United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S7-89/010d/e Dec. 1990
f/EPA Project Summary
THE 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory: Development of
Temporal Allocation Factors
David B. Pratt, Daniel F. Mudgett, and Robert A. Walters
This report documents the
development and processing of
temporal allocation factors for the
1985 National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP)
emissions inventory (Version 2). The
NAPAP emissions inventory rep-
resents the most comprehensive
emissions data base available for the
year 1985. Emissions data have been
collected for each of the 48
contiguous United States and 10
Canadian provinces. The inventory
reflects data from a total of 9,175
point sources as well as area
sources in 3,073 counties in the
United States and 10 provinces in
Canada. A primary use of this
inventory is as the input file for
certain regional atmospheric
transport models; e.g., the Regional
Acid Deposition Model (RADM). These
models can be used to simulate the
deposition of acid rain products.
Requirements of RADM dictate that
the annual emissions data be
resolved to produce an inventory of
hourly, spatially gridded emissions
for all 59 chemical species
represented. This report describes
the development of the temporal
allocation factors used to apportion
emissions to each hour throughout
the year. It also documents the
software used to computerize the
factors so that they can be applied to
annual emissions using the existing
Flexible Regional Emissions Data
System (FREDS) software.
This Project Summary was
developed by EPA's Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC, to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in a
separate report of the same title (see
Project Report ordering information at
back).
Introduction
The 1985 NAPAP emissions
inventory was developed by the NAPAP
Task Group on Ernissions and Controls to
provide a comprehensive' inventory of
anthropogenic and natural emissions
sources in the United States and Canada.
Requirements of RADM dictate that
annual emissions be allocated
temporally, spatially, and by chemical
species. As a result, annual emissions
values for 10 pollutants are converted to
hourly emissions for 59 chemical species
apportioned into grid cells approximately
20 x 20 km square covering the United
States and Canada.
Temporal allocation factors are
based on statistical representations of the
temporal distributions of emissions from
different source types. Four seasonal
factors are applied to annual emissions to
produce seasonal subtotals. Three daily
multipliers further divide these subtotals
among three day types; i.e., a typical
weekday, Saturday, and Sunday in each
season. Twenty-four hourly factors are
then applied to account for diurnal
variation in emissions.
Overview of Temporal
Allocation Factors
Temporal allocation factors were
originally developed for point and area
source categories represented in the
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1980 NAPAP emissions inventory. The
methodology and processing techniques
used to develop factors for the 1985
NAPAP emissions inventory are based on
those used for the 1980 effort. While
many of the factors used with the 1985
inventory were based on those from
1980, extensive updates were made in
certain areas.
Temporal allocation factors were
developed for all 102 U.S. area source
categories in the 1985 NAPAP emissions
inventory. Depending on the magnitude
of emissions and the availability of data,
source-specific factors were frequently
resolved to the regional and state level.
Point source factors for sources in the
United States were developed for a
subset of all emissions categories in the
inventory. Particular attention was given
to major acid rain precursor emissions
categories such as electric utilities. Point
sources for which specific factors were
not developed were allocated on the
basis of operating schedule available with
the emissions data.
Data sources for emissions sources
in the United States include: the
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling
Project (NECRMP), U.S. Department of
Energy, U.S. Department of
Transportation, U.S. Department of
Commerce, U.S. EPA, and the Electric
Power Research Institute. Temporal
profiles for emissions sources in Canada
were provided by Environment Canada.
All factors were compiled and processed
using SAS-based software on the U.S.
EPA National Computer Center's IBM
3090 mainframe.
Conclusions
The purpose of this project was 1
develop and document the temper;
allocation factors used with Version 2 (
the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory
The report details the methodologie
used to develop the factors and present
the computer source code used t
generate computerized tempers
allocation factor files. Complete listings <
point and area source temporal allocatio
factors for emissions sources in th
United States are provided. This repo
will facilitate the understanding of th
temporal allocation factors, especially a
related to their use with the 1985 NAPA
emissions inventory.
David B. Fratt, Daniel F. Mudgett, and Robert A. Walters are with Alliance
Technologies Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730.
Carl T. Ripberger is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report consists of paper copy and magnetic tape entitled "The
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation
Factors:"
Paper Copy
EPA/600/7-89/010dt (Order No. PB 90-237181/AS;
Cost: $31.00, subject to change)
Magnetic tape:
EPA/6QO/7-89J010e, "7985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
Temporal Allocation File") (Order No. PB 90-504135/AS;
Cost: $340.00, subject to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royat Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Protect Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S7-89/010d/e
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S7-89/010b/c Dec. 1990
Project Summary
The 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory: Development of
Spatial Allocation Factors
Lysa G. Modica and Daniel R. Dulleba
This report documents the develop-
ment and application of the spatial
allocation factors for the 1985 National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP) Emissions Inventory (Version
2). The 1985 annual inventory and related
modelers' Inventory represent the most
comprehensive and highest quality
emissions data available. The inventory
spans the 48 contiguous United States
and 10 Canadian provinces. Emissions
data are Included for 9,175 plants and
area source categories from 3,073 coun-
ties in the U.S. and the 10 Canadian
provinces. One application of the NAPAP
Inventory is to provide an emissions data
input file for regional atmospheric models
used to simulate the transport and
transformation of acid deposition pre-
cursors and the patterns and magnitudes
of deposition products. Annual emissions
data were resolved into a consistent
spatial grid pattern, Into hourly values for
12 representative day types and into 59
pollutant species tor modeling applica-
tions. This report discusses the develop-
ment of the spatial allocation factors that
were used to distribute county and
province level area source emissions
estimates to a grid pattern defined by
1/6-degree latitude and 1/4-degree lon-
gitude covering the contiguous U.S. and
Canada to 60 degrees north latitude. The
report also documents the computer
software used to formulate the spatial
allocation factors. These factors were
implemented In a modular computer
program known as the Flexible Regional
Emissions Data System (FREDS).
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that Is fully docu-
mented In a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering Infor-
mation at back).
Introduction
The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
(Version 2) has been developed by the
NAPAP Task Group on Emissions and
Controls. One purpose of the inventory
is to support NAPAP and other research
efforts by providing a high quality model-
ers' emissions inventory that can be used
as input for regional modeling applica-
tions. The emissions inventory was
developed principally for application to
the Regional Acid Deposition Model
(RADM); however, it was developed with
resolution suitable for use in other models,
such as the Acid Deposition and Oxidant
Model (ADOM) and the Regional Oxidant
Model (ROM).
The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
(Version 2) was resolved spatially, tempor-
ally, and by pollutant species to support
these models. Spatial, temporal, and
species allocation factors were devel-
oped and applied to create the modelers'
inventory. Spatial allocation factors are
based on statistical representations of the
distribution of surrogate indicators which
can be used to estimate the spatial
distribution of emissions from area source
categories.
The spatial allocation factors applied to
the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
were based largely on factors and meth-
odologies developed for the 1980 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory. The additional effort
completed for the 1985 Inventory devel-
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opment resulted from quality assurance
(QA) and quality control (QC) procedures
that identified problems and errors in the
1980 spatial factors. Details of the QC
procedures and the enhancements to
spatial factors that resulted from the QC
program are also described in the report.
Spatial Factor Overview
The spatial allocation factors were
compiled in a data file which describes
the fraction of the county or province level
totals of each of the surrogate indicators
that are included in each Inventory grid
cell. The spatial allocation surrogate
indicators applied to the 1985 NAPAP
Inventory are summarized in Table 1. Data
reported at various levels of geographic
coverage were used to derive the spatial
allocation factors. In each case, the level
of resolution of the spatial indicators was
modified to be relative to the county or
province level, to be consistent with the
level of resolution of the emissions
estimates.
The development and application of the
spatial allocation factors for the U.S. and
Canada are discussed separately, due to
differences in the methodologies used to
prepare and process the spatial allocation
data. The development of U.S. spatial
allocation factors was based on two main
sources of data: U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Cen-
sus of Population and Housing, 1980; and
land use/classification data derived from
1972-1973 Landsat satellite imagery and
land use/cover maps. Canadian spatial
factors were based on data supplied to
Environment Canada by Statistics Can-
ada which represent the base year 1981.
Environment Canada supplied data for the
grid cell resolution by province. All date
processing was completed using the EPfi
National Computer Center's Sperry UNI-
VAC 1100 and the IBM 3090.
Conclusions
The objectives of this project were tc
develop and document the software usec
to generate the spatial allocation factor:
used in the development of the 198£
NAPAP Modelers' Emissions Inventory
(Version 2). The series of computei
programs described in the documen
support the spatial resolution require-
ments of regional acid deposition anc
photochemical oxidant models. The
information provided in the report wil
facilitate the use and interpretation of the
spatial allocation factors by all Inventor)
users.
Table 1. Spatial Allocation Surrogates Used in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
Surrogate No.
Surrogate Indicator
Source
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
U.S. SPATIAL FACTORS
Population
Housing
Urban Land
Agricultural Land
Composite Forest
Land Area
CANADIAN SPATIAL FACTORS
Population
Oil Homes
Gas Homes
Total Homes
Industrial Labor Force
Commercial Labor Force
Agricultural Labor Force
Mining Labor Force
1980 Census
1980 Census
Landsat
Landsat
Landsat
EPA/Alliance
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada
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Lysa G. Modica and Daniel R. Dulleba are with are with Alliance Technologies
Corporation. Bedford, Massachusetts 01730.
R. Lagemann and C. T. Rlpberger are the EPA Protect Officers (see below).
The complete report consists of paper copy and magnetic tape entitled "The
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Spatial Allocation
Factors:"
Paper Copy
EPA/600/7-89/01 Ob, (Order No. PB 90-237173/AS;
Cost: $31.00, subject to change)
Magnetic tape:
EPA/600/7-89/010C, "7985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
Spatial Allocation Factors") (Order No. PB 90-504127/AS;
Cost: $340.00, subject to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAH
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S7-89/010b/c
------- |