United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment
Washington DC 20460
Research and Development
EPA/600/S8-91/041 July 1991
EPA Project Summary
Health Effects Assessment
Documents
A series of Health Effects Assess-
ment (HEA) documents were prepared
by the Environmental Criteria and As-
sessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, for the
Office of Emergency and Remedial Re-
sponse. These documents are brief,
summary assessments of potential ad-
verse health effects following either oral
or inhalation exposure for the purpose
of remedial actions.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH,
to announce key findings of the research
project that Is fully documented In sepa-
rate reports (see Project Report order-
Ing Information at back).
Introduction
These reports summarize and evaluate
information relevant to a preliminary in-
terim assessment of adverse health ef-
fects associated with specific chemicals
and compounds. All estimates of accept-
able intakes and carcinogenic potency pre-
sented in this document should be
considered as preliminary and reflect lim-
ited resources allocated to this project.
Pertinent toxicologic and environmental
data were located through on-line litera-
ture searches of the TOXLINE, CANCER-
LINE and the CHEMFATE/DATALOG data
bases. Secondary sources of information
have also been relied upon in the prepara-
tion of these reports and represent large-
scale health assessment efforts that entail
extensive peer and Agency review.
Discussion
The intent in these assessments is to
suggest acceptable exposure levels when-
ever sufficient data were available. Values
were not derived or larger uncertainty fac-
tors were employed when the variable data
were limited in scope tending to generate
conservative (i.e., protective) estimates.
Nevertheless, the interim values presented
reflect the relative degree of hazard asso-
ciated with exposure or risk to the
chemical(s) addressed.
Whenever possible, two categories of
values have been estimated for systemic
toxicants (toxicants for which cancer is not
the endpoint of concern). The first, RfDs
(formerly AIS—Acceptable Intake Sub-
chronic) or subchronic reference dose, is
an estimate of an exposure level that would
not be expected to cause adverse effects
when exposure occurs during a limited
time interval (i.e., for an interval that does
not constitute a significant portion of the
lifespan). This type of exposure estimate
has not been extensively used, or rigor-
ously defined, as previous risk assess-
ment efforts have been primarily directed
towards exposures from toxicants in ambi-
ent air or water where lifetime exposure is
assumed. Animal data used for RfDs esti-
mates generally include exposures with
durations of 30-90 days. Subchronic hu-
man data are rarely available. Reported
exposures are usually from chronic occu-
pational exposure situations or from re-
ports of acute accidental exposure. These
values are developed for both inhalation
(RfDj,) and oral (RfDgo) exposures.
The RfD (formerly AIC - Acceptable
Intake Chronic) is similar in concept and
addresses chronic exposure. It is an esti-
mate of an exposure level that would not
be expected to cause adverse effects when
exposure occurs for a significant portion of
the lifespan. The RfD is route-specific and
estimates acceptable exposure for either
oral (RfD0) or inhalation (RfD,) with the
implicit assumption that exposure by other
routes is insignificant.
Composite scores (CSs) for noncar-
cinogens have also been calculated where
data permitted. These values are used for
ranking reportable quantities.
For compounds for which there is suffi-
cient evidence of carcinogenicity, RfDs and
RfD values are not derived. Since the
Agency's cancer policy assumes a pro-
cess that is not characterized by a thresh-
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
old, any exposure contributes an incre-
ment of risk. Consequently, derivation of
these values would be inappropriate. For
carcinogens, q,*s have been computed
based on oral and/or inhalation data if
available. The q,* represents an upper-
bound estimate on lifetime cancer risk as
estimated by the multi-stage model.
Inhalation values (RfDg, RfD, and q,*)
have been developed for purposes of in-
halation exposure evaluations only. These
values do not reflect differential absorption
assumptions appropriate for route-to-route
extrapolation. These estimates have been
developed to be readily transposable to
units of air concentration and have incor-
porated an assumption that exposure con-
centration will be relatively stable across a
24-hour period.
Table 1. Summary of Risk Assessments
The primary focus of the brief literature
summaries presented in the HE As is litera-
ture directly relevant to hazard assess-
ment, primarily mammalian toxicologic
evaluations of subchronic or chronic dura-
tion conducted utilizing oral or inhalation
exposure protocols. The HEAs generally
reflect secondary sources of information
when available in the form of more exten-
sive agency documentation.
Conclusion
Table 1 summarizes the risk as-
sessments developed in each docu-
ment. IMPORTANT REMINDER! These
assessments were prepared In 1987-
1988 and may have been superseded
by more recent documentation. Please
refer to the following references for the
most current Information.
U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment
Summary Table. Available from the
National Technical Information Ser-
vice, Springfield, VA, at 703/489-
4807. Order Number PB91-921100.
(This Table is updated quarterly, ev-
ery three months.)
U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Informa-
tion System (IRIS). Available online
from the National Library of
Medicine's Toxicology Data Network
(TOXNET) and from the National
Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. at 703/489-4807. Or-
der Number PB90-591330. (This data
base is updated quarterly, every three
months.)
Chemical(s) ^Dso
(mg/day)
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetonitrile
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin
Aluminum
Ammonia
Antimony and Compounds
Antimony
ID
ID
4.6
ND
ND
ND
ID
ID
ID
Antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony trioxide
Antimony tetraoxide
Antimony pentoxide
Benzidine
Beryllium and Compounds
Boron and Compounds
Bromomethane
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Chloromethane
2-Chlorophenol and
2,4-Dlchtorophenol
Creosote
Dibenzofuran
Dichtorobenzenes
1,2-Dichtorobenzene
1.3-Dichtorobenzene
1.4-Dichtorobenzene
1,2-Dichtoropropane
Dieldrin
Dimethylphenols-2.6-
isomer
ND
ND
6.2
1
ND
ND
0.35
0.2
ID
ID
63
ID
ND
ND
ND
0.42
(mg/day)
ID
ID
0.5
ND
ND
ND
ID
ID
24.5 \ig/day
65.48 ng/day
29.3 \ig/day
30.9\ig/day
32.5\ig/day
ND
ND
6.2
0.1
ND
ND
0.35
0.2
ID
ID
30
ID
ND
ND
ND
0.042
(mg/day)
ID
ID
9.1
ND
ND
ND
ID
7.0
ND
ND
ND
ID
5
ND
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
31
ID
ND
ND
ND
ID
RfD,
(mg/day)
ID
ID
0.91
ND
ND
ND
ID
7.0
ND
ND
ND
ID
0.5
ND
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
3.1
ID
ND
ND
ND
ID
CS
ID
ID
21
ND
ND
ND
10
19
ND
ND
ND
21.6
27.9
ND
ND
10.4
11.9
ID
ID
9
ID
ND
ND
ND
21
1,' ,
(mg/kg/dayf
ID
ID
ID
ID
5.4x10'' -oral
0.24-inhal.
17-oral
ID
ID
234.1 3-oral
111-inhal.
4.86-oral
8.4-inhal.
ID
ID
1. 1-oral
1.26x10 ~*-oral
6.32x10 ^-inhal.
ID
ID
11.53-oral
(forBaP)
ID
ID
ID
2.4x1 0~* -oral
6.75x10 *-oral
16
ID
Cancer
Group
D
D
D
C
B1
B2
C
D
D-oral
B2-inhal.
A
B2
D
D
82
C
D
D
B1
D
D
D
B2
B2
B2
D
Continued
-------
Table 1. Continued
Chemical(s) RfDso
(mg/day)
Dimathylphenols-3,4- 0.98
isomer
2,4-Dinitrotoluena and ND
2,6-Dinitrotoluene ND
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine ND
alpha- and beta- 0.01
Endosulfan
Endrin 0.03
Ethyl Chloride ID
Ethyl Ether 350
Ethylene Dibromide ND
Ethytene Glycol 140
Fluorenes ID
Benzod.kjfluorena ID
Fluorene
Fully Halogenated Methanes
Trichtomfluoromethane 50
(F-11)
Dichloroditiuoromethane 63
(F-12)
Hepiachtor ND
Hexachtoroethane ND
Isophorone ND
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 35
Mirex ND
Nitrobenzene 0.3
Nitrophenols ID
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine ND
Parathion 0.4
n-Pantane ID
Selected Phthalic Acid Esters
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ND
Diethyl Phihalate 525
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 88
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 111
Di-N-Octyl Phthalate ID
Dimethyl Phthalate
Styrena ND
Tin and Compounds 43.4
Toxaphene ND
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 14
2.4.5-Trichlorophenoxy 7
Acetic Acid (2,4,5-T)
Trihalogenated Methanes
Bromotorm 4
Chlorodibromomethane ND
Bromodichloromethana ND
Trimethylbenzenes ID
Vanadium and Compounds
Sodium Metavanadate 1.0
Vanadyl Sulfate 2.0
Vanadium Pentoxide 0.6
Vanadyl Sulfate ID
ID = Insufficient Data
ND = Not Derived (Carcinogen)
NA = NotApplicabla
RfD0
(mg/day)
0.098
ND
ND
ND
0.001
0.02
ID
35
ND
140
ID
ID
20
10
ND
ND
ND
3.5
ND
0.03
ID
ND
0.4
ID
ND
52.5
8.8
11.1
ID
ND
43.4
ND
1.4
2
0.4
ID
0.1
2.0
0.6
1.6
RfDs,
(mg/day)
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
135.8
33.8
ND
ND
ND
16
ND
0.4
ID
ND
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ND
1.75
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
RfD,
(mg/day)
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
13.6
3.4
ND
ND
ND
1.6
ND
0.04
ID
ND
ID
ID
ND
ID
ID
ID
ID
ND
ID
ND
0.18
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
CS
18.5
ND
ND
ND
50
52
ID
10
ND
10
ID
ID
10
7.8
ND
ND
ND
11.5
ND
37.6
ID
ND
36
ID
ND
8
12.8
17
6
ND
28.7
ND
12.4
28
25.8
ND
ND
ID
32.9
(mg/kg/dayr1
ID
0.683
0.768
ID
NA
ID
ID
85-oral
1.37-inhal.
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
4.5-oral
1.42xW*-oral
4.1x10~3-oral
ID
1.8-oral
ID
ID
4.92x10 ^-oral
ID
ID
8.36x10 ~a-orat
ID
ID
ID
ID
3x10 ''-oral
2.0xW3-inhal.
ID
1.131-oral
ID
ID
ID
8.4x1Q-l!-oral
1.3x10'' -oral
ID
ID
Cancer
Group
D
B2
B2
B2
D
E
D
D
B2
D
C
D
D
D
B2
C
C
D
B2
D
D
B2
C
D
82
D
D
C
D
B2
D
B2
D
D
D
B2
B2
D
D
•&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: IMI - S4H-OZK/4003I
-------
77)/s Project Summary was prepared by staff of the Environ-
mental Criteria and Assessment Office, USEPA, Cincinnati,
OH 45268.
Deb McKoan is the EPA Project Officer, (see below).
This Project Summary covers 51 separate reports, entitiled,
"Updated Health Effects Assessment for..."
Acenaphthene (Order No. PB88-182068/AS; Cost $15.00)
Acenaphthylene (Order No. PB88-179510/AS; Cost $15.00)
Acetonftrile (Order No. PB88-179502/AS; Cost $15.00)
Acrolein (Order No. PB88-179494/AS; Cost $15.00)
Acrylonitrile (Order No. PB88-179411/AS; Cost $15.00)
Aldrin (Order No. PB88-179403/AS; Cost $15.00)
Aluminum (Order No. PB88-179429/AS; Cost $15.00)
Ammonia (Order No. PB88-179437/AS; Cost $17.00)
Antimony and Compounds (Order No. PB88-179445/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Benzidine (OrderNo. PB88-179452/AS; Cost $15.00)
Beryllium and Compounds (Order No. PB88-179460/AS; Cost
$17.00)
Boron and Compounds (Order No. PB88-178710/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Bromomethane (Order No. PB88-179478/AS; Cost $15.00)
Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Ether (Order No. PB88-179486/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Chtoromethane (Order No. PB88-179932/AS; Cost $15.00)
2-Chlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenol (Order No. PB88-
178942/AS; Cost $15.00)
Creosote (Order No. PB88-179395/AS; Cost $15.00)
Dibenzofuran (Order No. PB88-179379/AS; Cost $15.00)
Dichtorobenzenes (Order No. PB88-179387/AS; Cost $17.00)
1,2-Dichloropropane (Order No. PB88-179940/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Dieldrin (Order No. PB88-179957/AS; Cost $17.00)
Dimethylphenols (Order No. PB88-179965/AS; Cost $15.00)
2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene (Order No. PB88-178793/AS; Cost
$15.00)
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine (Order No. PB88-180211/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Alpha- and Beta-Endosulfan (Order No. PB88-180229/AS;
Cost $15.00)
Endrin (Order No. PB88-180237/AS; Cost$15.00)
Ethyl Chloride (Order No. PB88-182852/AS; Cost $15.00)
Ethylene Dibromide (Order No. PB88-180245/AS; Cost $17.00)
Ethylene Glycol (Order No. PB88-180252/AS; Cost $15.00)
Ethyl Ether (Order No. PB88-180260/AS; Cost $15.00)
Fluorenes (Order No. PB88-182860/AS; Cost $15.00)
Fully Habgenated Methanes (Order No. PB88-178728/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Heptachbr (Order No. PB88-180278/AS; Cost $15.00)
Hoxachtoroethane (Order No. PB88-178736/AS; Cost $15.00)
Isophorone (Order No. PB88-179916/AS; Cost $15.00)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Order No. PB88-179924/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Mirex (Order No. PB88-179908/AS; Cost $15.00)
NitrobenzenefOrder No. PB88-178975/AS; Cost $15.00)
Nitrophenols (Order No. PB88-178967/AS; Cost $15.00)
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine (Order No. PB88-178959/AS; Cost
$15.00)
Parathion (OrderNo. PB88-182878/AS; Cost $15.00)
n-Pentane (Order No. PB88-179528/AS; Cost $15.00)
Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (Order No. PB88-178934/AS;
Cost $17.00)
Styrene (Order No. PB90-142357/AS; Cost $17.00)
Tin and Compounds (Order No. PB88-178926/AS; Cost $15.00)
Toxaphene (Order No. PB88-182886/AS; Cost $15.00)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (Order No. PB88-176367/AS; Cost
$15.00)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (Order No. PB90-142365/AS;
Cost $15.00)
Trihalogenated Methanes (Order No. PB88-176375/AS; Cost
$17.00)
Trimethylbenzenes (Order No. PB88-178801/AS; Cost $15.00)
Vanadium and Compounds (Order No. PB88-176383/AS; Cost
$15.00)
(All costs are subject to change)
The above reports will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center lor Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
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Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S8-91/041
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