United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S7-89/012 Feb. 1992
EPA Project Summary
The 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory (Version 2):
Development of the Annual
Data and Modelers' Tapes
Mark Saeger
This report documents the develop-
ment of the 1985 National Acid Precipi-
tation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
Emissions Inventory (Version 2). The
1985 annual inventory and related mod-
elers' inventory represent the most
comprehensive and highest quality
emissions data available. The inventory
spans the 48 contiguous U.S. states, the
District of Columbia, and 10 Canadian
provinces. Emissions data are Included
for 9,175 plants and area source cat-
egories from 3,073 counties In the U.S.
and the 10 Canadian provinces. Eleven
pollutant species are included in the
annual Inventory, and the emissions data
have been disaggregated into an addi-
tional 49 species classes for use In
modeling applications. Emissions of SO2,
NO., and VOC included in the inventory
are*27.2,22.6, and 24.5 million tons/year,
respectively. Summaries of emissions
data are presented at various levels of
aggregation including nation, EPA re-
gions, state/province, and process cat-
egories. Emissions data are also ana-
lyzed by plant size, stack height, and
general source type, and emissions
variations are examined on seasonal and
dally bases. The report presents Infor-
mation on the development of the in-
ventory data including improvements
that have been made since the develop-
ment of the 1980 NAPAP Emissions In-
ventory and quality assurance activities.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that Is fully docu-
mented In a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering Infor-
mation at back).
Introduction
The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
(Version 2) has been developed by the
NAPAP Task Group on Emissions and
Controls. It is a second generation inventory
of emissions and facility data covering the
U.S. and Canada. The first detailed annual
and modelers' inventories were developed
by NAPAP to represent emissions from the
base year 1980. The 1980 inventory de-
velopment effort led to the identification of
several methodological improvements that
were incorporated into the 1985 effort. The
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version
1) was completed in November 1988. The
Version 1 inventory included only anthro-
pogenic emissions data for the U.S. and
was used to develop and test software to
convert the data into formats required by
regional atmospheric models. This report
documents the development of the 1985
(Version 2) inventory and summarizes the
emissions data included in the inventory.
The emissions inventory was developed
in two phases. Phase 1 involved data col-
lection and quality assurance of source
characteristics and emissions totals on an
annual basis. The annual inventory has
been designated the 1985 NAPAP Emis-
sions Inventory (Version 2). Phase 2 in-
volved the generation of a modelers' in-
ventory that was based on statistical repre-
sentations of the spatial and temporal distri-
bution of annual emissions and on repre-
sentative chemical and physical speciation
profiles for particular source types. The
geographic coverage of the inventory ex-
Printed on Recycled Paper
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tends over the contiguous 48 states, the
District of Columbia, and the 10 Canadian
provinces.
Annual Emissions Inventory
The annual point and area source emis-
sions data forthe U.S. werecollected through
the existing EPA emissions inventory data
system known as the Matronal Emissions
Data System (NEDS). Annual emissions
estimates for natural sources of alkaline
particulates for the U.S. were developed
primarily for application to the NAPAP in-
ventory development. Environment Canada
provided estimates of annual emissions for
Canadian sources. The total emissions for
the 11 pollutant groups included in the an-
nual inventory are presented in Table 1.
The annual inventory was developed to
provide information for assessing acid
deposition problems. The annual inventory
provides a data base that can be used to
determine the relative contributions of acid
deposition precursor emissions from vari-
ous industries and activities within various
geopolitical regions. The combined U.S.
and Canadian point source inventory in-
cludes positive emissions for 9,175 plants
encompassing 66,308 emission points and
77,852 process-level emissions records.
Area source emissions are reported for 97
emissions categories forthe 3,073 counties
in the U.S. and the District of Columbia and
for 129 emissions categories in 10 Cana-
dian provinces. Particulate emissions are
reported for unpaved roads and wind ero-
sion in the U.S. and Canada and for dust
devils in the U.S.
Table 1. 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Data
Summaries
Pollutant
Emissions Magnitude, 1CPTPY
U.S. Canada
s°,
NO,
VOC
THC
TSP
CO
S0t
NH3
HCI
HF
TSP (natural)
23,146
20,541
22,072
24,851
8,383
60,938
490
1,685
693
108
50,253
4,059
2,081
2,453
2,763
2,022
11,919
100
213
12
5
29,528
source-receptor relationships. RADM, an
event-specific analysis tool, requires daily
inputs of meteorological and emissions data
to simulate specific deposition events. The
modelers' inventory was constructed to
represent atypical weekday, Saturday, and
Sunday for each of the four seasons, giving
atotal of 12 temporal scenarios. Each of the
12 scenarios is resolved to a regular grid
pattern defined by dimensions of 1/6° lati-
tude and 1/4° longitude, that covers the
entire contiguous U.S. and Canada to the
border between the Canadian provinces
and the northern territories at 60° north
latitude.
The annual emissions estimates were
further resolved into species or species
classes to provide the level of species
resolution required to simulate the chemical
processes of interest. The resulting model-
ers' inventory includes emissions estimates
for 49 chemical species and particulate size
classes in addition to the 10 species in-
cluded in the annual inventory. The 59 spe-
cies included in the modelers' inventory are
listed in Table 2.
Emissions Summary
The distribution of SO2, NO,, VOC, and
TSP emissions among point and area
sources, by country, is shown in Figure 1.
Emissions of SO2 result primarily from point
sources; NOx emissbns are nearly evenly
split between point and area sources; and
VOC emissions result primarily from area
sources. Natural sources of particulate rep-
resent the bulk of the TSP emissions.
The spatial distribution of the annual SO2
emissions is represented in Figure 2. The
grid scale represented on these maps is 1°
longitude by 2/3° latitude. Thus, these grids
represent emissbns sums for 16 contigu-
ous inventory grid cells. The SO2 emissions
map shows that SO emissions result from
a small number of large sources concen-
trated in a relatively few locations. Similar
maps for the other annual pollutants are
shown in the report. SO2 is shown here as
an example. The NO^ and VOC emissions
are more evenly distributed than SO2 as a
result of the importance of area sources on
emissions of those pollutants.
Table 2. Species Included in the Modelers'Inventory
Modelers' Emissions Inventory
NAPAP requires emissions data suitable
for use as input to the Regional Acid Depo-
sition Model (RADM) that is used to study
SO,
NO,
NO
NO,
S04
CO
HCI
HF
NH,
TSP
TSP, 0.0-2.5 urn
TSP, 2.5-6.0 \vn
TSP, 6.0-10.0 \un
Calcium, 0.0-2.5 pm
Calcium, 2.5-10.0 \un
Calcium, total
Magnesium, 0.0-2.5 \un
Magnesium, 2.5-10.0\un
Magnesium, total
Potassium, 0.0-2.S\un
Potassium, 2.5-10.0 \un
Potassium, total
Sodium, 0.0-2.5 \im
Sodium, 2.5-10.0 \im
Sodium, total
VOC
THC
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Alkanes, 0.25-0.5 reactivity'
Alkanes, 0.5-1,0reactivity*
Alkanes, 1.0-2.0 reactivity'
Alkanes, >2.0 reactivity1
Alkane/aromatic mix
Ethene
Propene
Alkenes, primary
Alkenes, internal
Alkenes, primary/internal mix
Benzene, halobenzene
Aromatics, <2.0 reactivity*
Aromatics, >2.0reactivity*
Phenols and cresols
Styrenes
Formaldehyde
Higher aldehydes
Acetone
Higher ketones
Organic adds
Acetylene
Haloalkenes
Unreactive
Others, 1.0 reactivity*
Unidentified
Unassigned
•Reactivity is defined in terms of the rate constant range for the reaction with OH"', in units of104
ppm'' min"'.
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U.S. Point
77.8%
Canadian Area
1.5%
Canadian Point
13.5%
VOC
U.S. Area
7.2%
US. Area
81.2%
U.S. Point
8.8%
Canadian
Area 9.2%
'Canadian Point
0.8%
NO,
Canadian
Area 6.8%
U.S. Area
48.9%
U.S. Point
41.9%
Canadian Point
2.4%
U.S. Natural
55.7%
Canadian Point
0.6%
TSP
Canadian Area
1.7%
US. Area
7.1%
U.S. Point
2.2%
7 Canadian
Natural 32.7%
Figure 1. 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory—distribution of emissions by source category for SO-
NOf VOC, and TSP.
Table 3. 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2)—Point and Area Source Emissions by Major
Category
Emissions (103tons/yr)
SO,
VOC
U.S. Sources
Electric utilities
Industrial combustion
Commercial/residential/other combustion
Industrial/manufacturing processes
Transportation
Other
16,055
2,679
613
2,931
864
4
6,662
3,198
790
926
8,835
130
40
97
1,862
3,715
8,800
7,558
U.S. Total:
Canadian Sources
Electric utilities
Industrial combustion
Commerdal/residential/other combustion
Industrial/manufacturing processes
Transportation
Other
23,146
20,541
22,072
3
5
88
510
1,125
722
The distribution of the emissions of SO2,
NOx, and VOC is represented for major
source category groupings by country in
Table 3. The SO2 emissions result primarily
from utilities, industrial combustion, and
smelters (included in the industrial/manu-
facturing process category) in both coun-
tries. NO emissions result primarily from
the utilities, industrial combustion, and
transportation sectors, and VOC emissions
result primarily from transportation and sol-
vent use (included in the "other" category).
Quality Assurance and Quality
Control
Quality assurance and quality control
activities (QA/QC) were major efforts for
both the annual and modelers' inventories.
The annual inventory was developed
through a cooperative effort involving EPA,
Environment Canada, and state and pro-
vincial governments. Early in the inventory
planning, a decision was made to involve
the states and provinces to the maximum
extent possible. The 1985 NAPAP inven-
tory was the first air emissions inventory to
be developed with significant and repeated
input from local agencies. Thus, the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2) is
considered the most complete and accu-
rate international inventory of air pollutants
ever assembled.
Specific QA/QC procedures applied to
the annual inventory included complete-
ness checks, range checks, a separate
analysis of utility emissions data, an emis-
sions confirmation by the facilities for the
largest emitters, and identification of miss-
ing values for a list of priority data items. A
separate inventory of utility source emis-
sions and operating data known as the
National Utility Reference File (NURF) was
used as'an independent check of utility
emissions for the U.S.
The annual inventory was processed
through the Flexible Regional Emissions
Data System (FREDS), the series of com-
puter programs that apply spatial, temporal,
and species allocation factors to the annual
data. During the inventory development
effort, a comprehensive QA/QC program
was performed on the FREDS code and the
FREDS supporting files. The emissions data
were summed after each step of FREDS
processing to ensure that emissions were
neither gained nor lost during the allocation
process.
A complete list of the products of this
program in written and magnetic forms is
included with the report ordering information
at the end of this Summary.
Canadian total:
4,058
2,081
2,453
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Tons/Year f 10-500 KSXSJ 500-2,000 EG&Sffl 2,000-10,000
Grid Size is 213° Latitude by 1" Longitude
Figure 2. 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2)—U.S. and Canadian annual Remissions.
\> 10,000
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Mark Saegeris with Alliance Technologies Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
Charles Masser is the EPA Project Officer (see the following page).
The complete report consists of paper copy, magnetic tapes and diskettes entitled "The
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and
Modelers' Tapes:"
Paper Copy (Order No. PB 91-119 669; Cost: $66.00, subject to change)
Cost of diskettes and magnetic tapes includes paper copy (see below):
U.S. Modeler's Point Source Data: (Order No. PB91-505 586;
Cost: $360.00)
Canadian Modeler's Point Source Data: (Order No. PB91-505
594; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Winter Weekday: (Order No. PB91-505 602; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape
Winter Weekday: (Order No. PB91-505 610; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modeler's Tape •
Winter Weekday: (Order No. PB91-505 628; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Winter Weekday: (Order No. PB91-505 636; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape: -
Winter Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 644; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Winter Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 651; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Winter Saturday (Order No. 91-505 669; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Winter Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 677; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Winter Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 685; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Winter Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 693; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Winter Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 701; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Winter Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 719; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Fall Weekday (Order No. PB91-505 727; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modeler's Tape - Fall
Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 735; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Fall Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 743; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape • Fall
Saturday; (Order No. PB91-505 750; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Fall Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 768; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modeler's Tape - Fall
Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 776; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Fall Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 784; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape - Fall
Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 792; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Fall Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 800; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Paniculate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Winter Weekday (Order No. PB91-505 818; Cost
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Paniculate Sources Modeler's
Tape - Winter Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 826; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Paniculate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Winter Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 834; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Paniculate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Weekday (Order No. PB91-505 842; Cost:
$240.00
U.S. Annual Point Sources (Order No. PB91-505 859;
Cost: $240.00)
Canadian Annual Point Sources (Order No. PB91-505 807;
Cost: $240.00)
U.S. Annual Area Sources (Order No. PB91-505 875; Cost:
$240.00)
Canadian Annual Area Sources (Order No. PB91-505883;
Cost: $240.00)
U.S. Annual Natural Paniculate Sources (Order No. PB91-
505 891; Cost: $240.00)
Canadian Annual Natural Paniculate Sources (Order No.
PB91-505 909; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Weekday (Order No. PB91-505 917; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Weekday (Order No. PB91-505 925; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Spring Weekday (Order No. PB 91-505 933; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Weekday (Order No. PB 91-505 941; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape ~
Spring Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 958; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape -Spring Saturday; (Order No. PB91-505 966; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Spring Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 974; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Saturday (Order No. PB91-505 982; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Spring Sunday (Order No. PB91-505 990; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 006); Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Spring Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 014; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 022; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 030; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers'
Tape - Summer Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 048;
Cost: $360.00)
•if U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: M»2 - 648-080/40157
-------
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 055; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 063; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape •
Summer Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 071; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 089; Cost:
$360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 097; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobila Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 105; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape •
Summer Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 113; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 121; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 139; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Nonmobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Summer Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 147; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape • Fall
Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 154; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada THC Nonmobile Sources Modeler's Tape -
Fall Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 162; Cost: $360.00)
U.S. and Canada TSP Mobile Sources Modelers' Tape -
Fall Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 170; Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 188; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Spring Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 196; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Summer Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 204;
Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Summer Saturday (Order No. PB91-506212;
Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Summer Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 220;
Cost: $240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Fall Weekday (Order No. PB91-506 238; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Fall Saturday (Order No. PB91-506 246; Cost:
$240.00)
U.S. and Canada Natural Particulate Sources Modelers'
Tape - Fall Sunday (Order No. PB91-506 253; Cost:
$240.00)
Appendix A - 7 diskettes (Order No. PB92-501 139;
Cost: $195.00)
The above items and those on the previous page will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati. OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S7-89/012
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