United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-85/020 Sept. 1985
Project Summary
Proceedings: First Joint
Symposium on Dry 862 and
Simultaneous SO2/NOX
Control Technologies
P. Jeff Chappell, Compiler
The First Joint Symposium on Dry
SOz and Simultaneous SO2/NOX Con-
trol Technologies was held November
13 through 16, 1984, in San Diego,
California. Forty-six papers were pre-
sented, beginning with a keynote ad-
dress on acid rain strategies and control
technology implications, followed by
overviews of EPRI, EPA, and Canadian
programs and the utility perspective for
dry control technologies. Other papers
focused on the latest advances in fun-
damental research and process design,
power plant integration and economics,
field applications, and full-scale testing.
Participants from West Germany,
France, The Netherlands, Austria,
Canada, and Japan provided a world-
wide update on technological develop-
ments and an international perspective
on SO2 and SO2/NOX control issues.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that is fully docu-
mented in two separate volumes of the
same title (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
Preface
The First Joint Symposium on Dry SOz
and Simultaneous SOz/NO, Control
Technologies was held November 13
through 16, 1984, in San Diego, Cali-
fornia, and jointly sponsored by EPRI and
EPA, was the first meeting of its kind
devoted solely to the discussion of emis-
sions control processes based on dry
injection of calcium or sodium sorbents to
meet S0a and NO, regulations for coat-
fired power plants. Processes that were
discussed included: direct furnace injec-
tion of calcium-based sorbents, sorbent
injection combined with low-NOx burners
for simultaneous SOa/NO* control, and
post-furnace injection of calcium and
sodium sorbents. The symposium pro-
vided a timely forum for the exchange of
data for information on the current status
and plans for these emerging technol-
ogies.
Forty-six papers were presented, be-
ginning with a keynote address on acid
rain strategies and control technology
implications, and followed by overviews
of the EPRI, EPA, and Canadian programs,
and the utility perspective for dry control
technologies. Other papers focused on
the latest advance in fundamental re-
search and process design, power plant
integration and economics, field applica-
tions, and full-scale testing. A panel of
representatives from architect-engineer-
ing firms, boiler manufacturers, and utility
companies discussed the impact of dry
S02 control processes on new and
existing power plants.
Speakers included EPRI and EPA staff
members as well as representatives of
utility companies, manufacturers of utility
boilers and process equipment, sorbent
suppliers, and research and development
groups conducting investigations spon-
sored by EPRI, EPA, and others. Partici-
pants from West Germany, France, The
Netherlands, Austria, Canada, and Japan
provided a worldwide update on techno-
logical developments and an international
-------
perspective on S02 and S02/NOX control
issues.
Symposium Cochairmen were Michael
W. McElroy, Subprogram Manager of
EPRI's Air Quality Control Program in the
Coal Combustion Systems Division, and
Richard D. Stern, Chief of EPA's LIMB
Applications Branch of the Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory. The
welcoming address was given by John
Hamrick, Vice President of Customer
Service for San Diego Gas & Electric, and
the keynote address was given by Donald
J. Ehreth, Deputy Assistant Administrator,
Office of Research and Development,
EPA.
The symposium proceedings have
been published in two volumes:
• Volume 1: Fundamental Research and
Process Development
—Session I: Introduction
—Session II: Fundamental Research
—Session III: Pilot-Scale Development
of Furnace Injection
—Session IV: Burners for Simultane-
ous SO2/NOX Control
—Session V: Post-Furnace SOz Re-
moval
• Volume 2: Power Plant Integration,
Economics, and Full-Scale Experience
—Session VI: Process Integration and
Economics
—SessionVII: Sorbent Availability and
Costs
—Session VIII: Field Applications and
Full-Scale Testing
1. "Acid Deposition Strategies and'
Implications for Control Technology
Requirements," Donald J. Ehreth,
EPA/Office of Research and De-
velopment.
This paper represents the keynote
address for the First Joint Symposium on
Dry S02 and Simultaneous S02/N0,
Control Technologies. The paper presents
the factors that have guided EPA's inter-
est in the Limestone Injection Multistage
Burner (LIMB) technology. The approach
and funding for the demonstration of this
technology are also discussed.
2. "The EPRI Program—Background
and Motivation," John S. Maul-
betsch, EPRI/Coal Combustion
Systems Division
This paper presents the Electric Power
Research Institute's (EPRI's) perspective
on dry SC*2 control and simultaneous
SOz/NO, control. The paper includes an
historical overview of the scope of the
2
EPRI research effort and present plans for
future programs.
Session I—Introduction
Richard Stern, EPA/AEERL, and
Michael McElroy, EPRI, Session Chairmen
3. "EPA's LIMB R&D Program—Evolu-
tion, Status, and Plans," G. Blair
Martin* and James H. Abbott,
EPA/AEERL
The LIMB R&D program has provided a
detailed understanding of the key pro-
cesses governing sulfur capture with
sorbents. While it appears that limestone
alone will not achieve program goals,
several other promising sorbents have
been identified. Based on the R&D results
and cost estimates of using these sor-
bents, LIMB shows substantial promise as
a SOX and NOX control technology for
retrofit applications. The ongoing R&D
program should resolve the remaining
technical questions and provide a basis
for widespread private sector commercial-
ization.
This paper provides a brief history of
sorbent injection technology, synopsizes
the status of LIMB R&D, and discusses
future program plans.
4. "Overview of Canadian Research,
Development and Demonstration
Program for Low A/Ox/S02 Control
Technologies," William A. Warfe
and G. K. Lee, Energy, Mines &
Resources Canada
One of the major concerns, associated
with the expanded use of coal for heat and
electricity, is the emission to atmosphere
of the acid rain precursors, NOX and S02.
This paper outlines the technologies,
the status of research, development and
demonstration activities, and future plans
for low NO«/SO2 control technologies in
Canada. It includes federal government
activities as well as those of the Canadian
Electrical Association.
5. "The Utility Perspective on Dry SOz
Control Technologies," George P.
Green, Public Service Co. of Colo-
rado
This paper summarizes current under-
standing and provides comparative de-
scriptions of two promising techniques for
dry SOz control in utility applications: flue
gas sodium sorbent injection, and in-
furnace calcium sorbent injection. In both
cases, dry sorbents are injected in pow-
dered form and react chemically with S02
to form a dry paniculate waste which
'Speakers are listed first.
potentially can be collected in either i
baghouse or electrostatic precipitatoi
(ESP). Two electric utilities. Public Service
Co. of Colorado and the Colorado Spring:
Dept. of Public Utilities, have announcec
firm plans to employ flue gas sodium
sorbent technology. In-furnace calcium
sorbent injection is still under active
development, and no long-term utility
commitment to this technology has yet
been made in the U.S. Both control
techniques show potential as reliable,
efficient, and economic S02 control
options, giving utilities greater flexibility
in meeting their environmental control
responsibilities.
6. "EPA Experimental Studies of the
Mechanisms of Sulfur Capture by
Limestone," Robert H. Borgwardt,
EPA/AEERL, and K. R. Bruce and J.
Blake, Northrop Services, Inc.
Reaction kinetics of limestone particles
were measured under conditions that
eliminate pore-diffusion and interparticle-
diffusion effects. Included in these labora-
tory studies were: the reaction of HzS and
sulfur with CaC03, the calcination of
CaC03 to CaO, the reaction of CaO with
H2S and COS, and the reaction of CaO
with S02. The results show that nascent
lime formed immediately after CaCOs
decomposition has a specific surface area
of about 80 mVg. In all cases, the
reactivity of the CaO increased with the
square of the B.E.T. surface area. The
reactivity is markedly affected by the
presence of foreign metal oxides or salts
on the CaO surface; carbonates and
sulfates of the alkali metals are effective
additives for promoting CaO reactivity
under laboratory conditions.
7. "Flow Reactor Study of Calcination
and Sulfation," Lawrence Muzio
and V. P. Roman, KVB, Inc., Michael
W. McElroy, EPRI, Kerry W. Bowers
and David T. Gallaspy, Southern
Company Services
The renewed interest in direct furnace
injection of dry sorbents for SO2 control
from coal-fired boilers has prompted
bench-scale studies of the calcination and
sulfation of calcium compounds. The
bench-scale study was conducted in a
one-dimensional flow reactor. The objec-
tive of the study was to determine the
inter-relationships of the calcination and
suffation processes and how these pro-
cesses are influenced by the type of
sorbent material, temperature, and resi-
dence time. Four materials were studied:
two limestones, a calcium/hydroxide, and
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a pressure-hydrated dolomitic lime. Cal-
cination and sulfation of these sorbents
were investigated over the temperature
range of 760-1,093°C and residence
times of 0.20-0.75 seconds. The reaction
environment consisted of combustion
products from a natural-gas or hydrogen-
fired burner doped with SO2 and C02-
Session II—(Part 1) Fundamental
Research
Kerry Bowers, Southern Company
Services, Session Chairman
8. "Calcium-Based Sorbents for Dry
Injection," Jeffrey L. Thompson,
Dravo Lime Company
Dry injection technologies for S02 cap-
ture required that the mass mean diameter
of the sorbent particle be relatively small,
less than 20 //m, to obtain removal rates
high enough to make the process econom-
ically competitive with wet scrubbers. The
least expensive method of producing fine
sorbent particles is by hydrating lime.
Typical commercial hydrates have a mass
mean diameter less than 5 /urn. New
studies of hydrate particles used in S02
capture show that the reactant layer is
less than 1000 A thick, the subject of this
paper. These studies define the limiting
mechanism for sorbent utilization; i.e., the
conversion ratio of CaO CaSCu. Moreover,
this understanding of the S02 adsorption
process points to how hydration produc-
tion methods might be modified to en-
hance S02 capture.
9. "Laboratory-Scale Production and
Characterization of High Surface
Area Sorbents," David A. Kirch-
gessner, EPA/AEERL
The objectives of the research described
are to produce high surface area sorbents
in an apparatus amenable to scale-up,
and to determine those characteristics in
the raw carbonates which correlate to the
development of high surface areas in the
calcined product. Thus far, limestones
crushed to minus 600 /urn have been
calcined to produce maximum surface
areas of 40-58 mVg in a laboratory-scale
fluidized-bed reactor with a pulsed air
flow. A dolomite similarly treated has
produced a surface area of 74 mVg.
Particle size and elemental analyses of
the raw stones have been performed, and
a significant negative correlation between
maximum surface area development and
iron content has been noted. No correla-
tion between surface area development
and petrographic properties has yet been
demonstrated.
10. "Reactivity of Calcium-Based Sor-
bents for S02 Control." Randy
Seeker, J. A. Cole, J. C. Kramlich, G.
S. Samuelsen, and G. D. Silcox,
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation
Laboratory-scale controlled-tempera-
ture experiments were used to study
aspects of SO2 capture by limestone
sorbents in a flame-gas environment.
Experimental parameters were sorbent
type, temperature, residence time, and
the effects of mineral additives, or pro-
moters, on sorbent reactivity. The data
revealed that isothermal capture is great-
est at 1,000°C, and that above 1,000°C
sintering of the limestone can occur which
reduces the sorbent utilization. High sur-
face area precalcined sorbents achieved
moderately higher ultimate utilization
than their parent carbonates, but their
real advantage was more rapid sulfation
at lower temperatures where raw stones
were limited by calcination. At 900 and
1,000°C the time for calcination of car-
bonate sorbents was significant. Pressure
hydrated (type S) dolomite limes consis-
tently achieved the highest utilizations.
The results suggest that—at ideal sulfation
conditions(1,000°C, isothermal residence
times greater than 1 second, nodeactiva-
tion of the sorbent by coal ash minerals)—
the best calcium utilizations achievable
would be about 25-30% with the raw
limestone tested (Vicron 45-3), about 30-
35% with the raw dolomite tested, and
about 40% with precalcined dolomite
(precalcined to a surface area of 60 mVg)
and with pressure-slaked dolomitic lime.
The addition of Cr203> alkali metal salts,
and certain other promoters increased
the utilization of limestone. Cr2O3 effected
a factor of 3.5 increase in utilization after
calcination at 1,600-1,700°C.
Session II—(Part 2) Fundamental
Research
Dennis Drehmel, EPA/AEERL, Session
Chairman
11. "Bench-Scale Evaluation ofSulfur-
Sorbent Reactions," David W.
Pershing, D. M. Slaughter, G. D.
Silcox, P. M. Lemieux, and Gerry H.
Newton, University of Utah
High temperature, isothermal data on
calcination and S02 capture were obtained
as a function of temperature, residence
time, and Ca/S molar ratio for a wide
variety of sorbents including limestones,
dolomite, and slaked limes. The calcination
results include the extent of both calcina-
tion and surface area and definition of the
relationship between the thermal envi-
ronment and sorbent characteristics. The
experimental sulfation data indicate that
sulfur capture is strongly dependent on
the general class of sorbent. Reaction
zone temperature was also found to
critically influence the overall effective-
ness of sulfur capture by sorbent injection;
as the local temperature increases, the
rate of heterogeneous chemical and dif-
fusion increase but they are ultimately
compensated for by a decrease in initial
sorbent surface area due to desurfacing
during flash calcination. The results from
the experimental studies are compared
with theoretical predictions using a com-
bined diffusion/heterogeneous chemical
reaction model which was developed
based on a grain formulation.
12. "Evaluation of S02 Removal by
Furnace Limestone Injection with
Tangentially FiredLow-NO*Burner."
K. Tokuda, M. Sakai, T. Sengoku,
and Nobuaki Murakami, Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries, Ltd., Michael W.
McElroy, Electric Power Research
Institute, and K.Mouri, Electric
Power Development Co.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) con-
tracted with the Electric Power Research
Institute (EPRI) and Electric Power Devel-
opment Company (EPDC, Japan) to eval-
uate the S02-removal effectiveness of
furnace limestone injection when applied
in combination with a Iow-N0« burner.
The evaluation included a series of
furnace limestone injection tests con-
ducted at MHI's 4 ton/hour pulverized
coal-fired test furnace equipped with the
Low-NO, PM burner developed by MHI.
The results showed 30-40% reduction of
S02 at a Ca/S molar ratio of 2:1 while
maintaining Iow-N0« combustion condi-
tions compatible with full-scale utility
boilers and operating practices.
Basic (bench-scale) tests were carried
out prior to the combustion tests, using
an electrically heated flow reactor. The
results from the basic tests were applied
in interpreting the results from the
combustion tests.
13. "Performance of Sorbents With and
Without Additives, Injected into a
Small Innovative Furnace," Sam L.
Rakes, EPA/AEERL, and G. T.
Joseph and J. M. Lorrain, Northrop
Services, Inc.
The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Innovative Furnace was used to
develop information on the performance
of sulfur sorbents with and without
additives. The sorbents were injected at
3
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two points in the furnace using the low-
NOx-type burner fired at a 14-kW thermal
input rate on coal or liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG), propane. The sorbents, a
calcitic limestone (Vicron), a pressure-
hydrated dolomite, and pure calcium
hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], were tested at Ca/S
ratios of 1 and 2. The additives NaHCO3
and Na2C03, mixed with the sorbent,
were tested at 5 weight % of the sorbent.
Sodium carbonate (Na2C03) appears to be
an effective additive, giving increases in
sulfur reduction of 6 to 12 percentage
points, depending on the amount of
additive, the sorbent, and injection loca-
tion.
14. "Pilot-Scale Characterization of a
Dry Calcium-Based Sorbent SOi
Control Technique Combined with
a Low-NO * Tangentially Fired Sys-
tem," John Kelly, Shigeto Ohmine,
and Richard Martin, Acurex Corpo-
ration, and Dennis C. Drehmel,
EPA/AEERL
A 380-kWt (1.3 million Btu/hr) two-
burner-level tangentially fired pilot-scale
facility was used to characterize a dry
calcium-based sorbent S02 capture
technique combined with an offset auxil-
iary air low-NOx burner with and without
overfire air. Baseline tests using a con-
ventional burner design, with and without
overfire air, showed that the facility
properly simulates full-scale uncontrolled
and controlled NO emissions and furnace
temperature histories. SO2 test results
with dry sorbent injection and the con-
ventional burner were consistent in level
and trend with limited field data. Effici-
ency, as determined by carbon monoxide,
unburned hydrocarbon and carbon in
flyash levels, was good for all test condi-
tions and consistent with field practice.
Dry sorbent SO2 test results showed
that SO2 capture is increased by: (1)
utilizing conventional rapid fuel/air mix-
ing burners; (2) injecting sorbent away
from the flame (i.e., not mixing sorbent
with the fuel); (3) avoiding contact be-
tween ash and sorbent; and (4) holding
sorbent in the sulfation temperature zone
(i.e., 1,505 to 1,255K) as long as possible.
In addition, fuel and sorbent type had a
significant impact on SO2 capture.
15. "Boiler Simulator Studies on Sor-
bent Utilization forS02 Control," D.
W. Pershing, B. J. Overmoe, S. L
Chen, L. Ho, W. R. Seeker, and M. P.
Heap, Energy and Environmental
Systems Corporation
A 300-kW Boiler Simulator Furnace
was used to investigate the influence of
combustion and sorbent parameters on
the effectiveness of dry sorbent injection
forSOzControl under conditions typical of
current utility practice. Extensive char-
acterization studies were conducted to
investigate the role of boiler thermal
history on capture effectiveness for lime-
stone, dolomites, and slaked limes. Data
were also obtained for high surface area
sorbents (produced by pressure slaking)
and for promoted sorbents (produced by
the addition of appropriate metallic addi-
tives) as a function of thermal environ-
ment, sorbent injection location, calcium-
to-sulfur molar ratio, and S02 partial
pressure. In general, the results show
that captures in excess of 50% at a Ca/S
ratio of 2.0 can be achieved by several
alternative methods. The experimental
studies were supported by theoretical
calculations using grain and pore models
which combined consideration of the
heterogeneous chemical reaction and
diffusion processes.
Session III—Pilot-Scale
Development of Furnace
Injection
Michael McElroy, EPRI, Session Chairman
16. "Studies of Sorbent Calcination and
SOz-Sorbent Reactions in a Pilot-
Scale Furnace," Roderick Beittel,
Southern Research Institute, Law-
rence J. Muzio, Fossil Energy
Research Corporation, and John P.
Gooch and Edward B. Dismukes,
Southern Research Institute
Furnace injection of calcium-based
sorbents for SO2 reduction was examined
using a 1 x 106 Btu/hr pulverized-coal-
fired combustor. The effects of sorbent
type and rate, residence time, injection
site, staged combustion, and CO2-
enriched transport air on overall SO2
removal are reported. Properties of cal-
cine were determined for gas firing at
selected conditions.
Variations in calcine surface area of 2-
30 mVg were found, corresponding to a
range of calcium utilization of 12-38%.
Sorbent type and temperature at the point
of injection were primarily determinants
of calcium utilization.
17. "Recent IFRF Fundamental and
Pilot-Scale Studies on the Direct
Sorbent Injection Process," S. Bortz
and P. Flament, International Flame
Research Foundation
Pilot-scale experiments (2-4 MWt)
using a staged combustion air burner
have shown that under optimised condi-
tions, substantial reduction of SOz emis-
sions by direct injection of Calcium-based
sorbents is possible. Various fuels includ-
ing coals, ranging from subbituminousto
low volatile bituminous, petroleum resi-
dues, and SO2-doped gas flames, have
been tested with this technique and SOs
capture levels, with a Ca/S molar ratio of
2 and a calcium hydroxide sorbent, of
between 70 to 80% have been achieved
in cases when the peak flame tempera-
tures were reduced to about 1,250°C or
lower. Both the temperature field in the
furnace and the sorbent type used have
been shown to strongly influence the SOs
capture efficiency, with other parameters
(such as the S02 and O2 concentration]
playing a somewhat lesser role.
Some more fundamental work has also
been conducted in plug flow reactors,
both isothermal and non-isothermal, to
better define calcination and sulphation
rates at temperature levels of 700-
1,300°C. The work which is only partially
complete, will also examine the effect of
sorbent characteristics, gas environment,
and initial particle size distribution on the
calcination and sulphation process. The
results obtained thus far have showr
that, at temperatures above 1,000°C
calcination is more than 80% complete ir
less than 200 ms with CaCO3 and less
than 40 ms with Ca(OH)2. Sulphation alsc
appears to be reasonably fast, reaching
an asymptotic value in less than 600 ms
for CaCOg when the gas temperature is
between 1,000 and 1,100°C. The mear
particle size, in the range 3-50 yum, has i
large influence on calcium utilization foi
short particle residence times.
18. "Demonstration of Boiler Limestone
Injection in an Industrial Boiler," R
M. Statnick, C. E. Fink, N. S. Harding,
B. J. Koch, and D. C. McCoy, Conocc
Coal Research Division, and T. J
Hassell, E. I. DuPont de Nemours
and Company
Consolidation Coal Company (Consol)
through its Research & Development arm
Conoco Coal Research Division, made £
commitment to expedite the developmen
of Boiler Limestone Injection (BLI) tech
nology via demonstration in a DuPon
boiler (110,000 Ib/hr of steam) during the
summer and fall of 1984. The goal of the
program was to demonstrate the technics
and economic viability of both LIMB ant
LI (injection above the burner zone) a:
low-cost retrof it S02 control technologies
while burning a Consol Northern Wes
Virginia high-sulfur coal. Technical ob
jectives included S02 removal capability
with 50% as a minimum target, boile
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operability issues, and ESP impacts.
Commercial low-NOx burners purchased
from Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation
were used in the LIMB testing. Research-
Cottrell supplied an ESP and humidifica-
tion system. The demonstration program,
test equipment, preliminary results, and
BLI economics are described.
19. "Pilot-Scale Studies of In-Furnace
Hydrated Lime Injection for Flue
Gas SOz Emission Control." G. F.
Weber, M. H. Bobman, and G. L
Schelkoph, University of North
Dakota Energy Research Center
Simultaneous control of SOX/NOX
emissions, derived from the combustion
of low-rank coal, is under investigation at
the University of North Dakota's Energy
Research Center (UNDERC). Process de-
velopment work has been performed on
both bench-and pilot-scale systems.
Direct furnace injection of calcium-based
SC>2 sorbent materials is the SOZ control
technique under evaluation.
Furnace injection tests have focused
on the direct injection of pressure-
hydrated lime at flue gas temperatures
ranging from 815 to 1,650°C, followed by
collection in a baghouse operated at
temperatures up to 540°C. Sorbent util-
ization values up to 55% at a Ca/S mole
ratio of 1.0 have been observed. SOz
reduction of 80% has been observed at
Ca/S mole ratios of <2.0. Sorbent utiliza-
tion in the baghouse has never exceeded
10% for baghouse temperatures ranging
from 425 to 540°C. Residence time and
the temperature regime of the sorbent
i njection location appear to be the critical
parameters controlling SOz reduction
and sorbent utilization.
20. "Bench-Scale Process Evaluation
of In-Furnace /VOX and SO* Reduc-
tion by Reburning and Sorbent
Injection." W. R. Seeker, S. B.
Greene, S. L. Chen, D. W. Pershing,
and M. P. Heap, Energy and Envi-
ronmental Research Corporation
Reburning involves the injection of a
secondary fuel above the main firing zone
of a combustor to produce a reducing
zone which acts to reduce NO* to molec-
ular nitrogen. Overfire air is added above
the reburn reducing zone to complete the
combustion. The reburning process has
been combined with the injection of
calcium-based sorbents (e.g., limestone)
to investigate the potential for combined
NOK and SOX reduction. Bench-scale
evaluations of the process carried out in a
plug flow furnace at 23 kW, have indicated
that NO* reductions of up to 70% and
sulfur captures of up to 50% (at Ca/S = 2)
can be achieved depending on a number
of process variables. The dominant vari-
ables include the initial NOX level that is to
be reduced, the reburning fuel type
(pulverized coal or natural gas), and the
residence time and temperature in the
reducing zone. For sulfur control, the
dominant parameters are the amount of
sorbent added, the sorbent type, and the
injection temperature.
21. "Evaluation of Low-NOi Burners
forSOzControl."R. Payne and A. R.
Abele, Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation
Limestone injection with multistage
burners, termed "LIMB," was conceived
as a process in which sulfur capture by
sorbent material injected through burner
passages may be combined with condi-
tions which produce Iow-N0x emissions
in staged pulverized-coal flames. The
potential for simultaneous NOX/SOX con-
trol by Iow-N0xdistributed mixing burners
was evaluated in pilot-scale research
furnaces. Experimental and commercial
burner designs, ranging in capacity from
10 x 106 to 100 x 106 Btu/hr, were
considered. Sulfur capture by injected
sorbents was relatively insensitive to
burner design. Sulfur capture with lime-
stone was generally in the range of 35-
40% at Ca/S = 2, and up to 40-55% for
hydrated lime. The key factors in S02
removal were reactivity of the sorbent
and the temperature history to which the
sorbent particles were exposed.
Session IV—Burners for
Simultaneous SO2/NOX Control
G. Blair Martin, EPA/AEERL, Session
Chairman
22. "Limestone Injection with an In-
ternally Staged Low-NO* Burner,"
Joel Vatsky and Edmund S. Schind-
ler, Foster Wheeler Energy Corpo-
ration
Foster Wheeler's internally staged,
Controlled Flow/Split-Flame Iow-N0x
burner has been in utility field service
since 1979. The ease of retrofit to existing
steam generators would make the burner
a cost-effective means of implementing
the LIMB concept if satisfactory sulfur
capture can be achieved. Two methods of
limestone injection internal to the burner
are available: premixed with the coal and
separate from the coal. The former tech-
nique was evaluated in a joint program
with USEPA, while the latter was evalu-
ated independently by Foster Wheeler
Energy Corporation using a novel injection
method. Over 60% greater sulfur capture
was obtained using the FWEC technique
on a 50 x 106 Btu/hr single-burner test
furnace.
23. "Development of Internally Staged
Burners for LIMB," G. C. England,
R. Payne, and J. Clough, Energy and
Environmental Research Corpora-
tion
This paper discusses an experimental
investigation directed toward the develop-
ment of retrofit technology to achieve
simultaneous in-furnace control of NOX
and SO* emissions from coal-fired boilers.
Results obtained in a 2.9 MW, (10 x 106
Btu/hr) test furnace show that NOX
reductions of 50% can be obtained from
high-velocity pre-NSPS burners by modi-
fication of both the coal nozzle and the air
distribution without the use of external
air ports. The effectiveness of calcium-
based sorbent injection for S02 control is
limited by sorbent reactivity and time/
temperature characteristics of the boilers.
Experimental results suggest that sorbent
injection can be optimized using coaxial
air/sorbent jets to achieve maximum
sorbent reactivity and dispersion, and
thereby optimize SOz removal.
24. "Characterization of Alternate
Sodium Sorbents for Fabric Filter
SOz Capture," R. Hooper, Electric
Power Resea rch I nstitute, Arapahoe
Test Facility
Injection of dry-sodium powders into
the inlet plenum of fabric filters (bag-
houses) has been demonstrated to be an
effective flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
technique. On a full-scale utility boiler,
injected sodium products have been
shown to meet New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) of 70% removal for
low-sulfur coal applications. Higher levels
of SOz removal have also been demon-
strated with the injection of greater
quantities of sodium reagent. The amount
of reagent required is shown to be
sensitive to the reagent particle diameter.
Results are given for commercially avail-
able sodium bicarbonate, trona, and light
soda ash (sodium carbonate). Supply of
sodium reagents is becoming increasingly
more abundant as several chemical
commodity suppliers expend both re-
search and venture capital dollars to enter
the potential utility market. To date,
sodium bicarbonate reagents have been
shown to provide better sodium utilization
than sodium carbonate and trona.
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25. "Dry Injection Scrubbing of Flue
Gases with the SHU Processes,"
Manfred Schutz, Saarberg-Holter
Umweittechnik GmbH
The SHU dry sorbent injection process
has been installed at the Ruhr recycling
center refuse incinerator to remove stack
gas SOx, HCI, and HF. The incinerator
produces 60,000-142,000 mVhr of flue
gas with typical or design concentrations
of 70-275 ppm SO,, 300-1,080 ppm HCI,
and20ppmHF. Prior to gaseous pollutant
cleanup, particulates are removed in an
ESP, and the combustion gases are cooled
to 200-220°C by heat exchangers. Dry
scrubbing occurs in a contact section fed
by calcium hydroxide and steam at a feed
ratio of 0.5 kg steam/kg Ca(OH)2. The
feedrate is metered based on the pollutant
level in the treated gas. The flue gas,
Ca(OH)2, and steam are swirled to en-
hance contact and absorption. Following
absorption, spent sorbent is removed by a
fabric filter. The unit entered service in
1982. Test results show SO2 removal
efficiencies of 55-85%, depending on inlet
concentration, and HCI removal efficiency
usually over 90%. Selected solids anal-
yses showed about 37% calcium hydrox-
ide consumption corresponding to a
utilization ratio of 1:2.7.
Session V—Post-Furnace SO2
Removal
Dan Giovanni, Electric Power
Technologies, Session Chairman
26. "Flue Gas Desulfurization by
Combined Furnace Limestone
Injection and Dry Scrubbing," L. E.
Sawyers and P. V. Smith, Babcock
& Wilcox Company, Research &
Development Division, and T. B.
Hurst, Babcock & Wilcox, Fossil
Power Division
Furnace limestone injection with dry
scrubbing offers a viable economic alter-
native to wet scrubber systems for flue
gas desulfurization. The combined tech-
nology is most promising from a technical
and economic standpoint in application to
eastern high-sulfur coals, where SO2
reduction requirements are most strin-
gent. Combining the two systems can
offer required SO2 reduction in excess of
the sole use of either system. Also,
combined use of the two systems can
represent significant savings in reagent
costs over more expensive lime reagent.
This is because low-cost limestone is
injected into a furnace for calcination to
lime, and collected lime and ash materials
are recycled and employed at the principal
reagent in the dry scrubber system.
In pilot plant tests sponsored by the
Department of Energy, which investigated
the combined process as applied to
eastern high-sulfur coals, variousfurnace
injection methods, calcium-to-sulfurstoi-
chiometric ratios (Ca/S), furnace load,
and rear-furnace temperatures were
studied. Results indicated potentially high
S02 removal and a cost-effective process
with a combined optimized system. These
test results, in addition to Babcock &
Wilcox research and development exper-
ience with the two technologies (sepa-
rately and in combination), are reviewed
in this paper.
27. "Pilot Evaluation of Combined S02
and Paniculate Removal on a Fabric
Filter," Franz G. Pohl, Southern
Research Institute, and Michael
McElroy and Richard Rhudy, Electric
Power Research Institute
The injection of calcium compounds
into the flue gas upstream of a fabric filter
is under evaluation as a means of simul-
taneous S02 and particulate emission
control. Pilot tests are being conducted on
a 200 acfm slipstream from a pulverized-
coal-fired boiler burning 3% sulfur coal.
Water injection, steam injection, and heat
extraction are used to condition the flue
gas to desired temperatures and humid-
ities. S02 removal occurs in the flue gas
ductwork, in the expansion plenum up-
stream of the fabric filter, and across the
fabric dustcake. Tests with pressure-
hydrated dolomitic lime indicated higher
SO2 removal as the flue gas temperature
approached the saturation temperature.
SO2 removal of 50% was observed at an
approach temperature of -4°C when the
sorbent was injected at a calcium-to-
sulfur ratio of 1:1 and up to 80% SO2
removal at a calcium-to-sulfur ratio of
2.9:1.
28. "Fireside Consequences of Furnace
Limestone Injection for S02
Capture," G. J. Goetz and M. D.
Mirolli, Combustion Engineering,
Inc., and D. Eskinazi, Electric Power
Research Institute
The influence of limestone injection on
the furnace performance characteristics
of two coals was investigated experimen-
tally in Combustion Engineering's pilot-
scale Fireside Performance Test Facility
(FPTF), under an EPRI-sponsored study.
The slagging, fouling, and emission char-
acteristics of a high-sulfur, high-iron
Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal and a low-
sulfur, high-sodium Montana subbitumi-
nous coal were investigated under low
NOX conditions. Calcium-to-sulfur ratio:
of 2-4 were investigated in detail.
Results indicate that limestone can be
injected without adversely affecting the
slagging and fouling performance of unit:
firing these fuels. For high-sodium coal:
it has significant potential for reducing
fouling by weakening the deposit-to-tube
bond, thereby enhancing sootblowei
cleaning effectiveness. With each coal
upper limits for limestone dosage were
established based either on deposi
accumulation and/or heat transfer rates.
29. "Effects of Furnace Sorbent Injec
tion on Fly Ash Characteristics anc
Electrostatic Precipitator Perform
ance," Roberts. Dahlin and John P
Gooch, Southern Research Insti
tute, and James D. Kilgroe, EPA/
AEERL
The effects of furnace sorbent injectior
on the electrical resistivity and the size
distribution of particles suspended in flue
gas have been studied at temperature;
near 149°C. In-situ resistivity and im
pactor data have been obtained using
various sorbents and sorbent injectior
modes while firing coal in a 1.06GJ/hr(1
x 106 Btu/hr) combustion system. Labor
atory resistivity measurements have als(
been made with fly ash/sorbent mixture;
using various simulated flue gas condi
tions.
When using a 2.3% sulfur Indiana coal
the fly ash resistivity was in the range of i
x 10s to 1 x 109 ohm cm at a flue gas
temperature of 147-153°C and in th<
presence of 26-31 ppm of SO3 producec
from the coal. With burner injection o
Vicron 45-3 limestone at a calcium-to
sulfur ratio of 1.8, the resistivity was
increased to 1 to 2 x 10'2 ohm cm witt
virtually no measurable S03 left in thf
gas phase at 150-158°C. Experiment!
with flue gas conditioning showed tha
the resistivity of ash/sorbent mixture;
produced from limestone injection couli
be reduced to less than 5 x 1010 ohm err
with the injection of 30-40 ppm of S03, i
residence time for uptake of SO3 wai
adequate. Preliminary data suggest tha
the effectiveness of SO3 conditionini
may be influenced by sorbent injectioi
temperature when hydrated lime is in
jected downstream from the burner.
The implications of these and othe
results on ESP performance are discus
sed, together with potential correctivi
measures for improving the collectioi
efficiency of ash/sorbent mixtures.
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Session VI—Process Integration
and Economics
David Lachapelle, EPA/AEERL, Session
Chairman
30. "Evaluation of Temperature Histor-
ies in the Radiant and Connective
Zones of a Pulverized-Coal-Fired
Steam Generator." D. G. Lachapelle,
EPA/AEERL, and B. M. Cetegen, J.
L. Reese, K. Kurucz, and W. Richter,
Energy and Environ mental Research
Corporation
The effectiveness of in-situ desulfur-
ization by direct injection of calcium-
based dry sorbents is sensitive to the
thermal environment in boilers. More
specifically, the temperature histories of
gas and sorbent particles in the radiant
zone and the high-temperature convec-
tive pass sections play an important role
in the sulfur capture process. Estimation
of temperature histories requires a de-
tailed description of the furnace heat
transfer and flow field. This paper dis-
cusses the detailed field measurements
of temperature and velocities in a wall-
fired utility boiler. The temperature
measurements at full boiler load indicate
that an assumed sulfation temperature
window (800
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36. "An Update on the Application of
Lime Products for S02 Removal,"
David C. Hoffman, Chemical Lime,
Inc., and Donald H. Stowe, Jr.,
Dravo Lime Company (in conjunc-
tion with the National Lime Associ-
ation)
In the early years of utility SOz removal
in the U.S. scrubbing equipment manu-
facturers offered several "wet" processes
utilizing different reagents. As in most
industries where technology is continu-
ously evolving, these processes have
become more and more efficient, along
with the commercialization of a major
new process—dry scrubbing. Because of
the need for further S0a reductions from
existing sources, new technologies are
starting to be visualized and are receiving
more laboratory and developmental at-
tention. One of the more promising
technologies involves the direct injection
of lime-based absorbents into the hot flue
gas stream.
The major objective of this discussion is
to highlight current economics on today's
most popular wet scrubbing systems with
major emphasis on reagent aspects.
Additionally, state-of-the-art technical
and economic considerations on direct
lime injection will be reviewed, with the
commercial reagent emphasis centering
on today's existing lime industry (location,
tonnage, manufacturing processes, etc.).
The question of lime manufacturing flexi-
bility to meet current and projected lime
demand will be discussed with respect to
assumed commercialization of direct lime
injection technology.
With these variables in better perspec-
tive, it can be seen that today's lime
industry is attuned to 862 removal re-
agent needs, and will readily respond to
the anticipated needs for lime-based
alternative absorbents.
37. "Dry Injection FGD Sodium-Based
S or bents: A vailability and Economic
Evaluation." R. M. Wright, FMC
Corporation, Alkali Chemicals
Division
Dry injection using sodium-based
sorbents offers a simpler and less costly
method of SOz removal than can be
realized with either wet scrubbing or
spray drying for boilers firing low-sulfur
coal. Sorbents for dry injection FGD
include the minerals trona and nahcolite
along with compounds derived from them.
Huge deposits of these minerals are found
in Wyoming, California, and Colorado.
The general properties and availability
of the various candidate materials are
discussed. In addition, the effects of inert
content, molecular weight, and reactivity
on the ultimate cost of using each of the
materials are addressed. Finally, ad-
vanced products which are being devel-
oped are touched upon.
Session VII—Sorbent
Availability and Costs
Richard Hooper, EPRI, Session Chairman
38. "Sodium Bicarbonate for Sulfur
Dioxide Emission Control," Ray
Shaffery, Church & Dwight Co., Inc.
It is anticipated that more and more
stringent controls on SOz emissions from
public utility and industrial coal-fired
boilers will be imposed. It is further
recognized that wet scrubbers, spray
dryers, and variant systems require heavy
capital investment and are troublesome
to operate. The dry sodium-based sorbent
injection technique using a bag house for
collection of fly ash and reactants is
attractively simple in operation and effec-
tive. Important considerations in the
selection of this technique over alterna-
tive systems are the reliable availability of
sorbents and the impact of freight to
allow dry injection to be competitive with
alternative systems.
The focus of the paper will be on a
concept to economically provide sodium
bicarbonate as a sorbent to control SOz
emissions using the dry injection tech-
nique.
39. "Reduction ofSOz-Emission in Brown
Coal Combustion, Results from Re-
search and Large-Scale Demonstra-
tion," K. R. G. Hein and G. Kirchen,
Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizi-
tatswerk
For more than 10 years the Rheinisch-
Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk (RWE),
Germany's largest utility company, was
involved in the development of the Dry
Additive Process (DAP) for SOz removal
by utilizing dry calcium-based materials.
Based upon results from trials at a
combustion rig and a 60-MW utility boiler,
a full-scale demonstration plant was
installed at a 300-MWe brown coal boiler.
During this program that lasted over a
year at this installation, the reduction of
S02emissions and the maximum possible
amount of additives with regard to opera-
tional behavior of various power station
components and different injection modes
have been investigated. The large-scale
operation was accompanied by rig tests
concerned with the application of CaO-
rich ashes from different preparation
procedures.
The paper deals, apart from the major
results for SOz reduction of the three
different test scales, with various opera-
tional problems associated with the addi-
tive injection and discusses the experi-
ence with practical solutions.
40. "Reduction of SO2 Emissions from
a Coal-Fired Power Station by Direct
Inject/on of Calcium Sorbents in
fu/77ace,"G.FIamentandG.Chelu,
Charbonnages de France, CER-
CHAR, H. Brice, Charbonnages de
France, Houilleres de Lorraine, R.
Manhaval, Charbonnages de
France, Houilleres de Provence,
and M. Vandycke, Stein Industrie
Houilleres de Provence, a company of
the Nationalized Group "Charbonnages
de France," has conducted a trial series
in a 50-MWe power station in Gardanne
(south of France) in order to evaluate the
feasibility of applying direct SOz capture
in flames by dry calcium sorbents injec-
tion to a newly built 600-MWe unit.
This campaign of measurements on
the 50-MWe boiler followed a preliminary
study—subcontracted to the International
Flame Research Foundation (Ijmuiden) in
1982—where effects of sorbent quality,
sorbent injection location, flame temper-
ature, and flue gas recirculation upon
efficiency of SOz capture had been de-
termined.
The experiments have indicated similar
trends on the 50-MWe boiler as on pilot
scale except for flue gas recycling which
was effective in improving SOz capture in
the pilot-scale experiments but had no
effect on the boiler.
On the boiler, it was found that natural
retention of sulphur in the calcium-rich
ash followed similar trends as retention
by injected calcium carbonate; more than
50% SOz removal could be obtained with
Ca/S = 3. Ca(OH)z was a much more
efficient sorbent, and 60% SOz removal
could be obtained with some Ca(OH)2
injection and a high ash coal at a total
Ca/S = 3 (2.4 for the ash and 0.6 for
Ca(OH)z).
Injection of sorbents above the upper
burners elevation gave the best results.
The results of the 50-MWe tangentially
fired boiler have been used to design the
modifications required for applying the
technique to the 600-MWe boiler which
has just started operating.
Session VIII—Field Applications
and Full-Scale Testing
Richard Stern, EPA/AEERL, Session
Chairman
8
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41. "Direct Desulfurization at the 700-
MW Weiher III Unit," M. Yaqub
Chugtai, L&C Steinmuller GmbH
Abstract not available.
42. "Laboratory Tests, Field Trials, and
Application of Furnace Limestone
Injection in A ustria, "G.Staudinger,
Technical University Graz, H.
Schrofelbauer, Osterreichische
Draukraftwerke AG
In Austria six boilers ranging from 20 to
330 MWe, having tangential firing or
wall-firing, are equipped with furnace
injection. In all cases, the limestone
powder is introduced with the secondary
air. Addition of the additive through the
coal mills was less effective. Ca/S molar
ratios of 3 to 4 gave average sulfur
removal rates of 50-60%, depending on
the type and size of the furnace and on
fuel. Fouling is a serious problem with
hard coal at full load, not at all at reduced
load, and only under certain circum-
stances with lignite.
Furnace conditions were simulated in
laboratory experiments by putting single
limestone particles with diameters from 3
to 100 //m for 3 to 20 seconds into a hot
flue gas stream. The question on reaction
rates as a function of particle size, SO:
concentration, temperature (900-
1,150°C) and residence time could be
answered.
Experiments in a pilot bag filter with
1 m2 filter area and jet cleaning showed
that the poor utilization of dry limestone
in furnace injection of only 10% can be
improved to up to 26% if the ash is
separated from the flue gas. Sulfur re-
moval of up to 80% and SOz outlet
concentrations as low as 100 ppm were
achieved.
43. "Experience with Furnace Injection
of Pressure-Hydrated Lime at the
50-MW Hoot Lake Station," H. Ness
and T. P. Dorchak, USDOE, James
R. Reese, Energy and Environmen-
tal Research Corporation, and Verlin
Menz, Otter Tail Power Company
Tests were recently completed at a 50-
MW power plant to evaluate direct fur-
nace injection of pressure-hydrated lime
to reduce S02 emissions. Both high
calcium and dolomitic limes were evalu-
ated over a range of injection rates. The
sorbents were injected at selected points
above the burners in the radiant sections
of the boiler. Temperatures in these
sections ranged from about 1,090 to over
1,370°C. The low-sulfur lignite fired was
from the Beulah mine in North Dakota.
The boiler. Hoot Lake Station, Unit 2, was
a tangentially fired, balanced draft unit
equipped with an ESP for paniculate
emission control. The burners were oper-
ated within normal ranges except in one
test with a low-NO* configuration. Some
30 short-term tests were conducted,
typically 2 to 4 hours long. The tests also
included injecting hydrated lime for a
continuous 30-hour period to evaluate
longer-term effects on boiler perform-
ance.
This paper gives preliminary results of
sulfur reduction and calcium utilization.
Sulfur reduction values are based on SOz
measurements in the gas stream. The
simple pneumatic system, used to inject
the dry sorbents, is also described. The
results are compared to those from earlier
tests at the station evaluating limestone
as the sorbent. Impacts on the perform-
ance of the boiler and ESP are briefly
described.
44. "EPA Wall-Fired LIMB Demonstra-
tion," Robert V. Hendriks, EPA/
AEERL
The USEPA is engaged in a research
program to develop improved control
technologies for emissions of sulfur and
nitrogen oxides (SOX and NO*) from the
combustion of fossil fuels. Previously
developed Iow-N0x systems for coal
combustion are being demonstrated, and
methods for removal of SO, in the com-
bustion process in conjunction with these
systems are under development.
A low-cost method for SOX control is
the use of Limestone Injection with a
Multistage Burner (i.e., Iow-N0x burner).
This technology, abbreviated LIMB, prom-
ises to be retrofittable to large and small
coal-fired boilers at lower capital and
operating costs than currently available
pollution control alternatives such as flue
gas desulfurization.
EPA has recently awarded a contract to
Babcock & Wilcox for a full-scale utility
size demonstration of LIMB. This paper
describes the recently initiated EPA LIMB
Demonstration Project with emphasis on
outlining the project objectives and scope
and describing the demonstration host
site.
45. "The Homer City Experience in
Developing a LIMB Process for Use
with Coal Preparation," D.I. Cessna,
J. H. Tice, and D. W. Carey,
Pennsylvania Electric Company,
and the New York State Electric and
Gas Corporation
Pennsylvania Electric and the New York
State Electric and Gas Corporation have
been experimenting with and further
developing a system of Limestone Injec-
tion Multistage Burner (LIMB) that can
supplement an existing coal cleaning
application to bring their Homer City No. 3
unit into compliance with EPA's 1971
New Source Performance Standard. Two
series of limestone injection tests have
been carried out during short runs on the
full-scale unit with encouraging results.
Small-scale combustion tests are now
being performed by contractors to lead to
the design of a flexible boiler LIMB retrofit.
This flexible system will be operated while
varying the parameters of injection loca-
tion, furnace load, firing mode, and
limestone type during a 4-month test
series planned for late-1985. The objec-
tives for the Homer City retrofit are 25%
SOz removal from flue gas containing 1.6
Ib S02/106 Btu using a calcium/sulfur
ratio of 1.0 or less. This paper gives
results of the owner's tests to date and
their plans for further LIMB development
specific to Unit No. 3.
46. "/V0x/S0z Control Experience at
Saskatchewan Corporation's Bound-
ary Dam G.S.—Unit #6," R. D.
Winship, Combustion Engineering-
Superheater Ltd., and J. A. Haynes,
Saskatchewan Power Corporation
This paper describes the S02 emission
reductions achieved with Combustion
Engineering's Modified Combustion Tech-
niques, with and without limestone in-
jection on a lignite-fired utility boiler at
Saskatchewan Power. The paper dis-
cusses the operational considerations
and effects of the modified operation on
boiler fouling and efficiency.
An outline of the system design and the
modifications to the No. 6 unit are de-
scribed. The results of the SOz and NO*
testing under different operating condi-
tions are summarized. The paper provides
a preliminary indication of the economics
of the C-E Modified Combustion Tech-
nique and outlines future research and
development plans.
47. "Suction Pyrometry Tests and In-
novative Furnace," Samuel L.
Rakes, EPA/AEERL
Suction pyrometry tests were con-
ducted on the EPA's innovative furnace at
Research Triangle Park, NC, to establish
the actual gas temperatures at several
points in the furnace at specified opera-
ting conditions. Gas residence times were
calculated using the temperatures estab-
lished by the suction pyrometry tests and
-------
gas compositions measured by the moni-
tors. At the selected firing rate of 47,300
Btu/hr (14 kW) thermal input, gas resi-
dence times of about 1.5 sec between the
temperatures of 2,250 and 1,600°F
(1,232 and 871 °C) were calculated.
48. "Surface . Characterization and
Microanalysis of Sorbents and
Ash/Sorbent Mixtures," R. S.
Dahlin, Southern Research Insti-
tute, and David A. Kirchgessner,
EPA/AEERL
This paper presents a survey of tech-
niques for the surface characterization
and microanalysis of particulate samples
related to EPA's Limestone Injection
Multistage Burner (LIMB) program. The
following techniques are discussed:
scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
carbon replica transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), thin section TEM,
energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis,
electron microprobe analysis (EMS), elec-
tron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA), and Auger electron spectroscopy
(AES). Example applications of these
techniques to various LIMB samples are
presented, and the limitations of the
techniques are discussed.
The EPA compiler, P. J. Chappellfalso the EPA Project Officer, see below), is with
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711.
The complete report, entitled "Proceedings: First Joint Symposium on Dry SOz
and Simultaneous SOz/NO* Control Technologies," consists of two volumes:
"Volume I. Fundamental Research and Process Development/'fOrder No.
PB 85-232 353/AS; Cost: $32.50. subject to change).
"Volume II. Power Plant Integration, Economics, and Full-Scale Experience,"
(Order No. PB 85-232 361/AS; Cost: $29.50. subject to change).
The above reports will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC27711
10
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEt 1985/559-111/20672
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