United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S7-86/057 Feb. 1988
SEPA Project Summary
Development of the 1980
NAPAP Emissions Inventory
Janice K. Wagner, Robert A. Walters, Leslie J. Maiocco,
and Donald R. Neal
This report documents the develop-
ment of the 1980 National Acid Precipi-
tation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
Emissions Inventory. The current ver-
sion of the annual inventory. Version
5.0, and the related Version 5.2 Eulerian
Modeling Inventory and Version 5.3 Re-
gional Oxidant Modeling Inventory rep-
resent the most comprehensive,
highest quality emissions data avail-
able for the 1980 base year. The inven-
tory spans the 48 contiguous states and
10 Canadian provinces, providing de-
tailed point source data for over 14,000
plants and area source information by
source category for 3,070 U.S. counties.
Canadian area source data are reported
at the province level. Emissions from 11
pollutants (SO2, S04, NOX, Pb, CO, HCI,
HF, NH3, TSP, VOC, and total hydrocar-
bons) are included in Version 5.0 of the
inventory, while in the 5.2 modeling in-
ventory, pollutants are disaggregated
into 39 individual classes. NAPAP Ver-
sion 5.0/5.2 emissions of SO2, NOX, and
VOC are 32.1, 24.4, and 26.2 million
tons/year, respectively. Summaries of
emissions data are presented at various
levels of aggregation including nation,
EPA region, state/province, and source
category. Emissions data are also ana-
lyzed by plant size, stack height, and
general source type, and emissions
variations are examined on seasonal
and daily bases. The Version 5.0 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory represents the last
of a series of NAPAP inventory compila-
tion efforts for base year 1980. This re-
port provides a history of the inventory
development, focusing on enhance-
ments made from version to version, rt
also includes a number of topics
specific to development of Versions 5.0
and 5.2, including development of
emission factors for newly added pollu-
tants; incorporation of updated utility
data wrth information from the NAPAP
Utility Reference File (NURF); develop-
ment of temporal, spatial, and species
allocation factors; and creation of the
Rexible Regional Emissions Data Sys-
tem, used to process the 5.0 inventory
into the 5.2 and 5.3 modeling invento-
ries.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Air and Energy Engineer-
ing Research Laboratory, Research Tri-
angle Park, NC, to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report or-
dering information at back).
Introduction
The 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
has been developed by the Task Group
on Emissions and Controls of the Na-
tional Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP). This report summa-
rizes the data in the emissions inven-
tory, and documents the history of its
development and enhancements to pre-
vious versions.
The Inventory represents the best
available point and area source emis-
sions data for the U.S. and Canada for
the base year 1980. The NAPAP study
area extends from 25 to 60 degrees
north latitude and from 50 to 125 de-
grees west longitude.
Annual Emissions Inventory
Within the NAPAP study area, the in-
ventory contains annual point source
emissions data for 14,244 plants en-
compassing 36,807 emission points and
-------
52,904 source classification code (SCO
or process level records. Area source
emissions are reported for 88 emissions
categories for the 3,070 counties in the
48 contiguous United States and Wash-
ington, DC, and for 157 categories for 10
Canadian provinces. Emissions for 11
pollutants are reported in the annual
emissions inventory: S02, S04, NOX, Pb,
CO, HCI, HF, NH3, TSP, VOC, and THC.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are
defined as reactive hydrocarbon spe-
cies; whereas, total hydrocarbons
(THCs) include both reactive and nonre-
active species. This annual emissions
inventory is termed "Version 5.0."
Eulerian Modeling Emissions
Inventory
NAPAP requires an emissions inven-
tory that is suitable as input to the Re-
gional Acid Deposition Model (RADM),
which dictates that annual emissions be
further resolved temporally, spatially,
and by pollutant species.
Temporal resolution is accomplished
by applying factors which allocate an-
nual emissions to 24 hourly emissions
totals for a "typical" weekday, Satur-
day, and Sunday in each season, giving
a total of 12 temporal scenarios, each
suitable as RADM input. The point
source and county-level area source
emissions are spatially allocated to
63,000 20 x 20 km grid cells, each repre-
senting 1/6-degree latitude by 1/4-
degree longitude.
Three pollutants from the annual in-
ventory (NOX, TSP, and total hydrocar-
bons) are further resolved into con-
stituent species or classes of species.
Although the data handling system was
designed to accommodate the 29 hy-
drocarbon classes used in the RADM,
lack of speciation profiles resulted in es-
timated emissions of zero for some
classes. In addition, NOX emissions
were not maintained in the resolved in-
ventory following speciation into NO
and N02. As a result, the Eulerian Mod-
eling Emissions Inventory (Version 5.2)
contains 39 pollutants:
S02
S04
NO
N02
Pb
CO
HCI
HF
NH3
TSP
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
VOC
THC
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Propane
Propylene
N-butane
Isobutane
Isobutene
Pentane
Isopentane
Other Alkanes
Other Alkenes
Other Organic Acids
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Other Ketones
Other Aldehydes
Xylene
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Other Aromatics
Emissions Summary
Annual Emissions Inventory
Table 1 details the annual U.S. and
Canadian emissions of the 11 pollutants
in Version 5.0 of the 1980 NAPAP Emis-
sions Inventory. The distribution of SO2
emissions among major source cate-
gories and by source type (point and
area) is shown in Figure 1. Clearly, point
sources (mainly utilities and smelters)
are the major S02 emitters. State and
county SC>2 emission density maps are
shown in Figures 2 and 3; the concen-
tration of S02 emissions east of the Mis-
sissippi River is apparent. This report
contains similar maps for additional
pollutants; SO2 is used here as an ex-
ample.
Eulerian Modeling Emissions
Inventory
The annual emissions of the 39 spe-
cies represented in Version 5.2 of the
1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory are
summarized in Table 2. These totals re-
flect the application of species alloca-
tion factors to NOX, TSP, and THC emis-
sions.
The temporal variability of SO2 emis-
sions is graphically shown in Figure 4.
Since hour 12 Greenwich Mean Time
corresponds to 8 a.m. Eastern Daylight
Time, it is clear that national S02 emis-
sions are greatest during the daytime.
Figure 5 depicts the spatial distribu-
tion of S02 emissions for a "typical"
Table 1. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.0 - Area and Point Sources'1
summer weekday; again emissions ara|
concentrated in the industrial mid west-
ern states and in the eastern U.S. The
figure is plotted on an 80 x 80 km grid
system; whereas, the actual inventory
contains emissions data at the 1/6-
degree latitude by 1/4-degree longitude
(approximately 20 x 20 km) level of spa-
tial resolution. This report contains sim-
ilar maps for additional pollutants; SO2
is used here as an example.
Inventory Enhancements
Several related NAPAP work assign-
ments resulted in work products which
have been applied in the development
of the current version of the 1980
NAPAP Emissions Inventory. Emission
factors were developed for HCI, HF,
NHa, and SO4, and applied to generate
emissions estimates in the current in-
ventory. A significant improvement to
the previous inventory was the integra-
tion of the NAPAP Utility Reference File
into the inventory, replacing previous
National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) data with quality assured emis-
sions estimates for the utility sector.
In order to create the Eulerian model-
ing emissions inventory (Version 5.2)
used in the testing of the RADM, tempo-
ral, spatial, and species allocation fac-
tors were developed. The basis for
these factors was the Northeast
Corridor Regional Modeling Project
(NECRMP); these factors were quality
assured and revised as necessary. Allo-
cation factors were developed for those
states not considered in the NECRMF
study.
These allocation factors and the 198C
NAPAP Annual Emissions Inventory
(Version 5.0) were used as inputs to the
Flexible Regional Emissions Data Sys
tern (FREDS), an emissions inventory
data processing system developed fo
NAPAP. Written in the command Ian
guage of the Statistical Analysis Systen
(SAS), FREDS was designed to allow thi
vast amount of data in the NAPAP in
ventory to be processed efficiently.
EPA's Atmospheric Sciences Re
search Laboratory requested that ai
Country
S02
SO.
NO*
Pb
CO
HCI
HF
TSP*
VOCb
THC
Canada
Contiguous U.S.
Total
5.109
26,954
32,063
188
976
1,164
2.054
222,352
24.406
C
32
32
18,036
99,309
117.345
C
527
527
C
115
115
210
839
1.048
31.574
42.617
74.192
2.994
23.165
26.158
5.17
24,97
30,11
"In 1000s oftons/yr
^Numbers do not add due to rounding
"Not reported
-------
emissions inventory be developed to
enable testing of the Regional Oxidant
Model (ROM) which requires hydrocar-
bon species consistent with Carbon
Bond IV mechanisms as input. The flex-
ibility of FREDS was utilized and a Ver-
sion 5.3 inventory was developed.
An uncertainty methodology was de-
veloped by Brookhaven National Labo-
ratory and applied to the 1980 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory; this effort and its
results will be documented in a separate
EPA report.
A complete list of the products of this
effort in printed and magnetic form is
attached as Table 3.
U.S.
Ind/Mfg
Proc
12.88%
Other
1.35%
Utilities
64.85%
U.S. Point
76.43
Annual SOz Emisisons by Source Category
Canada
Ind Comb.
13.38%
Transp
3.26%
Other
Comb.
4.28%
Ind/Mfg
Proc
63.62%
Annual SOi Emisisons by Source Type
U.S. Area
7.64%
Canadian Point
13.55%
Canadian Area
2.38%
Ind. Comb.
11.94%
Transp
2.91%
Other
Comb.
4.88%
Utilities
16.62%
Other
0.03%
Figure 1.
1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.0—SOz emissions by source category
and source type.
Note:
1 ton/sq mi = 350.2 kg/sq km
Tons/sq mi \ I 0-10 10-20 §•• >20
Figure 2. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.0—SOz state emissions density.
3
-------
Note:
1 ton/sq mi - 350.2 kg/sq km
Tons/sq mi I _) 0-2 2-30 ••• >30
Figure 3. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.0—SO* county emissions density.
Table 2. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.2 - Area and Point Sources
1980 NAPAP 5.2 Emissions Inventory - Annual Canadian & U.S. Emissions, Area & Point Sources"
Country SOz S04 NO N02 PB CO HCI HF NH3 TSP Ca
Mg Na K VOC THC
Canada
Contig. U.S.
Total
5.095 167 1.879 171 * 17,986 * b 270 31.509 17 5
26.954 976 20.877 1.475 32 99.309 527 115 839 42.617 114 32
32.049 1,143 22.756 1.646 32 117.295 527 115 1.049 74.126 130 37
3 3 2.992 5,135
13 15 23.165 24,977
16 18 26.156 30,113
1980 NAPAP 5.2 Emissions Inventory - Annual Canadian & U.S. Emissions of Hydrocarbon Species, Area & Point Sources^
Country
Canada
Contig. U.S.
Total
Country
Canada
Contig. U.S.
Total
Country
Canada
Contig. U.S.
Total
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Iso-butane
120,389.361 759.253 1.096.057 2.339.149 643.943
91,994,146 6.698,261 4,079,718 15,972,045 3,301,153
212,383,507 7,457,514 5,175,775 18,311.194 3,945.097
Ethylene Propylene Iso-butene Alkenes Benzene
9,434.992 2.001.986 14.897 6,317.955 547,649
41.611.730 15,457.664 103,241 28.722,513 5.492,770
51.046,722 17,459.650 118,138 35.040.468 6,040.419
Aromatic Formaldeh Acetaldeh Aldehyde
398.445 2.626.378 330.143 105.814
4.011.537 19.199.592 2.247.947 816,293
4.409.982 21.825.970 2.578.090 922,107
Pentane
814.803
3,294.293
4.109.096
Toluene
1.172.180
16.492.428
17.664,608
Acetone
424,770
7.253,977
7.678,747
Iso-pent
27,796
340,374
368.171
Xylene
1.129.434
13,762.475
14.891,909
Ketones
309.714
4.376,829
4.686.543
Alkanes
15,103.733
134,447,565
149.551.298
Eth Bern
238.103
2.870.820
3,108,923
Org. Acid
33.100
1.594.637
1.627.737
*ln 1000s of tons/yr
''Not reported
"In 1000s of moles/yr
-------
1 234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324
Hour (GMT)
Figure 4. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.2—hourly emissions pattern for SOj
for a typical summer weekday.
Note:
1 ton = 907 kg
Tons/hr
0-0.05
\ 0.06-1.J
>1
Figure 5. 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory Version 5.2—SO2 emissions for a typical
summer weekday at 1700 GMT.
-------
Table 3. NAPAP Version 5 Products'
Product
Version
Description
5.0/5.2/5.3 Development of the 1980
NAPAP Emissions Inventory
(Report)
'Data on all tapes are in EBCDIC characters
''Area sources are divided into two regions, separated at 100° W longitude
Temporal
resolution
B 5.0
C
D
E
F 5.2
G
H
1
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S 5.3
T
U
V
W
X
Y
z
AA
BB
CC
DO
EE
U.S. Point Sources
Canada Point Sources
U.S. Area Sources
Canada Area Sources
Point Sources
Area Sources - Winter Weekday"
Area Sources - Winter Saturday
Area Sources - Winter Sunday
Area Sources - Spring Weekday
Area Sources - Spring Saturday
Area Sources - Spring Sunday
Area Sources - Summer Weekday
Area Sources - Summer Saturday
Area Sources - Summer Sunday
Area Sources - Fall Weekday
Area Sources - Fall Saturday
Area Sources - Fall Sunday
Point Sources
Area Sources - Winter Weekday
Area Sources - Winter Saturday
Area Sources - Winter Sunday
Area Sources - Spring Weekday
Area Sources - Spring Saturday
Area Sources - Spring Sunday
Area Sources - Summer Weekday
Area Sources - Summer Saturday
Area Sources - Summer Sunday
Area Sources - Fall Weekday
Area Sources - Fall Saturday
Area Sources - Fall Sunday
Annual
Hourly
Hourly
-------
J. Wagner, R. Walters, L. Maiocco, and D. Neal are with Alliance Technologies
Corporation, Bedford. MA 01730.
J. David Mobley is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Development of the 1980 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory," (Order No. PB 88-132 121 /AS; Cost: $38.95, subject to change)
Tapes associated with this project are as follows: (cost of tape includes paper
copy of report)
"U.S. Point Sources (Version 5.0)—Product B," (Order No. PB 88-137 138/
AS; Cost: $300.00)
"Canadian Point Sources (Version 5.0)—Product C," (Order No. PB 88-137
146/AS; Cost: $200.00)
"U.S. Area Sources (Version 5.0)—Product D," (Order No. PB88-137 153/AS;
Cost: $1,000.00)
"Canadian Area Sources (Version 5.0)—Product E," (Order No. PB 88-137
161/AS; Cost: $200.00)
"Point Sources (Version 5.2)—Product F." (Order No. PB 88-137 179/AS;
Cost: $400.00)
"U.S. Area Sources—Winter Weekday (Version 5.2)—Product G," (Order No.
PB 88-137 187/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Winter Saturday (Version 5.2)—Product H," (Order No. PB
88-137 195/AS; Cosf$700.00)
"Area Sources—Winter Sunday (Version 5.2)—Product I," (Order No. PB 88-
137 203/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Weekday (Version 5.2)—Product J," (Order No. PB
88-137 211/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Saturday (Version 5.2)—Product K," (Order No. PB
88-137 229/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Sunday (Version 5.2)—Product L," (Order No. PB 88-
137 237'/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Weekday (Version 5.2)—Product M," (Order No.
PB 88-137 245/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Saturday (Version 5.2)—Product N," (Order No. PB
88-137 252/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Sunday (Version 5.2)—Product O," (Order No. PB
88-137 260/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Fall Weekday (Version 5.2)—Product P." (Order No. PB 88-
137 278/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Fall Saturday (Version 5.2)—Product Q," (Order No. PB 88-
137 286/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Area Sources—Fall Sunday (Version 5.2)—Product R," (Order No. PB 88-
137 294/AS; Cost: $700.00)
"Point Sources (Version 5.3)—Product S." (Order No. PB 88-137 302/AS;
Cost: $300.00)
"Area.Sources—Winter Weekday {Version 5.3)—Product T," (Order No. PB
88-137 310/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Winter Saturday (Version 5.3)—Product U," (Order No. PB
88-137 328'/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Winter Sunday (Version 5.3)—Product V." (Order No. PB
88-137336/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Weekday (Version 5.3)—Product W," (Order No. PB
88-137344/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Saturday (Version 5.3)—Product X," (Order No. PB
88-137 351 /AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Spring Sunday (Version 5.3)—Product Y," (Order No. PB 88-
137 369/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Weekday (Version 5.3)—Product 2," (Order No. PB
88-1'37 377'/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Saturday (Version 5.3)—Product AA." (Order No.
PB 88-137 385/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Summer Sunday (Version 5.3)—Product BB," (Order No. PB
88-137 393/AS; Cost: $500.00)
-------
(Continued)
"Area Sources—Fall Weekday (Version 5.3)—Product CC." (Order No. PB 88-
137 401/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Fall Saturday (Version 5.3)—Product DD." (Order No. PB 88-
137419/AS; Cost: $500.00)
"Area Sources—Fall Sunday (Version 5.3)—Product EE," (Order No. PB 88-
137 427/AS; Cost: $500.00)
The above products will be available only from: (costs subject to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency '
Research Triangle Park, NC27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S7-86/057
0000329 PS
<50604
*U.S. GPO 548-013*
------- |