EM POLE Or NONPACKAGING PAPEI
IN SOUL HASTE MANAGEMENT
I Hi TO 1t>7f)
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THE POLE CE NCNPACKAGING PAPER IN
Mill HA§TE MANAGEMENT, 1966 TC 1976
PART I: Introduction
PART II: The Outlook for Nonpackaging Paper, 1966 to 1976
PART III: The Impact of Nonpackaging Paner on Solid Waste
This publication SW-26c was written for the Solid Waste Management Office by
WILLIAM E. FRANKLIN and ARSEN DARNAY
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri
under Contract No. PH 86-67-114
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Solid Waste Management Office
1971
~>~ . .
Librar. .-V'T.."/.1;1'0-"'"011
'^c^r^ive
, Illinois 60606
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ENVlRC'^Lfrrij I--A;0.£CTIC»f AGENCY
TTws is an Environmental Protection Publication
This publication is also in the Public Health Service numbered series as Public Health
Service Publication No. 2040. Its entry in two government publication series is the
result of a publishing interface reflecting the transfer of the Federal solid waste manage-
ment program from the U.S. Public Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 74-610917
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 75 cents (paper cover)
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FOREWORD
A report was published in 1969 by the Bureau of Solid Waste Management* to
describe the likely role of packaging in solid waste management during the decade
1966 to 1976. The present publication supplements that study and, like that one,
was written on contract with Midwest Research Institute. In the first study it was
found that packaging paper and paperboard accounted for almost 50 percent
of the ultimate consumption of all paper products. Inevitably, some of the data
accumulated in the course of that study related to the remainder of the paper
industry's output. Moreover, paper products of all types comprise over half of all
community solid wastes—household, institutional, commercial, and industrial. There
was every reason, therefore, to extend the original survey to cover nonpackaging
paper.
Nonpackaging paper includes such items as newsprint, printing papers, stationery,
towels and household tissues, construction paper and board, and a rapidly expanding
category in which paper is a major component, namely nonwoven disposables. The
present report surveys the consumption outlook for all these categories of nonpackaging
paper for the same decade covered by the first report. Their impact on solid waste
mangement is analyzed. This required determining the life cycles of the various
categories.
It was found that most packaging paper became waste within the same year of use,
indeed frequently within the same month. Some nonpackaging paper—such as facial
tissue—becomes waste immediately upon use. On the other hand, various other non-
packaging papers remain out of the waste stream for many years. This applies to
hardbound books and building paper and board, much of which becomes waste
only when a building comes down. Determining these varied life cycles of nonpack-
aging paper was necessary in order to calculate the quantities of solid waste derived
from all paper (packaging and nonpackaging) ; this was estimated to be almost 35
million tons in 1966 and over 51 million tons in 1976.
Paper salvaged is resources saved. Salvage and recycling of wastes conserve
resources and at the same time reduce the burden of solid wastes requiring disposal
within the environment. While the present report indicates that some 10 million
tons of paper stock for industry use derive from salvage, the Bureau of Solid Waste
Management believes that this figure may be substantially increased through market
development and technological advances. With this in view the Bureau has initiated
several efforts to enlarge the prospects for salvage; one such effort is a recent contract
for an economic study of salvage markets for all the major commodities within com-
munity solid wastes—ferrous and nonferrous metals, glass, wood, textiles, and rubber,
as well as paper and paperboard. It has been noted, too, that industry, individually and
jointly, is proceeding to give greater attention to the subject of salvage.
The present report makes a significant contribution to our knowledge about a
major constituent of solid wastes. Leander B. Lovell, Senior Economist, was the
Bureau's project officer for this and the report on packaging which preceded it.
—RICHARD D. VAUGHAN
Assistant Surgeon General
Acting Commissioner
Solid Waste Management Office
*The Bureau of Solid Waste Management, often termed "the Bureau" in this report, is now the Solid Waste Manage-
ment Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
iii
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PREFACE
This report on the role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste, for the period of
1966 to 1976, was prepared by Midwest Research Institute pursuant to Contract No.
PH 86-67-114, with the Bureau of Solid Waste Management, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, now the Solid Waste Management Office of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,. The statements, findings, and other data in this
report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Principal investigators were Arsen Darnay, project manager, and William E.
Franklin. Valuable staff support was provided to the investigators by Margaret
Cossette and James M. Bednar. Technical editing was done by Valerie Lee. John
McKelvey, Assistant Director, Economic Development Division, had responsibility for
general supervision of the project.
Many individuals and organizations provided information, advice, commentary,
and suggestions to the research team. We should like to express our thanks and
appreciation to all those who collaborated in this enterprise.
Ai K\ O WLEDGMENTS
A study effort encompassing the paper industry and others which influence the
consumption of paper could not have been accomplished without the active participation
and assistance of many companies, associations, and independent researchers. The
cooperation and help given to the research team by all these organizations has been
outstanding. We are pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to all for the value of
this report, while retaining full responsibilities for errors and omissions.
The direct contacts made during this study were extensive but we should like
to acknowledge a special debt to the following companies:
American Hardboard Association
20 Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company
2223 South Parkway
Chicago, Illinois 60616
IBM
Two Pennsylvania Plaza
New York, New York 10016
International Paper Company
220 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
McCall Corporation
McCall Street
Dayton, Ohio 45401
Newsprint Division
American Paper Institute, Inc.
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Oxford Filing Supply Co., Inc.
Clinton Road
Garden City, New York 11530
Printing-Writing Paper Division
American Paper Institute
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
St. Regis Paper Company
150 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
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NONPACKAGING PAPER
Saxon Industries, Inc. Time, Inc.
450 Seventh Avenue Rockefeller Center
New York, New York 10001 New York, New York 10020
Standard Register Company Tissue Division
626 Albany Street American Paper Institute
Dayton, Ohio 45401 260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
VI
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CONTEXTS
Part I—Introduction
Page
Objectives 3
Organization of This Report 3
Part II—The Outlook for Nonpack'aging Paper, 1966 to 1976
Methodology 7
Approach 7
Data Sources 8
General Background and Assumptions 8
Overview: Components of Nonpackaging Paper 8
Impact of Imports and Exports on Consumption 9
General Trends in Nonpackaging Paper Consumption 9
Newsprint 10
Techno-Economic Trends 10
Forecast 15
Printing Paper 15
End Uses 16
Periodical Publishing: Magazines, Catalogs, and Directories 16
Book Publishing 16
Commercial Printing 16
Converting 20
Techno-Economic Trends 20
Forecast 22
Periodicals: Magazines, Catalogs, and Directories 22
Books 22
Commercial Printing 22
Converting 22
Fine Paper 22
Types of Fine Paper 23
Writing Paper 23
Bristols 23
Cover Paper 23
Text Paper 23
Colored School and Construction Paper 23
Thin Paper : 23
Techno-Economic Trends 26
Information Storage and Retrieval 26
Telecommunications 26
vii
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NONPACKAGING PAPER
Page
Electronic Data Processing 26
Office Copying and Duplicating 27
Conclusions 27
Forecast 28
Special Industrial Paper 30
Techno-Economic Trends 30
Forecast 30
Sanitary Tissue 34
Major Types of Sanitary Tissue 34
Toweling 34
Toilet Tissue 34
Table Napkins 35
Facial Tissue 35
Techno-Economic Trends 35
Forecast 36
Special Paperboard 39
Techno-Economic Trends 39
Forecast 39
Wet Machine Board 39
Techno-Economic Trends 42
Forecast 42
Construction Paper 42
Techno-Economic Trends 42
Forecast 42
Construction Board: Insulating and Hard Pressed Board 42
Insulating Board 45
Hard Pressed Board 45
Techno-Economic Trends 45
Forecast —, 46
Nonwoven Disposables 46
Techno-Economic Trends 47
Forecast 48
Part III—The Impact of Nonpackaging Paper on Solid Waste
General Approach 51
Classification Into Seven End-Use Categories 51
Development of a Life-Cycle Profile 53
Calculation of Quantities Entering Waste Stream 54
Disposal Profiles 54
Basis for Profiles 56
Newsprint 56
Printing Paper 56
Fine Paper 58
Special Industrial Paper 58
Sanitary Tissue 59
viii
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IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Page
Special Paperboard 59
Wet Machine Board 60
Construction Paper 60
Construction Board 60
Nonwoven Disposables 60
Conclusions 60
Salvage and Reuse of Nonpackaging Paper 63
Appendix—Disposal Modes Used for Nonpackaging Paper
Bibliography
LIST OF TABULAR MATERIAL
Part I—Introduction
Table Page
1 Consumption of Paper and Paperboard by Grade and Application: 1966 3
Part II—The Outlook for Nonpackaging Paper, 1966 to 1976
2 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by Grade: 1966 __. 9
3 Paper and Paperboard Consumption: 1966 and 1976 9
4 Consumption of Paper and Paperboard by Grades: 1958-1976 10
5 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard Grades in Percent:
1966 and 1976 10
6 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by Major Grades:
1958-1976 11
7 Per Capita Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by
Major Grades: 1958-1976 12
8 Measures of Growth for Newspapers: 1959-1967 15
9 Consumption of Newsprint and Nonpackaging Printing Paper Grades:
1958-1976 17
10 Comparative Data for Nonpackaging Printing Paper by End Use: 1958,
1967 and 1976 20
11 Textbook Sales: 1955 and 1966 20
12 Consumption of Nonpackaging Printing Paper by End Use 20
13 Consumption of Fine Paper Grades: 1958-1976 24
14 Consumption of Fine Paper: 1966 and 1967 28
15 Consumption of Nonpackaging Special Industrial Paper Grades: 1958-
1976 31
16 Consumption of Nonpackaging Tissue-Stock Grades: 1958-1976 33
17 Consumption of Sanitary Tissue: 1966 and 1976 36
18 Consumption of Nonpackaging Special Paperboard Grades: 1958-1976 __ 38
19 Consumption of Special Paperboard: 1966 and 1976 39
ix
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NONPACKAGING PAPER
Table Page
20 Consumption of Wet Machine Board, Construction Paper and Construction
Board by Grades: 1958-1976 41
21 Consumption of Insulating and Hard Pressed Board by End Use: 1958-
1966 44
Part III—The Impact of Nonpackaging Paper on Solid Waste
22 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by End Use: !966__ 52
23 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by Grade and
End Use: 1966 53
24 Consumption of Nonpackaging Paper and Paperboard by Grade and
End Use: 1976 53
25 Calculation of Newsprint Entering as Solid Waste in 1966 54
26 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Newsprint: 1966 and 1976 55
27 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Printing Papers: 1966 and 1976 __ 55
28 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Fine Papers: 1966 and 1976 55
29 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Special Industrial Paper: 1966 and
1976 56
30 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Sanitary Tissue: 1966 and 1976 56
31 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Special Paperboard: 1966 and 1976. 57
32 End Use and Solid Waste Profiles for Wet Machine Board and Construc-
tion Paper and Board: 1966 and 1976 57
33 Summary of Nonpackaging Paper Consumption, Solid Waste and Recy-
cling: 1966 and 1976 61
34 Nonpackaging Paper Entering Solid Waste Stream: 1966 and 1976 62
35 Net Paper and Paperboard Entering Solid Waste Stream: 1966 and 1976 _ 62
36 Paper Stock Recovered for Use in Paper Manufacture by Paper Stock
Grades: 1966 64
37 Consumption of Paper Stock (Waste Paper) in Production of New
Paper: 1963 64
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PARTI
INTRODUCTION
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PART I
THE ROLE OF NONPACKAGING PAPER
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, 1966 TO 1976
In 1966, a total of 52.4 million tons of paper
were consumed in the United States, amounting to
approximately 533 Ib per capita. Of this, 27.3
million tons (52.1 percent) were consumed in non-
packaging applications (277.5 Ib per capita). This
report is concerned with the nonpackaging portion
of paper and paperboard.
The study is a logical outgrowth of a previous
study done by Midwest Research Institute (MRI)
for the Federal solid waste's program on The
Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management,
1966 to 1967. This report, together with those
sections in the earlier report that discuss paper and
paperboard consumed in packaging applications,
cover essentially all the paper and paperboard con-
sumed in the United States each year. Data as-
sembled on the consumption of all packaging and
nonpackaging grades of paper and paperboard for
1966 clearly show that paper and paperboard are
large contributors to the volume of solid waste
(Table 1).
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study was to de-
termine what portion of the nonpackaging grades
of paper and paperboard would be a part of the
solid-waste stream in 2 base years: 1966 and 1976.
Pursuit of this objective involved four basic tasks:
(1) development of the historical consumption of
nonpackaging paper and paperboard from 1958 to
1966; (2) analysis of the techno-economic factors
that influence the consumption of nonpackaging
paper and paperboard; (3) forecasting of the
consumption to 1976 for each grouping of non-
packaging paper and paperboard; (4) estimation
of the proportion of paper and paperboard tonnage
that reached solid waste disposal facilities in 1966
and that will reach disposal facilities in 1976.
TABLE 1.—Consumption of paper and paperboard
by grade and application: 1966*
(In thousands of tons)
Grade
Paper:
Newsprint
Fine paper
Special industrial paper
Tissue, except sanitary and
thin
Sanitary tissue
Total paper
Paperboard:
Paperboard . . .
Construction paper and
Total paperboard
Total all grades
*Source: Midwest Research Institute.
Packaging
899
4,717
188
236
6,040
19,067
19,067
25,107
Non-
packagmg
9,093
5,764
2,697
916
2,825
21,295
1,903
156
3 967
6,026
27 321
Total
9,093
6 663
2,697
4,717
1,104
236
2,825
27,335
20,970
156
3 967
25,093
52 428
ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT
This section (Part I) is followed by two more
sections.
Part II begins with a description of the methods
employed in analyzing each of the major paper
grades to arrive at forecasts of consumption in 1976.
Then, each of the major paper grades is discussed
separately and special emphasis is placed on the
techno-economic trends that influence the consump-
tion pattern for each particular grade. Finally, the
forecast for each grade is presented.
Part III is a discussion of the disposal charac-
teristics of the paper grades analyzed in this report.
Again, the general approach is presented first, fol-
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NONPACKAGING PAPER
lowed by the disposal rates for each category. These and paperboard that reached disposal sites in 1966
disposal rates help to characterize the life cycle and that will reach disposal sites in 1976.
of paper and paperboard products. The last section At the end of the report are a bibliography and
of Part III is an estimate of the quantities of paper an appendix.
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PART II
THE OUTLOOK FOR NONPACKAGING PAPER,
1966 TO 1976
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PART II
THE OUTLOOK FOR >OM» \< K\
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8
NONPACKAGING PAPER
ticular attention was given to those paper grades
that have the greatest impact on solid waste. In
addition, we estimated the rate at which paper
grades enter the solid waste stream, because in
nonpackaging paper, rates vary greatly with the
end use for which paper is intended.
Part II results in a forecast of paper consump-
tion by grade, which serves as the basis for es-
tablishing solid waste quantities in 1966 and 1976,
the subject of Part III.
Data Sources
The major sources of statistical data have already
been cited. The qualitative analysis was also based
on literature derived from trade press sources.
Through field visits and telephone interviews, MRI
made extensive contacts with industry officials in the
American Paper Institute, major paper companies,
and other companies whose products influence paper
consumption. The final forecasts and evaluations,
while reflecting the views of these sources, are
MRI's and do not necessarily correspond to those
of persons contacted.
General Background and Assumptions
General trends in nonpackaging paper have been
fairly well established, but there are limitations to
any 10-year forecast. Research now under way is
likely to lead to developments which are not now of
significance; other developments may not materi-
alize as fully as expected. Variations are more likely
to show up in a specific area, however, than in a
major grade as a whole, and the overall impact of
these variations should not change the basic trends
significantly.
As in most studies of this type, background as-
sumptions were made about general environmental
conditions. For example, it was assumed that the
U.S. economy would continue to show the rela-
tively stable conditions experienced in the last 10
years, and that serious dislocation would not
occur. The general growth of the gross national
product and output of goods was based on accepted
government forecasts of about 4 percent per year
real growth. Population growth was assumed to be
slower than in previous years, and the second lowest
rate of growth published by the Bureau of Census
was used. In addition to assumptions about the
general environment, MRI forecasts were based on
certain assumptions about the forces at work in the
paper industry today and the most likely conditions
a decade hence. Specifically, no adjustments were
made for the impact on paper of Federal or local
programs aimed at easing the solid waste or litter
burden created by paper; any such programs ini-
tiated before 1976 may have considerable influence
on paper consumption.
The section immediately following this one pre-
sents an overview of all nonpackaging paper and
paperboard: major grades, characteristic end uses,
and overall consumption trends. The remaining sec-
tions discuss the historic trends, characteristics, and
forecasts for each of the nine major grades, with
particular attention to techno-economic trends.
OVERVIEW: COMPONENTS
OF NOIVPACKAGIIVG PAPER
There are nine major nonpackaging paper and
paperboard grades. They are used in a wide variety
of products, ranging from the daily newspaper to
components for residential and commercial build-
ings. The majority of these grades, however, are
used for some type of product on which printing
appears. There are five major grades of paper and
four major grades of paperboard, with thousands of
end uses.
Paper
Newsprint: A low-quality paper used primarily
for newspapers.
Printing paper: Coated and uncoated papers
used in periodicals, directories, books, and com-
mercial printing.
Fine paper: High-quality papers used for such
business applications as stationery, forms, reports,
records, and the like.
Special industrial paper: Coarse papers used for
a variety of specialized applications such as
tabulating cards, filters, and absorbent papers.
Sanitary tissue: Thin and relatively soft papers
used for personal products such as napkins, toilet
paper, and facial tissue.
Paperboard
Special paperboard: Rigid grades of varying
thicknesses that are used for construction papers
and a variety of products (book matches, book
bindings, auto panel board, posters, etc.) made
from bending and nonbending boards and
cardboard.
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IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Wet machine board: A specialized type of paper-
board (usually i/4- to %-in. thick) produced by a
special process for use in such products as shoes,
book bindings, and gaskets.
Construction paper: Heavy papers that are
further processed into construction products; the
predominant use is for roofing felts.
Construction board: Paperboard used in con-
struction. The lighter densities are used as insula-
tion board, interior wallboard, acoustical tile, and
the like. Heavier densities, known as hard pressed
board, are used for wall paneling, furniture, and
a variety of other products.
TABLE 2.— Consumption of nonpackaging paper
and paperboard by grade: 1966*
(In thousands of tons)
Total Percent
consumption of total
Paper:
Newsprint
Printing paper .
Special industrial paper
Paperboard:
Wet machine board
Construction paper, , . .
Construction board
Total paperboard
Total all grades
'Source: Midwest Research Institute.
9,093
5,764
2,697
916
2 , 825
21 295
1 903
156
1 , 505
2 , 462
6,026
27,321
33.3
21.1
9.9
3.3
10.3
77.9
7 0
0.6
5.5
9.0
22.1
100.0
In 1966 the total tonnage involved in each of the
nine major grades varied widely—from 0.15 mil-
lion tons of wet machine board to 9.1 million tons
of newsprint (Table 2). About 78 percent of the
tonnage was in the form of paper. In terms of total
tonnage, the most significant grades are newsprint
and printing paper, which alone account for more
than half of all nonpackaging paper and paperboard.
Impact of Imports and Exports
on Consumption
In determining consumption of all grades of non-
packaging papers, the impact of imports and ex-
ports was taken into account. The impact of im-
ports and exports is very minor except for a few
grades such as newsprint and hard pressed board.
Newsprint accounts for over 90 percent of the ad-
justment required by taking imports and exports
into account.
The use of the term "consumption" should be
clarified as it applies to paper and paperboard
grades. In general, consumption, which is com-
monly referred to as "apparent consumption," is
calculated by the following simple equation:
Consumption=Domestic Production
4- Imports—Exports
Thus consumption does not take into account in-
ventory adjustments which take place during a year
at several levels—mill, converter, wholesale, or re-
tail. In general, this definition of consumption is
entirely adequate and does not introduce appre-
ciable errors in expressing actual consumption.
General Trends in Nonpackaging
Paper Consumption
Consumption of paper has usually paralleled gen-
eral economic conditions. The continued growth
of paper consumption is almost a certainty. Al-
though the rate of growth of many grades of paper
is tending to slow as certain markets reach satura-
tion, others are experiencing a much more rapid
growth as new markets open up to them. In gen-
eral, the growth curve for paper appears to be
flattening somewhat, but the consumption of non-
packaging paper and paperboard on a tonnage basis
will still grow at about 3.2 percent per year com-
pared with a 4-percent GNP growth rate commonly
forecast for the years ahead. Table 3 is a summary
of consumption for all paper for 1966 and 1976.
Table 4 is a capsule summary of consumption of
all paper by grades for packaging and nonpackag-
TABLE 3.—Paper and paperboard consumption:
1966 and 1976*
(In thousands of tons)
Rate of
1976 change
1966-76
(percent)
Packaging grades 25,107 36,895
Nonpackaging grades 27,321 37,545
Total 52,428 74,440
3.9
3.2
3.6
*Source: Midwest Research Institute.
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10
NONPACKAGING PAPER
TABLE 4.—Consumption of paper and paperboard
by grades: 1958-1976*
(In thousands of tons)
Category
1976
Paper:
Newsprint
Printing paper, nonpack-
aginfi
Printing paper, packaging. . .
Fine paper
Coarse paper, packaging
Special industrial, nonpack-
aeine
Special industrial, packaging
Sanitary tissue, nonpack-
aeine
Tissue, packaging . . .
Total paper
Paperboard:
Paperboard, packaging
Special paperboard, non-
nackagine
Wet machine board . .
Construction paper and
Total paperboard
Total paper and paper-
board
6
3
1
3
1
18
T>
1
3
16
34
515
,489
544
,506
,656
531
132
,700
220
,293
,040
,339
121
104
,604
,897
q
5,
9
4,
9,
97,
19,
1 ,
3
9S,
59
093
764
899
697
717
916
188
8?5
936
335
067
903
156
967
093
428
n
8
1
3
5
1
4
36
9Q
9
S
37
74
400
,910
,285
800
,890
085
270
,670
900
,810
9SO
550
180
650
630
•440
*Source: Midwest Research Institute
TABLE 5.-—Consumption of nonpackaging paper and
paperboard grades in percent: 1966 and 1976*
(Based on tonnage)
Paper grade
1966 Percent 1976 Percent
Newsprint 9,093 33.3 11,400 30.4
Printing paper 5,764 21.1 8,210 21.9
Fine paper 2,697 9.9 3,800 10.1
Special industrial paper. 916 3.3 1,085 2.9
Sanitary tissue 2,825 10.3 4,670 12.4
Special paperboard . . 1,903
Wet machine board. . . . 156
Construction paper... 1,505
Construction board ... 2,462
7.0 2,550
0.6 180
5.5 1,820
9.0 3,830
6.8
0.5
4.8
10.2
Total 27,321 100.0 37,545 100.0
*Source: Midwest Research Institute
ing categories and gives a more detailed overview
of consumption of paper in the United States.
The consumption of nonpackaging paper and
paperboard grew from 18.3 million tons in 1958 to
27.3 million tons in 1966. By 1976, consumption is
forecast at 37.5 million tons, a growth rate of 3.2
percent per year from 1966 to 1976. A summary of
consumption of the nine major nonpackaging paper
and paperboard categories for 1966 and 1976 is
given in Table 5. Table 6 is a detailed summary for
the period 1958 to 1976; this information is shown
graphically in Figures 1 and 2. Table 7 is a sum-
mary of consumption on a per capita basis. There
is considerable variation in the growth rates ex-
pected, and many of the grades that reach disposal
sites most rapidly are expected to experience a
relatively high growth rate in the years ahead.
NEWSPRINT
Newsprint is the most significant of all nonpack-
aging paper grades in terms of quantity. In 1966,
consumption was 9.1 million tons, which accounted
for one-third of the total consumption of nonpack-
aging paper and paperboard. By 1976, newsprint
will still account for more than 30 percent of the
total.
Newsprint is used almost exclusively for one prod-
uct—newspapers. About 93 percent, of newsprint
goes into daily and weekly, local and national
newspapers and Sunday supplements. The rest of the
newsprint is used tor comic books, handbills, sales
books, and other printed items.
Typical newsprint is composed of 75 percent
groundwood pulp and 25 percent chemical pulp.
This combination produces a paper of low quality.
Quality is not too important, however, because
products made from newsprint are usually discarded
within a few days or even hours after they are
printed.
Of all the major paper grades, newsprint is the
only one that is supplied primarily from imports.
In 1967, 6.60 million tons of the newsprint con-
sumed in this country was imported. Of this amount,
almost all (6.32 million tons) came from Canada.
Techno-Economic Trends
Because newspapers account for such a large por-
tion of newsprint consumption, the history and out-
look of newsprint are reflections of the history and
outlook of newspapers.
Newspapers are a basic part of our communica-
tions media. Although television and growing sub-
urban populations have altered the character of the
newspaper industry, they have not had an adverse
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IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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-------
12
NONPACKAGING PAPER
3
-.
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1
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i
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o r- co •rr
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CO LO CM CM
•* sO Tf< CO f-
CM CO h- ON CO
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CO 'O 00 >O O
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rf O C^ b- -rf
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CO ^ ^ CNJ
O\ i — i CO O1^ LO
O LO ON ^o •— i
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•^ O l>- \O ON
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o u '" •-
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cd
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CM CM r— ( ^O T*
\O CM -—I CO
CN
CM LO ^C O ^H
CM O i— t O ON
CO CM -— i CM
CM
C\ CO <* W Tf
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r-t »—l ^H CM
CM
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r— 1 ,M ,— ( CM
CM
t^- C\] LO CM CO
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CM
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i— 1 t~- f-H m LO
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•— ' l> •—( LO CO
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1 — 1
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co t- r- co co
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t~- i — 1 r-H CN
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1 — 1
Paper, total:
Paperboard:
Special paperboard
Wet machine board. . . .
Construction paper
Construction board
t ® 11
10 r-
C- CO
co 11
N. "* II
» ^
vo ON
CM 11
co r- II
CC ON
10) ^O
C-J 11
CM vo 11
rH !>•
o t—
CM II
CM ON II
SCO
^o
CM II
VO C II
O CM
^ LO
CS II
o CT. II
CO C?
10 S II
°°. 1 II
in ^
m «
0 II
^ ro
- ?! 1
u-. n n
t- °2
* S II
Tf P3
(M 0
1/2 «
Paperboard, total:
Paper and paperboard, tola
u
K
o
ob
G
1
1
8
03
3
JD
,<
CO
o"
z
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c
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e
<3
3
a
u
o
3
pa
«
V
a
H
d
a
3
«'
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P
*From Table 6 (preceding page
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
13
S I
a
s I
SNOJ, dO SQNVSnOHX
FIGURE 1.—Consumption of nonpackaging paper by grade: 1958-1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
14
NONPACKAGING PAPER
Kf.-
t.
: H-^x-J: .v:'l:»: :,:.::
II
X
u
a
*
i
a
I I
u
c 8
s I
. I
SNOl JO SONVSnOHL
FIGURE 2.—Consumption of nonpackaging paperboard by grade: 1958-1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
15
effect on the growth of that industry. Newsprint
consumption has grown almost continuously for the
last 20 years.
The major factors influencing the circulation of
newspapers and thus the consumption of newsprint
are advertising content and the size of the adult
population. Advertising accounts for approximately
60 percent of the average content of newspapers.
In the last few years, newspapers which had lost
ground with respect to other media in total adver-
tising income, have stabilized their share at about
29 percent of total annual advertising expenses.
With an expanding GNP to stimulate advertising,
and a growing educated adult population in the
1970's, most industry experts foresee a continued
growth for newspapers. Table 8 presents data on
various measures of growth for the newspaper
industry between 1958 and 1967.
Several significant technological changes are
taking place in the newspaper industry and should
be important factors well into the 1970's. These
developments will have their greatest impact on
newspaper production techniques. For example, the
adaptation of the offset printing process to news-
paper printing has enabled many of the small, local-
circulation newspapers to stay in business. Also,
offset is particularly adaptable to automation and
will permit newspapers to be produced more rapidly
and at a lower cost in the 1970's. Offset is now used
by 400 of the nearly 1,750 newspapers in the United
States. By 1976, perhaps three-fourths of all the
daily newspapers will be using offset.
TABLE 8.—Measures of growth for newspapers: 1959—1967*
1959
1967 Percent
change
Newsprint consumption — thou-
sand tons .................. 7,037 8,864 +26
Newsprint consumption — pounds
per capita .................. 79.5 89.6 +13
Total circulation daily papers —
million ..................... 58.3 61. 4f +5
Circulation per household ........ 1.12 1.05 —6
Advertising lineage — million lines
(52 cities) ................... 2,865 3,297 +15
Advertising expenditures in news-
papers— millions of dollars ..... 3,564 4,942 +39
Newspaper advertising as a share
of total advertising ........... 0.317 0.293 -8
*From U S Bureau of the Census. Statistical abstract of the United States:
1968, 89th ed., Washington, 1968. Tables 6 and 7.
"fl966 circulation.
Another important technological development is
the application of computers to newspaper produc-
tion and distribution. At present, the computer is
important only in the area of typesetting, but it is
expected to move into makeup, printing-press con-
trol, mailroom handling, and other areas. The
computer should contribute greatly to efficiency and
speed in newspaper production.
Other significant technological developments that
may affect newspaper production are the use of
cathode ray tube generators for setting type and the
establishment of satellite production plants. These
satellite plants would be located in the suburbs and
use facsimile transmission of whole pages from a
central location. Such plants would be able to incor-
porate local advertising and focus more attention on
the local suburban market.
Forecast
In the period from 1966 to 1976 it is unlikely
that these technological developments will have any
significant impact on present trends in newsprint
consumption. Shifts in GNP, which would be re-
flected in advertising revenues of newspapers,
would, of course, affect per capita consumption.
However, this analysis is based on the assumption
that the GNP will have a steady rate of growth in
the forecast period.
MRI's forecast for newsprint consumption in 1976
is in line with those made by the newspaper and
paper industries. By 1976, newsprint consumption
will be at 11.4 million tons, about 103 Ib per capita.
The 1967 figures were 8.9 million tons, about 90
Ib per capita.
PRINTING PAPER
Printing paper is the second largest grade of non-
packaging paper. In 1966, it accounted for 5.76 mil-
lion tons or 21.1 percent of total nonpackaging
paper consumption.
There are two basic grades of printing paper:
groundwood paper and book paper. These papers
almost always appear in some printed form, such as
a magazine, or as a product designed to receive
printing during its useful life, such as an adding-
machine tape.
Groundwood paper is similar to newsprint and
contains at least 25 percent of mechanically pro-
duced wood pulp; the remainder is chemically pro-
duced wood pulp. Groundwood papers are used for
-------
16
NONPACKAGING PAPER
products where permanence and strength are not
important but where absorbency, bulk, opacity, and
the ability to take a clear impression are important.
Typical products include telephone books, direc-
tories, inexpensive novels, and magazines.
Book papers are made from combinations of
bleached, chemically produced wood pulp. Uncoated
book paper is most suitable for graphic arts and is
widely used for books and commercial printing. It is
also converted into products such as envelopes, writ-
ing tablets, and adding-machine paper.
Both groundwood paper and book papers may be
coated for printing. Coated papers have a better ap-
pearance and are especially desirable when half-
tone illustrations are to be used. Coated papers are
used primarily for magazines, books, pamphlets,
brochures, and folders. The coating is usually a
mixture of an adhesive and a white mineral pig-
ment such as clay, barium sulfate, calcium carbon-
ate, calcium sulfate, or titanium oxide.
The consumption of coated book and ground-
wood papers has risen sharply in recent years. In
1958,1.41 million tons were consumed. By 1966 con-
sumption had increased by 89 percent to 2.66 million
tons (Table 9, Figure 3). In contrast, the con-
sumption of uncoated groundwood paper increased
40 percent—from 0.84 million tons in 1958 to
1.18 million tons in 1966. During the same period
consumption of uncoated book paper increased 56
percent—from 1.24 million tons to 1.93 million
tons.
End Uses
Printing papers have five 1 basic applications:
catalogs and directories, magazines, books, commer-
cial printing, and converting. In the last 10 years
magazines have declined in importance, and books
and commercial printing have increased their share
of total printing-paper consumption. Comparative
data for 1958, 1967, and 1976 are given in Figure 4
and Table 10.
Periodical publishing: magazines, catalogs, and
directories. Together, magazines, catalogs, and di-
rectories account for almost half of all printing
1 Labels and wraps are a sixth type of application for
printing paper. However, they have been excluded from
this analysis because they were covered in the earlier MRI
report, The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management,
1966 to 1976.
paper consumption. Between 1958 and 1967, the
total consumption of printing paper for periodicals
increased 40 percent in lonnage. The tonnage of
magazine publishing paper alone, however,
increased by only 26 percent.
Catalogs and directories, including such items as
telephone books, mail-order catalogs, and business
and professional directories, are of transitory value
to the user and are replaced regularly by up-to-date
issues.
Book publishing. In recent years, books have be-
come much more important as a communications
medium. Consumption of paper for books increased
70 percent in 8 years—from 0.30 million tons in
1958 to 0.62 million tons in 1967 (Table 10).
This growth has occurred in all areas of book
publishing—textbook, fiction, and nonfiction. both
hard-cover and soft-cover. The growth is also re-
flected in the number of new titles, which has been
increasing at a rate of about 10 percent annually.
In 1966, 1.2 billion books were sold. Fifty-eight
percent of these books were soft-cover; the re-
mainder were hard-cover. A sizable share—29 per-
cent—were textbooks and workbooks. Textbook
sales have grown in recent years because of the in-
creasing emphasis on education throughout the
country. The average number of textbooks sold per
student (including hard- and soft-cover, and work-
books) has increased substantially; the American
Textbook Publishers Institute reported per capita
figures with average increases of 35 percent to 55
percent during the 1955 to 1966 period (Table 11).
The rise in textbook sales has been accompanied
by a rise in general book sales in proportion to
increases in disposable personal income. It appears
that the adult population is demanding more read-
ing materials for both education and pleasure.
General adult book sales (in copies) increased 19
percent from 1963 to 1966; during the same period
professional book sales increased 41 percent.
Commercial printing. Commercial printing con-
sumes a large share of the production of coated
groundwood and book papers and uncoated book
paper. In 1966, commercial printing accounted for
2.0 million tons—more than one-third of total
printing paper consumption. In 1959, commercial
printing consumed less than half that amount—0.97
million tons (Table 12). Overall, the consumption
of paper by commercial printing increased at 7 per-
cent a year in the 1959 to 1967 period.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
17
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Other including drawing,
CN t^ CO
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CNJ CN CM
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Tf | 1 rH in t- 1 I
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unset
Other book printing . . .
ok converting papers, total
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o
EQ
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f Tf Tf Tf
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J5
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r?cl £
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-------
18
NONPACKAGING PAPER
SN01 dO SQNVSnORL
FIGURE 3.-
-Consumption of newsprint and nonpackaging printing paper by grade:
1958-1976 (thousands of tons).
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
19
a,
I
l!
•s
hi
o 3
50
£ 8.
SNOX HO SONVSnOHX
FIGURE 4.—Consumption of nonpackaging printing paper by end use: 1958—1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
20
NONPACKAGING PAPER
TABLE 10.—Comparative data for nonpackaging printing paper by end use: 1958, 1967, and 1976*
(In thousands of ton*)
Catalogs, directories
Magazine publishing
Book publishing . . .
Commercial printing
Converting J
Total
1958
Tonnage
(330 )f
(1 538 )f
297
966
358
3,489
Percent
9 5
44 1
8 5
27 7
10 2
100 0
196
Tonnage
665
1 944
624
1,956
433
5 622
,7
Percent
11 8
34 6
11 1
34 8
7 7
100 0
197
Tonnage
1 000
2 200
1 100
3 330
580
8 210
6
Percent]
12 2
26 8
13 4
40 5
7 1
100 0
*From Midwest Research Institute, based on industry sources.
"("Estimates are in parentheses.
^Excludes packaging grades.
TABLE 11.— Textbook sales: 1955 and 1966*
School level
Elementary
Books per student
1955
4.08
3.28
6.31
1966
5.49
4.74
9.75
Percent
change
+ 35
+45
+55
*Source: American Textbook Publishers Institute.
Commercial printing encompasses direct-mail ad-
vertising, booklets, brochures, leaflets, reports, pro-
motional materials, forms, and similar products.
Direct-mail advertising has made a substantial con-
tribution to the growth of commercial printing—
expenditures for that form of advertising have in-
creased 55 percent in the last 10 years.
Converting. Converting is a term used to desig-
nate making paper into various products by cutting,
folding, trimming, and other processes. Tablets and
adding-machine tapes are representative examples of
converted paper products. In 1958, converting con-
sumed 0.36 million tons of printing paper, and in
1967, 0.43 million tons—an 8-year change of ap-
proximately 18 percent.
Techno-Economic Trends
Several factors significantly affect the ability of
the printing industry to compete with other commu-
nications media and to keep pace with the increas-
ing demand for printed material.
Developments in the use of lighter weight papers
TABLE 12.—Consumption of nonpackaging printing paper by end use*
(In thousands of tons)
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1970 . . .
1973
1976
Periodical publishing
Catalogs,
directories, etc.
504
561
602
694
665
920
950
1,000
Magazine
publishing
1,868
2,040
2,188
2,117
2,140
1,765
1,791
1,828
1,938
1,944
2,030
2,050
2,200
Book
publishing
297
368
357
404
425
478
526
596
710
624
810
940
1,100
Commeicia
printing
966
1 , 146
1,203
1,228
1,328
1,425
1,572
1,749
2,000
1,956
2,500
2,900
3,330
Convertingt
358
326
323
315
361
240
377
448
422
433
455
505
580
Total
3,489
3,880
4,071
4,064
4,249
4,512
4,827
5,219
5,764
5,622
6,615
7,345
8,210
*From Midwest Research Institute, based on industry sources.
Forecasts by Midwest Research Institute.
fPackaging paper omitted.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
21
and coated papers are of particular significance to
the role of paper in solid waste.
In recent years lighter basis-weight2 papers have
come into use with the same strength and opacity as
heavier weight papers. The present standard weight
is in the range of 43- to 45-lb basis weight. Recently,
however, a 38-lb stock has been regularly produced
and will probably displace the heavier grades. High
circulation magazines have been important in bring-
ing about this weight reduction. It is even possible
that book and magazine paper weights could fall to
30-lb in the next decade, although there are a num-
ber of technical problems, such as lack of strength
and surface ability to take an impression, that must
be overcome before this paper could be used in
volume application. Because of rising postal rates,
publishers of periodicials strongly favor progress
toward lighter basis-weight paper; thus, a further
decline in basis weight can be expected.
The second development, the use of coated papers,
will continue to increase in importance. Coated
stock is used in commercial printing, better quality
magazines, and other publications; its appearance,
especially when illustrations are used, is better
than that of uncoated stock. Although coating tech-
nology is unlikely to influence the total consump-
tion of printing paper in the near future, it is
likely that consumption of coated papers will grow
at a faster rate than will that of total printing
papers.
Other factors that will enable the printing indus-
try to print more rapidly and more efficiently, and
thus increase the volume of paper consumed, in-
clude the growing use of offset presses, with photo-
mechanical reproduction methods that are adaptable
to automation procedures; the application of various
electronic, automated, and computerized techniques
to layout, makeup, and steps in the printing process;
and the development of photocomposition devices
for high-speed typesetting.
Periodical publishing has been affected in recent
years by competition with other media, especially
television, for advertising. Between 1960 and 1967,
television's share of total advertising rose from 13.3
to 17.2 percent, while magazine advertising dropped
from 7.9 to 7.6 percent of the total.
2 Basis weight is the weight in pounds of a given number
of designated-size sheets, commonly one ream (500 sheets)
of 25- by 38-inch stock.
Two factors make it difficult to relate these figures
to changes in paper consumption. Total advertising
expenditures may increase every year; therefore,
yearly dollar expenditures for magazine advertising
may rise while the magazines' percentage of total
expenditures falls. Also, because rates per page
as well as paper consumption appear in advertising
expenditures, a change in expenditures does not
necesarily indicate a corresponding change in
paper consumption, but may be due to changing
rates per page.
Television will probably continue to compete
strongly for advertising, moderating or even reduc-
ing the paper-consumption increases of magazines
in the next few years.
In addition to these changes, there may be several
developments in the future that will radically alter
the importance of the printed word as a means of
communication. In general, these new techniques
actually eliminate or greatly reduce the amount of
paper printed copy.
Microfilm cards or microfiche may be used to
store documents; the microphotograph may be used
for reproduction if a copy of the document is
needed. The Federal Government is already em-
ploying this system for scientific and technical
material. Microfilm could also be used for publica-
tion of scientific and technical journals.
Authors may sell their works to information
systems specialists instead of to publishers; repro-
duction would be either on microfilm or in hard
copy, and royalties would be paid on the basis of
the number of times an original is reproduced.
Subscribers may receive facsimile transmission
of data (either printed or illustrated) over wire
from magnetic tape for production by facsimile
translators at their offices. Data that are now re-
ceived on subscription basis in printed form could
be provided on magnetic tape or punch card.
Users may have remote access to data stored in
massive computer memory systems. Such data
could be retrieved on visual display equipment and
reproduced into hard copy if necessary.
Use of display and information retrieval systems
may become important. Some businesses with cata-
log operations are already using these machines for
access to large catalogs that must be continually
updated, such as those of automotive parts.
These and many other new approaches in informa-
tion technology may ultimately greatly reduce the
-------
22
NONPACKAGING PAPER
volume of paper consumed in the United States. It
is unlikely, however, that these approaches will
have any significant impact prior to 1976, pri-
marily because of the cost of these systems and
their rather specialized application at present. These
systems require equipment not generally accessible
to everyone in business; the investment cost is
quite substantial; and frequently, basic changes in
a business operating routine are necessary. Cur-
rently these systems are applied primarily to sci-
entific and technical data, and they are not practical
at this time for popular publications. In addition,
these new systems are unlikely to have any effect
on pleasure and entertainment reading.
Thus it appears that the printed word will retain
its dominant position as a communications medium
during the coming decade, and that printing paper
will remain in its secure position as the carrier of
the printed word.
Forecast
Based on expected population increases, the rap-
idly increasing amount of knowledge, the use of
more efficient printing techniques, and various other
economic, social, and technical factors, the con-
sumption of printing paper is forecast to be 8.21
million tons in 1976. This figure represents a 3.6-
percent annual growth rate over the 1966 figure of
5.76 million tons. Comparative data for uncoated
groundwood, uncoated book paper, and coated
printing paper are given in Table 9 and Figure 3.
In arriving at this forecast, we first considered the
various grades of printing paper and their charac-
teristics separately. Figure 4 and Table 12 present
summary data for each grade for 1958 through
1976. A brief summary of the forecast for each of
the five grades follows:
Periodicals: magazines, catalogs, and directories.
Printing paper consumed for this class of publica-
tions is expected to increase from 2.63 million tons
in 1966 to 3.20 million tons in 1976.3 By 1976,
magazines should consume 2.2 million tons, more
than two-thirds of the total; catalogs and direc-
tories will account for 1.0 million tons. The fore-
3 It is also interesting to note that a large percentage of
printing paper for periodicals—15 to 18 percent of total
tonnage—never reaches the ultimate consumer. This share
is lost at various points in the printing process—from outer
wrapping of rolls and press waste to bundling losses and
trim waste.
cast assumes that there will be an overall increase
in magazine paper consumption. This increase,
however, will be largely offset by the use of lighter
weight papers, especially by the high-volume maga-
zines (e.g., Life) and the impact of advertising com-
petition between media. The use of coated papers
should also continue to increase, particularly as
color printing becomes more common. Consumption
of paper for catalogs should increase at the rate of
4 percent per year, about equal to the GNP rate.
Books. The basic trends of recent years are ex-
pected to influence the consumption of paper for
books to the mid-1970's. The forecast is for an in-
crease of about 4.5 percent per year, from 0.71
million tons in 1966 to 1.1 million tons in 1976.
Commercial printing. Paper for commercial print-
ing is a definite growth area in printing paper.
Between 1959 and 1967, commercial printing paper
consumption inci eased at the rate of 7 percent per
year. This growth should continue, although at a
slightly slower pace—5.2 percent per year average.
By 1976, consumption should be at about 3.3 million
tons, compared with 2.0 million tons in 1966.
Converting. There is a fairly stable demand for
the products made by converting operations; thus,
demand increases at a moderate rate. Consumption
is forecast to increase to 0.58 million tons in 1976,
an increase of 3.2 percent per year over the 1966
consumption of 0.42 million tons.
FINE PAPER
In 1966, 2.70 million tons of fine paper were con-
sumed. This figure represented 9.9 percent of total
nonpackaging paper consumption. In 1958, con-
sumption was 1.51 million tons; the increase in
consumption in the 9-year period was an impressive
80 percent.
Fine papers are used primarily for such general
business purposes4 as letters, forms, records, and
reproduction, and also for a multitude of specialty
applications, such as drawings, maps, and wedding
invitations. Fine papers are the backbone of the
business world in terms of paper requirements and
represent a prime communications medium in day-
to-day business and government operations.
Most fine paper is made from chemical pulp and
4 In this report "general business" includes all private
business and industry, institutional, government, and some
personal or consumer uses of paper.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
23
is usually bleached; rag content papers used in
specialized applications, such as bond, currency,
ledgers, and maps are also classed as fine paper.
Types of Fine Paper
Fine paper has traditionally been classified in six
major groupings: writing paper, bristols, cover
paper, text paper, colored school and construction
paper, and thin paper.
Writing paper. These grades are by far the most
important in tonnage, accounting for 2.08 million
tons or 77 percent of total fine paper in 1966 (Table
13). Writing paper may be used for many special-
ized applications, but it is generally suitable for
printing, typewriter, pencil, pen, or ink. The most
important properties of writing paper are its sur-
face characteristics, because it is primarily used
to communicate or carry information. Writing
paper with a rag content serves as a high-quality
paper for stationery, bank checks, ledgers, technical
papers, and currency.
The most common writing grade is that produced
from chemical wood pulp. In 1966, about 1.2
million tons of this paper were used in business
forms, letterhead, and general business communi-
cations papers, all of which are generally known as
bond papeis. Much smaller quantities are used for
ledgers, manifold (copy), mimeograph, reproduc-
tion, maps, charts, and the like.
Writing paper consumption nearly doubled in the
1958 to 1967 period, increasing from 1.18 million
tons to 2.04 million tons. This is a growth rate of
6.3 percent per year for the period. The useful life
of writing papers varies widely depending on the
nature of the document for which it is used. Most
business papers have relatively limited value and
are disposed of in the same year or kept for only a
few years. However, a significant proportion of
writing paper is retained permanently or semi-
permanently by business and government.
Bristols. These papers are the grades used primar-
ily for index cards, file cai ds, post cards, posters, and
similar items.' In 1966. 0.17 million tons of bristols
were consumed, compared with 0.12 million tons in
1958. Bristols have had a somewhat variable con-
sumption record in recent years, but consumption
'" A similar type of stock is used for tabulating cards and
file folders, but these traditionally have been classified as
special industrial paper and are discussed in that section
of the report.
has been rising along with general economic or
business activity. Bristols are a well-established
paper grade.
Although most bristols have a typically short
useful life, those used for file cards, particularly
library file cards, have a very long life. Bristols used
for postcards and posters have a very short useful
life.
Cover paper. Cover paper is used primarily
for high-quality products such as corporate annual
reports, brochures, and pamphlets. It is also used
extensively as menu stock for restaurants. During
the 1958 to 1966 period, consumption varied be-
tween 39,000 tons and 56,000 tons per year and thus
was a very minor portion of fine paper. Cover
paper is used in products of relatively high reten-
tion value; the life span is usually between 1 and
4 years.
Text paper. Text paper is a high quality paper
used for high grade printing and is typically found
in brochures, annual reports, and pamphlets; it is
not used in books. The consumption of text paper
had an impressive percentage gain in the 1958 to
1966 period, growing from 64,000 tons to 130,000
tons. This was a period in which many types of
special publications were upgraded in quality and
appearance. In general, text paper has about the
same retention value as cover paper.
Colored school and construction paper. This
paper is used in schools for scratch and work paper
and for craft project work. Although it is classified
with fine paper, it is generally a groundwood and
thus of somewhat lower quality than are most fine
papers. Consumption has varied from 4,000 tons
in 1958 to 24,000 tons in 1966, although it ranged
between 17,000 and 21,000 tons in most of these
years. This type of paper has a very low retention
value and is generally discarded quite rapidly,
except for a minor portion that might be saved as
mementos.
Thin paper. This is a term applied to lightweight
paper similar to tissue. It is used for specialized
applications such as carbon paper, cigarette paper,
copy paper, Bibles, and lens paper. However, about
60 percent (144,000 tons) is used in carbon paper.
Cigarette paper accounts for most of the remaining
95,000 tons.
Consumption of thin paper more than doubled in
the 1958 to 1966 period—from 103,000 tons to
-------
24
NONPACKAGING PAPER
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IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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26
NONPACKAGING PAPER
239,000 tons. During this period, business forms
using one-time-use carbon were gaining rapid ac-
ceptance; carbon-paper consumption increased 144
percent. By L967, however, it was evident that this
rapid growth was declining, since total thin-paper
consumption dropped 32,000 tons to 207,000 tons.
For the most part, these papers have a short useful
life and are discarded the same year that they are
produced. For example, most carbon paper used in
business forms is used once and then thrown away.
Techno-Economic Trends
The primary consumers of fine papers, especially
the writing grades, are various types of administra-
tive offices in business, industry, government,
finance, and a multitude of private and public insti-
tutions. Today, fine paper is one of the basic means
of transmitting and storing information in the busi-
ness world. To understand the role of fine paper in
future office operations we must look at office-
machine systems and information-handling tech-
niques that have been developed and that will
directly or indirectly affect the use of fine paper.
Consumption of fine paper increased 80 percent
in the 1958 to 1966 period. Much of this growth was
in the writing paper grade, which is most com-
monly used in office operations. Of course, much
can be attributed to the vigorous economic activity
that occurred during that period. At the same time,
however, more paper was used because there was a
growing demand for, and supply of information in
many fields. The information explosion has created
an almost overwhelming increase in the consumption
of paper.
To deal with this problem, numerous office sys-
tems and a wide variety of machines have been
developed. The prime objectives of these systems
are to handle information more rapidly, more effi-
ciently, more conveniently, at a lower cost, and in
higher volumes. Very few of these systems have as
their primary objective the reduction of paper per
se; they are just as likely to increase the use of
paper as they are to decrease or eliminate it. All of
these systems, however, undoubtedly have some
effect on the volume of paper consumed. For ex-
ample, in-house duplicating machines and copying
machines have made reproduction of printed mate-
rial convenient and easy and thus have stimulaied
the use of paper. Today it is much easier and faster
to make copies of a magazine article to distribute
to coworkers than it is lo route the magazine to ;ill
of them.
As entirely new systems and machines have been
developing, traditional office machines have been
increasing in speed, efficiency, and sheer volume.
Machines such as typewriters, adding machines, and
calculators all use paper. As the number of these
machines increases, so does the amount of paper
they consume.
The major developments in office systems and ma-
chines that are affecting paper consumption are in:
(1) information storage and retrieval; (2) tele-
communications; 1,3) electronic data processing;
and (4) office copying and duplicating.
Information storage, and retrieval. The office
operation was once limited to routine storage
techniques—filing and microfilming. Now, how-
ever, many advanced techniques—automatic file and
retrieval systems, microfilm systems of current in-
formation, and storage and retrieval of informa-
tion in computers-—are available. Allied with these
techniques are various data acquisition and display
techniques that use optical scanning devices, com-
puter hookups, reading and printing devices, and
electronic and mechanical aids to locate and then
communicate information. These information sys-
tems eventually may reduce fine-paper consumption,
although probably not significantly prior to 1976.
Telecommunications. In telecommunications, in-
formation is transmitted electronically from one
location to another location, perhaps many thou-
sands of miles away. At the receiving location, the
information may be reproduced for routine han-
dling, or it may enter a data system, such as a
computer, for further processing, (n some of (he
systems that are being developed, the centrally
stored information can be viewed and used without
being transformed into hard copy.
Electronic data processing. Computers consume
large quantities of paper in both input and output
operations. Input requires tabulating cards I which
are discussed in the section on special industrial
paper), and output requires large quantities of
form-bond or register-bond papers, which are part
of the writing paper grade of fine papers.
Register bond accounts for about one-third
(400,000 tons) of the total bond writing paper
consumed in 1966: 10 years ago, register bond ac-
counted for only a minor fraction of fine paper. It
is estimated that todav about one-half of the total
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
27
dollar volume of business forms expenditures is
for computer paper.
In computer output there are three trends that
may slow the rate of growth of register-bond con-
sumption: (1) use of lightweight papers: (2) re-
duction of volume and number of copies of print-
out of routine reports; (3) direct transfer of data
from one magnetic tape to another or to memory.
There are other developments that may eventually
tend to reduce register-bond consumption, although
probably not significantly before 1976. These de-
velopments include the use of touch-tone telephone
equipment to feed data into computers, which elimi-
nates the need for input paper: and direct machine-
to-machine input, which eliminates the need for
both input and output paper.
Overall, however, the consumption of register
bond by computers should continue to increase for
some time. The basic impetus behind this increase is
the growing number of computer installations, and
there are no indications that this growth will
slacken. For example, in July 1964 there were 20,300
computer installations; two years later the number
of installations had increased by 80 percent to
36.200 installations, and by early 1967, 43,000 com-
puters had been installed, and 25.000 computers
were on order. Thus, even if the amount of paper
consumed by each computer is reduced significantly.
the total volume consumed by all the computers
will still be quite substantial. The growth in con-
sumption will continue at least until the mid-1970's
for both input and output papers.
Office copying and duplicating. The use of
various office copying machines has grown sub-
stantially. Total sales of copying machines and re-
lated supplies have increased from $145 million in
1964 to an estimated $1 billion in 1968. Of this
amount, about 30 percent is spent on supplies, pri-
marilv chemically treated fine papers.
In producing copies, copying machines consume
vast quantities of paper. In 1965. 500,000 copying
machines turned out an estimated 10 billion copies.
Today, with 800,000 copiers in operation, it is esti-
mated that annual output is approximately 16 billion
copies.
Current trends in cop) ing machines are to rela-
tively inexpensive desk-top copiers, which will make
copying even more convenient; and to high-speed,
high-volume copiers which, in terms of capability
and cost, will compare favorably with present dupli-
cating systems—ditto, mimeograph, and offset.
At present, however, duplicating systems, such as
offset printing processes, produce an even higher
output—250 billion copies per year—than do copy-
ing machines. The new duplicating s> stems are
more adaptable than were earlier ones. It is now
economically feasible to use many of the duplicating
systems for short runs as well as for the more tradi-
tional long runs. For example, many offset duplicat-
ing machines now available have enabled offices to
produce their short and medium run printing re-
quirements in-house.
The duplicator and copier market should continue
to grow at a rate of more than 10 percent per year
until 1970. At that time, the effects of microfilm
magnetic storage, visual display, and electronic data
processing systems could begin to moderate the
consumption of paper in duplicators and copiers.
However, the change is most likely to be a reduction
of the rate of growth rather than of the total volume
of fine paper consumed by copying and duplicating
machines.
Conclusions. In spite of the many technological
advances in information handling, these new sys-
tems have had little impact on the historical trend in
paper consumption, and their overall effect to date
has been minor. The forces of economic growth and
the growing complexity of our political and eco-
nomic systems create powerful stimulants to infor-
mation needs. These needs can be fulfilled con-
veniently on paper, even though they may also be
handled by electronic impulses. As we have learned
to process information more efficiently and more
rapidly, we have opened up new sources of informa-
tion never before available. Therefore we can pro-
duce and handle more information than ever before,
and our office machine technology is enabling us to
do just this. As one filing supply product manager
put it during our field contacts: "The greatest de-
fenders of paper work economy and the sources of
the paper work explosion are the computer and
microfilm industries and the government. The
former may reduce the amount of information
stored in paper form, but they create reams of
printed or photocopy data on request. The govern-
ment, with its multitude of regulations, forms, and
legal requirements endlessly proliferated yearly
fuels the paper work explosion. Microfilm and
similar devices have had little or no negative effect
-------
28
NONPACKAGING PAPER
on our industry, nor do we expect that they will in
the foreseeable future."
Analysis of these various developments in office
systems and machines leads to three conclusions.
Fine-paper consumption will continue to increase
at a rate roughly equal to that of general economic
activity or the GNP. At the same time, it is likely
that there will be some very important encroach-
ments on fine paper consumption in some types of
businesses by the mid-1970's; the most likely are
financial institutions, banks, insurance companies,
and industries that are heavily dependent on sci-
entific and technical information.
Information storage and retrieval technology will
accelerate the rate at which paper is discarded.
With the reduction of documents to active micro-
film systems or their transfer to magnetic memories,
the need to retain paper documents will decline.
Thus, the successes of information retrieval systems
in the 1960's will lead to their more widespread
adoption by business and government in the early
1970's. During this period, the retention cycle for
business and government documents in paper form
will be shortened; and the rate at which paper is
discarded by the users will be accelerated. Shorten-
ing of the retention time of documents generated in
the normal course of business does not necessarily
reduce the volume of fine paper consumption, but
it does mean that the paper will enter the waste
stream more rapidly.
By 1976, some of the systems that have stimulated
fine paper consumption will have been refined in
ways that will reduce their appetite for paper.
Among these systems are electronic computers lhat
will eliminate or reduce the paper requirements on
both the input and output sides; teletransmission
of data on a broader scale; information storage and
retrieval techniques; and perhaps most significantly,
renewed efforts by business and government to
streamline information-management techniques. In
addition, the markets for in-house printing, copy-
ing, and duplicating machines should show signs of
maturing within the next decade.
Forecast
As a group, the fine papers should increase in
consumption about 3.6 percent per year from 1966
to 1976. This rate of growth would result in con-
sumption of 3.80 million tons in 1976.
Consumption forecasts to 1976 were also made
for the six major grades of fine paper. These fore-
casts are summarized in Table 14 and Figure 5.
TABLE 14.—Consumption of fine paper: 1966 and 1967*
(In thousands of tons)
Fine paper grade
1966
10-year
rate of
] 976 increase
(percent)
Writing, rag content 133
Writing, bond or chemical
wood pulp 1,948
Bristols 167
Cover paper 56
Text paper 130
Colored school and construc-
tion paper 24
Thin paper 239
150 1.2
2,835 3.8
250 4.1
60 0.7
180 3.3
30 2.3
295 2.1
Total 2,697 3,800 3.5
*Source: Midwest Research Institute.
The basis for consumption forecasts for chemical
wood pulp writing grades was general economic
activity. This paper grade will grow more rapidly
in the 1966 to 1970 period than in the 1970-1976
period; the overall growth rate for the 10-year
period is forecast at 3.8 percent. For the most part,
writing rag, which is a high quality paper, has
shown relatively modest growth arid the forecast
is based on a steady increase of slightly less than
2,000 tons per year in consumption over the next
decade.
Bristols are a well established grade, and their
rate of growth is forecast to be the same as that of
the rate of growth for the GNP—4 percent per year.
The forecasts for cover paper and text paper are
based on relatively steady but moderate increases in
tonnage consumption—about 2.8 percent per year
for the two grades combined. The consumption of
colored school and text paper is closely tied to
school enrollment. School enrollment in grade
schools is not expected to rise nearly as dramati-
cally in the years ahead as it has in the past, because
the birth rate has been declining steadily in recent
years. Thus we have forecast a nroderate increase
in consumption of colored school and construction
paper to 30,000 tons in 1976—a 2.3-percent growth
rate for the 10-year period.
Although the thin paper grades have shown rapid
growth in recent years, most of this has been in the
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
29
Hg i
SNOd. HO SdNVSnORL
FIGURE 5.—Consumption of fine paper by grade: 1958-1976 (thousands of tons).
-------
30
NONPACKAGING PAPER
carbon paper stock used for business forms. The
outlook for business forms using carbon is very
good, but alternative ways of transferring images
onto business forms are now available and are
beginning to displace conventional carbon paper.
Our forecast for thin paper is based on a reduced
rate of growth for carbon paper, and the 10-year
rate of increase is 2.1 percent.
SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PAPER
Special industrial paper accounts for only a small
share of total nonpackaging paper consumption. In
1966, consumption was 0.92 million tons—3.3 per-
cent of the total."
These papers vary widely in grade and quality
from tissue-like filter paper to stiff, heavy abrasive
paper. There are three general types of end uses:
(1) business, which accounted for 64 percent of the
total in 1966; (2) manufacturing, 27 percent; (3)
industrial, 10 percent.
The grades of special industrial paper used in
business are primarily for file-folder stock and
tabulating (tab) card stock.7 These two business
grades, unlike the manufacturing and industrial
grades, had a very strong growth rate in (he
period from 1958 to 1966, more than doubling—
from 0.23 million tons to 0.51 million tons (Table
15). This growth reflects the rapid acceptance of
the computer, which uses tab cards to transfer data
onto magnetic tape for processing and to store the
data in memory banks.
Special industrial paper used in manufacturing
usually becomes an integral part of another product
and is not identifiable as paper. Typical examples
are cable paper, electrical insulation and armature
paper, and vulcanizing-fiber stock.
Industrial uses for special industrial paper in-
clude filter paper and abrasive paper.
Consumption of industrial and manufacturing
grades has ranged between 0.28 million tons and
0.31 million tons in recent years. There was a net
increase of about 22 percent for the two grades
between 1958 and 1966. For the most part, these
papers are used in mature, slow-growth markets.
"These consumption data exclude tag stock (SIC
2621715), whose impact on solid waste was considered in an
earlier study on packaging materials.
' Census reports now give file folder stock and tabulating
card stock a new definition: bleached bristols which also
includes those items in SIC 261562 under fine paper.
The most significant factor influencing their growth
appears to be the level of economic activity or indus-
trial production. The effects can be seen in the
low consumption in 1958, a recession year, and
in the high consumption in 1966, a boom year. In
both cases, consumption differed noticeably from the
overall trend.
Techno-Economic Trends
The one factor that will be of most influence in
the consumption of special industrial paper is
changing computer technology. Tab cards, which
are used in computers and which account for a siza-
ble portion of total special industrial paper, will be
used less frequently as computer technology ad-
vances. Most of the new computers that will be put
into operation in the 1970's will bypass the tab card.
Instead, data will be transmitted directly to mag-
netic tape by optical character recognition (OCR),
paper tape or other approaches to direct input.
Thus, consumption of tab card stock is expected to
peak at about 0.60 million tons by 1970. It should
stay at that level with only minor fluctuations for
some time.
File-folder stock is a mature but growing market.
It is, of course, routinely used in most office opera-
tions and should continue to be used in proportion
to general business papers—letters, forms, reports,
and the like. These traditional record and file sys-
tems will remain an important part of information
handling in the foreseeable future. By the mid-
1970's the use of miniaturized records or electronic
memory banks could begin to have a significant
effect on the file folder stock, but it is unlikely that
they could cause a decline or even a leveling by
1976.
Forecast
The overall forecast for special industrial paper is
for 1.09 million tons to be consumed in 1976. This
represents a 19-percent increase over the 1966 con-
sumption of 0.92 million tons (Table 15 and Figure
6).
Of the various grades of special industrial paper,
manufacturing and industrial grades will increase
20 percent, from 0.33 million tons in 1966 to 0.40
million tons in 1976; tab-card stock will increase
from 0.51 million tons in 1966 to 0.60 million tons
in 1976; and file folder stock will increase from
0.07 million tons in 1966 to 0.08 million tons in
1976.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
31
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-------
32
NONPACKAGING PAPER
IJt?( I
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FIGURE 6.—Consumption of nonpackaging special industrial paper by grade:
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-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
33
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-------
34
NONPACKAGING PAPER
SANITARY TISSUE
Jn volume, sanitary tissue is the third most im-
portant paper group. In 1966, sanitary tissue con-
stituted 10.3 percent of nonpackaging paper, or
2.82 million tons. Consumption in 1958 was 1.7
million tons; thus sanitary tissue experienced a 6.6-
percent annual growth rate in the 1958 to 1966
period. During this same period, consumption in
Ib per capita gained 48 percent, from 19.5 Ib in
1958 to 28.7 Ib in 1966 (Table 16).
Sanitary tissue is used almost exclusively for
personal products. It has much the same application
in commercial and industrial establishments as in
the home despite long-standing marketing distinc-
tions as between the two classes of outlets which
originally had some basis in product differences.
For the most part, tissue products are designed to
be used once and then discarded by the user. Their
absorbency and soft or gauzy texture distinguish them
from other paper grades. They are also generally of
light weight, usually lighter than 18 Ib.8 Tissue
products become solid waste almost immediately
after purchase. There are seven general use cate-
gories of sanitary tissue: sanitary napkin stock
wadding, toweling stock, toilet tissue stock, table
napkin stock, facial tissue stock, wiper stock, and
other sanitary tissue stock. Four of these are by
far of the greatest importance on the basis of
tonnage—toweling, toilet tissue, table napkin, and
facial tissue stock. All four of these grades have had
substantial increases in consumption in recent years.
In fact, tissue has been one of the most vigorously
growing paper grades, and may become even more
important in years ahead.
Companies producing tissue and tissue products
are perhaps the most market conscious group in the
paper industry, because they often reach the con-
sumer directly. Tissue products are made to be
used by individuals, and the paper itself performs a
specific functional use for hygiene, absorbency, and
so forth. Thus the individual is made directly aware
of the qualities of the product, and brand names
are important (e.g., Kleenex). Consumer aware-
ness of the quality of the paper is not as important
with many other paper products (e.g., books, maga-
zines) where the function of the paper is to carry
a message or act as component of a product. Be-
' Basis weight of 24- by 36-inch stock, 500 sheets.
cause the consumer is important, tissue manufac-
turers are especially attuned to consumer demand
changes that have resulted from rising income, in-
creasing emphasis on personal hygiene, and the
growing desire for convenient throw-away products.
Tissue manufacturers have served rapidly growing
markets for towels, napkins, facial tissue, and
even toilet tissue in recent years.
Major Types of Sanitary Tissue
Toweling. The consumption of toweling stock in-
creased from 0.41 million tons in 1958 to 0.90 mil-
lion tons in 1966, an increase of 117 percent. This is
a compound growth rate of 10.2 percent per year.
Industrial toweling is included in these figures, but
the greatest growth and volume come from con-
sumer towel products for home use. Per capita con-
sumption increased from 4.7 Ib in 1958 to 9.7 Ib in
1967.
Paper toweling has been the fastest growing
major end use for tissue paper. It accounted for
31.7 percent of tissue in 1966, up from 24.3 per-
cent in 1958, and is the second most important
end use for sanitary tissue. This growth is largely
a reflection of what the paper industry has recog-
nized as the "disposable era." Product improvement
and upgrading of the image and performance char-
acteristics of paper towels have made them a
"necessity" in many households. Manufacturers
have introduced new style and color into paper
towels in addition to improving their strength and
absorbency. For the housewife, paper towels are a
\\elcome replacement to textiles for the many clean-
up chores around the house, especially in the
kitchen.
Indications are that the markets for toweling are
not yet near maturity, and the years ahead will
show continued strong growth. Despite its long his-
tory of availability to consumers, toweling has only
recently become a necessity in the average house-
hold. Continued upgrading of the quality of towel-
ing and new uses should add to total consumer
demand.
Toilet tissue. Toilet tissue is declining in relative
importance to total sanitary tissue, but it is still
the largest use and has been for years. One of
the interesting facts that become apparent on ex-
amination of the historical data on toilet paper is
that toilet tissue is a growth market not limited by
population increases. Consumption of toilet tissue
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
35
in 1966 was 1.18 million tons, or 41.9 percent of
total tissue. This figure compares with 0.78 million
tons in 1958—a 52-percent increase in consumption
for the 8-year period. During this period, popula-
tion increased only 13 percent. On a per capita
basis, consumption was 8.8 Ib in 1958 and 12.0 Ib
in 1966.
The explanation for this relatively rapid increase
in consumption can be found in consumer accept-
ance of a product upgraded in quality. Facial tissue
type (two-ply or more) accounted for 33 percent of
toilet tissue tonnage in 1958 and 40 percent in
1966. Apparently consumers' use-characteristics do
not change appreciably as they upgrade to two-ply
tissues so that two-ply tissue increases consumption
because there is more paper per unit. There has
also been a trend toward softer finishes in recent
years.
These basic factors should continue to be at work
in the years ahead, although there will probably be
a definite slowing in the rising per capita con-
sumption of toilet tissue. As the adoption of multi-
ply tissues reaches market saturation, consumption
increases will begin to parallel more closely the
basic population growth.
Table napkins. The consumption of table napkin
stock was 0.31 million tons in 1966 (11.0 percent
of total tissue), up 47 percent from the 0.21 million
tons consumed in 1958. This is a growth rate of
5.0 percent for the 8-year period. Both industrial
napkins for business and commercial use and con-
sumer (retail) napkins are included here, the
major volume being in household table napkins.
Paper napkins have been an important factor in
tissue production for some time, and they are a well
established product. Since 1964, the consumption
of the facial tissue type (two-ply or more) has in-
creased about 20 percent, indicating that upgraded
product lines may be receiving some consumer
attention. Leisure living and home entertainment are
also factors of increasing importance in the demand
for higher quality table disposables of all types.
Coordinated sets of paper napkins, table cloths, and
place mats have been marketed with increasing
success, but about 75 percent of napkin stock con-
sumption is still in single-ply regular types (Table
16), about the same as in 1958.
The market for tissue disposables is relatively
mature, and the years ahead are likely to show
only moderate growth in tissue consumption. Some
upgrading in quality and appearance can be ex-
pected—larger sizes, multi-ply napkins, and softer
texture for general use—but increases in per capita
consumption will come more slowly than in the
recent past.
Facial tissue. The consumption of facial tissue
accounted for 11.7 percent of total tissue in 1966.
On a tonnage basis, facial tissue consumption was
0.33 million tons in 1966. up 43 percent from the
0.23 million tons consumed in 1958. This is a
growth rate of 4.6 percent per year. Consumption
has grown in recent years from 2.6 Ib per capita
in 1958 to 3.4 Ib in 1966.
Facial tissue is one of the most familiar and well-
established tissue products. Consumers are increas-
ing their use of facial tissues with rising awareness
of the convenience of use and easy disposal of the
tissues. Manufacturers have concentrated on upgrad-
ing the status of facial tissues by offering special
decorative colors, attractive dispensers, and a variety
of quantities per package and sizes.
In general, facial tissue serves well-established.
mature markets. Per capita consumption is un-
likely to rise rapidly in the years ahead, although
facial tissue paper growth can be expected to out-
pace the population increase.
Techno-Economic Trends
One of the factors underlying the "disposable
era" is the growth of the Nation's economy. Basic to
this growth is a rising per capita disposable income
with which to purchase convenience products. Con-
sumer demand for these products arises from scarc-
ity and high cost of home service labor, increased
leisure time for adults, informal living habits, the
cost and trouble of laundering textile products used
as sanitary wipers (e.g., kitchen towels, napkins,
handkerchiefs), and a pronounced effort by affluent
persons to seek the convenience of throw-away prod-
ucts for home and personal cleaning, and sanitation
and hygienic care. Paper makers have responded to
consumers' demands with faster and more efficient
tissue-production machines and new equipment to
keep unit costs down and with marketing programs
that encourage new uses for tissue products as well
as the acceptance of more tissue per unit. Paper
technology is also yielding products that are
within the cost ranges that consumers are willing to
stronger, more absorbent, and more specialized, yet
-------
36
NONPACKAGING PAPER
pay for upgraded, new, or substitute products made
of tissue.
The basic forces at work are expected to stimulate
the consumption of tissue grades of paper in years
ahead, and consumption increases averaging 5 to 7
percent per year for tissue are expected. Thus
tissue products will be a much more important factor
in solid waste than they have been in the past, .-ind
their importance will increase in relation to other
paper grades as tonnage consumption outpaces the
growth of most other major groups.
One example of a market that may soon consume
increasing quantities of tissue paper is baby diapers.
This market is large; it is estimated that there are
20 billion diaper changes every year in the United
States. Although disposable diapers have been avail-
able in the past, they were used primarily for
traveling and on other occasions away from home.
In addition, they were considered unsatisfactory for
several reasons. The new disposable diapers now
available have a higher absorbency and can truly be
flushed away, at least in part. These new diapers
may reach the everyday-use market that manu-
facturers have long sought; if they do, consumption
of tissue, wood pulp, and other materials will in-
crease substantially in the years ahead.9 In addition
to disposable diapers, there are, of course, a host of
other new applications available to home, industrial,
and institutional markets—hand towels, chemically
treated polish cloths, mats, table linens, and the like.
Forecast
Sanitary tissue will continue to grow at a
relatively high rate in the period between 1966
and 1976. Our forecasts are based on a per capita
consumption of 42 Ib in 1976 compared with 28.7
Ib per capita in 1966. This is a per capita increase
of about 1.3 Ib per year, which is near the rate of
growth during the 1958 to 1966 period. Total con-
sumption in 1976 will be 4.67 million tons, which
is a compound growth rate of 5.1 percent per year
for the entire sanitary-tissue group. The forecasts
for the individual end-use categories are given in
Figure 7 and summarized in Table 17.
TABLE 17.—Consumption of sanitary tissue: 1966 and 1976*
(In thousands of tons)
End-use category
Sanitary napkin stock wadding. , ,
Toweling stock ....
Other sanitary tissue
1966
34
896
1 , 184
312
332
45
22
1976
40
1,720
1 700
465
480
65
200
10-year
rate of
increase
(percent)
1.6
6.7
3.7
4.1
3.8
3.8
25.0
"Nontextilc diapers are commonly made of a combination
of materials, only one of which is tissue; other components
are macerated wood pulp, nonwoven textiles, and plastic
film. Thus these comments are equally applicable to non-
woven disposables, and disposable diapers are not a tissue
product in the -,ame sense that napkins are.
Total 2,825 4,670 5.2
*Source Midwest Research Institute.
The forecasts for sanitary napkin stock wadding
and wiper stock are based primarily on historical
trends and consumption increases averaging about
2.5 tons per year.
The high rate of growth in the other category
appears because new markets for tissue which do
not now have separate end-use categories, but which
are expected to grow rapidly in the years ahead are
included here. This category includes such products
as baby diapers, other personal products, institu-
tional disposables, chemically treated wipers, and
so forth.
Toweling is expected to show the highest growth
rate for a major end-use category, but the forecast
anticipates a declining growth rate as consumption
rises above one million tons annually. On a per
capita basis, toweling will increase from 9 Ib in
1966 to 15 Ib in 1976.
The forecast for toilet tissue is based on a rising
per capita consumption and further shifts to two-ply
tissues. The increase will be from 12 Ib per capita
in 1966 to 15 Ib per capita in 1976. Tonnage
increases will be about 50,000 tons per year, nearly
the same change experienced in the 1958 to 1966
period.
Both table napkin and facial issue stocks are
expected to add about 1 Ib per capita to consump-
tion by 1976 above the 1966 level of 3.2 Ib for
table napkins and 3.4 Ib for facial tissue. On a ton-
nage basis, each is expected to add about 15,000
tons per year, which is slightly above the increase
experienced in the 1958 to 1966 period.
If consumers and institutions turn even more
strongly toward the use of throw-away tissue prod-
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
37
r r rrr T .
I
I
SNOi dO SONVSnOHl
FIGURE 7.—Consumption of nonpackaging sanitary tissue by grade: 1958-1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
38
NONPACKAGING PAPER
of nonpackaging special paperboard grades: 1958—1976*
(In thousands of tons)
|
1
,2
1.
CO
pa
H
o
S
0
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I
CO
a-
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as
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U
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cs"
in
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so
LO
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CO 1
o
Os
1 — 1
so
CO
£
rt-
f-
SO
0
^,
Os
m
o
0
in
r-T
~
5 Special paperboard, total:
CO
SO
CM
?
0
t~
S-
CO
CO
0
CO
a
~a
u
_= •
™
'•«
be •
3
518 Solid groundwood pulp board, i
stock
CO
CM
0
m
in
-i-
I
•f
0
in
£!•
519 Panelboard, except wet machin
CO
0
OS
o
o
CO
H—
O
o
t^.
m so cs
I-H m so
CO t-
co t-
CM •* CO
CM ^ l-
r- so
r- so
t^. i — i m
SO so
Building board stock, total:...
521 Liner for gypsum plaster board
523 Laminated wallboard stock.
529 Other building-board stock . . .
CO CO CO
o
LO
CM
o
CM
CS
- CO
CM •-*
rrj r-H
LO •—* ^o r>-
CN i-H
| : i • : -1 :
S • . . : : j= •
0 . • . . *a .
ra ' a;
§:::::§:
"x • • "° "S •
0 • • a • • « •
"! : : J • • §. •
.598 Nonbending other than set-up
special food board, total:.
571 Newslined chipboard ....
573 Other lined and unlined chip
575 Solid newsboard
577 Strawboard
581 Pasted news-lined and other
589 Other nonbending board . . .
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
0
CM
Ln
'0
CO CM i— <
0 SO •*
i — 1
o in m
o in •*
i— *
i — 1 ^ so
CM so in
CM OS CO
co co in
CO so CM
CM *3< CO
i — 1
•* SO CO
•-H co r~
O l> CO
O CO so
CM OS CO
O CO SO
i — 1
; TD ;
. cd •
.0 -^;
. >-, . ' c
1531 Cardboard, total:
532 Uncoated mill blanks and cla
1534 Claycoated tag stock
536 Photomount stock
1538 Bogus bristol
1541 Playing-card stock
543 Railroad and poster manila. .
.545 Coated bristol or post card st
1549 Other cardboard
COCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO
in
o
§
t^
ON
r-H
CO
CO
1 — 1
1 — 1
CM
1 — 1
CO
ON
CO
f-H
D
O
LO
CO
Pulp, Paper, and Board," Quarterly Industry Report, 24(1) -.23-27, April 1968.
nt Industrial Reports, Series M26A(6-13)— M26A(66-13). Washington, D C.( 1961-1967.
" - fc
!|
l-o £
III
"a d"£
c "5 ™
a"-^
•sis
*From U S. Department of Commerce, Business a
J.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Gen
mport/export adjustments and forecasts by Midw
"Estimates are in parentheses.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
39
ucts than is now anticipated, some of these fore-
casts could prove to be conservative.
SPECIAL PAPERBOARD
In 1966, special paperboard consumption was
1.90 million tons, or 7 percent of total nonpackag-
ing paper consumption, compared with 1.34 million
tons in 1958. Detail consumption data are given
in Table 18.
Special paperboard is used in a great variety of
products, from book matches with a short life span
to liner paper used in gypsum plaster board in
building construction.
There are seven major categories of special
paperboard:
(1) Solid ground wood pulp board is used pri-
marily for book matches.
(2) Panelboard is used in the automobile indus-
try for door panels, seatbacks, glove compartments,
and the like. Panelboard thus becomes a part of a
manufactured product and is not identifiable sepa-
rately.
(3) Building board stock is used as a liner for
building materials such as gypsum board and wall
board. About 90 percent is used in gypsum board.
Because building board stock is part of another
product, it enters the solid waste stream as an
insignificant portion of building rubble.
(4) Bending board (nonpackaging) is used for
sign boards, display cards, luggage, and book
covers.
(5) Nonbending board (nonpackaging) is heav-
ier than bending board and is used for items that
require stiffness and relatively rigid construction—
hard-cover books, ledgers, toys, jigsaw puzzles, dis-
plays, platforms, and so forth.
(6) Cardboard is used in many of the same ap-
plications as bending board and also in photomount,
playing cards, posters, and simliar products.
(7) Other special paperboard is used in both
industrial and office applications. This category in-
cludes such diverse items as "red wallet" file
folders and machinery gaskets.
Techno-Economic Trends
In general, special paperboard is used in rela-
tively mature markets that are not changing rapidly.
The effects of technology are, for the most part,
indirect and appear to have only a minor influence
on the overall consumption of special paperboard.
For certain of the special paperboard grades, such
factors as the levels of economic growth or construc-
tion activity may have more immediate impact. The
demand for panelboard, for example, varies with
automobile production and automobile styling.
Building board stock demand, of course, varies
with construction activity, particularly home build-
ing. In addition, building board stock may not
grow as fast as construction activity because it is
in competition with dry wall, concrete block, ma-
sonry, and wood paneling: these materials are re-
ducing the share of the market enjoyed by building-
board stock. It appears that consumption of non-
bending board will increase at about the same rate
as the GNP increases.
Forecast
It does not appear likely that there will be any
factors that will cause significant changes in special
paperboard consumption. Thus special paperboard
consumption will increase at about 3 percent per
year during the 1966 to 1976 period, the same as
during the 1959 to 1967 period. Consumption was
1.86 million tons in 1966 and should reach 2.55
million tons in 1976. (See Figure 8 and Table 19
for comparative data on each of the special paper-
board grades.)
This forecast is based on individual forecasts
for each of the seven grades of special paperboard
as summarized in Table 19.
WET MACHINE BOARD
Wet machine board accounted for a very small
share—0.6 percent—of total nonpackaging paper
consumption in 1966 (Table 20). Its uses are
TABLE 19.—Consumption of special pape.rboard:
1966 and 1976*
(In thousands of tons)
Grade
Solid groundwood pulp board
Panelboard
Nonbending board .
Cardboards ...
Other special paperboard
Total
1966
38
44
765
203
433
103
317
. 1,903
10-vear
rate of
1976 increase
(percent)
40 0.5
50 1.2
950 2.2
250 2.1
640 4.0
120 1.5
500 4.7
2,550 3.0
*Source: Midwest Research Institute
-------
40
IVONPACKAGING PAPER
SNOL dO SQNVSnORL
FIGURE 8.—Consumption of nonpackaging special paperboard by grade: 1958-1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
41
board, construction paper and construction board by grades: 1958—1976*
(In thousands of tons)
1958 1959 1900 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1970 1976
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-------
42
NONPACKAGING PAPER
fairly specialized. Typical uses for wet machine
board are binder's board for book binding; shoe
board for shoe components such as innersoles,
middle-soles, and heels; electrical-press board;
coasters; gaskets; and other products. Wet machine
board is built up by layering pulp into a thick
paperboard.
Because wet machine board is usually combined
with other materials and becomes a hidden part
of some other product with a fairly long lifespan,
it is of relatively minor importance in the generation
of solid waste.
Techno-Economic Trends
Wet machine board has experienced a relatively
stable market in recent years. Although paperboard
produced on faster machines has captured many of
the potential markets for wet machine board, it
should remain an important material in the markets
it now serves.
Forecast
Based on well established trends and the stability
of the wet machine board markets, consumption is
forecast to increase approximately 15 percent in the
10-year period—from 156,000 tons in 1966 to
180,000 tons in 1976.
CONSTRUCTION PAPER
Construction paper at 1.50 million tons constituted
5.5 percent of nonpackaging paper consumption in
1966. In 1958, consumption was 1.38 million tons.
so the net gain in the 8-year period was only
120.000 tons (Table 20). This gain amounted to
a less than 9-percent increase—a growth rale of
only 1.7 percent per year.
Construction paper or building paper is used
predominantly in general building construction.
These papers are ptoduced fiom strong fibers such
as rags, wool, and unbleached kraft, as well as
waste paper. They generally go through a con-
verting step in which they are coated or impregnated
\\ith asphalt or tar. Construction paper is typically
used for roofing, sheathing, vapor barrier, and floor
covering: a small amount is also used in car trunks
and floors. The most important use of construction
paper is for roofing papers, which constitute over 80
percent of the total construction paper tonnage
consumed.
Although some construction paper becomes waste
during the construction process, the overwhelming
quantity becomes an integral part of a permanent
structure. Thus, its impact on paper waste is very
minor; most construction paper waste is part of
general building rubble that results from the razing
or remodeling of the structures. Only that portion of
construction paper that is estimated to be a part of
construction waste is included as identifiable paper
waste in our analysis.
Techno-Eoonomic Trends
The consumption of building paper does not cor-
relate w-ell with construction expenditures or hous-
ing starts. This fact may be partly the result of the
increasing proportion of multiple-family dwellings
that are being built. Such dwellings tend to reduce
the average roof area per unit and thus the need for
roofing papers per unit. Single unit structures
accounted for 81 percent of total private housing
units (including farm) in 1959, but had declined to
65 percent by 1967.
Use of roofing felts has also declined in recent
years because of the increasing popularity and use of
wood shingles.
Forecast
The historical trend in consumption was used as
the basis for the 1976 consumption forecasts, and it
was judged that total demand would continue to rise
moderately in the years ahead (Figure 91. The fore-
cast for 1976 is 1.82 million tons, or a growth rate
of 2.0 percent pei year over 1966.
CONSTRUCTION BOARD: INSULATING AND
HARD PRESSED BOARD
At 2.46 million tons, construction board con-
stituted 9.0 percent of nonpackaging paper con-
sumption in 1966. In 1958, consumption was 1.72
million tons, so that total consumption increased 43
percent in the 8-year period. In tonnage, construc-
tion board is roughly equivalent to fine paper and
sanitary tissue in importance.
Construction board is generally classified into
two distinct categories based on density. The lighter
boards (approximately 26 or less Ib/cu ft) are
classified as insulating board; heavier boards (from
26 to 5(1 lb/'cu ft) are classified as hard pressed
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
43
TTT
i 1
SNOJL dO SONVSnOHJ.
FIGURE 9.—Consumption of construction paper and board by grade: 1958-1976
(thousands of tons).
-------
44
NONPACKAGING PAPER
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-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
45
board.1" In 1966 the total consumption was almost
evenly divided between the two. whereas in 1958
insulating board accounted for 62 percent of the
total (Table 20).
Insulating Board
Almost 90 percent of insulating board is used for
building construction 01 the retail trade (which is
the do-it-yourself component of building construc-
tion and repair}. Insulating board is widely used as
sheathing board: interior panels; tile, including
acoustical tile; and roof insulation board. (See
Table 21.) The remaining 10 percent of insulating
board is used for such industrial construction mate-
rials as insulating siding and backboard for metal
siding. Production is somewhat cyclical because of
dependence on building construction, but in recent
years annual requirements have generally been near
or above 1 million tons.
Insulating board can usually be considered a
peimanent structural component and thus consti-
tutes a minor part of building rubble when the
structure of which it is a part is eventually razed.
normally several decades after construction.L1 A
small portion of insulating board ends up as waste
during construction or repair work, but for the most
part this portion is minor—in the range of 3 to 10
percent.
Hard Pressed Board
Unlike other woodpulp based construction materi-
als, hard pressed board has shown vigorous growth
111 More recently the density break has been changed to 31
Ib/cu ft, bill data for vears prior to 1967 were taken on the
basis of 26 Ib/cu ft
" The number of housing demolitions ran he deri\ed from
U.S. Census of Housing figures on the number of housing
units constructed during various periods which are still
intact at the time the census is taken. Housing demolitions
to 1976 can be estimated on the assumption that future demo-
lition activity will follow past trends Of the housing con-
structed prior to 1960, we estimate that there will be a de-
crease of 5.4 million units in the 1966 to 1976 period—from
55.5 million existing units in 1966 to 50.1 million units in
1976. Housing constructed after 1960 to be demolished in
the next decade is estimated at 800,000 units. Therefore,
total housing demolition^ will amount lo 6.2 million units
in the 1966 to 1976 period. (Similar information is not
available for commercial, industrial, public, and other non-
residential structures. Howeur, housing; accounted for about
47.5 percent of the $51.3 billion spent for residential and
nonresidential nonfarm construction in 1966 ) By anv ac-
count, paper and paper products make up only a very minor
percentage of building rubble on a tonnage basis.
in recent years.12 Although its consumption history
is variable, total demand increased from 0.67 mil-
lion tons in 1958 to 1.24 million tons in 1966, a
growth rate of nearly 8 percent per year. The pri-
mary constituent of hard pressed board is wood-
pulp, and adhesive binders give it strength and
rigidity.
Hard pressed board is used for residential con-
situation and industrial applications: industry esti-
mates indicate about an even split between the two
uses. In construction, hard pressed board is used
for floor underlayment, prefinisbed wall paneling,
and in conjunction with exterior home siding. It
is also used extensively in mobile homes. Industrial
applications include automobile panels (e.g., in
station wagons). luggage, furniture, fixtures, general
millwork, and more recently, preformed or molded
shapes. One of the most familiar applications, which
has become very popular in recent years, is display
or tool-mounting board ("peg board").
Hard pressed board usually becomes a part of a
permanent building or is an indistinguishable com-
ponent of some other product. Therefore the vast
bulk disappeais in the course of normal con-
sumption and becomes a part of some general (non-
paper) solid waste component such as building
rubble. It is estimated that between 1 and 10 per-
cent becomes scrap or waste during conversion
processes.
Total consumption of hard pressed board in 1967
(1.12 million tons* was adversely affected by plant
shutdowns, and 196o consumption rose sharply
(about 25 percent) as deliveries caught up with
older backlogs.
Hard pressed board is one of the few major paper
grades for which imports are a significant factor.
Imports account for about 13 percent of net U.S.
consumption.
Techno-Economic Trends
Consumption of insulating board is dependent on
1 Hard pressed board is made from wood or other
cellulosic fibers that have been refined or partly refined and
then felted into a panel under controlled combinations of
pressure, heat, and moisture. The board produced has a
characteiistic natural ligneous bond and a density above 26
lb,'ca ft. Thus hard picssed board ha= e.-sentially the same
composition (f.g,., wood pulp) as paper and is classified with
construction paper and boaid in U.S. Cciv-us irports. (The
pulp is usuailv produced bv the defibraled or exploded
pulping processes.)
-------
46
NONPACKAGING PAPER
housing construction and repair. In recent years
there has been a shift in the types of insulating
board that are most popular. For example, the use
of natural building board has declined, and the use
of factory prefinished panels has increased. Also,
exterior sheathing board is gaining more in import-
ance than are the other insulating board applica-
tions.
However, insulating board is a generally well-
established and widely used construction component.
It is unlikely that insulating board will be replaced
by other materials within the next 10 years, unless
there are radical changes in construction tech-
nology.
In the past, hard pressed board was used almost
exclusively in applications where flat sheets were
required in construction or building repair. How-
ever, with recent advances in finishing and shaping
techniques, hard pressed board is entering iiew
markets, especially in industrial and consumer prod-
ucts where it serves in general use or specialized
applications. Although hard pressed board is ex-
pected to remain an important construction material
in the next decade, it is likely that competition from
various plastic, fiberglass, and prefinished wood
products for certain markets will increase.
Forecast
For construction board as a whole, the growth
rate is forecast at 4.5 percent per year in the 1966 to
1976 period. This rate will result in consumption of
3.83 million tons in 1976 (Figure 9).
Of the two types of construction board, hard
pressed board is expected to have the faster rate
of growth.
Hard pressed board is now in a period of strong
growth stimulated primarily by relatively new spe-
cialized applications for hard pressed board, such
as prefinished paneling and the increasing popu-
larity of new molded and shaped products. Per
capita consumption, which increased from about 8
Ib to 12 Ib in the 1960 to 1966 period, will increase
to about 20 Ib by 1976. This is 2.25 million tons
in 1976—a 10-year growth rate of 6.3 percent per
year. This forecast is based on a rate of increase of
7.5 percent per year to 1970 and a slower rate of
5.3 percent per year after 1970, which reflects a
maturing of the markets as consumption approaches
2 million tons per year.
For insulating board, the forecast was based on
historical trends in consumption, with the assump-
tion that housing construction and household repair
activity would rise at a rate of about 5 percent per
year (in dollars), in the late 1960's and early
1970's. On the basis of a 2.5 percent per year
growth rate, the consumption of insulating board
would be 1.58 million tons in 1976—an increase of
0.25 million tons over 1966.
NONWOVEN DISPOSABLES
Nonwoven disposables are products that are de-
signed for a short useful life, after which they are
meant to be discarded.13 These products are expected
to make a major contribution to the "disposable era"
nowr receiving considerable attention in the paper
industry. They will not only compete with and
supplement traditional woven fabrics, but also create
new markets of their own.
Paper and pulp will play an important role in the
technology of nonwoven disposables, and it is im-
portant to be aware of the potential use of these
clothlike materials, because they will have an in-
creasing impact on solid waste in the next decade.
Consumption of nonwoven disposables amounted to
about 40,000 tons in 1966. Of this amount, fiber-
reinforced paper accounted for more than one-
third—15,000 tons.14
Nonwovens are made of layers of fibers that have
been arranged or oriented to a web structure and
joined mechanically or chemically or by fusion.
They may be made of one material or a combination
of materials. For example, "paper" dresses, which
received widespread publicity in 1966, are actually
made of nonwoven fabrics or fiber-reinforced paper
fabrics containing rayon, nylon, or some other
basic fiber in addition to paper. Nonwoven dis-
13 Our terminology here conesponds to that of industry in
referring to products or materials that are designed for a
short useful life after which they can be discarded. We
do not mean to imply that '"disposables" are necessarily of
minor concern as viewed from a solid waste standpoint.
"Actually, about 110,000 tons of nomvovens were pro-
duced in 1966, but this was for all end uses and materials,
while the emphasis in this discussion is on the disposable
markets for which paper will compete. Some of the non-
woven products excluded here are blankets, carpet face and
backing, wall coverings, drapes, and coated fabrics and
laminated plastics.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
47
posables are custom designed to meet specific needs
of users; they are neither cloth nor paper and
bridge the gap between textiles and paper in cost,
speed of production, and performance properties.
Techiio-Econoniic Trends
The paper industry has looked to nonwoven dis-
posables as a promising area in which to develop
new markets. Some major paper companies—includ-
ing those who now produce tissue—are entering di-
rectly into the manufacture and marketing of non-
wovens. However, even the most optimistic estimates
of new tonnage consumption place it at under 1
percent of total paper requirements in 1976, al-
though by that time, sales of all nonwoven products
will amount to $1 billion. Four major industries—
paper, textiles, chemicals, and plastics—are now in
competition for the emerging markets for nonwov-
ens. Materials such as cellulose wadding, rayon,
nylon, polyester, polyethylene, and the like are the
materials that in various combinations and forms
make up the nonwoven material spectrum.
Nonwoven disposables are attractive for many
potential uses because their performance character-
istics—strength, tear resistance, flexibility, absorb-
ency, drape, durability, permeability, wet strength,
and so forth—can be closely engineered to meet the
requirements of various applications. This adapta-
bility should give added impetus to the growth of
many markets.
At present, most of the potential for nonwoven dis-
posables is in institutional products, with hospitals
a prime target, followed by various consumer and
industrial applications.
In the medical field I essentially hospitals), manu-
facturers are developing nonwoven disposables for
use in medical, surgical, and sanitary supplies; bed
linen; surgical linen; protective clothing (caps,
gowns, masks, aprons) ; diapers: stretch sheets; and
other items. The potential of the hospital market is
enormous. For example, if only one percent of the
daily bed sheet changes in hospitals were made with
disposables, this would require 32.5 million sheets
—about 200 million square yards of nonwoven ma-
terial per year.
Additional important factors that contribute to
the potential use of nonwovens in the medical field
are general sanitation and elimination of cross in-
fection and staining. Because of rising labor costs
and scarce labor supply, elimination of laundering
may justify the cost of disposables for at least part
of an institution's requirements. Use of disposables
might also reduce pilferage, which costs hospitals an
estimated 500,000 cloth sheets per year.
In industrial and consumer applications, such
factors as low cost, time savings, and convenience
of use will strongly encourage the use of nonwoven
disposables. The products most likely to develop
rapidly are industrial wipers and toweling; some
types of clothing, including uniforms and dresses;
baby diapers; and treated cloths for dusting, shin-
ing, mopping, and cleaning.10
Several basic production processes are available,
each of which is useful for certain materials:
(1) dry processes, which require the use of con-
ventional textile machinery and fibers 1% m- l°ng
or longer.
(2) wet processes, which are based on paper-
making technology and machinery utilizing short
pulp fibers as well as man-made fibers in combina-
tion with the pulp.
(3) spun bonding, a relatively new technology
that combines randomly arranged continuous fila-
ment fibers with spinning, web formation, and bond-
ing in a highly integrated process.
(4) Kroyer, a paper-making process by which
air- and static-charged plates are used to orient short
fibers and form a web that has a three dimensional
appearance.
(5) formation of fiber reinforced paper fabrics
by placing reinforcing yarn or mesh (scrim) be-
tween layers of paper or cellulose wadding.
Both the Kroyer process (Danish) and the Feld-
muhle process (German), a wet process, have been
licensed in this country. The fiber-reinforced paper
process is based on U.S. patents and is also licensed
to manufacturers of nonwoven disposables. Several
paper companies, as well as chemical, textile, and
plastic companies, have made substantial commit-
ments to develop nonwoven disposables into a sig-
nificant business.
At this point it is difficult to determine which
processes and which material or material combina-
tions will dominate in the future. For example, the
pulp content of nonwovens utilizing wood pulp
varies between 93 percent and under 25 percent;
''This list does not include items such as wall coverings,
blankets, curtains, carpet backing, and a host of other
products which do not fit into our definition of nonwoven
disposables.
-------
48
NONPACKAGING PAPER
some nonwovens have no pulp content whatsoever.
However, it seems certain that nonwovens will be
primarily based on natural or man-made fibers now
available and will come into widespread use in a
variety of applications as disposables.
Forecast
MRI estimates that in the 10-year period
between 1966 and 1976 the consumption of non-
woven disposables will quadruple in fiber ton-
nages from 40,000 tons in 1966 to 200,000 tons in
1976 (of all materials: paper, rayon, nylon, etc.).
The forecast is based in particular on the growth
potential in hospital and medical applications, which
will account for about 60 percent of consumption.
Industrial applications (wipers, etc.) and con-
sumer applications (clothing, diapers, cloths, towels,
etc.) will account for the balance. This increase is
an average growth rate of 17.5 percent per year.
Thus nonwoven disposables will become as im-
portant in tonnage as are many paper grades in use
today.
-------
PART III
THE IMPACT OF NONPACKAGING PAPER ON
SOLID WASTE
-------
-------
PART III
THE IMPACT OF NONPACKAGING PAPER ON
SOLID WASTE
The basic objective of this study was to establish
the proportions of nonpackaging-paper tonnage that
entered the solid waste stream in 1966 and that
would do so in 1976. The general approach used
in determining these proportions and the findings
of these efforts are presented in this section.
In 1966, 27.3 million tons of nonpackaging paper
were consumed. In the same year, 19.7 million tons
were disposed of by various means; this figure
represents 72 percent of the total consumed in
1966. However, not all of the tonnage disposed of
in 1966 was paper consumed in that year. Accord-
ing to our estimates, 16.9 million tons came from
1966 consumption, 2.0 million tons from the 1961
to 1965 period, and 0.8 million tons from the 1956
to 1960 period. In addition, not all of the paper
that is discarded in 1 year enters the waste stream
directly. In 1966, about 27 percent of the discarded
paper, 5.4 million tons, was recycled. Other paper
was used in products which are identified with
another waste component (e.g., automobiles, build-
ings) and some was retained permanently by the
users.
In arriving at these figures we met many prob-
lems. The most basic problem is the almost com-
plete lack of data on disposal practices for specific
grades of papers that are retained more than 1
year. For some types of paper, such as business
papers and forms, it was possible to establish broad
guidelines by spot checking different types of busi-
nesses to determine their disposal or retention poli-
cies. For the most part, however, it was necessary
to make judgments on disposal and retention char-
acteristics based on our everyday experience ;md
common knowledge.
Our efforts to locate data also included numerous
attempts to uncover unpublished data on paper
product retention and disposal practices of busi-
nesses, industry, and institutions and consumers.
Most of these attempts met with only limited suc-
cess. We were able to establish some guidelines for
conversion waste percentages and generalized data
on office paper retention cycles. It would have been
helpful to make a detailed, broadly based survey,
but the results probably would not have justified
the costs, given the overall objectives of this
analysis.
GENERAL APPROACH
The basic method used to determine the impact
of nonpackaging paper on solid waste consisted of
three steps: (1) grouping of the seven-digit grades
of nonpackaging paper and paperboard into seven
general end-use categories; (2) development of an
estimated life-cycle profile for each type of paper
and paperboard; (3) calculation of the quantities
of each grade that did enter the waste stream in
1966 and that would enter it in 1976.
Classification Into Seven End-Use Categories
As a group, the nonpackaging papers do not have
a typical life cycle that permits an overall estimate
of the solid waste generated by such materials. For
example, some paper products are used and then dis-
posed of almost immediately. Paper napkins, paper
towels, and facial tissues have a very short life and
are designed to be used only once and then dis-
carded. Other paper products have a significantly
longer life expectancy and do not enter the solid
waste stream until years after they are produced.
Hard-cover books are a good example of a product
with a relatively long life—measured in years rather
than in days or months. Other paper grades become
integral parts of a product and cannot be recognized
as paper. Shoes, electrical cable, and automobiles
are examples of products that have paper com-
ponents. Some papers are recognizable as such but
are combined with other materials in such a way
that they should no longer be considered paper prod-
ucts. An example is construction board in buildings;
it has a useful life measured in decades and enters
solid waste as a part of building rubble many years
after its manufacture.
To overcome the problems of analyzing these
greatly varying life cycles of all the grades of
paper and paperboard, seven end-use classifications
were established 16:
111 Nonwoven disposables will be found distributed among
three of these classifications. For example, nonwoven
medical products are in (4), diapers and apparel in (5),
and wiping cloths, uniforms, and others are in (6).
51
-------
52
NONPACKAGING PAPER
(1) Newspapers. All daily, weekly, local, and
national newspaper and Sunday supplements that
normally use newsprint.
(2) Publishing. Printed periodicals, directories,
catalogs, and books that are made from coated or
uncoated printing papers. Paperboards that go into
book bindings are also included.
(3) Commercial printing. Commercial printing
done on coated or uncoated printing paper. It in-
cludes direct mail advertising, promotional material,
brochures, booklets, and other items normally pro-
duced by commercial printers. However, this defini-
tion is not meant to encompass all of the paper
grades which commercial printers may handle.
(4) Business, institutional, and government uses.
Fine paper, printing paper, special industrial paper,
and special paperboard that are used in office opera-
tions of business, industry, and government. In-
cluded are stationery, office printing papers, office
machine papers, file cards, file materials, tablets,
adding-machine tapes, etc. In addition, a small
number of institutional and consumer products, such
as school supplies, personal stationery, and specialty
printing items, is included.
(5) Consumer and personal products. Personal
products including sanitary tissue papers, such as
toweling, napkins, toilet tissue, and other products
consumed primarily by individuals for personal care
or individual uses. No attempt is made to specify
whether the products are used at home, public, in-
dustrial, or office locations.
(6) Industrial. This end use includes two types
of paper and paperboard products: products that
can be identified primarily as paper but that find
prominent application in industrial locations; ex-
amples are abrasive papers and filter papers; and
industrial papers and paperboards that become a
part of finished products and are not identifiable as
a paper or paperboard product. Examples are shoes,
automobiles, luggage, toys, furniture, etc.
(7) Construction. All paper and paperboard
products that are manufactured to go into some
type of construction—industrial or private. These
products may or may not be identifiable in their
original form and normally become a part of a
finished structure. Examples are gypsum board
liner, roofing felts, insulating board, and wall
panels. This category is distinct from industrial
categories and includes only paper and board manu-
factured for some type of building construction.
The products within each end-use category gen-
erally have a characteristic life expectancy of about
the same length. For example, papers and paper-
boards used in newspapers, commercial printing,
converting, and consumer and personal products all
have a relatively short life and are disposed of
rapidly. The business, government, institutional,
publishing, and industrial categories encompass
products with an intermediate life that varies from
immediate disposal to 10 years or more. Products
in the construction category have life expectancies
exceeding 10 years. As may be observed from
Table 22, 85 percent of total consumption goes into
products with a short or intermediate life cycle,
wilh two-thirds of the total in end products having
very short life cycles.
In general, each major paper grade fell pre-
dominantly into one of the seven end-use categories.
For example, newsprint is used primarily in pub-
lishing, only a small amount being used in other
types of printing. The paper grades constitute 78
percent of total consumption of nonpackaging paper
and board and have short or intermediate life spans.
The nonpackaging paperboard grades, accounting
for 22 percent, tended to fall into end uses which
have a relatively long life, or were components of
other products not identifiable as paper, or made
contributions to other components of solid waste
(e.g., building rubble) which were not a part of
this analysis.
In general, the tonnages in the seven end-use
classifications were fairly evenly distributed, al-
though newspapers made up 31 percent of the total.
Commercial printing accounted for 7.3 percent, and
TABLE 22.—Consumption of nonpackaging paper
and paperboard by end use: 1966*
(In thousands of tons)
Newspapers
Publishing
Commercial
Business, go
Consumer, j
Industrial .
Constructioi
Category
vernmerit, institutional .
personal . . ...
i . .
Total
consumption
8,456
4 197
2 000
. .. 3,858
. .. 3,055
1,633
. .. 4,122
Percent
of total
30.9
15.4
7.3
14.1
11.2
6.0
15.1
Total 27,321 100.0
*Source: Midwest Research Institute.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
53
industrial, 6 percent; the other four categories range
between 11 and 15 percent of the total consumption.
A summary of the consumption of paper by grade
and end-use classification is given in Table 23 for
1966 and Table 24 for 1976. These data show the
relative importance of the various major grades in
each end-use category.
Development of a Life-Cycle Profile
Once the various paper grades had been assigned
to end-use categories, it was possible to develop a
life cycle or solid waste profile of the rate at which
each grade would enter the solid waste stream. The
waste profile describes a particular paper grade's
TABLE 23.—Consumption of nonpackaging paper and paperboard by grade and end use: 1966*
(In thousands of tons)
Paper grade
Newsprint . . . , ....
Printing papers .
Fine papers . . .
Special industrial papers , . .
Sanitary tissue
Paper, total
Wet machine board ...
Construction paper
Construction board . .
Paperboard, total .
Paper and paperboard, total
Percent of total,
Non woven disposables,
*Source. Midwest Research Institute.
TABLE 24. — Consumption
Paper grade
Newsprint
Printing papers
Fine papers. . ... ....
Special industrial papers. ... .
Sanitary tissue. ... . . ...
Paper, total ... ...
Special paperboard
Wet machine board
Construction paper . . , . ....
Construction board ...
Paperboard, total...
Paper and paperboard, total. .
Percent of total
Nonwoven disposables . .
News- Publishing Corn-
papers (magazines mercial
books, etc ) printing
8,456 637 —
— 3,342 2,000
— — —
8,456 3,979 2,000
— 153 —
— 65 —
— 218 —
.. . . 8,456 4,197 2,000
31.0 15.3 7.3
of nonpackaging paper and paperboa
(In thousands of tona)
News- Publishing Corn-
papers (magazines mercial
books, etc ) printing
. 10,600 800 —
— 4,300 3,315
10,600 5,100 3,315
— 210 —
... — 80 —
— — —
— 290 —
10 600 5 390 3 315
28.2 14 3 88
Business, 1
institu-
tional
422
2,602
583
3,607
251
—
251
3,858
14.1
18
rd by g?ade
Business, (
institu-
tional
595
3,680
685
4,960
355
—
355
5,315
14 2
120
Consumer
products
—
2,825
2,825
230
—
230
3,055
11.2
15
and end
Consumer
products
—
4,670
4,670
325
—
325
4 995
13.3
50
Industrial
95
333
428
504
91
610
1,205
1,633
6.0
5
use: 1976
Indus'nal
—
120
400
520
710
100
1,130
1 940
2 460
6.6
30
Construc-
tion
—
—
765
1,505
1,852
4,122
4,122
15.1
*
Construc-
tion
—
—
950
1 820
2,700
5 470
5 470
14 6
Total
all
categories
9,093
5,764
2,697
916
2,825
21,295
1,903
156
1,505
2,462
6,026
27,321
100.0
41
Total
all
categories
11,400
8,210
3,800
1,085
4,670
29,165
2,550
180
1 820
3,830
8 380
37 545
100 0
200
*Source. Midwest Research Institute.
-------
54
NONPACKAGING PAPER
life cycle in terms of the percentage of a year's total
consumption entering the waste stream. For each
grade we selected four stages for the life cycle at
which the product may enter the waste stream as
paper. In general, paper products would become
solid waste: (1) in the year of production; (2) 1 to
5 years after production; (3) 5 to 10 years after
production; or it is (4) diverted, which means ei-
ther that the product is permanently retained, and
thus is not a solid waste component, or that it may
become part of a product such as automobiles or
buildings which is encompassed by some other solid
waste classification.
An example will illustrate how the solid waste
profile works. For newsprint going into newspapers
the waste profile is expressed as: 95/4/0.5/0.5. This
means that 95 percent of the tonnage consumed in
any one year would end up as solid waste in that
year; that 4 percent would end up being disposed of
from 1 to 5 years after the year it was produced;
that one-half percent would end up being disposed
of in 5 to 10 years after it was produced, and that
the remaining one-half percent would be perma-
nently retained and not enter the solid waste stream.
A waste profile was developed for each of the
seven major paper grades for each end use to which
it was assigned. In all, 45 separate waste profiles
were developed for the various paper grades, some
of which were made up of subprofiles of two or
more separate estimates.
Calculation of Quantities
Entering Waste Stream
The third step in the development was to make
the actual calculation of the quantity of paper which
was disposed of in 1966 and that which would be
disposed of in 1976. To do so, it was only neces-
sary to apply the waste profile percentages in re-
verse. A few simplifying assumptions were made lo
facilitate the calculations. For example, one of the
assumptions was that the waste percentage, as ap-
plied to the consumption of the midpoint year.
would yield the same results as if a separate cal-
culation were made for each of the separate years
in each category of the waste profile. To establish
the quantity of paper entering as solid waste in
1966, the "same year" waste percentage was ap-
plied to the consumption for 1966; the "1- to 5-year"
waste percentage was applied to the consumption
for 1963; and the "5- to 10-year" waste percentage
was applied to the consumption for 1958. (It was,
of course, not necessary to make a calculation for
the portion that the profile established would not
enter as a solid waste, i.e., diverted, for one reason
or another.)
Again turning to our example ol the newsprint
consumed in newspapers, the calculation of the
tonnage entering as solid waste in 1966 was made
as in Table 25. Thus, of the 8,345,000 tons of news-
print for newspapers entering as solid waste in
TABLE 25.—Calculation of nnesprint entering as
solid it'at,te in 1966*
Year
1966.
1963. ..
1958 . .
Total
Total consumption
(1,000 tons)
8,456
7,047
6,059
Percent entermp
as waste in I960
95.0
4.0
0.5
Waste quantity in
1966 (in 1,000 tons)
8,033
282
30
8 345
*Source Midwest Research Institute.
1966, 8,032,000 tons are from newsprint produced
in 1966: 282,000 tons are from newsprint produced
between 1961 and 1965, of which the midpoint year
is 1963; and 30,000 tons are from the 1956 to 1960
period, of which the midpoint year is 1958.
The calculations for the solid waste tonnage
estimated in 1976 were made using the base years
1976. 1973, and 1967 (the last year for which
actual consumption figures are available).
DISPOSAL, PROFILES
The result of the analysis of end-use classifications
and product life profiles was the calculation of the
amounts of nonpackaging paper that entered the
solid waste stream in 1966 and that would do so
in 1976. The widely different end uses for some of
the major grades result in a wide variation in the
percentage of a particular grade that will end up as
solid waste in a given year. In 1966, for example,
the total newsprint discarded was equivalent to 98.5
percent of that year's consumption.17 In the case of
construction board the amount discarded was
equivalent to only 7.7 percent of 1966 consumption.
17 This ratio is given for comparative purposes. It should
be noted that the 98.5 percent applies to the quantity enter-
ing as solid waste compared with the quantity consumed
that year. It does not mean that 98.5 percent of the actual
1966 consumption became solid waste that year; this figure
must be obtained from the "waste profile."
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 55
A series of seven tables (26 to 32) present the These data served as the basis for making the calcu-
results of detailed analysis of the consumption of lations of solid waste for two base years. However,
nonpackaging paper in 1966 and in 1976, the waste the actual calculations cannot be made from the data
profile assigned to each end-use classification for in these tables, because consumption figures which
each grade, and the quantity from each end use apply to the second and third steps in each solid-
entering the solid waste stream in 1966 and in 1976. waste profile are not included in the tables. The
TABLE 26.—End use and solid waste profiles for newsprint: 1966 and 1976*
End use
Newspapers
Publishing
Total
Con- Solid waste profile; percent entering in. Thousands of tons:
(thousand Same direrted Entering Con- Entering
tons) year 1 to 5 yr. 5 to 10 yr. solid waste sumption solid waste
1966 1966 1976 1976
8,456 95.0 4.0 0.5 0.5 8,345 10,600 10,500
637 80.0 18.0 1.5 0.5 612 800 781
9,093 8,957 11,400 11,281
*Souree. Midwest Research Institute.
TABLE 27.—End use and solid waste profiles for printing paper: 1966 and 1976*
Con- Solid waste profile, percent entering in:
End use
Catalogs, directories . .
Magazine publishing
Commercial printing
Business-converting ,
Total . . ...
(thousand
tons)
1966
694
.. .. 1,938
710
.... 2,000
422
5,764
Same
year
90.0
65.0
20.0
85.0
80.0
1 to 5 yr. 5 to 10 yr.
8.0
25.0
33.0
8.0
10.0
1.5
5.0
17.0
4.0
5.0
diTCrted
0.5
5.0
30.0
3.0
5.0
Thousands of tons:
Entering
solid waste
1966
670
1,779
350
1,853
390
5,042
Con- Entering
sumption solid waste
1976 1976
1,000
2,200
1,100
3,330
580
8,210
986
2,040
636
3,141
537
7,340
*Source- Midwest Research Institute.
TABLE 28.—End use and solid waste profiles for fine paper: 1966 and 1976*
Con- Solid waste profile, percent entering in- Thousands of tons:
sumption Percent
End use (thousand Same diverted Entering Con- Entering
tons) year 1 to 5 yr. 5 to 10 yr, solid waste sumption solid waste
1966 1966 1976 1976
Business, government, institutional:
Writing, rag . . ....
Writing, chemicalf ...
Bristols
Cover paper
Text paper. . .
School paper
Thin paper
Subtotal
Industrial (thin)
Total
133
1,948
167
56
130
24
144
2,602
95
2,697
35
45
50
50
20
85
100
85
20
20
20
30
60
5
0
5
33
30
10
10
10
5
0
0
12
5
20
10
10
5
0
10
108
1,490
127
47
94
21
144
84
2,115
150
2,835
250
60
180
30
175
3,680
120
3,800
126
2,474
185
53
148
28
175
107
3,296
*Source. Midwest Research Institute.
f!976 profile—same year: 50 percent; 1 to 5 years: 30 percent; 5 to 10 years: 15 percent; diverted: 5 percent.
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56
NO!\PACKAGI!VG PAPER
TABLE 29.—End use and solid waste profiles for special industrial paper: 1966 and 1976*
End use
Industrial
Business, government, institutional:
File folder
Total
Con-
(ihousand
tons)
1966
333
514
69
916
Solid v,s
Same
>ear
40
50
15
iste profile, percei
1 to 5 yr.
7
40
20
it entering in
5 to 1 0 yr.
8
5
40
Thoi
diverted Entei ing
solid waste
1966
45 174
5 426
25 37
637
nsands of tons.
Con-
sumption
1976
400
600
85
1 085
Entering
solid waste
1976
211
565
53
829
*Source: Midwest Research Institute
TABLE 30.—End use and solid waste profiles for sanitary tissue: 1966 and 1976*
End use
Consumer products:
Sanitary napkins. . ...
Toweling
Toilet tissuef
Napkins
Facial tissue.
Wiper stock
Other tissue
Total
Con-
(thousand
1966
34
896
. . 1 , 184
312
332
45
22
2,825
Solid waste profile; percent entering in;
Samf
100
100
25
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
diverted
0
0
75
0
0
0
0
Thousands of tons:
Entering
1966
34
896
296
312
332
45
22
1,937
Con-
1976
40
1,720
1,700
4-65
480
65
200
4,670
Entei ing
1976
40
1,720
425
465
480
65
200
3,395
*Source. Midwest Research Institute.
"fAll enters in first year but most ia digested during sewage treatment.
interested reader can, with due care, derive these
figures from other tables in this report.
The general basis for the calculations for each
major paper grade are summarized below. As noted
previously, the profiles are based on limited data
that were developed indirectly from the nature of
the end uses. Even though these calculations rely
on "best judgments." they provide a useful approach
in determining the impact of paper on solid waste.
The evaluation requiring the most critical judg-
ment was that for the "diverted ' class, because that
represented amount permanently retained or dis-
appearing into another producl not identifiable as
paper. Thus the diverted portion does not appear
as paper solid waste, and any error in accounting
for it would alter the quantities estimated to be a
portion of solid waste. By contrast, a waste profile
that is too rapid or too slow does not change the
total amount of solid waste but simply distributes
its entrv differently over time.
Basis for Profiles
Newsprint (Table 26}. Newsprint products are,
by design, of limited value over time and are not
saved permanently except in isolated instances. Con-
sumers usually discard newspapers within hours or
days after reading them. (Also, about 2.5 percent is
production waste.) Newsprint deteriorates with time
or repeated use. Therefore the profile was based on
a very high discard rate in the same year of con-
sumption with only a token amount of 0.5 percent
retained permanently.
Printing paper (Table 27). With the exception
of books, most printed products on printing paper
grades have a relatively short life span, and perma-
nent retention is of minor importance. The five pro-
files under this grouping were developed on this
basis. In addition, as noted previously, conversion
waste accounts for 15 to 18 percent of total con-
sumption for magazines, periodicals, catalogs, and
similar products.
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TABLE 31.—End use and solid waste profiles for special paperboard: 1966 and 1976*
57
End use
Publishing:
Bending board
Nonbending board
Subtotal
Business, govt., institutional:
Cardboard . .
Other special paperboard . .
Subtotal . . .
Consumer products:
Solid groundwood
Non bending board . . .
Cardboard ... . . .
Subtotal. . . .
Industrial:
Panel board ... ....
Bending board
Nonbending board . . .
Other special paperboard .
Subtotal. . . .
Construction:
Building board
Total
*Source Midwest Research Institute.
TiBi.E 32. — End use and solid
End use
Publishing:
Binders board ... ....
Industrial:
Shoe board
Other wet machine
Hard pressed board . . .
Subtotal. ... ....
Construction:
Construction paper . .
Insulating board
Hard pressed board. . .
Subtotal
Total . .
Con-
(tbousand
tons)
1966
. . 53
100
.. .. 153
84
167
251
38
173
19
230
. . 44
150
160
150
504
765
1,903
ii aste profiles for
Con-
(thousand
tons)
1966
65
. . 59
32
610
701
1,505
1,226
626
. . . 3,357
4,123
Solid waste
Same
vear
15
15
40
1.5
100
15
40
]0
15
10
15
10
profile; percent entering in
1 to 5 vr 5
25
25
20
20
0
20
20
0
20
30
0
0
wet machine board and
Solid waste
Same
\ear
15
15
15
10
8
8
5
to 10 jr.
15
15
30
40
0
50
30
0
30
30
0
0
diverted
45
45
10
25
0
15
10
90
35
30
85
90
construction paper
profile, percent entering in
1 to 5 vr 5
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
to 10 ,r.
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
diverted
45
85
85
90
92
92
95
Th
Entering
solid waste
1966
25
40
65
75
60
135
38
108
17
163
4
82
82
22
190
77
630
and board:
Th
Entering
solid waste
1966
31
9
5
61
75
120
98
32
250
356
ousands of tons
Con-
sumption i
1976
60
150
210
95
260
355
40
260
25
325
50
190
230
240
710
950
2,550
1966 and 19
ousands of tons
Con-
sumption !
1976
80
65
35
1,130
1,230
1,820
1,580
1,120
4,520
5,830
Entering
iolid waste
1976
33
69
102
75
157
232
40
185
16
241
5
110
141
28
284
95
954
76*
Entering
solid waste
1976
40
10
5
113
128
146
126
56
328
496
*Souree Midwest Research Institute.
-------
58
NONPACKAGING PAPER
Most catalogs and directories are of transitory
value (the best examples are telephone books and
mail-order catalogs) and are replaced periodically;
thus we estimate 90 percent discard in the same
year of consumption. Magazines have a certain
permanency or value to many people, but ordinarily
they are discarded. Only certain ones (such as the
National Geographic and special commemorative or
memorial issues) are retained permanently by some
consumers. Thus, although our profile recognizes
a retention value above that for catalogs, it assumes
most magazines are discarded within 5 years.
Books have intrinsic value to many individuals,
and a large proportion become permanent posses-
sions. The book profile was developed from reports
of the number of books produced by binding method
(hard-cover and soft-cover) and by general subject
—school textbooks, technical, religious, general, and
so forth. Again, retention data are not available,
but the profile was based on a life cycle for each
of seven types of general subject matter and type
of binding—hardbound or softbound. Thus there
were 14 separate subprofiles. High school and gram-
mar school textbooks were estimated to be dis-
carded mainly in the 1- to 5-year time span. For
other books the proportion being discarded was
more evenly divided among the time spans. Soft-
bound books are generally of lower value and less
durable and were assigned to faster disposal cycles
than were hardbound books. Our estimates of perma-
nent retention varied from 10 percent for some
softbound books to 70 percent for basic reference
books. The profile in Table 27 is the composite
of the 14 subcategories on the basis of number of
books sold in 1966.
Commercial printing is heavily influenced by
direct mail advertising, promotional materials, and
brochures and booklets. These materials are mainly
of limited value over time. Only a few special book-
lets may have permanent value. Thus the vast
majority are discarded before a decade has passed.
On this basis we estimate that only 3 percent of such
material is of permanent value; 85 percent (includ-
ing conversion waste is discarded within the first
year.
Most converted products are used in office, gov-
ernment, and institutional applications and con-
sist mainly of working paper, tapes, and the like.
For this reason converted products have a low re-
tention value, and permanent retention has been
estimated at 5 percent.
Fine paper (Table 28). By far the greatest use of
fine paper is in business and government for office
papers of various types, such as stationery, forms,
copy paper, and reproduction. We were able to ob-
tain limited documentation of retention cycles, but
actual practices are not known. For example, the
record retention policy of a particular organization
can be very explicit but may riot be followed in
practice. A significant waste input is derived from
conversion of fine papers. The waste in producing
business forms is 10 to 12 percent, while in-house
reproduction departments may discard 5 to 35 per-
cent of a run, depending on its length and finish
requirements. About 5 percent of stationery and
similar products never reach a finished form. Over-
all estimates of retention vary. Discard cycles for
all office papers of 25/45/20/10 and 40/20/35/2
are two of those derived from our inquiries to busi-
nesses. Making allowances for conversion waste,
the profile for writing papers was finally established
as shown in Table 27, rag content paper having a
slightly longer retention than that of other writing
papers.
Bristols were assigned a relatively high retention
value of 35 percent because of the relatively high
proportion that go into library file cards and other
permanent records. Cover and text papers are used
for high quality publications, such as annual re-
ports, of intermediate value to users. Because cover
stock is also used for restaurant menus, it was given
a relatively faster discard profile than text paper.
School paper is consumed mostly as scratch paper
and in artwork. It was assumed that a small portion
(5 percent) had sentimental retention value, but
that most would be discarded in the first year.
Because thin paper is used primarily for carbon
paper and has no retention value, it is discarded in
the same year of consumption. The industrial uses
of thin paper are primarily for cigarette making,
interleaving of condenser plates, and the like. Cigar-
ette paper is eventually partly destroyed in use, of
course, but an estimated 10 percent of thin paper
in industrial uses goes into other products and is
thus diverted in use.
Special industrial paper (Table 29). It was de-
termined that about half of the industrial uses for
special industrial paper is for products such as
cable, electrical insulation, gaskets, vulcanizing
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
59
stock, and so forth, and thus is diverted in use to
other solid waste categories. The other half is con-
sumed in expendable products such as abrasive
paper, filter paper, and absorbent paper. Therefore
most, but not all, special industrial paper is dis-
carded the same year it is produced. The combina-
tion of two different use profiles gave a composite
profile that was weighted heavily at the extremes—
immediate discard and diversion to other applica-
tions.
Tab cards usually serve as input for computer
systems or other automated data-handling systems.
Once the function of the data entry or recording
is completed, the cards may be retained for a short
time but usually have very limited value for re-use.
They are discarded rapidly by most users. We esti-
mate that 90 percent are disposed of well before
5 years, and that 5 percent or less are of perma-
nent value.
In contrast, file folders may survive several
record purging steps and have a longer life than the
records that they organize. For this reason, we esti-
mated one-fourth of the file folder tonnage is of
permanent value, and the remainder is discarded
relatively slowly over time.
Sanitary tissue (Table 30). Tissue has one of
the most clear cut use profiles of all paper grades.
Products of tissue are nearly all designed to be
used once and then discarded by the user. Therefore,
all of the categories were classed as 100 percent dis-
card in the year of consumption. However, because
toilet tissue follows a totally different disposal
mode from other paper products, a substantially
different profile was used. Although it is definitely
meant to be discarded, it enters the sewage system
and reaches sewage treatment facilities as an insolu-
ble component of sewage. In the treatment process
the cellulose content is generally reduced by anaero-
bic digestion. In an optimized system about 95 per-
cent digestion occurs. However, few treatment plants
now in use achieve this efficiency of reduction. We
have estimated that 25 percent of toilet paper carries
over into sewage plant sludge after all treatment
stages, including onsite incineration. This residue
is part of the treatment sludge considered solid
waste.
Special paperboard (Table 31). There are a num-
ber of end uses for special paperboard; it is the
most diverse category within nonpackaging paper
and falls into five of the seven end-use classifications.
The paperboards (bending and nonbending) that
are used in publishing go into bindings for hard-
cover books, ledgers, and the like. Because hard-
bound books are used for many years and may be
permanently retained, the profile was weighted to
a long term cycle. The profile chosen is consistent
with that used for hardbound books in the printing
paper category, nearly one-half being permanently
retained.
Cardboard and other special paperboard used in
business and government are typically used for
such items as writing tabletbacks, display posters,
post cards, and file folders. Very few specific data
were available for this category, however. The
profile for cardboard was judged to be similar to
that for writing (fine) paper; for the "other" cate-
gory, a large portion is expanding (e.g., "red wal-
let") file folders, so the same profile was used as for
file folders under the special industrial paper cate-
gory.
Consumer products are another end use that em-
ploys a significant quantity of special paperboard.
Solid groundwood is used for book matches; their
life cycle is very short, so all of it has been included
as first-year discard. On the other hand, cardboard
and nonbending board are used for games, toys,
puzzles, photomount. playing cards, and other prod-
ucts that are semi-permanent and have relatively
long life cycles. Although we judged that 10 to 15
percent might be permanently retained, most of these
products would be discarded within 10 years. Prod-
ucts in the cardboard category would typically have
a shorter life span than would nonbending board
products. Therefore, a distinction was made between
the rates at which they would become waste.
Industrial uses of special paperboard also vary
widely. For applications in which paper is of sec-
ondary importance, a conversion waste factor was
estimated and the balance was considered "di-
verted." Thus, panel board which goes into auto-
mobiles is diverted outside the paper classification.
Other products in the industrial category include
board used in luggage, platforms, gaskets, appli-
ances, furniture, and sign boards. Most of the end
uses are of relatively long life but are not necessarily
permanently retained or diverted into other uses.
The profiles used are estimates which are thought to
be typical but the almost total lack of data precluded
development of profiles as useful as most of the
others made in the course of evaluation.
-------
60
NONPACKAGirSG PAPER
The construction end use of paperboard includes
primarily liner for gypsum board but also laminated
wall board and other building board. Because it is
used almost exclusively in permanent structures
such as homes, the profile is based simply on 10-
percent conversion or scrap loss and 90-percent
diversion.
Wet machine board (Table 32). The binders
board category of wet machine board is used for
book bindings, and the profile developed is (he
same as that for typical hardbound books under the
printing paper category for books.
Shoe board is a diverted use: only scrap or con-
version waste, amounting to 15 percent, is con-
sidered to be a factor in paper waste. The same
approach was used to determine the waste profile
for other uses of wet machine board.
Construction paper (Table 32). Construction
paper is used for building structures, mostly roofing
felts. It therefore falls in the diverted category, nith
an estimated o-peicent scrap in the year of consump-
tion.
Construction board (Table 32). Insulating board
is also used in building construction and therefore
falls in the diverted category, with an estimated 8-
percent scrap in the year of consumption. About
half of hard pressed board is used in building con-
struction and falls in the diverted category, with an
estimated 5-percent waste in the year of consump-
tion. The other half of hard pressed board is used
in other applications such as furniture, appliances,
automobiles, and display panels. Houever, it too is
diverted, and except for an estimated 10-percent
waste in the year of consumption, it is not a factor
in the paper portion of solid waste.
Nonuoven disposables. By definition, only those
nonwovens with a very short life span were included
in this analysis. Therefore they are treated in the
same way as tissue for the waste profile—100 per-
cent are discarded in the year of consumption.
Because the category includes materials other than
paper, such as plastics and textiles, it is shown
separately in the summary data (Table 34).
CONCLUSIONS
The process by which we arrived at our conclu-
sions about the current trends in nonpackaging
paper consumption and our forecasts for 1976 con-
sumption was based on a number of elements. The
general approach in this analysis is described in the
section on methodology and in the detailed observa-
tions that have been developed throughout Parts II
and III.
The 1976 forecasts are based on historical trends
and growth rates and on forecasts published by the
American Paper Institute and the U.S. Forest Serv-
ice. In addition, the consumption trend for each
seven-digit grade was analyzed with respect to his-
torical growth patterns and their relationship to
gross national product and disposable personal in-
come. Each analysis of paper consumption was
further extended by a review of current literature
to identify trends in the paper-using sectors (the
"demand determinants") of the economy—printing
and publishing, office operations, data processing,
consumer pioducts, and so forth. In analyzing each
of the demand determinants, we identified a number
of significant factors. These factors include the use
of specialized laminations, coatings, inks, and other
treatments that make paper products more complex
and heterogeneous; the advent and acceptance of
direct data input for data processing, reducing the
need for tab caids: and the indirect impact of data
storage on paper consumption I the number of origi-
nal paper documents is not reduced, but they may
be stored in nonpaper form I.
Our analysis was supplemented by personal inter-
views with industry experts in the major industry
associations, with major paper manufacturers, and
with companies that influence the consumption of
paper and paper products.
All of these elements were combined to produce
observations and conclusions that are presented
throughout this report. The 1976 forecasts are based
on information derived from both the producing and
the consuming elements of industry that determine
the future demand for paper products. As a final test
of the analysis, industry experts were asked to re-
view and comment on our findings: these com-
ments were also taken into account. (Of course,
MR1 is responsible for all statements in this report.)
As was mentioned early in Part III, no published
references were available on which to base the con-
cept of disposal profiles. The profiles are original
work, developed to alert the reader to the way in
which the consumption of paper and paper products
relates to the Nation's solid waste problem. To the
extent possible, the profiles were based on actual
practices, although this part of the analysis remains
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
61
an educated guess subject to revision if actual data
become available. However, it is likely that the ap-
proach would remain the same.
The following statements are MRI's general con-
clusions on the impact of these disposal factors on
solid waste, especially on what may be expected in
1976 as compared with 1966. These statements are
addressed to the objective stated in the Introduction
to this report: to determine the paper and paper-
board tonnage that will reach disposal facilities in
1976.
The result of the various steps described here was
a summary by grade of the total paper and paper-
board discarded in the two base years 1966 and
1976. In addition, the effect of recycled paper was
taken into account. Our calculations indicate that
19.7 million tons of nonpackaging paper were dis-
posed of in 1966; of this amount. 5.4 million tons
were recycled. Thus. 14.3 million tons became a
part of the Nation's solid waste stream in that year.
By 1976 this amount is expected to increase by 6.3
million tons (44 percent) to 20.6 million tons
(Table 33).
TABLE 33.—Summary of nonpackaging paper
consumption, solid waste and recycling:
1966 and 1976*
(In millions of tons)
Total Total to be Total Total to
consumptionf disposed oft recycled solid wa*le§
1966
1976. . .
*Source- Midw
•(Includes non'
JFrom current
§Totdl to be di
27.3
37.7
e
-------
62
NONPACKAGING PAPER
TABLE 34.—Nonpackagingpaper entering solid waste stream: 1966 and 1976*
(In thousands of tons)
Grade
1966 Pei cent of 1966
consumption
1976
Percent of 1976
consumption
Paper:
Newsprint 8,957 98.5 11,281 98.9
Printing paper 5,042 87.5 7,340 89.5
Fine paper 2,115 78.4 3,296 86.7
Special industrial paper 637 69.5 829 76.4
Sanitary tissue 1,937 68.6 3,395 72.7
Total paper 18,688 87.8 26,141 89.6
Paperboard:
Special paperboard 630 33.1 954 37.4
Wet machine board .. 45 28.8 55 30.1
Construction paper 120 8.0 146 8.2
Construction board 191 7.7 295 7.8
Total paperboard 986 16.3 1,450 17.4
Total paper and paperboard 19,674 72.0 27,591 73.5
Nonwoven disposables 40 100.0 200 100.0
Total discarded 19,714 72.] 27,791 73.6
Paper and paperboard recycled! 5,378 19.7 7,200 19.0
Net entry to solid waste 14,336 52.5 20,591 54.8
Total discarded—Ib per capita 200 72.0 250 74.0
Net entry to solid waste—Ib per capita. .. . ... 146 52.6 185 54.8
*Source Midwest Research Institute.
"("Includes only nonpackaging grades.
TABLE 35.—Net paper and paperboard entering
solid waste stream: 1966 and 1976*
(In thousands of tons)
Category
1966
1976
Packaging grades
Nonpackaging grades! • •
Total
Recycled paper and board
Net entering as solid waste.
Lb per capita total
25,107
19,714
44,821
10,159
34,662
352
36,895
27,791
64,686
13,600
51,086
460
*Source: Midwest Research Institute.
flncludes noriwoven disposables
lion. Therefore the net contribution to solid waste
will be increasing because of the declining import-
ance of secondary fibers to total consumption also.
Thus each of the factors cited above will con-
tribute to a relative increase in the role that paper
products play in solid waste. As a result, discarded
nonpackaging paper will be a more significant factor
in 1976 at 27.6 million tons than in 1966 at 19.7
million tons; this is an increase of 40 percent. In
pounds per capita, discarded paper will in-
crease from 200 Ib in 1966 to 250 Ib in 1976, a
net change of 25 percent. During the same period,
total consumption of nonpackaging paper will in-
crease by slightly less than 38 percent. By either
comparison, paper will have a proportionately
greater impact on solid waste in 1976 than it did
in 1966.
Net entry to solid waste in 1976 is even more im-
portant. Assuming that only recycled nonpackaging
paper is deducted from total nonpackaging paper
discarded in 1966, then 72.7 percent entered the
solid waste stream in that year; by 1976 this per-
centage will increase to 74.1 percent (Table 35).
By any of these measures, the amount of nonpack-
aging paper discarded will have a greater impact
-------
IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
63
on solid waste facilities in 1976 than it did in 1966.
This impact will come not only from an increasing
per capita consumption of paper but also from an
accelerating rate of discard, with proportionately
less being recycled as a raw material. Paper and
paper products are destined to be of growing con-
cern to those responsible for handling the Nation's
solid wastes in the years ahead.
SALVAGE AND REUSE or NONPACKAGING PAPER
In the past, the paper industry has recycled a
substantial portion of its waste paper product for
use as raw material. This material is thus removed
from the solid waste stream and constitutes a sub-
stantial reduction in the quantity of paper that
might otherwise be handled as solid waste. In 1966,
a total of 10.2 million tons of paper stock (waste
paper) was consumed by the paper industry in the
manufacture of all paper and papeiboard grades.
This amount is about 21 percent of the total raw
material fiber required by the paper industry during
the year. Of this, we estimate that 5.4 million tons
were of nonpackaging grades.
The paper industry contributes substantially to
waste reduction and conservation of materials. How-
ever, this contribution, as a percent of total tonnage
consumed, has declined substantially over the years
—from 35 percent of total fiber in 1946 to 21 per-
cent in 1966.
There are several reasons for this decline in the
relative importance of paper stock in recent years.
Among these reasons are the increases in contamina-
tion of paper by coatings, special inks, varnishes,
clay coatings, adhesives. laminates, and the like; in-
creased costs of collection and high labor costs of
separation: large additions by the paper industry
of captive virgin pulp supplies: and advances in
paper-making technology based on virgin fiber
processes. It is unlikelv that these conditions will
change in the next few years, even though the re-
claimed quantities of paper stock should increase
to a total of about 13.6 million tons in 1976 com-
pared with 10.2 million tons in 1966. Of this
amount, about 7.2 million tons will be nonpackaging
grades in 1976, compared with 5.4 million tons in
1966 (Table 34). However, the percentage share of
reclaimed stock should continue to decline, falling to
about 19 percent of total fiber in 1976.
A recently published analysis of paper-stock
composition gives the tonnage by paper stock grades
for 1966 (Luey, 1967). This study was used by
MRI to establish the portion that is of nonpack-
aging grades. The stock composition data enabled us
to estimate the proportions of reclaimed waste that
came from paper conversion and from other indus-
trial, commercial, and residential sources (Table 36).
It can be readily observed that among nonpack-
aging grades, newsprint is reused in substantial
quantities and that other nonpackaging paper stock
grades are derived primarily from paper manufac-
turing and converting operations, printing and
publishing operations, and business and commer-
cial sources, such as retail stores. In addition to
newsprint, the grades most often recovered are fine
paper, printing paper, bristol, and tab card stock.
Newsprint constitutes over 39 percent of nonpack-
aging stock recovered, the mixed grades another
30.5 percent, and the tab card bristol grades another
19 percent.
Most of the total paper stock reclaimed—about
85 percent—goes into the manufacture of paper-
board grades; only 15 percent is used for paper.
The nonpackaging grades absorbed only 38.2 per-
cent of total paper stock consumed in 1963 (Table
37) but contributed about 50 percent of the total
tonnage of paper stock. Thus the nonpackaging-
paper stock grades make a proportionately greater
contribution to paper reuse than do packaging
grades. The packaging grades (primarily container
board and bending board) consume a greater pro-
portion—about 62 percent of total paper stock used
in paper manufacture.
Some segments of the paper industry and the
secondary materials industries have been active in
developing salvage and reuse technology and econ-
omies to accommodate continued use of secondary
fibers as raw materials. For example, the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
(TAPPI) has pursued an interest in deinking tech-
niques and technology, as well as in secondary-
fiber use in general (about 10 to ] 5 percent of all
paper stock is deinked today, primarily newsprint
and printing grades). The Paper Stock Institute of
the National Association of Secondary Material In-
dustries, Inc., has also been an active participant in
promoting greater use of paper stock. The Paper-
board Group of the American Paper Institute
-------
64
NONPACKAGING PAPER
TABLE 36.—Paper stock recovered for use in paper manufacture by paper stock grades: 1966*
Paper stock
grades "1"
#1— #5
#6— #8
#10— #11
#12— #21
#22— #23
#24— #26
#28— #29
#30— #33
#35— #37
#38— #39
#40— #43
#44— #45
Other
Description
Mixed; boxboard cuttings; mill wrappers. .
Corrugated
Unbleached kraft.. . ...
Groundwood shavings . .
News blanks . . . .
Soft white shavings
Hard whites and envelopes
Tab cards and manila cuttings . .
Ledger, colored and white
Magazines and books . . . . ...
Bleached kraft cuttings
SIC
equivalent
—
262111
26311
\ 262161
\ 26311J
26212
262111
26215
26215
\ 2621759\
\ 26216/
26215
f 26212^
1 ZUZl^i
\ 26214J
26216
Thousand
Total
2,740
1 930
2,640
580
325
174
91
71
223
750
174
265
196
10,159
tons
Nonpackaging
l,640t
1 930
—
325
174
91
71
223
750
174
5,378
Percent
of total
27.
19
26.
5,
3,
1.
Percent
nonpackaging
.0
o
0
.7
2
,7
0.9
0.
2.
7
1.
2
1
100
.7
.2
.4
,7
6
9
.0
16
19
3
1
0
0
2
7
1
52
.1
n
—
9
.7
.9
.7
.2
.4
.7
.9
Primary
sources §
A,
R
A
A,
B
B
A,
A
A,
A,
B
A
A
C, D
C D
c
C
B
C
C
BCD
*From Midwest Research Institute based on an analysis of grades of paper stock used in 1966, developed by A. T Luey, Manager, Boxboard Research and Develop-
ment Association,
tPaper stock standards of the National Association of Secondary Materials Industries, Inc
JThese mixed grades contain a variety of paper grades and qviahu Mixed paper grades typically come from offices and other commercial sources. The quantity
shown is an estimate of the fine paper, printing paper, and newsprint poriion of the total of grades 1-5
§A paper mills or converters, U printing, publishing, C commercial or industrial, D residential These sources apply to the paper stock grades and at the
stage of processing or use in which the dibcaided paper is recovered
TABLE 37.—Consumption of paper stock (waste paper)
in production of new paper: 1963*
Percent of total papei
stock consumed
by weight
0.31
0.43
2.74
2.60
.01
.69
Paper:
Newsprint
Groundwood, uncoated
Coated printing and converting paper
Book paper, uncoated
Fine paper
Special industrial paper
Sanitary and tissue paper
Total nonpackaging grades
Total of packaging grades of paper
Paperboard:
Nonbending board, special paper-
board, cardboard, and wet machine
board
Construction paper
Hardboard and insulating board
Total nonpackaging grades
Total of packaging grades of paper-
board . .
Percent of total paper stock con-
sumed in nonpackaging paper
and paperboard
Total all grades
4.82
13.60
1.33
15.37
8.26
1.01
24.64
60.43
38.24
100.00
*From U S Census of Manufacturers 1963, Pulp, paper, and board mills,
table 7C, 26A-31. Modified by Midwest Research Institute
through its National Committee for Paper Stock
Conservation has shown substantial interest in main-
taining supplies of paper stock. (This organization
was instrumental in establishing an experimental
program in Madison, Wisconsin, in mid-1968 to
recover newspapers from residential sources as
part of refuse pickup operations and to use them as
secondary fiber furnished to nearby paper mills.)
A large number of paper companies, as well as
paper stock dealers and brokers, actively pursue the
economic recovery and reuse of secondary fibers.
In recent years there have also been advances
in technology from machinery manufacturers who
supply balers, shredders, conveyors, and paper
stock handling systems. One company, Damn Corp.,
Hopkins, Minnesota, has been developing a pel-
letizer that promises to reduce greatly the volume
of paper stock and to increase its density, which
will result in substantial freight, handling, and use
advantages. Riverside Paper Corp., Appleton, Wis-
consin, has recently developed a system for re-
moving polyethylene and wet-strength resins from
coated papers.
The above are only isolated examples of recent
advances in technology that appear quite promising.
Paper stock recovery continues to be one of the best
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IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 65
potentials for reducing solid waste volumes. Recent economic recovery of secondary fibers will make a
renewed interest of the paper industry in these fields greater contribution to reduction of solid waste
offers some hope that resource conservation through quantities than it has in recent years.
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APPENDIX
DISPOSAL MODES USED FOR NONPACKAGING PAPER
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APPENDIX
DISPOSAL MODES USED FOR NONPACKAGING PAPER
Any analysis of the impact of nonpackaging
papers on solid wastes would be incomplete without
some discussion of the methods by which these pa-
pers are disposed of. There are five basic methods,
three of which are important to the disposal of
nonpackaging papers discussed in this report. The
three most important methods are given first. Paper
quantities judged to be in the latter two categories
were excluded from the waste calculation developed
in the analysis.
(1) Disposal in recognizable bulk. This classifi-
cation applies to most of the nonpackaging grades
and is the most important. It includes all paper and
paper products that are recognizable as such when
they are discarded Examples are newspaper, peri-
odicals, office forms, business papers, and tissue
paper.
(2) Disposal by recycling. This is mill-consumed
paper and paperboard and does not enter the solid
waste stream, because it is recycled for use as a raw
material in the manufacture of more paper and pa-
perboard. In this analysis it has been shown as a net
deduction from the total paper discarded in any one
year.
(3) Disposal by water carried systems. Paper
normally disposed of in municipal sewer systems
is included here. The only item of significance in
this study is toilet tissue, a portion of which is
digested during treatment, but which also may enter
solid waste as a component of sewage plant sludge.
(4) Disposal in secondary form. This mode ap-
plies to paper used in other products. The paper is
generally not recognized as such when it reaches
the disposal stage. Typical products of which paper
is a hidden part are shoes, electrical cable, and vul-
canized rubber products. This mode also includes
paper that becomes a part of solid waste usually
classified separately. Thus, construction paper and
construction board normally end up in building
rubble, and automobile panel board ends up as a
part of scrap automobiles. None of the paper and
paperboard grades classified in this mode have been
included in the solid waste quantities calculated
for 1966 and 1976. They were classified under the
diverted category.
(5) Disposal by burning in use. This mode ap-
plies to a very small quantity of paper products,
primarily to cigarette papers.
69
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76
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Enviror~=:-ri'T>l 7.-' ''GetIon Agenoy
Li- -•..;, . . ,: a '•
1 North i.'.ie.'iLi.' Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
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