United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-86/022 Feb. 1987
Project Summary
Land Disposal, Remedial Action,
Incineration and Treatment of
Hazardous Waste:
Proceedings of the Twelfth
Annual Research Symposium
Harry M. Freeman and Naomi P. Barkley
Proceedings are summarized for Ses-
sions A, B, and C of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA)
Twelfth Annual Research Symposium
on Land Disposal, Remedial Action, In-
cineration and Treatment of Hazardous
Waste. The Symposium was held in
Cincinnati, Ohio, April 21 through 23,
1986. Session A, Hazardous Waste Land
Disposal, included 25 papers;
Session B, Hazardous Waste Incinera-
tion and Treatment, included 25
papers; and Session C, combined
HWERL posters, included 26 poster pre-
sentations. Research projects on which
these papers and posters are based are
sponsored by EPA's Land Pollution
Control Division (LPCD), Cincinnati and
Edison, New Jersey, and Alternative
Technology Division (ATD), Cincinnati.
of the Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory (HWERL). Land
disposal subjects discussed include
landfill design and operation, waste
leaching and analyses, pollution migra-
tion and control, waste modification,
surface impoundments, flexible mem-
brane liners, remedial action tech-
niques, and underground mine dis-
posal. Incineration and treatment
subjects include combustion of haz-
ardous wastes in incinerators, boilers,
and industrial processes; field evalua-
tions, treatment options, and innova-
tive processes for hazardous waste de-
struction.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Hazardous Waste Engi-
neering Research Laboratory, Cincin-
nati, OH, to announce key findings of
the research projects that are fully doc-
umented in » separate report of the
same title (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
Introduction
Fifty papers and 26 posters outlining
state-of-the-art findings from research
funded by HWERL were presented at
EPA's Twelfth Annual Research Sympo-
sium on Land Disposal, Remedial Ac-
tion, Incineration and Treatment of Haz-
ardous Waste. Papers are abstracted
and posters are listed in this Project
Summary. The Symposium was con-
ducted in three concurrent sessions—
one for Hazardous Waste Land Disposal
(Session A), one for Hazardous Waste
Incineration and Treatment (Session B),
and one for combined HWERL poster
presentations (Session C). Attendees
were free to alternate sessions. The
Symposium provided an effective
means for presenting the latest signifi-
cant research results of the LPCD's and
ATD's research program to industry,
State and Federal agencies, universi-
ties, environmental groups, and consul-
tants. This year's Symposium was ex-
panded to include projects of the
Releases Control Branch, Edison, New
Jersey.
Session A papers were grouped into
eight sessions by these topics: landfill
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liners, both soils and synthetic mem-
branes; cover systems for landfills;
waste/leachate management and treat-
ment; spills treatment; contaminated
soil treatment; and control technology
for Superfund sites.
Session B papers were grouped into
eight sessions by these topics: treat-
ment options for nonhalogenated and
halogenated organic hazardous waste;
treatment options for dioxin bearing
wastes; engineering options for metals
and corrosives; engineering analyses of
hazardous waste incinerator perform-
ance; innovative and alternative haz-
ardous waste technology and proc-
esses; thermal destruction research.
Session C posters were presented on
selected ongoing research topics.
Papers are abstracted here. The au-
thors listed were the speakers and/or
principal investigator for the project.
Session A
Land Disposal Research Papers
Overviews
Technical Resource Documents
and Technical Handbooks for
Hazardous Wastes
Management
Norbert B. Schomaker
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
The U.S. EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) is preparing a
series of Technical Resource Docu-
ments (TRDs) and Technical Handbooks
to provide best engineering control
technology to meet the needs of the Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) and the Comprehensive Envi-
ronmental Response Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA) respectively.
These documents and handbooks are
basically compilations of research ef-
forts of ORD's Land Pollution Control Di-
vision (LPCD) to date. The specific areas
of research being conducted under the
RCRA land disposal program relate to
laboratory, pilot and field validation
studies in cover systems, waste leach-
ing and solidification, liner systems and
disposal facility evaluation. The specific
areas of research being conducted
under the CERCLA uncontrolled waste
sites (Superfund) program relate to
pilot and field validation studies in barri-
ers, waste storage, waste treatment,
modeling and post-closure evaluation.
The Technical Resource Documents are
intended to assist both the regulated
community and the permitting authori-
ties for development of new hazardous
waste disposal facilities. The Technical
Handbooks provide the EPA Program
Offices and Regions, as well as the
States and other interested parties, with
the latest information relevant to reme-
dial actions.
Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Research Program
Richard Field and
Anthony Tafuri
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA's Office of Research and Devel-
opment is undertaking research to con-
trol leaks from underground storage
tanks (LIST) containing petroleum prod-
ucts and hazardous substances regu-
lated under the Comprehensive Envi-
ronmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). The
principal purpose of this effort is to pro-
tect the Nation's groundwater supplies
from UST leak contamination as man-
dated by the Resource, Conservation,
and Recovery Act (RCRA) reauthoriza-
tion of 1984. The EPA Office of Under-
ground Storage Tanks is responsible for
the promulgation of rulemaking for UST
leak control and the Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory
(HWERL) together with the Environ-
mental Monitoring and Support Labora-
tory-Las Vegas is responsible for the de-
velopment of technical background
information for the mandated rulemak-
ing. The HWERL research program
covers the areas of UST leak prevention,
detection, and corrective action.
Hazardous Materials Releases
Research Program
Anthony N. Tafuri
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
An mandated by the Clean Water Act
and CERCLA, EPA's Office of Research
and Development is undertaking re-
search to prevent, control and eliminate
pollution caused by the releases of haz-
ardous materials into the environment.
Such releases can result from trans-
portation accidents, in-plant discharges
where the hazardous material leaves
the boundary of the plant, and uncon-
trolled hazardous waste disposal sites.
These releases pose a problem of na-
tional significance; of greatest concern
is the irreversible contamination of the
Nation's drinking water aquifers. WhaL
is needed, and what is being pursued!
under HWERL's research program, is a
systematic and thorough examination/
documentation of cost-effective tech-
nologies that can be applied as counter-
measure operations to mitigate risk to
public health and to the environment
caused by these release situations.
Session A-1
Soils as Landfill Liners
Effective Porosity of Geologic
Materials
Gary R. Peyton
Illinois State Water Survey
Estimation of travel times for pollu
tant solutes through fine-grained, satu
rated porous media is of interest in «
number of areas. In all cases, such esti
mation requires a knowledge of th<
porosity of the material. Evidence fron
the chromatographic literature sug
gests that the "effective porosity" of
porous medium may not necessarily b
the same for all solutes and/or cond
tions. The object of this work was to dc
fine, understand and measure effectiv
porosity. Diffusion is seen to play
major role in determining breakthroug
times in clayey materials. Approximai
breakthrough times may be simply cs
culated using chromatographic da'
analysis techniques. Differences in e
fective porosity of a medium for diffe
ent solutes may be very importa
under the conditions of facilitated s
lute transport.
Hydraulic Conductivity of
Compacted Clay Soils
Andrew S. Rogowski
USDA-ARS, Northeast
Watershed Research Center
To measure hydraulic conductivity
field-scale research facility was c<
structed, consisting of a 30 x 75 f<
(9.1 x 22.9 m) area of clay soil co
pacted in three lifts to specifications i
with equipment used in construct
clay liners. Analysis of bulk density,
filtration and leachate data showed t
zones where infiltration and leach
percolation were high were also
zones that were not fully saturated.'
analysis implied that flow may be tab
place through preferential pathway
areas of lower compaction density.
flow rates were proportional to the
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draulic gradient, in part verifying the as-
sumption that Oarcy's Law was valid.
Changes in density following ponding
were expressed as volume of water
needed to saturate the liner. Measured
swelling of the liner was very slight
while overall average density increased.
Infiltration and outflow rates which
have increased consistently following
ponding have lately begun to decline.
Geotechnical Analysis for
Review of Dike Stability
Mark S. Meyers
University of Cincinnati
The structure and capabilities of a
user-friendly, interactive computer pro-
gram developed for the stability analy-
sis of dikes (CARDS) are described. The
CARDS program is designed to guide a
geotechnical nonspecialist (EPA regula-
tory personnel) through the customary
steps of earth dike analysis considering
slope stability, settlement, liquefaction,
hydraulic flow and pressure conditions,
and piping. The program was devel-
oped under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and
therefore emphasizes hazardous waste
applications, although it is suitable for
general use. The CARDS package is de-
signed for use on the IBM-PC/XT micro-
computer.
Session A-2
Cover Systems for Landfills
The Role of Water Balance in
the Long-Term Stability of
Hazardous Waste Site Cover
Treatments
Fairley J. Barnes
Los Alamos National Labora-
tory
After the 30-year postclosure mainte-
nance period at hazardous waste land-
fills, long-term stability must be assured
without continued intervention. Under-
standing water balance in the estab-
lished vegetative cover system is cen-
tral to predicting such stability. As part
of an EPA-funded research project a
series of experimental cover treatment
plots were established on a closed
waste disposal site. We are determining
the effects of such critical parameters as
soil cover design, leaf area index, and
rooting characteristics on water balance
under varied conditions. The results
show consistent differences in soil
moisture storage between soil profiles
and between vegetation cover treat-
ments. Data from these experiments are
being used to examine the utility of
water balance models (such as
CREAMS and HELP) for predicting soil
moisture storage in landfill covers.
Factors Influencing Differential
Settlement and the Effects on
Cover Systems
Paul A. Gilbert
USAE Waterways Experiment
Station
Differential settlement can cause
cracking in the cover la^«r of a haz-
ardous waste landfill. If s ~n cracking
occurs, there is significant danger that
the cover will be breached, releasing
toxic material into the environment.
Thus, there is a need for a reliable
method to identify conditions which will
result in excessive differential settle-
ment, cover system cracking, and the
ensuing threat to the environment.
The present work will utilize beam
theory to identify material and geomet-
ric parameters which significantly influ-
ence differential settlement. It will be
shown how the identified parameters
may be used to control and minimize
the effect of differential settlement.
An analytical procedure will be pre-
sented which allows estimation of ten-
sile strain developed during differential
settlement. Additionally, a design pro-
cedure based on this estimated tensile
will be presented.
Applicability of the HELP
Model in Multilayer Cover
Design: A Field Verification
and Modeling Assessment
Nathaniel Peters II
University of Kentucky
Data obtained from two field-scale ex-
perimental landfill covers are used to
verify the ability of the Hydrologic Eval-
uation of Landfill Performance (HELP)
model to predict the performance of a
multilayer soil cover system. The data
used for HELP model testing were ob-
tained from experimental covers. The
covers, which were 90 ft x 20 ft with a
3% slope in the longitudinal direction,
were large enough to require field-scale
compaction equipment. Extensive den-
sity and moisture testing was con-
ducted during construction of the soil
barrier layers.
A thorough description of the proce-
dure used for estimating soil parame-
ters is given. These initial parameters
were employed in the HELP model to
predict values of runoff, drainage, and
percolation volumes for the covers,
which are compared with actual field
data. The input parameters were then
optimized within each parameter's ex-
pected range, and those calibrated val-
ues were utilized to predict subsequent
flows. The HELP model is shown to be
capable of estimating drainage from
and percolation through a multilayer
soil cover for the specific geometric
conditions of this site. Optimized
parameters give an even better match
between predicted and observed re-
sults.
Session A-3
Waste/Leachate Management
Remediation of an Industrial
Dump Site—A Case History
Robert C. Ahlert
Rutgers, The State University
of New Jersey
A number of industrial wastewater
sludges had been accumulated in an un-
lined impoundment over several
decades. Infiltrating rainfall produced
leachate with elevated total organic car-
bon (TOC) and created a source of
slowly diffusing groundwater contami-
nation. Containment and treatment of
leachate were straightforward means of
groundwater protection. The mass of
organic matter present in the lagoon
translated into a prolonged period of
leachate production and management.
Long-term treatment and monitoring
costs were considered excessive, while
changes in local geohydrology might
necessitate additional capital invest-
ment.
A laboratory program was carried
out. An aqueous extraction scheme was
developed; an optimum alkaline extrac-
tion solution was found to accelerate
TOC removal by ten to fifty-fold. A par-
allel investigation of microbial acclima-
tion and degradation demonstrated that
traditional aerobic treatment of low-
strength and high-strength leachates
was about 50% effective. A bench-scale
study with packed-bed bioreactors, uti-
lizing aerobic and anaerobic microbial
communities in series, exhibited
greater than 95% TOC removal.
A pilot plant was designed, built and
operated on-site. The pilot plant in-
cludes caustic solution preparation and
application, extraction of sludge de-
-------
posits in place, forced extract neutral-
ization and flocculation, nutrient addi-
tion, sequential microbial treatment and
effluent recycle or discharge. Typical
data are presented. Pilot-scale opera-
tions have demonstrated forced leach-
ing and complete sludge carbon de-
struction at high rates. It is estimated
that site renovation can be accom-
plished in a period of 2 to 4 years, with
an effluent suitable for discharge.
Reportable Quantities
Guidelines for
CERCLA-Designated Chemicals
Steven Gibson
Environmental Monitoring and
Services, Inc.
This paper provides the technical
methodology EPA has used to adjust re-
portable quantities (RQs) of hazardous
substances which, when released, must
be reported to the National Response
Center. In accordance with CERCLA
Section 102, the EPA Administrator
must promulgate regulations to estab-
lish the level of release which triggers a
response. The methodology consists of
evaluating the intrinsic physical, chemi-
cal and lexicological properties of the
hazardous substance. For each property
a ranking scale was established from
which an RQ could be derived. The final
RQ for each substance is then consid-
ered for adjustment based on the sub-
stance's degradation properties (bio-
chemical degradation, hydrolysis,
photolysis). The Administrator issued
the Final Rule on April 4,1985 as 40 CFR
Part 302.
Predicting Hazardous Waste
Leachate Composition
Danny R. Jackson
Battelle Columbus Division
Information on the teachability and
composition of leachate from wastes is
needed in the design of disposal facili-
ties and in the review of permit applica-
tions. This project is studying the use of
laboratory batch extraction procedures
for predicting the composition of
aqueous leachate from wastes in the
field. Water was passed through large
diameter columns filled with solid
wastes to simulate waste leaching
under field conditions. The ability of
selected laboratory batch procedures to
predict total amounts of teachable ma-
terial and maximum analyte concentra-
tions in leachates from the large
columns was investigated. This presen-
tation describes the wastes and test
conditions and compares the maximum
analyte concentrations found in the
column leachates and batch extracts.
Session A-4
Synthetic Membranes as
Landfill Liners
Chemical Resistance of
Synthetic Liner/Hazardous
Waste Combinations
Gordon Bellen
National Sanitation Foundation
Laboratory testing was conducted
under the sponsorship of the EPA to
study the chemical resistance of flexible
membrane liner materials (FMLs). Im-
mersion tests were performed with six
FMLs and 20 chemical solutions to de-
velop liner selection guidance for FML
users. The effect of time, temperature,
and chemical concentration were stud-
ied. The length of immersion time
ranged from one day to two years. To
evaluate the effect of these challenges
on the FMLs, weight, dimension, tensile
properties, and tear resistance were
measured. The results of the study were
used to develop general principles for
interpreting FML chemical immersion
tests. This paper presents results and
discusses interpretation principles for
one FML material, a plasticized thermo-
plastic.
Verification of the Hydrologic
Evaluation of Landfill
Performance (HELP) Model
Using Field Data
Lee Peyton
University of Missouri—
Columbia
Simulations of 20 landfill cells from
seven sites were performed using the
HELP model. The results of the simula-
tions were compared with the field data
obtained from the cells to verify the
HELP model and to identify inaccuracies
and shortcomings of the model. Meas-
ured components of the water balance
ranged from just leachate collection to
percolation, lateral drainage and runoff.
The descriptions and soil properties of
the sites were loosely defined, requiring
much judgment in the selection of HELP
model input specifications and allowing
significant variance in the simulation re-
sults.
Using best judgment prior to calibra-
tion, runoff was overpredicted for five
cells by an average of 30% and under-
predicted for six cells by an average of I
20%. Evapotranspiration appeared to be
underpredicted by an average of 8%,
but low values of evaporative depth
were used in the simulations which may
account for this. Lateral drainage was
overpredicted by 11% in two cells where
very high leachate collection rates were
observed. In three cells where very
small quantities of leachate were col-
lected, lateral drainage was underesti-
mated by 97%, although this difference
only amounted to 1.4 inches per year.
Of the remaining nine cells, lateral
drainage was overpredicted by an aver-
age of 7% in covered cells and overpre-
dicted by an average of 52% in perma-
nently uncovered cells with a
weathered waste surface that sup-
ported dense vegetation.
Interfacial Stability of Soil
Covers on Lined Surface
Impoundments
D.H. Mitchell
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
The factors affecting the interfacial
stability of soil covers on geomem-
branes were examined to determine the
maximum stable slopes for soil cover/
geomembrane systems. Several in-
stances of instability of soil covers or
geomembranes have occurred at tail
ings ponds, leaving exposed geomem
branes with the potential for physica
damage and possibly chemical and ul
traviolet degradation. From an opera
tor's viewpoint, it is desirable to max!
mize the slope of lined facilities in orde
to maximize the volume-to-area ratio
however, the likelihood for instabilit
also increases with increasing slope.
Frictional data obtained from diree
shear tests are compared with stabilit
data obtained using a nine-square
meter (m2) engineering-scale test stan
to verify that direct shear test data ai
valid in slope design calculations. Inte
facial frictional data from direct she;
tests using high-density polyethyler
and a poorly graded sand cover agr<
within several degrees with tF
engineering-scale tests.
Determination of the Solubilit
Parameters of FMLs for Use ir
Assessing Resistance to
Organics
Henry E. Haxo, Jr.
Matrecon, Inc.
Results are presented of equilibrii
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volume swelling of 22 different poly-
meric FMLs and six simple polymeric
compounds of known composition on
immersion in water and in 23 organics
ranging widely in dispersive, polarity,
and hydrogen-bonding solubility
parameters. Preliminary determina-
tions of these three component solubil-
ity parameters of FMLs based on their
equilibrium swelling characteristics in
test liquids of various known solubility
parameters are made by two graphical
methods. The three solubility parame-
ters of FMLs are being generated to use
in developing a predictive model for as-
sessing FML-waste liquid compatibility.
Results indicate the potential impor-
tance of the solubility parameters of the
FMLs with respect to predicting the ab-
sorption of specific organic constituents
from waste liquids.
Session A-5
Leachate Treatment
Field Demonstration of In Situ
Biological Treatment of
Contaminated Groundwater
and Soils
Roger S. Wetzel
Science Applications
International Corporation
In situ biological degradation of or-
ganic contaminants was demonstrated
at a waste disposal site at Kelly Air
Force Base (AFB), Texas. A small-scale
soil and groundwater treatment system
was used to circulate groundwater by
pumping and gravity injection. Oxygen,
in the form of stabilized hydrogen per-
oxide, and specially formulated nutri-
ents were introduced to the subsurface
in order to stimulate microbial degrada-
tion of the organic contaminants. Exten-
sive background studies were per-
formed to characterize the site geology
and hydrology, determine the contami-
nant profile, and demonstrate treatabil-
ity in the laboratory. This project was
the first field application of in situ bio-
logical treatment at a site contaminated
with a complex mixture of both organic
and inorganic wastes.
Problems associated with operation
of an in situ biological treatment system
and useful monitoring parameters are
discussed. The demonstration project at
Kelly AFB has provided a better under-
standing of the capabilities and limita-
tions of the technology for treatment of
organic contaminants in soils and
groundwater.
Stringfellow Leachate
Treatment with RBC
E.J. Opatken
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
A study is underway to determine if a
rotating biological contactor (RBC) can
be effectively employed to treat
leachate from a hazardous waste site. In
this case a pilot sized RBC was installed
at the U.S. EPA's Testing and Evaluation
(T&E) facility in Cincinnati. The RBC was
scaled down from full size to 1/10 of
standard.
Prior to the leachate studies a series
of kinetic runs will be made on primary
effluent from the Cincinnati Mill Creek
Sewage Treatment Plant to establish
the capability of the RBC to convert sol-
uble organic compounds into innocu-
ous products. This paper reports on the
results from these experiments and the
effectiveness of an RBC to adequately
treat leachate from a hazardous waste
site.
Nondestructive Testing (NOT)
Location of Containers Buried
in Soil
Arthur E. Lord, Jr.
Drexel University
This paper describes work involving
the detection and delineation of buried
steel and plastic containers using a wide
variety of NOT (remote-sensing) tech-
niques. Seventeen techniques were
considered and evaluated, and the four
most promising were used in the work
to be described herein. These four are
electromagnetic induction, metal detec-
tion, magnetometer, and ground pene-
trating radar. The containers, varying in
size from 5-gal to 55-gal, were buried in
known distributions in a wide variety of
soils, and some were also submerged in
water.
As a result of the work at the five sites,
a relatively complete picture has
emerged concerning the strengths and
weaknesses of the four major NOT sub-
surface container location techniques.
This paper will describe the individual
NOT techniques, the experimental work
involved and will give a summary of the
findings.
Session A-6
Spills Treatment
A Selection Guide for
Mobile/Portable Treatment
Technologies for the Removal
of Volatile Organics from
Water
Jeffrey L. Fleming
IT Corporation
This paper describes the salient fea-
tures of a Guide for evaluating the appli-
cability to hazardous substance cleanup
operations of volatilization technologies
such as surface sprayers, surface aera-
tors, bubble columns, cooling towers,
and steam strippers. Unaided evapora-
tion from a pond is also addressed. The
Guide enables the user to assess per-
formance and cost under a variety of
operating conditions (e.g., temperature,
influent concentration, allowable liquid
and gas effluent concentration, and
flow rates) for "representative" equip-
ment designs that could be transported
on a trailer 8 feet wide, 45 feet long, and
with a maximum height of 13.5 feet. The
designs are used as a basis to calculate
representative contaminant removal ef-
ficiency, treatment rates, air emissions,
and treatment costs of each technology.
A key parameter used in assessing
these technologies is the Henry's Law
Constant (Hc). A tabulation of available
values of Hc is provided for CERCLA-
designated volatile hazardous sub-
stances, and methods for estimating Hc
are also described. Qualitative guidance
is provided on other factors that should
be considered during site-specific as-
sessments of the technical and eco-
nomic feasibility of volatilization tech-
nologies.
A Guidance Manual for the
Selection and Use of Sorbents
for Liquid Hazardous
Substance Releases
Steven Gjbson
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Combined experimental and litera-
ture data were used to prepare A Guid-
ance Manual for the Selection and Use
of Sorbents for Hazardous Substance
Releases. On-Scene Coordinators and
their technical support personnel are
the primary target audience for the
manual.
To utilize the Manual, the user must
first identify the spilled liquid. If it is one
of the 200+ liquid hazardous sub-
stances addressed in the Manual, a ref-
erence is provided to one of 25
"Sorbent Selection and Use Guides."
Each of the Guides enables the user to
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rapidly identify generic sorbent classes,
physical forms, and methods of applica-
tion and collection that are most suit-
able for each of four different chemical
release-control scenarios: 1) a spill onto
land; 2) a floating release into water;
3) a non-floating release into water; and
4) immobilization for landfilling.
The Manual contains "Sorbent Data
Sheets" for 13 generic classes of sor-
bents other than activated carbon.
These data sheets contain information
on manufacturers, acquisition costs,
bulk density and sorbent limitations.
The sorption capacity of 190 sorbent-
chemical pairs was determined and
recorded in the Manual. The Manual
also includes cost and estimation proce-
dures, test methods, hazardous liquid
physical properties, and a description of
the rationale for the release-control sce-
narios.
In Situ Treatment of Sodium
Hydroxide Spills in Quiescent
Water Bodies—An
Experimental Program
Michael Borst
Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason
Co., Inc.
In situ treatment of soluble hazardous
material spills in quiescent water bodies
has been advocated as an alternative to
a withdrawal-treatment-replacement
approach to avoid the necessity of
transferring large volumes of water to a
treatment facility. To document the
practicality of this type of treatment,
EPA conducted tests at the Oil and Haz-
ardous Materials Simulated Environ-
mental Test Tank in Leonardo, New
Jersey. The program assumed from the
start that the chemistry of the in situ
treatment was not under examination;
therefore, the selection of the contami-
nant and treatment chemicals was
based on experimental needs and not
requirements of a field (end-use) situa-
tion.
Acid/base chemistry was selected for
this testing. The testing used sodium
hydroxide as the contaminant because
of cost and relative frequency of actual
spillage. The treatment chemical se-
lected was acetic acid because it is avail-
able in high concentrations, has a rela-
tively low cost, and because the
principal reaction product, sodium ac-
etate, is highly soluble at the expected
water temperature and biodegrades.
Session A-7
Contaminated Soil Treatment
Chemical and Microbial
Stabilization Techniques for
Remedial Action Sites
Janet Rickabaugh
University of Cincinnati
Highly contaminated soils at remedial
action sites may require multiple tech-
nologies for successful on-site clean-up.
One such example is the Chem-dyne
site in Hamilton, Ohio. The site is lo-
cated above a major aquifer which pro-
vides the water supply to many commu-
nities in southwestern Ohio. While this
site was active, a large variety of chem-
icals were received in various contain-
ers. Subsequently, leaking containers
and spillage caused heavy contamina-
tion to the soil in many locations on the
site. Soil collected from one location on
the site which contained hydrocarbons,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, and organo-
chloride pesticides was used in studies
of biodegradation, surfactant scrub-
bing, followed by photolysis, and reverse
osmosis. This paper discusses each tech-
nology and presents preliminary results
from each study.
Treatment of Soils
Contaminated With Heavy
Metals
William D. Ellis
Science Applications
International Corporation
The EPA's Hazardous Waste Engi-
neering Research Laboratory has ini-
tiated a program to evaluate in situ
methods for mitigating or eliminating
environmental damage from releases of
toxic and other hazardous materials to
the soils around uncontrolled haz-
ardous waste disposal sites. As part of
this program, various reagents suitable
for the in situ washing of heavy metal
contaminants from soil were tested at
laboratory scale. The work was per-
formed on a soil from an actual Super-
fund site near Seattle, Washington. The
soil contained five toxic heavy metals
often found in hazardous waste site
soils: cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, and nickel.
The tests demonstrated that sequen-
tial treatment of soil with ethylenedi-
aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxy-
lamine hydrochloride, and citrate buffer
was effective in removing metals from
soil, and all were necessary for good
cleanup. The best removals observed
were: cadmium, 98%; lead, 96%; cop-
per, 73%; chromium, 52%; and nickel,
23%.
Field Evaluation of In Situ
Washing of Contaminated Soils
With Water/Surfactants
James Nash
Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason
Co., Inc.
Since 1981, the Releases Control
Branch of the Hazardous Waste Engi-
neering Research Laboratory has been
developing techniques to wash contam-
inated soil in place (in situ). The project
includes design and fabrication of the
hardware to carry out the washing, eval-
uation of surfactants to do the washing,
determination of which geological char-
acteristics to use to judge the appropri-
ateness of in situ washing, develop-
ment of a monitoring and reporting
system, evaluation of two candidate
sites for the field testing of the hard-
ware, and a pilot treatment study at s
contaminated site.
This paper summarizes the desigr
and development of the In Situ Contam
inant/Treatment Unit (ISCTU) and the
evaluation of surfactants for in situ soi
washing. The emphasis is on work com
pleted at Volk Air National Guard Base
Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. The wor
shows that surfactants will remov
otherwise obstinate contaminants fron
soil even without mechanical agitatio
of the soil. However, subsequent treai
ments of the surfactant laden leachate i
an unresolved problem.
Session A-8
Control Technology for
Superfund Sites
Effect of Freezing on the Level
of Contaminants in
Uncontrolled Hazardous Wastt
Sites—Part //: Preliminary
Results
Iskandar K. Iskandar
U.S. Army Cold Regions
Research and Engineering
Laboratory
Artificial ground freezing has recen
been identified as a potential meth
for facilitating site decontaminatic
This study was conducted to evalu:
the feasibility of using artificial grou
freezing for dewatering slurries and i
contaminating soils at uncontrolled h
ardous waste sites.
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Preliminary column studies in the lab-
oratory showed that freezing and thaw-
ing slurries significantly reduced their
volume by as much as 40%. The effect
of freeze/thaw on volatile organics was
dependent on the number of freeze/
thaw cycles and the octanol-water parti-
tion coefficient for the specific sub-
stance. For heavy metals, freeze/thaw
cycling has a mixed effect.
Feasibility of Using Mined
Space for Long-Term Control
of Dioxin-Contaminated Soils
M. Pat Esposito
PEI Associates
The secondary use of mined space in
Missouri for warehousing and other
purposes strongly suggests that such
spaces also could be successfully used
for the long-term control of dioxin-
containing soils and other hazardous
wastes. This paper reviews the types of
mines typically converted to secondary
uses in the State and the advantages
these mines offer over landfills as an
alternative management option for haz-
ardous wastes. Criteria for siting a mine
for such purposes and costs for devel-
opment and operation of the facility
also are briefly discussed.
Session B
Incineration & Treatment
Research Papers
Session EM
Treatment Options for
Non-Halogenated Organic
Hazardous Waste
Review of Alternative
Treatment Processes for
Non-Halogenated Solvent
Wastes
Benjamin L Blaney
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
There are both economic and regula-
tory incentives to treat wastes whose
organic component makes them haz-
ardous. This paper discusses manage-
ment alternatives for the first set of non-
halogenated wastes streams to be
regulated under EPA's land disposal re-
striction program—the three spent sol-
vent waste categories F003, F004 and
F005. Three management alternatives
for such wastes are addressed: recycle/
reuse, destruction, and treatment fol-
lowed by land disposal. The influence of
physical waste characteristics and or-
ganic content upon the selection of
waste treatment options is described.
Prelim/nary Assessment of
Aerated Waste Treatment
Systems at TSDFs
David A. Green
Research Triangle Institute
Aerated wastewater treatment unit
operations are used for the removal of
organic compounds from hazardous
waste and industrial wastewater
streams. In some operations, aeration is
required to supply oxygen for aerobic
decomposition of organics; in other op-
erations, incidental air/water contact oc-
curs to varying degrees. Methods for es-
timating emissions resulting from air
stripping of volatile organic compounds
that can accompany aerated treatment
are reviewed and applied to full scale
and pilot plant wastewater treatment
plants.
Estimates of the fate of volatile or-
ganic compounds in waste treatment
systems were made using available the-
oretical and semi-empirical mathemati-
cal models. The predications were com-
pared with experimental measurements
made at full-scale and pilot-scale treat-
ment systems. It was concluded that re-
liable emissions estimates (i.e., esti-
mates within the accuracy which is
expected to result from variations in
sampling and chemical analysis) can be
made using selected mathematical
models and correlations. Where plant
operating conditions including resi-
dence times, aeration rates, dimen-
sions, etc., are available, the limitations
in applying the mathematical models
result from lack of accurate biooxida-
tion and partition (gas/liquid and liquid/
solid) coefficient data.
An Evaluation of Batch
Fractional Distillation for
Removing Organics from
Mixed Aqueous/Organic
Wastes
C. Clark Allen
Research Triangle Institute
Batch fractional distillation was evalu-
ated as a technique for removing
volatile organics from mixtures of water
and solvents. The tests were performed
at a hazardous waste recycling firm.
Two waste streams were chosen for
study, both with high water content.
One stream contained approximately
95% water, 3% methyl ethyl ketone; and
2% alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
and other organics. The second stream
contained 77% water, 21% acetone, and
2% other organics. Fractional distilla-
tion of both of these streams resulted in
99% removal of the organics from the
aqueous bottoms, with resultant total
organic concentrations in water of
under 1,000 milligrams per liter.
Session B-2
Treatment Options for
Halogenated Organic
Hazardous Waste
Review of Alternative
Treatment Processes for
Halogenated Organic Waste
Streams
Ronald J. Turner
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Many of the solvent and nonsolvent
halogenated organic wastes exhibit
high toxicity, mobility, persistence and
bioaccumulation. The EPA's Office of
Research and Development is conduct-
ing a research program to develop in-
formation on the applicability, effective-
ness, capacity, cost and environmental
impact of existing alternative (to land
disposal) halogenated waste treatment
technologies. Processes evaluated at
commercial offsite treatment facilities
include evaporation, distillation, steam
stripping and fuel blending.
Management of Hazardous
Wastes Containing
Halogenated Organics
Douglas R. Roeck
GCA Technology Division, Inc.
The 1984 RCRA amendments direct
EPA to study available treatment tech-
nologies for waste streams containing
halogenated organic compounds. If it is
determined that existing technology
and capacity is sufficient for manage-
ment of these wastes, then effective
July 8, 1987, wastes containing halo-
genated organic compounds will be
prohibited from land disposal. This
paper presents estimates for volumes
of halogenated wastes generated and
managed in the United States and a
brief overview of treatment technolo-
gies that have been demonstrated to be
effective in handling these streams.
Also presented are descriptions of and
preliminary sampling results from two
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treatment facilities evaluated by GCA
during our continuing performance
evaluation program for EPA's Haz-
ardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory.
Waste Minimization Case
Studies for Solvents and
Metals Waste Streams
Thomas J. Nunno
GCA/Technoiogy Division
In response to the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the
EPA Office of Research and Develop-
ment, HWERL, initiated a program to
develop case studies demonstrating
waste minimization and recycling as op-
tions for improving hazardous waste
management practices in the United
States. The case study program is fo-
cused on solvents and metals waste
streams from the metal plating and
printed circuitboard industries. Specific
waste streams being studied in this pro-
gram include: 1) waste solvents from
resist stripping and developing opera-
tions; and 2) plating baths and waste
sludges from plating operations. The
paper presents the progress of the
facilities testing program in the early
stages of this program. Technologies
being tested range from small batch dis-
tillation units to continuous rinsewater
treatment systems. Facilities studied
are in the medium to large size range.
The case study assessments being con-
ducted under this program include a
discussion of the process operations,
waste streams, mass throughputs, eco-
nomics of the technology, and process
residuals.
Session B-3
Treatment Options for
Dioxin-Bearing Wastes
A Review of Treatment
Alternatives for Dioxin Wastes
Harry M. Freeman
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
The 1984 Amendments to RCRA,
called the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Act amendments, direct the EPA to de-
termine if dioxin bearing wastes should
be prohibited from landfills. This deter-
mination is to be made by November
1986. Barring a determination by the
Agency that the land disposal of dioxin
wastes does not represent a threat to
the environment, or that appropriate al-
ternative treatment technology is not
available, a land disposal prohibition
would go into effect at that time. The
purpose of this paper is to discuss the
state of the art for several treatment
processes for dioxin wastes that have
been proposed for use instead of land
disposal for disposing of solid and liq-
uid wastes containing dioxins.
Evaluation of On-Site
Incineration for Cleanup of
Dioxin-Contaminated Materials
F. Freestone
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
A project was initiated to evaluate the
technical, economic, and administrative
viability of on-site incineration of
dioxin-contaminated materials in south-
west Missouri. During 1984, the EPA
Mobile Incineration System was exten-
sively modified for field use.
Simultaneously, laboratory and pilot
plant studies were carried out to estab-
lish optimum kiln conditions for decon-
tamination of soils by fully volatilizing
the organic contaminant, i.e., dioxin.
The EPA system was judged to be more
than adequate for detoxifying dioxin-
contaminated solids and liquids, and
could be reasonably expected to
achieve a successful dioxin trial burn.
Accordingly, the system was trans-
ported to the Denney Farm site in
McDowell, Missouri.
From January to March 1985, exten-
sive field shakedown activities were
conducted, followed by a trial burn on
dioxin-contaminated liquids and solids
in April. Results indicated that destruc-
tion and removal efficiencies exceeding
99.9999% were achieved for 2,3,7,8-
TCDD; no products of incomplete com-
bustion were detected.
Session B-4
Engineering Options for Metals
and Corrosives
Review of Alternative
Treatment Processes For
Metal-Bearing Hazardous
Waste Streams
Douglas W. Grosse
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA has initiated measures to incre-
mentally ban the land disposal of haz-
ardous wastes generated in the United
States. Wastes containing toxic metals
and cyanide complexes have been se-
lected as a group to be restricted. Many!
of these wastes have been identified as
significant sources contributing to
groundwater contamination when land-
filled or land treated. EPA has been di-
rected to identify and quantify applica-
ble alternative treatment technologies
which have the potential to treat, reduce
or render nonhazardous these wastes.
A review of existing alternative treat-
ment processes is presented.
Field Evaluation of Treatment
Processes for Corrosives and
Metal-Bearing Waste Streams
Neville K. Chung
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
The 1984 amendments to RCRA re-
quire that EPA ban land disposal of cer-
tain hazardous wastes, and establish
levels or methods of treatment. To im-
plement the provisions of this legisla-
tion, EPA must determine whether ade-
quate treatment technologies exist,
what wastes can be treated and how ef-
fectively, what residuals and environ-
mental discharges are produced, and
what the associated costs are. As part of
the program to develop this informa-
tion, field evaluations of alternative
technologies for treating or destroying
wastes that have been listed for priority
action were conducted. This paper re-
ports on field evaluations of full scale
processes as they are being applied ai
commercial hazardous waste treatmen
facilities for treating corrosive anc
metal-bearing wastes.
Recovery of Metal Values frotr
Metal-Finishing Hydroxide
Sludges by Phosphate
Precipitation
LG. Twidwell
Montana College of Mineral
Science and Technology
A process for selectively recoverin
trivalent cations from electroplating h>
droxide sludge materials has been d<
veloped. The process is based on pho;
phate precipitation. The advantages (
the process are:
• Simple selective precipitation
• Easy solid/liquid separation
• Effective conversion of the precip
tated phosphates to other produc
with the regeneration of phospha
reagent.
Application of the process to mix(
8
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metal hydroxide sludges is discussed.
Experimental results illustrating selec-
tive preparation, filterability rates, and
conversion possibilities are also pre-
sented.
Treatment Technologies for
Corrosive Hazardous Wastes
H. Paul Warner
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
The 1984 amendments to RCRA,
called the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Act amendments, direct EPA to deter-
mine if corrosive wastes should be pro-
hibited from landfills. This determina-
tion is to be made by July 1987. Barring
a determination by the Agency that the
land disposal of corrosive wastes does
not represent a threat to the environ-
ment, or that appropriate alternative
treatment technology is not available, a
land disposal prohibition would go into
effect at that time. The purpose of this
presentation is to review the state-of-
the-art for treatment processes for cor-
rosive wastes that have been proposed
for use instead of land disposal for dis-
posing of solid and liquid corrosive
wastes.
Session B-5
Engineering Analyses of
Hazardous Waste Incinerator
Performance
Engineering Analysis of
Hazardous Waste Incineration;
Energy and Mass Balance
W.R. Seeker
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation
A procedure exists for performing
fast and accurate energy and mass bal-
ance calculations on the basis of limited
input data using sound engineering
principles. This procedure can be useful
to incinerator designers and operators
and especially to permit writers. Permit
writers can use the procedure to evalu-
ate the feasibility of incinerator designs
and concepts to issue research, devel-
opment and demonstration (RD&D) or
construction permits and to evaluate
the consistency of trial burn measure-
ments and set appropriate operating
limits on the basis of those measure-
ments for operating permits of haz-
ardous waste incinerators. Principles
and applications of this procedure are
discussed including the evaluation of
data from two full-scale field tests and
one hypothetical RD&D permit applica-
tion.
The Formation of Products of
Incomplete Combustion in
Research Combustors
George L. Huffman
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Experiments were conducted in
which various organic chemicals were
burned, generally one at a time, along
with a diluent fuel, heptane, in a pilot-
scale combustor (the turbulent flame re-
actor, TFR) at EPA's Center Hill Facility.
Excess air levels were varied in the TFR
and Tenax trap samples were taken to
determine the accompanying destruc-
tion and removal efficiencies (DREs) of
the organic chemicals and the products
of incomplete combustion (PICs).
Results showed that PICs did not al-
ways occur predictably, but that they
were influenced by the principal organic
hazardous constituent (POHC) being
burned. When appreciable PICs were
formed, however, their emission levels
generally increased with increasing lev-
els of excess air over the range of ex-
cess air levels investigated. Further-
more, the highest levels of PICs and
unburned POHCs generally occurred at
high excess air values.
Analysis of PIC and Total Mass
Emissions from an Incinerator
Andrew R. Trenholm
Midwest Research Institute
The destruction of RCRA Ap-
pendix VIII compounds in hazardous
waste incinerators and their residual
stack emissions has been studied exten-
sively. Complete characterization of or-
ganic compounds emitted in all efflu-
ents from an incinerator has not been
conducted. This paper presents study
plans and preliminary results of such a
characterization, to the extent that the
emitted compounds can be identified
and quantified. Measurements will be
made of both Appendix VIII and non-
Appendix VIII compounds in all efflu-
ents (stack, ash, water, etc.) from an in-
cinerator operating under both
steady-state conditions and during typi-
cal transient conditions. A broad array
of sampling and analysis techniques
will be used. Sampling methods include
Modified Method 5, volatile organic
sampling train, and specific techniques
for compounds such as formaldehyde.
Analysis techniques include gas chro-
matography, gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry, and high perform-
ance liquid chromatography.
Continuous measurements will also be
made for a variety of compounds in-
cluding total hydrocarbons by flame
ionization detector.
Session B-6
Innovative Hazardous Waste
Technology
Concentration and Purification
of Dilute Hazardous Wastes by
Low Pressure Composite
Membranes
D. Bhattacharyya
University of Kentucky
The use of membrane processes for
waste purification and volume reduc-
tion is gaining considerable attention in
many industries. For hazardous wastes
containing priority organics and salts,
reverse osmosis membranes can pro-
vide simultaneous separation of both
organics and inorganics. The industrial
development of non-cellulosic (aro-
matic polyamide, sulfonated polysul-
fone, etc.) thin-film composite mem-
branes has provided a means for
reverse osmosis treatment with high
solute separations and minimal com-
paction problems. The low pressure re-
verse osmosis membranes have defi-
nite advantages in terms of energy
savings, capital cost, and broad pH (2 to
12) operating ranges. Synthetic wastes
utilized in this study include PAH com-
pounds, phenol, chloro- and nitrophe-
nols and phthalates. The polyamide
(FT30-BW) membranes used in the
study had 97 to 98% standard NaCI re-
jections and 24 to 30 gal/ft2-day pure
water flux at 300 psi. For ionizable or-
ganics such as phenol, chlorophenols,
and nitrophenols, the rejections and
flux drops were highly dependent on
operating pH values. Membrane experi-
mental results showed 99.5 to 99.8% re-
jections (at pH 11) of phenol, 2-
chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol,
2,4,6-trichlorophenol, etc.
Trial Burns—Plasma Arc
Technology
Nicholas P. Kolak
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
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A mobile plasma arc system for the
destruction of liquid hazardous wastes
has been designed and constructed,
under a NYSDEC contract, by Pyrolysis
Systems Inc. (Wetland, Ontario,
Canada). The (pyrolytic) destruction
process produces acid gas, a fuel gas
and finely divided carbon. The acid gas
is removed in a caustic scrubber, which
also captures most of the carbon; the
fuel gas is flared. The system has a de-
sign feedrate of 4 kg/minutes.
The operation of the system has been
tested in a series of short-term runs at
Kingston, Ontario using MEK/MeOH,
carbon tetrachloride, and PCBs as feed
materials. DREs of greater than six
"nines" were obtained for the chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, and the emissions
from the system met environmental dis-
charge criteria established by Canadian
regulatory authorities.
Radio Frequency Enhanced
In-Sftu Decontamination of
Soils Contaminated With
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Harsh Dev
I IT Research Institute
The techniques of radio frequency
(RF) in-situ heating can be used for the
treatment of soils containing hazardous
chlorinated hydrocarbons. RF heating is
used to rapidly heat the soil to the treat-
ment temperature to facilitate decon-
tamination. The feasibility of soil decon-
tamination by thermal recovery of low
boiling contaminants and chemical
treatment of high boiling materials such
as PCBs with dehalogenating agents
has been established. In-situ RF heating
is accomplished by inserting tubular
electrodes into boreholes or by laying
horizontal electrodes over the surface of
the soil and by energizing them with an
RF power source. The electrode pattern
is selected based on the depth of pene-
tration of the contaminant and the re-
quired temperature. The operating fre-
quency is selected on the basis of the
electromagnetic characteristics of the
soil. Vapor and gas containment and
collection systems are used to enclose
the treated module.
Session B-7
Thermal Destruction Research
The Role of Rogue Droplet
Combustion in Hazardous
Waste Incineration
James A. Mulholland
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
The trajectories of combustible liquid
droplets injected in single, mono-
disperse streams into swirling, turbu-
lent gas flames were measured in a
100 kilowatt combustor (50 centimeter
internal diameter) as a function of the
droplet injection parameters of size, ve-
locity, spacing and angle. Cold flow
tests were performed to measure
droplet drag as a function of Reynolds
number and droplet spacing. Using a
general three-dimensional algorithm
for modeling drag during the initial
heating up and evaporation of a burning
droplet, predictions of droplet trajecto-
ries are compared with the experimen-
tal observations. It is found that physical
processes can dominate chemical
kinetic effects during large droplet
combustion, resulting in droplet by-
passing and penetration of the flame
zone. In the incineration of liquid haz-
ardous wastes, where a destruction re-
moval efficiency (ORE) of greater than
99.99% is required, lack of complete
combustion of a very few individual
droplets can result in an incinerator fail-
ure. Thus, predicting the fate of these
rogue droplets is of paramount impor-
tance in understanding limits to ORE in
the thermal destruction of hazardous
wastes.
Characterization of Hazardous
Waste Incineration Residuals
Carlo Castaldini
Acurex Corporation
EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emer-
gency Response is considering estab-
lishing a criterion for disposal of waste
or residue into the land. This criterion is
based on the achievement of residue
quality equivalent to that from effective
incineration. The purpose of this study
was to provide data on the quantities
and characteristics of solid and liquid
discharges from hazardous waste incin-
eration facilities. A total of 10 facilities
were sampled comprising major incin-
eration designs and flue gas treatment
devices. All inlet and outlet liquid and
solid streams were sampled and sub-
jected to extensive analyses for organic
and inorganic pollutant concentrations.
Laboratory analyses for solid discharge
streams also include leachate evalua-
tions using standard EPA toxicity tests
for metals and new EP III toxicity pro-
cedures for volatile and semivolatile
organics and metals. Monitored data on
incinerator facility operation was then f
used to determine the discharge rates of "
detected pollutants. This paper presents
only the portion of the study associated
with incinerator ash residuals.
Practical Limitation of Waste
Characteristics for Effective
Incineration
Edward J. Martin
PEER Consultants, Inc.
This report gives information which
can be used to assess the incinerability
of wastes which are subject to being
banned from landfill disposal under the
1984 amendments to RCRA. Existing in-
cinerator technology is evaluated and
the characteristics of wastes which
identify their incinerability are identi-
fied. Publicly accessible waste informa-
tion data bases were reviewed and
found to be deficient in requisite waste
characterization. Commercial incinera-
tor operators were interviewed to as-
sess the costs of incineration and the
characteristics of wastes which impact
those costs.
Based upon published data from trial
burns, a computerized thermodynamic
model of incinerator systems with dif-
ferent air pollution control devices was
developed which predicts the emission
pathways taken by various metallic spe-
cies. An extensive analysis of the poten-
tial risks to human health and the envi
ronment resultant from organic anc
metallic emissions were calculated.
Incinerator and Cement Kiln
Capacity for Hazardous Waste
Treatment
Gregory A. Vogel
The MITRE Corp.
Estimates of incinerator and cemer
kiln capacities for hazardous wast
treatment are required to evaluate th
impacts of banning land disposal of ha;
ardous wastes. RCRA Part B permit a|
plications were reviewed to obtain ii
formation about incinerator desig
capacity, utilization and the incinerate
hazardous wastes. MITRE identified 2(
incinerators within the RCRA regulato
program that are presently destroyir
approximately two million metric toi
of hazardous waste annually. The u
used potential capacity of these units
estimated to be one million metric to
of waste per year. The Congressior
Budget Office estimates that 265.3 rr
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lion metric tons of hazardous waste are
generated annually.
MITRE estimates that the annual haz-
ardous waste treatment capacity avail-
able in cement kilns ranges between
two and six million metric tons. Less
than 5% of the potential hazardous
waste treatment capacity in cement
kilns has been permitted under RCRA.
Factors affecting this low utilization in-
clude the large geographic distances
separating some major waste genera-
tion sites from cement kilns, marginal
economic benefits, and the uncertainty
of some kiln operators about regulatory
requirements.
Session B-8
Alternative Hazardous Waste
Processes
Nonsteady-State Testing of
Industrial Boilers Burning
Hazardous Wastes
Carlo Castaldini
Acurex Corporation
Results from several field tests of in-
dustrial boilers burning liquid haz-
ardous waste have indicated that these
devices achieve destruction and re-
moval efficiency (ORE) of principal or-
ganic hazardous constituents (POHC) in
excess of 99.99% when operating under
typical steady-state combustion condi-
tions. Recent EPA-sponsored field
tests have focused on the effect of
nonsteady-state and transient boiler op-
eration on ORE and product of incom-
plete combustion (PIC) formation. This
paper presents test results on three in-
dustrial boilers cofiring liquid wastes
spiked with hazardous organic com-
pounds. The boilers tested comprise the
major watertube design types: one gas-
and oil-fired packaged boiler, one field-
erected gas-fired boiler, and one coal-
fired stoker. Emission sampling in-
cluded detailed evaluations of volatile
and semivolatile organic pollutants in
the flue gas for POHC, ORE, and PIC de-
terminations under several steady con-
ditions and induced operational upsets.
In the case of the coal-fired stoker, emis-
sion evaluations also included detailed
organic and metal analyses of flue gas
and flyash samples from collection
devices.
Biodegradation of
Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
D. Roy
Louisiana State University
Pesticides of all kinds as a broad class
of man-made chemicals constitute ap-
proximately 2% of the total chemicals
used by our society and herbicides
make up about 50% of the quantities of
pesticides used in the United States.
Chlorinated phenoxy alkanoic acids,
particularly 2,4-D (2,4 Dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5
Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) have
maintained an important position in the
herbicide market because of their wide-
spread use. In our ongoing research on
biodegradation of chlorinated herbi-
cides and pesticides, we have isolated
two new strains of Pseudomonas which
can utilize Chlorophenoxy alkanoic
acids as their sole source of carbon and
energy. These Pseudomonas isolates
were obtained through the process of
selective enrichment from a mixed mi-
crobial population of a municipal acti-
vated sludge treatment plant. This
paper reports on the first phase of the
study investigating the applicability of
the two new isolates in detoxification
and biodegradation of Chlorophenoxy
herbicides.
Session C
Combined HWERL Research
Posters
The posters presented at the Sympo-
sium, and their primary authors, are as
follows:
Earthen Liners: A Field Study of Tran-
sit Time
Karen Albrecht
Illinois State Geological Survey
Development of Process Monitors for
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Sharon Nolen
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA Evaluation of In-Tank Methods
for Detecting Leaks from Under-
ground Storage Tanks
James Starr
Enviresponse Inc.
EPA Hazardous Waste Control Tech-
nology Data Base
C.S. Fore
DOE Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment Program
The HWERL Chemical Detoxification
Research Laboratory
Alfred Kornel
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Laboratory Evaluation of Model
Slurry Walls
Richard McCandless
University of Cincinnati
Environmental Emergency Response
Unit Technical Information Exchange
A.C. Gangadharan
Enviresponse Inc.
Hydrostatic Testing of FMLs for Deter-
mining Critical Failure Factors
David Shultz
Southwest Research Institute
Date Requirements for Remedial Ac-
tion Technology Screening
Paul Exner
GCA/Technology Division
Development of Environmental Test-
ing Chamber for Soil Reagent Testing
John Glaser
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Parametric Studies Delineating the
Occurrence of Transient Puffs in a Ro-
tary Kiln Simulator
W.P. Linak
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Canine Olfaction: A Novel Tool for In-
vestigating Decontaminated Equip-
ment and Leaking Underground Stor-
age Tanks
Herbert Skovronek
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Data Base for Estimating Hazardous
Waste VOC Emissions
John Harden
Radian Corporation
Applications of Catalytic Oxidation to
the Treatment of Hazardous Waste
Howard Greene
The University of Akron
Thermal Decomposition Characteris-
tics of Chlorinated Methane Mixtures
Philip Taylor
University of Dayton Research Insti-
tute
11
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Weathering Effects on Exposed Soil
Liners
David Anderson
K.W. Brown & Associates
Research Activities at the Hazardous
Waste Research Center—An EPA
Center of Excellence
Louis Thibodeaux
Louisiana State University
Hazardous Waste Research, Develop-
ment, and Demonstration Permits
Nancy Pomerleau
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Center Hill Research Activities
Dept. of Civil & Environmental En-
gineering
University of Cincinnati
The U.S. EPA Combustion Research
Facility
Larry R. Waterland
Acurex Corp. Combustion Research
Facility
Automated Expert Assistance for
RCRA Permit Reviews/Evaluation of
Remedial Alternatives for Superfund
Sites
Daniel Greathouse
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Prediction of Solubility or Hazardous
Materials in Water
Frank R. Groves, Jr.
Louisiana State University
Removal and Recovery of Hazardous
Organic Vapors by Adsorption onto
Activated Carbon and XAD4 Resin
Kenneth Noll
Illinois Institute of Technology
QA/QC Support During Shakedown
and Demonstration of Emergency Re-
sponse Equipment
John Koppen
Princeton Aqua Science
DeterniTntrtitJh ofEffectrve Porosity of-
Soil Materials .
Robert Horton \
Iowa State University
Hazardous Waste Research at the
U.S. EPA Test and Evaluation Facility
Douglas Grosse
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
The full report was submitted in fulfill-
ment of Contract No. 68-03-3258 by the
JACA Corp. under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
This Project Summary was prepared by staff of JACA Corporation, Fort
Washington, PA 19034.
Naomi P. Barkley and Harry Freeman are the EPA Project Officers (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration
and Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual
Research Sumposium." (Order No. PB 87-119 491 /AS; Cost: $42.95, subject
to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, M'A 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officers can be contacted at:
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S9-86/022
0000329 PS
CH?rfC£EAR80RN STREET
CHICAGO it 60604
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