xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Resear
' Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA-600/S9-82-008 July 1982
Project Summary
Proceedings: Third Conference
on Waste Heat Management
and Utilization (May 1982,
Miami Beach, FL)
S. S. Lee and S. Sengupta, compilers
These proceedings report the
presentations at the Third Conference
on Waste Heat Management and
Utilization in Miami Beach, FL, May
11-13, 1981. The conference ad-
dressed programs in waste heat
management and utilization, utiliza-
tion of waste heat from industrial
processes, thermal discharges and
related phenomena, cooling towers
and their effects, greenhouse applica-
tions of waste heat, environmental
effects of waste heat discharges to
water bodies, and management and
regulatory aspects of waste heat. The
conference was jointly sponsored by
DOE, EPA, NRC, EPRI, Florida Power
and Light Company, and the University
of Miami and involved the participa-
tion of researchers, state and federal
officials, process developers and
users, and consultants.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Industrial Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, NC, to summarize
proceedings which are fully docu-
mented in a separate report of the
same title (see Project Report order-
ing information at back).
This report summarizes the proceed-
ings of the Third Conference on Waste
Heat Management and Utilization, held
May 11-13, 1981, in Miami Beach, FL
The conference was jointly sponsored
by DOE, EPA, EPRI, NRC, Florida Power
and Light Company, and the University
of Miami.
The objectives of the conference
were to:
1. Provide a forum for the repre-
sentatives of industry, utilities,
regulatory agencies, research
establishments, and universities
to present advances in their fields
of investigation.
2. Provide interactive working ses-
sions.
3. Identify research and develop-
ment directions.
4. Identify areas of basic research
needed for practical engineering
applications.
5. Document presentations which
will aid the assessment of the
state-of-the-art in waste heat
research.
The approximately 250 participants
from about a dozen countries included
researchers, process developers and
users, environmentalists, government
representatives, and consultants.
Twenty concurrent sessions over the
3-day conference focused on: utiliza-
tion of waste heat from industrial
processes for aquaculture, agriculture,
district heating, and other beneficial
uses; the analysis and modeling of
thermal discharges to water bodies;
environmental effects of thermal dis-
charges; and management and regula-
tion of thermal discharges. The general
session addressed waste heat utiliza-
-------
tion programs supported by DOE, EPA,
and EPRI and alternatives for utilizing
waste heat in the petroleum refining
and petrochemical industries. Invited
lecturers in workshops focused on
ecological effects, mathematical
modeling, and waste heat utilization.
Abstracts of the speakers' presenta-
tions follow.
Opening Session (Session II)
An Overview of the
Department of Energy Waste
Heat Recovery Program
J.W. Neal
Office of Coal Utilization
Department of Energy
Washington, DC, U.S.A.
Proper utilization of scarce energy
resources is a goal of the Department of
Energy (DOE). At present about 85
quadrillion (1016) Btu (Quad)* of energy
is consumed in the U.S. every year. Of
this, 15-20 Quads/year constitute
"avoidable loss" in conversion process
and another 15-20 Quads/year may be
termed "avoidable waste," which could
be saved. Therefore, potential energy
savings could amount to 30-40 Quads/
year. Converting this to equivalent
barrels of oil per day, a savings of about
half this amount (15 Quads) would more
than offset our current daily oil import
levels of 6.5 to 7.0 million (106) barrels.
The waste heat recovery programs of
DOE were triggered by the energy
crisis. To date, feasibility studies,
market studies, and development and
demonstration programs have been
funded by DOE to identify, investigate,
and utilize energy recovery potentials.
Some of the major sources of waste
heat are power plants, gaseous diffu-
sion plants, industrial processes, chemi-
cal plants, petroleum refineries, boiler
exhausts, diesel engine and gas turbine
exhausts, and furnace exhausts. The
' temperature range of these waste heat
sources can be 100-1500°F, and the
source medium may be in the form of
gas, liquid, or condensing vapor. The
quantity of available heat also varies
from source to source.
Based on the above factors, several
options of heat recovery can be con-
sidered. First, is direct heat utilization,
using heat exchangers, recuperators,
(•(Certain non-metric units are used by authors of
these abstracts. Readers more familiar with
metric units are asked to use the conversion
factors at the end of this summary
and distribution systems. This is feasible
when applications are appropriate for
the temperature level of the source. The
second option is using a heat pump to
boost the temperature of the waste heat
to a useful level in order for it to be used
in applications that can generate steam
or high-temperature liquids. This ap-
proach can satisfy many industrial
applications. The third option is to
generate shaft/electric power using
organic (or steam) Rankine cycle
engines. This has the advantage of
feeding power to the utility and grid if
application is not found in the immediate
vicinity of the waste heat. Other options
include thermal cooling and desiccant
dehumidification.
Present Government programs in-
clude development and demonstration
of the above mentioned system options
and identification of the market potential
of each system. Some notable programs
include Residual Energy Applications
Program (REAP), which involves gaseous
diffusion plants and similar low- and
high-temperature sources, and the
Conservation and Solar Applications
Industrial Program whose activities
include implementing specific indus-
trial applications. Development of heat
pumps (open and closed cycle), efficient
turbines, and effective heat exchangers
are underway to encompass all aspects
of heat recovery from industry, utility,
and other sources. If waste heat
recovery and the energy savings
momentum are continued through final
development and commercialization by
industry, oil imports which amount to
over 13 Quads/year or about 6.5
million barrels per day can be drastically
reduced.
Environmental Approaches
to Waste Heat Utilization
T.G. Brna
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711, U.S.A.
C.C. Lee
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268, U.S.A.
Waste heat utilization reduces
thermal pollution and fosters energy
conservation. As waste heat utilizatio
enhances environmental quality, it is a
objective of the EPA's thermal pollutio
control and energy conservation prc
grams. Several EPA laboratories hav
research and development responsibil
ties for waste heat utilization which i
classified into three options: utilizatio
of waste heat, in-plant electric*
generation (cogeneration), and int«
grated production/use facilities. Som
factors impacting waste heat and EPA
programs are addressed. Projecl
promising environmental benefits an
supported by two EPA laboratories at
discussed.
EPRI Activities in Waste Heai
Management and Utilization
I.S. Maulbetsch and J.A. Bartz
Electric Power Research
Institute
Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.
Waste heat management and utiliz
tion work at EPRI is carried out aero:
three technical divisions and spans tf
areas of power plant cooling system
environmental effects, and resoun
utilization. This paper concentrates c
the first area, which is the responsibil
of the Coal Combustion Systems Dh
sion.
The primary objectives of the wo
are water conservation, prediction ai
mitigation of physical environmem
impacts, and the prediction and testi
of the performance of wet cooli
systems. Major projects include tl
demonstration of an advanced d
cooling tower at the 10 MWe scale; t
development of improved compul
models for visible plume and dt
dispersion predictions; andthedevek
ment and validation of performan
models for natural and mechanical dr
cooling towers.
Alternatives for Waste Heat
Utilization in the Petroleum
Industry
E.H. Mergens
Shell Oil Co.
Houston, TX, U.S.A.
The challenge of energy manag
ment in petroleum refining and petr
chemical companies is to make the tei
"waste heat" obsolete in the jargon
the industry. The thesis is: heatwhicr
no longer of any potential use
anyone, can no longer be called a was
-------
The potential use of low level heat is
often limited by the extent to which
equipment and costs allow a practical
solution. Process innovation is con-
tinually expanding the horizons of
practicality in a physical sense, and
fossil fuel scarcity is broadened practi-
cality in an economic sense.
Only a few percent of the energy used
during the processing of petroleum
remains in the products of that opera-
tion. Almost all of the energy, as heat, is
rejected to the environment at varying
temperature levels.
For the petroleum refiner or petro-
chemical operator there is a limited
capability to absorb low level heat
within the confines of the plant opera-
tion. The potential for additional low
level heat recovery exists outside the
plant, but the petrochemical and refi-
nery operator must convert the heat into
a usable energy source for these other
needs.
Today's petroleum processors can do
a better job of minimizing the tempera-
ture level at which heat is rejected by
better utilizing the heat sinks created by
their operating needs. The potential of
waste heat utilization is even greater if
the energy needs outside the process
area are met through low level heat
conversion.
The opportunities for eliminating
waste heat from the petrochemical and
refining process are discussed. Practical
examples and limitations experienced
in the petroleum industry are presented.
The extension of technical applications
in order to provide energy needs beyond
the petroleum process requirements is
discussed and some estimates of the
impact of government programs and
economic policy are made.
Utilization I (Session III-A)
Using Industrial Reject Heat
for District Heating, a Case
Study, Bellingham,
Washington
M. Olszewski
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Post Office Box X, Bldg. 4500N
Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A.
LB. Katter
Rocket Research Co.
York Center
Redmond, WA 98052, U.S.A.
A project in northwestern Washington
state is investigating using low-grade
waste heat as a source for a district
heating system. Current efforts are
focused on testing at both ends of the
system: the source and the user. This
paper reviews the project approach, the
plan, and early results of the current
phase of effort with emphasis on energy
recovery equipment.
Waste Heat and Chill Storage
in Aquifer Systems
J.R. Eliason
Battelle Northwest Laboratory
Richland, WA 99352, U.S.A.
SeasonaI storage of thermaI energy in
aquifers has the potential to make a
significant near-term contribution to
relief of the national energy shortage.
Winter chill, summer heat, and various
forms of industrial waste heat and chill
can be stored for future demand, thus
reducing the need for generating
primary energy. This seasonal storage
of heat and chill in aquifer systems is
being assessed as part of the Seasonal
Thermal Energy Storage (STES) pro-
gram, managed by the Pacific Northwest
Laboratory for the U.S. Department of
Energy. The program is designed to
conduct research and development
studies to provide the technical base for
implementing the Aquifer Thermal
Energy Storage (ATES) concept.
Cogeneration Electrical
Interconnection Equipment—
Costs and Issues
J.B. Patton
Systems Control, Inc.
1801 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.
This paper summarizes a study to
relate common utility policy require-
ments for utility-cogeneration inter-
connections to potential cogenerators
and utilities with little or no cogenera-
tion experience. Several utilities were
contacted to determine their policy
specifications. The interconnection
issues and cost ramifications of alterna-
tive interconnection policies are dis-
cussed.
Performance Analysis of
Dedicated Heat Pump Water
Heaters in an Office Building
L.S. Morrison
Solar Energy Research Institute
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, CO 80401, U.S.A.
Implementing energy conservation
measures in off ice and light commercial
buildings has great potential. This paper
evaluates the performance of two
generic dedicated heat pump water
heaters (HPWHs) in supplying the
domestic hot water (DHW) needs of a
medium-sized office building in Colorado.
The HPWHs are sized for residential
use, since no industrial-grade HPWHs
were manufactured at the start of the
experiment. Results are based on
preliminary data measurements, and
assumptions compensate for a faulty
flow meter. A stand-alone heat pump
plumbed to a conventional tank obtains
a coefficient of performance (COP) of
2.4 but only delivers load water temper-
atures of about 41 °C (105°F) because of
the 15,142 L/day (4000 gal./day)
recirculating loop flow. An industrial-
grade stand-alone HPWH will replace
this unit, and results will be forth-
coming. An integral heat pump/tank
unit is being tested, but results are not
available because of compressor start-
ing problems. Recirculating loop losses
account for 75% of the energy delivered
by the HPWHs. These losses could be
reduced by 75% if the recirculating loop
were insulated, thus reducing the DHW
fuel costs by 50%. The insulation
expense could be paid in less than 3
years by savings in DHW fuel costs.
Heat Transport System from a
Swiss Waste Incineration Plant
to Industrial Consumers and to
a District Hospital
E. Gautschi
Motor-Columbus Consulting
Engineers, Inc.
CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland
Due to the increased prices of primary
energy, heat utilization from civil waste
incineration plants is becoming increas-
ingly competitive despite the heavy
investments involved. Three kinds of
heat utilization are discussed: heat
production, electricity production, and
combined heat and electricity produc-
tion. For the extension of the Buchs
incineration plant in Switzerland, the
evaluation of the marginal conditions
led to the selection of a heat production
scheme which will supply process
steam to industrial consumers, and hot
water to a district hospital which will be
provided with heat accumulators. The
supply commitments and the load
variations, as well as the yearly over-
haul shutdown of the incinerator,
pointed to a project with a variable-load
incineration furnace, a small additional
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boiler to cover the peaking demands,
and an oil/gas-fired boiler capable of
taking over the heat generation during
the overhaul periods in summer. The
costs of generated thermal energy are
shown.
Thermal Discharge I (Session
III-B)
Discharge Induced Shear
Stresses
F.J. Mogolesko
Boston Edison Co.
Boston, MA 02199, U.S.A.
J. Laznow
M & L Environmental Consultants
Holliston, MA 01746, U.S.A.
Within a fluid flow-field, organisms
can be expected to experience their
greatest potential damage in the im-
mediate vicinity of solid surfaces. In
addition, it can be anticipated that a
source of mechanical damage exists in a
flow-field possessing high levels of
turbulence. The most critical region in a
highly turbulent flow-field is at the
interface of eddies. The quantification of
the magnitude of shear stress experi-
enced by a passively entrained organism
is the main theme of the paper.
Installation of Closed Cycle
Cooling System to Reduce
Impact of Existing Once-
Through Cooling System
H.A. Frediani, Jr.
Envirosphere Co.
Norcross, GA, U.S.A.
A description of a proposed installa-
tion of a new steam electric generating
station, adjacent to an existing station
which utilizes once-through cooling, is
presented. The new station has been
designed to utilize the existing station's
intake and discharge structures, elimi-
nating the need for new construction in
the Receiving Body of Water (RBW). The
combined effect of the makeup intake
and blowdown discharge locations of
the proposed new station would have
several effects on both stations. It would
dilute the concentrated chemical dis-
charge from the new station's cooling
tower blowdown. In summer, when
extreme ambient conditions can cause
the absolute discharge temperature of
the once-through station to rise to
unacceptable levels, the cooling tower
blowdown is expected to be at a lower
temperature, thus reducing the com-
bined discharge temperature. In winter,
when cooling tower blowdown is
expected to be at its maximum tempera-
ture rise over ambient RBW tempera-
tures, the discharge temperature from
the once-through station is estimated to
reduce the overall combined discharge
temperature rise over ambient.
A Simplified Mathematical
Thermal Model for Spray Canals
K.E. Trout
Black & Veatch, Consulting
Engineers
Kansas City, MO, U.S.A.
W.E. Stewart, Jr.
University of Missouri-KC
Kansas City, MO, U.S.A.
A.T. Leard
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A.
A simplified mathematical model has
been developed for predicting the
thermal performance of spray cooling
canal systems. The model is useful as a
preliminary design tool for conceptual
power plant heat rejection studies. The
model calculates spray canal size
requirements based on design condi-
tions and calculates off-design per-
formance which can be used to estimate
operating costs. With the model, the
feasibility of spray cooling canals can be
compared to other recirculating heat
dissipation alternatives such as cooling
towers or cooling ponds/lakes.
Cooling-Water Dispersion
Under the Influence of Groynes
V. Kaleris and M. Schatzmann
Sonderforschungsbereich 80
University of Karlsruhe
Kaiserstrasse 12,
7500 Karlsruhe, W. Germany
Laboratory studies have been carried
out to investigate the effects of different
outfall exit conditions on the lateral
mixing of cooling-water side-discharges
into rivers with groyne-protected banks.
Buoyant and non buoyant discharges
were used to study plume dynamics.
Through use of the steady-state diffu-
sion equation, a simple equation was
developed for quantifying the geometric
and dynamic impact of out-fall and river
conditions on lateral spreading. The
results obtained show that, contrary to
expectation, the outfall discharging ;
given cooling-water flux with largi
transverse momentum does not neces
sarily provide the largest initial dilutioi
rate. In the presence of groynes, a ver
buoyant plume is protected from inter
action with the ambient current for i
shortdistance into the river, giving itthi
opportunity to stratify and spread int
the river. Later interaction with th<
ambient current beyond the groyne
leads to a vertically fully-mixed_plum
with good dilution characteristics. Fo
the design of an outlet structure whicl
maximizes the rate of initial mixing it i
important to carefully adjust the entir
set of initial parameters based on th
properties of the particular river sectior
Thermal Discharge II (Sessior
IV-A)
Evaporation from HeatLoadei
Lakes: A Summary
B.L Sill
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29631, U.S.A.
Accurate calculation or measuremer
of evaporation from lakes is difficul
Water loss rates are typically smal
lakes are often irregular in shape i
widely varying terrain, and effects sue
as atmospheric stability, dynam
weather conditions, and wind generate
waves all hinder the determination <
evaporation. If these problems ai
compounded by superimposing
thermal discharge on the natural lal
conditions, then the resulting analys
is quite complicated. The most importa
factor to consider is that usually tt
surface of a heat loaded lake is n
isothermal, but often exhibits substa
tial temperature variations. A prima
interest in determining the evaporatic
from heated lakes is to assess tl
amount of the heat load which go<
toward increasing the natural lal
evaporation.
This paper briefly summarizes prese
approaches for determining evapor
tion from thermally loaded lakes. Tl
discussion includes the most wide
used techniques for both measurii
and predicting lake evaporation, ei
phasizing their applicability to heat
lakes. One of the most widely us
approaches for predicting evaporatior
through use of mathematical mode
Application of some simple models
heated lakes and the accuracy of su
approaches are also presented. T
paper concludes with a discussion
the relative merits of various metho<
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Investigation of Lake Belews
S.K. Mathavan
Florida Power & Light Co.
P.O. Box 529100, Miami, FL
33152, U.S.A.
W.J. McCabe
Duke Power Co.
500 South Church St.
Charlotte, NC 28242, U.S.A.
S.S. Lee and S. Sengupta
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124, U.S.A.
In 1976-1977, an investigation of
Lake Belews was conducted to deter-
mine its capability as a cooling pond.
The investigation included infrared
scanning of surface temperatures, in
situ measurements of temperatures
and currents, and three-dimensional
computer simulation. Field investiga-
tions of summer 1976 and winter 1977
are presented in this paper. The
investigation shows that the lake is
stratified most of the year and exhibits
complete mixing once a year during
winter. The thermal discharge is cooled
completely and there is no recirculation
of the hot effluent.
Thermal Plume Evaluation of
the St. Lucie Unit 1 Diffuser
N.S. Shashidhara and H.A. Nagel
Envirosphere Co.
Two World Trade Center
New York, NY 10048, U.S.A.
Florida Power and Light Co.'s St.
Lucie Nuclear Power Plant (Unit 1) has
been in operation since 1976. In 1977
Envirosphere Co. performed a study to
evaluate the performance of the dis-
charge diffuser in terms of maximum
surface temperature rise, and area of
the surface isotherms. The study
included a field monitoring program,
performed under known plant operating
conditions, and verification of the
mathematical models used to design
the diffuser system. The field surveys
included definition of ambient condi-
tions, mapping of temperature distribu-
tion at three depths, and airborne
infrared thermal imagery. Verification
of the mathematical models involved
predictions of near- and far-field
temperature distribution and compari-
son with corresponding field measure-
ments. As a result of these investiga-
tions it was concluded that the diffuser
performs satisfactorily as previously
predicted with mathematical and physi-
cal model studies.
2-D Convection Dominated
Thermal Dispersion in Coastal
Waters
H.P. Miller and K.C.S. Tong
United Engineers &
Constructors Inc.
Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.
An ad-hoc numerical method, using
the flux-corrected transport (FCT)
method developed for compressible
nonlinear flows, has been applied to
one- and two-dimensional, incompres-
sible convection-dominated flows for
predicting thermal dispersion at a
hypothetical coastal site. The FCT
method was further simplified for the
case of a slowly vary ing current velocity,
which is justifiable for relatively small
integration time steps. The results
predicted by the simplified FCT method
compare rather well with the exact
solution, and demonstrably yield a more
realistic simulation than conventional
differencing schemes. A one-dimen-
sional comparison with a first upwind
differencing scheme clearly illustrates
the benefits of using the simplified FCT
method by numerical modellers. The
method is ad-hoc in the sense that a
minimum of 10 grid points of the initial
distribution are required to approximate
the continuum solution.
A Thermal Impact Assessment
Model with Measured Field
Data Applied to the Tidal
River Weser
J. Hauser, D. Eppel, A. Muller,
and A. Nehlsen
Institut fur Physik, GKSS-
Research Center
2054 Geesthacht, Germany
F. Tanzer
1. Phys. Institut, Universitat
Giessen
6300 Giessen, Germany
This paper presents the fundamental
principles, the general outline, and a
specific application of the model
UTRANS (unified transport system) with
emphasis on the results of application.
The model simulates the temperature
distribution, generated by the nuclear
power plant KKU (1300 MWe), in the
lower Weser River (within tidal cycle)for
October 3,1979. The model was run for
24 hours. The solution area of some 15
km (km 44 to km 59) consists of about
1100 discrete elements (DE) of variable
size and irregular shape.
For that day numerous temperature
profiles were recorded by in situ
measurements at different depths along
with temperature surveys of the solu-
tion area by remote sensing infrared
measuring techniques from 7 a.m. to 9
p.m. Furthermore the necessary me-
teorological parameters were measured
as half-hourly values.
The meteorological data, the data of
the power plant, and data from both an
accurate depth survey and the calcu-
lated flow field were input into the
model, but no calibration was per-
formed to fit the calculations. The
necessary bottom friction coefficient
was determined by the measurements
of Palmer. Computer simulation results
for the two-dimensional temperature
distribution in the vicinity of the power
plant and for selected cross sections
and their comparisons with the field-
measured data are presented.
Mathematical Modelling of
Hydrothermal Recirculation
for Pasir Gudang Power
Station, Malaysia
V.S. Thakar, B.M. Patil, and
K.G.K. Murthy
Central Water & Power
Research Station,
Pune, India
A thermal power station, with an
initial installed capacity of 240 MW, has
been proposed to be set up at Pasir
Gudang in Malaysia. Cooling water
would be drawn from the Johore Strait,
into which it would be let back after
undergoing a temperature rise of about
10°C. The Strait is a navigable tidal
estuary, with a fairly irregular geometry.
A study of the hydrothermal recir-
culation in the estuary is important in
relation not only to the proposed power
station at Pasir Gudang, but also to two
other thermal power stations which
already exist along the Strait. The
present study employs mathematical
models based on the vertically averaged
two-dimensional equations of hydro-
dynamics and heat dissipation. The
principal objectives are the study of the
hydrodynamic circulation patterns, and
estimation of the far-field temperature
distributions and recirculation of heat.
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Cooling Towers (Session IV-B)
Aerodynamic Losses of Highly
Flared Natural-Draft Cooling
Towers
F.K. Moore and M.A. Garde
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850, U.S.A.
A study is made of the potential
improvements of natural-draft tower
performance to be gained by use of shell
shapes which are highly flared at the
entrance. The draft height requirement
is strongly reduced by flare. The heat-
exchange surface requirement may be
made independent of flare for dry
towers by suitable choice of surface.
The conventional wet fill requirement
would increase with flare. Entrance loss
has been studied experimentally, giving
new estimates applicable to large flare.
Results indicate that entrance heights
may be reduced with flare, further
reducing overall tower height. Flared
tower design should provide a densi-
metric Froude number of about 0.6, to
prevent cold inflow.
Model Studies on the Design
and Arrangement of Forced
Draft Cooling Towers to
Minimize Recirculation and
Interference
P.P. Slawson and H.F. Sullivan
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
Canada
Physical model studies were con-
ducted in a water flume to measure
recirculation and interference for two
conceptual configurations of forced-
draft dry cooling towers: a rectangular
array and a multiple round-tower
arrangement. The objective of this study
was to investigate and make recom-
mendations on the design and arrange-
ment of cooling towers to provide
optimum ambient air distribution to the
heat transfer surfaces. Optimum air
distribution is maintained by minimizing
recirculation (re-ingestion of a tower's
own effluent) and interference (inges-
tion of an adjacent tower's effluent
plume).
The proposed dry cooling tower
"array concept" under study consisted
of individual rectangular cells with
suggested dimensions of 10 ft x 40 ft x
10 ft high. These dimensions were
proposed based on the economics of
manufacturing. These cells were to be
arranged in rows of 20 cells each. Each
cell was to have eight fans.
The proposed multiple round-tower
configuration consisted of two rows of
approximately five towers each, with
each tower approximately 200 ft in
diameter by 80 ft high.
Physical experiments were thus
conducted on a "two-dimensional"
four-row section of the rectangular
array as well as on a section of the two-
row proposed round-tower arrange-
ment.
As one might expect, very high recir-
culation and interference measure-
ments of 40 to 70% existed for the
rectangular array concept, while values
of 20 to 30% were measured for the
round tower arrangement.
The degree of recirculation and
interference depends on such thingsas:
tower spacing, tower exit air velocity to
ambient wind speed ratio, and cluster-
ing and shrouding of fans.
Details of the experiments and
explanations of the measured results
are given.
Cooling Tower Fan Motor
Power Measurements
A.E. Johnson and K.H. Belfer
Pacific Gas and Electric Co.
San Ramon, CA 94583, U.S.A.
During the past few years, much
effort has been expended to improve
cooling tower thermal performance test
accuracy. Both the Cooling Tower
Institute Test Code ATC 105 and
American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers Test Code PTC23 have outlined
procedures and test equipment to mea-
sure circulating water flow rate, hot and
cold water temperatures, and inlet wet
bulb temperatures. These codes, how-
ever, become vague and general regard-
ing fan motor power measurements.
Fan horsepower is directly related to
airflow through each cooling tower cell
by the equation CFM2 = CFMi (BHP2/
BHPi)1/3 where CFM = air flow rate in
feetVmin and BHP = measured brake
horsepower of the fan motor at condi-
tions 1 and 2. Our experience is that
cooling tower fan power measurements
made with commonly used wattmeters
or ammeters and voltmeters are typically
in error by 5 to 7%, but errors as high as
20% have been seen. Afan motor power
measurement with a ±10% accuracy
means airflow is known to only 3.2%
and, therefore, calculated tower per-
formance is only accurate to ±3.2%. A
fan power measurement 20% in errc
will yield a calculated tower perfoi
mance that could be 6.3% in error. A
outline of a procedure to accuratel
measure power to a typical coolin
tower fan motor is presented.
Heat Transfer Characteristics
of a Plate-Fin Condenser wit!
Deluged Water Augmentation
for Cooling Towers
H.D. Fricke and K. Mcllroy
Union Carbide Corp., Linde Div
Tonawanda, NY 14150, U.S.A.
J.A. Bartz
Electric Power Research
Institute
Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.
This paper describes an EPRI-funde
experimental evaluation of an advance
air-cooled ammonia condenser for
phase-change dry/wet-dry coolir
system for electric power plants.
condenser of similar design, but muc
bigger, is about to be tested in a 1
MWe demonstration plant at Pacif
Gas & Electric's Kern Station in Baker
field, CA.
In this cooling concept, the reject he
from the power plant is transferred
liquid ammonia in a steam condense
ammonia reboiler, rather than I
conventional condensation of steam I
coolant water. The ammonia vap
generated is subsequently condensi
in a cooling tower by heat rejection
the atmosphere.
This condenser, consisting of i
aluminum plate-fin/tube assembly (8
x 7 ft frontal area), was tested und
representative operating conditions
Union Carbide's ammonia phase-chan
pilot plant (0.3 MWe) in both the dry ai
wet (water deluge on air-side) mode.
Heat transfer and air-side pressu
loss characteristics were measun
under varying air face velocities frc
300 to 800 fpm and initial temperatu
differences (ITD) from 10 to 50°
Deluge rates varied from 0 to 3.0 gpm/
of core width. In the dry mode, over
heat transfer coefficients ranged frorr
to 12 Btu/hr-ft2°F (based on air-si
surface) depending on face veloci
During wet operation increasing wai
deluge greatly enhanced the heat reje
tion capacity over dry operation —
high as 4 times, depending on operati
conditions. This deluge augmentati
was greater for lower air relative hum
ities and lower ITDs.
-------
For reference, the paper includes
pertinent results* from prior experi-
ments with a bench-scale size conden-
ser (2!/2 ft x 2 ft frontal area) and with an
integral shaved fin/extruded aluminum
tubing. The recently completed ammo-
nia phase-change dry/wet-dry cooling
demonstration plant at Kern Station is
also described.
Status Report on A dvanced
Cooling Tower Project
R.T. Allemann and
B.M.Johnson
Battelle, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
Richland, WA 99352, U.S.A.
J.A. Bartz
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A.
Under the auspices of the Electric
Power Research Institute (EPRI) and
with contributing work of Union Carbide
Corporation, Linde Division, a large-
scale test of dry/wet cooling using the
ammonia phase-change system, desig-
nated the Advanced Concepts Test
(ACT), has been constructed at Pacific
Gas and Electric Co.'s Kern Station at
Bakersfield, CA.
The interest in dry cooling stemsfrom
the growing realization that the use of
inland water to provide a heat sink for
the thermal generation of power cannot
continue to increase indefinitely. It is
likely that in many locations fresh water
will only be used to supplement cooling
and will occur through a combination of
wet and dry systems.
The test facility described here will be
capable of condensing 60,000 Ib/hr of
steam from a small auxiliary turbine
and will use only 25% of the water
normally required to reject this heat
load in evaporative cooling towers. Two
different modes of combining dry and
evaporative cooling are being tested:
one uses deluge cooling in which water
is allowed to flow over the heat
exchanger on hot days; the other uses a
separate evaporative condenser in
parallel to the dry heat exchanger. The
design of the cooling system and major
components is described, and the
technology developed to support the
design is summarized. Construction of
the project is complete and shakedown
"Previously published
and operational testing of subsystems
has begun.
Included in the discussion are some
details of the cooling tower with both
dry and wet/dry surfaces, vapor and
liquid piping, deluge and rinse proce-
dure, control, and safety aspects.
Technical and experimental backup of
some of the design decisions is reviewed.
The projected methods of testing and
obtaining operational data with a digital
data acquisition system are discussed.
Utilization II (Session IV-C)
A Review of Waste Heat
Recovery Technologies for
Gaseous Diffusion Plants and
Other Low-Temperature
Sources
W.P. Teagan, P.C. Mahata,
and J. Burke
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Cambridge, MA 02140, U.S.A.
This paper reviews four technology
options applicable to waste heat re-
covery from large volumes of cooling
water of gaseous diffusion plants and
similar low-temperature (100-200°F)
waste heat sources where flow rate is
in the range of 100,000-300,000 gpm.
The technology options are: (1) direct
heating, (2) temperature augmentation
using heat pumps, (3) thermal cooling,
and (4) power generation using Organic
Rankine Cycle (ORC) engines. The
waste heat sources considered are
typically hot liquid streams. In this
review process the areas covered for
each option include technology descrip-
tion and status, system performance,
cost implications, and development
needs.
Industrial Refrigeration from
740°F Waste Heat
S.J. Hynek
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.
Waltham, MA 02154, U.S.A.
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc. has
designed and is developing a 20-ton
refrigeration system to be powered by
the 140° F (60° C) waste hot water that is
available at many industrial sites as
well as government-owned gaseous
diffusion plants. It consists of a Rankine
cycle driving a reverse-Rankine cycle,
integrated in that they share a common
working fluid (R-22), a common conden-
ser, and a common crankcase housing
the expander and compressor.
Some Problems in Designing
the Waste Heat Power
Station of Youxi
D. Liu and M. Zheng
Huazhong Institute of
Technology
Wuhan, Hubei, China
Two problems are analyzed and
discussed in this paper: (1) unsteady
thermal operation condition; and (2) how
to meet requirements of metallurgical
production and electricity generation.
Methods for solving these problems are
discussed.
Design of the Proposed Watts
Bar Waste Heat Park
C.F. Bowman and R.E. Taylor
Tennessee Valley Authority
Knoxville, TN, U.S.A.
TVA has proposed a waste heat park
to be located adjacent to the Watts Bar
Nuclear Plant. The occupants of the
proposed park would be provided with
hot water from the nuclear plant's
condenser circulating water (CCW)
system to utilize a portion of the power
plant's waste heat.
Curves are presented characterizing
temperature of the waste heat available
in terms of seasonal and diurnal
variations for average conditions and
high and low extremes. A table shows
the frequency distribution of waste heat
temperatures for each month of the
year based on full load operation of one
nuclear plant unit.
Details of the design of the waste
heat distribution (WHO) system inside
the security fence of the nuclear plant
are also presented. Problems encoun-
tered in retrofitting the design of the
nuclear plant to include the waste heat
piping and valves are discussed.
The paper discusses the conceptual
design of the park and how provisions
will be made for staged development.
The estimated costs of the first stage is
presented.
Cooling Tower Plumes
(Session V-A)
An Improved Method for
Predicting Seasonal and
Annual Shadowing from
Cooling Tower Plumes
-------
R.A. Carhart
University of Illinois,
Chicago Circle
Chicago, IL, U.S.A., and
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.
A.J. Policastro
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.
W.E. Dunn
University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL61801, U.S.A.
An improved model developed at
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for
predicting long-term shadowing due to
cooling tower plumes is presented, and
its assumptions are compared with
those used in previous models. The
model is based on a method for the
selection of representative categories
of similar plumes developed by Policastro
and Dunn to reduce the large number of
meteorological data cases in a season
or year at a site to a much smaller
number (about 100) of cases which
yield distinctively different plume
predictions. Plume predictions for the
reduced set of category representative
cases are then made with the validated
ANL plume model. Full effects of sun
angle by time of day and day of the year
for the latitude and longitude of the site
to be studied are included.
The ANL model yields seasonal and
annual isopleths of hours of additional
shadowing or isopleths of percentage
reduction in total and beam solar
energy arriving at the ground on a
horizontal surface. Results for two
hypothetical sites with 2000 MWe
generating capacity are presented: one
near Syracuse, NY, and the other near
Spokane, WA.
Cooling Tower Drift Study at
the Oak Ridge Gaseous
Diffusion Plant
S.H. Park
Union Carbide Corp.
Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A.
The first environmental study of
cooling towers at the Oak Ridge Gase-
ous Diffusion Plant (ORGDP) was con-
ducted in 1973 and provided valuable
first hand information on drift from two
mechanical draft cooling tower cells;
however, the drift percentage of 0.1%
measured in that test appeared to be
high. Consequently, a drift study was
performed in 1978 to define more
closely the drift phenomenon of the
cooling tower complex. Ten cooling
tower cells were involved in this test:
drift and ground deposition were
measured simultaneously. The average
drift percentage measured during this
test was much lower (0.03%), but the
downfield deposition measurements of
chromium supported the deposition
findings of the 1973 study. Results of
the 1978 studies exhibited good agree-
ment between the cells and are consid-
ered to be more reliable than those
obtained in 1973 because of thegreater
mass of data obtained from a greater
number of cells. The results indicate
that the sensitive paper method with its
large sampling volume provides more
reliable source characteristics informa-
tion than an optical measuring device
with a very small sampling volume.
Greenhouse I (Session V-B)
Industrial Waste Heat for
Greenhouses
I.J. Crumbly
Fort Valley State College
Fort Valley, GA 31030, U.S.A.
T.G. Brna
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711, U.S.A.
Potential beneficial use of industrial
waste heat for the production of
bedding plants was evaluated, using
conventionally and warm water heated
greenhouses in Fort Valley, GA. Each
greenhouse was a plastic covered
quonset. The waste heat researV^i
greenhouse was heated and cooled
using simulated warm condenser cool-
ing water, while the control greenhouse
had conventional heating and cooling in
the 9-month test program. Cultivars of
10 leading ornamental bedding plants,
9 species of foliage plants, and toma-
toes (as vegetable bedding plants) were
studied for growth rate, survivability,
time of flowering, and susceptibility tc
disease in both greenhouses. Environ-
mental and economic aspects of green-
house production were addressed as
well as horticultural objectives.
No statistically significant difference
in growth rate for 7 of 10 ornamenta
bedding plants and 2 of 8 foliage plants
was observed in the two greenhouses
No significant difference in survivabilit\
among foliage plants and 8 of 1C
ornamental bedding plants was seen ir
either greenhouse. No diseases were
evident in the two greenhouses.
Heating and cooling of the waste heal
greenhouse was satisfactory. Environ-
mental control was adequate; at no time
was condensation observed on the
foliage of plants grown in eithei
greenhouse. Preliminary economics
indicate that industrial waste heat car
be an attractive alternative to natura
gas and fuel oil forgreenhouse heating
An Update on Heating
Greenhouses in Northern
Climates with Power Plant
Reject Heat
G.C. Ashley and J.S. Hietala
Ashley Engineering, Inc.
St. Paul, MN 55112, U.S.A.
The Sherco greenhouse project was
demonstration of the use of electr
generating plant waste heat for greer
house heating. After 10 years <
research and development, it is no
both technically and economical
feasible to utilize condenser waste he;
for commercial greenhouse heatin<
Presently three commercial greenhous
operators in Minnesota have put 2
acres into production using waste he
from the Northern States Power Co.
Sherburne County generating plai
near Minneapolis. The concept h<
been well received by industry, ar
there are more than 10 similar projec
throughout the U.S. and Canada.
While the use of waste heat does n
change the total energy consumption
a greenhouse, it substitutes waste
reject heat for the primary enen
(natural gas, oil, or propane) that wou
otherwise have been consumed by tl
greenhouse. In northern climates th
annual energy savings is approximate
10 billion Btu per acre of greenhou
production. The potential energy savin
for the entire U.S. greenhouse indusl
is estimated at the equivalent of
million gallons of oil per day.
8
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Fisheries/Aquaculture
(Session VI-A)
Striped Bass and the
Management of Cooling Lakes
C.C. Coutant
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A.
Striped bass, Morone saxatilis, are
being introduced to freshwater reser-
voirs, some of which are used for power
plant cooling. The thermal niche of this
fish species changes with age and
greatly influences its success. Juve-
niles, which prefer and grow optimally
near 24 to 26°C (75-80°F), may thrive in
cooling lakes. However, adults, which
seek temperatures near 20°C (68°F)
and exhibit poor growth and survival
above 22°C (72°F), may not survive
summer conditions. Striped bass
management in cooling lakes should be
guided by these thermal requirements.
Tilapia Culture in Heated
Effluents: Economic Aspects
R.G. Nelson, LL Behrends,
E.L. Waddell, Jr., and
D.W. Burch
Tennessee Valley Authority
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660,
U.S.A.
The TVA has operated a facility for
maintaining tilapia during the winter for
the past 2 years. The facility is located
adjacent to the Browns Ferry Nuclear
Plant in north Alabama and consists of
six raceways supplied with a total of
1,135 l/min (300 gal./min) of condenser
cooling water (CCW) with an average
AT equal to 14.4°C (26°F). The facility
cost about $57,000 to build, including
$18,500 for retrofitting an emergency
backup system. Monosex hybrid tilapia
fingerlings enter the facility weighing 2
to 3 g and are available for stocking at
20 g in ponds after the last frost in April.
The existing facility can accommodate
90,000 fingerlings under these condi-
tions but has the capacity to be enlarged
to twice the output at only 22% addi-
tional fixed cost. Internal rate of return
on the existing facility in a commercial
operation would be about 5%; if doubled
in size, it would exceed 35%.
Fisheries and the Design of
Electric Power Plants: The
Lake Erie Experience
J.M. Reutter and
C.E. Herdendorf
Ohio State University
484 West 12th Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A.
Annual fish impingement and entram-
ment at three power plants on the south
shore of the Western Basin of Lake Erie
have been estimated by Ohio State
University's Center for Lake Erie Area
Research. The Davis-Besse nuclear
power plant produces almost 50% more
power than the Acme and Bay Shore
power plants combined, but it impinges
less than 0 1% of the fish and entrains
less than 1% of the ichthyoplankton
than the older fossil-fuel plants do. All
three plants are in unfavorable loca-
tions: they are situated in areas of high
fish densities. However, Davis-Besse
has a closed cycle cooling system, off-
shore intake, bottom intake, and closed
intake canal, all of which appear to con-
tribute to low levels of entrainment and
impingement at this facility.
Abalone Culture at a Coastal
Electric Generating Station
J.C. Kelly, N.J. Sevitz, and
A. Weir, Jr.
Southern California Edison
Company
P.O. Box 800
Rosemead, CA 91770, U.S.A.
Southern California Edison's research
and development organization has
demonstrated success in several aba-
lone culture projects, designed to
initially produce seed abalone for use in
coastal enhancement programs with
possible extension into the commercial
marketplace with larger abalone.
To date one project has successfully
reared green abalone (Haliotis fulgens)
using thermal effluent water at growth
rates exceeding those of animals
surveyed in the natural environment.
Nearly 9000 of these animals were
used by the California Department of
Fish and Game/University of California
Sea Grant Coastal Enhancement Pro-
gram with a few hundred animals given
to a Mexican fishing cooperative for
experimental transplants in Baja Cali-
fornia. Another project was designed to
test the feasibility of improving natural
resources as a means to mitigate
environmental effects through the
construction of an artificial reef. The
reef was initially planted with tagged
kelp (Macrocystis spj and will be seeded
this summe^ with red abalone (Haliotis
rufescens) and pink abalone (Haliotis
corrugataj, grown at Southern California
Edison's Redondo generating station.
With all three species, waste heat
effluent seawater was used to accelerate
or enhance a part of the hatchery
and/or grow-out process. Post-larvae,
juveniles, and adults have shown no
signs of unfavorable conditions because
effluent water utilization. Growth
curves and culture water temperatures
for select species and some life stages
are provided. All key culturing was
performed by World Research, Ocean
Studies Institute and California Inter-
national Marine Resources.
Tilapia Culture in Heated
Effluents: Potential for
Commercialization in
Temperate Climates
LL Behrends, D.W. Burch,
J.J. Maddox, R.G. Nelson,
and E.L Waddell, Jr.
Tennessee Valley Authority
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660, U.S.A.
Because the Tennessee Valley has a
temperate climate, a multiseasonal
approach has been developed for
culturing the tropical fish, tilapia.
During the winter (October-March),
temperature of condenser cooling
water (CCW) from open-cycle nuclear
power plants ranges from 15° to 32°C,
and it is ideally suited for overwintering
small fingerlings and selected brood
stock in raceways. During warmer
periods of the year when CCW is too
warm for raceway culture, fingerlings
are reared to market size in earthen
cooling ponds or in farm ponds near the
power plant. Hatchery methods have
also been developed for mass produc-
tion of tilapia and their hybrids. The inte-
grated approach of over-wintering,
hatchery production, and growout is
discussed relative to optimal use of
heated effluents.
-------
Thermal Discharge III
(Session VI-B)
Mathematical Modelling of
Thermal Plume Interaction
At Waterford Nuclear
Pdwer Station
S.Y.H. Tsai
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, II 60439, U.S.A.
The Waldrop plume model was used
to analyze the mixing and interaction of
thermal effluents in the Mississippi
River resulting from heated-water
discharges from the Waterford Nuclear
Power Station Unit 3 and from two
nearby fossil-fueled power stations.
The computer program of the model
was modified and expanded to accom-
modate the multiple intake and discharge
boundary conditions at the Waterford
site. Numerical results of thermal
plume temperatures for individual and
combined operation of the three power
stations were obtained for typical low
river flow (200,000 cfs) and maximum
station operating conditions. The pre-
dicted temperature distributions indi-
cated that the surface jet discharge from
Waterford Unit 3 would interact with
the thermal plumes produced by the two
fossil-fueled stations. The results also
showed that heat recirculation between
the discharge of an upstream fossil-
fueled plant and the intake of Waterford
Unit 3 is to be expected. However, the
resulting combined temperature distri-
butions were found to be well within the
thermal standards established by the
state of Louisiana.
Hydraulic Modeling of
Thermal Discharges into
Shallow Tidal Affected
Streams
H.D. Copp
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99163, U.S.A.
N.S. Shashidhara
Ebasco Services, Inc.
New York, NY, U.S.A.
K.R. Wise
Washington Public Power
Supply System
Richland, WA 99352, U.S.A.
A thermal-hydraulic model study was
conducted to determine whether a
submerged multiport diffuser would
induce buoyant plume dispersion that
complied with water quality standards
established for a tidal reach of river in
western Washington state. Certain
tide/river flowrate combinations create
conditions under which dispersion is
least efficient and will require special
operations of power plants that create
the buoyant plumes. This paper describes
model tests of the tidal conditions and
plant design specifically for waste heat
disposal.
Mathematical Modeling of
Waste Heat Discharge
in Large Water Bodies
A.K. Runchal
Analytic & Computational
Research, Inc.
Los Angeles, CA 90066,
U.S.A.
D.I. Austin
Dames & Moore
Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A.
This paper presents the mathematical
framework, development, validation,
and application of a mathematical
model for simulation of the hydro-
dynamics and water quality of large-
scale water bodies. The model is based
on depth-average shallow water equa-
tions and is embodied in two computa-
tional modules, TIDAL2 and WQUAL2.
The model is applicable to all large-
scale, nonstratified, shallow water
bodies subject to tidal influences.
The model has been tested using a
number of problems with known analytic
solutions and using field data. Model
applications include: the hydrodynamic
and thermal modeling of the Persian
Gulf; a water management study for
Kaneohe Bay, HI; hydrodynamic and
water quality modeling of St. Johns
River near Palatka, FL; and a fresh
water influx study near Prudhoe Bay,
AK. Selected results from these studies
are presented.
Effects of Model Distortion
on the Near-Field Behavior
of Thermal Surface
Discharges
D. Hoogendoorn and A. Quist
Delft Hydraulics Laboratory
Delft, The Netherlands
Hydraulic modeling of cooling water
problems involves contradictory scale
requirements. Therefore it is comrm
to apply separate models for near- ai
far-field phenomena. The near-fie
model must be undistorted to reprodu
the momentum-affected region arou
the cooling water outfall. Heat recirc
lation through the intake is being inve
tigated in a far-field model, covering
large area where heat transfer throu
the water surface is important.
reproduce this heat transport prope
far-field models require air-conditioni
facilities or distorted scales. Tl
investigations described here we
started to define conditions whe
near-field phenomena will still
reproduced correctly in a distorted f<
field model.
The tests have been done for surfa
discharges from a rectangular outf
for shallow conditions. Main paramet*
that have been varied are: the bottc
slope in front of the outfall, t
discharge densimetric Froude numb
and the aspect ration of the outfall.
Mathematical Models for
Power Plant Waste
Heat Discharge
P.G. Kharche and P.C.K. Variy
Tata Consulting Engineers
Bangalore 560 052
India
In waste heat discharge systems, t
warm water may be floated at t
surface so as to aid heat dissipation
the atmosphere, while cold water
drawn from below the epilimnion of t
water body. However, the warm wa
may recirculate before complete h(
dissipation depending on such fact<
as meteorological conditions, relat
locations of intake and outfall, a
outfall velocity.
Mathematical models have be
developed to analyze the flow a
temperature patterns so as to aid in <
termining the suitability of a water b<
as a heat sink, relative locations
outfall and intake, and extent
temperature rise at intake and its erf
on existing power plant capacity. Oi
and two-dimensional models are u;
to analyze essentially three-dimensio
problems.
This paper describes the mathemat
formulation and the associated cc
puter programs having a special feat
like interactive facility. The advanta
and limitations of the present methoi
solution are also discussed.
10
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Greenhouse II (Session VII-A)
Greenhouse Heating System
Design and Economics for
Waste Heat Utilization
D.M. Stipanukand R.E. Friday
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850, U.S.A.
B. Chezar
Power Authority of the
State of New York
New York, NY, U.S.A.
Three categories of waste heat are
discussed: low temperature (32-80°F),
moderate temperature (80-130°F), and
high temperature (over 130°F). If a
moderate temperature source is used,
the sizing of the heat delivery system to
provide less than 100% of the green-
house design heating load from waste
heat can result in substantial cost
savings. Several innovations in green-
house heating (heated porous concrete
floors, plastic panel heat exchangers,
and low operating power fan coil units)
are discussed which offer the designer
of heating systems options for various
applications.
Greenhouse Heating Options:
Can Waste Heat Compete?
R.E. Friday, D.M. Stipanuk, and
G.B. White
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850, U.S.A.
This paper reports on a discounted
cash flow analysis of the costs of waste
heat greenhouse systems and more
conventional heating alternatives. The
annual equivalent of the 10-year
heating, structure, and start-up costs
for representative waste heat utiliza-
tion systems, source temperatures, and
reliabilities are estimated. These costs
are compared with the annual costs of
continuing to heat an existing green-
house and an existing greenhouse con-
verted to a coal heating system.
Montour Waste Heat
Greenhouse
R.P. Johnson
Pennsylvania Power & Light
Co.
Allentown, PA, U.S.A.
K.G. Bryfogle, Jr.
Bryfogle's, Inc.
Muncy, PA 17756, U.S.A.
D.R. Mears
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A.
T.O. Manning
Solar Engineering Group
Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A.
In 1979, Pennsylvania Power & Light
Co., and Bryfogle's, Inc. initiated a
program to construct greenhouses to be
heated with warm water discharged
from PP&L's Montour coal-fired gener-
ating station at Washingtonville, PA. In
early 1980, detailed planning for the
project was undertaken and specifica-
tions for the greenhouse heating
system were prepared by the Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering at
Rutgers University. Construction on the
2.75-acre greenhouse was initiated in
June 1980; and in early December the
facility was connected to a 20-in. warm
water pipeline. The greenhouse, now
fully operational, was used to finish off
a crop of Christmas poinsettias and for
full production of the spring holiday
crops.
Thermal Discharge IV
(Session VII-B)
Assessment of Models Used
to Predict Evaporative Water
Loss at Cooling
Impoundments
E.E. Adams, K.R. Helfrich,
A.L Godbey, and
D.R.F. Harleman
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
This paper gives results of an investi-
gation of the variability of predicted
evaporation from heated water bodies.
Accurate short term water temperature
and meteorological data, available from
two cooling impoundments, were used
as the basis for comparison, calibration,
and verification of the predictive accu-
racy of 10 evaporation equations. To
capture relevant spatial and temporal
scales characteristic of cooling impound-
ments and therefore evaporation, a
dynamic hydrothermal model was used.
Results lead to a heirarchy of variability
in predicted water loss.
Use of Non-Site Specific
Wind Speed Data in
Predicting Lake Temperatures
and Evaporation
A.M. Mitry
Duke Power Co.
Charlotte, NC 28242, U.S.A.
B.L Sill
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29631, U.S.A.
Analyses are presented to determine
the sensitivity of lake temperature and
evaporation predictions to errors in
wind speed input. Such errors occur
when data from a remote meteorological
station is used to predict temperature
and evaporation for large water bodies
such as stratified lakes. For this study,
temperatures are computed with a
previously validated analytical model.
Resulting temperatures are used in an
energy balance for the lake to calculate
evaporative heat flux. Three wind speed
functions, f, of differing forms are used
in the analysis to link wind speed, W, to
lake temperature. Results indicate that
evaporation predictions using the
additive forms of the wind speed
functions (f = a0 + aiW, f = a0 + a2W2,
with a, constants) are less sensitive to
wind speed errors than predictions
using the form f = aiW. It is shown that
combining a referenced analytical
model with the additive f's results in
only a + 5% change in annual evapora-
tion predictions for a + 30% error in
wind speed.
Cooling Pond Performance
and River Impact Due to
Cyclic Daily Power
Generation
YJ. Tsai and W. Yow
Stone & Webster Engineering
Corp.
Boston, MA, U.S.A.
Hydrothermal analysis of the heated
effluents from the Tracy plant of Sierra
Pacific Power Co. was performed to
evaluate the cooling pond performance
and predict the temperature distribu-
tions in the Tracy cooling pond and the
Truckee River. Because of the distinct
flow characteristics in both the cooling
pond and the river, two different
temperature prediction models, each
characterizing its own distinctive fea-
tures, were used in the study. Predic-
-------
tions in the cooling pond were carried
out by a transient two-dimensional
hydrothermal model; temperature distri-
butions in the river were predicted by
use of a two-dimensional steady state
dispersion model. Priortotheanalysis,a
field survey was conducted to deter-
mine the existing thermal patterns in
the river and to supply information for
the evaluation of the rate of intake heat
recirculation. The field survey results
were used to calibrate and verify mathe-
matical models developed for predicting
the temperature distributions in the
river and the cooling pond under
maximum plant operating conditions.
Heat Rejection from Cooling
Water of a Thermal Power
Plant by Recirculation in
Water Body
A.K. Agrawal and M. Prasad
Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur-208016, India
Experimental results show that it is
feasible to determine heat-transfer to
the environment in terms of a single
parameter, the pond number, which
can be obtained in terms of inlet flow
rate, temperature, intake position,
geometry of water body, etc. This
experimental investigation indicates
that the intake from the upper layer
yields higher temperatures than lower
side intakes. Pond number is more in
case of bottom intake as compared to
top intake, yielding less short circuiting
between discharge and intake waters.
A lake was simulated by a 1,360,000
ml tank. For a hot water flow rate of 50
to 350 ml/min, it serves as a huge
reservoir. Various discharge and intake
positions are selected. An experimental
study showed that hot water should be
discharged at the top and drawn out
from an intake at about half the depth.
Numerical Simulation of the
Thermal Discharge for
Oconee Power Plant into
Lake Keowee
S. Sinha, E. Nwadike,
S. Sengupta, and S. Lee
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124, U.S.A.
This paper describes work involving
the prediction of thermal dispersion
using a three-dimensional numerical
simulation model. The area of interest is
Lake Keowee in South Carolina, about
40 km west of Greenville. The lake was
created between 1968 and 1971 by
damming Little River and Keowee River.
The lake, with two arms connected by a
canal, has three power plants on it:
Oconee nuclear power station which
takes its condenser cooling water from
the lower arm and discharges into the
upper arm; Jocassee pumped storage
station, at the extreme end of the upper
arm, which uses Lake Keowee as its
lower reservoir; and Keowee hydro
station, adjacent to the Oconee station,
which uses Lake Keowee as its higher
level reservoir. The mathematical
model used is a three-dimensional
rigid-lid model, used to predict the
three-dimensional velocity and temper-
ature distributions in the vicinity of the
heated discharge from the Oconee
station. The model formulation es-
sentially solves the three-dimensional
momentum, continuity, and energy
equations subject to the rigid-lid
(horizontal free surface), hydrostatic,
and Boussmesq approximations. Verti-
cal stretching is used to handle uneven
bottom topography. An explicit finite
difference scheme is used for the
solution of the equations. Due to the
rigid-lid assumption, the Courant-
Lewy-Fredrichs condition for surface
gravity waves is eliminated, but the
surface pressure ceases to be atmos-
pheric. A predictive Poisson's equation
is obtained for the rigid-lid pressure by
vertically integrating the horizontal
momentum equations: they are solved
by a successive over relaxation method
at each time step.
Both in summer and winter simula-
tions the following characteristics were
found:
a) The main driving forces responsible
for determining the shape of the
isotherms are ambient temperature,
discharge temperature, and flow
through Jocassee pumped storage
station.
b) Only the surface velocities are
affected by the wind.
Environmental Effect
(Session VII-C)
Life History Characteristics
and Physiological Tolerances
of Teredo bartschi, a
Shipworm Introduced into
Two Temperate Zone Nuclear
Power Plant Effluents
K.E. Hoagland
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, PA, U.S.A.
and
Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.
Teredo bartschi Clapp (Bivalvia:
Teredinidae), a tropical and subtropical
marine wood-borer, has been intro-
duced into the heated effluents of the
nuclear generating stations at Oyster
Creek, NJ, and Millstone, CT. Allozyme
studies show that the introduced
populations are closely related to T.
bartschif rom Florida, but they have less
genetic variation. The Oyster Creek
population has undergone three crashes
during station outages, each time
followed by an outbreak when the
heated effluent returned. T. bartschi
tolerates higher temperatures than the
two native temperate species, T. navalis
and B. gouldi. However, it survives
poorly below 11°C. T. bartschi has life
history characters that give it both a
high rate of increase and good com-
petitive ability. It has a very short
generation time and matures at a small
size. It has not replaced the native
species where it has been introduced.
Its survival is unpredictable due to
temperature fluctuations, and its pop-
ulations are patchy due to lack of a
planktonic larval stage.
Impact of Saline Aerosol Drift
from Brackish Water Cooling
Towers on Crops and Soils
C.L. Mulchi, J.A. Armbruster,
and D.C. Wolf
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
The effects of saline aerosol emis
sions from a brackish-water, natural
draft cooling tower at Chalk Point, MD
on crops and soils were investigatec
between 1973 and 1979. The stud\
included: (a) investigations of cror.
productivity, chemistry of foliage sam
pies from crops, and changes in soi
chemical parameters in permanen
research sites located 1.6, 4.8, and 9.(
km from the operating tower; and (b
simulated saline aerosol drift studies or
corn and soybeans over five growinc
seasons.
No significant changes occurred it
sodium, chloride, or metabolic inde:
values in foliage samples from eithe
corn or soybeans after the cooling towe
became operational. Grain yields fo
12
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corn were significantly lower after the
tower began operation, but the reduc-
tions were associated with below
normal amounts and distribution of
rainfall. Significant changes were
observed in the soil chemical parameters
(soil pH, extractable P, Na, and electrical
conductivity) investigated. None of the
changes could be associated with salt
emissions from the cooling tower. The
changes observed could be associated
with increases in soil acidity possibly
related to acid forming substances
released from the power plant.
Regression analyses of yield data vs.
salt deposition rates produced linear
relationships for both crops. Corn and
soybean yields were described by the
relationships Yc = 97.9 - 1.94XandYsb =
103.5 - 1.73X, respectively, where X
equaled the rate of salt deposition
(kg/ha/wk) and yields (Y) were ex-
pressed as % of non-treated controls.
Regression analyses were also per-
formed on leaf sodium, leaf chloride,
and metabolic index values for both
crops vs. salt deposition rates and
between these three chemical param-
eters and yields.
Section 316(b) and Modeling
of Ichthyoplankton
Entrainment
D.S. Vaughan
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37830, U.S.A.
Section 316(b) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 requires the use of "best tech-
nology available for minimizing adverse
environmental impacts" due to opera-
tion of intake systems by cooling water
users such as steam electric power
plants. One significant form of impact
resulting from cooling water use is
entrainment mortality of ichthyoplank-
ton. Two basic modeling approaches
were used to assess the impacts of
ichthyoplankton entrainment, the
equivalent adult method and age-
structure models. Various assumptions
and conventions associated with the
equivalent adult method, which can
lead to a serious underestimate of the
potential loss of adults, are discussed.
Possible methods for partially correct-
ing some of these biases are suggested.
The age-structure modeling approach
suffers from fewer sources of bias than
does the equivalent adult method, and
provides a means for assessing long-
term impacts of entrainment on fish
populations. However, because of the
difficulty in estimating density-
dependent coefficients, ranges of
estimates of long-term impacts on fish
populations should be obtained.
RNA/DNA Ratio in Tropical
Fish Exposed to Thermal
Discharges in Rana Pratap
Sagar Lake
P.R. Kamath, K.G. Warughese,
P.V. Vyas, and P.P. Gurg
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Bombay 400 085, India
Changes in RNA content in cells
without alteration in DNA have been
observed under environmental stress in
organisms. RNA/DNA ratio has come to
be used as an indicator of growth in
fishes, as the ratio reflects the changing
environmental conditions.
Laboratory investigations were con-
ducted in aquaria under controlled
temperatures with fingerlings of L.
rohita to relate RNA/DNA ratios with
thermal exposure. Body weights and
RNA/DNA ratios were determined in
muscular tissue at different increases
in temperature and exposure periods.
The observations show that under
controlled exposures and in confined
environment, the ratios reflect response
to thermal stress when the tempera-
tures are high. Under optimal condi-
tions, RNA/DNA ratio corresponds to
increase in body weight.
The difficulties of direct application of
the ratio to indicate growth rate in fish
under field conditions are discussed.
Workshops—Ecological
Effects (Session W1)
Ecological Effects
A ssessment—Requirements
vs. State-of-the-Art
D.H. McKenzie, J.M. Thomas,
and L.L Eberhardt
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Richland, WA 99352, U.S.A.
Much of the legislation and regula-
tions that are applicable to environ-
mental impact assessments indicate
that ecosystem effects should be
addressed. Review of current applica-
tions and approaches often indicates
that individual organism effects are
quantitatively addressed. Quantitative
population level effects are rarely
considered. Ecosystem level effects, if
addressed, are only on a qualitative
basis. The paper addresses current
program objectives, establishing regu-
lations, quantitative methodologies, the
roles of biomonitoring data and simula-
tion modeling, attempts to predict future
effects, and mechanisms for improve-
ment. Areas for development of improved
methodology are developed within each
area that could increase the quantitative
content of environmental inputs to
decision makers.
Workshops— Mathematical
Modeling (Session W2)
Common Problems in
Modeling of Thermal Plumes
in Air and Water
A.J. Policastro
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.
W.E. Dunn
University of Illinois
Urbana, IL61801, U.S.A.
This paper identifies several impor-
tant problems in the development of
one-dimensional mathematical models
for vapor plume dispersion and thermal
discharges in water. One-dimensional
integral models provide a reliable
means of identifying modeling problems
since they are relatively free of compu-
tational difficulties, rely on simple
mixing relationships, are easy to use,
and permit extensive model/data com-
parisons.
Cooling tower plumes are character-
ized by high buoyancy, high crossflow-
to-exit velocity ratios, potential down-
wash conditions, and the potential for
phase changes during dispersion. The
three basic problems in modeling
cooling tower plumes are (a) difficulties
in. determining the proper balance
between buoyancy and momentum
transfer processes due to the highly
buoyant nature of the plumes, (b) the
treatment of tower down wash effects of
additional bending and dilution, and (c)
the too strong feedback of thermo-
dynamic effects into plume dynamics.
In contrast, thermal plumes in water
are characterized generally by moderate
buoyancy effects and low-to-moderate
ambient currents. Important practical
problems occur due to the site-specific
effects of bottom, surface, and shoreline
interaction, possible irregular discharge
geometries, and transient effects.
Problems in these areas are illustrated
by examining three typical sites for
which extensive application of surface
discharge models have been made.
13
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In effect, the models for thermal
discharges in water have the same
fundamental problems asdo the cooling
tower plume models (difficulty with
highly buoyant plumes, empirical treat-
ment of simple boundary interferences,
etc.) but to a lesser extent. However,
surface discharge models suffer greater
practical, site-specific problems (irregu-
lar bottom and shoreline, transient
effects, etc.). The problems most com-
mon to cooling tower and thermal
plume models relate to the treatment of
buoyancy and the interaction with
boundaries.
Workshops—Utilization
(Session W3)
Cogeneration—A Status
Report of the Department of
Energy Industrial Program
A. J. Streb
Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585, U.S.A.
Industrial cogeneration saves energy
because low heat rate by-product power
displaces high heat rate central station
power. Maximum energy savings occur
if the power by-product of the cogenera-
tion system is maximized. Maximum
saving of critical fuels occurs when the
cogeneration system is fuel flexible.
Most industrial cogeneration systems
installed to date employ extraction
steam turbine systems. To a lesser
extent, gas turbines and diesel engines
have been used. Although steam
turbine systems can use any common
fuel, they are relatively inefficient in
cogeneration because the steam
extracted for process use competes
directly with power production. On the
other hand, gas turbines and diesel
engines deliver power more efficiently
but, as currently applied to cogeneration,
require the use of more critical fuels (oil
and gas).
DOE's cogeneration program en-
courages the development of cogenera-
tion and reorientation of its implemen-
tation toward systems which offer
larger overall energy savings—with
emphasis on savings of critical fuels.
The program contains two basic ele-
ments: technology development and
market stimulation.
Accurate knowledge of the degree to
which cogeneration has already devel-
14
oped and the magnitude of the remaining
opportunity is essential to the develop-
ment of a rational national plan. DOE's
effort to characterize the potential
cogeneration opportunity provides this
knowledge. In the past, aggregate
energy service demands of various
industrial sectors were used as the
basis for projections of potential capacity.
As part of DOE's industrial cogeneration
program, a much more sophisticated
model has recently been developed
which examines energy service demands
on a process-specific basis and relates
the processes to specific industrial
plants. Coupled with a newly tabulated
inventory of existing systems, the model
enables the projection of cogeneration
potential which includes estimates of
the size and number of systems within
each industrial sector. A preliminary
analysis of national cogeneration
potential development based on this
new model is presented.
Thermal Discharge V
(Session VIII-A)
A Case Study of AI-Khobar
Cooling Water Investigation
P. Mortensen, A. McCowan,
and G. S. Rodenhuis
Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)
DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
A large power and desalination plant
is planned at Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
The proposed plant consists of three
units each supplying 500 MW to the
power network and 500 MW to a
desalination plant. The overall cooling
water requirement is 200 mVs with a
warm-up range of 6°C. Salinity increase
in outlet is about 2.3 o/oo. This paper
summarizes how the cooling water
system was analyzed by the combined
use of physical and mathematical
models, calibrated, and verified from
field data. This approach was selected
because of the very complicated physical
conditions with combined effects of the
surplus temperature and high salinity of
the outfall jet, and extremely complex
hydrodynamic conditions.
The study included extensive field
investigations, recirculation manage-
ment, environmental impact evaluation,
hydraulic optimization of outlet struc-
tures, and calculation of hydraulic
transients in the cooling water system.
Remote-Sensing Study of
Mesoscale Mixing Processes
off San Onofre Nuclear
Generating Station
R. S. Grove
Southern California Edison Co
Rosemead, CA 91770, U.S.A.
C. J. Sonu
Tekmarine, Inc.
Sierra Madre, CA 91024 U.S./
Turbulent energy in the oceai
manifested by mesoscale eddies, hi
been receiving increasing attention
recent years. This paper investigati
possible effects of coastal mesosca
and sub-mesoscale eddies as they a
generated and move through tr
Southern California Bight. Sudde
quantum changes in sea water ter
peratures and currents in the ocean
graphic records from the San Onof
nuclear generating station (33°22.5
and 117°32.5'W) may be at least in pe
attributed to the advection of su<
eddies. A sequence of 1980 Tiros
satellite thermal imagery forms tl
basis of this analysis. In additio
historical coastaI temperature data fro
the National Ocean Survey stations a
subjected to statistical analysis to aid
segregating data dependence on anni
and seasonal cycles as well as longshc
distributions of distinct or persists
temperature patterns. Both the remc
sensing data and historical recor
indicate strong evidence of eddy intert
tion in the nearshore zone and a lo<
influence of coastal upwelling. Thestu
of coastal power plant effluent dispersi
will benefit from further refinement
these eddy and upwelling mixi
concepts.
Combined Effects of City an
Cooling Tower Heat Release
on the Thermal Structure an<
Velocity Field of the Lowest
Air Layers of the Atmospher
D. Haschke
Swiss Federal Institute for
Reactor Research
Wurenlingen, Switzerland
and
C.A. Jacobs and J.P. Pandolfc
The Center for the Environme
& Man, Inc.
Hartford, CT06120, U.S.A.
Project CLIMOD, started in 1976, (-
investigated possible mesoscale clime
-------
effects of rejecting large amounts of
waste heat into the atmosphere by
means of natural draft cooling towers.
In parallel with an extensive field
program, undertaken to get in situ
measurements of meteorological vari-
ables, a theoretical program of meso-
scale boundary layer simulation was
carried out.
Meteorological considerations led to
a characterization of so-called critical
regional weather situations, which were
considered to be sensitive to anthro-
pogenic modification on the regional
scale. One such critical weather situa-
tion was an anticyclonic high-pressure
winter situation with a strong elevated
inversion. The effect of cooling towers
and city heat release on the thermal
structure of the lowest air layers during
such a weather situation is discussed in
this paper.
Utilization III (Session VIII-B)
Energy Applied Systems Test
Facility
F.J. McCrosson, P.W. Yngve,
and F.H. Zander
South Carolina Energy Research
Institute
Columbia, SC 29201, U.S.A.
This paper presents a design and
operation preview of the proposed
Energy Applied Systems Test (EAST)
facility. The EAST facility is one element
of the U.S. Department of Energy's
Residual Energy Applications Program
(REAP), which has a two-fold goal: to
recover large quantities of residual
energy at federal nuclear facilities and
to stimulate waste heat recovery in the
private sector. To help meet this goal,
the proposed EAST facility will provide
development and confidence testing for
industrial scale heat pumps, absorption
chillers, and Rankine-cycle power
generation systems. The facility, to be
located at the Savannah River Plant in
Aiken, SC, will be government-owned
and contractor-operated. A competent
technical staff will assist both the
equipment developer and the end user
in the development, testing, and com-
mercialization of the equipment. Com-
pletion of design and construction are
scheduled for mid-1982 and mid-1984,
respectively.
Utilization IV (Session IX-A)
The Potential for Waste Heat
Utilization Resulting from the
Use of Potable Water
Supplies as Cooling Water
Prior to Treatment
R.H. Ramsey, III, R.D. Bowersock,
' LV. Urban, J.H. Strickland, and
R.M. Sweazy
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX, U.S.A.
The study concept was examined on
the assumption that electricity is the
primary product produced by the utility
and that outlet temperatures from the
condenser could be in a range of 90-
120°F. The effects of elevated water
temperature on water treatment
processes and the probable water
temperature profile exhibited in a
municipal system were investigated.
The heat loss model showed that only
slight decreases in water temperature
would be experienced in the larger
transmission and distribution mains.
Greater heat losses would occur in the
smaller distribution mains and customer
service lines; there would still, however,
be an increase in water temperatures
so that the amount of energy needed to
heat water would be reduced. A ques-
tionnaire sent to residents in seven
southwestern cities gave a 73% favor-
able response for implementation of the
concept. It was determined that most of
the detrimental environmental impacts
could be mitigated by the utilities
through proper system design and
management.
Renovation and Reuse of
Cooling Tower Slowdown
Using Waste-Heat Distillation
D.M. Burkhart
Southern California Edison Co.
Rosemead, CA 91770, U.S.A.
W. Chow
Electric Power Research
Institute
Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.
H.H. Sephton
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94804, U.S.A.
Initial testing of a 190 mVday
(50,000 gal./day) prototype waste-heat
vertical-tube foam-evaporation plant
for the renovation of cooling tower
blowdown has been completed. Using
turbine exhaust steam (40-55°C) as an
evaporative heat source, about 98% of
the blowdown was recovered as a
distillate. The blowdown volume was
thus reduced by about 50-fold and a
distillate was produced which was of
nearly boiler makeup quality.
Waste-Heat Desalination of
Seawater for Boiler Feed
H.H. Sephton
En vi rotech -Sephton
Development Center
Emeryville, CA, U.S.A.
S.J. Senatore
EBASCO
New York, NY, U.S.A.
A novel evaporation process, devel-
oped during the past decade, provides a
substantial increase in the productivity
rate (capacity) of vertical tube evapora-
tors. This process, vertical tube foam
evaporation, has been well defined in a
series of pilot plants and has been field-
demonstrated at a power plant site for
the desalination of cooling tower
blowdown. The energy for evaporation
used in this demonstration was turbine
exhaust steam of essentially zero value.
Based on this demonstration, design
and cost estimates have been prepared
for using waste-heat desalination to
convert seawater into boiler feed. This
waste-heat vertical-tube foam-evapo-
ration (WH-VTFE) plant had a desing
capacity of 151 m3 (40,000 gal.) per day
of distillate. Since this evaporation plant
augments the capacity of the power
plant condenser, it improves turbine
efficiency and saves fuel.
Immiscible Liquid Cycle in
Large-Scale Medium-
Temperature Waste Heat
Recovery
B.M. Burnside
Carleton University
Ottawa, Canada
Application of the immiscible liquid
cycle to extraction of heat from waste
gases at initial temperatures of 250-
350°C is described. Between 5 and 18%
more heat can be extracted by the cycle
than the conventional steam cycle. The
plant envisaged is simple, of conven-
tional design, and capable of develop-
ment to more efficient operation.
15
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Formulae are presented to enable
designers to make a preliminary as-
sessment of the cycle.
The Function of Chains in the
Transfer of Low Grade Heat
in Rotary Kilns
M.C. Patterson, F.D. Moles,
and B.C. Jenkins
University of Surrey
Guildford, Surrey, England
A brief introduction to cement manu-
facturing has been given and the
process energy requirements have
been discussed with regard to areas of
possible waste heat recovery. A case
study has shown that significant energy
can be saved in the least energy
efficient, wet process of manufacture
by reduction of feed moisture content
and by improved design of heat transfer
inserts in the drying zone. It has also
been shown that utilization of low grade
heat in the kiln is more thermally
efficient than waste heat recovery
external to it.
The functions of chains in rotary
kilns, from impressions gained in the
cement industry, are discussed and a
pilot scale kiln chain rig is described.
Results from this investigatory rig are
summarized, and their context explained.
Process Steam Line from the
Nuclear Power Station to
Cardboard Industry at
Niedergoesgen
I. Daglio
Motor-Columbus
Consulting Engineers, Inc.
CH-5401 Baden/Switzerland
The process steam at a medium-size
cardboard factory in Niedergosgen, a
town near the Gosgen nuclear power
plant site, was previously produced by
boilers with heavy fuel oil burners
which used to cause considerable
pollution of the environment. A logical
solution was to transfer process heat
from the Gosgen power plant, only 1.75
km away.
ATEL, the Aare-Tessin Electricity
Company, commissioned Motor-
Columbus as general contractor to
design and build a steam supply from
the Gosgen nuclear power plant to the
Niedergosgen cardboard factory. That
was the first instance of using nuclear
heat for industrial purposes in Switzer-
land.
In cardboard production from waste
paper, 2.6 to 2.7 tons of process steam
per ton of paper are needed for the
drying process alone. While it is not
possible to reduce the steam consump-
tion of the cardboard machinery as
such, there are two ways of reducing
production costs, to keep prices within
competitive limits:
(1) By increasing the availability of the
cardboard production plant.
(2) By using a low-cost, reliable steam
supply.
In 1978/79 Motor-Columbus was
entrusted with the design, construction,
and commissioning of a 1.75 km long
steam pipeline from the Gosgen nuclear
power plant to the Niedergosgen card-
board factory. Construction started in
September 1978; at the end of 1979,
the pipeline went into commercial
operation.
Thermal Discharge VI
(Session IX-B)
Finite Element Modeling of a
Complex Embayment System
D.P. Galya and P.M. Colangelo
Stone & Webster
Engineering Corp.
Boston, MA, U.S.A.
In a preliminary feasibility study for a
new coal-fired electric generating
station at Boston Edison Co.'s Edgar
station, three candidate diffuser loca-
tions in the Hingham-Hull-Quincy
embayment system were evaluated for
suitability as waste heat disposal sites.
A pair of two-dimensional, time-depen-
dent, finite element models, CAFE-1
and DISPER-1, were selected for this
purpose. CAFE-1, a hydrodynamic
model, was used to simulate water
surface elevations and vertically aver-
aged velocities in the embayment
system. DISPER-1, the companion
dispersion model, was used to predict
far-field temperature distributions
resulting from the waste heat dis-
charged at each of the three candidate
sites. During the course of the study,
DISPER-1 was modifiedtoallowthe use
of a spatially variable dispersion coeffi-
cient. This modification provided a more
realistic simulation of dispersion proc-
esses in the complex embayme
system and solved stability problen
that had developed during application
the model.
Management and Regulation
(Session IX-C)
Regulatory Requirements foi
Thermal Discharges and
Demonstration of Complianc
N.S. Shashidhara
Envirosphere Co.
Two World Trade Center
New York, NY 10048, U.S.A.
The Clean Water Act prohibits therm
discharges into public waters without
permit and attempts to control therm
discharges through one of the followii
approaches: Effluent Limitations
Section 316 (A) Demonstrations ai
Water Quality Standards. Efflue
limitations are intended to contr
pollutants (under the Act, heat
considered a pollutant) through co
trolling their discharge from particul
sources. Water quality standards, i
the other hand, attempt to control wat
pollution through controlling the co
centration of pollutants allowed in
waterbody. Section 316 (A) of the A
allows variance from any such limit
tions if the discharger can demonstra
that such limitations are more stringe
than necessary to ensure the protects
and propagation of a balanced indige
ous population of shellfish, fish, a
wildlife in and on the body of water ir
which the discharge is to be made.
To ensure non-contravention of the
regulatory requirements, as well as
demonstrate that compliance is mai
tained, prediction of the effects
thermal discharges as well as monitc
ing of thermal plume in the receivii
water body are required. Methods
predicting or demonstrating complian
with these regulatory requirements a
discussed.
Criteria for demonstration of tl
conformity of predictive models a
prototype results are also include
Case studies provide insight in
problem areas associated with comp
ance demonstration: these studies c
serve as one basis for recommend!
guidelines for future complian
demonstrations.
16
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Management of Waste Heat
from Thermal Power Plants
as Related to Rising Cost of
Fuel
M.M. Mesarovic
Energoprojekt Corp.
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Rising costs of fuel have very serious
economic, social, and political implica-
tions, requiring an energy policy based
primarily on energy savings. Waste
heat management in thermal power
plants is one of the numerous means to
do so. This report presents an overall
analysis of waste heat management
through selection of sites and cooling
systems for thermal power plants,
combined heat and electricity produc-
tion, as well as optimum cold end
parameters for varying fuel costs. Case
studies include low grade coal and
lignite. A conclusion is drawn that the
rise of fuel cost implies, as an optimum,
more costly equipment to reduce its
detrimental effects on plant economy.
Regulatory Aspects of Waste
Heat Management and
Utilization
W.A. Anderson, II
1850 K Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006, U.S.A.
The need for rational management
and utilization of waste heat is un-
deniable. Yet conflicting governmental
policies have resulted in regulatory
constraints that often foreclose rational
solutions. Effluent limitations and
water quality standards under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
restrict use of surface waters, including
cooling lakes, for waste heat manage-
ment. Other regulatory constraints,
including provisions of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977, may preclude the
use of evaporative cooling towers under
some circumstances due to salt-drift
emissions. Waste heat utilization
schemes involving clusters of industrial
facilities will also encounter environ-
mental regulatory constraints. Provi-
sions of both the Air Act and the Water
Act will limit industrial concentration in
any given locality. Thermal aquaculture
may be possible under governing EPA
regulations only in blowdown streams
from closed-cycle systems. Concen-
trated contaminants in these blowdown
streams may make the produce un-
marketable. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission rules promulgated last
year, however, aim to remove some
regulatory barriers facing cogenerators.
Utilization V (Session X-A)
Wasted Latent Heat Recovery
from Low Temperature Gases
Y-H Kiang
The Trane Company
Conshohocken, PA 19428, U.S.A.
In industrial plants, a possible waste
heat source is uncondensible gases
saturated with water vapor. An example
of this type of waste heat source is the
scrubber exhaust gases. Considering
that the latent heat of water is 550 k
cal/kg, for every kilogram of water
vapor lost through the stack, 550kcalis
lost. To recover the latent heat, it is
necessary to condense the water vapor
in the presence of non-condensibles.
This presents an unusual but inter-
esting heat transfer problem. This paper
presents the partial condensation heat
recovery technology and its applica-
tions. The application of the basic
technology to gases other than an
air/water mixture is also discussed.
Economic Evaluation of
Competing Industrial Waste-
Heat Recovery Technologies
P.J. Grogan
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.
H.L Brown and B.B. Hamel
General Energy Associates, Inc.
1106 Winding Road Drive
Cherry Hill, NJ, U.S.A.
The economics of conventional waste-
heat-recovery technologies and flu-
idized-bed heat exchangers were
analyzed according to their applications
and potential market shares in the
industrial sector. The performance
parameters and costs of these tech-
nologies were based on existing infor-
mation. Data on available waste energy
in industry, and the waste-heat temper-
atures, were based on the Industrial
Plant Energy Profile (IPEP). This model,
available through General Energy
Associates, contains plant-energy
information from approximately 400,000
industrial plant sites in the country.
These sites represent the bulk of the
U.S. industrial manufacturing capacity.
Based on this information, the available
waste energy from each industrial
sector was determined by major unit
operation. Each competing heat-re-
covery technology, both conventional
and fluidized-bed, was applied to the
waste streams. Energy savings and
payback periods were determined on
the bases of waste-heat source and
plant size. Conventional heat exchangers
showed a significant number of applica-
tions with paybacks of less than 1 year.
Fluidized-bed systems had a limited
number of such applications.
Heat Recovery from Turbine
Exhaust Gas
G. Hesse
GEA - Power Cooling
Systems, Inc.
San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
Three alternatives of increasing the
fuel efficiency of simple-cycle gas
turbine installations are discussed in
this paper: (1) recuperated cycle, (2)
combined cycle, and (3) recuperated
cycle combined with heat recovery. The
same level of fuel efficiency can be
achieved with any one of the alterna-
tives; however, at different levels of
capital investment. For the recuperated
system, which has the lowest capital
cost, guide lines are provided for its
optimum selection.
Predicting the Performance
and Cost of ORC Waste Heat
Recovery Systems
J.L Krazinski, H.M. Bushby,
and E.H. Buyco
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.
Organic Ranking Cycle (ORC) systems
have been designed and tested for the
recovery of waste heat from low
temperature sources. These systems
use organic working fluids, rather than
steam, in the cycle. A computer code
was developed to predict the power
outputs and costs of these systems. Six
organic fluids and steam are considered
in this paper. The thermophysical
properties of the seven fluids are
compared and their impact upon the
system design is discussed. System
costs are presented for exhaust gas
heat sources with maximum tempera-
tures of 500-1000°F. The power out-
puts in these cases are about 500-2500
kW. Certain organic fluids are restricted
to the lower heat source temperatures
because of thermal stability limitations.
For the heat source temperatures at
which the various fluids were used,
17
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however, similar system costs and
power output levels were obtained for
the six organic fluids.
Energy Utilization in the
Production of Anhydrous
Ethyl Alcohol for Gasohol
N.B. Smith
Stanley Consultants, Inc.
Muscatine, IA 52761, U.S.A.
The literature, both general and
technical, is filled with references to the
manufacture/use of fuel alcohol. Gaso-
hol, a fuel alcohol product, is by
definition a mixture of 90% unleaded
gasoline and 10% anhydrous ethyl alco-
hol. The ethyl alcohol has traditionally
been produced by fermentation, with
corn as a substrate.
Based on substantial federal and
state subsidies, and a powerful lobby
movement, and sustained by the contin-
uing rise in gasoline prices, a fuel
alcohol industry has been launched in
the U.S.A.
A conventional plant for producing
fuel-grade ethyl alcohol from corn
consists of a series of energy intensive
unit processes. Within each process are
chemical engineering unit operations
which involve the utilization and
transfer of energy in one form or
another. The judicious selection of
these "building blocks" (or unit opera-
tions and equipment) enables the
efficient production of fuel alcohol. A
special understanding of waste heat
recovery techniques is required to
integrate an energy efficient design.
Thermal Discharge VII
(Session X-B)
Dynamic Behavior of a
Thermal Plume
J.C. Cataldo and S. Quense
The Cooper Union
for the Advancement of Science
and Art
New York, NY, U.S.A.
The thermal front phenomenon was
observed during field surveys at the
Ginna Power Plant. Thermal fronts are
rapid temperature oscillations in the
near field of a thermal plume and are
generally observed in calm receiving
water. Temperature oscillations were
observed with amplitudes of over 3°C
measured from the mean, with periods
of about 100 - 600 seconds. A physical
scaled model of the Ginna discharge
was used to study the thermal fronts
and plume characteristics. The model is
31 ft long and 16 ft wide; geometric
scale ratios of 1:50 and 1:100 were
used to model the plume. Temperature
versus time for several positions in the
model thermal plume exhibit a clear
oscillatory pattern with amplitudes of 1 -
5°C. A maximum overall temperature
difference of 10°C was recorded at one
position, while discharge and ambient
temperature traces revealed no sig-
nificant temperature fluctuations. Pre-
dominant periods were 14-30 seconds
(about 100-600 seconds in the proto-
type). The power of the dominant
oscillations increased with depth at the
same position in the plume as did the
magnitude of the temperature varia-
tions. The mechanism responsible for
the thermal fronts is believed to be due
to a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. This
instability is induced by vortex forma-
tion at a shear layer formed by the
movement of the heated surface! plume
across the cooler ambient lake water.
A Three-Dimensional Finite
Difference Model for the
Prediction of Thermal
Discharges
R.V. Elliott
Ontario Hydro
700 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5G 1X6
G.D. Raithby
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
N2L3G1
An existing three-dimensional finite
difference model has been modified to
accurately account for the interaction of
a thermal discharge with the bottom
and shoreline of the receiving basin.
Predictions a re made for a jet entering a
quiescent lake, and for convection of a
plume along a lakeshore under winter
(sinking plume) conditions. Good agree-
ment between predictions and field
measurements was achieved.
Prediction of Low-Flow
Plume Configurations for
316(a) Studies of Operating
Power Plants
P.P. Paily
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A.
Section 316(a), demonstration studies
for thermal power plants, requires thai
plume configurations corresponding tc
a specified low river flow be deter-
mined. Since field data are normally nol
available at the low flow, the size of the
mixing zone corresponding to the
worst-case flow is predicted. Twc
approaches for predicting low-flow
plume configurations are illustratec
using case studies.
18
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Metric Conversion
Readers more familiar with metric units are asked to use the following factors to
convert certain non-metric units used by authors in these abstracts.
Non-metric
acre
bbl
Btu
°F
ft
ft2
ft3
gal.
in.
Ib
Q(quad, 10l5Btu)
ton
Multiplied by
4047
159
1055
5/9(°F - 32)
0.3
0.09
28.3
3.79
2.54
0.45
1.055x1018
8897
Yields metric
m2
1
J
°C
m
m2
1
1
cm
kg
J
Nt
S. S. Lee and S. Sengupta are with the University of Miami, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Coral Gables. FL 33124.
Theodore G. Brna is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Proceedings: Third Conference on Waste Heat
Management and Utilization (May 1981. Miami Beach, FL)." (Order No.
PB-82 227 901; Cost: $63.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
19
. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I98?/559-092/0486
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