United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-87/015 Sept. 1987
&EPA Project Summary
Land Disposal, Remedial
Action, Incineration and
Treatment of Hazardous Waste;
Proceedings of the Thirteenth
Annual Research Symposium
Naomi P. Barkley and John F. Martin
Proceedings are summarized for
Sessions A, B, and C of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Thirteenth Annual Research
Symposium on Land Disposal, Reme-
dial Action, Incineration and Treatment
of Hazardous Waste. The Symposium
was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 6
through 8,1987. Session A, Hazardous
Waste Land Disposal, included 26
papers; Session B, Hazardous Waste
Incineration and Treatment, included
26 papers; and Session C, HWERL
posters, included 32 poster presenta-
tions. Research, projects on which
these papers and posters are based are
sponsored fcy 1PA'*' Land Pollution
Control Division fLPCD), Cincinnati,
Ohio, and Edison, New Jersey, and
Alternative Technology Division (ATD),
Cincinnati, of the Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory
(HWERL). Land disposal subjects dis-
cussed include remedial action treat-
ment and control technologies for soil
and water, landfill liner and cover
systems, geotechnical aspects of earth-
en barriers, leachate composition and
migration, underground storage tanks
and emergency response. Incineration
and treatment subjects include thermal
destruction of hazardous wastes, field
evaluations of treatment methods,
control of volatile emissions, waste
minimization and emerging physical,
chemical, and biological processes for
hazardous waste destruction.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Hazardous Waste Engi-
neering Research Laboratory, Cincin-
nati. OH. to announce key findings of
the research projects that are fully
documented in a separate report of the
same title (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
Introduction
Fifty-two papers and 32 posters out-
lining state-of-the-art findings from
research funded by HWERL were pre-
sented at EPA's Thirteenth Annual
Research Symposium on Land Disposal,
Remedial Action, Incineration and Treat-
ment of Hazardous Waste. Papers are
abstracted and posters are listed in this
Project Summary. The Symposium was
conducted in three concurrent ses-
sions—one for Hazardous Waste Land
Disposal (Session A), one for Hazardous
Waste Incineration and Treatment (Ses-
sion B), and one for HWERL poster
presentations (Session C). The Sympo-
sium provided an effective means for
presenting the latest significant research
results of the LPCD's and ATD's research
program to industry, State and Federal
agencies, universities, environmental
groups, and consultants.
Session A papers were grouped into
eight sessions by these topics hazardous
waste landfills, synthetic membranes
and landfill liners; evaluations, hazard-
ous waste management; data collection
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techniques; underground storage tanks;
control technology for Superfund sites;
and releases control.
Session B papers were grouped into
eight sessions by these topics' thermal
destruction; innovative physical/chemi-
cal treatment; biotechnology; biosys-
tems; alternative treatment technology;
and characterization and control of
volatile organic emissions.
Session C posters were presented on
selected ongoing research topics.
Papers are abstracted here. The
authors listed were the speakers and/
or principal investigator for the project.
Session A
Land Disposal Research Papers
Technical Resource
Documents and Technical
Handbooks for Hazardous
Wastes Management
Norbert B. Schomaker
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency
is preparing a series of Technical
Resource Documents (TRD's) and Tech-
nical Handbooks to provide best engi-
neering control technology to meet the
needs of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Compre-
hensive Environmental Response Com-
pensation and Liability Act (CERCLA),
respectively. These documents and
handbooks are basically compilations of
research efforts of the Land Pollution
Control Division (LPCD) to date. The
specific areas of research being con-
ducted under the RCRA land disposal
program relate to laboratory, pilot and
field validation studies m cover systems,
waste leaching and solidification, liner
systems and disposal facility evaluation.
The specific areas of research being
conducted under the CERCLA uncon-
trolled waste sites (Superfund) program
relate to pilot and field validation studies
in barriers, waste storage, waste treat-
ment, modeling and postclosure evalua-
tion. The technical resource documents
are intended to assist both the regulated
community and the permitting author-
ities, as well as support the RCRA
Technical Guidance Documents pre-
pared by EPA's Office of Solid Waste
(OSW) The technical handbooks provide
the EPA Program Offices and Regions,
as well as the states and other interested
parties, with the latest information
relevant to remedial actions
Session A-1
Hazardous Waste Landfill
Implications of Current Soil
Liner Permeability Research
Results
Walter E. Grube, Jr.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Since the 1970's hazardous waste
legislation has specified soil liner per-
meability (hydraulic conductivity) as a
major criterion for design of soil liners
to contain hazardous wastes disposed on
land. HWERL studies since 1972 have
included over 30 individual projects
investigating hydraulic features of com-
pacted soils. Soil/permeant liquid com-
patibility, applicability of laboratory
permeability tests; field permeability
testing, effective porosity, and solute
transit time have been investigated.
The type of test cell does not appre-
ciably 'affect the value for permeability
measured in the laboratory for water
alone. When the permeant liquid con-
tains high concentrations of solutes, rigid
wall permeameters show greater
increases in permeability (relative to
water alone) than triaxial cells. Increas-
ing the hydraulic gradient when using
a triaxial cell results in lower permea-
bility values. Triaxial cells and consoli-
dation cells can simulate overburden
loading stresses on a soil liner but no
data are available to determine how well
these laboratory values predict permea-
bility of the soil liner after a landfill cell
is completely filled. The compaction mold
modified for permeability measurement
is the most sensitive geotechnical labo-
ratory method to measure liner/leachate
compatibility.
Construction acceptance is being
tested with infiltration test devices.
Optimum size of infiltration test area
versus the number of test sites is being
studied. Collection lysimeters installed
beneath soil liners offer the most prac-
tical means to reliably quantify seepage
through the liner system. They also
provide an opportunity to collect tracer
compounds or leachates solutes for
calculation of transit times through the
liner.
Examination of soil liners in the field
consistently shows heterogeneity in
materials, fabric, moisture content,
density, and texture Macrostructural
units that provide preferential pathways
for rapid flow of liquids are common, but
the amount of liquids moving in these
pathways is unknown.
Laboratory-measured values demo
strate the lowest permeability that a s<
liner material can provide; these valu
should be regarded as a goal that m
be achieved in the field by skill'
personnel only under optimum com
tions. The uncertainties about perme
bility/compatibility testing and the effc
of construction practice on permeabil
of the completed liner dictate that s
liners for hazardous waste facilities mi
be designed, tested, and built with
much higher degree of care than h
been considered routine for civil work:
The Behavior and Assimilatioi
of Organic and Inorganic
Priority Pollutants Codisposei
with Municipal Refuse—A
Progress Report
Frederick G. Pohland
Georgia Institute of Technology
The behavior and possible assimilat
of organic and inorganic priority pol
tants codisposed with refuse are be
investigated in 10 simulated lane
columns operated under single p;
leaching or leachate recyle. The pnoi
pollutants include selected orga
compounds and three different load
levels of heavy metals mixed w
municipal refuse. After being broughr
indicated field capacity with wa
additions, leachate and gas from the
columns were analyzed for rout
indicator parameters as well as
selected priority pollutants.
Preliminary results indicate that
presence of priority pollutants exhibi
little apparent influence on the progr
of refuse conversion into the acid 1
mentation phase of stabilization. Tre
indicative of assimilative capacity, p
ticularly with respect to the morga
priority pollutants, are beginning to
established as the various biological i
physical-chemical mechanisms of
tenuation take effect. Microbial me<
tion of the chemical environment
encouraged precipitation and comple
tion or sorption of admixed species
gas and leachate constituents are f
titioned and released from the we
mass Moreover, leachate recycle te
to regulate this process, contain
various leached ingredients mam
homogeneous medium, provide grei
saturation and contact opportunity,
permit better inspection and operatic
control of the overall mechanisms o
situ assimilation.
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Session A-2
Membranes as Landfill Liners
Field Verification of FMLS—
Assessment of an Uncovered
Unreinforced 60-Mif EPDM
Liner after 18 Years of
Exposure
Henry E. Haxo, Jr.
Matrecon, Inc.
Samples of a 60-mil vulcanized eth-
ylene propylene rubber (EPDM) flexible
membrane liner (FML) were recovered
for analysis and physical testing from
different locations within a basin that
was being decommissioned after 18
years of service as an emergency pond
for "red-water " Observations on the m-
place uncovered liner, description of the
sampling procedure and collection of the
samples, and results of the laboratory
testing of the samples are presented.
The properties of the liner samples
varied significantly depending on the
location in the basin from which they
were taken. Samples taken from the liner
on the dike slope facing south had less
extractables (i.e , oily plasticizers) and
generally had highertensile strength and
modulus than the reference FML The
samples taken from the liner on the
bottom of the basin had high extractables
and properties comparable to those of the
reference As no retained sample or
analytical and physical test data on the
original unexposed sheeting were avail-
able for comparison, data on a 1972
EPDM liner were used for reference
No failures were observed in the
factory seams of the m-place liner. Most
of the field seams on the slopes opened,
resulting in sloughing of the liner Those
field seams that were high on the slope
showed an apparent increase in cross-
links of the adhesive, however, the
adhesive retained tack in most of the
tested field seams, indicating low cure
Rodents had gnawed holes in the liner
from the top surface in the upper slope
areas There was no indication that the
rodents had burrowed below the liner
and gnawed from beneath the liner The
design of the anchor trench using
wooden planks was unsatisfactory, as
many of the panels of sheeting pulled
out
Geosynthetic Design
Considerations for Double
Liner Systems
Gregory N. Richardson
Soil & Material Engineers, Inc.
The "minimum technological require-
ments" of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 require a double
liner system in most hazardous waste
land disposal cells and surface impound-
ments. Ensuing guidance recommended
the use of two flexible membrane liners
(FML) Each FML in a landfill and the
bottom FML in a surface impoundment
is covered by a leachate collection/
removal (LCR) system to aid in preventing
leachatefrom standing on the FMLs. This
paper reviews design considerations for
the FML and LCR systems within the
double liner system
Potential failure modes for geosyn-
thetic FMLs and LCRs are described in
this paper and design procedures are
reviewed for each of the failure modes.
Each design procedure calculates the
actual service stress or flow conditions
and compares this required performance
to the limiting performance of the
component itself. The limiting perform-
ance is typically obtained from laboratory
testing. A Design Ratio (DR) is defined
as the ratio of the laboratory limiting
performance divided by the calculated
service performance.
Inspection Procedures/Criteria
for Installation of Flexible
Membrane Liners
William M. Held
SCS Engineers
Inspection of flexible membrane liner
(FML) installation is important in assur-
ing required hazardous waste contain-
ment This paper outlines the procedures
and criteria for inspecting the installation
of the four most commonly used FMLs
for land containment of hazardous
wastes
• Polyvmyl chloride (PVC).
• Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
(CSPE).
• High-density polyethylene (HOPE).
• Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE).
The FML installation steps for which
inspection procedures are provided
include
• Unloading and storage of FML.
• Preparation amd maintenance of the
FML supporting surface (earth and
other supporting surfaces are
discussed).
• Placement of FML on supporting
surface.
• FML seaming operations.
• FML anchoring and sealing including
anchoring in earth and anchoring to
concrete and other materials.
• FML testing including seam testing
and testing of the integrity of the
entire FML installation.
• FML cover operations.
The FML installer and inspector should
be able to follow the guidelines devel-
oped by this study in preparing construc-
tion quality assurance plans, and in
assuring that design plans and specifi-
cations are met.
Session A-3
Evaluations
An Assessment of Materials
That interfere with
Stabilization/Solidification
Processes
R. Mark Bricka
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station
Stabilization/solidification of hazard-
ous waste involves mixing the waste with
a binder material to enhancethe physical
properties of the waste and to immobilize
contaminants that maybe detrimental to
the environment. Many hazardous
wastes contain materials that are known
to inhibit the setting and strength
development properties of commonly
used stabilization/solidification binder
materials. This paper describes the initial
results of an evaluation into the effect
of 10 interfering agents oil, grease, lead
nitrate, copper nitrate, zinc nitrate,
sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite,
phenol, trichloroethylene, and hexachlo-
robenzene on the setting and strength
development properties of a metal
hydroxide sludge stabilized/solidified
with three binder materials (Portland
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cement, lime/flyash, and cement/
flyash).
The setting and strength development
properties of the wastebinder-interfering
agent mixture were evaluated using the
unconfined compressive strength (DCS)
test. UCS data indicated that relatively
low levels (less than 8 percent) of
phenols, lead nitrate, oil, and grease can
result in an 80 percent reduction in the
28-day UCS developed by the
wastebinder-interfering agent mixture
as compared to control specimens.
Trichloroethylene and hexachloroben-
zene were shown to have little effect on
strength development.
The results of this research confirm the
need for waste-binder specific studies
prior to the selection of a chemical
stabilization/solidification process for
the treatment of hazardous wastes.
Mine Waste/Overburden
Analytical Techniques-
Characterization and
Simulation of Mine Tailings
Weathering Environments
Frank T. Caruccio
University of South Carolina
The prediction of mine drainage quality
is based on the chemical weathering
attributes of the mine waste/overburden
that is produced by the mining operation.
These are generally assessed through
overburden analyses, which fall into two
broad categories, static or dynamic
techniques. In the static tests, drainage
quality projections are based on whole
rock analyses. Alternatively, dynamic
tests subject the samples to simulated
weathering tests and monitor the quality
of the effluent produced. Within these
two categories several mine waste/
overburden analytical techniques are
available, each having advantages and
disadvantages relative to the other. An
extensive computer literature search
identified the most popular analytical
techniques and included column leach-
ing tests, humidified cells, Soxhlet
reactors, BCR initial and confirmed
(bacteria) tests, and acid/base account-
ing. These analytical procedures were'
further structured to evaluate the effect
of alkaline pore water, air lock, and
interstitial sulfide reactivity.
In a preliminary study, several mine
waste/overburden analytical techniques
were evaluated to determine which one
most closely approximates observed field
conditions. Fractions of an acid produc-
ing pyrite rich ore found at a gold mine
in South Carolina were contained in
plastic tubs and exposed to the atmos-
phere. The volume and quality of the
leachate produced after each rain event
were related to the weight of the sample
These field derived data provide the
background against which the laboratory
analyses of splits of the samples were
compared and evaluated.
In the preliminary test, we found the
finer the particle size, as prescribed by
the particular test, the greater the
amount of acidity produced. In essence,
the acid production potential is an artifact
of the particular test used and, to a lesser
degree, the chemistry of the sample.
The Effects of Overburden
Pressure and Hydraulic
Gradient on the Performance
of Model Soil-Bentonite Slurry
Cutoff Walls
Richard M. McCandless
University of Cincinnati
Model soil-bentonite cutoff walls
roughly 508 mm (20 inches) in diameter,
559 mm (22 inches) in height and 102
mm (4 inches) thick were constructed
and tested in an instrumented tank. The
effects of overburden pressure (vertical
consolidation) and hydraulic gradient
(horizontal consolidation) were investi-
gated followed by tests to evaluate the
potential for closure of artificial windows
representing small pockets of entrapped
bentonite slurry in the backfill
The average hydraulic conductivity of
one model was measured for three
hydraulic gradients under each of three
applied overburden pressures.
Decreases in conductivity were observed
for incremental increases in both over-
burden pressure and hydraulic gradient
as well as for their combined effect. The
tests were interrupted on two occasions
by hydrofracture near the base of the
model. A reduction in effective stress
with increased depth in the model wall
was evidenced by unit weight, water
content and vane shear strength data.
By incrementally increasing overburden
pressure it was possible to "heal" two
slot-like windows in a subsequent wall
suggesting that in situ consolidation of
the backfill may serve to eliminate minor
as-built or chemically-induced hydraulic
defects m real slurry walls.
Session A-4
Hazardous Waste Managemer
Expert Systems to Assist in
Decisions Concerning Land
Disposal of Hazardous Wastei
Daniel G. Greathouse
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
In FY'84 the Hazardous Waste Eni
neering Research Laboratory succes
fully developed a small proof-of-conce
expert system to assist in interpretatii
of chemical immersion test (EPA Methi
9090) data for PVC liner materials. Tr
was the beginning of an orderly progre
sion of efforts to assess the feasibili
of using expert systems to assist
permit reviews for hazardous waste lai
disposal sites. Permit review decisu
areas amenable to expert system app
cations have been identified and sevei
systems are m various stages of dev<
opment and testing. The rationale for th
approach to provide decision support ai>
for permit review include the complexi
of the required engineering evaluation
availability of extensive releva
research results and known subjec
specific specialists (experts); concei
that permit reviewers do not have all
the required expertise and that they ha'
little, if any, access to subject specif
specialists, concern that the reviewe
do not have sufficient time to assimila
all regulatory policy and research info
mation; and concern that decisions mi
not be consistent among reviewers
with EPA regulations and policies. Tf
decision areas selected for expert syste
development and the progress on th
ongoing development efforts will t
presented.
Modeling Soil Water
Movement in Minimum
Technology Waste
Management Facilities
David H. Gancarz
Radian Corporation
The hydrology of landfills, surfai
impoundments, and waste piles is dor
inated by unsaturated flow of soil wate
Unsaturated conditions normally persi
m the cover, solid waste, liner syster
leachate collection and removal syster
and in the soil below these systems.
finite element model, UNSAT2D, deve
oped as a generalized computer progra
based on the two-dimensional equatic
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of saturated/unsaturated flow, is des-
cribed. This model can be used to
simulate moisture movement through a
two-dimensional vertical section of a
facility.
Results from a series of simulations
of alternative "minimum technology"
designs are discussed, with emphasis on
bottom liner design and leak detection.
These data show that leak rates into
leachate collection and removal (LCR)
systems in excess of 100 gallons/acre-
day are necessary for LCR system drams
to flow when constructed over three-foot
thick compacted soil bottom liners with
a hydraulic conductivity of 10~7 cm/s.
LCR systems built in conjunction with
composite (flexible membrane over low-
permeability soil) bottom liners are
significantly more effective. Time to drain
flow is reduced, minimum leak rate
resulting in LCR system drain flow is
reduced, and leachate collection effi-
ciency increases.
Remediation of an Industrial
Dump Site—A Case History,
Part I I
David S. Kosson
Rutgers University
The case history of the design and
implementation of a remediation strategy
for a hazardous waste disposal site is
described. Sludges resulting from treat-
ment of diverse chemical manufacturing
effluents had been deposited in an
unlmed surface impoundment over
several decades. "Remediation of an
Industrial Dump Site—A Case History,"
presented at the 12th Annual Research
Symposium, described laboratory and
pilot-scale investigations of a proposed
remedial strategy. The proposed process
consists of in-situ alkaline sludge extrac-
tion coupled with on-site, sequential
aerobic-anaerobic, soil-based microbial
destruction of recovered organic contam-
inants. First year pilot plant results,
presented previously, indicated rapid
organic species extraction from sludges
and greater than 95% destruction of
recovered extract TOC. This paper will
focus on results from second year pilot
plant operation and analyses, which have
been carried out on residuals present
after extraction and treatment processes.
Capillarity and Anisotropy
Effects on Ground-Water Flow
to Excavation
Forest 0. Mixon
Research Triangle Institute
In a hazardous waste disposal facility
located in a saturated soil, the local water
table and the capillary fringe zone are
modified by the presence of the facility.
In this paper, a conformal mapping
solution to the accompanying ground-
water flow is discussed. The flow net
around an excavation is calculated and
displayed in terms of the capillarity, local
geometry and flow properties.
Capillarity can significantly influence
net flow into an excavation, typical values
can cause net flow to be 10 to 20 percent
higher than predicted without capillarity.
Anisotropic behavior can also be impor-
tant. It is shown that anisotropy favoring
horizontal flow can greatly alter the flow
net and the total flow.
Session A-5
Data Collection Techniques
Pathways for the Removal of
Volatile Organics from Surface
Impoundments
Crowley Clark Allen
Research Triangle Institute
A series of surface impoundments
have been investigated to determine the
significance of biological oxidation as a
major pathway for volatile organic
removal. Measurements of the volatile
organic concentrations, pH, and dis-
solved oxygen have been taken from
active surface impoundments. Waste-
water was removed from selected
impoundments, and the rate of oxygen
uptake and the compound specific fate
of the volatiles was evaluated in the
laboratory under both anaerobic and
aerobic conditions. A biocide was used
to evaluate the significance of biological
activity relative to chemical reactions.
The results indicated that biological
activity is common in surface impound-
ments. The biological removal of specific
components at one impoundment was
low relative to the anticipated volatiliza-
tion rates.
Composition of Leachates from
Actual Hazardous Waste Sites
Glenn D. McNabb
Science Applications
International Corporation
This presentation addresses the ana-
lytical methodology used in a follow-on
effort of a U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency sponsored project. The project
was initially undertaken to gather data
on the composition of hazardous waste
leachates and to support the develop-
ment of multi-component synthetic
leachate. These synthetic leachates will
be used to evaluate the effectiveness of
various liner materials used in landfills
and other hazardous waste storage,
treatment, and disposal facilities. As
such, the formulated leachates should be
representative of typical compositions of
actual hazardous waste site leachates.
During the initial study, the routine
organic analyses of 13 leachates
accounted for only approximately four
percent of the overall Total Organic
Carbon (TOC). As a result, a more
rigorous and complex analytical method
was developed and is presently being
employed in the follow-on study to obtain
a more comprehensive characterization.
During the first phase of this study, a
hazardous waste leachate sample was
characterized by the new analytical
procedure with the intent of maximizing
the percent of TOC accountable by
specific compounds or by functional
groups. Overall, approximately 48% of
the TOC was accounted for by the new
method. This included approximately
20% attributed to individual components
and 28% accounted for by functional
groups. In order to obtain more informa-
tion on the actual composition of hazard-
ous waste leachate, a second phase of
this study is employing the same new
analytical method to characterize two
additional leachate samples. Based on
the results of these more thorough
characterizations, recommendations will
be made regarding the composition of
representative synthetic leachates for
linear compatibility testing.
Decontamination Techniques
for Mobile Response
Equipment Used at Waste Sites
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Any cleanup equipment used at waste
sites must be decontaminated after use.
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This paper highlights a published EPA
report on the state-of-the-art review of
decontamination techniques for cleanup
equipment and discusses field expe-
rience with decontaminating equipment
presently in use.
For those who prepare decontami-
nation plans for cleanup equipment at
hazardous sites, the EPA report provides
background material on decontamination
methods, contamination assessment,
and contamination avoidance. The EPA
report particularly stresses the impor-
tance of contamination avoidance. Such
measures as use of enclosures for
equipment, safety features on equipment
to prevent spills and leaks, and protective
coatings on equipment surfaces reduce
hazard, time, and cost of the final
decontamination task.
Though chemical methods are being
developed to degrade contaminants on
equipment surfaces, use of physical
removal methods prevails in the field.
This will be shown in discussing decon-
tamination procedures of equipment
presently in use, such as the EPA Mobile
Incineration System operating at the
Denney Farm Site, Missouri, on dioxin-
contaminated oils, sludges, and soils.
Session A-6
Underground Storage Tanks
Leak Prevention in
Underground Storage Tanks: A
State-of-the-Art Survey
A.C. Gangadharan
Enviresponse, Inc.
The objectives of this state-of-the-art
survey were to examine the design and
operational practices associated with
underground storage tank (LIST) systems
and to identify areas for further research
and development that would advance
leak prevention technology.
Many standards, guidelines, and
recommended practices for the design
and operation of UST systems are
currently promulgated by several profes-
sional and industrial organizations.
However, many of these procedures have
overlapping requirements and there is no
way of confirming how widely they are
understood or followed in the field.
Consequently, there is a need for a
cohesive and coordinated set of rules and
standards that apply to various types of
UST systems, including those that store
chemicals, and for further work to assess
and improve operating practices, includ-
ing spill prevention and leak detection
methods and devices.
A Preliminary Analysis of
Underground Tanks Used for
CERCLA Chemical Storage
Ihor Lysyj
Environmental Monitoring and
Services, Inc.
The scope and severity of leaking
underground storage tanks (USTs) con-
taining chemicals have not been well
defined. A study was undertaken for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to collect and analyze data on USTs
with the goals of (1) obtaining better
information on the chemical UST pop-
ulation and (2) developing a strategy to
rank underground tanks according to the
hazard potential of their stored chemi-
cals. The study addressed only Compre-
hensive Environmental Response, Com-
pensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
chemicals. Information sources included
State surveys in California and New York
and data from the Chemical Manufac-
turers Association (CMA). The analysis
considered the nature (physical-
chemical and toxicological properties) of
the stored chemicals, tank population,
size and age of tanks, materials of tank
construction, and means of tank corro-
sion protection.
Solvents constitute the bulk (70-90%)
of the organic CERCLA substances stored
in USTs. As reported by CMA, the most
prevalent organic solvents (acetone,
methanol, toluene, methylene chloride,
and xylene) constituted over 50% (both
by number of tanks and volume stored)
of all CERCLA substances in USTs. The
average tank size reported by California
and New York was 6,000 gallons, while
that reported by the CMA was 15,000
gallons. The average tank age reported
by CMA was 18 years. The majority are
single walled, steel tanks that are
protected against corrosion only by paint.
U.S. EPA Evaluation of
Volumetric UST Leak
Detection Methods
James W. Starr
Enviresponse, Inc.
This report summarizes the quantita-
tive results through January 12, 1987
of the ongoing U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Hazardoi
Waste Engineering Research Laborato
program to evaluate the performance
commercially available, volumetric te
methods for detecting leaks in unde
ground petroleum storage tank system
Volumetric methods (i.e., those operatir
in or on the tank that yield a quantitath
estimate of the leak rate) can be mfl
enced by a wide variety of environment
factors, all of which can significant
reduce the accuracy of the measur
ment.
The first set of full-scale produ
temperature experiments on a 30,285
(8,000 gal) tank were conducted
assess the impact of thermally induci
volume fluctuations on the testing
overfilled tanks, the most common te
condition. The initial data indicate fir
that thermal effects are large when tl
temperature of the added product
different from that of the in situ groui
and stored product temperature, ev<
24 h after product delivery, and secoi
that these effects can significantly impz
a method's ability to detect small lea
unless the thermally induced volun
changes are compensated. When tl
vertical and horizontal distribution
temperature was investigated, tl
results indicated that volume-weight
temperature changes measured by
single vertical thermistor array locat
at the fillhole of the tank would
adequate for compensation of thermal!
induced volume changes of the produ
throughout the tank. The results al
indicated that a 20 cm (8 in.) vertic
separation of thermistors on the arr
was adequate to characterize tl
temperature fluctuations that caus*
these volume changes.
An estimate of the technological lim
of detecting leaks with volumetric te
methods is also being made. The
results can be used to assess tl
performance of existing test methods,
well as new ones that might be develop*
in the future. The analysis suggests thi
with proper instrumentation and proc
dures, a leak rate of 0.19 L/h (0.05 gal/
can be detected with a probability
detection (PD) of 0.95 and a probabil
of false alarm (PFA) of 0.001, providii
no other sources of ambient noise a
present (e.g., tank deformation, vap
pocket).
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Session A-7
Control Technology for
Superfund Sites
NA TO/CCMS Pilot Study on
Demonstration of Remedial
Act/on Technologies for
Contaminated Land and
Groundwater
Donald E. Sanning
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Groundwater and soil contamination
by hazardous waste is a pervasive
problem in industrialized countries. As
scarce resources, water and land must
be returned to productive use. Current
cleanup efforts are hampered by limited
technology options and high costs. It is
desirable to build up the knowledge base
so that more efficient, cost-effective
remedial technologies can be developed.
However, the urgent needs of society
require that near-term solutions be found
and applied to the most significant
pollution problems. Consequently, prom-
ising new technology must be tested and
demonstrated to determine its appli-
cability and effectiveness for today's
problems.
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency has established a formal program
to enhance the development and use of
new or innovative technologies for
mitigating the problems caused by
releases of hazardous substances at
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. In
the United States the program is called
the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation or SITE Program.
In November 1986 the NATO-CCMS
formally adopted a U.S. proposal for a
new pilot study entitled "Demonstration
of Remedial Action Technologies for
Contaminated Land and Groundwater."
The following NATO countries opted to
participate:
• Canada
• Denmark
• Federal Republic of Germany
• Greece
• Italy
• The Netherlands
• Norway
• Spain
• United States
Two non-NATO countries, Australia
and Japan, have also expressed an
interest in participating.
The purpose of this new study will be
to field demonstrate and evaluate new
technology and/or existing systems for
remedial action at uncontrolled hazard-
ous waste sites and is a logical inter-
national extension of the U.S. EPA, SITE
program. This study will offer the poten-
tial to obtain a multiple data base on
various remedial action unit processes,
that is, microbial degradation, on site
treatment/destruction, fixation, without
any single country having to commit a
disproportional amount of its internal
resources to a specific research activity.
Simultaneously, along with the prim-
ary demonstration portion of the study,
the opportunity for long-term technology
transfer of environmental restoration
technology development will be provided
to participating countries.
Reactivity of Various Grouts to
Hazardous Wastes and
Leach at es
Andrew Bodocsi
University of Cincinnati
A laboratory study was conducted to
evaluate the potential of selected grouts
for controlling the percolation of leach-
ates from hazardous solid waste landfills
or hazardous waste ponds. In the course
of the study, seven different grouts were
subjected to permeability tests and three
of the grouts were tested for their
reactivity by an immersion type test.
Eight different chemicals, some with two
concentrations, and two real-site wastes
were used as permeants in the permea-
bility tests, and as liquids for the immer-
sion baths.
Of the seven grouts, the acrylate,
cement-bentonite (mix 2), and urethane
grouts had the lowest baseline permea-
bilities with water, ranging from 2.3 x
10"10to3.6x 1CT9 cm/sec.
During permeability testing with
chemicals, the acrylate grout exhibited
excellent resistance to the paint and
refinery wastes, 25% acetone, 25%
methanol, and sodium hydroxide, per-
formed satisfactorily with cupric sulfate,
ethylene glycol, and xylene, and was
seriously damaged by aniline, 100%
acetone, hydrochloric acid, and 100%
methanol.
The permeability of the cement-
bentonite (mix 2) grout was tested with
acetone, aniline, cupric sulfate, hydro-
chloric acid, methanol, and sodium
hydroxide. With every one of these
chemicals the permeability of the grout
improved, ultimately reaching a practi-
cally impervious state.
The urethane grout maintained its low
permeability with acetone, aniline,
ethylene glycol, methanol, paint waste,
refinery waste, and hydrochloric acid and
it performed marginally well with cupric
sulfate. However, the urethane lost its
low permeability with sodium hydroxide
and xylene.
Based on the comparison of permea-
bility and reactivity test results, a scheme
was proposed to correlate the permea-
bility changes of grouts to the weight and
consistency changes that may occur
during their reactivity testing.
Electro-Decontamination of
Chrome-Contaminated Soils
Sunirmal Banerjee
University of Washington
A technique of in-situ treatment of
inorganic waste-contaminated soils is
being explored at a Superfund site in a
current study. Transport of inorganic ions
under an imposed electric field is essen-
tially the basis of this technique. In this
paper, the results of the laboratory
experiments conducted on undisturbed
soil samples obtained from the site and
the initial results of preliminary field
experiments are reported.
Generally, the laboratory results have
shown that with appropriate combination
of applied hydraulic and electric fields,
it is possible to remove chromium at a
faster rate by this approach than by
hydraulic leaching alone. The prelimi-
nary field experiments also show that
chromium concentrations can be altered
by electro-kinetic treatment alone.
Current Status of the
Designation and Adjustment of
CERCLA Hazardous
Substances and Their
Associated Report able
Quantities
K. Jack Kooyoomjian
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
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In this paper the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) describes the
technical methodology it has used to
adjust reportable quantities (RQs) of
CERCLA hazardous substances, which
when released into the environment
must be reported to the National
Response Center (NRC), and the meth-
odologies the Agency is considering for
designation of additional CERCLA
hazardous substances. In accordance
with CERCLA Section 102, the EPA
Administrator may promulgate regula-
tions to establish the level of release of
a hazardous substance which must be
reported to the NRC. The methodology
considers the intrinsic physical/chemi-
cal, toxicologic, and degradative proper-
ties of the hazardous substance. The
Administrator issued Final Rules on April
4, 1985 and on September 29, 1986
which adjusted the statutory RQs of 442
of the 717 CERCLA hazardous sub-
stances Section 102(a) of CERCLA
provides the Administrator with the
authority to designate additional hazard-
ous substances and adjust their RQs The
options available to the Administrator for
choosing those substances most approp-
riate for designation are also described
Session A-8
Releases Control
The EPA Personnel Protection
Technology Research Program
Michael D. Royer
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Personnel Protection Technology
Research Program provides data, infor-
mation and technology to enhance the
Agency's capability to perform its man-
dated roles that require. (1) regulation of
pesticides and toxic substance handling
and use, and (2) operation of EPA and
contractor personnel at chemical spills
and uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
To meet this objective, the Program is
developing, evaluating and improving
chemical protection clothing and equip-
ment, procedures to enhance the safety
and cost-efficiency of working condi-
tions, methods to predict the effective-
ness of chemical protection clothing, and
detection methods and devices that warn
of imminent hazards to life and health.
Application Opportunities for
Canine Oil'action: Equipment
Decontamination and Leaking
Tanks
Herbert S. Skovronek
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Rapid screening of heavy equipment
used in site cleanup for residual contam-
ination and scanning of underground
storage tanks for leaks were identified
as two promising environmental appli-
cations for canine olfaction.
In equipment decontamination, the
objective was to demonstrate that a
trained dog could detect and indicate
extremely small residues of hazardous
chemicals remaining on heavy equip-
ment such as bulldozers, backhoes and
front end loaders after washup. Using
xylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane as
models of common hazardous chemicals,
a trained dog reliably indicated hidden
samples emitting as little as 0 5 /jg/min.
Gaussian dispersion models indicated
that the dog is detecting 5-10 ppt or less
at these emission rates Field tests on
equipment indicated detection at emis-
sion rates as low as 1 ng/mm,
From tests to evaluate the dog's ability
to differentiate similar compounds, it was
concluded that, at least in some com-
pound families, the dog does respond to
both the compound uses for training and
its congeners. This capability may be
useful in finding any members of such
families at a site.
Gasoline was selected as the material
of greatest importance when searching
for underground leaks Water-washed
gasoline, used to simulate underground
leaks, did exhibit minor changes m
composition However, possibly due to
the training approach used, the dog was
unable to differentiate the washed gas
from unwashed gasoline Alternate
approaches are delineated for future
study
Nondestructive Testing (NOT)
for Location of Containers
Buried in Soil
Robert M. Koerner
Drexel University
At the 12th Annual Hazardous Waste
Research Symposium held at Cincinnati
in 1986, the authors reported on their
work concerning the nondestructive
testing (NOT) for location of containers
buried in the soil. An overall view was
presented at that time. In this paper mor
detail is given about certain aspects c
the testing, which could not be include
previously due to space limitations.
Experimental work is described wher
seven techniques were reduced to fot
for the majority of the testing. (Ongmall
17 techniques were considered—1
were eliminated during the literatur
search.) The four techniques' met;
detector (MD), electromagnetic inductio
(EMI), magnetometer (MAG), and groun
probing radar (GPR) were looked at i
considerable detail In particular, resuh
concerning the ability of each method 1
detect the contamer(s) when not trave
ling directly over the container(s) (tl"
lateral scan sensitivity) are given. Als
detailed results, in the form of respons
contour diagrams, are given in the cas
of a "metal trash dump."
The effect of steel container buri
orientation on the GPR is presente
Water table depth determination (to 1
feet) with GPFi is also demonstrate
Under near perfect conditions of ve
little interference (i.e., low electric
conductivity, highly homogeneous, d
soil and absence of power lines, mel
objects, etc.), it is possible to detect emp
plastic drums to a depth of 3 feet wi
EMI
Session B
Incineration and Treatment
Research Papers
Session B-1
Hazardous Waste Thermal
Destruction I
Thermodynamic Analysis of
Post-Flame Reactions Appliet
to Waste Combustion
Daniel P. Y. Chang
University of California, Davis
The equilibrium compositions of pr(
uct gases resulting from the combusti
of a few model waste/fuel mixtures he
been calculated. These include soi
chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) a
some high nitrogen-containing speci
The calculations were carried out w
the aid of an interactive, PC-compati
version of a powerful equilibrium solv
STANJAN. Examples are drawn from
more interesting results in order
demonstrate how the theoretical cal
lations can be interpreted and used
8
-------
provide insight into the occurrence of
products of incomplete combustion (PICs)
in incinerator effluents. Practical appli-
cations and extensions of the method are
also discussed.
Influence of Atomization
Parameters on Droplet Stream
Trajectory and Incineration
James A. Mulholland
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
In the incineration of liquid hazardous
wastes, atomization quality may limit
destruction efficiency. Large non-mean
droplets in a fuel spray can pass through
the flame zone prior to complete evap-
oration, and may subsequently fail to
burn completely due to insufficient
temperature and/or flame radicals. A
study is ongoing to develop a predictive
understanding of individual droplet
trajectories in turbulent diffusion flames.
Experiments in a cold quiescient flow
environment, a laminar flow flat-flame
burner, and a 100 kW swirling, turbulent
combustor have been conducted to
calibrate a model to predict three-
dimensional trajectories of single mono-
disper^a droplet streams.
Escape from the flame zone of large
(> 200 //m diameter) fuel oil/xylene
droplets has been observed as a function
of initial droplet size, velocity, spacing,
and injection angle. Incomplete inciner-
ation of these droplets was found to be
related strongly to droplet penetration of
the flame zone. Minimum model require-
ments to successfully predict droplet
trajectories in turbulent diffusion flames
include droplet spacing effects on drag;
droplet/droplet interaction effects on
evaporation; evaporation effects on drag;
and turbulence effects on droplet
ballistics.
Distribution of Volatile Trace
Elements in Emissions and
Residuals from Pilot-Scale
Liquid Injection Incineration
JohannesW. Lee
Acurex Corporation
The EPA is currently developing reg-
ulations on trace element emissions from
hazardous waste incineration. However,
the data base to support these regula-
tions is very sparse. Data on the effects
of waste composition and incinerator
operation on trace element emissions are
particularly lacking. In response to these
data needs, EPA is conducting several
test series at the Combustion Research
Facility (CRF), Jefferson, AR. The first
series of tests was performed to inves-
tigate the fate of volatile elements in
liquid injection incineration. In these
tests, trace amounts of arsenic in the
form of arsenic trioxide (AszOs) and
antimony in the form of antimony tri-
chloride (SbCI3) were fired in a methanol
base containing varying amounts of
chlorobenzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Test variables included incinerator
temperature, excess air level, and feed
chlorine content. As usually occurs in
tests of this type, the data show a general
inability to obtain mass balance closure
for the trace elements. Both elements are
found in the vapor phase at high temper-
atures, but they condense to particulate
at scrubber exit temperatures. Other
conclusions await further data reduction
and evaluation.
Session B-2
Hazardous Waste Thermal
Destruction II
Assessment of Residues from
Incineration of RCRA Wastes
Joan V. Boegel
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
Incineration is generally recognized as
a well-demonstrated technology for the
treatment of organic hazardous wastes
including spent solvent wastes. Most
studies of incineration have been con-
cerned with the effectiveness of the
process to destroy key organic constitu-
ents of a waste (destruction and removal
efficiency, ORE) as measured by the
relative quantity of those organics in the
incinerator off-gas. In contrast, this paper
focuses on characterization of the solid
and liquid residues generated by incin-
eration of RCRA wastes.
Two incineration systems are evalu-
ated—one at a commercial treatment,
storage and disposal facility (TSDF)
accepting organic wastes from a variety
of industrial generators (Facility A) and
the other operated onsite at a chemical
industry manufacturing plant (Facility B).
Both systems generate two types of
residue—ash and scrubber wastewater.
Ash from both facilities is currently
landfilled. Treatment of the scrubber
wastewater at Facility A results in a
metal sulfide sludge, which is also
landfilled. At Facility B, scrubber waste-
water is neutralized and injected into a
deepwell on site.
All ash, sludge and wastewater sam-
ples collected at these facilities were
analyzed for priority pollutant organics
and metals. The ash and sludge samples
were also subjected to the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP). Ash from Facility A exhibited
unacceptably high TCLP extract concen-
trations of two volatile organics—meth-
ylene chloride and tetrachloroethylene,
indicating incomplete combustion of
solvent wastes. Ash from Facility B
passed the TCLP for both metals and
organics, but both ash and extract levels
of three on-TCLP metals—copper, nickel,
and zinc—were high. Scrubber waste-
water from both facilities had no signif-
icant concentrations of toxic organics.
However, copper, lead, nickel and zinc
were found at concentrations greater
than 50 mg/l in the scrubber wastewater
from Facility B. This paper presents and
evaluates quantitative data describing
the wastes incinerated and the resulting
residues at both facilities.
Waste Characterization and the
Generation of Transient Puffs
in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator
Simulator
William P. Linak
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
The batch introduction of waste-filled
drums or containers into rotary kifn
incinerators can lead to transient over-
charging conditions, which are denoted
as "puffs." This paper describes results
of an in-house investigation at the U.S.
EPA into the waste properties and kiln
parameters that determine both the
intensity and the magnitude of transient
puffs leaving the kiln. The experimental
apparatus utilized was a 73 kW (250,000
Btu/hr) laboratory rotary kiln simulator.
Surrogate solid wastes in the form of
plastic rods and surrogate liquid wastes
on corncob sorbent in cardboard contain-
ers were investigated. Parametric stud-
ies were used to determine the extent
to which waste and kiln variables (such
as charge mass, charge surface area,
charge composition, kiln temperature,
and kiln rotation speed) affected the
intensity (peak hydrocarbon emission)
and magnitude (time-integrated hydro-
carbon emission) of puffs.
Results demonstrate the relative ease
with which failure conditions are
-------
achieved, even at high excess air values
and high kiln temperatures. Chemical
analysis indicates that puffs arising from
even innocuous surrogate wastes can
contain numerous hazardous com-
pounds even though adequate DREs
(>99 99%) are achieved Increasing kiln
temperature and rotation speed can
adversely affect puff intensity, due to
increased devolatihzation and liquid
evaporation rates. There are large effects
of waste composition and, for solid
wastes, waste surface area is a critical
variable.
Stoichiometric oxygen requirement is
an important variable distinguishing the
transient behavior of different kinds of
wastes. Thermogravimetric analyses
may be useful in characterizing the
propensity of solids to generate transient
puffs, while liquid wastes may be best
characterized by their normal boiling
points and latent heats.
On-Line Monitoring of Organic
Emissions with a Mobile
Laboratory
Sharon L. Nolen
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
EPA's Hazardous Air Pollutants Mobile
Laboratory (HAPML) was designed as an
integrated sampling and analytical pack-
age for real-time monitoring of combus-
tion sources. The HAPML is equipped
with organic and inorganic analytical
equipment and is completely housed in
an 8-m long van.
The HAPML recently participated m a
total mass emissions test at a full-scale
rotary kiln incinerator The complete field
test was conducted by EPA's Hazardous
Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
under the direction of Robert C. Thurnau
and will be reported separately The
HAPML collected continuous emission
monitor (CEM), gas chromatograph/
flame lonization detector (GC/FID), and
GC/mass spectrometry (MS) data during
steady state conditions and upsets which
simulated conditions which might occur
in normal operation. The GC/FID was
used for on-line analysis of light hydro-
carbons. The volatile organic sampling
tram (VOST) was used to collect samples
for analysis by the GC/MS to identify
other organic compounds in the stack
gas. CO, CO2, O2, and NOX data were
collected with the CEMs.
This paper will discuss the data col-
lected during the field test and other
capabilities of the HA PML Future plans
include exploring those other capabilities
which include using the MS as a single
ion monitor and testing the HCI monitor
Session B-3
Hazardous Waste Thermal
Destruction III
Total Mass Emissions from a
Hazardous Waste Incinerator
Andrew R. Trenholm
Midwest Research Institute
Past studies of hazardous waste incin-
erators by the Hazardous Waste Engi-
neering Research Laboratory have pri-
marily examined the performance of
combustion systems relative to the
destruction and removal efficiency (ORE)
for Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) Appendix VIII compounds in
the waste feed. These earlier studies
demonstrated that in general most
facilities performed quite well relative to
the ORE. However, subsequent review by
the U.S Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Science Advisory Board
raised questions about additional Appen-
dix VIII or non-Appendix VIII constituents
that were not identified in the earlier
tests and might be emitted from hazard-
ous waste combustion. This paper pre-
sents results of a characterization of
incinerator effluents to the extent that
the emitted compounds can be identified
and quantified. Measurements were
made of both Appendix VIII and non-
Appendix VIII compounds in all effluents
(stack, ash, water, etc.) from a full-scale
incinerator A broad array of sampling
and analysis techniques were used.
Sampling methods included Modified
Method 5, volatile organic sampling tram
(VOST), and specific techniques for
compounds such as formaldehyde Anal-
ysis techniques included gas chromatog-
raphy (GC) and gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry (GC/MS) Continu-
ous measurements were also made for
a variety of compounds including total
hydrocarbons by flame lonization detec-
tor (FID).
Incineration of Cleanup
Residues from the Bridgeport
Rental and Oil Services
Superfund Site
Larry W Waterland
Acurex Corporation
Several PCB-contammated wastes will
be generated through remedial actions
at the Bridgeport Rental and Oil Services
(BROSO) Superfund site in Bridgeport,
New Jersey Among these are a lagoon
surface oil, an underlying sludge, and
contaminated soil Incmerability testing
of these three wastes plus a combination
of the soil and sludge was performed at
the Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Combustion Research Facility
(CFR) to determine whether thermal
treatment via incineration was a viable
treatment option for these wastes Tests
under three incinerator operating condi-
tions were performed in the CRF rotary
kiln incineration system for each waste.
Test variables included rotary kiln
temperature and rotation speed (solids
residence time) and afterburner temper-
ature All wastes contained between 10C
and 300 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) as Arochlor 1254. PCB destruc-
tion efficiency (DE) was in the 99.99 tc
99 999 percent range for all tests. Al
scrubber blowdown samples had nonde
tectable PCB levels (<1 ppb) and hazard
ous constituent trace element concen
trations well below extraction procedun
(E P)toxicity thresholds Kiln ash sample;
for the soil, sludge, and soil/sludgi
wastes were not PCB contaminated
having nondetectable PCB levels (<0 '
ppm) The composite kiln ash for thi
lagoon surface oil tests contained 2.1
ppm PCB. EP leachates of all kiln asl
samples had hazardous constituent trac<
element concentrations well below El
toxicity thresholds.
Pilot-Scale Testing of
Nonsteady Boiler Waste
Co firing
Howard B. Mason
Acurex Corporation
Waste destruction efficiencies wer
measured for volatile and semivolatil
chlorinated organic compounds cofire
with gas, oil, and coal in a pilot-seal
boiler simulator with a maximum capa<
ity of 3 million Btu/hr. The tests wer
run to help interpret waste destructio
data from 14 prior boiler cofiring field tei
programs Specific issues addressed i
the pilot-scale tests were: what is th
background level of waste emissions du
to residual deposition on boiler surfaces
what operating conditions fail to yiel
acceptable destruction efficiency?; whi
waste products of incomplete combui
tion are formed, and in what quantities
and what is the form and fate of trac
metals contained in the waste? Open
ting parameters varied were excess 0
10
-------
atomization patterns; residence time;
firing rate, wall cooling, and waste or fuel
flow transients.
Session B-4
Innovative Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technical/Economic
Assessment of Selected PCB
Decontamination Processes
Ben H. Carpenter
Research Triangle Institute
Eleven emerging alternative treat-
ments for polychlormated biphenyl
(PCB)-contammated sediments have
been compared and ranked using tech-
nical performance, status of develop-
ment, test and evaluation data needs,
and cost as factors. In ranking the
processes, weights were assigned the
factors to emphasize the extent of
decontamination, the estimated cost of
treatment, and the versatility of the
process The emerging treatment pro-
cesses are based on five different
technologies one on low-temperature
oxidation, two on chlorine removal, one
on pyrolysis, four on removing and
concentrating, and three on microorga-
nisms Types of technologies not devel-
oped are chlormolysis, stabilization, and
enzymes On the basis of comparisons
made, the treatment processes were
ranked in the following order from
highest to lowest KPEG, LARC, Acurex,
Bio-Clean, Supercritical Water,
Advanced Electric Reactor, Vitrification,
OHM Extraction, Soilex, Composting, and
Sybron Bi-Chem 1006 The first eight
processes show potential for reduction
of PCB concentrations to the desired
background levels (1 to 5 ppm) or less,
with minimum environmental impacts
and low to moderate cost All the
technologies except the advanced elec-
tric reactor required further development
and testing
Mobile KPEG Destruction Unit
for PCBs, Dioxins and Furans
in Contaminated Waste
Charles J Rogers
U S Environmental
Protection Agency
The presence of highly toxic and
persistent chemicals in liquids, soils,
sediments, and sludges in abandoned
waste sites poses a threat to both public
health andthe environment. Incineration
is frequently used to destroy highly
hazardous wastes, however, when oper-
ated under less than optimum combus-
tion conditions, acutely hazardous prod-
ucts including polychlorinated dibenzo-
p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlormated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs) can be formed
and emitted in the combustion products.
Various biological, chemical, and phys-
ical methods have been tested and have
been demonstrated to be effective to
varying degrees in destroying halo-
organics.
The U S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has supported research
intramurally and extramurally since
1980, to develop an alternative method
for in-situ or on-site destruction of
halogenated pollutants. Chemical re-
agents prepared from polyethylene
glycols and potassium hydroxide (KPEGs)
have been demonstrated under mile
conditions (25°-140°C) to dehalogenate
PCDDs and PCDFs to less than 1 ppb of
starting materials. The reaction mecha-
nism is nucleophilic substitution at an
aromatic carbon.
Toxicological tests have established
that arylpolyglycol by-products from
KPEG reactions are non-toxic. In July and
August, 1986, a 2700-gallon KPEG
reactor was used m Butte, Montana and
Kent, Washington to successfully destroy
PCDDs and PCDFs (1 20 ppb - 200 ppm)
in 1 7,000 gallons of liquid waste to non-
detectable levels. A new 2 cubic yard
KPEG reactor designed to treat both
liquids and soils will be field tested in
1987.
Supercritical Solvent
Extraction
Charles A. Eckert
University of Illinois
Supercritical fluids are compressed
gases at a temperature just above the
vapor-liquid critical point, and have
unique physical properties that can be
used to develop novel separation
schemes. There have already been
numerous successful applications in a
wide variety of areas ranging from the
food industry (decaffemation of coffee),
Pharmaceuticals, and even energy
(tertiary oil recovery). Significant oppor-
tunities exist to apply the same type of
technology to problems in environmental
control
This paper first discusses the technical
advantages of supercritical fluid extrac-
tion and reviews the phase equilibrium
methods for separation process design.
It presents new results demonstrating
the concept of "tailoring" solvents for
specific separation applications, primar-
ily by using mixed solvents or entrainers.
These theoretical results have been
applied to design detoxification plants
and determine the technical and eco-
nomic feasibility of this new processing
method for the rapid and safe removal
of contaminants from waste sites. Spe-
cifically, mobile units are proposed for
an on-site removal of organic contam-
inants from soil and regeneration of
granular activated carbon used for
wastewater cleanup. Such an application
of supercritical fluid technology would
eliminate the need for transportation and
burial, at costs significantly less than that
for traditional methods.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
from Catalytic Oxidation of
Toxic Organics from Soils
F. Carl Knopf
Louisiana State University
Supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction is
a promising new technique for the
cleanup of soils, sediments, and sludges
that are contaminated with hazardous
wastes. In this investigation, supercrit-
ical carbon dioxide (SC-COa) has been
used to extract PCBs, DDT, and toxa-
phene from contaminated topsoils and
subsoils. An attactive feature of this
process is that the COa, being virtually
inert, leaves no solvent residue on the
processed soil.
In our initial extraction studies, super-
critical C02 at 100 atm and 40°C was
continuously passed through a fixed bed
of 10 g of soil. Approximately 70% of the
DDT and 75% of the toxaphene could be
leached from a topsoil (12.6% organic
matter) contaminated with 1000 ppm
DDT and 400 ppm toxaphene in under
10 minutes using SC-CO2 at a rate of
0.7 g/s. The extraction of contaminated
(with 1000 ppm Aroclor 1254) subsoil
(0.74% organic matter) proved to be even
more promising, because more than 90%
of the PCBs could be extracted in under
one minute at the same COa rate.
Recently SC-C02 with a single
entrainer,* either methanol or toluene,
"An entrainer is a volatile organic compound which,
when added in low levels to supercritical CO2,
dramatically increases the solubilities of certain
nonvolatile organics in the SCF
11
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was compared to pure COz; comparison
was made on the basis of extraction rate
and the removal efficiency for DDT or
PCBs from contaminated topsoils. The
supercritical mixtures at 100 atm and
40°C were continuously passed through
a fixed bed of 10 g of soil. The most
effective solvent system, SC-C02 with 5
wt% methanol at a flowrate of 0.7 g/s,
was able to leach 95% of the DDT from
the soil in under 5 minutes, as compared
to either pure COz or COa with 5 wt%
toluene at the same conditions, which
resulted in only 70% extraction in 10
minutes. This same extraction mixture
(SC-C02 with 5 wt% methanol) was also
applied to a highly contaminated spill site
topsoil containing ca. 3500 ppm Aroclor
1260 and 2100 ppm Aroclor 1242. Over
98% extraction of the contaminants was
realized in 10 minutes.
With the demonstrated ability to
extract contaminants from soils using
supercritical C02 with an entramer, a
logical further treatment would be the
destruction of the wastes while they are
in the supercritical phase. An evaluation
of catalysts for the low temperature
(below 350°C) oxidation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated
hydrocarbon wastes in the SCF phase
will be presented.
Session B-5
Biotechnology
Microbial Degradation of
Synthetic Chlorinated
Compounds
Richard A. Haugland
University of Illinois at Chicago
Pseudomonas cepacia strain AC1100
is a novel organism from the standpoint
of being the product of a facilitated
evolution process that has resulted in the
formation of a unique metabolic pathway
for the utilization of the herbicide 2,4,5-
trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid. A review is
presented of past research pertaining to
this organism as well as features it
possesses that make it a highly desirable
subject for further investigation. Recent
results of an on-going research program
designed to isolate the genetic determi-
nants responsible for 2,4,5-T metabolism
by this organism are also presented. These
include the isolation of a series of
spontaneous mutants affected at several
different 2,4,5-T degradation-specific
loci, the construction of a genomic library
of AC1100 DNA sequences of Eschericia
coli and the use of this library in the
complementation of a presumed trans-
poson Tn5-induced mutant.
Bacterial Oxidation of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Louise M. Nadim
The University of Texas at Austin
The present studies represent a sum-
mary of the results obtained on the
degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls
by two strains of bacteria. The organisms,
Alcaligenes eutrophus H850 and Pseu-
domonas putida LB400, are capable of
metabolizing a wide range of PCB con-
geners. The initial reactions involved in
the oxidation of 2,5,2', 5'-tetra-chlo-
robiphenyl by both organisms appears to
involve oxidation at the unsubstituted
3,4-positions. The properties of the
enzymes involved in these reactions and
the regulation of their activities are being
studied by modern molecular biological
techniques. It is anticipated that the
results obtained will lead to the construc-
tion of improved strains of bacteria than
can efficiently degrade a wide range of
PCB congeners.
Engineering P450 Genes in
Yeast
John C. Loper
University of Cincinnati
College of Medicine
CytochromeP450 systems catalyze the
monooxygenation of a broad range of
xenobiotic compounds. These systems
are most extensively characterized in
mammals, where for a given species a
single form of NADPH-cytochrome P450
oxidoreductase (P450R) donates reduc-
ing power to any of 30-to-100 unique
members of a P450 protein superfamily.
We are interested m gene engineering
P450 systems in yeast for the oxidative
detoxication and biodegradation of envi-
ronmentally stable organic pollutants.
Two organisms, Saccharomyces cerevi-
siae (baker's yeast) and Candida tropi-
calis ATCC750, a yeast capable of n-
alkane assimilation, have been used as
models. S. cerevisiae is particularly
useful in gene manipulation, C. tropicalis
is of interest for its possible advantages
for genetically engineering the uptake
and catabolism of hydrophobic toxicants.
The major proteins of interest in these
model yeasts are- P450R; the P450
lanosterol 14c-demethylase, involved in
sterol biosynthesis; and P450 n-alkane
w-hydroxylase.
Genes for these proteins have been
isolated and determination of their DNA
sequence has been completed or is in
progress. Ammo acid sequences
deduced from these DNAs were com-
pared to sequences reported for mam-
malian P450 system proteins. Our
results indicate that the P450R protein
is highly conserved among yeast and
mammals. The yeast P450 proteins
share patterns observed for mammalians
P450s, with sequence similarity among
enzymes of similar function and with
wide sequence diversity between P450s
of different substrate specificity. The
yeast 450s for lanosterol demethylation
andalkane n-hydroxylation belong to two
new families in the P450 superfamily.
Characterization of these genes forms a
basis for the gene engineering of P450
expression m yeasts.
Session B-6
Biosystems
Biodegradation of
Organopollutants by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium:
Practical Considerations
John A. Bumpus
Michigan State University
We previously reported that a wide
variety of structurally diverse organopol-
lutants are mineralized by the lignin
degrading system of the white-rot fungus
Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Science
225, 1434, 1985). Current research is
directed towards application of this
technology for the biodegradation ol
environmental pollutants and hazardous
wastes. The system is effective in both
liquid and solid matrices Bulking agents
such as wood chips or corncobs can alsc
serve as a carbon source for the fungus
Degradation of chemicals is supported by
a carbon sourceforthefungus but readily
available carbon sources such as glucose
do not support sustained rates of degra-
dation. Sustained rates were obtained
with complex carbohydrates including
natural sources. Rates of degradation
increased with respect to the concentra-
tion of chemical. Degradation of mixtures
often proceeded faster than the rate ol
degradation of pure chemicals. For
example, the mineralization of pure
2,4,5,2,4,5-hexachlorobiphenyl pro-
ceeded much slower (1.1% in 30 days]
than did the mineralization of Aroclor
1254 and 1242 (14.3% and 20.3%,
respectively, in 30 days) Two percent of
pure 14C-naphthalene was present in
coal-tar contaminated soil. Toxicity ol
-------
chemicals to the fungus was rare but
could be circumvented. The fungus
would grow in the presence of used
motor oil or coal-tar contaminated soil.
The toxicity of the fungicide pentachlo-
rophenol ( PC P) was reduced by starting
with mature mycelia instead of fungal
spores. Under these conditions, the
fungus continued to mineralize substan-
tial amounts of PC P at concentrations
up to 100 ppm. For example, when the
initial concentration of PC P was 100
ppm, greater than 20% of the PC P
initially present was mineralized in 30
days. Furthermore, disappearance stud-
ies showed that approximately 95% of
the PC P initially present had been
metabolized
Growth of the White-Rot
Fungus Phanerochaete
chrysosporium in Soil
Richard T. Lamar
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a
white-rot fungus with a demonstrated
ability to degrade chlorinated organics in
pure liquid culture to carbon dioxide. This
ability suggeststhatthefungus may have
potential as an in situ hazardous waste
degrader However, no data exist regard-
ing the ability of P. chrysosporium to
survive and grow in soil. That information
is required from an effective evaluation
of the ability of the fungus to degrade
organopollutants in situ The objective of
this study was to investigate the influ-
ence of soil biotic and abiotic factors on
survival and growth of the organ ism. This
paper will summarize our research
results to date on the effects of soil type,
temperature, water potential and acidity
on growth of the fungus in sterile soils.
Biological Treatment of
Selected Aqueous Organic
Hazardous Wastes
Richard J. Lesiecki
University of Cincinnati
This paper describes tests performed
to evaluate the fate of aqueous organic
hazardous waste compounds in the
activated sludge process. Gas, liquid and
waste solids samples were taken from
acclimated activated sludge systems to
determine amounts that were volatilized,
biodegraded and associated with the
wasted solids Results discussed here
include iwo compounds, methyl ethyl
ketone and 1,1,1 -tnchloroethane.
Session B-7
Alternative Treatment
Technology
Assessment of Alternative
Technologies for Treating
Spent Electroplating Solutions
and Sludges
Katherine Driscoll
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
Off-site commercial hazardous waste
treatment facilities were evaluated to
generate support data for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's land
disposal ban. Establishing treatment
standards for electroplating wastewater
and sludges is a high priority task with
respect to the land disposal ban. One
facility treated electroplating solutions
with cyanide oxidation, hexavalent chro-
mium reduction, a combination of lime
and sulfide precipitation, and vacuum
filtration. Electroplating sludges were
stabilized with calcium hypochlorite,
ferric sulfate or lime. Of particular
interest is the use of waste streams as
treatment reagents. This report summar-
izes data used to evaluate these treat-
ment technologies for electroplating
solutions and sludges.
Solvent Recovery Technologies
Robert A. Olexsey
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
The increasing cost for disposal of
hazardous wastes presents a favorable
climate for recovery of materials and
energy from hazardous wastes. In the
case of waste solvents, the land disposal
restrictions imposed by EPA on those
materials on November 7, 1986, will
make disposal much more difficult and
costly
This paper describes approaches to
recovery of solvent wastes: fuel blending,
distillation, and steam stripping. The
technologies are described and data are
presented from EPA programs to eval-
uate these technologies.
Evaluation of Hazardous Waste
Recycling Processes in the
Printed Circuit Board Industry
Thomas J. Nunno
Alliance Technologies Corporation
In response to the 1 984 RCRA Amend-
ments, EPA's Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory
(HWERL) initiated a program to develop
case studies demonstrating waste min-
imization and recycling options for
hazardous waste management. The
program focused on solvent and metal
waste streams from the semiconductor
and printed circuit board industries,
specifically: (1) waste solvents from
resist stripping and developing opera-
tions; and (2) metal wastes from plating
operations. Two case studies involved
the use of solvent distillation units which
achieved over 95 percent recovery of
spent halogenated solvents. The results
suggest that solvent recovery can be
widely applied to printed circuit board
manufacturing facilities. The other four
case studies focused on technologies to
reduce metal-plating wastes. Two of
these, evaluating the use of sodium
borohydride reduction as a substitute for
lime/ferrous sulfate precipitation, found
that the technology was a viable substi-
tute in one case and was marginally
acceptable in another. Another case
study, involving carbon adsorption re-
moval of organic contaminants from
plating bath wastes, found that this
technology significantly reduced both
disposal costs and waste volume. A final
case study of electrolytic recovery indi-
cated that while acid copper electroplat-
ing rinses are amenable to electrolytic
recovery, other metal-bearing rinses,
such as those from solder (tin/lead)
plating or etching are less appropriate.
The California Innovative
Alternative Treatment and
Recycling Demonstration
Projects Program
Robert Ludwig
California Department of Health
Services
The California Department of Health
Services in cooperation with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency is
conducting, as part of its broad waste
reduction program, demonstrations of
alternative technologies and studies on
hazardous waste management. The
overall objective of the California Waste
Reduction Program is to reduce the
amount and eventually eliminate land
disposal of untreated hazardous wastes.
Alternative waste management strate-
gies being studied include, in order of
preference, (1) source reduction, (2)
recycling, and (3) treatment.
This paper discusses state and federal
statutory requirements and problems
13
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encountered in the process of
implementation of the elements of
California's Waste Reduction Program.
Specific studies described include (1)
waste stream information collection, (2)
assessment of extent of use of waste
treatment in California, (3) waste audit
programs, (4) waste management infor-
mation transfer, and (5) discussion of
preliminary results from demonstration
projects.
Session B-8
Characterization and Control
of Volatile Organic Emissions
Field Assessment of Steam
Stripping Volatile Organics
from Aqueous Waste Streams
Marvin Branscome
Research Triangle Institute
This paper discusses the removal of
volatile organics (VO) from aqueous
waste streams by steam stripping and
summarizes the effectiveness of VO
removal from the waste, the air emis-
sions from the process, and the cost of
the treatment process. Tests were con-
ducted at two chemical plants that used
continuous steam strippersto remove VO
from the wastewater. The operation at
Plant H, which produces ethylene dichlo-
ride and vinyl chloride monomer, treated
about 852 liters per minute (L/min) or
225 gallons per minute (gal/min) of
aqueous waste containing about 6 grams
per liter (g/L) of VO. The operation at
Plant I, which produces one-carbon
chlorinated solvents, was smaller and
treated 42 L/min (11 gal/min) of aque-
ous waste containing about 6 g/L of VO.
The test program evaluated the re-
moval of VO from the water, which was
about 99.8 to 99.999 percent at the two
plants. At Plant H, the concentration of
VO in the stripper bottoms ranged from
0.34 to 36 parts per million (ppm) with
an average of 9.7 ppm. This wide range
was caused by variations in the concen-
tration of chloroform (the major consti-
tuent in the bottoms), which was appar-
ently related to column fouling. This
stripper processes wastewater contain-
ing about 1.4 g/L of filterable solids. At
Plant I, the concentration of VO in the
bottoms ranged from less than 0.005 to
0.13 ppm. Solids and an organic layer
are removed in decanters at Plant I prior
to steam stripping to provide a feed
stream containing about 0.01 g/L of
filterable solids. Emissions from VO from
the decanter and storage tank vents at
Plant I were estimated as 46 megagrams
per year (Mg/yr). Significant vent rates
of VO were also measured from the
condensers at both sites. The condenser
vent rate at Plant H averaged about 20
Mg/yr compared to 11 Mg/yr at Plant I.
The condenser efficiency at Plant H
ranged from an average of 6 percent for
vinyl chloride to 99.5 percent for ethylene
dichloride. At Plant I, the condenser
efficiency ranged from 89 percent for
chloromethane to 94 percent for
chloroform.
Field Assessment of the Fate of
Volatile Organics in Aerated
Waste Treatment Systems
David Green
Research Triangle Institute
Aeration of wastewater containing
volatile organic compounds in activated
sludge systems effectively removes
many of these compounds from the
wastewater prior to discharge. Studies
were conducted at full-scale treatment
systems to determine the relative extent
to which various compounds were des-
troyed biologically and stripped into the
air. Direct measurements of air emis-
sions were made through sampling and
chemical analysis of off-gases from the
aeration tank of an activated sludge unit.
Indirect measurements were made by
comparing compound specific biological
oxidation rates obtained in closed bottles
to total disappearances across the
treatment units. Additional measure-
ments were made to determine potential
removal of organics in waste sludge
streams. This paper describes these
measurement techniques and results of
the studies.
Pilot-Scale Evaluation of a
Thin-Film Evaporator for
Volatile Organic Removal from
Land Treatment Sludges
Coleen M. Northeim
Research Triangle Institute
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards is currently developing
regulations to control air emissions from
waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities. In support of this regulatory
development effort, the Research Tri-
angle Institute has conducted a study of
thin-film evaporators (TFE) for removing
volatile organics (VO) from refinery
wastes. Thin-film evaporators were
studied to evaluate their use to remov
and recover VO from waste petroleur
sludges prior to land treatment. Thi
would reduce the amount of VOavailabl
for release to the atmosphere during Ian
treatment of the sludges.
The treatment of two refinery sludge
was investigated in a pilot-scale agitate
TFE. The fraction of feed removed by th
TFE ranged from 11 to 95.7 percent, ft
the greatest overhead fraction, mor
than 99.9 percent of the VO and 7
percent of the semivolatile compound
were removed from the sludge. At th
lowest overhead fraction, greater tha
98.5 percent of the VO and 10 to 4
percent of the semivolatiles wer
removed from the sludge. The sludg
processed with the lowest overhea
fraction contained water and maintaine
suitable handling characteristics for lar
treatment.
Session C
HWERL Research Posters
The posters presented at the Sympi
sium, and their primary authors, are <
follows:
EPA/DOE Hazardous Waste Contr
Technology Data Base
Cathy S. Fore
DOE Hazardous Waste Remedial Actioi
Program
Analysis of Samples from the Gatew
National Recreation Area at Jamai
Bay, New York
Dave Olsen
NUS Corp./Enviresponse Inc.
Case Evaluations of RD&D Perrr
Applications
Wyman Clark
EER Corp.
Update on Status of EPA Mobile
Incineration System
A. C. Gangadharan
Enviresponse Inc.
Boiler Cofiring of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
John W. Wasser
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Demonstration, Testing and Evaluati
of Commercial Technologies Unc
SITE Program
Seymour Rosenthal
Enviresponse Inc.
14
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Conditions Which Enhance Biode-
gradation of Organic Compounds by
White Rot Fungi
Steven Aust
Michigan State University
Demonstration and Evaluation of the EPA
Mobile Carbon Regenerator
Patricia M Brown
Enviresponse Inc
Pretreatment of Land-Treated Wastes
Thomas C Ponder, Jr
PEI Associates, Inc
Geotechmcal Analysis for Re view of Dike
Stability
Mark S Meyers
University of Cincinnati
Land Ban Data Needs
Ron Turner
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Demonstration of Computer Assisted
Engineering Techniques for Remedial
Action Assessment
Phillip R Cluxton
University of Cincinnati
Hazardous Waste Residuals Character-
ization
H Paul Warner
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Cost Engineering Models for Remedial
Response Technologies
William Kemner
PEI Associates, Inc
Trial Burn Measurement Guidance
Roy Neulicht
Midwest Research Institute
Strmgfellow Leachate Treatment with
Rotating Biological Contactor
Edward Opatken
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
Separation and Recovery of Hazardous
Wastes
Paul R. Anderson
IIT Research Center
Treatment of Aqueous Metal and
Cyanide Bearing Hazardous
Wastes
Sardar Q. Hassan
University of Cincinnati
An Experimental Investigation of Single
Droplet Combustion of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Nelson Sorbo
University of California, Davis
of Halogenated
Catalytic Destruction
Hazardous Waste
Howard Greene
University of Akron
Expert System Screening of Remedial
Action Technologies for CERCLA Sites
Lewis Rossman
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Activities at Louisiana State University's
Hazardous Waste Research Center
Louis Thibodeaux
Louisiana State University
Partitioning of PCDDs and PCDFs in Soils
Containing Wood Preservative Fluid
Danny Jackson
Radian Corp
Technical Resource Documents
Norman Surprenant
Alliance Technologies Corp
Oxidation of Persistent Aromatic
Pollutants by Lignin-Degrading
Enzymes
John Glaser
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Laboratory Study of the Thermal
Decomposition of Sulfur
Hexafluonde
Philip H Taylor
University of Dayton Research Institute
The U S. EPA Combustion Research
Facility
R. W. Ross
Acurex Corp.
Construction, Testing, and Skakedown of
an Environmental Testing Chamber for
Soil Reagent Testing
Michael Black
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
Earthen Liners: Prototype of a Field Study
of Transit Time
Karen A. Albrecht
Illinois State Geological Survey
The full report was submitted in
fulfillment of Contract No 68-03-3258
by the JACA Corp under the sponsorship
of the U S Environmental Protection
Agency
Microscopic and Microchemical
Analyses of Solidified Inorganic
Wastes Containing Interference
Compounds
Harvill C Easton
Louisiana State University
Vacuum-Assisted In-Situ Steam
Stripping to Remove Pollutants from
Contaminated Soil
Arthur E Lord, Jr
Drexel University
Use of Modified Clays for Adsorption and
Catalytic Destruction of Contaminants
Steven A Boyd
Michigan State University
This Pro/ect summary was prepared by staff of JACA Corporation, Fort
Washington, PA 19034.
Naomi P. Barkley and John F. Martin are the EPA Project Officers (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration
and Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual
Research Symposium,"[Order No. PB 87-233 151 /AS; Cost: $42.95, subject
to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, v'A 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officers can be contacted at:
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
15
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