United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S7-86/043 Mar. 1987
Project Summary
External Combustion Paniculate
Emissions: Source Category
Report
Donald Van Buren, David Barbe, and A. Walter Wyss
The objective of this study was to
develop particulate emission factors
based on cutoff size for inhalable par-
ticles for external combustion sources.
After a review of available information
characterizing particulate emissions
from external combustion sources, the
data were summarized and rated in
terms of reliability. Size specific emis-
sion factors were developed from these
data for the major processes used in
combustion. A detailed process descrip-
tion is presented with emphasis on those
factors affecting the generation of
emissions. A replacement for Sections
1.1 (Bituminous and Subbituminous
Coal Combustion), 1.2 (Anthracite Coal
Combustion), 1.3 (Fuel Oil Combus-
tion), 1.4 (Natural Gas Combustion),
1.6 (Wood Waste Combustion in Boil-
ers), and 1.7 (Lignite Combustion) of
AP-42 was prepared, containing the
size specific emission factors developed
under this program.
This Project Summary was" developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that Is fully docu-
mented In a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering In-
formation at back).
Introduction
The purpose of this program was to
summarize the best available information
on emissions of inhalable paniculate
matter for external combustion sources.
The main objective of the program was to
develop reliable size-specific emission
factors for the various processes used in
combustion. Both uncontrolled and con-
trolled emission factors are presented in
the report. The uncontrolled factors
represent emissions which would result
if the particulate control device (baghouse,
scrubber, etc.) were bypassed, and the
controlled factors represent emissions
emanating from a particular type of con-
trol system. The size-specific emission
factors are generally based on the results
of simultaneous sampling at the inlet and
outlet of the control device(s), utilizing a
variety of particle sizing techniques. Other
objectives of this program were to present
current information on combustion as
well as prepare a replacement for Sec-
tions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 in
EPA report AP-42, "A Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emissions Factors."
The above objectives were met by a
thorough literature search which included:
Fine Particle Emissions Inventory
System (FPEIS),
AP-42 background file at EPA's
Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS),
State and local air pollution control
agencies, and
Various industry sources (e.g., Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute, American
Boiler Manufacturers Association,
Electric Power Research Institute).
The emission data contained in the
reference documents were reviewed,
analyzed, summarized, and ranked ac-
cording to the criteria established by
OAQPS as published in the EPA report,
"Technical Procedures for Developing
AP-42 Emission Factors and Preparing
AP-42 Sections," April 1980. After rank-
ing the data, emission factors were cal-
culated using the highest quality data
available. The quality of the data used to
-------
develop each emission factor is indicated
by the emission factor rating.
Process control system operating data
as well as general industry information
were also obtained and summarized as
general background information. It was
not part of this program to provide detailed
engineering analyses, product specifica-
tions, or a detailed evaluation of trends in
the industry.
Summary of Results
External combustion sources include
steam/electric generating plants, indus-
trial boilers, and commercial and domestic
combustion units. Coal, fuel oil, and
natural gas are the major fossil fuels
used by these sources. Other fuels, used
in relatively small quantities, are liquefied
petroleum gas, wood, coke, refinery gas,
blast furnace gas, and other waste or
byproduct fuels. Coal, oil, and natural gas
currently supply about 95 percent of the
total thermal energy consumed in the
United States. In 1980 the nation con-
sumed over 530 million Mg (585 million
tons) of bituminous coal, nearly 3.6 million
Mg (4 million tons) of anthracite coal, 91
x 109 liters (24 billion gal.) of distillate oil,
114 x 109 liters (37 billion gal.) of residual
oil, and 57 x 1012 m3 (20 trillion ft3) of
natural gas.
The primary particulate control devices
used for coal combustion include multiple
cyclones, electrostatic precipitators
(ESPs), fabric filters, and scrubbers. Some
measure of control will even result due to
ash settling in boiler/air-heater/econo-
mizer dust hoppers, large breeches, and
chimney bases. For coal-fired units, ESPs
are the most common high-efficiency
control device used on pulverized-coal
and cyclone boilers and are being used
increasingly on stoker boilers. Recently,
the use of fabric filters has increased in
both utility and industrial boiler coal-fired
applications. ESPs are commonly used in
oil-fired power plants. Some scrubbers
have been installed on oil-fired boilers to
control both particulate and sulfur oxides.
Particulate control equipment is not
normally used on natural-gas-fired boilers
due to their extremely low particulate
loading. Low pressure drop scrubbers,
fabric filters, and multicyclones are
commonly used for particulate control
from wood waste boilers.
The total and size-specific controlled
and uncontrolled emission factors for the
following external combustion sources
are presented in Tables 1 to 16:
Table No.
Combustion Source
Fuel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
w
11
12
13
14
15
16
Dry bottom boilers
Wet bottom boilers
Cyclone furnaces
Spreader stokers
Overfeed stokers
Underfeed stokers
Dry bottom boilers
Traveling grate stokers
Utility boilers
Industrial boilers
Industrial boilers
Commercial boilers
Boilers
Boilers
Boilers
Spreader stokers
Pulverized bituminous coal
Pulverized bituminous coal
Bituminous Coal
Bituminous Coal
Bituminous Coal
Bituminous Coal
Pulverized anthracite coal
Anthracite coal
Residual oil
Residual oil
Distillate oil
Residual and distillate oil
Bark
Wood and bark
Pulverized lignite
Lignite
-------
Table 1. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Dry Bottom Boilers Burning Pulverized Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C (uncontrolled)
D (scrubber and ESP controlled)
E (multiple cyclone and baghouse)
(urn) Uncontrolled Controlled
Multiple
cyclone Scrubber ESP
15 32 54 81 79
10 23 29 71 67
6 17 14 62 SO
25 6 3 51 29
1.25 2 1 35 17
1 00 2 1 31 14
0625 1 1 20 12
TOTAL 100 100 100 100
Baghouse
97
92
77
53
31
25
14
100
Uncontrolled
1.6A
(3.2A)
1.1 5A
(2.3A)
0.85A
(1.7A)
0.30 A
(0.6A)
0.1 OA
(0.2A)
0.10A
(0.2A)
0.05X1
(0.10)
5A
(10A)
Controlled1'
Multiple
cyclone
0.54A
(1.08A)
0.29A
(0.58A)
0.1 4 A
(0.28 A)
0.03A
(0.06A)
0.01A
(0.02A)
0.01A
(0.02 A)
0.01A
(0.02A)
1A
(2A)
Scrubber
0.24 A
(0.48A)
0.21 A
(0.42A)
0.1 9A
(0.38 A)
0.15A
(0.3A)
0.11 A
(0.22A)
0.09A
(0. ISA)
0.06A
(0.1 2 A)
0.3A
(0.6 A)
ESP
0.032A
(0.06AJ
0.027A
(0.05A)
0.020 A
(0.04A)
0.01 2A
(0.02A)
0.007A
(0.01A)
0.006A
(0.01 A)
0.005A
(0.01 A)
0.04A
(0.08 A)
Baghouse
0.010A
(0.02A)
O.OO9A
(0.02A)
O.OO8A
(0.02A)
0.005 A
(0.01 A)
O.OO3A
(0.006A)
0.003 A
(0.006A)
0.001 A
(0.002A)
0.01 A
(0.02A)
"A - coal ash weight %, as fired.
bEstimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%, scrubber, 94%, ESP, 99.2%; baghouse, 99.8%.
Table 2. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Wet Bottom Boilers Burning Pulverized Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: E
Particle size
(urn)
15
10
6
25
1 25
1 00
0625
TOTAL
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Uncontrolled
40
37
33
21
6
4
2
100
Controlled
Multiple cyclone
99
93
84
61
31
19
C
100
ESP
83
75
63
40
17
8
C
too
Cumulative emission factor3 [kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as fired]
Uncontrolled
1.4A (2.8A)
1.30A(2.6A)
1 16A (2.32A)
0.74A(1.48A)
0.21 A (0.42A)
0. 14A (0.28A)
0.07 A (0. 14A)
3.5A (70A)
Controlled1'
Multiple cyclone
0.69A(1.38A)
0.65A (1 3A)
0.59A (1. 18A)
0.43 A (0.86 A)
0.22A (0.44A)
0.13A(0.26A)
C
0.7 A (1 4A)
ESP
0.023 A (0.046 A)
0.021 A (0.042A)
001 8 A (0.036 A)
0.011 A (0.022 A)
0.005A (0.01 A)
0.002A (0.004A)
C
0.028 A (0.056 A)
3 A = coal ash weight %, as fired
bEstimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%; ESP, 99.2%.
c Insufficient data
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Table 3. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Cyclone Furnaces Burning Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: E
Partirtf lire Cumulative mass % < stated size Cumulative emission factor' [kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as fired\
fam)
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Uncontrolled
33
13
8
0
0
0
0
100
Controlled
Scrubber
95
94
93
92
85
82
C
100
ESP
90
68
56
36
22
17
C
100
Uncontrolled
0.33A (0.66A)
0.13A(0.026A)
0.08A(0.16A)
0 fOJ
0 (0)
0 (01
0 (0)
1A (2A)
Controlled''
Scrubber
0.057A(0.114A)
0.056A fO. 1 12A)
0.056A (0. 1 12A)
0.055X1 (0. 1 1A)
0.051 A (0. 10A)
0.049A(0.10A)
C
0.06/4 (0.1 2A)
ESP
O.O064A (0.01 3A)
0.0054A (O.01 1A)
0.0045A (O.009A)
O.O029A IO.O06A)
0.0018A (0.004A)
0.0014A (O.O03A)
C
0.008A (0.016A)
'A- coal ash weight %. as fired.
bEstimated control efficiency for scrubber. 94%; ESP. 99.2%.
c Insufficient data.
Table 4. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Spreader Stroker Burning Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C (uncontrolled and controlled for multiple cyclone without flyash reinjection, and with baghouse)
E (multiple cyclone controlled with flyash reinjection, and ESP controlled)
Parlirltt sirft C
(ton) Uncontrolled
15 28
10 20
6 14
2.5 7
1.25 5
1.00 5
0.625 4
TOTAL 100
'umulative mi
iss % < srai
'ed size
Controlled
Multiple'
cyclone
86
73
51
8
2
2
1
100
Multiple1'
cyclone
74
65
52
27
16
14
9
100
ESP
97
90
82
61
46
41
d
100
Baghouse
72
60
46
26
18
15
7
100
Cumulative e
Uncontrolled
8.4
(16.8)
6.0
(12.01
4.2
(8.4)
2.1
(4.2)
1.5
(3.0)
1.5
(3.0)
1.2
(2.4)
30.O
(60.0)
mission facto,
r' (kg/Mg (1
'b/ton) coal.
as fired]
Controlled*
Multiple3
cyclone
7.3
(14.6)
6.2
(12.4)
4.3
(8.6)
0.7
(1.4)
0.2
(0.4)
0.2
(0.4)
0.1
(0.2)
8.5
(17.0)
Multiple1'
cyclone
4.4
(8.8)
3.9
(7.8)
3.1
(6.2)
1.6
(3.2)
1.0
(2.0)
0.8
(1.6)
0.5
(1.0)
6.0
(12.0)
ESP
0.23
(0.46)
0.22
(0.44)
0.20
(0.40)
0.15
(0.30)
0.11
(0.22)
0.10
(0.20)
d
0.24
(0.48)
Baghouse
0.043
(0.086)
0.036
(O.072)
0.028
(0.056)
0.016
(0.032)
0.011
(0.022)
0.009
(0.018)
0.004
(0.008)
0.06
(0.12)
' With flyash reinjection.
b Without flyash reinfection.
cEstimated efficiency for ESP. 99.2%; baghouse, 99.8%.
d Insufficient data.
-------
Tabte 5. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Overfeed Stokers Burning Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C (uncontrolled)
£ (multiple cyclone controlled)
Cumulative emission factor
Panicle size
(turn)
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Cumulative n
Uncontrolled
49
37
24
14
13
12
b
100
lass 7o s= stated size
Multiple cyclone
controlled
60
55
49
43
39
39
16
100
\.Kg/Mg(iD/n
Uncontrolled
3.9 (7.8)
3.0 (6.0)
1.9(3.8)
1. 1 (2.2)
1.0/2.0)
1.0 (2.0)
b
8.0(16.0)
in/ coai, as rirea\
Multiple cyclone
controlled"
2.7(5.4)
2.5 (5.0)
2.2 (4.4)
1 9 (3.8)
1.8(3.6)
1.8(3.6)
0.7(1.4)
4.5 (9.0)
"Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%.
b Insufficient data.
Table 6. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Underfeed Stokers Burning Bituminous Coal
EMISSION FA C TOR RA TING: C
Particle size
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Uncontrolled cumulative emission factor"
[kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as fired]
15
10
6
25
1 25
1.00
0625
TOTAL
50
41
32
25
22
21
18
100
3.8(7.6)
3. 1 (6.2)
2.4 (4.8)
1.9 (3.8)
1.7(3.4)
1.6 (3.2)
1.4(2.7)
7.5 (15.0)
a May also be used for uncontrolled hand-fired units.
Table 7. Cumulative Panicle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Dry Bottom Boilers Burning Pulverized Anthracite Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RA TING: D
Cumulative emission factor"
Particle size
fam)
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Cumut
Uncontrolled
32
23
17
6
2
2
1
100
lative mass % < state
d size
Controlled
Multiple cyclone
63
55
46
24
13
10
7
100
Baghouse
79
67
51
32
21
18
C
100
[kg/
Uncontrolled
1.6A
1.2A
0.9 A
0.3A
0.1 A
0.1 A
0.05 A
5A
(3.2A)
(2.3A)
(1.7A)
(0.6A)
(0.2A)
(0.2A)
(0. 1A)
(WA)
'Mg (Ib/ton) bark, as
fired]
Controlled1'
Multiple cyclone
0.63A (1.26A)
0.55A(1.10A)
0.46 A (0.92 A)
0.24 A (0.48 A)
0. 13A (0.26A)
0. 10A (0.20A)
0.07A(0.14A)
1A (2AJ
Baghouse
0.0079A (0.016A)
0.0067 A (0.01 3A)
0.0051 A (O.OrOA)
0.0032A (0.006A)
0.0021 A (0.004A)
0.0018A (0.004A)
C
0.01 A (0.02A)
"A = coal ash weight %. as fired.
*Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%; baghouse, 99.8%.
c Insufficient data.
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Tab/e 8. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For
Traveling Grate Stokers Burning Anthracite Coal
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: £
Particle size
(urn)
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Uncontrolled'
Cumulative emission factor
[kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as fired\
Uncontrolled
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
64
52
42
27
24
23
b
100
2.9 (5.8)
2.4 (4.8)
1.9 (3.8)
1.2 (2.4)
1.1(2.2)
1.1(2.2)
b
4.6(9.2)
'May also be used for uncontrolled hand-fired units.
b Insufficient data.
Table 9. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Utility Boilers Firing Residual Oil
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C (uncontrolled)
E (ESP controlled)
D (scrubber controlled)
Particle size
(urn)
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Uncontrolled
80
71
58
52
43
39
20
100
Controlled
ESP
75
63
52
41
31
28
10
100
Scrubber
100
100
100
97
91
84
64
100
Cumulative emission factor' [kg/103! (lb/103 galfl
Uncontrolled
0.80A(6.7A)
0.71A(5.9A)
0.58A (4.8A)
0.52A (4.3A)
0.43 A (3.6A)
0.39A (3.3A)
0.20A(1.7A)
1A (8.3A)
Controlled1'
ESP
0.0060A (0.05A)
0.0050A (0.042A)
0.0042A (0.035A)
0.0033A (0.028A)
0.0025A (0.021 A)
0.0022A (0.018A)
0.0008A (O.O07A)
0.008A (0.067A)
Scrubber
0.06A (0.50A)
0.06 A (0.50 A)
0.06A (O.50A)
0.058A (O.48A)
0.055 A (0.46 A)
0.050A (O.42A)
0.038A (0.32A)
0.06 A (0.50 A)
a Paniculate emission factors for residual oil combustion without emission controls are, on average, a function of fuel oil grade and sulfur content:
Grade 6 Oil: A = 1.25(S) + 0.38 Where S is the weight % of sulfur in the oil
Grade 5 Oil: A = 1.25
Grade 4 Oil: A =0.88
"Estimated control efficiency for scrubber, 94%; ESP, 99.2%.
Table 10. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Industrial Boilers Firing Residual Oil
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: D (uncontrolled)
E (multiple cyclone controlled)
Panicle size
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Cumulative emission factor'
>/, as fired]
l,m>
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Uncontrolled
91
86
77
56
39
36
30
100
Multiple cyclone
controlled
100
95
72
22
21
21
C
100
Uncontrolled
0.91 A (7.59A)
0.86A(7.17A)
0.77A(6.42A)
0.56A (4.67A)
0.39A (3.25A)
0.36A (3.00A)
0.30A (2.50A)
1A (8.34A)
Multiple cyclone
controlled1'
0.20A (1.67A)
0. 19A (1.58A)
0.14A(1.17A)
0.04A (0.33A)
0.04A (0.33A)
0.04A (0.33A)
C
0.2A (1.67A)
" Particulate emission factors for residual oil combustion without emission controls are, on average, a function of fuel oil grade and sulfur content-
Grade 6 Oil: A = 1.25 (S) + 0.38 Where S is the weight % of sulfur in the oil
Grade 5 Oil: A = 1.25
Grade 4 Oil: A =0.88
b Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%.
0Insufficient data.
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Table 11. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For
Uncontrolled Industrial Boilers Firing Distillate Oil
EMISSION FA C TOR RA TING: E
Panicle size
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Cumulative emission factor
[kg/103l(lb/103gal)
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
68
50
30
12
9
8
2
100
0.16 (1.33)
0.12 (1.00)
0.07 (0.58)
0.03 (0.25)
0.02 (0.17)
0.02 (0.17)
0.005 (0.04)
0.24 (2.00)
Table 12. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Uncontrolled Commercial Boilers Burning Residual
and Distillate Oil
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: D
Particle size
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Cumulative emission factor
kg/'IP3 l(lb/'103 gal)
(»m)
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1 00
0.625
TOTAL
Uncontrolled with
residual oil
78
62
44
23
16
14
13
100
Uncontrolled with
distillate oil
60
55
49
42
38
37
35
100
Uncontrolled with
residual oil*
0.78 A (1.56 A)
0.62A (1.24A)
0.44A (0.88A)
0.23A (0.46A)
0. 16A (0.32 A)
0. 14A (0.28 A)
0. 13A (0.26A)
1A (2A)
Uncontrolled with
distillate oil
0.14(1.17)
0.13(1.08)
0.12(1.00)
0.10(0.83)
0.09(0.75)
0.09(0.75)
0.08(0.67)
0.24 (2.00)
a Paniculate emission factors for residual oil combustion without emission controls are, on average, a function of fuel oil grade and sulfur content:
Grade60il:A = 1.25(S) + 0.38 Where S is the weight % of sulfur in the oil
Grade 5 Oil: A = 1.25
Grade 4 Oil: A =0.88
Table 13.
Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Bark Fired Boilers
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: D
Cumulative emission factor
Part ir If p Cumulative mass % < stated size
(/j.m) Uncontrolled
15 42
10 35
6 28
2.5 21
1.25 15
1.00 13
0.625 9
TOTAL 100
Multiple
cyclone*
90
79
64
40
26
21
15
100
Controlled
Multiple
eye/one*
40
36
30
19
14
11
8
100
Scrubbed
92
87
78
56
29
23
14
100
[kg/Mg (Ib/ton) bark, as fired]
Uncontrolled
10.1
(20.2)
8.4
(16.8)
6.7
(13.4)
5.0
(10.0)
3.6
(7.2)
3.1
(6.2)
2.2
(4.4)
24
(48)
Multiple
cyclone3
6.3
(12.6)
5.5
(11.0)
4.5
(9.0)
2.8
(5.6)
1.8
(3.6)
1.5
(3.0)
1.1
(2.2)
7
(14)
Controlled
Multiple
cyclone1'
1.8
(3.6)
1.62
(3.24)
1.35
(2.7)
0.86
(1.72)
0.63
(1.26)
0.5
(1.0)
0.36
(0.72)
4.5
(9.0)
Scrubber0
1.32
(2.64)
1.25
(2.50)
1.12
(2.24)
0.81
(1.62)
0.42
(0.84)
0.33
(0.66)
0.20
(0.40)
1.44
(2.88)
3 With fly ash reinjection.
b Without flyash reinjection.
c Estimated control efficiency for scrubber. 94%.
-------
Table 14. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Wood/Bark Fired Boilers
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: E (A for dry electrostatic granular filter [DEGF])
Partirie <;i7f Cumulative mass % < stated size
fam) Uncontrolled"
15 94
10 90
6 86
2.5 76
1.25 69
1.00 67
0.625 e
TOTAL 100
Cumulative emission factors [kg/Mg(lb/ton) wood/ bark, as fired]
Controlled
Multiple
cycloneb
96
91
80
54
30
24
16
100
Multiple
cyclone0
35
32
27
16
8
6
3
100
Scrubber*
98
98
98
98
96
95
e
100
DEGF»
77
74
69
65
61
58
51
100
Uncontrolled3
3.38
(6.77)
3.24
(6.48)
3.10
(6.20)
2.74
(5.47)
2.48
(4.97)
2.41
(4.82)
e
3.6
(7.2)
Controlled
Multiple
cyclone11
2.88
(5.76)
2.73
(5.46)
2.40
(4.80)
1.62
(3.24)
0.90
(1.80)
0.72
(1.44)
0.48
(0.96)
3.0
(6.0)
Multiple
cyclone0
0.95
(1.90)
0.86
(1-72)
0.73
(1.46)
0.43
(0.86)
0.22
(0.44)
0.16
(0.32)
0.081
(0.162)
2.7
(5.4)
Scrubber*
0.216
(0.431)
0.216
(0.432)
0.216
(0.432)
0.216
(0.432)
0.211
(0.422)
0.209
(0.418)
e
0.22
(0.44)
DEGF"
0.123
(0.246)
0.118
(0.236)
0.110
(0.220)
0.104
(0.208)
0.098
(0. 196)
0.093
(0. 186)
0.082
(0.164)
0.16
(0.32)
a From data on underfeed stokers. May also be used as size distribution for wood fired boilers.
''From data on spreader stokers. With flyash reinjection.
cFrom data on spreader stokers. Without flyash reinjection.
dFrom data on dutch ovens. Estimated control efficiency, 94%.
e Insufficient data
Table 15. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Boilers Burning Pulverized Lignite Coal
EMISSION FA CTOR RA TING: E
Panicle size
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Cumulative emission factor3
[kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as fired]
w
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
Uncontrolled
51
35
26
10
7
6
3
100
Multiple cyclone
controlled
77
67
57
27
16
14
8
100
Uncontrolled
1.58 A (3. 16 A)
1.09 A (2. 18 A)
0.81 A (1.62A)
0.31 A (0.62A)
0.22A (0.44A)
0. 19A (0.38 A)
0.09A (0. ISA)
3.1 A (6.2A)
Multiple cyclone
controlled1'
0.477 A (0.954A)
0.4 ISA (0.830A)
0.353A (0.706A)
0.167A(0.334A)
0.099 A (0. 198 A)
0.087A(0.174A)
0.050A(0.100A)
0.62A (1.24A)
"A = coal ash weight % content, as fired.
* Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyc/one. 80%.
-------
Table 76. Cumulative Particle Size Distribution and Size Specific Emission Factors For Lignite Fueled Spreader Stokers
EMISSION FA C TOR RA TING: E
Cumulative mass % < stated size
Particle size
Cumulative emission factor3
[kg/Mg (Ib/ton) coal, as firecf]
Uncontrolled
Multiple cyclone
controlled
Uncontrolled
Multiple cyclone
controlled1'
15
10
6
2.5
1.25
1.00
0.625
TOTAL
28
20
14
7
5
5
4
100
55
41
31
26
23
22
C
100
0.95A I1.9A>
0.68A (1.36A)
0.48A (0.96A)
0.24A.(0.48A)
0.17A(0.34A)
0.17A(0.34A)
0.14A (0.28A)
3.4A (6.8A)
0.374A (0.748Al
0.279A (0.558A)
0.211A (0.422A)
0.177A(0.354A)
0.156A (0.312A)
0.150A (0.300A)
C
0.68A f 1.36A)
'Coal ash weight % content, as fired.
b Estimated control efficiency for multiple cyclone, 80%.
'Insufficient data.
D. Van Buren, D. Barbe, and A. W. Wyssare withAcurex Corporation, Mountain
View. CA 94039.
Dale L. Harmon is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "External Combustion Paniculate Emissions:
Source Category Report." (Order No. PB 87-140 901/AS; Cost: $24.95, subject
to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
-------
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