fft(ch)d
Oxygen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Fftod
Nitrogen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-2) Fftnd _____
Ash percentage of total dry sample based on ultimate
analysis sample (7b6-2) Fft(au)d
7c-2
-------
Summary of Breeching Fallout Characteristic Data
I ant Date
Time
Sample No.
Organization
Recorded by
Average bulk density of total field sample "as sampled", Ib/cu yd
(pg 7a2-3) Bftds
Moisture content of total sample "as sampled" percent
!pg 7bl-3) . B(lf)tms .
Average bulk density of total dry laboratory and field
sample, Ib/cu yd (pg 7b2-3) B(lf)tdd_
Weight loss upon heating of tKe total dry sample, "as
sampled',1 percent (pg 7b4-3) Bft(wl)d
Ash content of the total dry sample, percent (pg 7b4-3) Bft(aw)d
Gross calorific value of total dry sample, Btu/lb (pg 7b5-4) Bft(cv)d_
Carbon percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bftcd
Hydrogen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bfthd
Sulfur percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bftsd
Chlorine percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bft(cl)d
Oxygen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bftod
Nitrogen percentage of total dry sample (pg 7b6-3) Bftnd
Ash percentage of total dry sample based on ultimate
analysis sample (pg 7b6-3) Bft(au)d
7c-3
-------
7d. Glossary of Fly Ash and Breeching Fallout
Characteristic Data Symbols
7dl. Symbol Rationale. The first letter (capital B or capital F)
signifies that the sample is a breeching fallout or fly ash sample
respectively. The second letter or group of letters [first lower case
letter(s)] signifies the type of sample as follows:
1. f - field sample
2. 1 - laboratory sample
3. (If) both laboratory and field sample
4. p - prepared sample
The third letter or group of letters signifies the composition of the
sample as follows:
1. b - benzoic acid
2. (bt) - benzoic acid plus total sample
3. t - total
The fourth letter or group of letters signifies the type of analysis as
follows:
1. (au) - ash content based upon ultimate analysis sample
2. (aw) - ash content based upon weight loss upon heating sample
3. c - carbon
4. (cl) - chlorine
5. (cv) - gross calorific value
6. d - bulk density
7. h - hydrogen
8. m
-------
9. n - nitrogen
10. o - oxygen
11. s - sulfur
12. (wl) - weight loss upon heating
The fifth letter signifies additional identification as follows
1. a - after muffling
2. b - before muffling
3. d - dry
4. s - as sampled
5, t - tare
7dl-2
-------
7d2. Nomenclature.
Bft(au)d = Ash percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample based
on ultimate analysis sample
Bft(aw)d = Ash content of total dry breeching fallout sample, percent
Bftcd = Carbon percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bft(cl)d= Chlorine percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bft(cv)d = Gross calorific value of total dry breeching fallout sample,
Btu/lb
Bftds = Average bulk density of total breeching fallout field sample
"as sampled", Ib/cu yd
Bfthd = Hydrogen percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bftnd = Nitrogen percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bftod = Oxygen percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bftsd = Sulfur percentage of total dry breeching fallout sample
Bft(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of total dry breeching fallout sample,
percent
Bltmd = Dry breeching fallout laboratory sample weight plus pan in
moisture determination, Ib
Bltms = As sampled -breeching fallout laboratory sample weight plus pan
in moisture determination, Ib
Bltmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of breeching fallout
sample, Ib
B(lf)tdd = Average bulk density of the total dry breeching fallout laboratory
and fi.eld sample, Ib/cu yd
7d2-l
-------
B(1f)tms = Moisture content of total breeching fallout sample "as
sampled", percent
Bpb(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in breeching
fallout analysis, Btu/lb
Bp(bt)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid and total breeching
fallout sample, Btu/lb
Bpt(wl)a = Weight of breeching fallout prepared sample and crucible
after muffling in weight loss upon heating determination, mg
Bpt(wl)b = Dried weight of breeching fallout prepared sample and crucible
before muffling in weight loss upon heating determination, mg
Bpt(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating determination of
breeching fallout sample, mg
Fft(au)d - Ash percentage of total dry fly ash sample based on ultimate
analysis sample
Fft(aw)d = Ash content of total dry fly ash sample, percent
Fftcd = Carbon percentage of total dry fly ash sample
Fft(c'l)d = Chlorine percentage of total dry fly ash sample
Fft(cv)d = Gross calorific value of total dry fly ash sample, Btu/lb
Fftds = Average bulk density of total fly ash field sample "as sampled",
Ib/cu yd
Ffthd = Hydrogen percentage of total dry fly ash sample
! ftrid " Nitrogen percentage of total dry fly ash sample
Fftnd = Oxygen percentage of total dry fly ash sample
Fftsd = Sulfur percentage of total dry fly ash sample
Fft(wl)d •= Height loss upon heating of total dry fly ash sample, percent
-------
Fltmd = Dry fly ash laboratory sample weight plus pan in moisture
determination, 1b
Fltms = As sampled fly ash laboratory sample weight plus pan in moisture
determination, Ib
Fltmt = Weight of pan used in moisture determination of fly ash sample, Ib
F(lf)tdd = Average bulk density of the total dry fly ash laboratory and
field sample, Ib/cu yd
F(lf)tms = Moisture content of total fly ash sample ''as sampled", percent
Fpb(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in fly ash analysis,
Btu/lb
Fp(bt)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid and total fly ash satr
Btu/lb
Fpt(wl)a = Weight of fly ash prepared sample and crucible after muffling
in weight loss upon heating determination, mg
Fpt(wl)b = Dried weight of fly ash prepared sample and crucible before
muffling in weight loss upon heating determination, mg
Fpt(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating determination
of fly ash sample, mg
7d2-3
-------
7e. References
1. American Public Works Association. Municipal refuse disposal.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration Service, 1970. Appendix
A, p.389-413.
2. Operating the adiabatic calorimeter, ^n Oxygen bomb calorimetry
and combustion methods. Technical Manual 130. Moline, 111.,
Parr Instrument Company, 1960. p.30-32.
3. Standard methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and
coke (D 271-68). sect.30-35. In 1969 Book of ASTM standards,
with related material, pt.19. Gaseous fuels, coal and coke.
Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, Mar.
1969. p.27-32.
4. Standard methods of Laboratory sampling, 1969 Book of ASTM
standards, pt.19, p.25-26.
5, Horwitz, W., ed. Official methods of analysis of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, llth ed. chap.33. sect.33.009.
Washington, 1970. p.566.
6. Standard methods of Laboratory sampling, 1969 Book of ASTM
standards, pt.19, p.35.
7. Horwitz, W., ed. Official methods of analysis, chap.2.
sect,2.048-2.056, p.16-18.
7e-l
-------
CHAPTER 8
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROCESS AND WASTEWATEHS
Contents
Page No.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROCESS AND WASTEWATERS 8-1
8a Field Procedures 8al-l
Sal Flow Measurements 8al-l
8a2 Sampling Procedures
8a3 Sample Preservation
8a4 Field Analyses
8b Laboratory Analysis: Wastewater
Characterization 3b-l
8c Laboratory Analysis: Effluent Solids
Characterization 8cl-l
8cl Sample Drying 8cl-l
8c2 Bulk Density Determination 8c2-l
8c3 Sample Preparation 8c3-1
8c4 Weight Loss Upon Heating and Determination 8c4-l
8c5 Gross Calorific Values 8c5~i
8c6 Ultimate Analysis 8c6-l
8d Summary of Effluent Wastewater
Characteristics 8d~1
-------
Contents
Page No.
8e Glossary of Process and Wastewater
Characteristics Data Symbols 8el-l
8el Symbol Rationale 8el-l
8e2 Nomenclature 8e2-l
8f References 8f-l
List of Figures
FiSyUL Title Page No.
8a2-l Water Sample Identification Label 8a2-2
List of Tables
Table Title Page No.
8a3-l Sample Preservation 8a3-2
83^ Field Analytical Procedures 8a4-l
8b-l Laboratory Analytical Procedures 8b-l
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Effluent Wastewater Solids Bulk Density
Determination - Laboratory Data and Calculation 8c2-2
Effluent Wastewater Solids Weight Loss Upon
Heating and Ash Determinations - Laboratory Data
and Calculations 8c4-2
Effluent Wastewater Solids Gross Calorific Value
Determinations - Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter
Calculations 8c5-3
Effluent Wastewater Solids Ultimate Analysis -
Laboratory Data 8c6-2
Summary of Effluent Wastewater Characteristics 8d-2
-------
Chapter 8
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROCESS AND WASTEWATERS
Samples of the process and wastewaters from the incinerator shall be
collected and analyzed to determine their individual characteristics and
potential impact on the environment. Of primary concern are the
incoming process water and the scrubber, quench tank, and plant effluents.
Appropriate samples should also be taken to determine the effectiveness
of any wastewater treatment facilities at the incinerator. The flow rates
of these process and wastewaters shall also be determined.
These data are used to determine the individual physical and chemical
characteristics of the wastewaters discharged from each source during the
test period. Additional attention must be paid to the plant effluent
streams so that the overall incinerator efficiency (Chapter 10) can be
determined.
8-1
-------
8a. Field Procedures
Sal. Flow Measurements. The measurement of process and
wastewater flows within an incinerator is difficult because the
streams are usually inaccessible and any existing sampling locations
usually do not conform to principles of good sampling locations.
When the flow from a specific source is measured, any location can
be used that meets the requirements of the measuring apparatus.
Measurements of flow should be made at least once every five
minutes during the trial run (see Section 9a7). If they indicate
steady flow conditions, then the frequency of observations can be
changed to once every 30 minutes during the active test period.
Otherwise, they must be recorded every five minutes.
There are several techniques for obtaining these measurements.
In vertical discharges, a crude measurement of the flow rate can be
obtained by catching the discharged water in a container of known
volume and recording the time needed to fill it. In horizontal
discharges, the flow rate may be measured by stage recorders, weirs,
Parshall flumes, orifices, and various other flow meters. The type
of apparatus selected will depend on the site conditions, length of
time the flow will be recorded, solids content of the water stream,
and the quantity and variability of the flow.
Where the wastewater stream is not accessible, it will be
necessary to calculate the flow rate by means of a water balance
calculation (see Chapter 10). To make this calculation the total
daily process water consumption and the flow through the plant must
be determined by reading meters permanently installed at the plant
8al-l
-------
or by checking records maintained by the plant. Items to be
considered in determining a water balance are the moisture content
of the solid waste and ambient air, the process and wastewater
flows, evaporation losses from the residue quench system and the
stack gas cooling system, and the moisture content of the residue
and fly ash. Indirect measurement should be avoided wherever
possible, but if it must be used, all assumptions and the rationale
behind them must be stated both in the study protocol (see Chapter 2)
and the final report.
A more detailed treatment of flow measurement techniques may
8f-1
be found in "Water Measurement Manual," ~ "Procedures for Sampling
8f ••''
and Measuring Industrial Wastes," ~fc "Gaging and Sampling
8f-3
Water-Borne Industrial Wastes," " and "Planning and Making
8f 4
Industrial Waste Surveys."
Sal-2
-------
8a2. Sampling Procedures. Samples of the various process and
wastewater streams shall be obtained at locations where the streams
are well mixed so that the samples will be representative. The
preferred sampling point is below a zone of turbulence. Quiescent
zones should be avoided, as sampling errors may be introduced by
sedimentation due to low liquid velocities and dense solids. When
ooen channel conditions exist, the samoles should be obtained at
the center of the channel and 0.2 to 0.3 of the water depth below
the surface. When samples are taken from pipes or narrow channels,
the sampler must avoid skimming the surface of the water or scouring
the bottom of the pipe. Samples taken from wide channels or large
conduits should be taken with a depth-integrating sampler at various
points across the width of the channel or conduit. Analyses of a
series of grab samples will detect the variations that occur in
wastewater characteristic with time, whereas analyses of composite
samples will provide only average characteristics. However, average
data can be obtained by means of grab samples if sufficient samples
are taken and they are weighted, i.e., the volume collected is
proportional to the flow.
The initial' sample container shall be conditioned by rinsing it
several times with the water to be sampled. The sample shall be
quickly poured into a clean glass or polyethylene container for
storage. Glass containers must be used if the water appears oily.
Samples returned to the laboratory should be properly preserved
(Section 8a3), .tightly sealed, and clearly identified. An example
identification label is shown in Figure 8a2-l.
8a2-l
-------
Plant Date
Sampling Location Time
Sample No. Collected by
Figure 8a2-l. Water Sample Identification Label
Samples must be collected to accomplish process and wastewater
characterization and to determine the characteristics of the solids
contained in the plant wastewater effluent. Factors affecting the
frequency of sampling include study objectives, operational
characteristics of the incinerator, and results of the trial run
(see Section 9a7). If the last two factors indicate steady conditions,
six 1-liter samples of each process and wastewater stream shall be
collected daily and a seventh shall be taken when the residue quench
tank is being emptied for characterization of these streams. If the
trial run and operational analysis indicate unsteady conditions, the
frequency of sampling will have to be tailored to the situation
(see Chapter 2 for procedures to follow when changing the study protocol
in the field). For characterization of the solids in the plant
effluent, one sample of the solids shall be taken daily during the
active study period. This sample shall be obtained by filtering
suspended solids from the plant effluent until about 100 gm of material
are collected.
8a2-2
-------
8a3. Sample Preservation. Some analytical tests require field
analysis immediately after sample collection and other tests must be
performed in the laboratory after the samples have been properly
preserved.
Precautions must be taken to preserve the samples when prompt
analysis is not possible. Since the rate of change in the sample
characteristics is influenced by pH, temperature, bacterial action,
and intermolecular reactions, methods for sample preservation must
take into account the entire sampling period, the time the sample
is in transit to the laboratory, and the temporary storage period
during analysis. Accepted procedures used are refrigeration, pH
adjustment, and chemical treatment. Refrigeration at 4 C retards
bacterial consumption of organic wastes and suppresses the evolution
of dissolved gases. Chemical treatment and pH adjustment can also
suppress biological activity, but they primarily achieve stabilization
by preventing further chemical reaction within the sample. When
selecting a preservative the primary consideration is whether it
will do the job needed. The preservative recommended for each
analytical test is presented in Table 8a3-l.
8a3-l
-------
Table 8a3-l
Sample Preservation
Characteristic
pH
Temperature
Alkalinity and/or
acidity
Total chlorides
Hardness (EDTA)
Total residue
Filtrable residue
t
Nonfiltrable residue
Fixed total residue
Fixed filtrable residue
Fixed nonfiltrable residue
Effluent wastewater solids
Sulfates
Total phosphorus
Sample Container
Number
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
Sample Preservation
Method
Prompt analysis within 24 hr. Fill
sample container to the very top
and place in iced container prior to
analysis.
None
None, analyze as soon as possible
None, analyze as soon as possible
None, analyze as soon as possible
None, analyze as soon as possible
None, analyze as soon as possible
None, analyze as soon as possible
None
Treat with formaldehyde and if the pH
is above 8.0, lower pH to 7.5 with
the addition of mineral acid, do not
use H2S04-
None, prompt analysis with Hach kit*
add 3 to 5 ml of H2S04 per liter of
sample
* Mention of a selected analytical test or piece of equipment does not imply
endorsement by the Office-of Solid Waste Management Programs.
8a3-2
-------
Table 8a3-1 cont'd.
Characteristic
Metals
Chemical oxygen demand
Ammonia nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
Nitrite nitrogen
Organic nitrogen
Sample Container
Number
6
7
7
7
7
7
Sample Preservation
Method
(analysis by atomic absorption) add
10 ml of cone. HC1 or HN03 per liter
of sample
Acidify with 1 ml of cone H2S04 per
liter of sample and refrigerate at
4°C.
Acidify with 1 ml of cone. H2S04
per liter of sample and refrigerate
at 4 C. Analyze within 48-72 hrs.
8a3-3
-------
8a4. Field Analyses. The pH, temperature, alkalinity and/or
acidity, and sulfates (if using the Hach kit) must be determined in
the field. Table 8a4-l summarizes these analyses.
Table 8a4-l
Field Analytical Procedures
Characteristic
PH
Temperature
Alkalinity
and/or acidity
Sulfates
Sample
container
number
1
1
1
3
Analytical
reference
8f-5
p. 276-281
8f-5
p. 348-349
8f-5
p. 50-56
Units of
measure-
ment
None
°C
mg/1
as
CaCOs
mg/1
as
S04
Results
reported
to
nearest
Tenth
Integer
Integer
Integer
Example
value
2.3
78
123
157
8a4-l
-------
8b. Laboratory Analysis : Mastewater Characterization
The solids, chlorides, hardness, sulfates, phosphorus, metals,
chemical oxygen demand, and nitrogen must be determined in the
laboratory. Table 8b-l summarizes these analyses.
Table 8b-l
Laboratory Analytical Procedures
Characteristic
Total chlorides
Hardness (EDTA)
Total residue
Filterable residue
Nonfilterable
residue
F ixed total
residue
Fixed filterable
residue
Sample
container
number
2
2
2
2
' 2
2
2
Analytical
reference
8f-5
p. 97-99
8f-5
p. 179-184
8f-5
p. 288-290
8f-5
p. 290-291
8f-5
p. 291-292
8f-5
p. 292-293
8f-5
p. 292-293
Units
mg/1
as Cl
mg/1
as CaCOs
mg/1
Results
reported
to
nearest
Integer
Integer
Integer
Example
value
164
322
187
8b-l
-------
Table 8b-l cont'd.
Characteristic
Fixed
non-filterable
residue
Effluent
wastewater
sol ids
Sulfates
Total Phosphorus
Metals
Chemical oxygen
demand
Ammonia nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
Nitrite nitrogen
Organic nitrogen
Sample
container
number
2
3
4
5
6
7
' 7
7
7
7
Analytical
reference
8f-5
p. 292-293
See Section
8c
8f-5
p. 279-28
8f-5
p. 518-534
Atomic
absorption
equip.
spec.
8d-5
p. 495-499
8d-5
p. 453
8d-5
p. 461
8d-5
p. 290-293
8d-5
p. 244-248
Units
mg/1
-
mg/1 as
S04
mg/1 as
P
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
Results
reported
to
nearest
Integer
-
Integer
Hundredth
Hundredth
Integer
Tenth
Example
value
187
-
157
0.16
0.33
363
3.2
8b-2
-------
8c. Laboratory Analysis: Effluent Solids Characterization
8cl. SamjDl_e_Dr])Qnc[. The sample shall be placed in a container
and dried to a constant weight at TOO to 105 C. The six daily
samples shall be composited by combining equal weight of the daily
samples to make one composite sample. It must be kept in mind
that 250 to 500 gm of solids are required by the laboratory.
8cl-l
-------
8c2. Buik Density Determination. The bulk density of the effluent
wastewater solids is determined immediately after drying. The sample
is placed uncompacted in a tared 500-ml graduated cylinder and
weighed to the nearest 0.1 gm. The weight and volume are recorded on
the form shown on page 8c2-2. The bulk density is calculated from
Equation 8c2-l on page 8c2-2.
8c2-l
-------
Effluent Wastewater Solids Bulk Density Determination
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Date
Time
Performed by
Weight of 5)0 ml cylinder and samole (gm)
i«leiqht of cylinder (gm)
Weight of sample (gm)
Volume of sample (ml)
Bulk density, Ib/cu yd = L(lf)(ts)dd = 1686
L(lf)(ts)dd =
Weight of samplefqni)
Volume of sampTe(ml}
(8c2-l)
Comments :
8c2-2
-------
8c3. Sample Preparation. The effluent wastewater solids shall be
prepared for further analyses by being sifted on a 60-mesh sieve. The
material which does not pass through the sieve is ground in a pulverizer
until it does pass through the sieve. This is most easily accomplished
by grinding the sample several times. The first time the sample is
ground to reduce the large particles to about 20 mesh. The clearance
between the arindinq plates on the oulv^izer is adjusted until all the
material passes the 60-mesh sieve.
8c3-l
-------
8c4. Weight Loss Upon Heating and Ash Determination. The weight loss
upon he?ting of the prepared sample shall be determined by transferring
nboi.it 2 am of the sample to a previously ignited and tared crucible
8f-6
and drying to a constant weight at 70 to 75 C. The sample
weight is determined to the nearest ml. The crucible shall then be
placed in a cold muffle furnace and gradually brought to a temperature
of 600 C with the door slightly ooen. After being muffled at this
temperature for two hours, the sample shall be cooled in a desiccator
and weighed, The laboratory data shall be recorded on the form on page
8c4-2.
The weight loss upon heating of the sample on a dry basis is cal-
culated from Equation 8c4-l, page 8c4-2. After the weight loss upon
heating is determined, the ash content is calculated from Equation
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Effluent Wastewater Solids Weight Loss Upon Heating
and Ash Determinations
Laboratory Data and Calculations
Date
Time
Organization
Performed by
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Lp(ts)(wl)t
Weight of
crucible (mg)
Lp(ts)(wl)b
Dried weight of
sample and cruci-
ble before muffling
(mg)
Lp(ts)(wl)a
Weight of sample
and crucible after
muffling (mg)
Weight loss upon heating of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample, percent Lf(ts)(wl)d
Lfw>d {^[^biLgi!;] ™-° <8^-»
Ash content of the total dry effluent wastewater solids sample,
percent Lf(ts)(aw)d
Lf(ts)(aw)d = 100.0 - Lf(ts)(wl)d
(8c4-2)
Comments:
8c4-2
-------
8c5- Gross Calorific Value. The gross calorific value of the
effluent wsstewater solids shall be determined with a Parr Adiabatic
Calorimeter. ° ~ In determining the gross calorific value, 0.5 to 1 gm
of benzoic acid shall be added as a combustion aid. The calorific value
of the benzoic acid must be obtained so that the necessary corrections
cat) be made.
The gross heat P* co^ustion, in Btu/lb, shall be calculated fsom
the equations and example shown on page 8c5-2. The gross calorific
value on a dry basis is calculated from Equation 8c5-l, page 8c5-3.
8c5-l
-------
Effluent Wastewater Solids Gross Calorific Value Determinations
Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter Calculations
Plant
Sampling location
Calculated by
Date
Time
Test run
Organization
Assembly of Data
The following data should be available at the
completion of a test in the adiabatic calorimeter:
t = temperature at time of firing, corrected for
thermometer scale error
if = final maximum temperature, corrected for*
thermometer scale error
c.| = milliliters of standard alkali solution used
in acid titration
G£ = percentage of sulfur in sample
Co = centimeters of fuse wire consumed in firing
W = energy equivalent of calorimeter in calories
per degree Fahrenheit or Centigrade
m = mass of sample in gm
Temperature Rise
Compute the net corrected temperature rise, t,
by substituting in the following equation:
t - tf-ta
Thermochemical Corrections
Compute the following for each test:
e-, = correction in calories for heat of formation
of nitric acid (HN03)
= c-| if .0725N alkali was used for the acid ti-
tration
e£ = correction in calories for heat of formation
of sulfuric acid (HgSC^)
= 04)(c2)(m)
63 = correction in calories for heat of combustion
of fuse wire
'Voss Heat of Combustion
Compute the gross heat of com-
bustion. Hg, in calories per
gm, by substituting in the
following equation:
H = tW-ere2-e3
9 m
Example
ta = 76.910-.001 = 76.909 F
tf = 82.740+.012 = 82.752 F
q = 24.2 ml
C2 = 1.04% S
03 = 7.4 cm Parr 45C10 wire
W = 1356 calories per deg. F
m = 0.9952 gm
t = 82.752-76.909
= 5.843 F
e-|= 24.4 calories
e2= (14)(1.04)(.9952) = 14.5 cal,
e3= (2.3)(7.4) = 17.0 calories
H - (5.843)(1356)-24.2-14.5-17.0
9 ~ 07W51T
= 7905.3 calories per gm, or
= (7905.3) (1.8) - 14230 Btu
per Ib
= Lpb(cv)d Gross calorific
value of benzoic acid used as
as combustion aid in Btu/lb
= (2.3)(C3) when Usin9 Parr 45C10
nickel-chromium fuse wire, or
= (2.7)(c3) when using 34 B. & S.
gage iron fuse wire
Lp(bt)(cv)d Gross calorific
value of prepared effluent
wastewater solid sample and
benzoic acid in Btu/lb
Comments:
8c5-2
-------
Effluent Wastewater Solids Gross Calorific Value Determination
Calculations
Plant Date
Sample No. Time
Organization ___ Performed by
From Effluent Was tewater Solids Gross Calorific Value
Determination, Parr Adiabatic Calorimeter Calculations
form, page
Gross calorific value of prepared effluent wastewater
solids sample and benzoic acid, Btu/lb Lp(bt)(cv)d
Gross calorific value of benzoic acid, Btu/lb Lpb(cv)d
Gross calorific value of total dry effluent waste-
water solids sample, Btu/lb Lf(ts)(cv)d
Lf(ts)(cv)d = Lp(bt)(cv)d - Lpb(cv)d (8c5-l)
Comments:
8c5-3
-------
8c6. Ultimate Analysis. An ultimate chemical analysis shall be
performed on the prepared effluent wastewater solids sample to
determine the percentages (by weight) of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur,
chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The procedures used for the analyses
shall be in accordance with the following:
8f 8
1. Carbon and hydrogen
2. Sulfur 8f-9
3. Chlorine 8f~10
4. Oxygen 8f"]1
5. Nitrogen 8f~12
The ash content of the prepared sample is determined during
the course of the above analyses. Because the characteristics of
the solids before being saturated with water are desired, the
percentages by weight are determined on a dry basis by assuming that
each sample contains only the six elements above, along with the ash.
Since the prepared sample is chemically identical to the field sample
exceot for the presence of water in the field sample, no adjustments
to the laboratory data expressed on a dry basis are required. The
data shall be recoreded on the form on page 8c6-2.
8c6-l
-------
Effluent Wastewater Solids Ultimate Analysis
Plant
Sample No.
Organization
Constituent
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Chlorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ash
Total
Laboratory Data
Date
Time
Performed by
Percentage of dry sample
Lf(ts)cd
Lf(ts)hd
Lf(ts)sd
Lf(ts)(cl)d
Lf(ts)od
Lf(ts)nd
Lf(ts)(au)d
100.0
Comments;
8c6-2
-------
8d. Summary of Effluent Wastewater Characteristics
The effluent wastewater characteristics should be summarized on the
form shown on page 8d-2.
8d-l
-------
Plant
Sample No.
Summary of Effluent Wastewater Characteristics
Date
Time
Organization
Recorded by
Average bulk density of total dry laboratory — field
effluent wastewater solids sample, Ib/cu yd (DO 8c2-2)
Weight loss upon heating of the total dry effluent
wastewater solids sample, percent (pg 8c4-2)
Ash content of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample, percent (pg 8c4-2)
Gross calorific value of the total dry effluent
wastewater solids sample, Btu/lb (pg 8c5-3)
Carbon percentage of the total dry effluent waste-
water solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
Hydrogen percentage of the total dry effluent waste-
water solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
Sulfur percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
Chlorine percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
Oxygen percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
Nitrogen percentage of the total dry effluent waste-
water solids sample (pg 8c6-3)
L(lf)(ts)dd
Lf(ts)(wl)d
Lf(ts)(aw)d
Lf(ts)(cv)d
Lf(ts)cd
Lf(ts)hd
Lf(ts)sd
Lf(ts)(cl)d
Lf(ts)od
Lf(ts)nd
Ash percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample based on ultimate analysis sample (pg 8c6-3) Lf(ts)(au)d
8d-2
-------
8e• Glossary of Process and Wastewater Characteristic
Data Symbols
gel• Symbol Rationale. The first letter (capital L) signifies that
the sample is a process or wastewater sample. The second letter or group
of letters [first lower case letter(s)] signifies the type of sample as
follows:
1. f - field sample
2. (If) - both laboratory and field sample
3. p - prepared sample
The third letter or group of letters signifies the composition of the
sample as follows:
1. b - benzoic acid
2. (bt) - benzoic acid plus total sample
3. (ts) - total solids sample
The fourth letter or group of letters signifies the type of analysis
as follows:
1. (au) - ash content based upon ultimate analysis sample
2. (aw) - ash content based upon weight loss upon heating sample
3. c - carbon
4. (cl) - chlorine
5. (cv) - gross calorific value
6. d - bulk density
7. h - hydrogen
8. n - nitrogen
9. o - oxygen
10. s - sulfur
11. (wl) - weight loss upon heating
8el-l
-------
The fifth letter signifies additional identification as follows
1. a - after muffling
2. b - before muffling
3. d - dry
4. t - tare
8el-2
-------
8e2. Nomenclature.
Lf(ts)(au)d = Ash percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample based on ultimate analysis sample.
Lf(ts)(aw)d = Ash content of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample, percent.
Lf(ts)cd = Carbon percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample.
Lf(ts)(cl)d = Chlorine percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample.
Lf(ts)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample, Btu/lb.
Lf(ts)hd = Hydrogen percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample.
Lf(ts)nd = Nitrogen percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample.
Lf(ts)od = Oxygen percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample.
Lf(ts)sd = Sulfur percentage of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
sample.
Lf(ts)(wl)d = Weight loss upon heating of the total dry effluent wastewater
solids sample, percent.
l.(lf)(ts)dd = Average bulk density of the total dry effluent wastewater solids
laboratory and field sample, Ib/cu yd.
Lpb(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid used in effluent wastewater
solids analysis, Btu/lb
Lp(bt)(cv)d = Gross calorific value of benzoic acid and total effluent
wastewater solids sample, Btu/lb
Lp(ts)(wl)a = Weight of effluent wastewater solids prepared sample and
crucible after muffling in weight loss upon heating deter-
mination, mg.
Lp(ts)(wl)b = Dried weight of effluent wastewater solids prepared sample and
crucible before muffling in weight loss upon heating determination,^
Lp(ts)(wl)t = Weight of crucible in weight loss upon heating determination of
effluent wastewater solids, mg.
8e2-l
-------
8f. References
1. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Water measurement manual; a manual
pertaining primarily to measurement of water for irrigation
projects. 2d ed. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1967. 329 p.
2. Black, H. H. Procedures for sampling and measuring industrial
wastes. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 24(1)-.45-65, Jan. 1952.
3. Hauck, C. F. Gaging and sampling water-borne industrial wastes.
ASTM Bullentin, (162):38-43. Dec. 1949.
4. Planning and making industrial waste surveys. [Cincinnati],
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, 1952. 46 p.
5. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.
13th ed. New York, American Public Health Association, 1971.
874 p.
6. American Public Works Association. Municipal refuse disposal.
3d ed. Chicago, Public Administration Service, 1970. 538 p.
7. Operating the adiabatic calorimeter. Ir[ Oxygen bomb calorimetry
and combustion methods. Technical Manual 130. Moline, 111.,
Parr Instrument Company, 1960. p..30-32.
8. Standard methods of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and
coke (D 271-68). sect.30-35. In. 1969 Book of ASTM standards,
with related material, pt.19. Gaseous fuels, coal and coke.
Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, Mar.
1969. p.27-32.
9. Standard methods of laboratory sampling, sect.30-35, 1969 Book
of ASTM standards, pt.19, p.27-32.
10. Horwitz, W., ed. Official methods of analysis of the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists, llth ed. chap.33. sect.33.009.
Washington, 1970. p.566.
11. Standard methods of laboratory sampling, sect.22-23, 1969 Book
of ASTM standards, pt.19, p.35.
12. Horwitz, Official methods of analysis, chap.2, sect.2.048-2.056,
1970, p.16-18.
8f-l
-------
CHAPTER 9
STACK SAMPLING
Contents
Page No.
STACK SAMPLING 9-1
9a Preliminary Considerations 9a-l
9al Location of Sampling Ports 9al-l
9a2 Number of Traverse Points 9a2-l
9a3 Location of Traverse Points 9a3-1
9a4 Log of Operations 9a4-l
9b Trial Run 9b-l
9bl Stack Velocity 9bl-l
9b2 Stack Gas Pressure 9b2-l
9b3 Stack Gas Temperature 9b3-l
9b4 Moisture Content '9b4-l
9b5 Dry Gas Composition 9b5-l
9b6 Molecular Weight of Stack Gases 9b6-l
9b7 Effect of Burning Auxiliary Fuel 9b7-l
9c Test Runs for Particulates 9c-l
9cl Particulate Sampling Train 9cl-l
9c2 Sampling Traverse 9c2-l
9c3 Duration of Sampling Run 9c3-l
9c4 Isokinetic Conditions 9c4-l
-------
Contents
Page No.
9c5 Sample Nozzle Selection 9c5-l
9c6 Operation of Sampling Train 9c6-l
9c7 Field Cleanup for Participate Train 9c7-l
9c8 Analysis of Collected Participate
Material 9c8-l
9c9 Ancillary Measurements Required for
Reduction of Particulate 9c9-l
9clO Calculation of Particulate Concentrations
and Emission Rates 9clO-l
9cll Miscellaneous Calculations 9cll-l
9d Summary of Particulate Emission Data 9d-l
9e References 9e-l
List of Figures
Figure Title Page No,
9a2-l Number of Equal Areas to be Used in
Trial Run 9a2-2
9a3-l Cross Section of a Circular Stack
Divided into Three Concentric
Equal-Area Zones 9a3-2
9a3-2 Cross Section of a Circular Stack
Divided into Twelve Equal Areas
Showing Location of Traverse Points 9a3-2
9a3-3 Cross Section of a Rectangular Stack
Divided into Twelve Equal Areas
with Traverse Points at the Center
of Each Area 9a3-5
-------
List of Figures
Figure
9b4-l
9b4-4
9b5-l
957-1
9b7-2
9cl-l
9c6-l
9c6-2
Table
9a2-l
9a3-l
9b4-l
9c3-l
Calculati
Trial Run
Data
Trial Run
Title
Psychrometric Chart
Condenser Sampling Train
Integrated Gas Sampling Equipment
Paychrometric Chart
Conderser Sampling Train
Particulate Sampling Train
(berating Nomograph
Correction Factor Nomograph
List of Tables
Title
Number of Equal Areas Required for
Test Runs
Location of Traverse Points in Circular
Stacks
Saturation Vapor Pressure over Water
(°F, in Hg)
Required Time for Each Run
List of Data Sheets
Title
ng Location of Probe Marks
Velocity and Temperature Traverse
Velocity Ratio Data Sheet
Page No.
9b4-3
9b4-4
9b5-l
9b7-9
9b7-10
9cl-2
9c6-3
9c6-4
Page No.
9a2-3
9a3-3
9b4-9
9c3-l
Page No.
9a3-6
9bl-2
9bl-5
-------
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Trial Run Stack Gas Pressure Data Sheet 9b2-2
Trial Run Absolute Temperature Ratio Data Sheet 9b3-2
Trial Run Wet Bulb - Dry Bulb Temperature Data
Sheet - Moisture Content Calculation 9b4-2
Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser Data Sheet 9b4-5
Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser
Calculation Sheet 9b4-6
Trial Run Summary of Moisture Content Condenser
Calculations 9b4-8
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Automatic
Instrumentation Technique 9b5-2
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition - Bag Sample
Technique Data 9b5-5
Trial Run Molecular Weight Calculation Data
Sheet 9b6-2
Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only) 9b7-3
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary
Burners Only (Automatic Instrumentation Technique) 9b7-5
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary
Burners Only (Bag Sample Technique) 9b7-6
Trial Run Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Temperature Data
Sheet Moisture Content Calculation - Auxiliary
Burners Only 9b7-8
Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only) 9b7-ll
Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser Calculation
Sheet (Auxiliary Burners Only) 9b7-12
Trial Run Molecular Weight Calculation Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only) 9b7-15
-------
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Trial Run Carbon Dioxide Contributed by Burning
Auxiliary Fuel Calculations 9b7-16
Particulate Sampling Data 9c6-7
Particulate Sampling Train Cleanup Data 9c7-4
Determination of Particulate Weights Laboratory
Data 9c8-6
Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature
Calculations 9c9-3
Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Automatic
Instrumentation Technique 9c9-7
Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Bag
Sample Technique 9c9-8
Test Run Moisture Content Calculations 9c9-10
Test Run Molecular Weight Calculation 9c9-12
Carbon Dioxide Contribution from Auxiliary
Burners Data and Calculations 9c9-14
Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning Solid
Waste Calculation Sheet 9c9-16
Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning Solid
Waste Calculation Sheet (Trial Run Measurement) 9c9-18
Particulate Concentration and Emission Rate
Calculation Sheet 9clO-2
Miscellaneous Calculations for Particulate
Sample 9cll-2
Summary of Particulate Emissions Data 9d-2
-------
-------
CHAPTER 9
STACK SAMPLING*
Stack sampling shall consist of a trial run and four stack
sampling runs at each operational condition being investigated.
The trial run consists of three velocity traverses, three temperature
traverses, three moisture determinations, three gas composition
determinations (bag sample and Orsat analysis or equivalent),
determination of the effect of auxiliary burners, and monitoring of
the facility instrumentation. Each of the four stack sampling runs
consists of a particulate sample traverse using the Office of Air
Programs sampling train, monitoring of the sampling train instrumentation,
collection of a gas composition sample (must be collected simultaneously
with the particulate sample^ monitoring of facility instrumentation,
monitoring of visible emissions, and, if study objectives dictate,
collection of samples for gaseous pollutants.
*Adapted from "Standards of Performance for
New Stationary Sources" issued by the Environmental
Protection Agency as nublished in the December 23, 1971
issue of the Federal Register
9-1
-------
9a. Preliminary Considerations
The procedures and techniques used to determine air pollution
emissions from incinerators are affected by the location of the
sampling ports and the duct configuration. The way in which these
characteristics of the facility affect sampling techniques is
described in this section.
9a-l
-------
9al. Location of Sampling Ports. The sampling location determined
during the preliminary site visit (see Chapter 3) should be at least
eight stack diameters downstream from any bend, expansion,
contraction, or visible flame in the stack or flue, and at least two
diameters upstream from any bend or obstruction. Wherever possible
the sampling location should be in a vertical flue. When it is
necessary to sample at the exit of a stack or flue, a stack extension
(at least two stack diameters high) shall be installed above the
point at which the sample probe is inserted into the stack.
If it is necessary to install sampling ports, the following
criteria shall be followed:
1. The sampling ports must have at least a 4 in. inside
diameter.
2. In circular stacks 6 ft or less in diameter, two
ports should be installed 90° apart and in a plane
perpendicular to the stack axis. In circular stacks
over 6 ft in diameter, four ports located 90° apart in
a plane perpendicular to the stack axis should be installed
whenever possible to avoid the use of excessively long
probes.
3. In square or rectangular ducts or stacks, the sampling
ports shall be installed in locations which permit
convenient traversing of the centers of the equal areas
(see Section 9a3).
9al-l
-------
9a2. Number of Traverse Points. Since the measurements obtained
within a stack may not be constant from one point to the next,
it is necessary to obtain a series of measurements from which
average values can be calculated. The number and locations of
traverse points to be used are dependent on the location of the
sampling ports in relation to bends, obstructions, etc., in the
stack or duct, on the configuration of the stack cross section, and
on the degree of variation in stack flow conditions existing at
the sampling location.
The first two considerations are used to select the number of
traverse points to be used for the trial run. The last two consideraticns
are used to select the number of traverse points to be used for the
test runs.
Figure 9a2-l should be used to determine the minimum number of
equal areas that must be used during the trial run. The equivalent
diameter of a rectangular stack is calculated as follows:-
- 2
If the stack diameter is less than 2 feet, multiply the number of
equal areas found from Figure 9a2-l by 0.67. If the sampling
location is nearer than two stack diameters downstream from a bend,
etc. or 0.5 diameter upstream from a bend, etc., the tester shall
consult with the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs to determine
the actual number of equal areas to be used during the trial run. The
agreed upon number of equal areas and their distribution in the stack
shall be specified in the study protocol (see Chapter 2).
9a2-l
-------
in
CN
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o
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-M
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u
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Ol
X5
T3
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CO
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+->
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E
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O
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cu
S-
4->
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to
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+->
O)
E
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to
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o>
O)
XI
E
O
s_
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JO
E
CM
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-Q
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3
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-------
The criteria specified in Table 9a2-l shall be used to determine
the number of equal areas to be used during the test runs. The
maximum indicated number of traverse points should be used when the
temperature and velocity ratio criteria indicate a different number
of traverse points be used during the test runs.
Table 9a2-l
Number of Equal Areas Required for Test Runs
/elocity ratio*
max)
min
Absolute temperature
ratio*
/max\
\min/
Number of equal
areas for test
runs
<3.0
>3.0< 4.0
>4.0 < 5.0
>1.2 < 1.4
>1.4 s 1.6
Use number of areas used
in trial run
Use 25% more areas than
used in trial run
Use 50% more areas than
used in trial run
Use 100% more areas than
used in trial run
*Determined from trial run results
9a2-3
-------
9a3. Location of Traverse Points. For circular stacks, the cross
sectional area of the stack is divided into a number of concentric
equal-area zones, as indicated in Figure 9a3-l. These equal-area
zones are then divided into equal areas as shown in Figure 9a3-2.
The traverse points should be located at the centroid of each
equal area +_ 1/4 in. in any direction. If these criteria cannot
be met due to the locations of the sampling ports, the tester
shall discuss modifications of the testing procedure with thp
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs and the agreed upon
testing procedure will be put in writing by the tester. The location
of each traverse point along a stack diameter is calculated from:
P = 50 1 - l/^2j'9" ^ (9a3-l)
I r *-"
where: P = percent of stack diameter from the inside
wall to the traverse point
a = total number of equal-area zones being used
j = number of equal-area zones for which the location
is being calculated; i.e., number 1,2,3... from
the center outward.
This formula gives half of the values needed, with the remaining half
being the difference of each percentage from 100. The locations for
the most frequently encountered numbers of traverse points and
equal-area zones are given in Table 9a3-l.
9a3-l
-------
Figure 9a3-l. Cross section of a circular stack
divided into three concentric equal-area zones,
Figure 9a3-2. Cross section of a circular stack
divided into twelve equal areas, showing loca-
tion of traverse points.
9a3-2
-------
TABLE 9a3-l
LOCATION OF TRAVERSE POINTS IN CIRCULAR STACKS
(Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point)
Traverse
point
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Number of equal -area
2
6.7
25.0
75.0
93.3
3
4.4
14.7
29.5
70.5
85.3
95.6
4
3.3
10.5
19.4
32.3
67.7
80.6
89.5
96.7
zones
5
2.5
8.2
14.6
22.6
34.2
65.8
77.4
85.4
91.8
97.5
6
2.1
6.7
11.8
17.7
25.0
35.5
' 64.5
75.0
82.3
88.2
93.3
97.9
9a3-3
-------
For rectangular or square ducts, the cross sectional area
shall be divided into a number of equal areas as shown in
Figuare 9a3-3. The shape of each area shall be such that the length
to width ratio is between one and two. If these criteria for
rectangular ducts cannot be met, the tester shall discuss modifications
to the testing procedure with the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs and the agreed-upon-testing procedure will be put in writing
by the tester.
The sampling probes should be marked before testing to facilitate
locating the sensing element of the sampling train at the appropriate
traverse point. The form shown on page 9a3-6 should be used to
determine the locations of the probe marks.
On the forms, the "Percent of diameter" column refers to the
percent of the stack diameter from the inside wall to the traverse
point. The figures for the third column, "Distance from inside wall
to traverse point," are obtained by multiplying the percentages in
Column 2 by the stack diameter (in inches). The "Add factor" column
indicates the distance from a reference point outside the stack
to the inside wall of the stack. The "Distance from reference point"
figure is obtained by adding Columns 3 and 4. The distances
in Column 5 are used to mark the probes so that the sensing element
of each probe can be accurately located at each traverse point.
9a3-4
-------
Figure 9a3-3. Cross section of a rectangular stack
divided into 12 equal areas, with traverse points
at the center of each area.
9a3-5
-------
CALCULATING LOCATION OF PROBE MARKS
Plant
Date
Sampling location
Operator
Inside stack diameter, (in)
1
Traverse
point
number
Percent
of
diameter
Distance from inside
wall to traverse point
(in)
Add
factor
(in)
Distance from
reference point
(in)
9a3-6
-------
9a4. Log of Operations. An operating log shall be maintained for
each of the test runs, including the trial run. This log should
include such operating details as the amount of waste charged, data
available from the plant instrumentation, burner operation time,
quantity of auxiliary fuel used, opacity or Ringelmann readings,
duration of run, and any unusual conditions that occur during the test
run along with reasons for such conditions. Any changes in operation
made during the test runs, the reasons for such changes, and the
effect these changes have on the operation should also be noted in
this log. All data entered in the log shall be submitted with the
final test report.
9a4-l
-------
9b. Trial Run
The objective of the trial run is to determine the operating
characteristics of the facility. The trial run measurements
must be made at the same sampling locations as will be
used for the test runs. The incinerator shall be run at test conditions
for at least 1 hour before the start of the trial run. If possible,
the trial run should be conducted the day before the start of the
test runs so that ample time will be available to evaluate the results
of the trial run and make the necessary adjustments to the test
procedures.
The results obtained from the trial run are used to identify
the operating characteristics for the test runs, to select the
appropriate particulate train nozzle, to determine the number of
traverse points to be used during particulate sampling, and to provide
a basis for estimating those parameters that must be estimated prior
to particulate sampling.
The following should be determined during the trial run:
1. charging procedures;
2. operating characteristics (monitor plant
instrumentation);
3. time and space variation of the stack gas
velocity;
4. time and space variation of the stack gas
temperature;
5. time variation of the moisture content and the
dry gas composition of the stack gases;
9b-l
-------
6. auxiliary fuel consumption characteristics;
7. contribution to the C02 content resulting
from the burning of auxiliary fuel;
8. if possible, the degree of gas mixing at the
sampling location (determined by means of a
C02 concentration traverse using automatic
instrumentation).
To determine space variation it will be necessary to traverse the
stack making observations at each of the traverse points established
for use in the trial run. To determine time variation it will be
necessary to take three separate observations spaced over the trial
run period. For velocity and temperature measurements this means
three separate traverses are required. For moisture content and dry
gas composition, the three observations can be made at the same
traverse point, preferably near the center of the stack.
9b-2
-------
9bl. Stack Gas Velocity. The stack gas velocity profile shall be
obtained during the trial run by means of a calibrated Staubscheide
(type S) pi tot tube connected differentially to a manometer. The
velocity pressure is measured at each of the traverse points, and the
point velocities and average velocity are calculated from these measure-
ments.
The manometers used to determine the stack gas flow shall be able
tn measure the velocity within 10 percent of the minimum value.
The form on page 9bl-2 shall be used to record the trial run
velocity traverse data.
The velocity of the stack gases at each traverse point can be
calculated from equation 9bl-l, page 9bl-3.
9bl-l
-------
Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data
Plant
Date
Sampling Location
Traverse Number _
Conditions
Drawing of stack
cross section
Stack diameter (in.) P-. =
Pi tot tube coefficient
Absolute stack pressure, in Hg
Mol. wt. of stack gas
K factor
Operator
(pg 9b2-2)
(ng 9b6-3)
(pg 9bl-4)
Traverse
Point
No.
flvorano
Stack Temperature
(mv)
(°F)
(°R)
Velocity
r head
(in H20)
Velocity
(fpm)
Comments
9bl-2
-------
Where V = velocity
Cp = pi tot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
g = acceleration due to gravity
/*= density of manometer fluid
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature of stack gases (see Section 9b3)
AP = velocity head
P = pressure of stack gases (see Section 9b2)
M = molecular weight of stack gases (see Section 9b4)
For a given sampling location, the stack temperature and the velocity
head are usually the only variables. The other terms of equation
9bl-l are usually constant for all practical purposes. Thus equation
9bl-l can be reduced to:
V = K (TAP)1/2 (9bl-2)
Where V is the stack gas velocity in fpm
T is the absolute stack gas temperature in °R
AP is the velocity head in H^O
K is a constant calculated fro'm equation 9bl-3
9bl-3
-------
K =
P (in Hg]
2115#f
ft?
29.92 in Hg
MLJnL.)
\mole /
1/2
K = 5.13 x JJT _ C
(PM)
(9bl-4)
Where Cp is the pi tot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
P must be in in. Hg
M must be in #m/mole
The maximum and minimum velocities are used to calculate the velocity
ratio. The form shown on page 9bl-5 is used to calculate this ratio. The
maximum value of this ratio is compared with the criteria shown in Table
9a2-l, page 9a2-3 when determining the number of equal areas required for
the test runs. The average velocity measured during the trial run may
not be used in the calculations associated with the particulate sampling
train data reduction.
9bl-4
-------
Trial Run Velocity Ratio Data Sheet
Plant
Date
Sampling Location
Conditions
Traverse
Number
1
2
3
Maximum
Velocity*
(fpm)
Minimum
Velocity*
(fpm)
Velocity
Ratio **
* From Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data Sheet,
page 9bl-2.
** The maximum value of this ratio shall be used when determining
the number of equal areas required for the test runs.
Comments:
9bl-5
-------
9b2. Stack Gas Pressure. The stack gas pressure is measured by
connectinq one leg of the oitot tube to a U-tube manometer. The
pi tot tube should be inserted into the gas stream with the openings
of the pitot tube parallel to the gas flow. The manometer differential
is recorded on the form shown on page 9b2-2. The absolute stack gas
pressure is calculated from equation 9b2-l , 9b2-2.
9b2-l
-------
Trial Run Stack Gas Pressure Data Sheet
Plant Conditions
Date Operators
Sampling location Barometric pressure,
Traverse number
Stack gas gage pressure, in H^O Pg =
Absolute stack gas pressure, in Hg P =
+ Pq
(9b2-l)
I o.b
9b2-2
-------
9b3. Stack Gas Temperature. The average stack gas temperature is
determined by averaging the temperature readings obtained at each
traverse point. The individual temperature readings are obtained by
attaching a thermocouple to the pitot tube and measuring the tempera-
ture at each point during the velocity traverse. The form on page
9b1-2 shall be used to record these data.
The maximum and minimum temperatures are used to calculate
the absolute temperature ratio. The form on page 9b3-2 is used to calculate
this ratio. The maximum value of this ratio is compared with the
criteria shown in Table 9a2-l, page 9a2-3 when determining the number
of equal areas required for the test runs. The average temperature
measured during this trial run may not be used in the calculations associated
with the particulate sampling train data reduction.
953-1
-------
Trial Run Absolute Temperature Ratio Data Sheet
Plant
Date
Sampling location
Conditions
Traverse
Number
1
2
3
Max. Absolute
Temperature*
(°R)
Win. Absolute
Temperature*
(°R)
Absolute
Temperature
Ratio **
* From Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data sheet,
page 9bl-2.
** The maximum value of this ratio shall be used when determining
the number of equal areas required for the test runs.
Comments:
9b3~?
-------
9b4. Moisture Content. The moisture content of the stack gas
during the trial run shall be determined by measuring the wet and
dry bulb temperature of the stack gas or by passing a metered
quantity of gas through a condenser.
When measuring the wet bulb temperature, gas passing the
thermometers must flow at 12 to 30 ft per sec, and the temperature
must reach equilibrium before a reading is made. If the temperature
of the stack gases is above 212 F, a long probe should be used so
that the gases have a chance to cool below 180F. Care must be
exercised to prevent the gases from cooling below the dew point
of the stack gases. This condition can be identified by identical
readings on the wet bulb and dry bulb thermometers. The wet bulb
and dry bulb temperature readings should be recorded on a form
similar to that shown on page 9b4-2.
The psychrometric chart, Figure 9b4-l , page 9b4-3 shall be
used in the determination of the moisture content (percent by
volume) of the stack gas. On the'chart the humidity ratio is
determined from the wet and dry bulb temperatures of the gas, and
the moisture content is calculated using equation 9b4-l, page 9b4-2.
If the moisture content of the stack gases is such that it is
not possible to obtain valid wet bulb-dry bulb temperatures, a metered
amount of gas shall be passed through a condenser. The sampling
train shown in Figure 9b4-2, page 9b4-4 shall be used. The data
shall be recorded on the form shown on paqe 9b4-5. The moisture
content shall be calculated using equations 9b4-2 through 9b4-7 on
pages 9b4-6 through 9b4-8. These calculations shall be summarized
on the form on page 9b4-9.
9b4-l
-------
Plant
Date
Trial Run Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Temperature Data Sheet
Moisture Content Calculation
Conditions
Operators
Sampling location
Measurement
Number
Wet-Bulb
Temperature
(°F)
" ! !
Dry Bulb | Humidity Moisture
Temperature ] Ratio Content*
(°F) ! (*)
! i
|
I '
i j
I
.._... | . . ,
_J
i
i
* Moisture content = 161.1 x humidity ratio (9b4-l)
Comments:
-------
o.ces
o.oeo
0.075
o.o;u
C.C-to
if.
C,
IL.
o
O
fr
u,
G
r..
o.c-s:
O.Ci.
O.C35
C
2CO
220
2-10
DRY BUL& TEMPERATURE ( °F )
figure 9b4-l
Psychrometn'c Chart
9b4-3
-------
c
•r—
(O
S-
ro
co
s-
Ol
t/>
c
O)
T3
E
. O
O
I
•*
.a
01
S-
en
9b4-4
-------
Trial Run Moisture Content Condensor Data Sheet
Plant
Date
Sampl ing location
Conditions
Operators
Barometric pressure, Patm
in, Hg.
Measurement ! Condenser
Number ! Outlet
Gage
Pressure
(in Hg)
Condenser
Outlet
Temp.
(°F)
Meter
Meter ! Volume ; Volume of
Temp. | Gage
(°F) I Pressure
(in Hg)
of meterpd Condensed
gas (ft3) Water
(ml)
i
i
i
i
i
-
Comments:
9b4-5
-------
Trial Run Moisture Content jondenser^ Calculation Sheet
Volume of metered gas at condenser outlet conditions, ft Vc =
Vc = Vm (Patm - Pm) (Tc + 460)
(Patm - PC) (Tm + 460) (9b4-2)
Where Vm = volume of metered gas at meter conditions, cu. ft.
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg.
Pm = meter gage pressure, in. Hg.
Tm = meter temperature, °F
PC = condenser outlet gage pressure, in. Hg.
Tc = condenser outlet temperature, °F
Gas volume of water condensed at condenser outlet conditions,
VH20 (cond)
VH20 (cond) = mH20 R(Tc + 460)
~ M (Patm - PC)
= m (gm) #m 1544 #f-ft x (Tc + 460)°R
453.6 gm x mole °R
18 #m (Patm-Pc) (in.Hg.) 2115. #fg
mole ft
29.92 in Hg
= 2.68 x IP"3 mH90 (Tc + 460) /Qh/1 „ x
- m S PC) - (9b4'4)
Where mH20 = mass of water collected in condenser, gm
R = universal gas constant
Tc = condenser outlet temperature, °F
M = molecular weight of water
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg.
PC = gage pressure at condenser outlet, in. Hg.
9b4-6
-------
Moisture content of saturated gas stream leaving condenser
N
(9b4-5)
MC*at =(Patm - PC) 100
where:
e c = saturated vapor pressure of the gas stream
at the condenser outlet (found in Table 9b4-l,
oages 9b4-9 to 9b4-13), in Hg
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg
PC = gage pressure at condenser outlet, in. Hg
Volume of metered water at condenser outlet conditions, ft3
VH? 0(metered)
VH?Q (metered) = MCsat vc (9b4-6)
TOG
where:
= moisture content of saturated gas stream
leaving condenser , %
Vc = volume of metered gas at condenser outlet
conditions , ft3
Moisture content of the stack gases, percent
MCS =
MCS =
VH20 (condj + VH20 (metered)
100 (9b4-7)
(cond)
where:
^HgO (cond) = gas volume of water condensed at
condenser outlet conditions, ft3
VH?Q(metered) = volume of metered water at condenser
outlet conditions, ft3
Vc = volume of metered gas at condenser
outlet conditions, ft3
9b4-7
-------
TRIAL RUN Summary of Moisture Content Condenser Calculations
Plant Test Conditions
Date Operators
Sampling location
Measurement
number
Vc
(ft3)
VH20 (cond)
Z(ft3)
MCsat
VH20 (metered)
(ft-j)
Moisture
Content
(*)
Comments:
9b4-8
-------
Table 9b4-l
SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER
OF, in Hg) - TABLE
Ton.
Den-
ture
•F.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
English units
.0 .1 2 J .4 .5 .6 .7 A .9
in. Hg. in. Hg. ia. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hf. in. Hg. in. Hg. in. Hg.
004477 0.04498 0.04S19 0.04540 0.04562 0.04583 0.04604 0.04626 0.04647 0.04669
0.04691 0.04713 0.04735 0.04757 0.04780 0.04802 0.04824 0.04847 0.04869 0.04892
0.04915 0.04938 0.04961 0.04984 0.05008 0.05031 0.05054 0,05078 0.05102 0.05125
0.05149 0.05173 0.05197 0.05221 0.05245 0.05269 0.05293 0.05318 0.05343 0.05367
0.05392 0.05417 0.05442 0.05467 0.05492 0.05517 0.05543 0.05568 0.05594 0.05620
0.05646 0.05672 0.05698 0.05724 0.05750
0.05910 0.05937 0.05964 0.05991 0.06019
0.06185 0.06213 0.06242 0.06270 0.06298
0.06471 0.06500 0.06530 0.06560 0.06589
0.06769 0.06800 0.06830 0.06861 0.06892
0.07080 0.07112 0.07144 0.07176 0.07208
0.07403 0.07436 0.07469 0.07503 0.07536
0.07740 0.07774 0,07809 0.07843 0.07878
0.08089 0.08125 0.08161 0.08197 0.08234
0.08454 0.08491 0.08528 0.08566 0.08603
0.08832 0.08871 0.08910. 0.08949 0.08988
0.09226 0.09266 0.09306 0.09347 0.09387
0.09634 0.09676 0.09718 0.09760 0.09802
0.10060 0.10104 0.10147 0.10191 0.10235
0.10501 0.10546 0.10592 0.10637 0.10683
0.10960 0.11007 0.11054 0.11102 0.11149
0.11437 0.11486 0.11535 0.11584 011633
0.11933 0.11983 0.12034 0.12085 0.12136
0.12446 0.12499 0.12552 0.12605 0.12658
0.12980 0.13035 0.13090 0.13145 0.13200
0.13534 0.13591 0.13647 0.13704 0.13762
0.14109 0.14168 0.14226 0.14285 0.14345
0.14705 0.14766 0.14827 0.14889 0.14950
0.15324 0.15387 0.15450 0.15514 0.15578
0.15966 0.16032 0.16097 0.16163 0.16230
0.16631 0.16699 0.16767 0.16835 0.16904
0.17321 0.17392 0.17462 0.17533 0.17605
0.18036 0.18109 0.18182 0.18256 0.18330
0.18778 0.18854 0.18929 0.19005 0.19082
0.19546 0.19624 0.19703 0.19782 0.19861
020342 020423 020504 0.20586 020668
021166 0.21250 021334 0.21419 0.21504
022020 0.22107 0.22194 022282 0.22370
0.22904 0.22994 0.23084 023175 0.23266
023819 023912 024006 024100 0.24194
024767 024864 024960 025058 0.25155
025748 0.25848 025948 0.26049 0.26150
026763 0.26866 0.26970 0.27074 0.27179
027813 027920 028027 0.28135 0.28243
0.28899 029010 029121 0.29232 029344
0.30023 0.30137 0.30252 0.30367 0.30483
0.31185 0.31303 0.31422 0.31541 0.31661
0.32387 0.32509 0.32632 0.32755 0.32879
0.33629 0.33755 0.33882 0.34010 0.34137
0.34913 0.35044 0.35175 0.35306 0.35439
0.05776 0.05803 0.05829 0.05856 0.05883
0.06046 0.06074 0.06101 0.06129 0.06157
0.06327 0.06355 0.06384 0.06413 0.06442
0.06619 0.06649 0.06679 0.06709 0.06739
0.06923 0.06954 0.06985 0.07017 0.07048
0.07240 0.07272 0.07305 0.07337 0.07370
0.07570 0.07604 0.07638 0.07672 0.07706
0.07913 0.07948 0.07983 0.08018 0.08053
0.08270 0.08307 0.08343 0.08380 0.08417
0.08641 0.08679 0.08717 0.08755 0.08793
0.09027 0.09067 0.09106 0.09146 0.09186
0.09428 0.09469 0.09510 0.09551 0.09592
0.09845 0.09888 0.09931 0.09974 0.10017
0.10279 0.10323 0.10367 0.10411 0.10456
0.10729 0.10775 0.10821 0.10867 0.10913
0.11197 0.11245 0.11292 0.11340 0.11389
0.11683 0.11733 0.11783 0.11833 0.11883
0.12187 0.12238 0.12290 0.12342 0.12394
0.12711 0.12764 0.12818 0.12872 0.12926
0.13255 0.13310 0.13366 0.13422 0.13478
0.13819 0.13877 0.13934 0.13992 0.14051
0.14404 0.14464 0.14524 0.14584 0.14644
0.15012 0.15074 0.15136 0.15198 0.15261
0.15642 0.15706 0.15771 0.15836 0.15901
0.16296 0,16362 0.16429 0.16496 0.16563
0.16973 0.17042 0.17111 0.17181 0.17251
0.17676 0.17747 0.17819 0.17891 0.17563
0.18404 0.18478 0.18553 0.18628 0.18703
0.19158 0.19235 0.19313 0.19390 0.19468
0.19940 0.20020 020100 0.20181 020261
020750 020833 020916 0.20999 0.21082
0.21589 021675 021761 021847 0.21933
022458 0.22547 022636 022725 022814
023357 023449 023541 023633 0.23726
024289 024384 0.24479 024575 024671
0.25253 0.25352 025450 025549 025648
026251 026353 0.26455 0.26557 0.26660
0.27284 0.27389 0.27494 0.27600 027706
028351 0.28460 0.28569 028679 0.2S789
029456 029569 0.29682 029795 0.29909
0.30599 0.30715 0.30832 0.30949 0.31067
0.31781 0.31901 0.32022 0.32143 0.32265
0.33003 0.33127 0.33252 0.33377 0.33503
0.34266 0.34394 0.34523 0.34653 0.34783
0.35571 0.35704 0.35837 0.35971 0.36105
50 0.36240 0.36375 0.36511 0.36646 0.36783 0.36920 0.37057 0.37195 0.37333 0.37472
9b4-9
-------
tare
Table 9b4-l
SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER
(T, in Hg) - TABLE
(continued)
units
.0
.4
&
•F.
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
in. Hi.
0.36240
.37611
.39028
.40492
.42003
0.43564
.45176
.46840
.48558
.50330
0.52160
.54047
.55994
.58002
.60073
0.62209
.64411
.66681
.69021
71432
0.73916
76476
79113
.81829
.84626
0.87506
.90472
53524
.96666
.99900
1.0323
1.0665
1.1017
1.1380
1.1752
12136
12530
12935
1.3351
1.3779
1.4219
1.4671
1.5136
1.1613
1.6103
1.6607
1.7124
1.7655
1.8200
1.8759
in. HI.
0.36375
.37751
.39172
.40641
.42157
0.43723
.45340
.47009
.48733
.50510
0.52346
.54239
.56192
.58206
.60284
0.62426
.64635
.66912
.69259
71677
0.74169
76736
79381
.82105
.84910
0.87799
.90773
53834
.96985
1.00228
1.0357
1.0700
1.1053
1.1417
1.1790
12175
12570
12976
1.3393
1.3822
1.4264
1.4717
1.5183
1.5661
1.6153
1.6658
17176
1.7709
1.8255
1.8816
in. HI.
0.36511
.37891
.39317
.40709
.42311
0.43882
.45504
.47179
.48908
.50691
0.52533
.54432
.56391
.58411
.60495
0.62644
.64859
.67143
.69497
71923
0.74422
76997
.79650
.82382
.85195
0.88092
.91075
.94145
.97305
1.00558
1.0391
1.0735
1.1089
1.1453
1.1828
12214
12610
1.3017
1.3436
1.3866
1.4308
1.4763
1.5230
1.5710
1.6203
1.6709
1.7229
1.7763
1.8311
1.8873
in. HI.
0.36646
.38031
.39462
.40940
.42466
0.44042
.45670
.47350
.49084
.50873
0.52720
.54625
.56590
.58616
.60707
0.62862
.65085
.67376
.69737
.72169
074676
.77259
79919
-.82659
, .85481
0.88387
51378
.94457
.97626
1.00888
1.0425
1.0769
1.1125
1.1490
1.1866
12253
12650
1.3059
1.3478
1.3910
1.4353
1.4809
1.5278
1.5759
1.6253
1.6761
1.7282
1.7817
1.8366
1.8930
in. HI.
0.36783
.38172
.39608
.41090
.42621
0.44203
.45835
.47521
.49260
.51055
0.52908
.54818
.56790
.58823
.60919
0.63082
.65311
.67608
.69977
72416
0.74931
77521
.80190
.82938
.85768
0.88682
.91682
.94770
.97948
1.01220
1.0-159
1.0304
1.1161
1.1527
1.1904
12292
12691
1.3100
1.3521
1.3954
1.4398
1.4356
1.5325
1.5307
1.6303
1.6812
1.7335
1.7871
1.8422
1.8987
in. Hi.
0.36920
.38314
.39754
.41241
.42777
0.44364
.46001
.47692
.49437
.51238
0.53096
.55013
.56990
.59029
.61133
0.63302
.65537
.67842
70217
72664
0.75186
77785
.80461
.83217
.86055
0.88978
.91987
.95084
.98271
1.01552
1.0493
1.0840
1.1197
1.1564
1.1943
12332
12731
1.3142
1.3564
1.3998
1.4443
1.4902
1.5373
1.5856
1.6353
1.6864
17388
1.7926
1.8478
1.9045
in. HI.
0.37057
.38456
.39901
.41393
.42933
0.44525
.46168
.47864
.49614
.51421
0.53285
.55208
.57191
.59237
.61347
0.63522
.65765
.68076
.70459
72913
0.75443
.78049
.80733
.83497
.86344
0.89275
.92292
.95398
.98595
1.01885
1.0527
1.0875
1.1234
1.1602
1.1981
12371
1.2772
1.3183
1.3606
1.4042
1.4489
1.4949
1.5421
1.5905
1.6404
1.6916
1.7441
1.7980
1.8533
1.9102
in. HI.
0.37195
.38598
.40048
.41544
.43090
0.44687
.46335
.48037
.49792
.51605
0.53475
.55403
.57393
.59445
.61561
0.63743
.65993
.68312
70701
73163
0.75700
78314
.81006
.83778
.86633
0.89573
.92599
.95714
.98920
1.02220
1.0561
1.0910
1.1270
1.1639
12020
12411
12812
1.3225
1.3649
1.4086
1.4534
1.4995
1.5469
1.5955
1.6454
1.6967
17494
1.8035
1.8590
1.9160
in. HI.
0.37333
.38741
.40195
.41697
.43248
0.44849
.46503
.48210
.49971
.51789
0.53665
.55600
.57595
.59654
.61777
0.63965
.66221
.68547
70944
73413
0.75958
.78579
.81279
.84060
.86923.
0.89872
.92906
.96030
.99246
1.02555
1.0596
1.0946
1.1307
1.1677
12058
12450
1.2853
1.3267
1.3692
1.4130
1.4580
1.5042
1.5517
1.6004
1.6505
1.7019
1.7548
1.8090
1.8646
1.9218
In. HI.
0.37472
.38884
.40343
.41850
.43406
0.45012
.46671
.48384
.50150
.51974
0.53856
.55797
.57798
.59863
.61992
0.64188
.66451
.68784
71188
73664
0.76217
.78846
.81554
.84343
.87214
0.90172
.93215
.96343
.99572
1.02891
1.0630
1.0981
1.1343
1.1714
12097
12490
12894
1.3309
1.3736
1.4174
1.4625
1.5089
1.5565
1.6053
1.6556
1.7072
1.7601
1.8145
1.8702
1.9276
100 1.9334 1.9392 1.9450 15509 1.9368 1.9626 1.9685 1.9745 15804 1.9863
9b4-10
-------
Table 9b4-1
SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER
(T, in Hg) - TABLE
(continued)
Tern.
per*-
tan
•F.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
English units
JO
in-Hf.
1.9334
1.9923
2.0529
2.1149
2,1786
22440
2.3110
2.3798
2.4503
2.5226
2.5968
2.6728
2.7507
2.8306
2.9125
2.9963
3.0823
3.1703
32606
3.3530
3.4477
3.5446
3.6439
3.7455
3.8496
3.9561
4.0651
4.1768
42910
4.4078
4.5274
4.6498
47750
4.9030
5.0340
5.1679
5J049
5.4450
5.5881
57345
5.8842
6.0371
6.1934
6.3532
6.5164
6.6832
6.8536
7.0277
72056
7.3872
.1
in-Hf.
1.9392
1.9983
2.0590
2.1212
2.1851
22506
2.3178
2.3868
2.4574
2.5299
2.6043
2.6805
2.7586
2.8387
25208
3.0048
3.0910
3.1792
32697
3.3624
3.4573
3.5544
3.6539
3.7558
3.8601
3.9669
4.0762
4.1881
4.3026
4.4196
4.5395
4.6622
4.7877
4.9160
5.0473
5.1815
5J188
S.4592
5.6026
5.7493
5.8993
6.0526
62092
6.3694
6.5329
67001
6.8708
7.0453
72236
7.4056
2
in.H«.
1.9450
2.0043
2.0652
2.1275
2.1916
22573
2.3246
2.3938
2.4646
2.5373
2.6118
2.6882
2,7665
2.8468
2.9291
3.0133
3.0997
3.1882
32789
3.3718
3.4669
3.5643
3.6640
3.7661
3.8707
3.9777
4.0872
4.1994
4.3141
4.4315
4.5517
4.6746
4.8004
4.9290
5.0605
5.1951
5.3327
5.4734
5.6171
57642
5.9145
6.0681
62251
6.3856
6.5495
6.7170
6.8881
7.0630
72416
7.4240
J
In. Hf.
1.9509
2,0103
2.0713
2.1338
2.1981
2.2639
2.3315
2.4008
2.4718
2.5447
2.6194
2.6960
2.7745
2.8550
2.9374
2.0219
3.1085
3.1972
3.2881
3.3812
3.4765
3.5741
3.6741
3.7765
3.8813
3.9885
4.0983
42108
4.3257
4.4434
4.5638
4.6871
4.8131
4.9420
5.0738
52087
5.3466
5.4876
5.6317
5.7791
5.9297
6.0836
62410
6.4018
6.5661
67339
6.9054
7.0807
72597
7.4424
.4
in. He.
1.9568
2.0164
2.0775
2,1402
22046
22706
2.3383
2.4078
2.4790
2.5521
2.6270
2.7037
2.7824
2.8631
2.9458
3.0305
3.1172
32062
32973
3.3906
3.4862
3.5840
3.6342
3.7869
3.8919
3.9994
4.1095
4.2222
4.3374
4.4553
4.5760
4.6995
4.8258
4.9551
5.0872
52223
5J606
5.5018
5.6463
5.7940
5.9450
6.0992
62569
6.4180
6.5827
6.7509
6.9228
7.0984
72778
7.4609
J
in. Eg.
1.9626
2.0224
2.0837
2.1465
22111
2.2773
2.3452
2.4148
2.4862
2.5595
2.6346
2.7115
2.7904
2.8713
2.9541
3.0390
3.1260
32152
3.3065
3.4001
3.4958
3.5940
3.6944
3.7972
3.9025
4.0103
4.1206
42336
4.3490
4.4672
4.5882
4.7120
4.8386
4.9681
5.1006
52360
5J746
5.5161
5.6609
5.8090
5.9602
6.1148
62729
6.4344
6.5994
6.7679
6.9402
7.1162
72959
7.4794
.6
in.Hg.
1.9685
2.0285
2.0899
2.1529
22176
22840
2.3521
2.4219
2.4935
2.5669
2.6422
2.7193
2.7984
2.8795
2.9625
3.0477
3.1348
32242
3.3158
3.4096
3.5056
3.6039
3.7046
3.8077
3.9132
4.0212
4.1318
424SO
4.3607
4.4792
4.6005
47246
4.8514
4.9813
5.1140
52497
5.3886
5.5305
5.6755
5.8239
55755
6.1305
62889
6.4507
6.6160
67850
6.9576
7.1340
7J141
7.4980
.7
in. Hg.
1.9745
2.0346
2.0961
2.1593
22242
22907
2.3590
2.4290
2.5007
2.5744
2.6498
2.7271
2.8064
2.8877
25709
3.0563
3.1437
32333
3.3250
3.4191
3.5153
3.6139
3.7148
3.8181
3.9239
4.0321
4.1430
42565
4.3725
4.4912
4.6128
4.7371
4.8643
4.9944
5.1274
52635
5.4027
5.5448
5.6902
5.8390
5.9909
6.1461
6.3049
6.4671
6.6328
6.8021
6.9751
7.1518
7.3323
7.5166
£
in.Hg.
1.9804
2.0407
2.1024
2.1657
22308
22975
2.3659
2.4361
2.5080
2.5818
2.6574
2.7350
2.8145
2.8960
2.9794
3.0649
3.1525
32424
3.3343
3.4286
3.5250
3.6239
3.7250
3.8286
3.9346
4.0431
4.1543
42680
4.3842
4.5033
4.6251
4.7497
4.8772
5.0076
5.1409
52773
5.4167
5.5592
5.7050
5.8540
6.0062
6.1619
6.3210
6.4835
6.6496
6.8192
6.9926
7.1697
7.3506
7.5353
.9
in.Hg.
1.9863
2.0486
2.1086
2.1722
22374
2.3042
2.3728
2.4432
2.5153
2.5893
2.6651
27428
2.8225
2.9042
2.9878
3.0736
3.1614
32515
3.3437
3.4381
3.5348
3.6339
3.7352
3.8391
3.9453
4.0541
4.1655
42795
4.3960
4.5153
4.6374
47624
4.8901
5.0208
5.1544
52911
5.4309
5.5736
57197
5.8691
6.0217
6.1776
6.3371
6.4999
6.6664
6.8364
7.0101
7.1876
7.3689
7.5540
150 7.5727 7.591S 7.6103 7.6291 7.6480 7.6670 7.6859 77049 7.7240 77431
9b4-ll
-------
Table 9b4-l
SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER
(T, in Hg) - TABLE
(continued)
Tern.
pom-
tar*
•F.
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
.0
io.Hf.
7.5727
7.7622
7.9556
8.1532
8.3548
8.5607
8.7708
8.9853
92042
9.4276
9.6556
9.8882
10.126
10.368
10.615
10.867
11.124
11-586
11.653
11.925
12.203
12.487
12.775
13.070
13.370
13.676
13.987
14.305
14.629
14.959
15295
15.637
15.986
16.341
16.703
17.071
17.446
17.829
18.218
18.614
19.017
19.428
19.846
20.271
20.704
21.145
21.594
22.050
22.515
22.987
.1
la. He.
7.5915
7.7814
7.9752
8.1732
8.3752
8.5815
8.7921
9.0070
92263
9.4502
9.6786
95117
10.150
10.392
10.640
10.892
11.150
11.412
11.680
11.953
12.231
12.515
12.804
13.100
13.400
13.707
14.019
14.337
14.662
14.992
15.329
15.672
16.021
16.377
16.739
17.108
17.484
17.868
18257
18.654
19.058
19.469
19.888
20.314
20.748
21.190
21.639
22.096
22.562
23.035
2
in. He.
7.6103
7.8005
7.9948
8.1932
8.3956
8.6024
8.8133
9.0287
92485
9.4728
9.7017
9.9353
10.174
10.417
10.665
10.918
11.176
11.439
11.707
11.980
12259
12.544
12.834
13.130
13.431
13.738
14.050
14.369
14.695
15.026
15.363
15.706
16.056
16.413
16.776
17.145
17.522
17.906
18297
18.694
19.099
19.511
19.930
20.357
20.792
21234
21.684
22.142
22.609
23.083
n
.3
in. HI.
7.6291
7.8198
8.0145
82132
8.4161
8.6233
8.8347
9.0505
92707
9.4955
9.7249
9.9589
10.198
10.442
10.690
10.944
11.202
11.466
11.734
12.008
12288
12.573
12.863
13.159
13.461
13.769
14.082
14.402
14.727
15.059
15.397
15.741
16.092
16.449
16.813
17.183
17.560
17.945
18.336
18.734
19.140
19.553
19.973
20.400
20.835
21279
21.730
22.189
22.656
23.130
Ogllia Uul
.4
in. Hi.
7,6480
7.8391
8.0342
82333
8.4367
8.6442
8.8561
9.0723
92930
9.5182
9.7481
9.9826
10.222
10.466
10.715
10.969
11.228
11.492
11.761
) 2.035
12.316
12.601
I2.'802
13.189
13.492
13.800
14.113
14.434
14.760
15.093
15.431
15.776
16.127
16.485
16.849
17.220
17.598
17.984
1S.376
18.774
19.181
19.594
20.015
20.443
20.870
21.324
21.775
22.235
22.703
23.178
u
J
in. Hg.
7.6670
7.8584
8.0S39
82535
8.4572
8.6652
8.8775
9.0942
9,3153
95410
9.7713
10.006
10246
10.491
10.740
10.995
11254
11.519
11.788
12.063
12.344
12.630
12.922
13219
13.522
13.831
14.245
14.466
14.793
15.126
15.465
15.811
16.163
16.521
16.886
17258
17.637
18.023
18.415
18.814
19222
19.636
20.058
20.486
20.924
21.369
21.821
22282
22.750
23.226
A
in. HI.
7.6859
7.8777
8.0737
82736
&477S
8.6862
8.8990
9.1161
9.3377
9.5638
9.7946
10.030'
10271
10.516
10.766
11.021
11.281
11.546
11.815
12.091
12.373
12.659
12.951
13.249
13.553
13.862
14.177
14.499
14.826
15.160
1S.4#
15.846
16.198
16.557
16.923
17295
17.675
18.062
18.455
18.855
19263
19.678
20.100
20.530
20.968
21.414
21.867
22.328
22.797
23275
.7
in. Hi.
7.7049
7.8971
8.0935
82939
8.4985
8.7073
8.9205
9.1381
9.3601
9.S867
9.8179
10.054
10295
10.540
10.791
11.046
11.307
11.572
11.843
12.119
12.401
12.683
12.981
13279
13.584
13.893
14209
14.531
14.859
15.194
15.5.14
15.881
16.234
16.594
16.960
17.333
17.713
18.101
18.494
18.89S
19.304
19.720
20.143
20.573
21.012
21.439
21.912
22.375
22.844
23.323
A
in. Jig.
7.7240
7.9166
8.1134
8.3141
8.5192
8.7284
8.9420
9.1601
9.3826
9.6096
9.8413
10.078
10.319
10.565
10.816
11.072
11.333
11.599
11.870
12.147
12.430
12.717
13.011
13.310
13.614.
33.924
14.241
14.564
14.893
15227
15.368
15.916
16.269
16.630
16.997
17.370
17.752
18.140
18.534
18.936
19.345
iy.762
20.185
20.617
21.056
21.504
21.958
22.421
22.892
23.371
9
in. H».
7.7431
7.9361
8.1333
8.3344
a5399
8.7496
8.9637
9.1821
9.4051
9.6326
9.8647
10.102
10.344
10.590
10.842
11.098
11.360
11.626
11.898
12.175
12.458
12.746
13.040
13.340
13.645
13.956
14273
14.596
14.926
15261
15.602
15.951
16.305
16.667
17.034
17.408
17.790
18.179
18.574
18.976
19.387
19.804
20228
20.660
21.101
21.549
22.004
22.468
22.939
23.420
200 - 23.468 23.516 23.565 23.614 23.663 23.711 23.760 23.809 21858 23.908
9b4~12
-------
Table 9b4-1
Tern-
pen-
tui*c
•F.
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER
(°F, in Hg) - TABLE
.0
in. Hff.
23.468
23.957
24.455
24.961
25.476
26.000
26.532
27.074
27.625
28.185
.1 2
In. Hg. in. Hg.
23.516 23.565
24.006 24.056
24.505 24.555
25.012 25.063
25.528 25.580
26.053 26.106
26.586 26.640
27.129 27.183
27.681 27.736
28241 28.298
(continued)
English units
.3 .4 .5
in. Hg. in. Hg.
23.614 23.663
24.106 24.155
24.606 24.656
25.115 25.166
25.632 25.685
26.159 26.212
26.694 26.748
27.238 27.293
27.792 27.848
28.355 28.411
28.754 28.811 28.869 28.927 28.985
29.333 29.391 29.450 29.508 29.567
29.921
.7
,8
in. Hg.
23.711
24205
24.707
25.217
25.737
26.265
26.802
27.348
27.904
28.468
in. Hg. in. Kg. in. Hg. in. Hg.
23.760 23.809 23.858 23.908
24.255 24.305 24.355 24.405
24.758 24.808 24.859 24.910
25.269 25.321 25.372 25.424
25.789 25.842 25.895 25.947
26.318 26.371 26.425 26.478
26.856 26.910 26.965 27.019
27.404 27.459 27.514 27.569
27.960 28.016 28.072 28.129
28.525 28.582 28.639 28.697
29.042 29.100 29.158 29.216 29.275
29.626 29.685 29.744 29.803 29.862
9b4-13
-------
9b5. Dry Gas Composition. The dry stack gas composition shall be
monitored for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen by means of
an automatic instrumentation system. The system may consist of a
combination of two Beckman model 315A non-dispersive infrared analyzers
for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and a Beckman model 819 process
oxygen analyzer for oxygen. The output from these instruments should be
summarized and their average values calculated on the Dry Gas Composition
Data (Automatic Instrumentation) form shown on page 9b5-2.
If automatic instrumentation is not available, an integrated gas
sample for carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen deter-
minations shall be collected during the trial run using the equipment shown
in Figure 9b5-l.
Figure -'in-';
9b5-l
-------
Plant
Run No.
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique)
Date
Sampling location
Operator
Sampling Time
Conditions
Component
Carbon dioxide (G .)
Carbon monoxide (G )
x ncnr
Oxyqen (GDQX)
Summation of
Individual
Observations (%)
Number of
Individual
Observations)
Dry Percent
by Volume
Percent nitrogen:
3pcd pern + poxj
(9b5-l)
9b5-2
-------
In this sampling train, participate is removed by the glass
wool filter (1) before the gas enters the stainless steel probe (2).
From the probe the sample passes through the air-cooled condenser coil
and trap assembly (3), where condensed moisture is removed. A leakless
diaphragm or bellows pump (5) propels the sample through the control
valve (6), and rotameter (7), through the 4-way valve (8), and into the
Tedlar, or equivalent, bag (9). The capacity of the bag should be at
least 1 cubic foot. The bag is placed in a rigid enclosure (10) such as
a wooden box or polyethylene container for protection. The 4-way valve
acts as a shut-off valve for the bag and also permits convenient purging
of the train before sampling. Heavy-wall tubing (4) shall be used in all
connections.
Before sampling, the train must be tested for leaks. With the probe
inlet plugged, the pump is started, and the rotameter observed. If the
rotameter indicates flow caused by leakage of air into the train, the
individual components are checked, utilizing the pump and rotameter,
until the leaks are located and corrected. The bag itself may be leak-
tested and evacuated in the same operation, also utilizing the pump and
rotameter. Bags which leak must be replaced.
After the train is leak-tested and the bag evacuated, the probe
is placed in the stack. With the 4-way valve vented to the atmosphere
and the bag inlet closed, the train is purged. Sampling is then begun
by opening the 4-way valve between the bag and the sample line. Any
convenient sampling rate may be used as long as the bag does not fill in
less than 15 minutes. The sampling rate should be adjusted in proportion
to stack gas velocity changes. This requires the use of a pi tot tube
9b5-3
-------
connected differentially to a manometer for monitoring the stack
gas velocity pressure at the sampling point. The pi tot tube may be
separate or attached to the gas sampling probe.
The sample collected in the bag is analyzed by means of an Orsat
analyzer, according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The
Orsat analysis shall be in duplicate, or repeated until the variation is
no greater than 0.2 percent on the scale of each component on consecutive
analyses. The Orsat procedure gives volumetric concentrations to the
nearest 0.1 percent by volume of each component in the stack gas, on a dry
basis. The form on page 9b5-5 shall be used to record the Orsat analytical
data and make the appropriate calculations.
9b5-4
-------
Plant
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition
(Bag Sample Technique Data)
Date
Run No.
Samplinq location
Operator
Sampling time
Conditions
Time of analysis
Initial volume
Vol. after C02 absorption
Vol. after 02 absorption
Vol. after CO absorption
% C02 (dry basis), Gpcd
% 02 (dry basis), ppox
% CO (dry basis), Gpcm
% \\2 (dry basis), pni
Analysis
1
Analysis
p
-. *
Average
Dercent carbon dioxide:
Initial Vol - Vol after C00 abs
G pcd =
Initial Vol
Percent oxygen
100 (9b5-l)
P pox =
Vol after CO? abs - Vol after 02 abs
Initial Vol
Percent carbon monoxide
G pern =
Vol after 0? abs - Vol after CO abs
Initial Vol
inn (9b5-2)
100 (9b5-3)
Percent nitrogen
G pni = 100 - (Gpcd + Gpox + Gpco) (9b5-4)
9b5-5
-------
9b6. f-olecular Weight of Stack Gases. The molecular weight of the
stack gases is calculated from the moisture determination data and the
dry qas composition data determined by means of the automatic instrument
technique or by the bag sample technique. The molecular weight of the
stack gases on a dry and wet basis is calculated from equations 9b6-l and
9b6-3, page 9b6-2.
9b6-l
-------
Trial Run Molecular Weight Calculation Data Sheet
Plant Test conditions
Date Operators
Sampling location Measurement number
From moisture content data form, page 9b4-2 or 9b4-9:
Moisture content of stack gases percent Me =
From dry gas composition data form, page 9b5-2 or page 9b5-6:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) Gpcd - _
Percent oxygen (dry basis) Gpox = _
Percent carbon monoxide (dry basis) Gpcm = _
Percent nitroaen (dry basis) Ppni = _
Calculations:
Average molecular weight of dry pas
M, =0.44 Gpcd +0.32 Gpox +0.28 Gpcm +0.28 Gpni (9b6-l)
Mole fraction of dry gas
Molecular weight of stack gas
Mca = Mdry Mcn + 18 (1-Mcn) (9b6-3) Mca =
9b6-2
-------
9b7. Effect of Burning Auxiliary Fuel. The most common auxiliary fuel
encountered in incineration is natural gas. The procedures described in
this section are for determining the COo contribution of the combustion of
natural gas when the gas is fired at a constant rate although the firina may
be intermittent. If an auxiliary fuel other than natural gas is used or
if the burners fire at a variable rate, the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs should be consulted for assistance in selecting procedures for
determining the effect of auxiliary burners. The agreed-upon-procedures
should be placed into the study protocol (see Section 2).
Wherever possible, the effect of using auxiliary fuel should be
determined by the procedure described in Section 9c9. If this procedure
cannot be followed, it will be necessary to determine the effect of
auxiliary burners by actual measurement during the trial run.
Although several methods can be followed to measure the effect of
auxiliary burners during the trial run, the following procedure is
acceptable to the Office. The auxiliary burners should be operated alone,
without waste, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the flue gas determined by:
1. a velocity traverse
2. measurement of the stack gas pressure
3. a temperature traverse
4. a determination of the dry gas composition
5. a determination of the moisture content of the stack gases
The average stack gas velocity is determined by measuring the average
velocity head at each traverse point with a calibrated Staubscheide
(type S) pi tot tube connected differentially to a manometer and then
calculating the average velocity. The individual velocity head observations
9b7-l
-------
are recorded on the Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Data (Auxiliary
Burners only) form shown on page 9b7-3. The velocities of the stack
gases at each traverse point are calculated at follows:
V = Cp (2q/fRJ_Ap)1/2 (9b7-1)
v PM '
Where V = velocity
Cp = pitot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
g = acceleration due to gravity
P = density of manometer fluid
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature of stack gases
P = velocity head
AP = pressure of stack gases
M = molecular weight of stack gases
For a given sampling location, the stack temperature and the velocity
head are usually the only variables. The other terms of equation 9b7-l
are usually constant for all practical purposes. Thus equation 9b7-l
can be reduced to:
V = K (TAP) 1/2 (9b7-2)
Where V is the stack gas velocity of fpm
T is the absolute stack gas temperature in °R
is the velocity head in h^O
K is a constant calculated from equation 9b7-3
= Cp
2 x 32.2 ftn (60 sec\ ^ /62.4 #m W1544 #f-ft H ft \ 1/2
min \ ft3 (mole) °R/ 12" in
P (in Hg/2115#f \ \\ #m
ft2 I mol e
n x 103 CD g.92 in Hg
. x ' J L (9b7-4)
-
(PM)'/2
Where Cp is the pitot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
P must be in in. Hg
M must be in #m/mole
9b7-2
-------
Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data
;ili;
(Auxiliary burners only)
Plant
Date
Traverse No.
Sampling location
Conditions
Bar Press.
Stack gauge press.
Pi tot tube coefficient
Operator ___
Absolute stack pressure, in Hg
Mol. wt. of stack gas
K factor
Drawing of stack
cross section
Stack diameter (in.) Pdis=
pg 9b7-6
pg 9b7-20
pg 9b7-5
Area of stack,
Traverse
Point No.
Average
Stc
(mv)
tck Temperature
(°F)
(°R)
Velocity
head
(in H20)
Velocity
(fpm)
Comments
9b7-3
-------
The average stack gas gauge pressure is measured by connecting one leg
of the pi tot tube to a U-tube manometer and calculating the absolute stack
pressure as follows:
Pabs = Patm - lf.6 (9b7-5)
Where: patm - barometric pressure in in. Hg
Pq = stack gauge pressure in in. h^O
The pi tot tube is inserted into the gas stream with the openings of the
pi tot tube parallel to the gas flow. The manometer differential (stack
gas gauge pressure) and calculations results are recorded on the Trial
Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data (Auxiliary burners only) form
shown on page 9b7-3.
The stack gas temperature is determined by measuring the temperature
at each individual traverse point and recording the data on the Trial Run
Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data (Auxiliary burners only) form shown
on page 9b7-3.
The dry gas composition should be determined by monitoring the
stack gases for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen with automatic
instrumentation and calculating average values of these components and
nitrogen which is obtained by difference. These values are calculated and
recorded on the Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique) form shown on page 9b7-5. If automatic
instrumentation is unavailable an integrated bag sample of the stack gases
shall be collected proportionately to the stack gases and analyzed for
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen using a Orsat analyzer. These
data are recorded on the Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Bag Sample Technique) form shown on page 9b7-6. The average values of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitroaen are calculated using
equations 9b7-7 through 9b7-10 on page 9b7-6 .
9b7-4
-------
Trial Run Pry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique)
Plant Date
Run No.
Sampling location
Operator
Sampling time
Conditions
Component
Summation of
Individual
Observations (%)
Number of
Individual
Observations
1 Dry Percent
by Vol ume
Carbon dioxide (G ,) I
Carbon monoxide (G )
Oxygen (GDOX)
Percent nitrogen:
G . = 100 - (G . + G + G )
om v pcd nan DOX
(9b7-6)
9b7-5
-------
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Ban Sample Technique)
Plant
Date
Trial run no.
Sampling time
Sampling point location
Operator
Time of analysis
Initial volume
Vol. after C0? absorption
Vol. after 0? absorption
Vol. after CO absorption
% C02 (dry basis), G
% 02 (dry basis), G ofe
% CO (dry basis) , G ,
pmb
% N2 (dry basis), Gpnfe
Analysis
1
Analysis
2
*
Average
Percent carbor dioxide:
= [Initial Vol - Vol after C02 absl 1QQ
G
ncd
Initial Vol
Percent oxygen: -
= IVol after C0?
Sox - [-
Percent carbon monoxide:
(Lrm = IVol after 0? abs - Vol after CO abs
pcm
= [
L
Iniual Vol
( }
Percent nitrogen:
Gpn1 = 10°
- G
pox
(9b7-10)
9b7-6
-------
The moisture content of the stack gas during the trial run shall
be determined by measurina the wet and dry bulb temperature of the
stack gas or by passing a metered quantity of gas through a condenser.
When measuring the wet bulb temperature, gas passing the thermometers
must flow at 12 to 30 ft per sec, and the temperature must reach equili-
brium before a reading is made. If the temperature of the stack gases is
above 212°F, a long probe should be used so that the gases have a chance to
cool below 180°F. Care must be exercised to prevent the qases from cooling
below the dew point of the stack gases. This conditions can be identified
by identical readings on the wet bulb and dry bulb thermometers. The wet
bulb and dry bulb temperature readings should be recorded on a form
similar to that shown on page 9b7-8.
The psychrometric chart, Fiaure 9b7-l, page 9b7-9 shall be
used in the determination of the moisture content (percent by volume)
of the stack gas. On the chart the humidity ratio is determined from
the wet and dry bulb temperatures of the gas, and the moisture content
is calculated using equation 9b7-ll, page 9b7-8.
If the moisture content of the stack gases is such that it is
not possible to obtain valid wet bulb-dry bulb temperatures, a metered
amount of gas shall be passed through a condenser. The sampling train
shown in Figure 9b7-2, page 9b7-ioshall be used. The data shall be
recorded on the Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser Data (Auxiliary
Burners Only) form shown on page 9b7-ll . The moisture content shall be
calculated using equations 9b7-]2 through 9b7-l7 on pages 9b7-12 and
9b7- 13.
9b7-7
-------
Plant
Date
Trial Run Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Temperature Data Sheet
Moisture Content Calculation
(Auxiliary Burners Only)
Conditions
Sampling location
Operators
Measurement
Number ^
•
Wet-Bulb
Temperature
(°F)
Dry Bulb
Temperature
CF)
Humidity
Ratio
Moisture
Content*
(*)
»
* Moisture content =161.1 x humidity ratio (9b7-ll)
Comments:
9b7- 8
-------
o.css
o.oeo
0.675
O.MS
cs.
C
u.
o
O
o:
u.
O.Ci S ^*-
C
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (°F)
Tiguhe 9b7-l
Psychrometric Chart
9b7-9
-------
Nd
cn
c
Q
fO
00
s-
-------
Plant
Date
Trial Run Moisture Content Condensor Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only)
Conditions
Operators
Sampling location
Barometric pressure, Patm
in, Hg.
Measurement
Number
Condenser
Outlet
Gage
Pressure-"-
(in Hg)
•
Condenser
Outlet
Temp.
(°F)
Meter
Temp.
(°F)
Meter
Gage
Pressure
(in Hg)
Vol ume
of meteves
gas (ft3)
Volume of
Condensed
Water
(ml)
Comments:
9b7-ll
-------
Trial Run Moisture Content Condenser Calculation Sheet
(Auxiliary Burners Only)
•3
Volume Of metered gas at condenser outlet conditions, ft Vc =
Vc = Vm (Patm - Pm)(Tc + 460
[Patm - PcKTm + 460) (9b7-12)
Where Vm = volume of metered gas at meter conditions, cu. ft.
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg.
Pm = meter gage pressure, in. Hg.
Tm = meter temperature, °F
PC = condenser outlet gage pressure, in. Hg.
Tc = condenser outlet temperature, °F
3
Gas volume of water condensed at condenser outlet conditions, ft
VH20 (cond) =
VH?0 (cond) = mHoO R(Tc + 460)
L ' ^ (Patm - PC) (9b7-13)
= N (gm) #m 1544 #f-ft x (Tc + 460)°R
55376 gm x mole °R ___
18 #m (Patm-Pc) (in.Hg.) 2115 |f
SoTi" _ ftl
_
29.92 in Hg
= 2.68 x IP"3 mH00 (Tc + 460) . .
- (Patm £ PC) - (9b7-14)
Where ^LO = mass of water collected in condenser, gm.
R = universal gas constant
Tc =' condenser outlet temperature, °F
M = molecular weight of water
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg.
PC = gage pressure at condenser outlet, in. Hg.
9b7-12
-------
Moisture content of saturated gas stream leaving condenser
MCsat =
where:
e'c = saturated vapor pressure of the gas stream
at the condenser outlet (found in Table 9b4-l ,
pages 9b4-9 to 9b4-13), in Hg_
Patm = barometric pressure, in, Hg
PC = gage pressure at condenser outlet, in. Hg
Volume of metered water at condenser outlet conditions, ft3
Vn2o (metered)
VH Q (metered) = MCsat Vc (957-16)
9- 100
where:
= moisture content of saturated gas stream
leaving condenser, %
Vc = volume of metered gas at condenser outlet
conditions, ft3
Moisture content of the stack .gases, percent
MCS =
100 (9b7.17)
where: /
VH o (cond) = gas volume of water condensed at
condenser outlet conditions, ft3
VH o (metered) = volume of metered water at condenser
outlet conditions, ft3
Vc - volume of metered gas at condenser
outlet conditions, ft3
9b7-13
-------
The molecular weight of the stack gases is calculated from the
moisture determination data and the dry gas composition data. The
molecular weight of the stack gases on a dry and wet basis are calculated
from equations 9b7-18 and 9b7-20, pages 9b7-15.
The contribution of carbon dioxide from the auxiliary burners can
now be calculated using equation 9b7-21 , page 9b7-16.
9b7-14
-------
Trial Run Molecular Weight Calculation Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only)
Plant Test Conditions
Date Operators
Sampling location Measurement number
From Trial Run Moisture Content Calculation form, page 9b7-8 or 9b7-13:
Moisture content of stack gases, percent Me =
From Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Automatic Instrumentation ^Technique) form, page' ^9b7-5 or from
trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxi 1 i'ary Burners 0~n1 yTffiag
Sample Technique) form, page 9b7-6 : "'
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) Gpcd =
Percent oxygen (dry basis) Gpox =
Percent carbon monoxide (dry basis) Gpcm = _____
Percent nitrogen (dry basis) Gpni =
Calculations:
Average molecular weight of dry gas
Md = 0.44 Gpcd + 0.32 Gpox + 0.28 Gpcm + 0.28 Gpni (9b7-18)
Mole fraction of dry gas
M . = 100 - Me (9b7-19) Mch =
cn 1W~
Molecular weight of stack gas
Mca = Mdry M ch + 18 ^"Mch) (9b7-20) Mca =
9b7-15
-------
Trial Run Carbon Dioxide Contributed by Burning Auxiliary Fuel Calculations
From Trial Run Velocity and Temperature Traverse Data (Auxiliary
Burners Only) form, page 9b7-3':
2
Area of stack, in. A =
Average stack pas velocity at stack
conditions, fpm V =
Absolute stack gas pressure, in. Hg. P =
Average stack gas temperature, °R T =
From Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners Only
(Automatic Instrumentation^Technique) form, page 9^7-5 o_r frorrT
Trial Run Dry Gas Composition Data - Auxiliary Burners~0n1y (Bac[
Sample Technique) form, page 9b7-6 :
Percent by volume carbon dioxide, dry basis Gpcd =
From Trial Run Molecular Height Calculation Data
(Auxiliary Burners Only) form, page 9b7-i5:
Mole fraction of dry gas Mc^ = _
Calculations:
The dry volumetric flow rate at standard conditions of carbon dioxide
contributed by auxiliary burners, cfm n
-
Qco = 1.23 x 1Q-3 Gpcd A V Mr.h x P (gb7-21 )
9b7-16
-------
9c. Test Runs for Participates
Each complete stack test for participates at any incinerator
operating condition shall consist of a minimum of four complete
sampling runs (traverses). Simultaneous measurements shall be
made of velocity pressure and temperature at each traverse point
and the stack gas composition shall be determined by monitoring
the stack gas stream with automatic instrumentation for carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen or by collecting an integrated
bag sample of the stack gases over the duration of each sampling
run for subsequent Orsat analysis.
9c-l
-------
9cl. Particulate Sampling Train. The components of the
participate sampling train are a probe, cyclone (optional), filter,
four impingers, dry gas meter, vacuum pump, and flow meter (see
Figure 9cl-l). Physical construction details of this sampling
train have been described by Martin 9e=1* and maintenance
9e-2
procedures have been described by Rom.
The stainless steel, buttonhook-type probe tip (1) through
which the stack gas enters shall be equipped with a 5/8-in. diameter
fitting so that it will connect, by a stainless steel union (2)
with a Viton A 0-ring bushing, to the probe. When the stack gas
temperature exceeds 500 F, asbestos string should be used to replace
the 0-ring.
The probe (3), when less than 7 ft in length, shall consist of
a 5/8-in. outside diameter medium-wall Pyrex glass tube with a
ground glass joint on one end. The glass probe should be logarithmically
wound from the entrance end with 25 ft of 26-gauge nickel-chromium
wire. During sampling, the wire shall be connected to a calibrated
variable transformer to maintain a gas temperature above the dew
point of the stack gas in the probe. The wire-wound glass tube
shall be wrapped with fiber glass tape and encased in a 1-in. outside
diameter stainless steel tube for protection. The end of the steel
tube that does not have the ball joint protruding shall have a nut
welded to it for connection to the stainless steel union used to
attach the nozzle. If probes longer than 7 ft are
required, the probe shall be constructed of 5/8-in. outside diameter
9cl-l
-------
«M
bO
C
a,
E
cti
w
03
o
•H
-P
SH
cri
P,
u
CTi
OJ
S-
3
CT
9cl-2
-------
Incoloy 825 tubing. This probe shall have a stainless steel union
attached to the entrance end and a stainless steel spherical joint
welded to the other end, and shall be unheated.
The ball or spherical joint of the probe connects to a glass
cyclone (4) with a collection flask attached. The use of the glass
cyclone is optional. The purpose of the cyclone is to remove large
quantities of particulates to prevent plugging of the filter. In
gas streams where the particulate loading is expected to be light, the
cyclone may be replaced with a glass tube connecting the probe to
a glass filter holder (5). If used, the cyclone outlet is connected
to the glass filter holder. This holder is equipped with a very
coarse fritted glass filter support. A 2-1/2 in. tared glass fiber
filter, MSA type 1106 BH, shall be used in the filter holder. The
cyclone, flask, and filter holder shall be contained in an electrically
heated enclosed box (6), which is thermostatically maintained at a
temperature sufficient to prevent water condensation in the portion
of the train contained in this box.
Attached to the heated box shall be an ice bath (7) in which
are immersed four impingers connected in series with glass balljoints.
The first impinger (8), connected to the outlet of the filter holder,
shall be of the Greenburg-Smith design, modified by replacing the tip
with a 1/2-in. inside diameter glass tube extending to within 0.5 in.
of the bottom of the flask. This impinger shall be initially filled with
100 ml of distilled water. The second impinger (9) shall be a Greenburg-
9cl-3
-------
Smith impinger with tip, and also filled with 100 ml of distilled
water. The third impinger (10), which is left dry, shall be a
Greenburg-Smith impinger modified like the first. The fourth
imoinger (11) shall also be a Greenburg-Smith type modified like
the first, and shall contain approximately 175 g of accurately
weighed dry silica gel. A minimum amount of stopcock grease should
be used during assembly to seal the sampling train. Too much
grease can cause contamination of the particulate sample.
From the fourth imoinger the effluent stream flows through
a check valve (13), a flexible rubber vacuum hose (14), a vacuum
gauge (15), a needle valve (16), a leakless vacuum pump (17) rated
at 4 cu ft per min at 0 in. of mercury gauge pressure and 0 cu ft
per min at 26 in. of mercury gauge pressure, and connected in
parallel with a by-nass valve (18), and a dry gas meter (19) rated
at a maximum of 175 cu ft per hr with subdivisions of 0.01 cu ft.
A calibrated orifice (20) completes the train and is used to measure
instantaneous flow rates. The three thermometers (12) shall be
dial types with a range of 25 to 125 F. A fourth thermometer (21)
in the heated portion of the box shall have a range up to 500 F.
The manometer (22) across the calibrated orifice shall be an
inclined-vertical type graduated in hundredths of an inch of water
from 0 to 1.0 in. on the scale and in tenths from 1 to 10 in.
9cl-4
-------
A calibrated type S pltot tube (23) for measuring
velocity pressure and a thermocouple for measuring stack
gas temperature should be attached to the sample collec-
tion probe. The manometer (24) across the pitot tube
shall have the precision described in Section 9bl,
based upon the velocity pressure data obtained in the
trial run. It is convenient to use a double column
manometer across the calibrated orifice and pitot tube,
with provisions for substituting a manometer of greater
precision across the pitot tube when necessary.
9cl-5
-------
9c2. Sampling Traverse. For each sample run, a sample traverse
consisting of the number of equal areas specified in Section 9a2, shall
be performed. During this traverse, the sample probe is placed
at each of the traverse points specified in Section 9a3 for the length
of time specified in Section 9c3. All participate sampling must be
performed isokinetically at each traverse point (see Section 9c4).
9c2-l
-------
9c3. Duration of Sampling Run. For continuous feed incinerators,
the length of each run is dependent on the number of sampling
points but it shall be at least 120 min long and the sampling time
at each point shall be at least 5 min. Table 9c3-l shows the
run time requirements based upon the number of sampling points.
TABLE 9c3-l
REQUIRED TIME FOR EACH RUN
Total number of
sampl ing points
at each sampling
station
4
6
8
9
10
15
20
25 or more
Total sampling time
at each
traverse point*
(min)
30
20
15
15
12
8
6
5
Total run
time
(min)
120
120
120
135
120
120
120
No. of points
x 5
*Total time at each ooint mav be achieved bv sampling at the
point only once for the entire period or by sampling at the point
several times during the run for a shorter time period. Replicate
traverses are preferred over a single traverse.
9c3-l
-------
For batch feed incinerators which create a cyclic operation,
the tester shall discuss modifications to the testing procedure
with the Office and the agreed-uoon-testing procedure will be put
in writing by the tester.
9c3-2
-------
9c4. Isokinetic Conditions. In order for a stack sampling run to
be acceptable, it must be conducted within +_ 10 percent of isokinetic
conditions. Isokinetic sampling conditions exist when the velocity
of gases entering the sampling nozzle tip equal the velocity
of stack gases at the traverse point being sampled. For some
incinerators, such as batch fed incinerators, when it is anticipated
that the stack sampling conditions will be highly unsteady (vary
appreciably with time) and thus difficult to maintain isokinetic
sampling conditions, the Office should be consulted.
An approximate determination of the accuracy of the particulate
sampling runs can be made at the field sampling site while the
sampling equipment is still available for testing. It must be
emphasized that this method gives only an approximation and will
not be acceptable for inclusion in the study report. For this reason,
to assure that the final value for "percent isokinetic" falls within
the specified limits, the values calculated by this approximate
method should fall within j^8 percent of 100 percent isokinetic
(or some other limit agreed upon in writing before the tests have
begun). The field data required for the field calculation of the
percent isokinetic are as follows:
From Particulate Sampling Data form, page 9c6-7 :
Barometric pressure, in. Hg Ppba =
Sample gas volume at meter conditions, cu ft Pvmm =
Average dry gas meter inlet temperature, °F Ptmi =
Average dry gas meter outlet temperature, °F Ptmo =
9c4-l
-------
Sampling time, min Ptst =
Average stack gas temperature, °F Ptsa =
Sampling nozzle diameter, in. Pdni =
Average impinger outlet temperature, °F Ptio =
From Trial Run Stack Gas Pressure Data form,
page 9b2-2:
Average stack gauge pressure, in. H?0 Ppsg =
From Particulate Sampling Train Cleanup
Data form, page 9c7-4:
Volume of moisture condensed in impingers, ml Pvic =
From Test P\un Dry Gas Composition Data
forms, pages 9c9-7 or 9c9-8:
Percent carbon dioxide in dry stack gas Gpcd =
Percent oxygen in dry stack gas Gpox =
Percent carbon monoxide in dry stack gas Gpcm =
Percent nitrogen in dry stack gas Gpni =
From Psychrometric Chart, page 9b4-3:
Humidity ratio, at intersection of 100 percent
relative humidity line and average impinger
outlet temperature (Ptio) Pnhr =
Calculations:
Average meter temperature, °F
Ptma = ptmi * ptmo (9c4-l)
_ ^
Mass of metered gas, gm
(9c4.2)
tma
9c4-2
-------
Moisture absorbed by silica gel, g
Pvis = 453'6
Volume of h^O vapor at standard conditions, cu ft
(9c4-4)
Dry gas sample volume at standard conditions, cu ft
= 0.0474(Pv1c + Pvis)
IC
Mole fraction of dry gas
vms
(9c4-5)
mfd P + P
vms vvs
Average molecular weight of dry gas
mwa
Molecular weight of stack gas
(9c4-6)
(9c4-7)
18 (1 - P-J (9c4-8)
"mws x"mwa'ximfd' • •- »• -mfd'
Average stack absolute pressure, in. Hg
n - p + Psg
" Kpba 13.6
(9c4-9)
Average \Velocity head x stack temperature, absolute
P .. (calculated from Particulate Sampling Data
vta
form, page 9b2-2)
Stack gas velocity at stack conditions, fpm
1/2
vss
(9c4-10)
9c4-3
-------
Percent isokinetic
1032(P + 46°)(pvms) ,
ms(9c4-ll)
9c4-4
-------
9c5. Sample Nozzle Selection. By traversing for gas velocity,
pressure, and temperature at the sampling location during the trial
run, the expected range of velocities to be encountered during the
stack tests are determined. From these data (page 9b1-5) the size
nozzle(s) to be used during the stack test shall be selected. A
nozzle diameter which will produce a meter flow rate in the range
of about 0.6 to 1 cu ft per min shall be selected by using the
nomographs described in Section 9c6.
9c5-l
-------
9c6. Operation of Sampling Train. To meet the isokinetic sampling
requirement, the sampling rate should be continuously adjusted to
maintain isokinetic sampling conditions; i.e., the velocity of
the gases entering the tip of the sample probe nozzle should equal
the velocity of the gases in the stack at the traverse point being
sampled. The nozzle size selected (see Section 9a8) should produce
a sampling rate of at least 0.5 standard cu ft per min at all times.
In order to facilitate operation of the particulate sampling
train at isokinetic conditions during sampling, the nomographs in
Figures 9c6-l and 9c6-2 shall be used. The nomographs have been
designed for use only with the particulate sampling train described
in Section 9cl, where the coefficient of the type S pitot tube is
0.85 +_ 0.01, and make it possible to adjust the sampling
rate to isokinetic conditions without lengthy computations.
The Operating Nomograph in Figure 9c6-l is used to adjust the
sampling rate to maintain isokinetic conditions, while the Correction
Factor Nomograph 1n Figure 9c6-2 is used to adjust the Operating
Nomograph to field conditions. Procedures for using these nomographs
are as follows:
1. Determine AHa (the standard orifice pressure
drop, in. water) for the train by measuring the
orifice pressure drop at a flow rate of 0.75 cfm,
a meter temperature of 70 F, and a meter pressure
of 29.92 in. Hg. If it is not possible to meet
these temperature and pressure conditions, then an
9c6-l
-------
orifice pressure drop (A H^) can be measured at
any pressure and temperature, and corrected to
standard conditions by the following formula:
T.
AH = 0.564 xAH. x ^
a b Hb
Where AH. = orifice pressure droo, in. H^O, at
T. , P. , and a flow rate of 0.75 cfm
T. = meter temperature during calibration,
OR
P. = barometric pressure + orifice pressure
drop during calibration, in. Hg
Once determined, AH, will usually remain constant for a
a
given train and orifice. This should be checked periodically,
however, since extended use of the train could result in
a change in this factor.
2. Estimate probable meter temperature (Ptrne) (often 25 F
above ambient temperature), moisture in stack gas (percent H20)
and ratio of the stack pressure to the meter pressure
3. determine Correction Factor "C" using the Correction Factor
nomograph (Figure 9c6-2) as directed thereon and with
values estimated above.
4. Set Correction Factor "C" on sliding scale of Operating
Nomograph (Figure 9c6-l) opposite Reference Point 1.
9c6-2
-------
ORIFICE READING
AH
1C— =£
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8-$
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— 0.7
— 0.6
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2500
2000
1500
1000
800
600
500
400
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200
TOO
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EMPERATUKE
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Figure 9c6-l. Operating Nomograph.
9c6-3
-------
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9C6-4
-------
5. From the velocity traverse, determine the minimum,
average, and maximum values forAP (pitot reading
in in. of
6. Measure the stack temperature (P^. ) , °F.
7. Draw a line from P. to the average AP found in
step 5 above. Select a convenient nozzle size
(P. .) from the range of values indicated on the probe
tip diameter scale that will result in at least a 0.5
scfm sampling rate for each traverse point.
8. Draw a line from P. through P, . chosen in step 7
to obtain a value forAP.
9. Draw a line from the value forAP obtained in step 8
above to Reference Point 2 on the AH (orifice reading)
scale to obtain a pivot point on the K-factor scale.
This point should be marked for future reference.
10. During sampling, determine the AH necessary for isokinetic
sampling by aligning pitot readings (AP) with the
K-factor pivot point determined in step 9 above. Adjust
the sample flow rate to produce desired AH on orifice
manometer. The train will then be sampling isokinetically.
11. If the stack temperature (PtSD) changes, repeat steps
6 through 10 above.
The form on page 9c6-7 shall be used to record the data obtained
during the sampling traverse. The data on this form shall be recorded
9c6-5
-------
midway through the time interval for each sampling point with the
exception of the dry gas meter reading, which is recorded just
before proceeding to the next point. If fluctuating stack conditions
exist due to operating condition variations, changes should be
recorded on the form as they occur, unless an average value for
the affected data can be readily determined for the time interval
for the sampling point.
The field data sheets shall be submitted (unaltered) to the
Office as part of the test report.
9c6-6
-------
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-p
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Collection box no.
Time
Start Finish
assumed meter press., "tig, f
Stack abs. pressure, "Hg, P
Correction factor "C" psa
Sampling point location-
Probe heater setting
Test conditions
•H
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9e6-7
-------
9c7. Field Cleanup for Particulate Train
After a sampling run is completed, the material collected
must be removed from the train, and the train "cleaned up."
Proper care must be exercised in removing the train from the sampling
port (the probe should be rotated so the nozzle points up to prevent
loss of collected oarticulate), and in moving the collection train from
the test site to the cleanup area so that none of the collected sample
will be lost and so that no outside particulates enter the train and
are included in the sample. The train should be sealed for
transportation to the cleanup area with a rubber stopper or tape. Care
also must be exercised in disassembling the train to avoid sample
contamination. This is especially important if stopcock grease has
been used to seal joint connections.
Samples shall be placed in five glass containers equipped with
lids lined with polyethylene or similar material. Any cement on the
lid liners which may react with the samples must be removed. The
samples shall be treated as follows:
Container No. 1 - Carefully remove the filter from
Its holder and place in the container, along with
any loose particulate and filter material adhering
to the holder. Seal the container with tape.
Container No. 2 - Carefully brush the inside of the
probe with a nylon-bristled brush fitted on a
stainless steel rod to loosen adhering particles.
9c7-l
-------
These are rinsed into the container with acetone.
Rinse with acetone the probe tip, cyclone bypass
if used, cyclone and cyclone flask if used, and
front half of the filter holder, placing the
washings into the container. If necessary, wipe
the inside of these components with a nylon-bristled
brush or rubber policeman to loosen adhering materials.
The nylon bristled brush and rubber policeman are
cleaned by spraying them with acetone and collecting
the acetone in Container No. 2. After all washings
have been placed in the container, seal it with tape.
Container No. 3 - Return the silica gel from the
fourth Greenburg-Smith impinger to the original
container and seal it with tape. A nylon-bristled
brush or rubber policeman may be used as an aid in
removing the silica gel from the impinger, but no
1iquid may be used.
Container No. 4 - Measure the water from the first two
Greenburg-Smith impingers plus any carryover into the
third impinger within +_ 1 ml and place in the container.
The volume of water condensed is needed to calculate
the moisture content of the stack gases during the stack
test. The back half of the filter holder, the fritted
glass support, all connectors, and the first three
9c7-2
-------
Greenburg-Smith impingers shall be rinsed with
distilled water and these rinsings placed in the
container. Seal the container with tape.
Container No. 5 - The back half of the filter
holder, fritted support, all connectors, and the
first three Greenburg-Smith impingers are
thoroughly rinsed with acetone, and the washings
are placed into the container. Seal the container
with tape.
The material "condensed" out in the impingers of the sampling
train is not considered particulate. Some authorities think that it
should be considered particulate or at least some portion should be
considered particulate. To assist EPA in resolving this issue, the
material collected in the impingers should be analyzed and reported
in the study report, but not reported as particulate material. This
material will be found in containers No. 4 and 5.
Samples of the distilled water and acetone used for the cleanup
shall be taken each day that cleanup occurs for the purpose of
determining a blank. Take approximately 500 ml of each from their
respective dispensers and place in glass containers. Seal the
containers with tape.
The form on page 9c7-4 shall be used to record the data
pertaining to the particulate sampling train cleanup operation and
returned to the laboratory with the sample containers.
9c7-3
-------
PARTICULATE SAMPLING TRAIN CLEANUP DATA
Plant
Date
Run no.
Sample collection box no.
Performed by
Filter paper
Filter number(s)
Container no.
Nozzle, probe, cyclone, cyclone bottle, and front half
of filter holder
Acetone washings:
Container no.
Rear half of filter holder, support, impingers, and
connectors
Distilled water washings:
Final volum°, ml Container no.
Initial volume, ml
Condensate, ml, P .
Acetone washings:
Container no.
Silica gel
Final weight, g
Initial weight, g
Moisture weight, g P .
Container no
Remarks:
9c7-4
-------
9c8. Analysis of Collected Particulate Material
In the analysis of the particulate collected, the
forms beginning on page 9c8-5 shall be utilized for recording
the laboratory data. The individual sample containers shall be
handled as follows:
1. Acetone Blank - After measuring its volume, transfer
the acetone blank sample to a tared beaker and
evaporate to dryness at ambient temperature and
pressure. Desiccate at 70 F +_ 10 F for at least
24 hr in a desiccator or constant humidity chamber
containing Drierite. Weigh to a constant weight,
and report the results as milligrams of residue
per liter of acetone.
2. Distilled Water Blank - After measuring its volume,
extract any "organic" material present in the
distilled water blank sample with three 25-ml portions
of ethyl ether and three 25-ml portions of chloroform.
Combine the ether and chloroform extracts and transfer
to a tared beaker. Evaporate at about 70 F until no
solvent remains. This may be accomplished by blowing
air filtered through activated charcoal over the
sample. Desiccate for 24 hr and weigh to a constant
weight and report the results as milligrams of residue
per liter of distilled water.
9c8-l
-------
Transfer the distilled water remaining after
extraction of the "organics" to a tared beaker.
Evaporate to dryness on a hot plate, making
certain that the temperature of the water does
not exceed 90 C. When only a small amount of
water remains in the beaker, care must be exercised
to prevent splattering and loss of material.
Desiccate for 24 hr and weigh to a constant weight.
Report the results as milligrams of residue per
liter of distilled water.
Container No. 1 - Transfer the filter and any loose
particulate and filter material from the sample
container to a tared, glass weighing dish and desicate
at 70 F +_ 10 F for 24 hr in a desiccator or constant
humidity chamber containing Drierite. Weigh to a constant
weight, and report the results to the nearest
0.1 milligram.
Container No. 2 - After measuring the volume, transfer
the acetone washings from the nozzle, probe, cyclone,
cyclone flask, and front half of the filter holder to
a tared beaker, and evaporate to dryness at ambient
temperature and pressure. Desicate at 70 F +_ 10 F
for 24 hr, and weigh to a constant weight. Make the
necessary adjustment in weight as determined by the
acetone blank analysis, and report the results to the
nearest 0.1 milligram.
9c8-2
-------
Container No. 3 - Determine the amount of moisture
absorbed by the silica gel by weighing it to the
nearest 0.1 gram and making the appropriate
calculations. The water absorbed by the silica
gel is added to the water condensed in the
impingers for determination of the stack gas
moisture content.
The materials in Containers No. 4 and 5 are to
be analyzed for EPA's information only (see
Section 9c6) and the results should be reported
separately and should not be reported as
particulate.
Container No. 4 - After measuring its volume,
extract "organic" material from the impinger solution
with at least three 25-ml portions of ethyl ether and
at least three 25-ml portions of chloroform. Combine
the ether and chloroform extracts, and transfer to a
tared beaker. Evaporate at about 70 F until no solvent
remains. The method of blowing air filtered through
activated charcoal over the sample may also be used to
accomplish this. Desiccate at 70 F + 10 F for 24 hr
and weigh to a constant weight. Make the necessary
adjustment in weight as determined by the distilled
water blank analysis, and report the results to the
nearest 0.1 milligram.
9c8-3
-------
Transfer the impinger solution remaining after
extraction of the "organics" to a tared beaker.
Evaporate to dryness on a hot plate, making
certain that the temperature of the solution
does not exceed 90 C. When only a small amount
of solution remains in the beaker, care must be
exercised to prevent splattering and loss of
material. Desiccate at 70 F +_ 10 F for 24 hr
and weigh to a constant weight. Make the
necessary adjustment in weight as determined by
the distilled water blank analysis, and report
the results to the nearest 0.1 milligram.
Container No. 5 - After measuring the volume,
transfer the acetone washings from the back
half of the filter holder, fritted support,
connectors, and first three Greenburg-Smith
impingers to a tared beaker, and evaporate
to dryness at ambient temperature and pressure.
Desiccate at 70 F +_ 10 F for 24 hr, and weigh
to a constant weight. Make the necessary
adjustment in weight as determined by the
acetone blank analysis and report the results
to the nearest 0.1 milligram.
All particulate weights of the individual sample components
and all tare weights of weighing dishes and beakers shall be obtained
9c8-4
-------
after desiccation for 24 hr in the desiccator or constant humidity
chamber containing Drierite.
The total participate weight for the test run is the total
of the weights of the particulate removed from the individual
sample train components up to and including the filter (containers
No. 1 and 2).
9c8-5
-------
Plant
DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE WEIGHTS
LABORATORY DATA
Date
Run no.
Acetone Blank
Performed by
p
vab
Volume of acetone
blank sample
(ml)
p
waj
Tare weight
of beaker
(mg)
p
wak
Weight of beaker
and acetone blank
residue
after desiccation
(mg)
Weight of acetone blank residue after desiccation, mg
P = P . - P . (9c8-l)
wao wak waj
Weight of acetone blank residue per liter of acetone, mg
P - p (1000 \
war waolPvaJ
(9c8-2)
Distilled Water Blank
p
vwb
Volume of
distilled water
blank sample
(ml)
wwj
Tare weight
of beaker
used for
extracts (mg)
wwk
Weight of beaker
and residue from
extracts after
desiccation (mg)
Weight of residue from extracts, mg
P = P , - P . (9c8-3)
wwo wwk wwj v '
Weight of residue from extracts per liter of distilled water) mg
= P .. . fi^^ (9c8-4)
wwx
wwo
\Pvwb/
9c8-6
-------
wwo
Tare weight of beaker used
for evaporation of water (mg)
wwz
Weight of beaker and
residue remaining after
evaporation (mg)
Weight of residue remaining after evaporation of water, mg
wwy ~ wwz ~ wwq (yco-bj
Weight of residue remaining after evaporation of water per
liter of distilled water, mg
/1000\
wwr
= p
(9c8-6)
Container No. 1 - Weight of particulate collected on
filter(s)
Pwff
Tare weight
of filter(s)
(mg)
Pwfb
Tare weight of
weighing dish
(mg)
Pwfj
Weight of filter(s) ,
weighing dish, and
particulate collec-
ted on filter(s)
after desiccation
(mg)
Weight of particulate collected on filter(s), mg
wft
= P
wf j
- (P
wff
Pwfb^
(9c8-7)
Container No. 2 - Weight of particulate from nozzle,
orobe, cyclone bypass or cyclone and cyclone
flask, and front half of filter holder
Pvpb
Volume of acetone
washings from
nozzle, probe,
cyclone bypass or
cyclone and cyclone
flask, and front half
of filter holder (ml)
p
wpb
Tare weight
of beaker
/ \
(mg)
p .
wpj
Weight of beaker
and particulate
from acetone wash-
ings from nozzle,
probe, cyclone
bypass or cyclone and
cyclone flask, and front
half of filter holder
after desiccation (mg)
9c8-7
-------
Weight of participate from acetone washings from nozzle, probe,
cyclone bypass or cyclone and cyclone flask, and front half of
filter holder, not corrected for acetone blank residue, mg
P = P - P
wpu wpj wpb
(9c8-8)
Weight of participate from acetone washings from nozzle, probe,
cyclone, cyclone flask, and front half of filter holder, corrected
for acetone blank residue, mg
p = p _ p J/£b
wpt wpu war \1000/
Total Particulate Weignt, mg
(9c8-9)
P = P + P
wtt wft wpt
(9c8-10)
The material collected in the impingers should be determined as follows:
Container No. 4 - Weight of material from impinger solution
vob
Volume of water from first
three impingers, including
initial amount, condensate,
and washings (ml)
woj
Tare weight of
beaker used for
extracts (mg)
wok
Weight of beaker and
material from
extracts (mg)
Weight of material from extracts, not corrected for residue from
distilled water extraction blank, mg
(9c8-ll)
P = P - P
wou wok woj
Weight of material from extracts, corrected for residue from distilled
water extraction blank, mg
5 *. * P - P
wot wou wwx
vob \
1000 /
(9c8-12)
9c8-8
-------
rw1b
Tare weight of beaker used for
impinger water
evaporation (mg)
wij
Weight of beaker and material
remaining after evaporation
of impinger water (mg)
Weight of material remaining after evaporation of impinger water,
not corrected for residue from distilled water blank, mg
P = P - P
wiu wij wib
(9c8-13)
Weight of material remaining after evaporation of impinger water,
corrected for residue from distilled water blank, mg
P = P - P
wi t wi u wwr
rvob
1000,
(9c8-14)
Container No. 5 - Acetone soluble material from back half of filter
holder, fritted glass support, connectors, and
first three impingers
Pvrb
Volume of acetone
washings from
back half of fil-
ter holder, glass
support, connec-
tors, and first
three impingers
(ml)
wrj
Tare weight
of beaker
(mg)
p
wrk
Weight of beaker and
material from
acetone washings
from back half of
filter holder, glass
support, connectors,
and first three
impingers (mg)
Weight of material from acetone washings from back half of filter
holder, glass support, connectors, and first three impingers, not
corrected for residue from acetone blank, mg
wru
= P
wrk
- P
wrj
(9c8-15)
9c8-9
-------
Weight of material from acetone washings from back half of filter
holder, glass support, connectors, and first three impingers,
corrected for residue from acetone blank, mg
/p \
- I Vfk I
wrt wrur war \1000 /
P = P - P
p p F
Note: Pwrts Pwit> Pwrt are for information purposes only and
should not be reported as particulate although they should
be reported in the study report.
9c8-10
-------
9c9. Ancillary Measurements Required for Reduction of Participate
Data. In addition to determining the weight of participate collected
by the sampling train during a test run, the following measurements
must be made so that particulate concentrations and emission rates
can be calculated:
1. Average stack gas velocity,
2. Average stack gas pressure;
3. Average stack gas temperature;
4. Dry gas composition of stack gases;
5. Average moisture content of stack gases;
6. Carbon dioxide contribution of auxiliary burners
if used.
The average stack gas velocity is determined by measuring the
velocity head at each traverse point with a calibrated Staubscheide
(type S) pitot tube connected differentially to a manometer and then
calculating the average velocity. The pitot tube is connected to the
narticulate sampling train as shown in Figure 9cl-l. The velocity
head data are recorded on the Particulate Sampling Data form shown
on page 9c6-7. The calculation of the individual and average velocities
is as follows:
V = Cp /2g/?RTAP\1/2
\ PM /
Where V = velocity
Cp = pitot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
g = acceleration due to gravity
9c9-l
-------
= density of manometer fluid
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature of stack gases
AP = velocity head
P = pressure of stack gases
M = molecular weight of stack gases
The individual velocity head readings are transferred from the
Particulate Sampling Data form, page 9c6-7 to the Test Run Average
Velocity and Temperature Calculations Data Sheet shown on page 9c9-3.
The individual velocities are then calculated as follows:
For a given sampling location, the stack temperature
and the velocity head are usually the only variables.
The other terms of equation 9c9-l are usually constant for
all practical purposes. Thus equation 9c9-l can be
reduced to:
V = K (TAP)172 (9c9-2)
Where V is the stack gas velocity in fpm
T is the absolute stack gas temperature in °R
AP is the velocity head in H20
K is a constant calculated from equation 9c9-3
9c9-2
-------
Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature Calculations
Plant
Date
Sampling Location
Traverse Number _
Conditions
Operator
Drawing of stack
cross section
Pitot tube coefficient
Absolute stack pressure, in Hg
Mol. wt. of stack gas
K factor
(pg 9c9-16)
(pg 9c9-16)
(pg 9c9-4)
Stack diameter (in.) P. . =
Area of Stack,
Traverse
Point No.
No.
Average
Stack Temperature
(°F)
(°R)
Velocity
head
(in H20
Velocity
(fpm)
Comments
9c9-3
-------
K = Cp /2g/>R\1/2 (9c9-3)
1, PMJ
Cp 2x32.2 ft (60 sec)2 (62.4 #m\ (1544 #f-ft\/__[t_ \ 1/2
sec2 \ min / \ ft? / \(mo1e) °R Al2 in
2115f %
(9c9-4)
,29.92 in Hgy
K = 5.13 x IP3 Co
(PM)1/2
Where Cp is the pi tot tube coefficient (determined by calibration)
P must be in in. Hg
M must be in #m/mole
9c9-4
-------
The average stack gas gage pressure is measured by connecting
one leg of the pitot tube to a U-tube manometer and calculating the
absolute stack pressure. The pitot tube is inserted into the gas
stream with the openings of the pitot tube parallel to the gas flow.
The manometer differential (stack gas gage pressure) is recorded on the
Particulate Sampling Data form shown on page 9c6-7. The absolute
stack gas pressure is calculated as follows:
P
P = Patm ±- (9c9-5)
Where:
P = absolute stack gas pressure, in. Hg
Patm = barometric pressure, in. Hg
Pg = stack gas gage pressure, in. H20
The average stack gas temperature is determined by measuring
the temperature at each individual traverse point and calculating
an average. The thermocouple should be connected to the particulate
sampling train in a manner similar to the pitot tube. The sensing
element of the thermocouple should be shielded to prevent erroneous
readings due to radiation effects. The temperature readings are
recorded on the Particulate Sampling Data form shown on page 9c6-7.
The individual temperature readings are transferred from the
Particulate Sampling data form, page 9c6-7, to the Test Run Average
Velocity and Temperature Calculations Data Sheet, page 9c9-3, and
the average temperature calculated.
9c9-5
-------
The composition of the dry stack gases is determined by
monitoring, with automatic instrumentation and appropriate recording
devices, the carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxygen contents
of the stack gases at each traverse point. Average values for these
three components and nitrogen by difference are calculated and
recorded on the Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data (Automatic
Instrumentation Technique) form shown on page 9c9-7. If automatic
instrumentation is not available, an integrated bag sample of the
stack gases shall be collected proportionally to the velocity at
each traverse point. This bag shall be analyzed for carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and oxygen with an Orsat analyzer and the results
recorded on the form shown on page 9c9-8. The average values of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitrogen are calculated
using equations 9c9-7 through 9c9-10 on page 9c9-9.
The average moisture content of the stack gases is calculated
from the volume of water condensed in the impingers of the particulate
sampling train and the weight gain of the silica gel used in the
sampling train. These data are recorded on the Particulate Sampling
Train Cleanup Data form shown on page 9c7-4. The moisture content
of the stack gases is calculated from equation 9c9-17 on page 9c9-ll.
The molecular weight of the stack gases is calculated from the
moisture determination data and the dry gas composition data. The
molecular weight of the stack gases on a dry and wet basis is calculated
from equations 9c9-19 and 9c9-20 on page 9c9-12.
9c9-6
-------
Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique)
Plant
Run No.
Sampling Location
Operator
Date
Sampling time
Conditions
Component
Summation of
Individual
Observations
Number of
Individual
Observations
Dry Percent
by Volume
Carbon dioxide (G d)
Carbon monoxide (GDCrn)
Oxygen (GpQx)
Percent nitrogen:
- (Scd
pcm
(9c9-6)
9c9-7
-------
Test Run Dry Gas Composition Deta
(Bag Sample Technique)
Plant
Date
Test run no.
Sampling time
Sampling point location
Operator
Time of analysis
Initial volume
Vol. after COp absorption
Vol. after 0 absorption
Vol. after CO absorption
% C02 (dry basis), G cd
% 02 (dry basis), G
% CO (dry basis), G
' pern
% N2 (dry basis), G
Analysis
1
Analysis
2
Average
9c9-»
-------
Percent carbon dioxide:
p flm'tial Vol. - Vol after C02 abs.|1nn /- Q -^
Gpcd " L Initial Vol. J I0° (9c8-7)
Percent oxygen:
pox _
Percent carbon monoxide:
after C02 abs - Vol after 02 absl lnn /- Q Q\
Initial Vol J 10° (9c9"8)
G - [Vol after 02 abs - Vol after CO absl ,QQ
Gpcm " L Initial Vol J I0°
Percent nitrogen:
-
-------
Test Run Moisture Content Calculations
Plant Date
Test Run No. Sampling time
Sampling location Calculator
From Particulate Sampling Train Cleanup Data form,
page 9c7-4:
Volume of water condensed in impingers of
particulate sampling train, ml P •
Weight of water collected by silicia gel in
particulate sampling train, gm P .
From Particulate Sampling Data from, page 9c6-7:
Average temperature of the particulate sampling
train meter inlet, °F P..
Average temperature of the particulate sampling
train meter outlet, °F P.
Total volume of stack gases passing through
the meter at meter conditions, ft3 P
vmm
Stack gas gage pressure, in. H20 P
Barometric pressure, in. Hg P ,
Average pressure drop across particulate
sampling train orifice meter, in. H20 P
poa
Calculations:
Average meter temperature, °F P
Ptma
tma
+
9c9-10
-------
Dry gas Sample volume at standard
conditions, cu ft P
pba
P - 17 7 v P
Pvms 1/'/ X vrnrn (Ptma + 460
Average stack absolute pressure, in. Hg P,,,.,
psa
"psa ' Ppba i T§7&
Volume of water collected by silica gel in
particulate sampling train, ml
"vvs
vis T ~gm/inl
Total H20 collected, ml Pvit
p = p + p (9c9-15)
Kvit %ic Kvis ^cy ID;
Volume of_H20 vapor at standard
conditions, cu ft PVVS
Pvvs = 0.0474 (PvU) (9c9-16)
Moisture in stack gas, percent P
(9c9-17)
9c9-ll
-------
Test Run Molecular Height Calculation
Plant Test Conditions
Date Operators
Sampling location _ Measurement number
From Test Run Moisture Content Calculation
form, page 9c9-lT:
Moisture content of stack gases, percent P
Mca ' Mdry Mch * 18" ' Mch>
From Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique)
form, page 9c9-7 or from Test Run Dry
Gas Composition Data (Bag Sample Technique) ,
form, page 9c9-9:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) G .
Percent oxygen (dry basis) G
pox
Percent carbon monoxide (dry basis) G
Percent nitrogen, (dry basis) G . = _
Calculations:
Average molecular weight of dry gas
Gmwa = °'44 Gpcd + °'32 GPOX + °'28 Gpcm + °'28 Gpni (9dM8)
Mole fraction of dry gas M , = __
Mch = 1Dopn'S (9C9-19)
Molecular weight of stack gas M = _
ca
9C9-1Z
-------
The carbon dioxide contribution from burning auxiliary fuel
is calculated from fuel combustion rates and from a fuel analysis.
If these measurements are not possible, the carbon dioxide
contribution from auxiliary burners must be measured during the
trial run (Section 9b7).
If fuel combustion rates can be measured and a fuel analysis
is available, the data are recorded on the Carbon Dioxide Contribution
From Auxiliary Burners Data and Calculations form shown on page 9c9-14.
The volume of carbon dioxide produced per unit volume of fuel is
calculated from equation 9c9-24 on page 9c9-15.
The carbon dioxide content resulting from burning solid waste
is calculated from equation 9c9-25 or equation 9c9-26 pages 9c9-17
and 9c9-19 respectively.
9c9-13
-------
Plant
Date
Carbon Dioxide Contribution From Auxiliary Burners
Data and Calculations
Recorded by
Calculated by
Test Conditions
Component
CH4
C2H6
C02
N2
C3H8
C4H10
Total
Percent by
volume
100.0
Moles of carbon per
mole of component
1
2
1
0
3
4
Moles of carbon per
mole of fuel*
*Moles of carbon
per mole of fuel
(Moles of carborp
per mole of
component
100
/Percent by1
I volume of
\component
(9c9-21)
For each mole of carbon in the fuel one mole of carbon dioxide is produced
in the stack gases assuming complete combustion of the fuel. Therefore.
the total moles of carbon dioxide produced per mole of fuel equals
the total moles of carbon oer mole of fuel which equals
9c9-14
-------
The volume of one mole of carbon dioxide is calculated by:
VC02 = (m°1es of C°2)(ir) (9C9-22)
The volume of one mole of fuel is calculated by:
Vfuel = (moles of fue1)(T") (9c9-23)
By dividing equation 9c9-22 by equation 9c9-23 and cancelling like
terms, the volume of C02 per unit volume of fuel can be calculated
as follows:
Volume of CO? per CO? _ moles
ft3 of fu.f - '
9c9-15
-------
Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning Solid Waste
Calculation Sheet
(Based on fuel consumption and analysis data)
Plant Test run no.
Date Calculator
Test Conditions
Fuel meter reading at end of test run, ft3 =
O
Fuel meter reading at beginning of test run, ft
Fuel used during test run, ft3 F =
From Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature
Data form, page 9c9-3:
Area of stack, in2 A =
Average stack gas velocity at stack
conditions, fpm V =
Absolute stack gas pressure, in Hg P =
Absolute stack gas temperature, °R T =
From Particulate Sampling Data form,_
page 9c6-7:
p
Total time of test run, min. tst =
From Test Run Molecular Weight Calculation
form, page 9c9-T2"i
Mole fraction of dry gas M , =
From Carbon Dioxide Contribution From
Auxiliary Burners Data and Calculations
form, page 9c9-15:
Volume of carbon dioxide per cubic foot
of auxiliary fuel, ft3/ft3 of fuel VC02 =
9c9-16
-------
From Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique)
form, page 9c9-7 or from Test Run Dry
Gas Composition Data (Bag Sample
Technique) form, page 9c9-8:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) resulting
P
from burning waste and auxiliary fuel pcd
Calculations:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) resulting
from burning waste only GCC|W
(9c9-25)
9c9-17
-------
Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning Solid Waste
Calculation Sheet
(Based on trial run measurement)
Plant
Date
Test run no.
Calculator
Test Conditions
Time burners are operated during test run, min T^ =
From Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature
Data form, page 9c9-3:
Area of stack, in2 A =
Average stack gas velocity at stack
conditions, fpm V =
Absolute stack gas pressure, in. Hg P =
Absolute stack gas temperature, °R T =
From Participate Sampling Data form, page 9c6-7:
Total time of test run, min. P.
From Test Run Molecular Height Calculation
form, page 9c9-12:
tst
Mole fraction of dry gas M , =
From Trial Run Carbon Dioxide Contribution
by Burning Auxiliary Fuel Calculations form,
page 9b7-21:
Dry volume flow rate of carbon dioxide per
minute of burner operation time, cfm Cv«
LU2 =
9c9-18
-------
From Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data
(Automatic Instrumentation Technique) form,
page 9c9-7 or from Test Run Dry Gas
Composition Data (Bag Sample Technique)
form, page 9c9-8:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis resulting
from burning waste and auxiliary fuel G .
Calculations:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) resulting
from burning waste only G , =
'8.13 Qrnn T, TN
r r ( C02 b
bcdw = bpcd " VVA n " r
9c9-19
-------
9clO. Calculation of Particulate Concentrations and Emission Rates.
The participate concentration and emission rate calculations are
shown on the Particulate Concentration and Emission Rate Calculation
form, pages 9clO-2 through 9clO-4.
9clO-l
-------
Particulate Concentration and Emission Rate
Calculation Sheet
Total weight of material burned during test
period (see Section Ida) W ,
From Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature
Calculations form, page 9c9-3:
Average stack gas absolute pressure, in. Hg P_a
psa
Average stack gas temperature, °R P.
tsa
Area of stack, in2 P, .
as i
vsc
Average stack gas velocity at stack conditions,
fpm P
From Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data forms,
pages 9c9-7 or 9c9-lT:
Percent carbon monoxide (dry basis) G
Percent oxygen (dry basis) G
pox
Percent nitrogen (dry basis) G .
From Particulate Sampling Data form, page 9c6-7:
Sampling train nozzle diameter, in P. .
Total time of test run, min. P.
tst
From Determination of Particulate Heights
Laboratory Data form, page 9c8-7:
Total weight of particulate collected, mg P
From Test Run Molecular Height Calculation form,
page 9c9-12:
wtt
Average molecular weight of dry gas G
Mole fraction of dry gas M
ch
9clO-2
-------
17.7 (Pcf.)(P HM , )
fs p_sa - ch_ (gclQ_3)
*tsa
vms
From Test Run Moisture Content Calculations
form, page 9c9-10:
Dry gas sample volume at standard conditions,
cu. ft. P
From Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning
Solid Waste Calculation Sheet (Based orT fuel
consumption and analyses data) form, page 9c9-16
or from Carbon Dioxide Resulting from Burning
Solid Waste Calculation Sheet (Based on trial
run measurement) form, page 9c9-18 or from
Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data forms, pages
9c9-7 or 9c9-8 when auxiliary fuel is not
burned:
Percent carbon dioxide (dry basis) resulting
from burning waste only G ,
Calculations:
Particulate concentration in grains per scf P f
/p \
Pcfs = 0.0154 fp^t (9clO-l)
\ vms/
Particulate concentration in grains per
scf at 12 percent C02 Pcst
"cst
Particulate concentration in grains per
actual cubic foot at stack conditions P
esc
9c10-3
-------
Particulate emissions in Ib per hr
P,
0.000168 (Pwtt)(Pas1)
cph
2
(9clO-4)
Particulate emissions in Ib per ton of
waste charged
P.
cph
cpt
Wcrt
(9clO-5)
Particulate concentration in Ib per 1000 Ibs
of stack gases at 50 percent excess air
Pcmf = 0.00567
cph
cpt
cmf
Pwtt
(Gmwa)(Pvms)
100 +
100 (Gpox - V-)
/ r \
0.264 (G .)-(G - pern)
\ 2 /
(9C10-6)
9clO-4
-------
9cll. Miscellaneous Calculations. The percent excess air, volumetric
flow rate of stack gases at stack conditions, and the volumetric flow
rate of dry stack gases at standard conditions are calculated from
equations 9cll-l through 9cll-3 respectively, pages 9cll-3 and 9cll-4.
-------
Miscellaneous Calculations for Particulate Sample
Plant Date
Test run no. Calculator
Test conditions
From Test Run Dry Gas Composition Data Forms, pages 9c9-8 or 9c9-10:
Percent carbon monoxide (dry basis) G =
pern
Percent oxygen (dry basis) 6 =
pox
Percent nitroaen (dry basis) G^ . =
pm
From Test Run Molecular Weight Calculation form, page 9c9-15:
Mole fraction of dry gas Mch =
From Test Run Average Velocity and Temperature Calculations
form, page 9cP-4:
Average stack qas absolute pressure, in. Hg. P =
Average stack gas temperature, °R P tsp=
Area of stack, in^ P .=
dS I
Average stack gas velocity at stack conditions, PVSC =
fpm
Calculations:
Percent excess air EA =
inn (r DCm
EA = \ DOX '
0.264 - (9CH-D
Volumetric flow rate of total stack gases at stack
conditions, cfm (
(9cll-2)
9cll-2
-------
Volumetric flow rate of dry stack gases at
standard conditions, scfm Q
0.123 VA M . P
0 = cn_ (9dl-3)
9cll-3
-------
9d. Summary of Participate Emission Data. The particulate emission
data should be summarized on the form shown on page 9d-2.
9d-1
-------
Summary of Particulate Emission Data
Plant Date
Test run no. Time
Organization Recorded by
Barometric pressure durino run, in. Hg. (9c6-7) P ,
Sampling time, min (9c6-7)
Average stack gas temperature, °F (9c6-7)
Percent carbon dioxide in dry stack gas (for
waste and burners, if present) (9c9-8 or 9c9-10) G ,
Percent oxygen in dry stack gas (for waste and
burners, if present) (9c9-8 or 9c9-10) G
Percent carbon monoxide in dry stack gas (for
waste and burners, if present) (9c9-8 or 9c9-10) G
Percent nitrogen in dry stack gas (for waste
and burners, if present) (9c9-8 or 9c9-10)
Weight of particulate collected on filter(s), mg
(9C8-6) Pwft
Weight of particulate from acetone washings from
nozzle, probe, cyclone , cyclone flask, and front
half of filter holder, corrected for acetone blank
residue, mg (9c8-7) Pwpt
Weight of material from extracts, corrected for
residue from blank distilled water extraction, mg
(9c8-7) P .
wot
Weight of material remaining after evaporation
of impinger solution, corrected for residue from
blank distilled water evaporation, mg (9c8-8) P ..
Weight of material from acetone washings from back half
of filter holder, glass support, connectors, and first
three impingers, corrected for acetone blank residue,
mg (9c8-8)
Total particulate weight, mg (9c8-7) P ..
W LU
Dry gas sample volume at standard conditions,
cu ft (9c9-12) P
v ' vms
9d-2
-------
Average stack absolute pressure, in. Hg. (9c9-6) P
psa
Moisture in stack gas, percent (9c9-12) P
Mole fraction of dry gas (9c9-16) Mch
Average molecular weight of dry gas (9c9-15) G
mwa
Excess air at sampling point, percent (9cll-3) G_
pea
Molecular weight of stack gas (9c9-16) G
mws
Average stack gas velocity at stack conditions,
fpm (9c9-4)
Stack area, sq. in. (9c9-4) P, .
as i
Volumetric flow rate of dry stack gas at standard
conditions, scfm (9cll-4) P
Volumetric flow rate of total gas at stack conditions,
cfm (9cll-3)
Percent isokinetic (9c4-4)
Carbon dioxide in dry stack gas from waste only,
percent by volume (when burners are present)
(9c9-24 or 9c9-27)
Particulate concentration, total, grains/scf
(9clO-4) Pcfs
Particulate concentration, total, grains/scf
at ~\2% C02 (9clO-4)
Particulate concentration, total, grains/scf
at stack conditions (9clO-4)
Particulate emission rate total, Ib/hr (9clO-4) P .
Particulate emission rate total, Ib/ton of
waste charged (9clO-5) P t
Particulate concentration, total, at 50% excess
air, lb/1,000 Ib of dry stack gas (9clO-5) Pcmf
9d-3
-------
9e. References
1. Martin, R. M. Construction details of isokinetic source
sampling equipment. Research Triangle Park, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Apr. 1971. 35 p. (Distributed by National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB 203 060.)
2. Rom, J. J. Maintenance, calibration, and operation of
isokinetic source-sampling equipment. Research Triangle Park,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mar. 1972. 39 p.
(Distributed by National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va., as PB 209 022.)
9e-l
-------
CHAPTER 10
INCINERATOR EFFICIENCY
I
Contents
Page No,
INCINERATOR EFFICIENCY 10-1
lOa Determination of Total Weight Charged 10a-l
lOb Solid Effluent Measurements 10b-l
lOc Incinerator Efficiency Calculations 10c-l
List of Data Sheets
Title Page No.
Calculations 10c-2
-------
-------
Chapter 10
INCINERATOR EFFICIENCY
An indication of the incinerator's performance is obtained
by calculating the percent reduction of material that can be driven
from the solids when they are heated, the percent of available
heat released, the percent volume reduction, and the percent
weight reduction. Before these efficiencies can be calculated,
the quantities of waste charged, residue, grate siftings, fly ash
collected by air pollution control equipment, breeching fallout,
particulates emitted to the atmosphere, the solids content of the
wastewater discharged from the plant during the test period, the
quantity of material that can be driven from the solid wastes and
the heat content available for release in the influent streams, and
the unreleased material that can be driven off upon heating and
the heat of the effluent streams must be determined. The densities
of all solid influents and effluents must also be determined.
10-1
-------
lOa. Determination of Total Weight Charged
The total weight of the waste charged during the test period
must be determined to enable incinerator efficiencies to be computed.
All incoming waste must be weighed before it is placed in the storage
area or pit. For plants not equipped with truck scales, portable
scales shall be obtained, or the vehicles shall be weighed by other
suitable scales which may be available in the vicinity of the plant.
For municipal sized incinerators, obtaining the total weight charged
during the study period is usually most easily accomplished on a
weekly basis, since the pit or storage area may be emptied each
weekend. If it is not common practice to empty the pit each weekend,
it is usually not too difficult to make arrangements to have this
done. For this reason, a study period of one week shall be used except
when study objectives dictate otherwise.
10a-l
-------
lOb. Solid Effluent Measurements
All the residue grate sittings, fly ash collected by air pollution
control equipment, and breeching fallout shall be weighed during
the study period before they are transferred to a disposal site.
The same facilities used for weighing the incoming solid waste shall
be utilized for weighing the residue, grate siftings, breeching
fallout, and fly ash. The residue, grate siftings, breeching fallout,
and fly ash weighed during the test period must have resulted
from the combustion of the solid waste charged to the incinerator
during the study period.
The quantity of wastewater discharged from each source during
the test period shall be determined using the procedures described
in Section 8a. From these quantities and the analyses of the
individual wastewater samples, the total weight of the solids discharged
in the wastewater shall be computed.
The particulates emitted to the atmosphere (not collected by
air pollution control equipment) shall be calculated from the pounds
of particulate per ton of solid waste charged (P ., see Section 9c9) as
determined by stack testing and the total weight of waste charged
during the study.
Note: Care must be exercised so that materials are not
counted more than once. For example, it is common
to find the grate siftings to be discharged to the
residue quench tank. If the grate siftings are weighed
10b-l
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during the study period, it must be kept in mind that
they will also be weighed along with the residue.
Appropriate adjustments must be made to account for
this situation.
10b-2
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lOc. Incinerator Efficiency Calculations
The calculations necessary to determine the incinerator
efficiency are included in this section. In cases where it is
not possible to obtain a measurement needed to make the calculations
complete, values should be assumed. Whenever this is necessary,
the reasons why each measurement was not made and the rationale on
which the assumption is based must be stated in writing. If an
item is a major factor (contributes significantly to the final
output) in a calculation, every effort shall be made to obtain a
representative measurement of the item so that it will not be
necessary to assume a value for it.
10c-l
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CALCULATIONS
Total weight of wet waste burned during study period,
tons Wwgf
Total weight of dry waste burned during study period,
tons V
Total weight of dry residue produced during study
period, tons R „,
wgd
Total weight of dry grate siftings produced during
the study period, tons S ,
Total weight of dry fly ash collected during study
period, tons Fwgd
Total weight of dry breeching fallout produced
during the study period, tons B ,
Total weight of dry wastewater solids discharged
during study period, tons L .
Average particulate emissions during study period,
Ib/ton (average of individual stack test
concentrations) ?„„.
Cp L
Average percentage material driven off upon heating
of dry residue during study period (average
calculated from weight loss upon heating
percentages of individual residue samples) R .
lOc-2
-------
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of dry breeching fallout during study
period (average calculated from weight loss
upon heating percentages of individual
breeching fallout samples) B
pWu
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of dry grate siftings during study
period (average calculated from weight loss
upon heating percentages of individual grate
siftings samples) $Dwa
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of dry waste during study period
(average calculated from weight loss upon
heating percentages of individual solid
waste samples) W .
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of particulates collected during study
Der1od Ppwa
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of wastewater solids discharged during
study period L
pwa
Average percentage of material driven off upon
heating of fly ash collected during study
period (average calculated from weight loss
upon heating percentages of individual fly
ash samples)
10c-3
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"owl
Reduction in material driven from solids upon
heating during study oeriod, percent E
1-
'pwt/vrtwgd
100
Average calorific value of dry residue during
study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of solid waste "as received"
(wet) during study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of particulates collected
during study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of wastewater solids
discharged during study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of dry fly ash collected
during study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of dry grate siftings
collected during the study period, Btu/lb
Average calorific value of dry breeching fallout
collected during the study period, Btu/lb
Heat released during study period, percent
:phr
2'000
(lOc-1)
cvs
cvd
'cvd
cvd
5cvd
cvd
:phr
(lOc-2)
10c-4
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Total weight of dry residue produced during
study period, tons
Average density of dry residue produced
during study period, Ib/cu yd
Average density of solid waste burned
during study period "as received", Ib/cu yd
Average density of particulates collected
during study period, Ib/cu yd
Average density of wastewater solids
discharged during study period, Ib/cu yd
Average density of dry fly ash collected
during study period, Ib/cu yd
Average density of dry grate siftings
collected during the study period, Ib/cu yd
Average density of dry breeching fallout
collected during the study period, Ib/cu yd
Volume reduction of solids during study period,
percent
"pvr
1-
, (Pcpt)(%f} ,
p P i
KdavdavLdav
W
dav
3dav
3dav
dav
wgd
'dav
W
dav
dav
"dav
dav
'dav
'dav
"pvr
100
(10c-3)
*May use wet weight and density as long as values are consistent.
10c-5
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Weight reduction of solids during study period,
percent
"pwr
"pwr
1-
Rwgd + Swgd + Fwgd + Bwgd + Lwsd
W
wgd
2,000
(IOc-4)
Via762
10c-6
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