TRAINING SANITARY LANDFILL EMPLOYEES
INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL
Course for Foremen
This course (SW-43c.l) for sanitary landfill personnel was
prepared for the Federal solid waste management program
by SCS Engineers under Contract No. 68-03-0031.
U.S.ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1973
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To be distributed by National Audiovisual Center (GSA)
Washington, D. C. 20409
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FOREWORD
Many American communities now use the sanitary landfill method for
disposing of their solid wastes. Even more communities will need this
method in the near future as the Nation moves to improve its manage-
ment of solid wastes.
The sanitary landfill is a clean, practical, economical, and environ-
mentally acceptable method that can be used by almost all communities,
rural or urban. But this is true only if the landfill is first properly
planned and then, day in and day out, properly operated.
This manual is part of a comprehensive program for training the men
responsible for daily operations of a sanitary landfill. It contains the
information necessary to conduct a two-day course for training sanitary
landfill foremen. The program material also includes a Trainee's Manual for
the foreman to use during the course (and later as a reference and in
training his men) and a 20-minute color film.
The training course is primarily aimed at small landfill operations,
those receiving less than 300 tons of solid waste daily. The principle
nevertheless applies to larger operations. The course has been
reviewed by operators of both public and private landfills, and the course con-
tent and mode of presentation were deemed effective for the intended audiences.
How you, the instructor, present the material in this manual is vitally
important. You are the connecting link between successful opera-
tors and those who need to become successful operators. This
instructional material will help you bridge that gap, but the skill and
enthusiasm which will enliven the presentation and motivate the parti-
cipants must be your contribution to the course.
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CONTENTS
Page
SECTION I
Agenda 3
Guide to Use of the Manual 5
Course Introduction 13
Motion Picture Script: "Sanitary Landfill--You're
the Operator" 15
SECTION II
Importance of Proper Solid Waste Disposal 49
Elements of Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation 57
Case Study of a Model Sanitary Landfill 89
Workshop on Operating Problems 129
SECTION III
Local Conditions and Their Effects on Sanitary
Landfill Operations .135
Course Comprehension Workshop 139
Personnel for Sanitary Landfill Operations 141
Employee Motivational Techniques 149
Equipment Care and Maintenance 153
Safety on the Sanitary Landfill 163
SECTION IV
Presentation and Discussion of Materials for
Training Operating Personnel 179
SECTION V 183
Course Examination and Evaluation 185
Examination 187
Evaluation of Course and Instructor 191
APPENDICES
A. Group Leader Guide —Workshop on Operating Problems . . 195
B. Discussion Points for Course Comprehension Workshop . . 197
C. Preregistration Questionnaire 201
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TRAINING OF SANITARY LANDFILL EMPLOYEES
FOREMEN'S COURSE
AGENDA
DAY AND TIME SUBJECT
First
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
10:45
12:00
1:30
2:45
3:00
3:30
4:00
8:00
Day
- 9:00
- 9:30
- 10:00
- 10:30
- 10:45
- 12:00
- 1:30
- 2:45
- 3:00
- 3:30
- 4:00
- 5:00
- - -
Registration, Course Introduction
Film: "Sanitary Landfill-- You' re the Operator1
Discussion of Film
Importance of Proper Solid Waste Disposal
Break
n
Elements of Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation
Lunch
Case Study of a Model Sanitary Landfill
Break
Discussion of Model Landfill
Workshop on Operating Problems
Workshop Summary
Informal Discussion (Optional)
Second Day
9:00
10:00
10:15
11: 15
12:00
1:00
1 :30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:15
4:00
4:45
- 10:00
- 10:15
- 11:15
- 12:00
- 1 :00
- 1 :30
- 2:00
- 2:30
- 3:00
- 3:15
- 4:00
- 4:45
- 5:00
Local Conditions and Their Effects on Sanitary
Operations
Break
Course Comprehension Workshop
Discussion of Workshop
Lunch
Personnel for Sanitary Landfill Operations
Employee Motivational Techniques
Equipment Care and Maintenance
Safety on the Sanitary Landfill
Break
Landfill
Presentation and Discussion of Materials for Training
Operating Personnel
Course Examination & Evaluation
Course Closing- -Presentation of Certificates
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GUIDE TO USE OF THE MANUAL
With this manual, you can present a 2-day course on operations of
sanitary landfills. The information in general follows the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation. In
cases where local or state requirements are stricter than those presented
here, the stricter requirements should be followed.
The objective of the course is to train the sanitary landfill foreman to
operate his site in a safe and sanitary manner. The foreman is the key
man in the operation of a landfill. If he understands the need for proper
operating practices, his site will probably be operated as a sanitary
landfill.
Effective presentation of the material in this manual requires advance
preparation. Familiarize yourself with the entire manual. The agenda
gives approximate times required for presenting each topic in the
course. Each topic starts off with some brief comments on the general
purpose of the topic, major points of emphasis, and other helpful
pointers. You can strengthen your presentation by reviewing these
comments, as well as the appropriate portions of this Guide, just before
starting the session. Then work in your own observations and experi-
ences as you go along--they will help establish your credentials as a
sanitary landfill expert.
FILM: "SANITARY LANDFILL--YOU1 RE THE OPERATOR"
The course starts off with a 20-minute color film titled "Sanitary Land-
fill--You1 re the Operator. " The film plays a very important role in
the 2-day course. It is intended to capture the interest of the foremen
and will help develop a positive attitude about the course. It also
provides a common reference point of what a. sanitary landfill is by
showing the operation under field conditions.
The film shows the employees and equipment normally found in small
to medium -sized facilities. This allows a better description of their
functions and capabilities. You should emphasize, however, that the
same basic functions and capabilities are possible at smaller sanitary
landfills which have fewer employees and less equipment.
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Before showing the film, make certain that:
. The room is large enough to seat everyone.
. The screen is in place and visible from all seats.
. The room can be darkened enough to show the film.
. The movie projector, speakers, cords, and switches are in
working condition. Test run a short section of the film.
. There are no noisy air conditioners or other room appliances
to interfere with the sound.
. Pencils and paper are available for those who didn't bring
their own.
. Restrooms are available.
Discuss the purpose of the film in a brief introduction. Emphasize that
the movie uses actual landfill foremen and operators to explain the
operations of an existing sanitary landfill. Tell the foremen to watch
the movie carefully and to compare the operations shown with those at
their own sites. Ask the foremen to make notes or questions for the
discussion period which will follow the film.
After the movie:
. Ask for questions from trainees concerning the movie.
. Offer questions if they are needed to keep things moving.
Do this by asking, "What did you think about the way the
subject of was handled in the film?" Or, "How did
the movie landfill differ from your operation, or with your
idea of proper operation?"
. Ask for any other questions concerning the course in general.
Do your best to answer all questions in a straightforward manner. If
you can't, tell the foreman you'll find the answer and let him know
later. The way you handle yourself in this first question and answer
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session will help the trainees form their impression of you and the
course. Don't let differences of opinion on operating techniques become
a source of argument among members of the class. Keep the discussion
moving along, bring out the major points of the film, and be careful not
to damage someone's ego in the process of answering questions.
LECTURES
The training course presents several topics in lecture and 35-mm
slide form. Make sure you have a slide projector in good working
order. This manual contains an outline of each lecture and a small
picture of the corresponding slide. Pictures are also reproduced in
theTrainee's Manual each foreman receives. After carefully reviewing
the outline and slides, you may want to add your own notes to the out-
line--or perhaps even a few of your own slides. Review the outline and
your notes so as to be thoroughly familiar with the material and to gain
confidence. It is best if you give the material in a conversational tone,
rather than reading to the class from the outline.
LUNCH--FIRST DAY
The lunch period provides an excellent chance to get acquainted. Call
on each trainee to introduce himself just before the food is served.
The introductions will help break the ice at each table and ensure that
trainees participate in the afternoon workshop groups. Help each
trainee with a personal •word or two. Repeat his name and affiliation
if possible, otherwise the introductions tend to be hurried, self-conscious,
and inaudible.
Using the information in the preregistration form, call on selected
trainees following lunch to describe what they are doing at their land-
fill and perhaps touch on an interesting problem they are experiencing.
If you are familiar with the trainees' landfills, you can do a more
effective job of monitoring and guiding this portion of the lunch period.
If several trainees have a similar problem, you may wish to expand
discussion of the topic.
Adjourn the lunch period in time to begin your afternoon lecture at about
1:30 p. m.
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CASE STUDY AND WORKSHOPS
The case study session starts off with a short lecture stressing the role
and importance of the foreman in sanitary landfill operations. Without
his presence and support no landfill will remain sanitary for long. The
lecture explains how the men depend on the foreman, and how he should
deal with them in daily operations. Emphasizing the importance of the
foreman will help motivate him and increase his desire to learn from
the training course. Developing a sense of support for good supervisory
practices is another goal of this session.
The case study illustrates how a landfill should be operated. By insert-
ing some of your own experiences, you can make it more realistic. The
slides and lecture are followed by a reaction session in which the fore-
men discuss the case history and how it compares to their operations.
The session concludes with a •workshop in which groups of five or six
foremen get together to discuss a special operating problem and derive
a solution based on the experiences of all group members. The group
can provide a broader approach to a given problem than can the instruc-
tor alone. The workshop session also makes the participants feel less
alone as they realize that others have similar problems. In addition,
the workshops help prepare the foremen for their future role in training
their operating personnel.
To make the workshop groups as productive as possible, observe the
following procedures:
. Select the groups on the basis of problem areas listed on the
preregistration questionnaire (Appendix C of this manual and
Appendix E of the Trainee's Manual). A copy of this form can
be given to each foreman as he arrives or can be mailed out
beforehand and received prior to the course. Allow yourself
a little flexibility in the presentation of these workshops. If a
foreman wants to change groups before the sessions start,
allow him to do so. If the class wants to change the format of
the discussions and you think it will help improve the work-
shops, go ahead and make the change.
. Keep the groups small to allow everyone to participate. If
more than 5 or 6 persons indicate a similar area of
interest, consider forming two groups.
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. Select a leader for each workshop group. He should have
a good knowledge of the problem or special interest area
and should be able to keep the discussion productive. You
can pick group leaders from prior personal knowledge, or
you can ask for volunteers.
. Refer to the Group Leader Guide, Workshop on Operating
Problems, in the Trainee's Manual (page 207) and in this
manual (Appendix A). It will help ensure that each group
moves along in an orderly fashion.
. Indicate that each group leader will be called on to present
a brief description of the problem or special interest area
discussed and the solution recommended. If the groups
are not required to draw definite conclusions, they can
end up as bull sessions. Instruct the group leaders to
keep their summaries short and to the point. Comment
on the summaries and cut in if they become too long or
involved.
. Move from group to group to make sure each is working as
intended. Answer questions and try to stimulate group
discussion.
LOCAL CONDITIONS
The session on local conditions provides a chance to discuss special
conditions, problems, and regulations. You will probably have to do
considerably more advance preparation on this session, but it is
important since the foreman must be familiar with the local situation
if he is to operate an efficient and effective landfill. Modify the course
outline to meet the needs of the class and to reflect local conditions.
You may want to call in a state solid waste management official to help
out. For example, he could cover regulations and you could cover
local conditions.
Give copies of applicable regulations to the trainees, along with names
and addresses of persons to contact -with problems or questions. You
may also want to prepare handouts to give the trainees. Information
pertaining to local conditions such as types of soil and special wastes
that are likely to be delivered to local fills would be very appropriate
and well received.
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COURSE COMPREHENSION WORKSHOP
This session is designed to help the foreman understand and retain the im-
portant material presented so far. Possible discussion topics in the work-
shops are: public relations, litter control, cell construction, cover soil,
hard-to-handle wastes, spotting vehicles, and recordkeeping. Main discus-
sion points for each subject are included in the Trainee's Manual (Appendix
D) and in this manual (Appendix B). These same discussion points will be
used by each foreman when he trains his own men, and workshop sessions
with other foremen will prepare him.
Because time is limited, select five topics from the seven on the basis of
trainee interest (from the preregistration questionnaire) and your own
assessment of areas needing further work. Divide the men into groups of
five or less. Assign a leader in each group and a different topic to each man
in a group. Each man uses the discussion points to ask questions of other
members of his group.
During the discussions, move from group to group. Observe the men so that
you can make general comments and recommendations about their techniques
at the close of the session. Answer any questions that come up and interrupt
when you think someone has misinterpreted something you said previously.
Give helpful hints on teaching methods as you move from group to group.
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF COURSE MATERIALS FOR
TRAINING OPERATING PERSONNEL
In this session, the foremen review the course materials they will use later
to teach their employees. At the back of the Trainee's Manual are nine re-
movable inserts for use in instructing employees. These inserts are design-
ed to be self-teaching —that is, the employee can study the handout and ob-
tain the desired information without instruction by the foreman. This aids
the foreman who might not be an effective instructor. The course can be
given to only one person at a small landfill or, by reproducing the inserts,
to a class of several at larger fills.
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COURSE EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION
Section V contains a brief examination (page 187) which will help the
student to measure his achievement in the course. It can be reproduced
and passed out to each trainee. The instructor may elect to insert
additional questions that will add to the appropriateness of the material.
To assist the instructor in measuring his own effectiveness, a course
evaluation is also included (page 191 of this manual and page 203 of the
Trainee's Manual).
At the completion of the course, it is also recommended that certificates
be presented to each trainee. This provides a formal recognition and is
usually well received. The instructor should use a standard certificate
developed by his organization if available, or else he may develop his
own. In either case, certificates should be entitled "Training Sanitary
Landfill Employees. "
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COURSE INTRODUCTION
I OPENING REMARKS
A Welcoming remarks by Federal,
state, or local officials
B Introductions
1 Persons responsible for mak-
ing arrangements for present-
ing the course
2 Distinguished guests
3 Instructor(s); their back-
ground, experience, and
training
C Summary by the instructor of
the purpose and organization of
the course
1 The pollution control effort
is important and in his own
community, the foreman can
make a key contribution
2 The training course has been
specifically researched and
designed for supervisory and
operating personnel
3 Emphasis will be on present-
ing proven sanitary landfill
operating procedures devel-
oped by public and private
operators
4 The course is designed for
trainee participation
5 Major segments of two-day
session are:
a Movie--clearly defines a
sanitary landfill from the
operator's viewpoint
b Elements of design and
operation--the lecture
presents the "whys" of
the sanitary landfill
method of disposal and
offers proven operating
techniques
c Case study of a model
sanitary landfill--
illustrates the important
role of the foreman,
other operating personnel,
and techniques in achiev-
ing proper and sanitary
waste disposal
d Workshops--review course
materials, bring out
trainee experiences, and
strengthen course compre-
hension
e Description and review of
course materials the
foreman will use to train
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his operating personnel
when he returns to his job
f Course evaluation and
examination
g Presentation of comple-
tion certificates to
trainees
II FILM: "SANITARY LANDFILL-
YOU'RE THE OPERATOR"
III DISCUSSION OF FILM
A Questions on landfill operations
as shown in the movie
B Questions on statements made
by the foreman and operators
in the movie
C Reaction of the trainees to the
movie
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VIDEO
MOTION PICTURE SCRIPT
"SANITARY LANDFILL--YOU'RE THE OPERATOR"
AUDIO
Establish: Side view of station
wagon in motion; Burrell at the
wheel. Pan down to Radio Station
Call Letters on the door. Car
enters landfill gate entrance.
CUT TO:
Burrell POV. The camera becomes
his eyes as we hear what he is
thinking.
Freeze, and cut to brief shot of
entry area as it looked a year ago
DISSOLVE TO:
Burrell again. This time he sees
houses on the hillsides, some
finished, some under construction.
SOUND: BG OF CAR AND TRAFFIC,
BG MUSIC
BURRELL: {VOICE OVER) Well,
this area has certainly changed.
I don't remember seeing anything
as attractive as that entrance a
year ago
BURRELL: (VOICE OVER)
Houses, too. Who would have
15
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Burrell POV again. He is going
around a bend, just past the
entrance gate. LS of fill area,
showing some bare earth, some
grassy areas, but clean. No litter.
Freeze and cut to similar area,
littered with paper, cans, etc.
Thinks of area as seen one year
previously.
CUT TO:
Burrell POV.
CUT TO:
POV from working area. LS of
expected to see home construction
this near a landfill.
BURRELL: (VOICE OVER) No
paper. ... no debris. . . . no mess.
What a difference a year makes!
BURRELL: (VOICE OVER) I don't
know what I expected to find up here,
but for sure nothing like this !
SOUND: BG SOUNDS OF EQUIP-
Burrell car coming up the access MENT WORKING
road
16
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The car arrives near the working
area.
CUT TO: Landfill site activity
CUT TO: POV is to one side of
the landfill foreman.
As they are shaking hands, the
camera freezes on the foreman.
When frozen, roll the titles --
"SANITARY LANDFILL,--YOU'RE
THE OPERATOR, " presented by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
NARRATOR: I'm Larry Burrell,
with KWLA; you're the operator?
POV from where the foreman and
the narrator are standing, near
the working area. The dozer is
pushing trash up the working face.
FOREMAN: I'm Jack Johnson.
We're always happy to have visitors
to tell our story to. What's KWLA's
angle?
NARRATOR: Frankly, Jack, the
reason we're doing this story is
because a year ago this was a
pretty messy area. People are
17
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Foreman paraphrases the defini-
tion in a halting manner.
very impressed with how you've
brought it under control. I know I
sure am.
I guess the place to start is for
you to tell me what a sanitary
landfill is.
FOREMAN: Well, Larry, the
official definition is that "SANITARY
LAND FILLING IS AN ENGINEERED
METHOD OF DISPOSING OF SOLID
WASTE ON LAND BY SPREADING
THE WASTE IN THIN LAYERS,
COMPACTING IT TO THE SMALLEST
PRACTICAL VOLUME AND COVER-
ING IT WITH SOIL BY THE END
OF EACH WORKING DAY IN A
MANNER THAT PROTECTS THE
ENVIRONMENT."
NARRATOR: I guess in plain
English what you're really saying
18
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He gestures over his shoulder.
Pan the operation, then walk
toward pickup.
Jack and Larry get into Jack's
pickup.
DISSOLVE TO:
As they walk into the scale house,
Jack points to various drawings on
the wall.
is that a sanitary landfill is a safe
and efficient way of disposing of
refuse.
FOREMAN: Yes, a real sanitary
landfill operation, like this one,
is one of the best ways to dispose
of nearly 1 ton of refuse from each
person per year.
Over here is the equipment it takes
to operate a sanitary landfill.
I'll show you later how each piece
contributes to making this a prop-
erly operated landfill, but first
let's go down to the scale house for
an overall look at what we're doing.
BG MUSIC
FOREMAN: This is a set of plans
prepared by our engineer to guide
19
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As Jack talks about the various
things, he points them out on the
site plan.
Show a simplified layout of the
ultimate site plan.
the construction of our landfill.
The engineer selected this site
after a thorough engineering study
to protect against environmental
hazards.
The engineer prepared this site
plan to show the original topography,
finished grades and ditches and
culverts, and location of the cover
materials. The map also shows
our wet weather operation site,
roads, buildings, fencing, and
utilities. This other plan shows
how we're planning to use the site
after filling is completed. The
grades shown on the plan were set
so the completed site can be used
as a park.
20
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CUT TO:
FOREMAN: Larry, I'd like you to
Foreman introduces weighmaster meet Meyers, our weighmaster.
to Larry inside the scale house.
Daily truck weight record forms.
CUT TO:
One or more trucks come through
and are weighed as foreman speaks.
Weighmaster in action.
NARRATOR: Mr. Meyers, how
are you? Nice to meet you.
FOREMAN: Every load of trash
brought in here is weighed and the
amount recorded on these forms.
After calculating the charges for
disposal, he instructs the driver
to follow the signs to the dumping
area.
It's important for us to know the
rate at which the available space
in our landfill is being used up and
to keep track of where our income
is coming from. The regulatory
agency here also requires us to
keep certain records on our
operation.
21
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We charge based on the tonnage of
trash delivered, so we've got to
maintain accurate records.
We can determine from these
records where our costs lie in
order to minimize expenditures.
The Federal Government has
provided us with these forms to
help organize our records for this
purpose.
NARRATOR: By the way, Jack,
I've heard that sanitary landfills
have a very poor accident record.
What's your experience in this area?
FOREMAN: Actually, Larry, a
sanitary landfill is relatively safe.
It is the dumps that have the poor
safety record. Our operating
practices help eliminate accidents.
We also have emergency procedures
22
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Telephone in scale house
CUT TO:
Exterior of HQ building. Narrator
and foreman come out the door,
go to the pickup truck, climb in
and drive to entrance.
to follow. A pickup is always on
duty at the fill. In any emergency,
•word can reach me here in a matter
of a few minutes. When it does, I
can get an ambulance here within
minutes.
NARRATOR: No first aid?
FOREMAN: Yes, we have one
trained first aider on the job. He
mainly treats for minor cuts and
bruises. For anything more
serious we call on professional
help.
NARRATOR: Does the landfill have
to be fenced?
FOREMAN: Yes, because we have
to control access. The entrance
must have a gate so that vehicles
can't get into the fill when it is
23
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CUT TO:
Entrance with dump boxes, fence,
and landscaping.
DISSOLVE TO:
Pickup arrives at the working area.
They climb out.
CUT TO:
Bulldozer is pushing refuse. An
earth bank is visible adjacent to
the exposed refuse.
closed. This protects us against
the possibility of lawsuits from
people who might wander in here
and get hurt.
We have these drop boxes for
people who get out here after we
close. The drop boxes are emptied
back at the fill each morning.
C'mon, let's go back there, and
I'll show you how we landfill.
We're standing on a 30 ft refuse
fill. That mound over there is
yesterday's refuse covered with
earth. It's what we call a "cell. "
A cell is simply refuse surrounded
on all sides by earth. And over
here is where we're building one
today.
24
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CUT TO:
Establishing shot from the opera-
tor's POV. As the foreman talks,
intercut various shots of the proper
spreading and compacting of
refuse.
FOREMAN: As you can see, we're
compacting on a 3 to 1 slope. We
spread the refuse from the bottom
up, keeping the working face as
small as possible. The trucks
unload right at the toe of the slope.
NARRATOR: Why can't they dump
at the top?
FOREMAN: They could, but un-
loading at the bottom and pushing
up gives us better compaction,
leaves the top free for covering,
reduces blowing litter, and is
easier on the operator and the
machine.
NARRATOR: How is the equipment
affected?
25
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FOREMAN: Well, tractors are
designed to work more efficiently
when moving forward. That' s
because the rear sprockets, which
do all the •work, are pulling the
bottom of the track when it's
tightly held down by the weight of
the tractor. When in reverse, it's
pulling the loose part of the track.
Tractor wear is increased when-
ever it moves in reverse. This
wear is increased even more when-
ever the tractor pushes refuse down
a slope and then has to go in
reverse up the slope.
NARRATOR: How do you get good
compaction?
FOREMAN: We get the best com-
paction when the waste is spread
in layers 2 ft thick on a 3 to 1 slope
26
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CUT TO:
Narrator and foreman are stand-
ing at or near the face of the fill.
and then run over 3 to 5 times
before adding another layer.
NARRATOR: How do you know
when you're working on the right
slope?
FOREMAN: The dozer can climb
it with a blade-load without over-
working. If it's too steep, we have
to go to another gear and the tracks
start spinning and lose speed. It's
a matter of feel.
NARRATOR: Before that refuse
is compacted, it looks pretty loose.
How do you keep it from getting
away from you in the "wind?
FOREMAN: Larry, I'm glad you
asked me that question. Because
it's here that the public loses con-
fidence in a landfill and where most
27
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Foreman sketches cell face and
wind direction in dirt at their
feet for illustrative purposes.
Camera PANS to both types of
fences.
operators fail. It's really quite
simple. First of all, we make use
of the wind by working the face of
the cell into it. In this way, the
wind presses the loose paper
against the rough surface of the
slope.
FOREMAN: We know the direction
of prevailing winds here. So we
set up portable fences downwind
of the working area. We use two
types: those 10 footers are pulled
from spot to spot. Hog fences are
used where we need to cover a
relatively large area.
You've got to make sure the fences
are kept clean. Otherwise they act
as a barrier to the wind, which
then simply moves over them.
28
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CUT TO:
CU of spotter directing trucks to
the proper place for dumping.
Spotter is wearing an orange vest.
Car with small trailer arrives;
spotter walks over to give
assistance in backing the trailer
to the fill.
Return to narrator
Then too, we keep the working
face as small as possible.
NARRATOR: And how do you do
that?
FOREMAN: First, by being aware
that if left uncontrolled, the work-
ing face can easily get spread out.
That's the "spotter's" responsi-
bility.
NARRATOR: What is spotting?
FOREMAN: Spotting is like traffic
directing. When trucks are coming
in heavy, they have to know where
to dump. We try not to delay the
trucks. The homeowner with his
small trailer can be a problem;
most don't know how to back up to
the fill. The spotter can be helpful
here and prevent collisions. During
29
-------
CUT TO:
Burning of refuse.
Camera PANS to water truck
parked near the fill area.
slack times he also fills in as our
laborer cleaning litter fences and
even goes outside our property to
pick up litter. He also runs our
water truck.
NARRATOR: Is that all there is
to spotting?
FOREMAN: No. Sometimes we
get a "hot load" . . . that is a
truck with a fire somewhere in the
refuse. We have to put him off in
a separate area where he can dump
out of the way.
NARRAT OR: Then what ?
FOREMAN: The dozer spreads the
load right out and we put out the
fire with the water truck. We also
call the fire department.
30
-------
A truck dumps its load of white-
goods, the dozer rolls over it a
number of times and thea walks
it into the toe of the fill.
NARRATOR: Then does the refuse
go into the fill?
FOREMAN: Not until the end of
the shift, when we're sure the fire
is out and won't start again. It
could spread to the whole face,
you know.
NARRATOR: Anything else?
FOREMAN: Sometimes a load of
bulky stuff comes in ... white-
goods, tree trunks, you name it.
NARRATOR: And what do you do
with that?
FOREMAN: We have him dump to
one side of the working face. Then
the dozer smashes the stuff by
walking over it. It is then worked
into the bottom of the lift. By
doing it this -way, the dozer won't
31
-------
dig it out the next time he comes
along.
NARRATOR: What other problems
do you have?
FOREMAN: Well, we have to
operate 52 weeks a year in good
weather and bad. If we stopped
for rain, snow, or cold weather,
the entire fill would get out of
control.
NARRATOR: So what do you do?
He points. FOREMAN: We have a wet weather
site. It's over here. Come on--
CUT TO:
we'll have a look.
Wet weather site. We don't see
the narrator and foreman, but As you can see, most of the roads
everything we do see is from their are temporary dirt roads and the
POV. refuse is covered with dirt. In
wet weather they get muddy. So
we do two things: we fill in an
32
-------
View illustrating proximity of fill
area to access roads
Stockpiles of surfacing materials.
CUT TO:
Stockpile of cover material
adjacent to the wet weather site.
area near our all-weather black-
top roads, and surface the access
roads and dumping pad with asphalt
burnings, klinker from nearby
power plants, or perhaps broken-
up rubble from construction sites.
We also stockpile cover earth near
the wet weather site to cover the
refuse daily. And by the way, it's
a lot easier to do this work during
dry weather.
NARRATOR: If you have to be that
prepared for -wet weather, -what do
you do during cold weather and
heavy snows?
FOREMAN: Actually, Larry, snow
and cold weather is not such a pro-
blem. Do you remember last
winter ?
33
-------
FLASHBACK:
Clearing snow.
(Snow scenes shot at the Heaps
Peak site in the San Bernardino
mountains. The site to the extent
possible, resembles at least to the
movie watcher, the other sites
shown previously.
Show operations in the snow.
Show snow-covered stockpile, and
the machine pushing soil cover
over the landfill.
NARRATOR: I'll never forget it;
I couldn't get to work for nearly
a week.
FOREMAN: Our major problem
was keeping the roads open. A
lot of time was spent by our opera
tor clearing snow drifts from the
roads and dumping areas.. Aside
from this, operations were not
much different from any other
time.
Cover dirt is stockpiled near the
fill prior to cold weather setting
in. It is spread over the rubbish
every day. As long as snow covers
the stockpiled cover dirt, it doesn't
freeze. We've had problems in
years when we got cold weather
prior to the snows. The earth
34
-------
Return to present time CU of
dozer cab.
cover froze, and we had to rip
the earth to loosen it.
NARRATOR: I don't imagine the
equipment operators like winter
operations.
FOREMAN: Actually, they're
better protected than anyone else
out here. The machines have
heated cabs. Operator efficiency
drops off due to restricted visi-
bility mostly when the wind blows
snow.
NARRATOR: Seems to me that this
operation is rough on equipment.
FOREMAN: Man, you're not wrong
there. All of our equipment has
special accessories to guard
against damage, and we still have
to check them regularly.
35
-------
DISSOLVE TO:
Dozer and scraper going up to
working area from building area.
We house our equipment in that
building to protect it against
vandals and the elements. The
building is heated so that the
operator can perform routine
maintenance and minor repairs
anytime regardless of the weather.
We have to keep the machines
going to maintain a sanitary land-
fill. Preventive maintenance is
absolutely necessary. I insist that
repairs be made immediately
before a minor defect becomes a
major breakdown •which is costly
to fix and can extend down time.
FOREMAN: Well, it looks like
we're ready to start covering.
NARRATOR: Why is cover
necessary?
36
-------
CUT TO: FOREMAN: Actually it's one of
Excavation site. Follow a pull-type the most important elements of a
scraper as it picks up a load and sanitary landfill. By covering all
hauls it to the face. The same the refuse with earth, the site
dozer seen earlier on refuse is
pulling the scraper.
looks neat and the cover keeps
paper from blowing around.
Earth also helps to prevent fires
by sealing off the combustible
material within each cell. This
way if a fire should break out, it
won't spread to adjacent cells.
Without daily cover, the refuse
would draw rats and insects. You
•want to get it sealed before it gets
to rotting and smelling bad. Rats
•won't come around or stay around
if there's nothing to eat. So cover
keeps the landfill sanitary.
During this conversation intercut The ideal cover is something that
various shots of spreading and can be excavated easily on-site,
37
-------
compacting operation for cover.
Medium-distance shot of spreading
soil cover and then a CU showing
the working face with the first
course of soil and some paper
showing through; then zoom back to
MD and show second thin layer be-
ing placed. No more refuse shows
through.
spread and compacted evenly, and
won't be too slippery when wet; yet
contains enough moisture to prevent
dusting. But you seldom have such
ideal conditions. We have to rip
some of our cover soil, and when
we use rocky soil, we've got to lay
down more to get equivalent cover.
NARRATOR: How do you know how
much cover to put on?
FOREMAN: If you can see refuse
through the cover earth, you need
more. Normally, it takes about
6 inches to cover the cell to hold
its shape and keep the refuse in.
It's sort of up to the operator's
judgment how much it takes to get
this amount of cover. It's some-
thing he gets a feel for after awhile.
38
-------
Then show dozer compacting soil
by rolling over it.
Show a shot of a machine pushing
stockpiled soil down slope.
When a fill is completed--that is,
when it is brought to finished grade-
we put on at least 2 feet of final
earth cover.
NARRATOR: The refuse is worked
from the bottom up but it looks
like you place the earth from the
top down. Why is that?
FOREMAN: Well, flexibility I
suppose. You want to keep the
stockpiled earth out of the -way of
the delivery vehicles but close
enough to where it's needed. We
bring it during the day when
refuse deliveries are slow. Having
earth at the top is especially help-
ful on windy days because you can
cover the refuse as needed rather
than waiting till the end of the day.
Bear in mind that earth is heavy
39
-------
CUT TO:
Narrator and foreman
FLASHBACK TO:
Overall shot showing a small
trench landfill in operation.
Enough of the area is shown to
indicate that the land is flat with
no hills for cover.
CU of rig working refuse in trench.
Show CU of truck dumping at
bottom of trench.
CU dozer spreading refuse and
then covering it with soil stock-
piled near face.
compared to refuse, and it's
easier to drift earth downhill
feathering it as you go.
NARRATOR: Jack, when we talked
over the phone, you said you had
another site. Is it like this one?
FOREMAN: No, on that site I use
the trench method of landfilling.
There are no available canyons for
filling, so I excavate a trench to
place the refuse in and use the
excavated material for cover.
For the trench method, the
refuse is placed in the trench,
compacted, and then covered with
earth just as it is in the area
method used here.
40
-------
DISSOLVE TO:
CU Narrator.
Equipment operator is walking
toward narrator and foreman.
Shaking hands.
NARRATOR: Well, I guess that
covers it for me.
FOREMAN: Before you go, I'd
like you to meet my equipment
operator. He's a key man here on
our landfill.
Hey, Dick, do you have a minute?
I'd like to introduce you to Larry
Burrell. Larry is out here doing
a story on our operation.
NARRATOR: How do you do Dick.
I understand that you've been on
the job quite some time. How do
you like it?
OPERATOR: Good. I know what
I have to do every day, and how
it's supposed to be done. I take
the attitude that it's something
constructive, something to be
41
-------
CUT TO:
Shots of playgrounds, parks, ball
field.
proud of. Some of the operators
may think landfill is just a fancy
dump. Me ... I think it1 s a good
operation, and an important one.
It's taking nearly useless land and
making something useful out of it.
When this fill is finished, I can
bring my family up here for a
picnic, and let them share a little
of the pride that went into making
this sanitary landfill one of the
best in the country.
FOREMAN: Many of the improve-
ments you have seen were the
suggestion of Dick and other men
out here. We may be the opera-
tors, but I like to think that some
day the public will realize the
value of sanitary landfilling, too.
Thanks very much, Dick.
42
-------
CUT TO:
Narrator and foreman are stand-
ing outside the scale house. A
packer truck is traveling out of
the site.
CUT TO:
Narrator shakes hands with Jack.
There's a feeling of constant
movement and progress on a sani-
tary landfill. No matter where
you look, everybody is on the job.
That packer's been here twice
today. We've got to hustle to keep
up with the deliveries. Efforts
at resource recovery are helping
to reduce the amount, but there
will always be some material left
over for land disposal. Nobody
within sight or sound of this pro-
ject can be offended by what he
sees or hears. Everybody who
works here understands that.
NARRATOR: Thanks a lot for the
tour of your sanitary landfill, and
congratulations on the way you've
improved it. As far as I'm con-
cerned, sanitary landfilling is
here to stay.
43
-------
FOREMAN: We're always glad to
have visitors. We're proud of
what -we're doing.
View of car driving out of gate and
down the road.
DISSOLVE TO:
Finished landfill, in use as a
public park. There is action
on the site, such as boys playing
catch. As we watch this action, a
series of fast intercuts are shown,
"playing back" what it took to make
this landfill. Progressing from
building access road, truck traffic
at scale, spreading refuse, spotting,
covering, and planting.
CUT TO:
Full screen freeze of the finished
MUSIC
MUSIC. HOLD UNDER UNTIL
landfill as botanical gardens. Hold END, THEN UP AND OUT.
44
-------
on this picture as credits roll,
followed by EPA logotype.
AND OUT.
45
-------
LECTURE - IMPORTANCE OF PROPER
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
This brief lecture covers the technical aspects of
sanitary landfill design with emphasis on operations.
Add your own experiences to personalize your presen-
tation.
In your introduction, review the need for proper solid
waste disposal and for sanitary landfill procedures.
This will motivate the trainee by illustrating the
importance of the landfill to the community. Stress
the importance of proper and safe disposal and the
size of the solid waste problem.
Coordinate the slides and lecture so that you do not
dwell on the slides longer than necessary to make the
point. Keep the lecture moving, but not so fast as to
lose the audience. Watch for signs that you may have
lost their attention or understanding. If you see eyes
wandering or people dozing, try to change your pace.
Asking a question might help get things back on track.
49
-------
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Show slide TSLE 1
I INTRODUCTION
o
A Safe and proper solid waste
disposal is important for
several reasons
O Advance next slide
TSLE 2
1 Sooner or later nearly
everything is discarded as
waste which must be prop-
erly disposed of to prevent
serious problems. Even
after recycling, some wastes
remain which must be dis-
posed on land
2 Improper disposal is at the
heart of many forms of
environmental blight, includ-
ing
O
a Visual pollution from
litter
b Pollution of streams,
lakes, and groundwater
TSLE 3
Air pollution from burn-
ing in dumps or in back-
yard incinerators
Noise pollution from
trucks and equipment
50
-------
e Odor nuisances from
rotting garbage and other
wastes
£ Rats, flies, and similar
nuisances and threats
to health
3 Economic losses can also
result from improper dis-
posal
a Litter reduces property
value
b Accidents and injuries
may be expected to occur
at an unsupervised dump
c Pollution to air and water
means higher clean-up
costs
d Future use of the land
may be crippled by
improper disposal prac-
tices
TSLE 4 O
4 Proper disposal methods
help to maintain good public
relations, which in turn
a Protect the operator's
reputation
b Help obtain the next dis-
posal site when present
one is completed
B The solid waste problem is
growing
51
-------
TSLE 5
TSLE 6
Solid waste collected in
urban areas now averages
about 1 ton/person/year--
and even more in some areas
Population growth is expect-
ed to continue
The solid waste each person
generates is increasing
because our standard of
living is increasing
TSLE 7
4 Available land suitable for
use as a sanitary landfill is
decreasing
5 Public is not aware of need
for proper solid waste dis-
posal
a Local government officials
often give a low priority
to disposal problems
b Budget restrictions
usually hit this area of
public service first
52
-------
c Private haulers are
reluctant to spend enough
money for proper disposal
because the public resists
when fees are raised
6 About 75-80 percent of all
solid waste is now disposed
of on the land
a Most land disposal sites
are merely dumps--many
permit open burning
b Dumps are unacceptable
for health, safety, and
aesthetic reasons
c Operators of good land
disposal sites have to
overcome the reputation
of those who operate bad
sites
TSLE 8 O
d U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency defines
a sanitary landfill as:
An engineered land dispos-
al facility at which solid
waste is spread in thin
layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume,
and covered with soil at the
end of each operating day,
in a manner which minimizes
environmental hazards
e A sanitary landfill has
many advantages
53
-------
TSLE 9
(1) When properly opera-
ted it can be used to
safely dispose of solid
waste
(2) Methods such as incin-
eration, composting,
grinding, and baling
are only processing
not disposal methods.
They change the form
of the waste but leave
a residue that must
still be disposed of
properly
(a) Incineration is
more expensive
and can be a
source of air and
water pollution
(b) Composting is
also expensive,
and there is no
reliable market
for the compost
(c) Recycling may
become feasible
in the future; at
present there is
an uncertain mar-
ket for many re-
covered materials.
Even when recyc-
ling efforts are
well underway,
sanitary landfills
will still be needed
54
-------
TSLE 10
(3) Sanitary landfills are
usually cheaper than
other acceptable ways
of disposing of solid
•wastes
(a) Capital investment
is normally low
since low cost
marginal land can
often be used.
Equipment and
facilities represent
a substantial por-
tion of total start-
up costs for a land-
fill
(b) Operating costs
are usually low
because labor
requirements are
low. Then too,
capital items can
be written off over
several years.
Distributed on a
per ton basis, the
cost is very low
(c) Value of the land
will increase if
the filled land can
be used for recrea-
tional or industrial
purposes
55
-------
TSLE 11
(4) An informed public
•will accept the method
(a) It is a safe and
acceptable form
of solid waste
disposal
(b) It can be a good
neighbor and an
asset to the com-
munity. If prop-
erly operated, it
has a neat appear-
ance
TSLE 12 O
(c) An attractive
entrance is also
important from
a public relations
standpoint
TSLE 13 O
(5) A sanitary landfill can
reclaim marginal land
to provide land for
parks, parking lots,
campgrounds, and
shooting ranges
56
-------
LECTURE - ELEMENTS OF SANITARY
LANDFILL DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
The elements of design and operation are presented
briefly to set forth the basics of landfill planning
and to present proven operating techniques. Typical
day-to-day operations are covered in detail and in a
manner that shows the trainee why things are done
the way they are.
The trainees may not be directly involved with
activities covered by the "planning," ""site selec-
tion," and "design" segments of the lecture. Discuss
these items as you believe they relate most directly
to the foreman's responsibilities. The remaining
topics of the lecture relate directly to operations;
emphasize them, since the trainees deal with them
on a day-to-day basis.
57
-------
ELEMENTS OF SANITARY LANDFILL DESIGN AND OPERATION
TSLE 14
TSLE 15
I INTRODUCTION
o
A A sanitary landfill is essentially
an engineering project which
requires planning and the appli-
cation of sound engineering
principles and construction
techniques. When applied to the
actual phases of site selection,
design and operation, the prin-
ciples and techniques can insure
an acceptable and economical
method of solid waste disposal
that will not harm the environ-
ment
II PLANNING
A The planning process is simply
an aid to decision making. Dur-
ing preliminary planning, con-
sideration is given to;
1 A competent designer and
planning group
2 A public information pro-
gram
3 A survey of solid waste
management practices
4 Financing methods
5 Use of completed site
58
-------
6 Site zoning arrangements
B Information is needed on quan-
tities and types of solid waste
to determine how long the site
will last, to set gate fees, and
to plan for disposal of problem
wastes
Data required for estimating
quantities and types of solid
waste include:
1 Population; past, present,
and future
TSLE 16 O
2 Sources of waste
a Residential
b Commercial
c Institutional
d Industrial
e Demolition
f Agricultural
g Mining
3 Rates at which wastes are
generated on a volume or
weight basis
a An average of one ton of
solid waste is presently
collected per person per
year. This is equivalent
to about 5 1/2 pounds per
person each day. Some
locations collect even more
59
-------
b About one-half of this
amount is collected from
residences; the balance
is commercial, industrial,
and demolition wastes
which may or may not be
disposed at the local
landfill
c Future quantities are
estimated from historical
trends in per capita rates
TSLE 17 O
III SELECTION OF SITE
A The final selection of a sanitary
landfill site is usually left to the
design engineer
1 Locations where waste is gen-
erated are considered, to min-
imize haul distances for col-
lection vehicles and to reduce
the number of sites, thereby
lowering overall costs for
•waste management
TSLE 18 O
2 Estimated life of landfill can
be calculated based upon
anticipated volume of "waste
to be collected, in-place
density of waste, and site
capacity
60
-------
TSLE 19 O
a Use of on-site soil is
preferable since excava-
tion creates space for
waste
b Imported soil cover takes
up space that could other-
wise be used for waste
3 Zoning and land use adjacent
to the proposed site should
be evaluated
a Zoning restrictions may
prohibit operations adja-
cent to residential areas
b Location of landfill should
conform to an area's land
use plan
TSLE 20 O
4 Access to site should be on
improved streets or high-
ways that do not pass through
residential areas
5 Topographical features of
site generally define the type
of fill (area or trench) to be
operated. Drainage require-
ments are also defined by
topography
6 Geology and soils on-site
are investigated to locate
ground-water and to assess
suitability of soil for use as
cover
61
-------
TSLE 21
Current availability and
anticipated cost of bringing
required utilities to the
landfill site are considered
a Power is needed for
lighting, maintenance,
and communication
b Water is needed for dust
and fire control, as well
as for personnel needs
c Telephone or radio com-
munications increase
efficiency and safety
d Sanitary sewers may also
be necessary. If these
are not available, por-
table toilets can be used
TSLE 22 O
IV DESIGN OF SITE
The design of a sanitary landfill
requires a detailed plan that
outlines the steps necessary to
provide for safe and efficient
disposal of solid wastes
1 A plot plan of the landfill
site is prepared to a scale
of 1 inch equals 100 feet.
This should show existing
contours (lines of equal
elevation) at 2-foot intervals
and illustrate:
62
-------
a Proposed fill areas
b Borrow areas for cover
c Stockpile areas for cover
d Roads
e Fencing and entrance
f Utilities
g Buildings
h Drainage facilities
From this plot plan, the
engineer prepares a map
showing final contours of
the site after filling is com-
pleted. Contours are drawn
to get the most out of the site,
keeping in mind its ultimate
use
Buildings are desirable for
personnel and equipment
a Scale house and office
serve a vital operating
function
b Equipment shelters pro-
vide space for mainten-
ance and prolong equip-
ment life
c Lunch and locker rooms
improve working con-
ditions
63
-------
TSLE 23
Storm drainage facilities
are provided to divert sur-
face water away from the
fill and trench excavations
and to prevent ponding of
water on the fill
o
a Earthen channels are
relatively inexpensive and
can remove large volumes
of water
TSLE 24
TSLE 25
b Half-sections of corru-
gated metal pipe are also
inexpensive and can be
installed quickly
c Sloping the finished land-
fill surface 2 to 5 percent
allows for settlement and
prevents ponding
On-site roads are needed to
prevent delays to delivery
vehicles. Safety is another
consideration
a Main roads should be all-
weather construction
64
b Temporary roads can be
unsurfaced. Even so,
they should be "well graded
and maintained
-------
c Road grade should not
exceed 7 percent
Road width should be at
least 24 feet to allow for
two-way traffic
6 Fences serve to restrict
access and make for a neat
appearance
TSLE 26 O
a As a minimum, gates
and fencing must be
installed at the main
entrance to prevent entry
of unauthorized vehicles
b Fencing around the site
is desirable but sometimes
not practical
TSLE 27 O
c Earth berms or plantings
may also serve to limit
access and to screen the
operation from view
TSLE 28
d Litter fences must be
properly designed and
readily moved to be effec-
tive
65
-------
TSLE 29
These hog fences are
useful for handling
large areas
TSLE 30 O
7 Suitable soil cover must be
readily available. Suitability
depends primarily on soil
workability, but soil must
meet other requirements
set by a regulatory agency or
a design engineer
a Most on-site soils can be
used. If they are not suit-
able, an alternate source
must be found for daily,
intermediate, and final
cover
TSLE 31 O
b Quantity of soil needed
will depend on:
(1) Quantity and type of
waste delivered
(2) Type of fill
(3) Type of soil
(4) Ultimate site use
(5) Local requirements
66
-------
c Rule of thumb: 1 part soil
to 4 parts solid waste
(small landfills may use
as much as 1 part soil to 2
parts solid •waste)
TSLE 32 O
8 Planting of shrubs, trees,
and ground cover can yield
several important benefits
a Improved public image
b Erosion control
c Dust control
d Improved working con-
ditions
9 Sprinkler systems may be
needed to maintain plantings
a Excessive watering may
increase percolation,
erosion, and gas produc-
tion
b A check valve should be
installed where drainage
from sprinkler heads
would create an erosion
problem
TSLE 33 O
10 Leachate and gas production
must be controlled
a Leachate is caused by
water draining through
the waste and can pollute
groundwater
67
-------
b Gases generated when
waste decomposes can
cause explosions if
allowed to accumulate
under buildings
c The design engineer will
consider these potential
problems and design the
necessary control systems
into the landfill
TSLE 34 O
V EQUIPMENT
A The selection and operation of
equipment depends on many
variables including quantity and
type of waste to be handled,
compaction requirements, and
versatility
1 Since money spent on equip-
ment constitutes a large
capital investment and
accounts for a large portion
of operating costs, the selec-
tion should be based on a
careful evaluation of the
functions to be performed
and the costs and ability of
various machines to meet
TSLE 35 the need
O
2 Basic functions of equipment
on the fill include:
a Handling, spreading, and
compacting of waste
68
-------
TSLE 36
TSLE 37
TSLE 38
b Excavation and placement
of cover material
c Support functions, includ-
ing road construction and
maintenance, site prepa-
ration, dust control, and
fire fighting
3 A wide variety of equipment
is available for use on sani-
tary landfills. Each major
type has strong and weak
points, and engineers and
operators alike disagree on
which types are most suit-
able. Types considered
suitable for use on fills
include:
Crawler machines.
These machines have good
flotation characteristics
and are versatile enough
for most, if not all, land-
fill tasks. Both dozer and
bucket types are available
in many sizes
b Rubber tired machines.
These are available with
both bucket and dozer
attachments. Tires are
susceptible to damage on
the fill, but the machines
are more mobile than
crawler machines
69
-------
TSLE 39
TSLE 40
TSLE 41
Landfill compactors.
These machines have been
designed to compact solid
wastes. They are less
efficient than crawler
machines for excavating
and placing cover material
o
Scrapers. They can be
used on both trench and
area fills to excavate and
haul cover materials
(1) Pulled scrapers are
relatively inexpensive,
but they are slow. They
can haul cover material
economically only up to
1000 feet
(2) Self-propelled scrapers
operate faster than
pulled scrapers but
cost more initially
Draglines. When exten-
sive trench excavations
are required, draglines
are particularly efficient
70
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TSLE 42
TSLE 43
TSLE 44
TSLE 45
f Miscellaneous equipment
(1) Graders are useful
for road maintenance.
They are usually used
only on larger land-
fills
(2) Waterwagons are
desirable for dust
control and fire fight-
ing. Inexpensive
models can be impro-
vised from salvaged
oil tanks (1000 gallon
size minimum)
Equipment accessories.
New Federal standards
•will require accessories
such as roll bars. Among
other accessories recom-
mended for use on land-
fills are:
(1) Landfill blade improves
handling of lightweight
•wastes
71
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TSLE 46 O
(2) Engine screens and
radiator guards pre-
vent clogging and over-
heating. They should
be hinged for easy
acces s
(3) Reversible fan is used
to blow dust out. It is
also useful for keeping
the operator warm in
winter. When used,
screens are required
on both sides of the fan.
(4) Heavy-duty undercar-
riage protects chassis
from damage
TSLE 47 O
(5) Ripper is desirable
for hard soil or rocky
conditions
(6) Heavy-duty rear
sprockets and guards
are necessary to pro-
tect against abrasive
solid wastes
(7) Overlapping track pads
will reduce wire wrap-
ping around track
(8) Single grouser track
provides better trac-
tion
72
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TSLE 48
(9) Multi-purpose bucket
is more versatile than
regular bucket type
used on track type
tractor and loaders
TSLE 49 O
(10) Enclosed cab with air
filter system protects
operator from dust,
hot and cold weather,
and wastes
4 Operating experience and
preferences should be care-
fully evaluated in selecting
equipment. Undersized,
cheap, or wornout equipment
or equipment without the
modifications required for
landfill usage will cost more
in the long run
a Foreman should solicit
opinions from operators
b Landfill foreman should
offer his recommendations
to his supervisor
c Historical operating costs
and repair records are
useful in justifying type
and size of equipment
needed
73
-------
d Equipment distributors
will often cooperate by
demonstrating machines
on the site. Equipment
may be loaned or rented
for several days to allow
operators to test its opera-
ting characteristics
e Stand-by equipment must
be available either on the
landfill, on call, or on
rental basis
TSLE 50 O
VI PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
A Daily waste quantity delivered
and number of delivery vehicles
are primary factors in deter-
mining personnel needs. Safety
requires a minimum of two men
at the fill at all times
1 General needs can also be
estimated from population
served:
a Up to 15, 000 persons--
2 men
b 15,000 to 100,000 persons--
2 to 4 men
c Over 100, 000--3 or more
men
2 Operating schedule determines
how manpower is assigned
a Personnel may have to "work
staggered days if landfill
74
-------
is operated 6 or 7 days
a week
b Staggered shifts may be
required depending on
operating hours
c Personnel may have to be
shifted from other loca-
tions to bring a crew to
full strength
TSLE 51 O
VII SITE PREPARATION
A Preparation of the site precedes
initiation of disposal operations
and continues thereafter as
needed. Preparation includes:
1 Clearing and grubbing to
remove trees and brush and
to construct fire breaks--
but keep to a minimum
2 Constructing berms or
ditches to control surface
water and drainage
3 Constructing access roads
4 Installing fences to control
access and litter
5 Installing utilities--water
supply, power, and
telephone
6 Constructing accessory
buildings for personnel and
equipment
75
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TSLE 52 ? Installing scales--recom-
mended but not always required
8 Installing other facilities
a. Guard rails or bumper
logs
b Directional signs
c Identification and infor-
mation signs
d Entrance gate and beauti-
fication
9 Excavating
a Trenches for filling
b Stockpile of soil cover
c Clearing area for receiv-
ing -waste
TSLE 53 O
VIII OPERATIONS
A The best designed disposal
facility will be of little value
unless it is constructed and
operated as prescribed. This
is especially true of a sanitary
landfill because it is under con-
struction up to the day the last
load of solid -waste is disposed
of
B A proper understanding of basic
landfill operations is a key
element in the successful and
76
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TSLE 54
TSLE 55
TSLE 56
efficient sanitary disposal of
solid wastes
1 Cell construction concept
a The cell forms the basic
building block of the fill.
It is composed of layers
of •waste compacted by
heavy equipment. The
resulting cell is enclosed
on all sides by soil on a
daily basis
The lift is a series of
cells of the same height.
Completed fills may have
more than one lift
c Cell dimensions can and
do vary with operator
preferences
(1) Cell height (or depth)
is commonly 8 to 10
feet but may be more
or less depending on
local conditions
(2) Width of the working
face should be kept to
a minimum. This
reduces soil cover
77
-------
requirements and helps
to prevent blowing litter
(3) The steeper the working
face and side slopes of
the cell, the less soil
cover required. A
slope of 3:1 is preferred
for the -working face
(4) The working face shoxild
be wide enough to mini-
mize delays to collec-
tion vehicles. For
safety reasons, the
face width should not
be reduced to less than
three times the width
of the landfill machine
(5) Top of lift surface
should be sloped 2 to
5 percent for proper
drainage. The higher
percent is used for
deeper fills (50 feet or
greater) to allow for
the greater differential
settlement
Two Sanitary Landfill
Methods
The two basic landfilling methods
are area and trench; other
approaches are only modifications
78
-------
TSLE 57
TSLE 58
In the area method, the waste
is spread and compacted on the
natural surface of the ground,
and cover material is spread
and compacted over it
In the trench method, waste is
spread and compacted in an
excavated trench. Cover ma-
terial, which is taken from the
soil of the excavation is spread
and compacted over the waste
to form the basic cell structure
In general, the area method can
be followed on most topographies
and is often used if large quan-
tities of solid waste must be
disposed of. The trench method
may be used when the ground-
water is more than 6 feet deep.
It is best employed on flat or
gently rolling land. At many
sites, a combination of the two
methods is used
The designer of a sanitary land-
fill should prescribe the method
of construction and the procedures
to be followed in disposing of the
solid waste, because there is no
best method for all sites. The
method selected depends on the
physical conditions involved and
the amount and types of solid
waste to be handled
79
-------
TSLE 59
Area method is suitable for
most terrain and is readily
used in gullies, ravines,
canyons, and quarries
a Minimum amounts of
soil must be excavated--
only enough for cover.
Soil can be hauled from
other areas on the site or
else imported
b More of the available
space is used for land-
filling than in the trench
method; no barriers are
required bet-ween trenches,
nor are ramps needed
into trenches
c Traffic is generally easier
to control. However,
access for collection
vehicles can become a
problem as the fill pro-
gresses unless careful
planning is provided
d Working area is easily
expanded to accommodate
varying volumes of waste
e Litter is often more
difficult to control than in
the trench method, since
more waste is exposed to
wind
f Drainage control problems
are generally more
80
-------
severe due to slopes and
topography
TSLE 60 O
2 Trench method is especially
suitable for level land
a The method is good for
marginal or smaller
operations, since the
exposed area of solid
waste is minimized and
confined in the trench
b The sides of the trench
are also the sides of the
cell. Excess soil is used
as a berm along each side
of the trench to help con-
trol blowing paper
TSLE 61 O
c The soil should be rela-
tively easy to excavate
TSLE 62
Trenches should be con-
structed parallel to pre-
vailing winds to control
blowing of refuse. Loca-
tions with very heavy
winds may require trenches
to be constructed perpen-
dicular to prevailing winds
to control litter
81
-------
e More than one trench may
be dug at a time. Soil
should be stockpiled for
use as needed. While one
trench is being filled, the
adjacent one is excavated
and the excavated soil
used for cover in the first.
However, excavated
trenches can fill up with
rain water, which would
have to be pumped out
before filling started. In
every event, waste should
not be placed in contact
with surface or ground-
water
f Smaller sites may let
contracts for excavation
of several trenches in
advance
TSLE 63 O
g An earth barrier is left
between trenches. This
must be the minimum width
to prevent caving
h Trench fills require
additional work effort
since the trench must
first be excavated and then
filled with solid waste.
About one-half of the exca-
vated soil must be handled
twice
i Excess soil accumulates
from trenches. It can be
used on-site for additional
82
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TSLE 64
TSLE 65
cover, preloading, and
other purposes, or it may
have to be hauled off-site
The trench and area methods
may be combined
A shallow trench is excavated,
filled -with waste to some
height above the original
ground surface, and then
covered. Construction con-
tinues using the area method.
This approach utilizes excess
soil most effectively and gains
volume for more waste
The combination works well
where the groundwater table
is high
D Cover Material
1 Cover material volume
requirements depend on the
surface area of waste to be
covered and the thickness of
soil needed to perform par-
ticular functions
2 Compacted soil cover is
required to enclose all solid
waste at the close of each
day of operation
a No paper or other trash
should be showing after
covering
83
-------
TSLE 66 O
b Depth of daily cover
required varies with soil
type; however, at least
a 6 inch compacted depth
is required
c Volume of daily cover
soil required is directly
proportional to area of
exposed solid waste.
Normally 4 or 5 cubic
yards of compacted waste
will require about 1 cubic
yard of compacted soil for
daily cover
TSLE 67 O
3 Intermediate soil cover is
applied when no additional
filling is planned within a
week. Depth of intermediate
soil cover varies; however,
a compacted depth of 1 foot
is normally used to allow for
weathering
TSLE 68 O
4 A final layer of soil is placed
at the completion of fill
activities; a 2 to 5 percent
grade prevents ponding and
compensates for settlement.
Depth varies with proposed
use of the site. A minimum
2-foot compacted depth is
required
5 Increased use of soil gen-
erally improves the opera-
tion by increasing the
84
-------
stability of the fill, reducing
odor, and decreasing the
need for continued mainten-
ance. However, the amount
used is limited by:
a The need to conserve
space for filling
b The supply of soil
c Availability of machine
for excavation
d Costs--the rule of thumb
to excavate is 50 cents
per cubic yard
e Ultimate use of the land
TSLE 69 O
6 Preferably, collection
vehicles should discharge
all waste at the bottom of the
working face. This •will allow
the equipment operator to
spread the -waste up the slope.
This also provides:
a Better vision for the
equipment operator
b Greater comfort for the
operator since he sits
well back in his seat
instead of leaning forward
continuously
c Better litter control and
compaction of the waste
85
-------
TSLE 70
On some trench fills it may
be necessary to dump waste
at the top of the lift face.
This may result from wet
weather, soft ground, or
access requirements of
delivery vehicles
a When waste must be
dumped at the top, it
should be worked in the
proper manner. It should
be spread downhill in 1-
to 2-foot layers
Dumping at the top of the
working face has several
disadvantages:
a The larger articles may
get away from the opera-
tor and end up uncompacted
at the toe of the fill. The
equipment should make
complete runs all the way
to the bottom of the face
to ensure proper compac-
tion
b More litter cleanup may
be required due to greater
exposure to wind
c Compaction may become
less efficient. Material
tends to kick away rather
then run under the blade
The type of machine used on
the fill may affect the type
86
-------
of operation and slope of
the working face
a Track machines can
readily work 3 to 1 and
steeper slopes
b Most wheeled machines
cannot operate as readily
on the desired 3 to 1 slope
TSLE 71 O
10 Waste must be spread uni-
formly over the entire work-
ing face in 1- to 2-foot thick
layers
a Each layer is compacted
before another layer is
placed
b For best compaction, the
equipment makes 3 to 5
complete passes over all
the waste while traveling
up and down the slope
c "Holes" in face are filled
in as they appear. This
evens out working face
TSLE 72 O
d At the end of day soil
cover is placed and com-
pacted over all exposed
waste
87
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CASE STUDY
The case study follows the foreman through a work-
ing day at a model sanitary landfill. You might point
out that the day is not typical, but is intended to show
all the situations a foreman must be able to handle.
The case study illustrates clearly the role and impor-
tance of the foreman in proper operations. Further,
the case study shows how a landfill should be operated.
Tell the trainees to compare the case study landfill
with their own and write down their comments or
questions for discussion later.
Take a break, then follow with a 30-minute period
for the trainees to identify and discuss differences
between their own landfill operation and that portrayed
in the case study.
89
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CASE STUDY OF MODEL SANITARY LANDFILL
I INTRODUCTION
A The foreman is the k.?\ to achiev-
ing efficient, safe, and sanitary
landfill disposal operations
1 He provides leadership and
guidance
Z He is responsible for safe and
sanitary operating practices
on the fill
3 He is responsible for the
maintenance and efficient use B
of equipment and facilities
4 An employee probably has
some of these feelings about
a good foreman:
a He knows what needs to be
done and is able to explain C
it clearly
b He lets me know what he
thinks about my work
c He is sincerely interested
in seeing that the job is
well done and tries to in- D
spire the same attitude in
me
d He will go to bat for me
e He is predictable and
consistent in his requests
f He asks for my views on
problems
g He means it when he pays
rne a compliment
h He doesn't criticize me
in front of others
The model sanitary landfill
depicts the role of the foreman
and operating personnel in some
day-to-day situations. Trainees
should note comparisons between
the model sanitary landfill and
their disposal site
The reaction session provides
an open class discussion of the
model landfill. Trainees can
describe how their operations
differ from the example and
how they resolved operating
problems
The workshop allows for the
solution of common problems
based on newly acquired infor-
mation and past experiences.
Groups of five or six trainees
are formed. One person is
appointed group leader
90
-------
TSLE 73
TSLE 74
TSLE 75
TSLE 76
II A DAY AT THE MODEL SANI-
TARY LANDFILL
Foreman arrives at site and
unlocks gates (8:00 a.m. )
Meets with members of his
crew
Greets regular and new
operators
Checks to see if new operator
has proper clothing and personal
gear for safe operation of equip-
ment
Runs through equipment check-
out and fueling with both opera-
tors
Tells new operator to go to the
fill area and observe regular
operator work both solid waste
and earth
91
-------
TSLE 77 O
Asks regular operator to explain
operating methods and techniques
to new man
After the morning rush, has the
new operator operate a machine
in an area off to one side
Arranges to meet with new man
at the fill area later to further
explain operating techniques
TSLE 78 O
Reminds regular operator to
perform routine maintenance
on equipment before leaving for
the day. Operator should:
Repair all equipment
defects before they become
serious
Keep equipment free of
trash, dirt, and oil to mini-
mize fire hazards and spot
loose or defective parts
before they become hazards
Clean filters and radiator,
refuel for next day
TSLE 79 O
Briefs traffic spotter on his duties
(8:30 a.m.)
O
TSLE 80 Traffic control is needed to
prevent accidents and to keep
the working face small. The
spotter should;
92
-------
Spot unloading vehicles at
bottom of working face.
Keep face small, but don't
delay vehicles
Avoid spotting a vehicle
directly behind a tractor
working on the face
Place signs directing
vehicles with special loads
such as bulky wastes or
surfacing materials to
assigned areas. Coordinate
directions with weighmaster
Assist public with backing
of trailers
Spot small vehicles to be
unloaded by hand on one
side of the dumping pad,
and packer and dump
trucks to the other side
To keep both sides of work-
ing face even, switch the
two types of vehicles about
mid-morning. This also
results in better mix of
waste within fill and in-
creased densities since
small vehicles often carry
loose bulky items
Scavengers can cause accidents
and are not permitted on the
site. Spotter should also keep
children in cars and enforce
rules governing users of site
93
-------
Litter control and cleanup, very
important to site appearance and
sanitation, are another responsi-
bility of the spotter. He should;
TSLE 81 O
Place litter fences down
wind from fill face. Por-
table fences should be moved
when the wind direction or
dumping area changes. Clean
up litter on fences and
entire site continuously to
maintain good appearance
TSLE 82 O
Patrol permanent fences to
clean up litter
TSLE 83 O
Slopes should be planted, main-
tained, and watered to prevent
erosion
TSLE 84 O
Brief weighmaster on duties
(8:50 a.m. )
Weighmaster1 s duties are to:
94
-------
TSLE 85
Weigh incoming trucks and
review weight records kept
in scale house
Check signs covering:
TSLE 86 O
Schedule of charges to
insure that these are up to
date
TSLE 87 O
Restrictions and rules to
make certain they are in
order and properly placed
TSLE 88 O
Fill areas, explaining
where special types of
wastes are to be dumped
95
-------
TSLE 89 O
Directions to various areas
Maintain entrance properly. It
screens landfill from view of
passersby and gives the fill a
neat appearance
Prevent entry of hazardous
wastes. A fill may not
accept certain wastes if
they are a health hazard
Sign outside the fill entrance
lists unacceptable wastes
Weighmaster directs hauler to
approved disposal site or gives
phone number where hauler can
call for disposal information
Weighmaster contacts local
health department for recom-
mendations on disposal of
unknown wastes brought into
the fill
TSLE 90 O
Monitor drop boxes outside the
entrance
Boxes are for use by house-
holders when the landfill is
closed. They prevent loads
being dumped at the gate
Householders with small loads
should use the drop boxes
throughout the day. This keeps
96
-------
small vehicles off the fill face,
reducing traffic and allowing
more efficient operation
Freeloaders who want to save
the dumping fee must be pre-
vented from using the boxes
Front-end loader or equivalent
vehicle must be available to
periodically haul drop box
wastes to the working face
Foreman inspects landfill
(9:15 a.m. )
Tours the site to check litter
and sanitary conditions. Good
litter control is essential to
good public relations
TSLE 91 O
Litter along access road out-
side the site
Road can be cleaned up
regularly by landfill staff
Arrangements can be made
with municipal department to
clean up
TSLE 92 O
Litter by fences and entrance
Excessive litter implies need
for better control techniques
at the working face
Laborer must maintain area
litter-free
97
-------
TSLE 93 O
Observes filling operations at
the working face. Gives
additional instructions to
operator:
Excavate for soil cover
in new location
Spread waste in 1- to 2-
foot layers up the fill face
TSLE 94 O
Keep dumping area smooth
and clear
TSLE 95 O
Foreman instructs new equip-
ment operator in basic tech-
niques of landfilling
Constructing a cell
Compact each day's waste and
cover it with soil to form a
cell. Waste is fully enclosed
with soil each day to:
Minimize blowing of paper
Prevent spread of fire
Keep rats out and odors
in
98
-------
Minimize water in fill
TSLE 96 O
Control height of lift by grade
markers
Easily visible grade markers
such as pipes on stands work
well. Original base controls
had been set earlier by survey-
ors
TSLE 97 O
Foreman or operator uses
builder's level and level rod to
reset grade markers. Flagging
is tied at desired height
TSLE 98 O
Operator carries hand level to
"sight" on flagging to determine
lift height
Maintain a slight grade on
surface of lift before and after
placing cover soil to allow
surface drainage. Steeper
slopes (up to 5 percent) may
be required to get proper
drainage on fills over 50 feet
deep
99
-------
TSLE 99
TSLE 100
Align cell length parallel with
the prevailing winds whenever
possible
Work equipment with the "wind
to operator's back, thus reduces
blowing paper and permits the
operator to see better because
dust and other debris blow away
from him
If equipment has a bucket,
carry the load low to improve
visibility and to reduce waste
blowing out of the bucket
Keep the working face as
narrow as possible but not so
narrow as to make traffic a
problem
Width is set by spotter so as to
avoid delaying unloading vehicles
Vehicles must dump and clear
out. They mustn't be allowed
to wait around the dumping pad
Spotter directs traffic when it
is heavy. When the spotter is
doing other work, operators
must sometimes assist haulers
and direct traffic
Dumping and spreading the
waste
Dump waste at the toe or bottom
of the slope of the working face
100
-------
First truck dumps at one side
of face, pulling out directly
away from the fill face
Second truck dumps one truck
width over from first truck,
a third truck dumps another
truck width over from the second
truck, and so on
Equipment operator moves loads
off dumping area and spreads
waste on slope as soon as he can
do so safely. The operator
should keep 8 to 10 feet away
from the collection vehicles
TSLE 101
TSLE 102
Operator should check the work-
ing area continuously to be sure
he can see adequately. If he
can't and the spotter is not
available to assist, he should
dismount and examine for
hazards before continuing.
Bucket or blade should be carried
low to improve visibility
Special care is required while in
reverse gear because vision is
easily obstructed.
Dumping pad should be kept
clear of waste, smooth, and
level. This enables equipment
operator to work efficiently and
prevents delays for delivery
vehicles
101
-------
TSLE 103
Spread waste up the working
face
Spreading uphill provides
better weight distribution and
compaction
Weight of blade is in front and
acts as a counterbalance
Equipment has better traction
and travels forward up a slope
better than it can back up
Grinding action of tracks and
weight distribution increase
size reduction and compaction
Waste is spread uniformly in
1- to 2-foot layers over the
entire face
Holes are filled to keep uniform
grade on face. This makes it
easier to maneuver equipment,
makes less •wear on the machine,
and minimizes operator fatigue
Take the time to -walk the trash
in by traveling up and down the
slope, since working trash too
fast can accelerate equipment
wear
102
-------
TSLE 104
TSLE 105
TSLE 106
Aim for slope of 3 to 1.
ness is limited by:
Steep-
Load being handled and
machine power
Type of machine; crawler
can climb steeper slopes
than wheeled machines
Compactness of working
face; as wastes become
more compact, steeper
slopes can be negotiated
Need to minimize amount
of soil cover required and
to control litter
Handling of special wastes
Bulky wastes
Automobile bodies, furniture,
and appliances
Dump near toe of fill to
one side of fill face
Compact or crush on solid
ground and push into toe of
fill
103
-------
Fill in holes, if any, -with
ordinary wastes
Stumps and logs
Dump at the toe of fill to
one side of fill face
Separate logs for bumpers
or curbs on fill if needed
Otherwise push logs parallel
to toe of working face
Demolition and construction
debris
TSLE 107 O
Stockpile broken inert pieces
for use as road surfacing
or to build wet weather area
Bury larger pieces of con-
crete in toe of fill
Spread wood and debris on
face with other waste
TSLE 108 O
Tires
Bury deep so they do not
work their way to the
surface
Place at the toe of the fill
face and spread out in a
thin layer and cover with
waste
104
-------
TSLE 109 O
Use slicers to reduce
problem if your fill receives
many tires
Lightweight resilient wastes
O
Brush and tree trimmings,
TSLE 110 synthetic fibers, and plastics
Compact with care, since
these wastes rebound after
the rig passes over
Spread in thin layers 1 to 2
feet deep on fill face
Spread and compact mixed
solid waste on top as soon
as possible to prevent
blowing problems. Over-
lying weight helps keep the
underlying fluffy or elastic
materials compressed
TSLE 111 O
Use chippers to reduce size
if your fill receives large
quantities of brush and tree
trimmings
105
-------
TSLE 112 O
Readily airborne, lightweight
materials such as granules,
powders, incinerator fly ash
and residue, and floor sanding
dust
Wear respirator and pro-
tective clothing to avoid
hazards
Handle with care. If unknown
waste is brought to the site,
call the local health depart-
ment
Spread and cover with soil
immediately to prevent
health hazards and blowing
Though most powdery waste
settles when wetted lightly,
some may react violently
with water and produce poi-
sonous gases, heat, or fires
If neither water nor soil is
immediately available at
the working face, spread
material out and cover with
household wastes
TSLE 113 O
Semiliquid wastes such as
sewage sludges, septic tank
and cesspool pumpings, oil
sludges
EPA Guidelines for Operation
of Sanitary Landfills prohibit
many semiliquid wastes. If
106
-------
local conditions require that
they be accepted, then the fill
operator should:
Post sign at entrance speci-
fying what wastes are
accepted
Spread semiliquid wastes
over dry absorbent wastes
in specially prepared area
In case of septic tank sludges,
cover immediately with soil
to reduce odor
Build earth berms to con-
tain liquids when large
quantities of wastes are
received
Don't operate equipment in
semiliquid waste
Compacting of wastes
TSLE 114 O
Compact wastes to:
Extend life of landfill
Reduce quantity of cover
soil required
Reduce settlement
Reduce litter
Promote vehicle traffic
107
-------
TSLE 115
TSLE 116
TSLE 117
TSLE 118
Compact each 1- to 2-foot layer
on the fill face before placing
another layer
Operate equipment carefully
Watch for obstacles such as
bulky items which can be
dangerous. When obstructions
cannot be avoided, cross with
care at an angle. Ease up on
the breakover point to minimize
jolt
Move straight up and down the
slope, working from one side
to the other, then back. Side-
hill operation may cause the
machine to roll over
Run the machine along the top
of the working face where it is
level after the lift is brought
to desired elevation
Continue running over waste
until a relatively smooth and
compact face is obtained.
Normally this requires 3 to 5
passes
Keep the dumping pad clear of
waste
108
-------
Apply soil cover
TSLE 119 O
Cover daily to maintain sanitary
conditions
Use enough soil to cover all
wastes; 6 inch compacted depth
is normally sufficient
Apply intermediate soil cover
if no other waste is to be dumped
within 1 week
Use enough extra soil above the
required daily 6 inches to allow
for weathering. A 1 foot total
cover is usual; more can be
used if conditions require
Grade final cover for run-off.
At least 2 feet compacted earth
is placed over the surface of
the final lift. More may be
needed if conditions and ultimate
use require it. No waste should
be visible on the completed site
TSLE 120 O
Haul in cover materials -when
business is slow
One machine stays on the work-
ing face
Other machine excavates and
hauls in soil cover
109
-------
TSLE 121
TSLE 122
Stockpile soil on top of level
fill lift
Locate out of the way of filling
operations, but convenient for
placement
Place cover on exposed com-
pacted waste
Drift material from top of lift
downhill over fill slope whenever
possible. This method is easier
for the operator and the equip-
ment
If scraper is used, place soil
directly on the slope
If a dozer or compactor is used,
doze a full blade load down the
slope, feathering the soil out
as you go
Don't let tracks or wheels spin
on the compacted waste. This
tears up the surface and is hard
on machine
TSLE 123
Training new operator on rig
Foreman has special training
session with new man. Foreman:
Demonstrates operations of
spreading waste and putting
soil cover in place
110
-------
TSLE 124
TSLE 125
Lets new operator run the
equipment
Makes suggestions as
necessary
Instructs operator to:
Always be courteous and
helpful to site users
Operate safely
Use the rig to pull a
disabled truck only after
getting a waiver from the
driver
Foreman returns to scale house
for office work (10:45 a.m. )
Checks supply of forms for
weighmaster
Telephones the distributor about
replacement parts for equipment
Reviews daily operating records
Importance of records
Budgeting for equipment,
supplies, and personnel
Billing and collecting fees
from users
Determining rate at "which
site is being used up
111
-------
TSLE 126 O
In a canyon or pit (area)
landfill, a topographic map
is prepared periodically
by an engineer or sur-
veyor. From the map,
the engineer determines
the fill volume utilized
and estimates the remain-
ing life of the site
In a trench landfill, cross
sections are taken to
determine the fill volume
utilized. Remaining life
of the site can then be
estimated
TSLE 127 O
Planning for future site
Types of records kept
Weight or estimated volume
of waste as it is delivered
Cash received based on
posted rates
TSLE 128 O
Maintenance performance
of each piece of landfill
equipment
Timesheets for recording
hours spent by landfill
personnel on various tasks.
A check of the sheets may
help management put its
finger on areas causing
problems
112
-------
Maintains monthly and year-end
summaries of records
TSLE 129 O
Reviews site plan
Records recently completed fill
areas on plan, dates completed,
and types of waste placed in
areas
Determines areas for future
excavation for cover
Locates area where cover will
be stockpiled for winter
Locates on-site roads (present
and future)
Plans for areas to be filled
Waste disposal locations
Inert and other special
waste disposal locations
Bad weather site
Moves drainage devices and
excavates new ditches
Lunch (12:00 noon)
TSLE 130 O
Foreman can use his lunch hour
in several ways. He can:
Meet with his supervisor
Attend meeting of local col-
lection and disposal associ-
ation
113
-------
TSLE 131
Lunch with landfill personnel
Lunch shift for landfill employees
is split
Regular operator and weighmaster
continue working until 12:45 p.m.
New operator and laborer have
lunch
At 12:45, the new operator goes
to fill site, and laborer takes
over weighmaster' s job while
regular operator and weigh-
master have lunch
Foreman travels to a trench
operation site also under his
supervision (1:00 p.m.)
TSLE 132 U
ChecKS for litter near entrance
114
-------
TSLE 133
TSLE 134
Checks with weighmaster on
quantities received
Estimates tonnages, since
scale is broken
Volume of each truck is
known
Volume is converted to
tonnage using past records.
An average of 400 pounds
per cubic yard can be used
Tells her drop boxes at entrance
need to be emptied
Reminds her to make sure gate
is securely locked when she
leaves
Foreman inspects trench site
(1:15 p.m.)
Sees laborer cleaning litter
fences
Advises him to pick up along
access road before leaving for
the day
115
-------
TSLE 135
Observes covering operation in
trench
TSLE 136 O
Discusses day's operation with
equipment operator. Tells
operator to:
Schedule contract service
company to do maintenance
on dozer
To use standby dozer
Locates new trench excavation
TSLE 137 O
Points out location and size to
operator
Tells operator how to use
excavated material
Construct earth mound or
berm around trench to stop
blowing litter and surface
water runoff, and to screen
operation from view
Cover waste with 6 inches
compacted earth at end of
day
116
-------
Place a layer of compacted
earth at least 2 feet thick
on finished portions of
landfill
Stockpile cover for cold
weather
TSLE 138 O
Reviews filling plan with opera-
tor
Discusses arrangements for
excavation contractor to dig
needed trench if fill's own
equipment breaks down
TSLE 139 O
Trenches should be dug out 4 to
5 months ahead so that they are
big enough at the bottom for
trucks to dump
Equipment breakdowns cause
digging to fall behind and
require dumping at top which
is very undesirable
TSLE 140 O
Foreman returns to scale house
to continue office work (1:50
p.m. )
Telephones for maintenance for
dozer at trench site
Requests that service be com-
pleted by 7 a.m. on Monday
Telephones for repair of scale
at trench site
117
-------
TSLE 141
TSLE 142
TSLE 143
Receives telephone call that a
civic group is on its way to
visit his area landfill
Instructs weighmaster to have
laborer police the site for
litter
Returns to area landfill site
Foreman makes second field
inspection of day (2:15 p. m. )
Observes laborer picking litter
from litter fences
Watches new operator
Explains how to improve
efficiency
Take blade load all the way
from bottom of lift to top,
feathering as he goes. Be
careful backing up. Be
sure to smooth out the
dumping pad area
118
-------
Place bulky materials at
toe of lift
Compliments him on good work
Suggests that he next work on
top of fill to compact wastes
and start placing cover on top
Advises operators of visit by
civic group
TSLE 144 O
Foreman meets civic group at
office (2:45 p. m. )
TSLE 145 O
Outlines order in which various
areas on site are being filled
Shows plan for area to be built
when site is finished
TSLE 146 O
Tours site with visitors and
shows them how the job is being
done well at this site
Briefly explains sanitary landfill
concept
Cell construction
119
-------
Compaction
Daily cover
Points to advantages of the
method
Involves no fires, air
pollution, litter, water
pollution, or other hazards
or nuisances
Can be attractively land-
scaped and presents a neat
appearance, especially the
entrance and other areas
the public can see
Usually is cheapest environ-
mentally acceptable means
a community can use
Readily accepts many types
of wastes
Is flexible in handling
increased quantities for
short periods of time
TSLE 147 O
Can reclaim land and con-
vert it into parks, golf
courses, or parking lots
120
-------
TSLE 148 O
Explains to civic group why his
operation needs their support
The landfill and its employees
are performing a needed
public service
Public acceptance is
crucial in obtaining the next
site
Invites them to come again
and encourages them to
bring some friends along
Civic group leaves (3:30 p. m. )
TSLE 149 O
Foreman discusses some
special problems with new
operator (3:30 p. m. )
Fires
Causes
Material disposed of on fill
that may be capable of
starting to burn later
Hot loads delivered to site
Waste accumulation on land-
fill equipment
Defective exhaust systems
on collection vehicles
Smoking by site users,
which is prohibited
121
-------
Safety procedures
Post fire procedures and
phone numbers of fire
department in all buildings.
Have telephone available
in office for reporting fires
Keep fire department
advised of access roads to
the landfill -working areas,
and work out fire fighting
procedures with the help
of local fire department
Keep equipment free of
debris
Place fire extinguishers on
all landfill machines
Stockpile soil near working
face to smother fires
Control of hot loads
Call fire department when
hot loads are brought to
site
Have weighmaster or
laborer tell the driver of
"hot load" where to dis-
charge load. Spread hot
load on bare soil out of the
way of delivery vehicles
and away from the working
face
Soak with water or smother
with stockpiled soil if water
is not available
122
-------
Leave spread out until the
end of the day, then work
into fill and cover. Fire
department may be called
to ensure fire is completely
out
If "hot load" is accidentally
dumped at the fill face, doze
the material to a cleared
area and cover with soil
Climate factors
Wind
Move temporary fences to
catch blowing litter
Be on the alert for fires
Wear goggles if blowing
dust is a problem
Rain
Rainfall and runoff from
improperly drained fill
percolating to underlying
waste
TSLE 150 May cause leachate and
potential for water pollution
Prevent ponding by sloping
filled areas
o
If cover material erodes,
respread more on slopes
123
-------
TSLE 151
TSLE 152
If traffic and traction
become problems for
delivery trucks, use wet
weather disposal area
If rain water stands in
trenches, pump it out
Provide surfaced road to
fill face
Stockpile well-drained
cover soil near the wet
weather area
Keep wet weather area well
drained. So it does not
become muddy, pave with
asphalt, clinker from power
plants, or construction
rubble
Recognize that poor visibility
may create a safety hazard
Install drainage devices
(such as metal pipes, cul-
verts, or open ditches) for
surface runoff
124
-------
TSLE 153 O
Also install water pipes for
sprinkling
TSLE 154 O
Cold weather (give only where
appropriate)
Cover the area to be excavated
with straw or leaves to
prevent freezing
Use a ripper if ground is
frozen
Excavate soil in advance
and stockpile
Keep stockpiles loose or
covered to prevent freezing
TSLE 155 O
Remove snow to keep roads
and dumping pad open
125
-------
TSLE 156
TSLE 157
Protect equipment operator
•with enclosed and heated
cabs
Provide heated shelter for
men and equipment
Foreman makes final field inspec-
tion of day (4:30 p. m. )
Observes operator placing cover
material on fill slope
Reminds him to do routine main-
tenance
TSLE 158
TSLE 159
Plan laborer's schedule for
tomorrow
Plant ground cover on slope
near entrance to fill
Clean litter fences
Relocate drainage pipe
o
Foreman completes office work
(4:50 p.m. )
Telephones supervisor
Reports progress of new
employee
126
-------
Informs him that report on
equipment will be available
tomorrow
Checks fuel truck as it fills
storage tank
TSLE 160 O
Tells operators to refuel the rigs
before leaving to prevent con-
densation in tanks and have
equipment ready to go next day
TSLE 161 O
Goes over cash receipts with
weighmaster
TSLE 162 O
Foreman closes landfill (5:15
p.m. )
Check to ensure gate is securely
locked
Discussion of model landfill
Comments and questions
from trainees
Comparisons with practices
used at trainees' landfills
127
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WORKSHOP ON OPERATING PROBLEMS
FIRST DAY - WORKSHOP GROUPS
Small workshop groups provide the trainee the oppor-
tunity to openly discuss his operating problems and
to derive a solution based on the experience of others
in the group. In arranging the study groups:
1. Make assignments on the basis of the
problem areas and interests listed in
Part III of the preregistration question-
naire (see Appendix C).
2. Keep the groups small to allow every-
one to participate. If more than five
or six persons indicate a similar area
of interest, form two groups.
3. Select a leader for each group and
refer them to the "Group Leader Guide"
in the Trainee's ManuaKpage 207) and
in this manual (Appendix A). The group
leader should have a good knowledge of
his problem area. In addition, he
should be capable of leading and stimu-
lating the discussion without monopoli-
zing it.
4. Move from group to group to ensure that
they are functioning as intended. Answer
questions and stimulate discussion.
Following the discussion, call each group leader to
present a brief description of his special interest
area, together with any solutions.
129
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WORKSHOP ON OPERATING PROBLEMS
I INTRODUCTION
A This workshop allows foremen
to better retain information
which they have just received by
applying it immediately to real
situations. These can be pro-
blems or circumstances which
either they or someone else
have experienced. The session
also exposes them to various
solutions that they may consider
using at a later date
II GROUP SIZE AND COMPOSI-
TION
A Groups of five to six persons
are formed according to major
interest areas such as:
1 High water table
2 Compaction
3 Wet weather operations
4 Hard-to-handle wastes
5 Soil conditions
6 Cold weather conditions
7 Equipment
B Trainees from the same landfill
are assigned to different groups
C Group leader function
1 Be responsible for keeping
the group discussion mov-
ing, answers questions
2 Cut off excessively long,
unproductive discussions
3 Encourage everyone to
participate
4 Be responsible for present-
ing brief summary of con-
clusions to entire group
III PROCEDURE
A Individual describes problem
and what he has done or plans
to do
B Others in group comment or tell
what they did in a similar
situation
IV SUMMARY OF WORKSHOPS
A Group leaders briefly summarize
the problems discussed and con-
clusions reached
B Instructor gives over-all sum-
mary, keeping it to the point
V CLASS DISMISSAL
131
-------
A Instructor is available to answer
questions
1 Individual questions after dis-
missal
2 If evening discussion or
social activity is scheduled,
announce time, place, etc.
132
-------
LOCAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS
SECOND DAY - MORNING SESSION
This session provides an opportunity for the instruc-
tor and local regulatory personnel to summarize
regulations affecting local waste disposal operations.
You may have to put in considerable advance effort
on this session.
Another important purpose of this session is to
inform the trainees whom they should contact when
they have problems and to point out their responsi-
bilities to conform to state and local regulations.
135
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LOCAL CONDITIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS
I INTRODUCTION
A Regulations and conditions
governing the conduct of sanitary
landfill operations will vary
throughout the country. A land-
fill operator should be familiar
with those which relate to his
facility, especially those that
control his day-to-day activity
II SUMMARY OF STATE REGULA-
TIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
(perhaps by state solid waste
officer)
A Landfill classification system,
if any
B Existing regulations and require-
ments and where copies can be
obtained
C Basis for regulations and their
importance
D Effects of regulations on landfill
operations
E Administration of regulations
1 Responsible state offices and
personnel
2 Procedure for obtaining a
sanitary landfill permit
3 Records to be maintained
4 State or local officials to
contact regarding regulations
or problems
5 Availability of state assis-
tance
F Foreman's responsibility to
follow regulations
III SUMMARY OF LOCAL REGU-
LATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
A Titles of applicable regulations
B Officials to contact
C Provisions affecting foreman's
work
D Procedures in obtaining permits
1 Required plans and maps
2 Field investigation
3 Othe r
E Administration of regulations
IV INSPECTIONS, LOCAL AND
STATE
A Inspecting agencies
137
-------
B Frequency and scheduling of
inspections
1 Scheduled inspections
2 Surprise inspections
C What inspectors look for during
site visits
1 Proper placing and covering
of wastes
2 Air pollution--dust, odor,
smoke
3 Water quality control--sur-
face and groundwater pollu-
tion, leachate
4 Gas buildup
5 Rodents and flies
6 Unnecessary noise
7 Unauthorized wastes
8 Unsafe practices
V SPECIAL WASTES PECULIAR
TO LOCAL AREA
A Types
1 Agricultural
2 Industrial
3 Liquids and sludges
4 Hazardous and toxic
5 Other difficult-io-manage
wastes
B Wastes which require special
processing or handling, or
which are prohibited
C Other facilities available to
handle problem wastes
VI GEOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
A Soil characterization
1 General soil classification
system
2 General location of each type
of soil in the state
3 Suitability of local soil
4 Excavation characteristics
of local soils
B Local groundwater considera-
tions
1 Water quality protection
2 Location of groundwater
table
C Effects of seasonal changes
1 Soil characteristics
2 Landfill operations
138
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COURSE COMPREHENSION WORKSHOP
This session will strengthen the trainee's understand-
ing and retention of the more important material
presented. So far it will also provide him with
experience in organizing and presenting instructional
materials.
In the training manual (pages 213-229) and in Appendix
B of this manual are outlines of subjects which might be
covered. Included are outlines on public relations,
litter control, cell construction, cover soil, hard-
to-handle wastes, spotting vehicles, and record
keeping. Divide the men into groups of five and
name a leader for each. Assign each trainee in the
group a topic for his discussion with other members
of his workshop group. Use the preregistration form
as a guide for assigning topics.
The trainee should use the outline as a guide for
discussing the subject with the other members in
his group. He should ask questions and be prepared
to discuss answers to the point brought out in the
outline.
Follow the workshop session with a 15-minute
period to comment on the discussions you observed.
Include constructive criticism as well as compli-
ments. Be sure to clear up unresolved questions.
139
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COURSE COMPREHENSION WORKSHOP
I INTRODUCTION
A This workshop serves several
purposes:
1 To strengthen trainee reten-
tion of important course
information
2 To verify trainee understand-
ing of proper operating
principles
3 To provide practice for
trainee in discussing course
materials with his operators
II GROUP SIZE AND COMPOSI-
TION
A Workshop groups of five trainees
each are formed
B Group leaders are selected
III PROCEDURE
A Different outlines are assigned
to trainees in each group. Five
are selected from the following:
1 Litter control
2 Spotting vehicles
3 Record keeping
4 Cell construction
5 Cover soil
6 Hard-to-handle wastes
7 Public relations
B Each trainee reviews his out-
line and asks questions of other
members in his workshop group
1 Discussions generally follow
outlines, but personal
experiences can also be
worked in
2 Instructor circulates to
answer questions and keep
activities productive
IV DISCUSSION OF WORKSHOPS
A Instructor comments on pre-
sentations made by trainees
B Answers questions which have
risen during the workshop
se ssion
140
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PERSONNEL FOR
SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS
This session will present the desired attributes and
qualifications of the various landfill personnel. It
will also describe their duties and related responsi-
bilities. Throughout the session stress that the fore-
man must have a working knowledge of all landfill
operations.
141
-------
PERSONNEL FOR SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS
TSLE 163
I INTRODUCTION
TSLE 164
The good sanitary landfill em-
ployee understands his respon-
sibilities. He takes pride in
doing his job well and cooper-
ates with other employees. He
wants promotions and will take
on the added responsibilities that
go with it. He feels a sense of
responsibility for his own safety
and others on the site
TSLE 165
II CHARACTERISTICS
The landfill foreman is the key
man in the operation of a sani-
tary landfill. To do his job
well he needs:
TSLE 166
A A knowledge of:
1 Current methods and tech-
niques used in the operation
of sanitary landfills
2 Applicable state, local, and
federal regulations affecting
the disposal of solid waste
142
-------
3 The use, servicing, and
maintenance of the types of
heavy equipment ordinarily
used in a sanitary landfill
operation
4 Basic engineering principles
of soils, grading, and drainage
5 Accepted safety practices to
protect the public and his
employees from injury
6 Basic techniques for planting
and maintaining trees and
ground cover
7 Hazardous wastes likely to be
delivered to his site
B The ability to:
1 Effectively supervise and
direct the work of others
2 Appropriately delegate
responsibility
3 Secure staff support
4 Make maximum use of
material and human resources
5 Provide on-the-job training
to employees in proper opera-
tions and safe practices
6 Establish and maintain effec-
tive working relationships
with employees, supervisors,
and the public
143
-------
7 Make routine investigations
of user complaints and
initiate appropriate action
8 Prepare and submit simple
records and reports
C Sources of knowledge for the
foreman
1 From previous experience as
an operator of heavy equip-
ment on other employment
2 Discussions with his super-
visor
3 Discussion with state and
Federal representatives
4 Visits to other operating
landfills
5 Published materials, includ-
ing reports from U. S.
Environmental Protection
Agency
6 Participation in technical
associations such as the
American Public Works
Association, Governmental
Refuse Collection and Dis-
posal Association, National
Solid Wastes Management
Association, and National
Association of Counties
7 Attendance at appropriate
short courses
8 Self-instruction
144
-------
TSLE 167
III DESIRABLE QUALITIES IN AN
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
INCLUDE:
A A knowledge of:
1 The use, servicing, and
maintenance of the equip-
ment for which he is respon-
sible. This may include
wheeled and track-type
tractors, pulled and self-
loading scrapers, power
graders, and tractor-drawn
attachments such as rippers
2 Pertinent motor vehicle and
state laws affecting equipment
operation and safety, road
construction, and maintenance
methods
3 General methods and tech-
niques used in the operation
of a sanitary landfill
4 Basic engineering principles
of grading and drainage
B The ability to:
1 Safely and efficiently operate
the types of heavy equipment
ordinarily used in road main-
tenance and construction and
in sanitary landfill operation
2 Follow oral and written
instructions
145
-------
3 Keep records and make
simple reports
TSLE 168 O
IV DESIRABLE QUALITIES IN A
WEIGHMASTER INCLUDE:
A A knowledge of:
1 Arithmetic, including frac-
tions arid decimals
2 Money handling and change
making
3 Regulations governing disposal
of hard-to-handle and hazard-
. ous wastes
B The ability to:
1 Read platform scales quickly
and accurately
2 Learn volume and weight
relationships with regard
to various types of wastes
and collection vehicles
3 Deal effectively with the pub-
lic, especially site users
4 Keep records and make
simple reports
TSLE 169 O
V DESIRABLE QUALITIES IN A
LABORER INCLUDE:
A A working knowledge of;
1 Simple gardening practices
such as sowing seed and
planting
146
-------
2 Routine plumbing work asso-
ciated with water sprinklers
and drainage pipes
3 The need for safety and for
maintenance of sanitary
conditions at the landfill
B The ability to:
1 Perform routine maintenance
chores at the landfill
2 Assist the operator with
equipment maintenance
3 Operate hand and power tools
4 Install water and drainage
lines under the direction of
the foreman
5 Deal with the public in the
capacity of a spotter at the
fill face
TSLE 170 O
VI SUGGESTED METHODS FOR
USE BY THE FOREMAN IN
RATING THE WORK OUTPUT
OF LANDFILL EMPLOYEES
INCLUDE:
A Comparisons with operators at
other landfills
B Analysis of manpower, cost,
tonnage, and volume records
C Discussions with local inspector
D Discussions with the employee
147
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EMPLOYEE MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES
During this session discuss techniques for motivating
employees to do their work in a safe and productive
manner. At the close of the session, the foreman
should understand that the key elements in motivating
employees are: the pride of the employee in doing a
good job; his responsibilities to his fellow employees
and the public in operating his equipment safely and
efficiently; and opportunities for advancement.
Encourage members of the class to discuss success-
ful motivational techniques they have used in their
own operations.
149
-------
EMPLOYEE MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES
I INTRODUCTION
A The employee has an important
role in proper operation of a
sanitary landfill
1 His fellow workers depend
on him
2 He is a responsible worker
3 He works safely
B The community depends on him
1 He is performing a public
service
2 He is protecting public health
3 He is helping to improve the
quality of the environment
II EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE
PROVIDED WITH THE OPPOR-
TUNITY FOR ADVANCEMENT.
THIS WILL GIVE THEM AN
INCENTIVE TO IMPROVE
THEIR WORK HABITS AND
MAINTAIN A GOOD EMPLOY-
MENT RECORD
A Management can help prepare
employees for advancement by:
1 Holding informal training
sessions
2 Lending materials to men
for self-instruction
3 Providing on-the-job train-
ing for next higher position
a Weighmaster learns to
operate equipment or to
become assistant landfill
foreman
b Laborer learns to operate
equipment and become
weighmaster
c Operator may become
assistant landfill foreman
4 Encourage enrollment in
night school
B Landfill foreman should have
the opportunity to advance to an
administrative job
1 In the municipal government
2 For a private company
C Other methods can also be used
to motivate employees
1 Pay incentives
2 Preferential shifts
3 Certificates
151
-------
4 Bonuses or awards
5 Time-off to visit other land
fills
6 Travel to conferences
7 Assignment as training
supervisor
152
-------
EQUIPMENT CARE AND MAINTENANCE
This lecture will allow you to point out that the respon-
sibilities for equipment maintenance ultimately rest
with the foreman. He has no one to blame if equipment
must be taken out of service for repairs which were
preventable through routine maintenance.
Discuss the need for proper care and maintenance on
equipment and the importance of following the pro-
cedures recommended in the manufacturer's handbook.
153
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EQUIPMENT CARE AND MAINTENANCE
TSLE 171 O
I INTRODUCTION
A Ultimately, the proper care and
maintenance of equipment
determines the effectiveness of
a sanitary landfill operation.
Proper operation insures that
the public will continue to
support a landfill and that the
site will not revert to a dump--
a definite possibility when no
equipment is available because
of mismanagement
B Proper care of operating equip-
ment is necessary to:
1 Minimize equipment break-
downs
2 Minimize injuries from
faulty equipment
3 Maintain reliable service to
the public
4 Bury wastes promptly and
maintain sanitary conditions
on the landfill
5 Prevent increases in opera-
ting costs
a Overtime
155
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b Excessive repairs
c Shortened equipment life
6 Protect the high investment
in equipment
7 Justify an adequate repair
budget
II CHECKLISTS AND PROCEDURES
TO HELP THE OPERATOR TAKE
PROPER DAILY CARE OF HIS
EQUIPMENT
o
TSLE 172 A Walk-around inspection of
equipment
On all equipment:
1 See that safety or lock bars
used during maintenance are
in proper position
2 Remove chaff from radiator
area and check for worn
hoses and cracked or loose
fan belts
3 Check hydraulic system for
worn hoses or damaged lines
4 Check covers and guards for
damage and for loose or
missing bolts
5 Check engine compartment
for oil and fuel leaks
6 Check the water trap in the
bottom of the fuel tank and
drain any accumulated water
156
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TSLE 173
7 Close the air cylinder drain
8 On crawler equipment:
Check the track for broken
or missing shoes or bolts
Check sprockets for wear
9 On rubber tire equipment:
Check the tire-to-vehicle
clearance to prevent
rubbing
Check tires for cuts,
damage, and proper inflation
TSLE 174 O
B Premounting
1 Check all water, hydraulic
fluid, and oil levels
2 Check fuel level
3 Lubricate all moving parts
per manufacturer's handbook
4 Brush or blow out air pre-
cleaner
5 Check indicators and gauges
for damage
6 Check battery electrolyte level
7 Walk around the equipment
once to ensure everyone is
clear of the equipment
157
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TSLE 175 O
C Starting procedure
1 Set all brakes and stops
2 Place and lock the trans-
mission in neutral
3 If engine fails to start with-
in 30 seconds, wait 2 minutes
to let the starter cool
4 Allow a 3- to 5-minute warm-
up period
5 Do not idle engine for long
periods of time because it is
damaging to engine life and
performance
6 Check area carefully before
moving off
TSLE 176 Q
D Shutdown procedure
1 Fill fuel tank to prevent
condensation
2 Before stopping engine, idle
at 800 to 1000 rpm for 3 to
5 minutes to let it cool off
evenly
3 Don't turn off the master
switch with the engine run-
ning--if you do, you can
seriously damage parts of
the electrical charging
circuit
158
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TSLE 177
TSLE 178
4 If no shelter facilities are
provided, park away from
potential fire hazard, pref-
erably on a level grade to
prevent rollaway and oil
leakage from, roller seals
on crawler equipment
5 Ground all blades, buckets,
scrapers, or other movable
parts
6 Set brakes and transmission
locks
7 Report the condition of equip-
ment at the end of each shift
or work period
E Typical preventive maintenance
schedule (in addition to daily
inspection)
1 Every 125 hours:
Change motor oil and
filters
Change starting motor oil
Grease radiator fan and
fan idler pulley bearings
Clean main air cleaner
2 Every 250 hours:
Change oil in master
clutch
159
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Change transmission
filters
Clean transmission mag-
netic filter
3 Every 500 hours:
Grease main U joint
4 Every 1000 hours:
Change oil and filters in
final drive
Change hydraulic oil
TSLE 179 O
F Other helpful hints
1 Maintenance charts are to
be kept up to date
2 Operators are required to
fill in daily report forms
noting condition of equipment
TSLE 180
3 Equipment should be cleaned
and locked up overnight to
prevent vandalism. This will
also prevent freezing of tracks
to ground which results in
stripped gears when machine
is moved next morning
Special problems with equipment
operating on landfill
160
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TSLE 181 O
1 Tires can be damaged by
sharp objects or caustic
liquids in wastes
TSLE 182 O
2 Steel-guarded tires can help
reduce punctures
TSLE 183 O
3 Dust and debris affect both
equipment and operator.
Radiators and air cleaners
should be cleaned frequently.
This can be done by using an
air compressor to blow the
dust and debris off. If the
machine is equipped -with
reversible fans, the direc-
tion of air flow or vane
pitch can be changed and used
to blow out the dust
4 Waste material becomes
caught in tracks and must be
manually removed to prevent
fire hazard or equipment
wear
Tracks and equipment
should be cleaned at least
once each day
TSLE 184 O
Wire and other stringy-
material can be removed
by long handled wire
cutters
161
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TSLE 185
Brush and debris can be
raked out with a cargo
hook
Bulky wastes can damage
undercarriage
Steel plate guards under-
neath and on sides of
equipment can reduce
damage
Other accessories recom-
mended by manufacturers
can protect the operator
and increase the effective-
ness and versatility of the
machine
162
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SAFETY ON THE SANITARY LANDFILL
The purpose of this portion of the course is to reduce
injuries to employees and users of the sanitary land-
fill. Most accidents are preventable. The foreman
should be aware of the situations most likely to cause
accidents and the operating practices which reduce
risk.
Emphasize that operating personnel must -work safely
as well as effectively and that the foreman is the key
person in promoting the use of safe operating prac-
tices.
The course materials set forth the nature and extent
of the safety problem. The importance of the fore-
man1 s role in preventing accidents and injuries is
presented, and safety precautions are suggested for
equipment operations, personnel practices, and
users of the landfill site.
163
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SAFETY ON THE SANITARY LANDFILL
TSLE 186 O
I INTRODUCTION
A The management of a sanitary
landfill should work toward
elimination of injuries to its
employees and also to users of
the site
TSLE 187 O
1 National Safety Council
statistics indicate that the
injury frequency rate for
refuse disposal operations
is 14 times the national
average. We in landfill
operations, therefore, have
a big job to do in accident
prevention
2 Accidents and resulting
injuries are mostly prevent-
able:
TSLE 188 O
a More than three of every
four accidents are caused
by an unsafe act
b The remainder are caused
by unsafe conditions or by
acts of God such as
lightning and earthquakes
c All causes except acts
of God are preventable
164
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Therefore, we have the
most control over acci-
dents, especially those
in which we ourselves are
involved
3 Accident prevention is an
important part of the fore-
man1 s management respon-
sibility
II FOREMEN AND EMPLOYEES
ALIKE HAVE A LOT TO GAIN
BY OPERATING SAFELY
TSLE 189 O
A Foremen realize:
1 They can use their men more
effectively by keeping them
off the injury list and on the
job
2 Morale improves when safe
practices are followed
because they reflect a good
working environment
3 Accident costs such as work-
men's compensation, insur-
ance, and damage will drop.
Damage costs alone can be
up to 50 times greater than
the workman's compensation
and medical costs. Accident
costs are a waste
4 Equipment will require fewer
repairs and will last longer
when operated safely
165
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TSLE 190
TSLE 191
TSLE 192
TSLE 193
B Operating personnel benefit
when they work safely
They will avoid a lot of pain
and permanent injury
They continue to earn a good
living and have job security.
No person can really live
comfortably on workmen's
compensation payments
alone. There isn't enough
money for car and furniture
payments, vacations, and
the other things we all want
to have. Having a good job
is important to everyone
They have the best chances
for promotions and transfers.
An employee with a poor
injury record is considered
a poor risk
166
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TSLE 194 O
4 They have a higher morale
at work. In their spare time
they are able to do the things
they enjoy such as dancing
and sports. In addition,
their relationship with their
family is good. There are
no losses of eyes, arms, or
legs that turn a healthy man
into a cripple
III SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SHOULD
BE A PART OF THE DAILY
ROUTINE
A Equipment operators should
receive thorough instruction on
how to use their equipment
safely
TSLE 195 O
1 Check equipment for defects
before operating. Do not
start or operate defective
equipment
2 Use stepping points and hand
holds when mounting and
dismounting from equipment.
Don't chance a slip and fall
3 Keep operator's compartment,
stepping points, and hand
holds free from oil, grease,
mud, and loose objects.
Don't add to the slipping and
falling problem
4 Protect personnel and other
equipment in the area by
167
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looking to the front, rear,
and sides before moving
equipment. Back-up warn-
ing devices are a valuable
addition
5 Operate equipment only from
the driver's seat. Always
have equipment under control
TSLE 196 O
6 Wear seat belts while opera-
ting equipment. Not only do
they support you, but if the
unit rolls over you will be
secure in the operator's
compartment
7 Never mount or dismount
from moving equipment. A
fall could throw you under
the equipment
8 Carry only authorized passen-
gers and only in specified
safe locations. Don't risk
injuring a passenger by hav-
ing him fall off the machinery
9 Carry equipment attachments
such as loader buckets and
dozer blades low so you can
see better. Otherwise, you
can collide with something or
even go over an embankment
10 Never push waste until you
are sure that no person or
equipment is in the blind
area ahead of the pile
168
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TSLE 197 O
11 When pushing waste, main-
tain adequate clearance to
make sure that any falling
objects will not strike other
equipment or persons
12 Operate up and down slopes.
Avoid sidehill travel •when-
ever possible. Don't take
the chance of rolling over.
This is also easier on the
equipment
13 Avoid excessive speed and
consider operating conditions
•when selecting speed. Equip-
ment can be very difficult
to control at fast speeds. In
a high-speed accident, the
operator can be thrown
against hard objects in the
compartment and the machine
can be damaged
14 Do not crush sealed containers
or containers holding liquids
when the contents are unknown.
Explosions or fires can occur.
Contact the local health
department for advice
15 Move cautiously over bulky
items such as tree stumps
and refrigerators to avoid
tipping or sudden lurching
movements
169
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TSLE 198
16 Constantly check work area
for other persons or equip-
ment. Remember many
site users are not familiar
with the dangers of heavy
equipment Users have been
run over and killed on land-
fill sites
17 Park on level ground if
possible or at right angles
to the slope. Don't leave
equipment where it can roll
away or tip over
18 Rest the dozer blade firmly
on the ground when the
machine is stopped. An
elevated blade can fall on
someone. If the machine
must be worked on with the
blade in the air, make sure
the safety bar is securely
in place
19 Never jump from equipment
Always check the ground.
A piece of pipe, glass, wire,
wood, or other stumbling
hazard can add injury to
your falling problem
TSLE 199
20 Avoid leaving equipment
unattended with the engine
running. Unauthorized
persons may try to operate
the equipment, or it may be
accidentally engaged. If you
170
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can, lock up your controls
when you shut down
21 Do not operate equipment
after dark unless adequate
lighting is provided
22 If hazardous materials are
handled, clean the equipment
thoroughly before mainten-
ance is performed
23 Keep an operator in the
driver's seat if equipment
is adjusted while the engine
is running
TSLE 200 O
B All landfill personnel should
use personal protective equip-
ment. Foreman should set a
good example by wearing
necessary equipment
1 Earplugs protect equipment
operator from hearing loss
resulting from excessive
noise
2 Hard hat or cap protects the
head from flying or dropped
objects. Highly visible
colored safety headgear is
advisable
3 Safety shoes with nonslip
soles protect the feet from
dropped items and prevent
slipping on wet or icy sur-
faces. Ankles get better pro-
tection from the 6 inch or
higher work boot
171
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4 Trousers and long-sleeved
shirt shield operator from
sun, dust,spills, flying
objects, insects, and poison
ivy
TSLE 201 O
5 Safety goggles protect the
eyes from dust particles
and flying objects
6 Gloves protect the hands
from sharp objects
7 Fluorescent red or orange
vest makes the spotter more
visible
8 Respirators or air conditioned
helmets prevent equipment
operators from breathing
dust
C Users must follow site rules to
protect themselves and permit
operating personnel to work
safely
1 Rules should be prominently
displayed at the entrance or
some other appropriate
location
2 Equipment operators and the
spotter (or laborer) should
know the rules and be alert
to inform users of violations
a Repeating violators should
be kept off the site
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3 Some suggested rules
TSLE 202 O
a Children, pets, and
individuals not involved
in unloading shall remain
in the vehicle
b An adult shall unload
where personnel direct
him
c Persons unloading shall
remain within 10 feet of
their vehicle at all times
d Whenever possible, waste
is dumped immediately
behind the vehicle; throw-
ing of waste is not per-
mitted
TSLE 203 O
e Tools and tailgates shall
be kept in or under the
vehicle to prevent damage
to other vehicles or equip-
ment
f Users and operating
personnel shall not smoke
at the site
g Scavenging shall not be
permitted. It has led to
a number of serious in-
juries and deaths
173
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TSLE 204
D General safety practices can
contribute to a safer landfill
operation
1 Personnel of the landfill
should know procedures for
reporting accidents, injuries,
and fires. Procedures should
be kept up to date and posted
in a conspicuous place, pre-
ferably near a telephone.
The information should in-
clude:
a Telephone numbers for
fire, medical aid, and
police
b Location of nearest medi-
cal aid
c Instructions regarding what
to report
2 Federal law requires that at
least one person on a landfill
site have a standard (or
higher) first aid certificate
from the Red Cross or U. S.
Bureau of Mines
Properly trained and certified
(U. S. Bureau of Mines or
Red Cross) personnel should
apply only necessary first
aid to those injured. Medical
help should be obtained as
soon as possible
174
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TSLE 205
Roads should be kept clearly
posted as to direction of
travel, maximum speed,
curves, and location of dis-
posal area for various types
of waste
Dumping area should be level
and clear of waste at all times
Federal regulations now
require roll bars and other
safety devices on operating
equipment. Be sure your
equipment conforms
Operating equipment and site
buildings should be equipped
with fire extinguishers
Employees should be on the
alert for hazards and report
unsafe conditions or prac-
tices. The efforts of employ-
ees who work safely should
be recognized
Safety meetings should be
regularly scheduled. Situa-
tions that can cause accidents
and ways to prevent them
should be discussed
175
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TSLE 206
E After an accident has occurred,
the foreman should take the
following steps to prevent
recurrences
1 Investigate the accident
immediately before the
facts get "cold. " Find out
all the causes. These
may be:
a Unsafe work habits or
attitudes (the cause of
most accidents)
b Unsafe equipment
c Other causes or combina-
tion of causes
2 Make a complete accident
report to management
3 Take steps immediately
to correct the causes
4 Set a good example if you
expect your men to work
safely
Conduct a safety meeting
as soon as practical after
an accident. Discuss the
causes and what steps will
be taken to prevent re-
currences
5 Follow up continually to
make sure proper proce-
dures and practices are
being followed
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF MATERIALS
FOR TRAINING OPERATING PERSONNEL
During this portion of the course, the foremen review
the material they will later use to train their men.
The material consists of nine sessions covering the
various aspects of sanitary landfill operations.
These sessions are designed so that the employee can
study the material and obtain the desired information
without having to be taught by the foreman. The
instructional materials are found in section TV of the
Trainee's Manual.
Briefly describe the subject matter and the sessions
to the trainees and then talk about the potential
training methods they can use with their employees.
Point out that the foreman should use the techniques
that he is comfortable with and that work for him.
Allow the trainees about ZO minutes to review the
nine employee handouts and then talk about them and
the techniques for presenting them effectively.
This is a particularly important part of the course.
Over the long term, the success of this entire pro-
gram depends on how much the material in these
inserts is applied in the day-to-day operations on the
nation's many land disposal sites.
Stress to the foremen that they should become
thoroughly familiar with the employee handouts. The
handouts should become their "Bible. " They should
use them to train their men, to introduce new men to
their jobs, and to guide their daily operations. If
they apply this information, their operations will be
safe and sanitary and will give the public proof that
they are doing a good job.
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF MATERIALS
FOR TRAINING OPERATING PERSONNEL
I INTRODUCTION
A Foreman's main job when he
returns to his sanitary landfill
is to put to work what he has
learned in this two-day course
B Nine training sessions have been
prepared to help him train his
men in proper operating pro-
cedures. These removable in-
serts at the end of the Trainee's
Manual cover:
1 Litter control (for all
employees)
2 Spotting vehicles (for laborer)
3 Record keeping (for weigh -
master)
4 Cell construction (for equip-
ment operator)
5 Cover soil (for equipment
operator)
6 Hard-to-handle and hazardous
wastes (for equipment opera-
tor)
7 Public relations (for all
employees)
8 Equipment care and main-
tenance (for equipment
operator)
9 Safety (for all employees)
II PROCEDURE
A To present the information in
these sessions, foreman should:
1 Refer to Foreman's Guide to
Employee Training Material
(page 209) in Training Manual
2 Informally discuss purpose
of course with employee
3 Remove one employee hand-
out from Training Manual
4 Provide employee with time
off (20 minutes to an hour)
to go over the material
5 Tell employee to read
material, study pictures and
drawings, and compare what
material says with what he
does on site
6 Discuss the material with
employee using pointers from
Foreman's Guide
7 Tell employee he will be
observed on actual job to
make sure he is putting new
material to work
180
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Ill STUDY PERIOD DURING WHICH
FOREMEN GO OVER EMPLOYEE
HANDOUTS
IV DISCUSSION AND QUESTIONS
ON USE OF EMPLOYEE
HANDOUTS
181
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COURSE EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION
Give the trainees a short examination (page 187 of this
manual) covering the important points of the course.
Precede the exam with a statement that it is intended
to help the trainee remember the major points of the
course. A pass or fail will only be useful to the
trainee in determining what he has gained from the
course.
After the exam review the questions and answers.
Ask the trainees to grade their own papers. Resolve
any final questions and then collect the papers.
Give the trainees a brief questionnaire (page 191of this
manual) to record their impressions of the course.
Tell them to be critical if they want to. Explain that
their answers will help in preparing other courses
and in changing this course to keep it up to date and
therefore more effective for future classes.
185
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EXAMINATION
Please read each question carefully, then mark it true or false.
1 Sanitary landfills can dispose of solid wastes safely and efficiently
while reclaiming marginal land for useful purposes such as recrea-
tion. (True or False)
2 Sanitary landfilling costs more than most other acceptable methods of
waste disposal. (True or False)
3 Daily cover is the main feature that separates a sanitary landfill from
an open or burning dump. (True or False)
4 Good public relations are needed to get future sites for waste dis-
posal. (True or False)
5 The cell is the basic building block of the fill. (True or False)
6 It is necessary to divert surface waters away from the fill and to
prevent ponding of water on the fill. (True or False)
7 Brush can be burned occasionally at a sanitary landfill. (True or
False)
8 Open burning dumps are not acceptable because their operating cost
is too high. (True or False)
9 One man can safely operate a small sanitary landfill. (True or False)
10 Scavengers are allowed at the landfill as long as they wear protective
gear. (True or False)
11 Articles such as furniture, rubber tires, appliances, and tree stumps
should be disposed in a separate area from the main fill area. (True
or False)
12 The recommended practice is for collection vehicles to dump wastes
at the bottom of the working face. (True or False)
187
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13 The recommended slope of the working face is about 3 to 1. (True or
False)
14 One or two passes of the equipment gives enough compaction. (True
or False)
15 The final soil cover to be placed when filling is completed should be
about 12 inches thick. (True or False)
Please read each question carefully, then circle the letter in front of the
best answer.
16 Which of the following is most important in the decision whether to
use the area or trench method of landfilling?
(a) What the foreman wants (c) Topography
(b) Type of wastes received (d) Vegetation growing on the site
17 Which utilities are good to have on the landfill site?
(a) Telephone (c) Electric power
(b) Water (d) All of the above
18 What signs should be displayed at the entrance?
(a) Charges for disposal (d) Directions to working face
(b) Unacceptable wastes (e) All of these
(c) User restrictions
19 Accidents can be prevented by which of the following?
(a) Proper operation of equip- (c) Enforcement of user restrictions
ment
(d) Proper control of traffic
(b) Wearing of proper safety
gear (e) All of these
188
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20 How can litter be controlled?
(a) Litter fences (d) Continuously picking up of the
work area
(b) Working equipment with the
wind to your back (e) All of these
(c) Dumping waste at the bottom
of the working face
21 On the working face, waste should be spread in layers of about what
thickness ?
(a) 6 inches (c) 4 feet
(b) 2 feet (d) 12 feet
22 Why is daily cover needed?
(a) To prevent fires (d) To keep odors in
(b) To keep rats out (e) To reduce blowing of paper
(c) To keep water out (f) All of these
23 What minimum distance should be maintained between landfill equip-
ment and delivery vehicles?
(a) 4 to 5 feet (c) 20 to 25 feet
(b) 8 to 10 feet (d) 45 to 50 feet
24 Why must wastes be compacted?
(a) Extend life of landfill (c) Reduce litter
(b) Reduce settlement (d) All of these
189
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25 How much daily soil cover is needed?
(a) 18 inches
(b) 2 feet
(c) 3 feet
(d) Enough to cover all exposed
waste (not less than 6 inches,
compacted)
190
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EVALUATION OF COURSE AND INSTRUCTOR
1 Evaluation of Course
a Do you believe most of the course material applies to your landfill
operation? Yes No
b Were enough slides used in the course?
Yes No
c Was the movie interesting? Yes No
d Did you learn anything new from the course?
Yes No
e Did you get answers to your operating problems in the workshop
sessions? Yes No
f In a few words, tell how you think the course could be improved.
2 Evaluation of Instructor (circle one)
a The instructor was:
Poor Fair Good Excellent
b He presented the course material:
Too slow Too fast Just right
191
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3 General
a Do you have any suggestions regarding the meeting facilities?
No Yes
Please indicate:
b Would you recommend the course to other landfill operators?
Yes No
192
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APPENDIX A
GROUP LEADER GUIDE
WORKSHOP ON OPERATING PROBLEMS
Your primary responsibilities as group leader are to make sure that the
discussion is orderly and keeps to the point and also to present a brief
summary of your session to the class. In carrying out your assignment,
you should:
1 Have members of the "workshop group introduce themselves.
2 State the problem or special interest area your workshop group is
to cover.
3 Ask for a volunteer to present a brief description of his own problem
or experiences.
a Discuss how this problem was handled in the case history or in
the movie.
b Encourage other group members to present their views.
c Following an airing of the problem, suggest a solution. (Instructor
may add to the solution. )
4 Request other members to state their problems if they can add new
angles to the discussion.
5 Briefly summarize the discussion for presentation later to the class.
a State the problem.
b Present some of the interesting discussion points brought out.
c State the final solution.
195
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APPENDIX B
DISCUSSION POINTS FOR COURSE
COMPREHENSION WORKSHOP
Litter Control
1 Past problems you have had with litter at your site (public complaints,
fires, pick-up effort, etc.).
2 The variation in wind direction at your site. Direction of working face
and fence location in relation to the wind.
3 The types of fences used at your site (size, purpose, location, etc. ).
4 A description of your site, identifying all litter control methods.
5 The role each employee has in site litter control.
Spotting Vehicles
1 The spotter's importance in keeping traffic moving at the dumping area,
2 Problems previous spotters have had.
3 The use of directional signs on the site and their value.
4 Rules governing site users.
Record Keeping
1 Procedure to be followed when a person wants to bring an illegal load
onto the site.
2 Rules governing site users.
3 Problems the weighmaster may have with his work.
4 What is done with the records the weighmaster keeps.
197
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Cell Construction
1 The use planned for your landfill site when it is completed.
2 Which type of landfill (area or trench) is being used at your site and
why.
3 Cell construction technique being used.
What width of working face is used?
What separation is maintained between moving equipment?
How is the waste spread on the working face?
How is the waste compacted?
How much soil cover is used?
How is drainage provided for?
4 Cost per cubic yard for disposal at your site in comparison to others,
and how could costs be reduced?
Cover Soil
1 Type of soil on your site and the cost of imported soil if it is used.
2 The problems you have had in excavating, spreading, and compacting
soil cover.
3 The effect that weather has on placing soil cover at your site.
4 The amount of final cover planned for your site.
5 The method of obtaining and placing soil cover at your site. Can the
cost of cover be reduced?
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Hard-to-Handle Wastes
1 Types of hard-to-handle wastes accepted at your landfill site.
2 Problems you have had with unusual wastes at your site.
3 Methods used for disposal of special wastes.
4 What to do if hazardous or dangerous wastes are found in the waste.
Public Relations
1 The history of public complaints at your site.
2 How funding is obtained to run the site.
3 Public agencies and officials concerned with the operation of the site.
4 Some ways the employee can be helpful to the site users.
5 Litter, dust, traffic, noise, and accident control methods on the site.
6 How control procedures might be improved.
7 Public groups that have visited the site and prior community programs.
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APPENDIX C
PREREGISTRATION QUESTIONNAIRE
All those signing up for the two-day course for sanitary landfill foremen
are asked to provide the following information. Please answer all
questions. The information will be used to help present the course more
effectively.
1 Personal Information
a Name
Title
Employer
Address
b Number of persons you supervise
c Years experience as a Years experience as an equipment
foreman operator
d Highest education completed: High School 9 10 11 12
(Circle)
College 1234
e How did you learn of this course?
f What do you hope to learn from this course?
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g What previous training courses have you attended dealing with the
operations of sanitary landfills?
2 Landfill Information
a Type of landfill: Area Trench Other
b Size: Acres Length of operation: Years
c Wastes received: (Specify volume or tonnage)
Annual Average daily Heaviest day
d Operating days: M T W Th F S S (Circle days of operation)
e Employees on landfill: Total Equipment operators
f Operated by: Public agency Private company
3 First Day - Workshop Session
Workshops are scheduled during the course to provide for exchange of
information and to obtain solutions to operating problems.
The first day workshop session will consider operating problems.
What do you consider to be the most difficult operating problem at
your landfill? Litter control? Bulky wastes? Public relations?
High ground-water? Wet weather operations? What? Please briefly
describe the problem. _
4 Second Day - Workshop Session
During the second day, a workshop will discuss general subjects.
Which of the following workshops would you like to participate in dur-
ing the second day? Indicate three choices with the numbers 1, 2,
and 3.
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Public relations _ _ Cover soil
Litter control Hard-to-handle wastes
Record keeping Spotting vehicles
Cell construction Other (Specify )
5 Please return this questionnaire with your course enrollment appli-
cation
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