United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-86/031 May 1987
£EPA Project Summary
Proceedings: Sixth
Symposium on the Transfer and
Utilization of Paniculate
Control Technology
Holly Rossi and Barbara Emmel
The proceedings of the Sixth Sympo-
sium on the Transfer and Utilization of
Participate Control Technology consist
of three volumes: Vol. 1, Plenary,
Scrubbers, Opacity/Measurements,
Advanced Energy Applications I, Ad-
vanced Energy Applications II, Inte-
grated Control Processes I, and Inte-
grated Control Processes II; Vol. 2.
Electrostatic Precipitator Technology:
Hot-Size Precipitator Studies, Perfor-
mance Enhancement I, Performance
Enhancement II, Performance Esti-
mating (Modeling), Advanced Tech-
nology, Fundamentals I, Controls and
Energy Consumption, Fundamentals II,
and Design Considerations; and Vol. 3,
Fabric Filtration (FF): Advanced Con-
cepts I, FF: Advanced Concepts II, FF:
Practical Considerations, FF: Pilot Scale
Studies, Operation and Maintenance,
and Fugitive Emissions. EPA and EPRI
co-sponsored the symposium held in
New Orleans, LA, February 25-28,
1986.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory.
Research Triangle Park. NC. to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in three
volumes of the same title (see Project
Report ordering information at back).
Introduction
The papers in these three volumes
were presented at the symposium and
provided the forum for researchers,
manufacturers, users, government agen-
cies, educators, and students to discuss
new particulate control technologies and
to share experiences of using existing
technologies.
The major particulate control technol-
ogies — electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
and fabric filters (FFs) — were the primary
concern of the symposium. These tech-
nologies were discussed from perspec-
tives of economics, new technical
advancements in science and engineer-
ing, fundamentals, applications, and
operation and maintenance. Additional
topics dealt with integrated control pro-
cesses, advanced energy applications,
wet scrubbers, opacity, fugitive emissions,
and novel concepts.
The symposium was conducted as a
series of parallel sessions, each con-
taining two to six related papers. The
sessions were scheduled, however, to
avoid any conflict that might be caused
by simultaneous sessions dealing with
the same topic. The papers, therefore,
have been divided into three volumes.
Each volume contains a set of related
session topics so as to provide reasonably
ready access to a unified technology area.
Asterisks precede the titles of papers
prepared by EPA or its contractors.
Volume 1 Papers
Volume 1 describes various aspects of
particulate control. The keynote address
presented in the opening plenary session
addressed the rapidly advancing partic-
ulate matter control technology. Improved
wet scrubber particulate control tech-
nology, modeling of stack opacity and
control of aerosols to meet opacity stan-
dards, and application of technologies
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such as ceramic filters, granular beds,
high temperature electrostatic precipita-
tors and a cross-flow filter to the control
of high temperature and pressure pro-
cesses in advanced energy systems were
presented and discussed, integrated con-
trol processes covered a variety of tech-
nologies for control of paniculate and
SOX and/or NOX such as spray dryers, the
EPA developed E-SOX process, and firing
of enhanced emulsified fuel oil.
Plenary Session
Keynote Address: Paniculate Matter
Control - The Rapidly Advancing
Technology
Grady B. Nichols,
Southern Research Institute
Session C-1: Scrubbers
Development of Improved Single Drop
Collection Efficiency Correlations for
Microcomputer Modeling of Venturi
Scrubber Performance
K. Ellwood, A. W. Gnyp, C. C. St.
Pierre, University of Windsor;
and S. Viswanathan,
Clayton Environmental Consultants,
Ltd.
Fume Filtration Through a Dynamic
Liquid Spray Curtain
H. H. Elliott, H. L Marschall,
D. G. Jones, EMCOTEK, Inc.
Session C-2:
Opacity/Measurements
*0ptions for Controlling Condensation
Aerosols to Meet Opacity Standards
A. S. Damle, D. S. Ensor,
Research Triangle Institute; and
L. E. Sparks, U.S. EPA/AEERL
'Relationship of Opacity to the Loss
Mechanisms in ESPs
D. S. Ensor, P. A. Lawless,
Research Triangle Institute; and
L E. Sparks, U.S. EPA/AEERL
Stack Opacity Model
D. J. Mormile, G. C. Stegmann,
Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y.;
and B. F. Piper, KVB, Inc.
The Collection of Fine Paniculate in
Power Plant Electrostatic Precipitators
L T. McEvoy, K. R. Parker
and A. Russell-Jones,
Lodge-Cottrell, Ltd., UK
Predicting the Panicle Size Distribution
of Fly Ash
R. S. Dahlin, J. P. Gooch,
Southern Research Institute; and
L Y. Sadler, III,
University of Alabama
•Quality Assurance Considerations for
Particle Sizing Measurements
G. L. Johnson,
U.S. EPA/AEERL; and C. E. Tatsch,
Research Triangle Institute
Session C-3: Advanced Energy
Applications I
Technical and Economic Evaluation of
High Temperature and High Pressure
Paniculate Cleanup Systems
R. Zaharchuk, L. N. Rubow,
Gilbert Associates, Inc.
Paniculate Control at High Temperature
and Pressure for Emerging Electric
Power Generation Technologies
R. C. Bedick, R. J. Dellefield,
U.S. DOE
The Testing and Evaluation of Ceramic
Filter Fabrics
R. Chang, J. Sawyer, H. Lips,
Acurex Corp.
R. C. Bedick, R. J. Dellefield,
U.S. DOE
Hot Gas Clean-Up by Means of Porous
Ceramic Filter Elements
P. Eggerstedt, J. F. Zievers,
Industrial Filter & Pump
Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Session C-4: Advanced Energy
Applications II
Results of Parameteric Tests on an
Electrostatic Precipitator Operating at
High Temperature and High Pressure
Conditions
G. A. Rinard, D. E. Rugg, M. Durham,
J. Armstrong,
Denver Research Institute
Design of Baghouse and Electrostatic
Precipitator for the Coal-Fired Flow
Facility
J. P. Foote,
The University of Tennessee Space
Institute
Granular Bed Filter Component Design
for High Temperature and High Pressure
K. B. Wilson,
Combustion Power Co.
The Interaction of a Gas with Solid and
Liquid Panicles in a Rotating System
H. Heshmat, 0. Pinkus,
Mechanical Technology, Inc.
Session C-5: Integrated Control
Processes I
Paniculate Control Integration with Wet
Scrubber S02 Removal and Waste
Generation
P. M. Maroney, S. A. Davidson,
Brown and Caldwell Engineers;
S. M. Katzberger,
Sargent and Lundy Engineering; and
J. E. Cichanowicz,
EPRI
"Kinetics of Reaction Between Hydratec
Lime and Sulfur Dioxide
A. S. Damle, K. Ramanathan,
Research Triangle Institute; and
D. L Harmon,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
*Mini-Spray Dryers for Low-Cost SO
Control
C. B. Sedman, L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
Electrostatic Precipitator Performano
Characterization in Spray Dryer Flu
Gas Desulfurization Systems
G. E. Bresowar,
Combustion Engineering, Inc.; and
R. F. Robards, R. A. Runyan,
TVA
Fabric Filter Operating Experience on
Dry FGD System at Austell Box Boat
Corporation
W. H. Bradley,
Austell Box Board Corp.
Session C-6: Integrated Control
Processes II
•Results of Pilot-Scale Tests of E-SO
L E. Sparks, G. H. Ramsey,
R. E. Valentine, N. Plaks,
U. S. EPA/AEERL
Researches for Optimal Integrated Fl
Gas Treatment
G. Dinelli,
Italian National Electricity Board,
Italy; and M. Rea,
University of Padua, Italy
Utility Case History on Firing Enhanc
Emulsified Fuel Oil to Reduce P
ticulate and NOX Emissions
E. S. Behrens,
Fuel Tech, Inc.
Particulate Control Devices
Municipal Refuse-to-Energy Plants
M. Kapner,
New York Power Authority
Integrated Control Device for Micrc
and Submicronic Paniculate and Ac
Gas Control
T. K. Ewan, O. L Holland,
Hydro-Sonic Systems
Volume 2 Papers
Volume 2 describes various aspect
electostatic precipitation. Papers v\
presented that describe design
operating considerations to improve |
formance of hot-side ESPs. Papers <
lining improvements and experience
ESP performance using S03, NH3, ws
and tri-ethyl-amine (TEA) conditior
high voltage pulsing, and microproce
control are presented. Papers are
sented that describe performance >
mating (modeling) by predicting fly
resistivity from ultimate coal anal
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selection of critical parameters for ESP
design and performance evaluation, pre-
diction of ESP performance based on coal
and ash chemistry, and a method to
calculate characteristics of contaminated
wire and strip discharge electrodes. Ad-
vanced ESP technologies including wide-
plate spacing, intermittent energization,
and a moving electrode type ESP are
discussed. Theoretical and experimental
presentations were made covering
medium-sulfur coal fly ash resistivity, the
effect of high mass loading, the effective
dielectric constant of fly ash, diagnostic
technology of ESP operation, electric field
measurements in an operating ESP,
finite-diffusivity effects in single-stage
ESPs, three-dimensional calculations of
negative tuft corona, simulation of corona
discharge under practical ESP conditions,
and electrical characteristics of back
corona. Papers are presented on mea-
surement of ESP power, management of
ESP energy, evaluation of tests and the
economic implications of power reduction
on ESPs, and application of a new micro-
processor-based distribution control
system for ESPs. Various design con-
siderations (e.g., laboratory measurement
of electrical parameters in conventional
and wide duct ESPs, influence of gas
distribution on ESP performance, devel-
opment and testing of a collecting curtain
for an ESP, and characterization of dis-
charge electrode performance) were
discussed.
Session A-1: Hot Side
Precipitator Studies
Hot Precipitators and Duct Design
Considerations
J. A. Werhane, W. G. Doran, 0. Zaben,
Sargent and Lundy Engineers
Considerations for the Cyclic Operation
of Hot-Side Electrostatic Precipitators
F. C. Southworth, R. K. Miller,
Dayton Power & Light Co.; and
C. A. Altin,
EBASCO Services, Inc.
Session A-2: Performance
Enhancement I
A Comparison of Electrostatic Precipi-
tate r Performance Enhancement Tech-
nologies
J. Dalmon, G. L Dalton, R. S. Hansen,
Electric Supply Commission,
South Africa
Baltimore Gas and Electric Experience
with Combined SO3/NH3 Injection for
Precipitator Performance Improvement
W. E. Cummings, Jr.,
Wahlco, Inc.; and
W. H. Reamy,
Baltimore Gas and Electric Co.
A Design Methodology for Optimized
Water Conditioning of High Resistivity
Fly Ash
N. W. Frisch,
N. W. Frisch Associates, Jnc.; and
W..T. Hartshorn,
Sonic Development Corp.
A New Chemical Conditioner Together
with Good Operations and Maintenance
Program Management Helps Meet
Emissions Objectives
R. K. Sinha,
Calgon Corp.
Session A-3: Performance
Enhancement II
Evaluation of Broad and Narrow Pulse
Energization of a Cold-Side Electrostatic
Precipitator
H. R. Osmers, D. J. Sugumele,
Rochester Gas & Electric Corp.
Full Scale Demonstration Results of
Electrostatic Precipitator Pulse Ener-
gization
T. W. Lugar, J. M. Friday,
General Electric Environmental
Services, Inc.
Field Evaluation of Pulse Energization
Under Different Operating Conditions
S. Masuda and S. Hosokawa,
University of Tokyo, Japan
Long-Term Experience with Pulsed
Energization of ESPs at a Danish Power
Station
K. Porle, R. Karlsson,
FLAKT Industri AB, Sweden; and
B. Kirkegaard,
Ensted Power Station, Denmark
Session A-4: Performance
Estimating (Modeling)
*An Improved Model for Predicting Fly
Ash Resistivity
R. E. Bickelhaupt,
Bickelhaupt Associates, Inc.; and
L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
A Selected Review of Critical Param-
eters and Formulae for Design and
Performance Evaluation of Electrostatic
Precipitators
H. J. Hall,
H. J. Hall Associates, Inc.
Predicting Cold-Side Precipitator Per-
formance Based Upon Coal and Ash
Chemistry
F. A. Horney, V. H. Belba,
Stearns Catalytic Corp.
'Approximate Method to Calculate
Characteristics of Contaminated-Wire
and Strip-Discharge Electrodes
K. J. McLean,
University of Wollongong, Australia;
and L. E. Sparks, G. H. Ramsey,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
Session A-S:
Advanced Technology
Pilot-Scale Evaluation of ESP Wide-
Plate Spacing
R. F. Altman, EPRI; E. C. Landham, Jr.,
J. L DuBard,
Southern Research Institute; and
H. L. Wheeler,
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Pilot-Scale Evaluation of ESP Inter-
mittent Energization
E. C. Landham, Jr., J. L. DuBard,
Southern Research Institute; and
W. E. Piulle, L. F. Rettenmaier,
EPRI
Operating Results of Moving Electrode
Type Electrostatic Precipitators for
Coal-Fired Boilers
H. Asano, H. Yabuto, M. Ohtsuka,
Hitachi Plant Engineering and
Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Session A-6: Fundamentals I
*Medium-Sulfur Coal and Fly Ash
Resistivity
W. A. Harrison, J. K. Nicholson,
Southern Company Services;
J. L. DuBard,
Southern Research Institute; and
L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
*The Effect of High Mass Loading on
Fly Ash Precipitators
M. G. Faulkner, J. L DuBard,
Southern Research Institute;
and L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
•The Effective Dielectric Constant of
Fly Ash
R. P. Young, J. L. DuBard,
Southern Research Institute; and
L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
Diagnostic Technology of Precipitator
Operation
S. Masuda, T. Itagaki, S. Hosokawa,
University of Tokyo, Japan
Session 8-6: Controls and
Energy Consumption
Electrostatic Precipitator Power
Measurements
P. Gelfand,
P. Gelfand Associates, Inc.;
E. C. Landham, Jr.,
Southern Research Institute; and
L. F. Rettenmaier,
EPRI
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ESP Energy Management and Opti-
mization of Collection Efficiency
B. Borowy, M. McLauchlin,
W. F. Frazier,
Virginia Electric Power Co.
The Evaluation of Tests and the Eco-
nomic Implications of Power Reduction
on Electrostatic Precipitators
D. L Lueckenotte, V. L Kunzweiler,
Burns and McDonnell
First Utility Application of a New Micro-
processor-Based Distributed Control
System for Electrostatic Precipitators
G. R. Gawreluk, M. Barav,
Research Cottrell, Inc.; and
S. R. Coco,
Lutz, Daily, and Brain
Power Consumption of Opacity Feed-
back Controlled Electrostatic Precipi-
tator Transformer-Rectifiers
J. J. Roosma,
General Electric Environmental
Services, Inc.; and
J. B. Howard,
Alabama Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Session A-7: Fundamentals II
Electric Field Measurements in an
Operating Precipitator
J. L. DuBard, E. C. Landham, Jr.,
Southern Research Institute;
and R. F. Altman,
EPRI
Finite-Diffusivity Effects in Single-Stage
Precipitators Theory and Experiment
S. A. Self, M. Mitchner, D. H. Choi,
K. D. Kihm, R. Leach,
Stanford University
"Three-Dimensional Calculations of
Negative Tuft Corona
M. K. Owen, T. Yamamoto,
P. A. Lawless,
Research Triangle Institute; and
L. E. Sparks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
The Simulation of Corona Discharges
Under Practical Precipitator Conditions
I. Gallimberti,
University of Padua, Italy
*Some Electrical Characteristics of
Back Corona
K. J. McLean,
University of Wollongong, Australia;
and L. E. Sparks, G. H. Ramsey,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
Session B-7:
Design Considerations
Laboratory Measurements of Some
Electrical Parameters in Conventional
and Wide Duct Precipitators
A. A. Elmoursi, G. S. P. Castle,
The University of Western Ontario,
Canada
Influence of Gas Distribution on
Precipitator Performance
L. Lind, F. L.
Schmidth and Co.,
Denmark
Development and Testing of a Collecting
Curtain for an Electrostatic Precipitator
H. L. Engelbrecht, R. J. McMullan,
Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control
Characterization of Discharge Electrode
Performance: Results of Laboratory and
Pilot Plant Experiments
L. A. Hawkins, H. L. Wheeler,
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Volume 3 Papers
Volume 3 describes various aspects of
fabric filtration, operation and mainten-
ance (O&M), and fugitive emission con-
trol. Advanced fabric filtration concepts
were covered in two sessions that dealt
with electrostatically stimulated fabric
filtration (ESFF) fundamentals, modeling,
laboratory and field evaluations, and
economics. Practical considerations of
fabric filtration were covered in a session
that dealt with evaluation of acid-resistant
synthetic needled felt, laboratory studies
of the filtration performance of various
media under simulated field conditions,
filter bag evaluation, and aerosol deposi-
tion in fabric filters. Papers are presented
that discuss pilot scale studies to evaluate
fabric filter performance on high-sulfur
coal-fired power plants and flue gas
cleaning to improve fabric filter perfor-
mance. A session on O&M included
papers on fabric filters and ESPs, which
provided insights into O&M problems and
methods used to eliminate the problems.
A session on fugitive emission controls
covered review of an EPA manual on
identification, assessment, and control of
fugitive particulate emissions, and an EPA
manual on hood capture systems. Papers
are also presented on field evaluation of
windscreens and measurement of fugitive
emissions in a coal-fired power plant.
Session B-1: FF:
Advanced Concepts I
•Distribution of Fly Ash in a Filter Bag
Operating with a Charged Axial
Electrode
G.E.R. Lamb, K. T. Duffy,
Textile Research Institute
*Study of Electrostatically Stimulated
Filtration Fundamentals
D. W. VanOsdell, A. S. Viner,
K. D. Carter,
Research Triangle Institute; and
L. S. Hovis,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
Session B-2: FF:
Advanced Concepts II
•Mathematical Model for Advanced
Electrically Stimulated Fabric Filtration
T. Yamamoto D. S. Ensor,
Research Triangle Institute; and
R. B. Mosley, L. S. Hovis, N. Plaks,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
'Advanced ESFF Laboratory Test
Results
R. B. Mosley, L. S. Hovis, B. E. Daniel,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
•Advanced ESFF Applied to a Stoker
Coal-Fired Boiler
G. P. Greiner, ETS, Inc.; A. S. Viner,
Research Triangle Institute;
L. S. Hovis,
U.S. EPA/AEERL; and
R. Gibbs,
U.S. Dept. of the Navy
•Advanced Electrostatic Fabric Filtratior
Experience at Southwestern Public
Service Company
R. Serrurier,
Southwestern Public Service Co.
•Economics of Advanced Electrostatii
Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
L S. Hovis,
U.S. EPA/AEERL; and
A. S. Viner,
Research Triangle Institute
Session B-3: FF:
Practical Considerations
Evaluation of Acid-Resistant Synthet
Needled Felt Filter Media in Coal-Fire
Boiler Pulse-Jet Baghouses
W. T. Grubb,
W. W. Criswell Co.
Laboratory Studies of the Filtratic
Performance of Various Filter Med
under Simulated Field Conditions
P. E. Frankenburg,
E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.
Evaluation of a Specific Type of Fill
Bag Supplied by Various Vendors
Y. J. Chen, P. N. Roberts, T. D. Tarn<
Joy Manufacturing Co.
Catenary Analysis of a Fabric Filter B
During Reverse-Gas Cleaning
E. A. Samuel,
General Electric Environmental
Services, Inc.; and
J. G. Musgrove,
Bechtel Power Corp.
•Aerosol Deposition in Fabric Filters
D. S. Ensor, T. Yamamoto, A. S. Vir
Research Triangle Institute
Session B-4: FF:
Pilot Scale Studies
Performance of a High-Sulfur-C
Pilot-Scale Fabric Filter
4
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R. F. Heaphy, R. R. Wilson,
Southern Research Institute; and
W. E. Piulle,
EPRI
Flue Gas Conditioning for Improved
Baghouse Performance
D. L. Laudal, S. J. Miller,
University of North Dakota
Session B-5:
Operation and Maintenance
"Operation and Maintenance Experi-
ence at Harrington Station
W. Hooks, O. Plunk,
Southwestern Public Service Co.; and
D. L Harmon,
U.S. EPA/AEERL
"Computer Monitoring of Pilot Plant
Baghouse Performance
A. S. Vmer, L. M. Fickel,
Research Triangle Institute, and
L. S. Hovis,
U.S EPA/AEERL
The Design of Repairs to Upgrade
10-Year Old Industrial Precipitators
V. L. Kunzweiler, J. B Landwehr,
Burns & McDonnell
Performance Improvement History of
Inadequately Performing Precipitators
J G. Musgrove, W. R. Lane,
Bechtel Power Corp., and
M. W. Wei,
Aluminum Company of America
Performance Improvement and Fire
Prevention in Fly Ash Collection System
at a 500 MW Wood-Fired Power Plant
E. Gal, M. Murphy,
General Electric Environmental
Services, Inc
Session C-7:
Fugitive Emissions
'Identification, Assessment, and Con-
trol of Fugitive Paniculate Emissions
C. Cowherd, Jr., J. S. Kmsey,
Midwest Research Institute, and
D. L. Harmon,
U S. EPA/AEERL
"Process Fugitive Particulates — Design
Methods for Enclosures
H D. Goodfellow, T. Cesta,
Hatch Associates, Ltd , Canada;
E. R. Kashdan, D. W. Coy, J J. Spivey,
Research Triangle Institute; and
D. L Harmon,
U.S EPA/AEERL
"Field Evaluation of Windscreens as a
Fugitive Dust Control Measure for
Materials Storage Piles
R. A. Zimmer, K. Axetell, Jr.,
T. C. Ponder, Jr.,
PEI Associates, Inc.
Measurement of Fugitive Emissions in
a Coal-Fired Power Plant
G. E. Muleski, F J Pendleton,
Midwest Research Institute; and
W. A. Rugenstem,
The Detroit Edison Co.
Barbara Emmel is with Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Dale L. Harmon is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report consists of three volumes, entitled "Proceedings: Sixth
Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of Paniculate Control Technology."
(Set Order No. PB 87-147 609/AS; Cost: $99.50)
"Volume 1," (Order No. PB 87-147 617/AS; Cost: $36.95)
"Volume 2," (Order No. PB 87-147 625/AS; Cost: $42.95)
"Volume 3,"(Order No. PB87-147 633/AS; Cost: $36.95)
The above reports will be available only from: (costs subject to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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