LAKE ERIE
SURVEILLANCE
DATA SUMMARY
1967 -1968
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
CLEVELAND PROGRAM OFFICE
MAY 1968
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE No,
SUMMARY '
INTRODUCTION 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
PROGRAM AND METHODS 2
PARAMETERS 4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION ?
DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA 9
Water Chemistry 9
Sediment Chemistry 33
Water Biology 40
Phytoplankton 40
Chlorophyll and Seston 58
Sediment Biology 58
Water Bacteriology 59
U.S. Environmental Promotion A*- --
Great Lakes National pr - - -a Qffic'J
GLNPO Lil,_ • •
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No, TITLE PAGE No,
I. Cleveland Program Office, Lake Erie Routine 10
Surveillance - Mid-lake Water Chemistry
2. Detroit Program Office, Water Chemistry - 25
Western Basin - 1967
3. Water Chemistry Comparison 1963-64 - 1967-68 29
Cleveland Program Office Data
4. Detroit Program Office, Michigan Waters of Lake 31
Erie Comparative Data, 1963 and 1967
5, Detroit and Cleveland Program Offices, Comparison 32
of 1967-68 Cleveland and Detroit Data for
Western Basin
6. Cleveland Program Office, Lake Erie Routine 34
Surveillance - Mid-lake Sediment Chemistry
7. Sediment Chemistry Comparisons 1963-64 - 1967-68 39
Cleveland Program Office Data
8. Cleveland Program Office, Lake Erie Routine 41
Surveillance - Mid-lake Plankton
9. Percent Phytoplankton Types vs. Total Organisms 40
Cleveland Program Office Data
10. Average Phytoplankton Populations 57
Cleveland Program Office Data
II. Water Biology Comparisons 58
Cleveland Program Office Data
12. Cleveland Program Office, Lake Erie Routine 60
Surveillance - Mid-lake Benthic Macroinvertebrates
13. Lake Erie Water Microbiology, Winter (68) Cruise 65
Cleveland Program Office
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LIST OF F I GURES
FIGURE No, TITLE PAGE No,
I. Lake Erie Mid-lake Surveillance Stations 3
Cleveland Program Office
2. Lake Erie Western Basin Surveillance Stations 5
Detroit Program Office
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SUWARY
Although Lake Erie is still an excellent source of municipal
raw water, the effects of pollution are becoming ever more discern-
ible. The dissolved solids have increased by nine percent since
1964 with progressively higher concentrations from west to east.
Most chemical constituents in both water and sediment have increased
during the same period.
High populations of phytoplankton were noted with diatoms
the overall dominant type in spring, fall, and winter, and green
and blue-green in summer depending on the basin. Bloom conditions
were not noted during the 1967-68 sampling period. As in 1964,
the pollution-sensitive scud was all but missing in all samples.
The pollution-sensitive types, such as sludgeworms and bloodworms,
were in profusion.
The 1967-68 program was the first published study of the
chemical, biological, and microbiological conditions under ice
cover. The limited winter program revealed higher bacterial
densities in western basin bottom waters as opposed to the non-
winter 1963-64 findings where the highest densities were found in
the surface waters.
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INTRODUCTION
The following report is the first of an anticipated annual series
to be prepared by the Cleveland Program Office of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Great Lakes Region. All significant
data gathered by the Cleveland arid Detroit Program Offices in their
surveillance monitoring programs on Lake Erie will be included.
The purpose of the reports is to chronicle water quality changes
in Lake Erie. It is not the intent to provide detailed interpretive
evaluations. However, the compiled data, along with information col-
lected by other agencies, should be useful to those engaged in lake
water resources management including pollution control.
All water quality data of a routine nature are to be entered into
the STORET data processing system in use by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The first four surveillance cruises conducted by the Cleveland
Program Office were made with the United States Coast Guard buoy tender
Tupelo. The cooperation of the Coast Guard is gratefully acknowledged
and special thanks are given to the captain and crew of the Tupelo in
accommodating Cleveland Program Office personnel and equipment. All
waters analyzed by the Detroit Program Office were sampled with Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration equipment assigned to the
Detroit Office.
PROGRAM AND METHODS
The Cleveland Program Office surveillance program on Lake Erie was
initiated in response to a recommendation by the state-federal Confer-
ence on Pollution in Lake Erie and its Tributaries in August 1965. The
Detroit program is the result of an earlier similar conference on the
Detroit River and Michigan Waters of Lake Erie in 1963. In order to
better describe any changes in the overall quality of Lake Erie, both
programs were primarily designed for offshore water quality definition.
The Cleveland program was established to include sample collection
at thirty stations along the longitudinal midline of the lake (Figure I).
The plan called for four sampling cruises per year under the conditions
of (I) Ice cover, (2) spring overturn, (3) maximum temperature stratifi-
cation and (4) fall overturn. Each station was to be sampled in three
areas, at the surface, mid-depth, and bottom. Bottom sediment samples
were also to be collected.
In accord with the Cleveland plan, midlake water and sediment were
sampled in May, August, and October 1967, and January 1968. The sampling
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Ffgure J
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was accomplished as planned except fdr the January cruise, which was
completed only in the western basin and a portion of the central
basin, then terminated because of severe ice conditions.
Only non-winter, western basin surface water samples were col-
lected by the Detroit Program Office. Figure 2 shows the 26 stations
included in the Detroit study.
In addition to cruise sampling data, future reports will include
data from biweekly raw water sampling at most municipal water intakes
along the south shore. The Ohio intake sampling program was initiated
in March 1968 in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Health. Sim-
ilar programs are anticipated with the States of Michigan, Pennsyl-
vania, and New York.
The water quality documentation with which data from this report
and future reports should be compared is complied in the "Lake Erie
Environmental Summary, 1963-64", prepared by the Cleveland Program
Office, and in the "Report on Pollution of the Detroit River, Michigan
Waters of Lake Erie and their Tributaries - Findings", prepared by
the Detroit Program Office in 1965.
PARAMETERS
The water quality parameters shown are those which have been con-
sidered, up to this time, as most significant in Lake Erie.
Analysis of both lake water and bottom sediments is made, since
each is part of a dynamic environment with continuous interchanges
occurring between the two. The quality of each can and does affect
the quality of the other.
The parameters included in this report are as follows:
Physical water properties
I. Temperature
2. Transparency
3. Turbidity
Water Chemistry
I. Alkalinity
2. pH
3. Conductivity
4. Dissolved sol ids
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Figure 2
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5. Total solids
6. Dissolved oxygen
7. Biochemical oxygen demand
8. Chemical oxygen demand
9. Chlorides
10. Organic nitrogen
II. Ammonia nitrogen
12. Nitrate nitrogen
13. Soluble phosphorus
14. Total phosphorus
15. Silica
Sediment Chemistry
I. pH
2. Eh
3. Biochemical oxygen demand
4. Chemical oxygen demand
5. Volatile solids
6. TotaI Iron
7. Total phosphorus
8. Organic nitrogen
9. Ammonia nitrogen
10. Nitrate nitrogen
Water Biology
I. Plankton types and numbers
2. Organic Seston
3. Chlorophyll a_ and b_
Sediment Biology
I. Benthic fauna types and numbers
Water Microbiology
I. Total coliform bacteria
2. Total bacteria at 20°C
3. Total bacteria at 35°C
The methods used by the Cleveland Program Office In the measure-
ment of each of the above are given in the "Laboratory Manual, Cleveland
Program Office" available from that office of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. The significance of each water quality parameter
is detailed In "Lake Erie Environmental Summary, 1963-1964" available
from the same office, and in "Physical and Chemical Quality Conditions,
Lake Michigan Basin" available from the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Great Lakes Regional Office, Chicago, Illinois.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION
Abbreviations are used in this report for tabulated data accord-
ing to the following list:
Un 1 ts
mg/l- milligrams per liter
mg/g - milligrams per gram dry weight
vg/\ - micrograms per liter
pmhos/cm - micromhos per cm
MV - mi 11ivolts
Water Chemistry
ALK or Alkal - Alkalinity in mg/l CaCO
BOD5 - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in mg/l
CL or Cl - chlorides in mg/l
COD - chemical oxygen demand in mg/l
CON - conductivity in ymhos/cm at 25°C
DO - dissolved oxygen in mg/l
Eh - oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts
FE or Fe - iron in mg/l
N - nitrogen
NH,-N - ammonia nitrogen in mg/l
NO-j-N - nitrate nitrogen in mg/l
ORG-N - organic nitrogen in mg/l
P - phosphorus
pH - hydrogen ion concentration
Si02 - total si Iica
S04 - sulfate in mg/l
SP - soluble phosphorus in mg/l
SS - suspended solids
T •- temperature in degrees Centigrade
TDS - total dissolved solids in mg/l
TP - total phosphorus in mg/l
TS - total solids in mg/l
TB - turbidity in mg/l silica
Sedi ment Chemi stry
BOD,. - 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in mg/g, initial mixing
COD - chemical oxygen demand in mg/g
Eh - oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts
NH -N - ammonia nitrogen in mg/g
NO^-N - nitrate nitrogen in mg/g
ORG-N - organic nitrogen in mg/g
pH - hydrogen ion concentration
T - temperature in degrees Centigrade
TFE - totaI i ron i n mg/g
TP - total phosphorus in mg/g
VS or vol. solids - volatile solids in % dry weight
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR DATA COMPILATION
(concluded)
Biology
Am - Amphlpoda in organisms per m
Is - Isopoda In organisms per m^
Pr - Prosobranchfa in organisms per rrr
Pu - Pulmonata in organisms per m '
Hi - Hirudinea in organisms per m^
01 - Oligochaeta In organisms per nr
Ne - Nematoda i n organ Isms per m^
Tu - Turbellaria in organisms per rrr
Un - Unionidae in organisms per m^
Sp - Sphaeriidae in organisms per nrr
Ch - Chironomidae in organisms per m^
Ep - Ephemeroptera in organisms per m^
Tr - Tricoptera in organisms per nr
Ot - Other in organisms per rtr-
CHLORO - Chlorophyll in mg/m3
No/ml - number per ml
mg/itr - milligrams per cubic meter
Blue-green, green, flagellates, and diatoms given in number of organisms
per ml
x - Qua Iitative only
Microbiology
T.C. - Total coliform in organisms per 100 ml
20° SPC - Total bacterial count at 20°C in organisms per ml
35° SPC - Total bacterial count at 35°C in organisms per ml
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DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA
The chemical, biological, and microbiological status of Lake
Erie in 1967-68 will be compared with that in 1963-64, however, the
reader is cautioned to consider the following.
The 1963-64 Michigan waters' stations along with several others
in the western basin were the only stations reoccupied in 1967-68.
All sampling at these stations was accomplished by the Detroit Program
Office. The Cleveland Program Office made no attempt to reoccupy its
1963-64 stations. It was felt that midline sampling was the most
efficient way to determine midlake water quality.
In addition, sampling station reproduction in the central and
eastern basins can be most difficult. Although radar bearings were
made where possible, many stations were located by dead reckoning.
It is not inconceivable that the same station may be as much as a
mile at variance with that of a former cruise. Station reproduction
in the western basin is less a problem since islands and buoys are
available for sighting purposes.
WATER CHEMISTRY
Upon reviewing the 1967-68 data (Tables I and 2) it can be con-
cluded that with respect to chemical quality Lake Erie still is an
excellent source of municipal raw water. However, upon further exam-
ination, and in comparison with historical data and the 1963-64 data
collected by both the Cleveland and Detroit Program Offices, the re-
lentless increase in most chemical concentrations can be easily de-
tected. The 1963-64 data averages include results from some tributary-
affected nearshore stations which are not included in the Cleveland
Program Office 1967-68 surveys. Since these data affect the overall
lake chemistry averages, the increase in chemical concentrations from
1964 to 1967 may be even more pronounced than indicated.
Cleveland Program Office data (Table 3) indicate that all chemical
constituents in the western basin have increased except chloride, sil-
ica, and chemical oxygen demand. Table 4 is a comparison of chemical
concentrations in the Michigan waters of Lake Erie as sampled and
analyzed by the Detroit Program Office in 1967 with that in 1963.
These waters, adversely affected by the Detroit River to a great ex-
tent, show increases in all chemical concentrations except chloride
and organic nitrogen. Table 5 is a comparison of chemical concentra-
tions in the western basin as determined by both Program Offices.
Differences are not significant except in nitrogen data, which can be
explained by seasonal variations in this parameter.
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TABLE 4
DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE
MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE
COMPARATIVE DATA - 1963 and 1967
Conductivity
Chlorides
Phenols
Total Phosphorus
Soluble Phosphorus
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ammonia Nitrogen
Organic Nitrogen
Suspended Sol ids
Sulfate
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
1963
1967
Max.
540
46
42
16
21
0.25
0.31
0. 16
0.5
3.6
0.58
1.35
0.62
0.92
70
42
Min.
220
14
9
0
-------
TABLE 5
DETROIT AND CLEVELAND PROGRAM OFFICES
COMPARISON OF 1967-68 CLEVELAND AND DETROIT DATA
FOR WESTERN BASIN
Conductivity
Chlorides
Total Phosphorus
Soluble Phosphorus
N 1 trate-N
Ammon I a-N
Organ ic-N
Suspended Sol ids
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
DPO
CPO
Basin
Average
296
285
22
19
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.6
0.2
0.28
0.17
0.18
0.37
II
17
Combined
Average
290
20
.06
.04
0.4
0.22
0.27
14
32
-------
In the central basin, all chemical constituents show increases
except chlorides, silica, and nitrate nitrogen, while in the eastern
basin the only decreases are in silica, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate
nitrogen.
The average dissolved solids have increased 9 percent during
this period in spite of the fact that chlorides and silica have de-
creased. The average specific conductance has also increased indi-
cating that the increase in dissolved solids is due to inorganic
constituents. Future work will endeavor to describe these inorganic
constituents. Silica is apparently paralleled by extensive increases
in diatom populations in each basin. Diatoms metabolically assimilate
dissolved silica in skeletal formation.
SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY
The role of bottom sediments in Lake Erie, as in other temperate,
eutrophic lakes, has great significance especially during summer
thermal stratification. During this period, convective mixing be-
tween the temperature-density stratified water is severely limited.
The bottom layer, isolated from atmospheric replenishment, eventually
becomes depleted of dissolved oxygen due to uptake by sedimented
plankton. This leads directly to an accelerated nutrient cycle be-
tween sediment and water.
With development of anaerobic conditions at the sediment-water
interface, the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and sulfur, along
with phosphorus, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are leached from the
sediment to the overlying waters. The effect is a nutritional stim-
ulus to plankton. The death and sedimentation of these plankton
renew the sources of sediment organic matter, which are again bac-
teriological ly degraded in a succeeding stratification leading to
another hypolimnetic deoxygenation and nutritional enrichment.
It is suspected that a lake can reach a state of eutrophication
or enrichment whereby, in spite of elimination of all waste inputs,
the bottom sediments become such that the above cycle would be in-
definitely perpetuated.
In an attempt to study the state of eutrophication in Lake Erie,
bottom sediments were analyzed during the various seasons of the year,
(see Table 6). A comparison with respect to basin averages for the
years 1963-64, and 1967-68, is given in Table 7.
Substantial increases in sediment phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen
were noted in all basins. Sediment organic nitrogen increased in the
western and eastern basins while decreasing in the central. Sediment
nitrate nitrogen showed decreases in the central and eastern basins
while remaining constant in the western.
33
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The volatile solids were extremely high during the 1963-64
samp I ing .period indicating the probability of error.
WATER BIOLOGY
PHYTOPLANKTON
Phytoplankton productivity in Lake Firie is highly variable from
year to year. The variations result from many factors including
nutrient concentration, light intensity, turbidity, and period of
sampling (organisms may be in a logarithmic growth stage during sam-
pling period). Since the variables are many, comparison with 1963-
64 data will only superficially be made. The 1967 data (see Table 8)
will be treated generally to show ranges and to illustrate seasonal
variations in productivity and species composition. Only Cleveland
Program Office data are available; the Detroit Program Office made no
biological evaluations.
The phytopIankton data were averaged for all stations and sep-
arated according to basins and seasons. Table 9 illustrates phyto-
pIankton types as related to total phytoplankton for each basin and
season.
The data show a spring pulse in the western basin composed pri-
marily of diatoms. Another western basin pulse occurred in fall,
primarily of diatoms and green algae. Low-level diatom pulses oc-
curred in spring in the eastern basin, and in summer and winter in
the western basin. In each case the dominant diatoms were of the
Cyclotella-Stephanodiscus variety. Scenedesmus was the dominant
greqn alga. Table 10 shows average total populations and algal types
with reference to basin and season.
The decreasing west to east trend is not as obvious in the 1967-
68 data as it was in 1963-64 especially when considering the averages.
However, upon further examination of the individual types and numbers,
the trend is discernible especially in spring, summer, and fall.
Table II shows slightly higher spring 1967 average phytoplankton
numbers in the western and eastern basins than in 1963-64. Lower
numbers were noted in the central basin in 1967-68. Higher numbers
of phytopIankton were noted in the western and central basins in the
fall of 1967 than in the fall of 1964. Fall, eastern basin average
phytoplankton numbers were similar during both sampling periods.
The fall 1963-64 plankton populations indicate bloom conditions
in the western basin, whereas this state of algal productivity was not
encountered anywhere during the 1967-68 sampling period. However,
conclusions with respect to changes in Lake Erie algal productivity
cannot be made without more frequent sampling.
40
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55
-------
TABLE 9
PERCENT PHYTOPLANKTON TYPES vs. TOTAL ORGANISMS
(Cleveland Program Office Data)
Basin
Western
Central
Eastern
Western
Central
Eastern
Western
Central
Eastern
Western
Central
Eastern
Spring
DIATOMS vs
87.0
51.7
76.9
BLUE-GREENS
4.0
19.8
7.6
GREENS vs
6.9
17.4
10.7
FLAGELLATES
2.1
II. 1
4.8
Summer
Fat 1
Winter
Annual
. TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
47.4
14.7
9.1
vs. TOTAL
20.8
32.8
60.6
52.9
56.3
56. 1
NUMBER OF
8.8
2.4
3.8
85.8
60.6*
ORGAN 1 SMS
1.8
3.0*
66.9
46.5
52.5
8.4
14.5
23.7
. TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
26.8
42.2
22.7
vs. TOTAL
5.0
10.3
7.6
36.9
35.7
34.7
NUMBER OF
1.4
5.5
5.4
10.2
27.5*
ORGAN 1 SMS
2.2
8.9*
22.6
30.2
18.1
2.3
8.8
5.8
* 3 stations sampled out of total of II stations
56
-------
TABLE 10
AVERAGE PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
Organisms per ml
(Cleveland Program Office Data)
Type of
Algae
Diatom
Bl ue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Di atom
Bl ue-Green
Green
Flagel late
Total
Di atom
Bl ue-Green
Green
Fl agel 1 ate
Total
Di atom
Bl ue-Green
Green
F 1 age 1 1 ate
Total
Season
Spri ng
Spri ng
Spri ng
Spring
Spring
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Fal
Fal
Fal
Fal
Fal
Winter
Wi nter
Wi nter
Wi nter
Winter
Western
1943
91
152
47
2233
468
207
265
52
992
1378
229
960
36
2603
514
1 1
61
16
602
Basi n
Central
238
91
81
51
461
45
101
137
32
315
284
12
180
28
504
391*
20*
177*
58*
646*
Eastern
500
50
70
31
651
35
230
86
29
380
102
7
63
10
182
__
—
—
__
—
3 station average
57
-------
TABLE I I
WATER BIOLOGY COMPARISONS
Average numbers of Organisms per ml
(Cleveland Program Office Data)
Season
Spring
Fall
1963-64
1967-68
1963-64
1967-68
Western
1805
2233
10,800
2603
Basin
Central
1 170
461
1005
504
Eastern
575
651
180
182
CHLOROPHYLL AND SESTON
To supplement phytoplankton data chlorophyll and seston analyses
were instituted for the Cleveland Program Office 1967-68 study, (see
Table 8). Chlorophyll is an enzyme present in green plants. In the
presence of light, through photosynthesis, chlorophyll converts water
and carbon dioxide to sugar, a substance basic to plant metabolism
and reproduction. As a result chlorophyll is closely related to
primary production or the conversion of inorganic materials to living
plant tissue. Chlorophyll determinations are used to give an estimate
of phytopIankton productivity since the amount of chlorophyll present
is an indicator of the type algae present. Coccoid and filamentous
green algae contain chlorophyll a_ and b_. Diatoms and brown flagellates
contain chlorophyll a_ and £ but lack chlorophyll b_. Blue-green algae
contain only chlorophyll a_.
Organic seston includes the living phytoplankton and zooplankton,
and the non-living particles of organic matter floating or held in
suspension in the water. It provides a gross estimate of algal pro-
ductivity by assuming that most of the mid-Lake Erie suspended organic
matter is derived from algal sources. However, in some instances this
may not be true, and significant contamination with non-living organic
debris (tripton) is a probability. The results of Lake Erie 1967-68
chlorophyll and seston determinations are summarized in Table 8.
SEDIMENT BIOLOGY
Benthic fauna are macroscopic organisms which live on or within
lake bottom sediments. Some have been classified, rather nonprecisely,
58
-------
as "pollution-tolerant" or ''pollution-sensitive". Characteristic
of a clean water zone is the presence of many kinds of bottom
organisms. Typical clean water species are immature caddis flies
(Tricoptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera),
dobson flies (Megaloptera), giI I-breathing snails (Prosobranchia),
scuds (Amphipoda) and pearl button clams (Unionidae). Although the
variety of organisms is great, the total population is small, because
of predation and competition for,food.
In a polluted zone only a few kinds of organisms can survive in
the soft, shifting, bottom organic sludge blanket. Such organisms,
isolated from predators, reproduce to huge populations. These in-
clude sludgeworms (01igochaetea), some kinds of bloodworms (Chiron-
omidae), sowbugs (Isopoda), lung-breathing snails (Pulmonata), var-
ious leeches (Hirudinea) and the fingernail clam (Sphaeriidae).
The results of bottom fauna surveys of Lake Erie in 1967-68 by
the Cleveland Program Office are summarized in Table 12. The
pollution-sensitive scud is found only in small numbers In the
western basin, increasing in quantity in the central basin, and
reaching a high in the west end of the eastern basin, only to de-
crease sharply in the extreme east portion of the lake. The more
pollution-tolerant sludgeworms, bloodworms, fingernail clams and
nematodes are prevalent throughout the entire lake.
WATER BACTERIOLOGY
Bacterial densities in Lake Erie under ice cover have never been
determined on a lake-wide basis. Towards this end, samples were col-
lected at two depths (top and bottom) in January 1968 for the follow-
ing parameters: Standard Plate Count, 20°C, Standard Plate Count,
35°C, and total coliforms. As mentioned previously, this cruise was
only completed in the western basin with partial sampling in the
central basin. The results are summarized in Table 13.
Under ice conditions rather large bacterial populations were
found in western basin bottom waters. In 1963-64 during non-winter
sampling, larger bacterial populations were found in western basin
surface waters. The three stations sampled in winter in the centra!
basin were for all practical purposes free of coliform organisms.
In the western basin the sampling stations closest to Toledo and
Detroit demonstrated the highest bacterial densities. Coliforms
ranged from a high of 1,350 per 100 ml to less than one per 100 ml.
59
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TABLE 13
LAKE ERIE WATER MICROBIOLOGY
WINTER (68) CRUISE
(Cleveland Program Office Data)
Samp 1 i
Point
E2-I
E2-I
F3-I
F3-I
F3-2
F3-2
G4-I
G4-I
E5-I
E5-I
G6-I
G6-I
G7-I
G7-!
G9-I
G9-!
GIO-I
GIO-I
GI2-I
GI2-I
DI3-I
DI3-I
FI6-I
FI6-I
GI8-I
GI8-I
"9
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Date
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/9/68
1/10/68
1/10/68
1/10/68
I/I 1/68
I/I 1/68
1/12/68
1/12/68
1/13/68
1/13/68
Total Col i forms
per 100 ml
water sample
380
1,240
700
350
20
33
30
1 10
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