c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory "
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA-600/S2-81-205 Oct. 1981
Project Summary
Guidelines for the Use of
Chemicals in Removing
Hazardous Substance
Discharges
C. K. Akers, R. J. Pilie, and J. G. Michalovic
This project was undertaken to
develop guidelines for the use of
various chemical and biological agents
to mitigate discharges of hazardous
substances. Eight categories of miti-
gating agents are discussed along
with their potential uses in removing
hazardous substances discharged on
land and in waterways. The agents are
classified as follows: mass transfer
media, absorbing agents, thickening
and gelling agents, biological treat-
ment agents, dispersing agents, pre-
cipitating agents, neutralizing agents.
and oxidizing agents. Each of these
classes is developed in terms of the
agents' general properties, their use in
spill scenarios, evnironmental effects,
possible toxic side effects, and recom-
mended uses.
A matrix of countermeasures has
been developed that refers to various
classes of mitigating agents recom-
mended for treatment of hazardous
substances involved in spills in or near
a watercourse. The matrix includes a
list of hazardous chemicals, the
corresponding U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) toxicity
classification, and the physical prop-
erties of the chemical.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincin-
nati, OH, to announce key findings of
the research project that is fully
documented in a separate report of the
same title (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
Introduction
The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments gave the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) re-
sponsibility for removing spilled haz-
ardous substances from the environ-
ment. EPA was also made responsible
for developing criteria to be used for
designating substances as hazardous.
Of the two criteria developed, the first
involves the potential toxic effect of a
substance on the biosphere. The second
criterion considers the probability of
spills based on annual production,
methods of transporting, storage,
physical-chemical properties, and past
history. Based on these criteria, a
proposed list of hazardous substances
was published in the Federal Register
(Vol. 40, No. 250) on December 30,
1975.
The responsibility EPA bears for
hazardous material spills raises many
questions about removing discharged
hazardous substances effectively. Many
parameters are involved in deciding
how to counteract a hazardous sub-
stance spill, and which countermeasure
(if any) to use. The guidelines developed
by this study for mitigating hazardous
material discharges are to be used by
EPA in the future to expand and revise
-------
Annex X of the National Oil and Haz-
ardous Substance Pollution Contingency
Plan, 40CFR1510, so that it includes
specific reference to chemical use for
spills of hazardous substances. The
guidelines also establish a method for
determining the circumstances under
which a particular mitigating agent can
be used and those under which the use
of chemicals and other additives is
harmful to the environment.
Results
Use and Effects of
Mitigating Agents
Study results are outlined in Table 1,
which summarizes the recommended
uses for each class of agent and the
possible toxic side effects associated
with their use. The eight categories of
mitigating agents are as follows: mass
transfer media, absorbing agents,
gelling and thickening agents, biological
treatment agents, dispersing agents,
precipitating agents, neutralizing agents,
and oxidizing agents. The recommended
uses, effectiveness, and possible toxic
effects of these agents are discussed
here briefly.
Note that the effectiveness of a
mitigating agent depends largely on the
specific spill situation. The amount of
agent needed to counteract a hazardous
substance discharge is dictated by many
factors, including the size of the
watercourse, the conditions of flow, and
the possible long-term toxic effects of
Table 1. Mitigation Summary
Mitigation
Category
irretrievable contaminated agents and
byproducts.
Mass Transfer Media
Agents within this category include
activated charcoal and ion exchange
resins. Available evidence indicates
that activated charcoal and ion ex-
change resins introduced in moderate
amounts to the aquatic environment
will not in themselves be toxic. But the
desorption of a hazardous chemical
from such mass transfer media in
natural surface water and the potential
persistence of these toxic organic
compounds in the aquatic environment
must be considered in any decision to
use irretrievable mass transfer agents.
We can safely assume that if those toxic
compounds can be removed from the
environment by biological processes,
they can also be removed if bound to a
mass transfer medium. We can also
assume that the total toxic effect of
those biodegradable materials can be
reduced if mass transfer agents can be
used to minimize acute toxicity.
Irretrievable mass transfer media
should be considered acceptable for
treating the class of materials that is
biodegradable under all conditions.
Absorbing Agents
The use of absorbing agents is
generally limited to spills of oil and
petroleum products. Natural agents
such as straw, sawdust, etc., are
routinely used in such cleanups. A
Possible Toxic Effects)
variety of synthetic absorbents are ,
available for mitigating both hydrophobic '
and hydrophilic chemicals. These ab-
sorbents are nontoxic and do not
present a hazard to the environment in
an uncontaminated state, but desorption
of the spilled material from both natural
and synthetic absorbents can be signifi-
cant. For this reason, the use of
absorbing agents is recommended only
in those situations in which the sorbent
can be removed from the environment.
Thickening and Gelling Agents
Mitigating agents in this category are
actually special types of absorbents
used to immobilize the spilled material
to prevent further spread into the
environment and to condition the spill
for mechanical removal. We recommend
that these agents be used on land spills
of all liquid materials on which they are
effective. Certain agents should be
considered appropriate for treatment of
water spills of insoluble organics that
float. Thickening or gelling agents
should not be used on water spills of
materials that sink or mix into the water
column.
Biological Treatment Agents
Biological agents have been shown to t
be effective in mitigating spills of oil and '
oil-derived products. Several limitations,
however, exist to the use of these
agents in the treatment of spilled
organic materials.
Recommended Uses
Mass transfer media
Absorbing agents
Thickening and
gelling agents
Biological treatment
Dispersing agents
Precipitating agents
Neutralizing agents
Oxidizing agents
Desorption of hazardous substance -
chronic toxicity.
Desorption of hazardous substance -
chronic toxicity. increased biological
oxygen demand.
No known toxic effects.
Biodegradable substances.
All land spills. Insoluble organics that
float, provided absorbent can be removed
from the environment.
All land spills. Insoluble organics that float.
Ecological imbalance. Toxicity of de- Biodegradable substances. Spills that are
gradation products. easily contained and monitored.
Increase in toxicity resulting from dis- Biodegradable substances.
persed substances. Toxicity of degrada-
tion product of added agent.
Toxic effect of insoluble metal salts. Removal of metal ions from solution.
Toxicity resulting from change in pH All spills involving acids or bases.
from natural conditions. Toxic metal ion
byproduct.
Toxic intermediate reaction products. Limited to detoxification of hazardous sub-
Oxidation of natural organic materials - stances in closed system to allow control
ecological imbalance. of reaction.
-------
Considerable time is required by the
biological degradation process, which
makes it necessary to contain and
isolate the spilled material from the
environment before treatment. The
bacterial culture must also be given
sufficient nutrients and maintained in
an environment that will encourage
adequate growth. A culture maintenance
program must therefore be initiated.
Finally, no agent should be introduced
into the environment if it will cause any
significant change to the ecological
balance of the treated waterway.
Biological agents should be considered
appropriate for treating spills of materials
that are biodegradable, but only when
conditions allow the contaminated
environment to be contained for suffi-
cient time to permit detoxification.
Other types of mitigating agents should
be used whenever possible.
Dispersing Agents
Dispersing agents can be used to (1)
increase the rate of biodegradation of
spilled material, (2) protect aquatic fowl
by removal of oil or other organics from
surface water, (3) minimize fire hazards
by dispersing hazardous material into
the water column, and (4) prevent
shoreline contamination. Some dis-
persants are toxic, however, and care
must be exercised to prevent unneces-
sary harm to aquatic life.
Precipitating Agents
Precipitation is a valid mitigating
technique for removing toxic metal ions
from solution. The technique generally
requires the addition of either hydroxide
or sulfide ions at elevated pH levels.
Hydroxide ions will re-enter the water
column when the pH returns to neutral,
creating the possibility of a long-term
environmental hazard. Sulfide precipi-
tation is thus recommended. At toxic
concentrations of heavy metal ions, an
insoluble metal sulfide will form and
reduce toxicity rapidly. The precipitate is
insoluble enough to reduce re-entry of
metal ions into the environment to a
nontoxic level. Further study will be
necessary, however, to determine the
long-term effect of metal salts on the
water system.
A byproduct of sulfide precipitation is
toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. To inhibit
hydrogen sulfide formation, the sodium
sulfide precipitating solution should be
stabilized with sodium hydroxide.
Neutralizing Agents
Neutralization is an acceptable method
of treating all spills of acids and bases.
provided some method for monitoring
PH is available. Treatment should be
accomplished on land whenever possible
to prevent the spilled material from
entering aquifers or surface water. Toxi-
city associated with pH change from
normal values once the spill has entered
a waterway is critical, in which case
neutralization of the spill becomes the
primary method of treatment.
Toxicity reduction is coupled with the
return of normal pH values regardless of
the neutralizing agent; however, care
must be taken to select an agent that
produces the least toxic byproducts. All
other considerations being equal, weak
acids and bases should be selected to
neutralize a spill in preference to strong
acids and bases. This policy will
minimize the potential for overtreat-
ment. The use of solid agents should
also be avoided when possible.
Where the monitoring system is not
accurate enough to ensure treatment to
the exact pH desired, it is better to
undertreat than to risk overtreatment.
PH values between 6 and 9 are recom-
mended.
Oxidizing Agents
Oxidizing agents are toxic to most
organisms at relatively low concentra-
tions. The reactions are difficult to
control and seldom go to completion,
thus leaving toxic intermediate reaction
products. The use of oxidizing agents
should be limited to land or water spills
that are completely contained. Further-
more, these agents should be used only
as a last resort.
Counter measure Matrix
A comprehensive list of the various
types of mitigating agents and their
potential uses has been generated in
matrix format (Table 2). This counter-
measure matrix refers to classes of
agents recommended for treating
hazardous substances involved in spills
in or near waterways. The matrix is a
comprehensive list of hazardous chemi-
cals, the EPA toxicity classification for
each, and the density and the physical
form of the pure hazardous substance.
Each chemical is also assigned a
physical/ chemical/dispersal (P/C/D)
factor, which has a range from 0.1 to 1.0
and is " based on the solubility,
density, volatility, and associated
propensity for dispersal in water of each
hazardous substance."40CFR60002,
December 30, 1975. The remainder of
the matrix specifies which categories of
countermeasures are effective for
controlling hazardous substances dis-
charged on the ground or in a waterway.
The full report was submitted in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-2093
by Claspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY,
under the sponsorship of the U.S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency.
-------
Table 2. Hazardous Substance/Countermeasure Matrix
Neutralizing
Mass Transfer Media Agent
Material
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anahydride
Acetone
cyanohydrin
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Acrolem
Acrylonnnle
Adiponitnle
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aluminum
fluoride
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium
benzoate
Ammonium
bicarbonate
Ammonium
bichromate
Ammonium
bifluonde
Ammonium
bisulfite
Ammonium bromide
Ammonium
carbamate
Ammonium
carbonate
Ammonium
chloride
Ammonium
chromate
Ammonium citrate
Ammonium
fluoborate
Ammonium
fluoride
Ammonium
hydroxide
Ammonium
hypophosphite
Ammonium iodide
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium
pentaborate
Ammonium
persulfaie
Ammonium sitico-
fkioride
Ammonium
sutfamate
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium suHHe
Ammonium
tartrate
Ammonium
thiocyanate
Ammonium
thiofulfatt
Amy/ acetate
Aniline
Antimony penta-
chloride
Antimony penta-
fluoride
Antimony potas-
sium tartrate
Antimony In-
bromide
Antimony tri-
chloride
Antimony tri-
fluoride
EPA
Cate-
gory
C
C
C
C
D
D
A
C
D
A
B
C
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
0
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Density
0783
1 049
1 083
090
1.52
1.11
0839
0807
0.95
1.65
0854
0.9
2.88
1.69
0.60
1.073
1.26
1.58
2.15
1.21
2.43
1.53
1.91
1.85
1.31
0.9
2.S6
1.66
1.50
1.98
2.01
1.02
1.41
1.61
1.31
0.88
1.022
2.34
2.99
2.6
4.14
3.14
4.38
Physical
Form
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
S
L
L
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S/L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
P/C/D
Cate-
gory
M
M
SF
SF
SS
SS
SF
SF
SF
IS
M
IVF
P
P
SF
SM
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SM
SS
SS
SS
SS
SM
M
SS
SM
SM
SS
SS
SS
SS
SM
SS
SS
SS
SM
SM
INF
SS
P
P
P
P
P
P
Acti-
vated
Carbon
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cationic Anionic
Resin Resin Acid
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
Precip- Biological
itating Treatment Gelling Absorbing Oxidizing Dispersing
Base Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent
X XX
X XXX
X XXX X
XX X
X X
X XX
XXX X
XX X
XX X
XXX
XXX X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX X
XXX X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 2. (continued}
Neutralizing
Mass Transfer Media Agent
Material
Antimony
tnoxide
Arsenic acid
Arsenic
disuliide
Arsenic
pentoxide
Arsenic
trichloride
Arsenic
trioxide
Arsenic
trisulfide
Barium cyanide
Bemene
Bemoic acid
Bemomtrile
Bemoyl
chloride
Bemyl chloride
Beryllium
chloride
Beryllium
fluoride
Beryllium
nitrate
Butyl acetate
Butylamine
Butyric acid
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium bromide
Cadmium chloride
Calcium arsenate
Calcium arsenite
Calcium carbide
Calcium
chromate
Calcium cyanide
Calcium dodecyl-
benzene sulfonate
Calcium
hydroxide
Calcium hypo-
chlorite
Calcium oxide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disuliide
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chlorobemene
Chloroform
ChloroiuHonic
acid
Chromic acetate '
Chromic acid
Chromic suHate
Chromous
chloride
Chromyl chloride
Cobaltous
bromide
Cobaltous
fluoride
Cobaltous
formate
Cobaltous
sulfamate
Coumaphos
Cresol
Cupric acetate
Cupric aceto-
arsenite
Cupric chloride
Cupric formate
Cupric gtydnate
Cupric lactate
Cupric nitrate
Cupric oxalate
£PA
Cate-
gory
C
C
C
B
C
S
fl
A
C
D
C
D
D
D
C
C
C
C
D
A
A
A
C
C
D
D
A
B
D
A
D
A
B
C
A
A
B
B
C
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
C
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Density
5.2
2-2.5
3.4
4.09
2.18
3.89
3.43
O.879
1 266
1.01
1.20
1.O9
1.90
1.99
1.56
0.89
0.74
1.00
2.01
5.19
4.06
3.0
2.2
2.89
2.504
2.35
3.40
1.5
1 26
1.59
3.2
1.1
1.5
1.8
2.7
1.7
2.87
1.91
2.47
4.46
2.13
1.0
1.9
3.39
1.83
2.32
Physical
Form
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
L
L
L
S
S
S
L
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
L
L
L/C
L
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
P/C/D
Cate-
gory
P
P
IS
P
P
P
IS
SS
INF
SS
SS
SS
IS
P
P
P
SF
M
M
SS
P
P
IS
SS
P
SS
SS
SS
SS
SM
SM
SS
SS
SS
IS
SF
IS
IS
SS
SS
SM
SS
IS
SS
P
P
P
P
SS
SS
P
IS
P
P
P
P
P
IS
Acti-
vated Catiomc Anionic
Carbon Resin Resin Acid
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X
X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
Precip- Biological
itating Treatment Gelling Absorbing Oxidizing Dispersing
Base Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent
X
XX XX
X XX
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX X
X X
X XXX X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X XX
X
XX XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX X
X
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Neutralizing
Mass Transfer Media Agent
Material
Cupnc subacetate
Cupnc sulfate
Cupnc sulfate
ammomated
Cupnc tartrate
Cuprous bromide
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexane
2.4-D acid
2,4-D esters
Calapon
DDT
Diazmon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Dichlorvous
Dieldrin
Diethylamtne
Dimethylamine
Dinttrobenzene
Dinitrophenol
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Dodecylbemene-
sulfonic acid
Dursban
Endosulfan
Endnn
Ethion
Ethylbemene
Ethytenediamine
EDTA
Ferric ammonium
citrate
Ferric ammonium
oxalate
Ferric chloride
Ferric fluoride
Ferric nitrate
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous ammonium
sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Furfural
Guthion
Heptachlor
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydroxylamme
Isoprene
Isopropanol-
amine dodecyl-
benzenesulfonate
Kelthane
Lead acetate
Lead arsenate
Lead chloride
Lead fluborate
Lead fluoride
Lead iodide
Lead nitrate
Lead sterate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lead tetra-
acetate
Lead thiocyanate
Lead thiosulfate
Lead tungstate
Lindens
EPA
Cate-
gory
B
B
B
B
B
A
C
B
B
B
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
C
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
C
C
D
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
O
C
A
A
D
D
A
D
C
B
C
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
C
D
O
D
D
A
Density
1.9
2.28
_
4.72
1.186
0.779
0.82
1.38
1.116
I 75
071
0.68
1.54
1.68
1 14
_
1.22
0958
096
2.89
3.52
1.68
2.0
1.87
1.93
1.899
0.815
1.22
1 635
1 15
1.44
1.58
1.00
1.15
0.70
1.23
0.681
0.90
2.25
78
5.85
82
616
4.53
14
62
71
2.23
3.8
5.18
8.24
1.87
Physical
Form
S
S
S
S
S
G
L
L
S
L
S
S
S
L
S
L
L
i
L
S
L
S
L
S
S
L
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
L
L
L
S
L
L
L/G
S
L
L
_
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
P/C/D
Cate-
gory
P
P
P
IS
IS
SS
INF
IS
IS
SS
IS
IS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SF
SF
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
IS
SS
INF
SF
IS
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
M
SS
SS
IS
IS
SS
M
M
SS
IVF
SS
IS
P
IS
P
P
IS
IS
P
P
IS
IS
P
IS
IS
IS
SS
Acti-
vated Cationic Anionic
Carbon Resin Ftesin Acid
X X
X X
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X »
X X
XXX
X X
X X
X X
XXX
X
Precip- Biological
itating Treatment Gelling Absorbing
Base Agent Agent Agent Agent
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X X
XXX
X
X
X
X X
XXX
XXX
X X
X
X
XXX
X XXX
X XXX
XXX
X X
X
X XX
X XX
X XX
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oxidizing Dispersing
Agent Agent
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
\
-------
Table 2. (continued)
1 Neutralizing
Mass Transfer Media Agent
Material
Lithium
bichromate
Lithium chromate
Malathion
Maleic acid
Maleic anhydride
Mercuric acetate
Mercuric cyanide
Mercuric nitrate
Mercuric sulfate
Mercuric thio-
cyanate
Mercurous nitrate
Methoxychlor
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl
methacrylate
Methyl parathion
Mevmphos
Monoethylamme
Monomethylamme
Naled
Naphthalene
Naphthenic acid
Nickel ammonium
sulfate
Nickel chloride
Nickel formate
Nickel hydroxide
Nickel nitrate
Nickel sulfate
Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrophenol
Paralormaldehyde
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus
Phosphorous
oxychloride
Phosphorous
pentasuffide
Phosphorous
trichloride
Potychlorinated
biptienyls
Potassium arsenate
Potassium arsenite
Potassium
bichromate
Potassium chromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium
permanganate
Propnonic acid
Proprionic anhydride
Propyl alcohol
Pyrethrjns
Quino/ine
fiesorcinol
Selenium oxide
Sodium
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium bichromate
Sodium bifluoride
Sodium bisurlHe
Sodium chromate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium dodecyt-
bemene suHonate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide
EPA
Cate-
gory
D
D
A
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
D
B
A
C
C
A
B
A
D
D
C
C
D
D
C
D
C
B
C
A
A
B
D
D
A
O
C
D
A
C
C
D
O
A
C
B
D
D
D
C
A
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
A
B
D
D
C
Density
234
1.23
i 59
0.934
3.25
4.09
4.3
6.47
4.79
1 41
087
0.936
1.358
1.01
1.162
1.4
1.92
3.55
2.15
4.36
2.05
1.948
1.5O2
1 19
1 448
14
t 46
1.26
1.978
1.071
1.392
1 834
78-2.7
1.67
2.03
1 574
2.87
2.68
273
1 52
2.04
27
0.993
1.013
0.8
109
1 27
39S4
0.971
1.76
1.87
2.52
2.08
1.48
1.483
1.48
2.78
213
Physical
Form
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L/G
L
L
L
S/L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
L/G
L
S
L
S
S
G/L
L
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
L
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
P/C/O
Cate-
gory
SM
SM
SS
SS
SF
P
P
P
P
IS
P
IS
INF
INF
IS
M
M
SF
IS
IS
SS
P
P
P
IS
P
P
M
SS
M
SS
SS
IS
IS
SS
SS
M
IS
SS
SS
SS
IS
P
P
SS
SS
SS
SM
SS
M
M
M
ss-
ss
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SM
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
Acti-
vated Canonic Anionic
Carbon Ftesin Resin Acid
XXX
XXX
X
X
X X
XXX
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
XXX
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Preci'p- Biological
Hating Treatment Gelling Absorbing Oxidizing Dispersing
Base Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent
X
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X XX
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
XX X
XX X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
XX X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X XX
X
X
X
XX X
XX X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Material
Sodium hypochlonte
Sodium methytate
Sodium nitrite
Sodium phosphate
monobasic
Sodium phosphate
dibasic
Sodium phosphate
tribasic
Sodium setenite
Sodium suHide
Stannous fluoride
Strontium chromate
Strychnine
Styrene
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride
2,3,5-Tacid
2.4.5-T esters
TOE
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl
pyrophosphate
Toulene
Toxaphene
Trich/orfon
Trichlorophenol
Triethanolamina
dodecylbenzene
sulfonate
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine
Uranium peroxide
Urtnyl acetate
Uranyl nitrate
Urtnyl sulfate
Vanadium pentoxide
Vanadyl sulfate
Vinyl acetate
Xylene
Xylenol
Zectran
Zinc acetate
Zinc ammonium
chloride
Zinc bichromate
Zinc borate
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc cyanide
Zinc fluoride
Zinc formate
Zinc hydrosuHite
Zinc nitrate
Zinc phenol-
sulfonate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc potassium
chromate
Zinc siHcofluoride
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
momhydrate
Zirconium acetate
Zirconium nitrate
Zirconium
oxychloride
Zirconium potassium
fluoride
Zirconium sulfate
Zirconium
tetrachloride
BPA
Cate-
gory
A
C
S
O
O
O
C
C
D
D
C
C
C
D
A
A
A
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
C
C
D
D
D
D
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
O
D
D
O
0
0
Density
2.4
2.17
2.04
2.06
1.5
1.63
1.856
2.79
1.36
0.909
1.834
1.69
1 659
1.2
0.86
1.66
1.73
1.1
1.13
0.66
2.5
2.89
2.80
3.28
3.36
0.94
0.86
1.02
_
1.735
1.80
3.64
4.22
4.42
2.907
1.85
4.84
2.21
2.07
*55
2.1
3.54
3.28
3.22
28
Physical
Form
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
S
S
S
S
L
L
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
S
S
5
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
5
S
S
S
S
S
S
P/C/D
Cate-
gory
SM
SS
SS
SS
SM
SS
SS
SS
SS
IS
SS
INF
M
SS
IS
IS
IS
IS
M
INF
IS
SS
IS
SS
SF
SF
IS
P
P
P
P
P
SF
INF
SS
SS
P
P
P
P
P
IS
P
IS
P
P
P
P
P
IS
IS
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Neutralizing
Mass Transfer Media Agent
Acti- Precip- Biological
vated Cationic Anionic Hating Treatment Gelling Absorbing Oxidizing Dispersing
Carbon Resin Resin Acid Base Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent Agent
X X
XX XXX
X
X
X
X
XXX X
XX X
XXX X
X X
X XXX
X X XX
X X
X
X
X X
X XX
X X
X X X X X
X XX
X X
X XX
X XX
X X X X X
X X X X X
XX X
X X
X X
X X
X X
1
X X X X X \
X XXX
X XX
X X
XX X
XXX X
XXX X
XXX X
XXX X
XX X
XX X
XXX X X
XXX X
XX X
XXX X X
XX X
XXX X
XXX X
XXX X
XXX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
XX X
-------
C. K. Akers. R. J. Pilie. and J. G. Michalovic are with Claspan Corporation.
Buffalo, NY 14221.
Joseph P. Lafornara is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Guidelines for the Use of Chemicals in Removing
Hazardous Substance Discharges," (Order No. PB 82-107 483; Cost: $9.50,
subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
for information contact John E. Brugger at:
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental Research LaboratoryCincinnati
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, NJ 08837
&U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OfflCE: I98I/559-092/3345
-------
SI
-------
w
52
o
m
O
m
m
O
o
1'
5
O
A
01
K>
O)
00
o »-<
«D 220
C C' < O
rw
oxxo
-o m
53 §3 i
i a « =;c
co o o o -
co-< 2. D e
W §32
------- |