United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA/600/S2-86/049 Aug. 1986
vxEPA Project Summary
Reclamation of Alkaline Ash
Piles
Wladyslaw Wysocki and Ronald D. Hill
As part of the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency's (EPA) Scientific Activities
Overseas program a contract was award-
ed to Poltegor, the Central Research and
Design Institute for Openpit Mining, Wro-
claw, Poland in 1974, to study vegetation
stabilization of ash piles resulting from the
burning of lignite and bituminous coal. Two
ash piles were selected for study, i.e., ash
from a lignite power plant and a bitumi-
nous plant. The first phases of the project
included analyses of the ash, greenhouse
studies of ash amendment and fertilizer
treatments, field experiments evaluation of
various treatment methods to improve the
soil characteristics of the ash, and evalua-
tion of various grasses, legumes, trees,
and shrubs for planting on ash piles. These
research results were published in an EPA
publication in 1979, "Reclamation of Alka-
line Ash Piles and Protection of Their En-
vironment Against Dusting," EPA-600/
7-79-128. Following these studies it was
recommended that the project be contin-
ued to obtain long-term data on the sur-
vival and growth of the plants and to ob-
tain information on the development of a
food crop (barley) on ash piles where the
ash had gone through a period of soil
development.
Major conclusions drawn from this
study are: (1) The chemical and minera-
logical composition and physics-chemical
properties of ashes significantly affect
classification of ashes regarding their soil
formation ability; (2) The toxicity of the
ashes to plants was caused by the high pH
(9.0-12.8), salinity (up to 2%), boron (up
to 50 ppm), sandy-clay composition, un-
balanced chemical composition, and soil
color (caused high temperatures); (3) The
best yields of pioneer grasses and legumes
were obtained from plots covered with 20
cm of soil; (4) Yields of grasses and leg-
umes decreased 44-53% where fertiliza-
tion of the plots stopped; (5) Yields of
winter barley were dependent on the neu-
tralization and fertilization treatment ap-
plied prior to introducing pioneer plants.
The best results were obtained after ap-
plying fertile soil; and (6) Ash piles can be
utilized for production of fodder and
cereals after earlier neutralization and fer-
tilization. The introduction of trees and
shrubs does not appear to be practical
because of the shallow layer of soil form-
ed that limits deep root penetration.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to
announce key findings of the research pro-
ject that is fully documented in a separate
report of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).
Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency conducted a cooperative research
project in Poland with Poltegor, the Cen-
tral Research and Design Institute for
Openpit Mining. This project dealt with
developing methods to reclaim and vege-
tate ash disposal ponds. Ashes produced
from coal-fired power plants create major
solid waste disposal problems in both the
United States and Poland. The magnitude
of this problem is illustrated in Table 1.
As noted, both bituminous and lignite
coals are burned in Polish power plants. In
Poland ashes are classified by the type of
combusted coal and the chemical compo-
sition of the ash. For example, ash from
lignite can be divided into three classes ac-
cording to its chemical composition: (1)
sulphate-calcium from the Konin lignite
region; (2) silicate-aluminum from the
Miocene deposit of Turoszaw; (3) calcium-
-------
aluminum from the Miocene deposits of
Belchatow.
From the reclamation standpoint, the
method of ash disposal is important. When
the ash is disposed by hydraulic transpor-
tation, the disposal area is characterized
by having a dike of mineral soil, and level
top. Considerable fractionation taking
place during settling results in a stratified
structure within the ash bed. There is also
considerable cementation. When the dry
ash is pneumatically disposed, belt trans-
ported, or hauled by trucks, the disposal
area has a level surface and heterogeneous
chemical and grain size composition.
Hydraulic transport is more favorable
from the reclamation viewpoint since con-
siderable amounts of toxic boron and
chlorides are leached from the ash and the
pH is lower (8-9 as compared to 12-12.8,
for dry deposition) as a result of the salts
being leached.
The chemical and physical properties of
typical Polish ashes can be seen in Table
2. The small grain size of the ashes makes
them very susceptible to wind and water
erosion. In addition, they have unfavorable
soil/gas properties, low water holding ca-
pacity, and poor nutrients sorptive proper-
ties. Silica is the main component of ashes,
however, considerable amounts of alumi-
num oxide (ashes from Turoszaw), calcium
(ashes from Konin), and iron (bituminous
ashes) are found. Fresh ashes are highly
alkaline with a pH up to 12.8. Upon aging,
salts are leached from the ash and the pH
decreases. Except for potassium and bo-
ron the nutrient content is low. Toxic levels
of boron and sulphur, as well as magnes-
ium and iron, are sometimes found. Bitu-
minous ashes may contain relatively high
concentrations of P2O5, but under highly
alkaline conditions, it is not available to
plants. Chloride concentration up to 2 per-
Table 1. Ash Production
(million metric tons and cubic meters)
1977
mil tons mil cubic meters
mil tons
1990
mil cubic meters
estimated data
Poland
Bituminous
Lignite
Total
17.5
12
29.5
30
24
54
30
35
65
50
70
120
USA
Total
67.8
296
125
537
Table 2. Properties of Power Plant Ashes
Ashes from
Ashes from /ignite
Parameters
Grain-size composition (percent)
fraction more than 1 mm
fraction /ess than 1 mm
1.0 - 0. 1 mm
0. 1 - 0.02 mm
less than 0.02 mm
pH in KC
Salinity (mg NaCI in 1 dm3)
Assimilable components (mg/100 g)
PyOc
K2O
Mg
CaC03 (percent)
Microelements (ppm)
B
Cu
Mr,
Mo
Zn
bituminous
coal
2
37
37
26
8.4 - 12.8
0.8-5.1
94
19
13
2.25
48
20
0
0.6
32
Turow
power plant
0
8
76
16
8.2
2.1
6.2
30
27
0.25
7.75
12.3
8
2.0
13
Konin
power plants
2
36
36
28
8.2 - 12.81
more than 9
0.7
55
more than 60
32
20-35
0.0
8
0.2
0.5
cent by weight has been found in some
ashes. This level of chloride inhibits plant
germination and growth.
As noted, both the physical and chemi-
cal properties of ash make it a difficult
material to reclaim by revegetation.
Research Objectives
The objective of this investigation was
to solve the following problems: (1) con-
trol of air and water erosion from ash
disposal areas, (2) vegetation of ash dis-
posal areas with grass and legumes; (3)
reclamation of ash disposal areas for
forest production; and (4) reclamation of
ash disposal areas for agricultural
cultivation.
Research Plan
Two ash disposal sites were selected for
study. The first area was located at the
Halemba power plant which is fired with
bituminous coal mined underground from
the Upper Silesia Coal Region. The second
area was located at the Konin power plant
which is fired with lignite coal mined by
surface extraction methods from the
Konin Basin.
Both power plants hydraulically trans-
ported their slag and fly ash to earth diked
basins (4.6 m high). The earth dikes at Hal-
emba were raised to a second level with
ash.
Pot Experiments
In order to select the treatments to be
applied to the ash in field tests, a series
of greenhouse pot experiments was con-
ducted. Twenty-seven different treatments
were evaluated utilizing White Mustard
(Synapis alba) as the test plant. Each treat-
ment was replicated four times. The re-
sults of pot studies are shown in Tables
3 and 4. The different treatments were
compared on the basis of dry mass of
plant material produced (average of four re-
plications) with the control pot (fertile soil
+ fertilizer) being rated as 100. Details of
these studies are available in reference 1.
Results of the pot experiments indicated
that methods to improve alkaline soil con-
ditions such as addition of sulphuric acid,
flowers of sulfur, and gypsum were suc-
cessful to a limited degree. It was also evi-
dent that the Konin ash was a more dif-
ficult material on which to establish
vegetation than was the Halemba ash.
Field Experiments - Grasses and
Legumes
Based upon the results of the pot ex-
periments, a field study was designed.
Nine different ash treatments designed to
change the soil properties, plus a control
-------
Table 3. Results of Pot Experiments with Halemba Ash
Treatment
Rating
1. control 1 - fertile soil + NPK
2. ash + NPK + m + 1 cm layer of silt
3. ash + NPK + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
4. ash + NPK + m - at 80% max. water capacity
5. ash + NPK + m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
6. ash + NPK + m - strongly pressed
7. ash + NPK + m + light soil 125% of volume)
8. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
9. ash + NPK + m + green manure from legumes 80. 5 g/pot
10. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
1 1. ash + NPK + m + green manure from cereals 80.5 g/pot
12. ash + 2 (NPKMg)
13. ash + NPKMg
14. ash + 2 (NPK Mg) + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot + sulphur 10 g/pot
15. ash + NPK + m
16. ash + NPK + m + sulphuric acid 125 ml/pot
17. ash + NPK + m + gypsum 31.4 g/pot
18. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot + sulphur 10 g/pot
19. ash + NPK + m + low moor peat 3 1.4 g/pot + sulphur 10 g/pot
20. ash + 2 (NPKMg) + 2 m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
21. ash + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
22. ash + NPK + m + green manure from cereals 322 g/pot
23. ash + 25% of barren river sand
24. ash + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
25. ash + NPK + m + green manure from legumes 322 g/pot
26. control III = pure ash
2 7. control II = washed barren river-sand
Note: m - microelements.
NPK - Nitrogen, Potash and Potassium fertilizer.
100.0
89.3
88.3
85.6
81.9
81.4
80.8
79.7
78.5
78.5
75.4
74.2
72.6
71.8
70.1
68.6
66.9
54.2
47.7
42.3
38.4
34.1
33.3
32.8
13.6
12.4
7.3
Table 4. Results of Pot Experiment with Konin Ash
Treatment
1. control I - fertile soil + NPK & Mg
2. ash + NPK + m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
3. ash + NPK + m
4. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
5. ash + NPK + m + 1 cm layer of silt
6. control III = pure ash
7. ash + NPK Mg
8. ash + NPK + m + light soil - 25% capacity
9. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
10. ash + NPK + m + green manure from cereals 31.4 g/pot
11. ash + NPK + m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
12. ash + NPK + m + sulphuric acid 1 n 125 ml/pot
13. ash + 25% of barren river sand
14. ash + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
15. ash + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
16. ash + NPK + m + green manure from legumes 80.5 g/pot
17. ash + NPK + m + gypsum 31.4 g/pot
18. ash + NPK + m + strongly pressed
19. ash + NPK + m - at 80% max. water capacity
2O. control II = washed barren river sand
21. ash + 2 (NPK Mg) + 2m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot
22. ash + NPK + m + low moor peat 31.4 g/pot + sulphur 10 g/pot
23. ash + NPK + m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot + sulphur 10 g/pot
24. ash + 2 (NPK MG) + 2 m + high moor peat 31.4 g/pot
25. ash + NPK + m + green manure from cereals 322 g/pot
26. ash + 2 (NPK Mg)
27. ash + NPK + m + green manure from legumes 322 g/pot
Rating
100.0
59.9
57.6
52.6
51.1
44. 1
43.5
42.9
40.1
38.7
31.1
31.1
26.O
20.3
20.3
18.9
14.1
14.1
8.4
7.3
6.8
3.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
1.7
1.1
Note: m - microelements.
NPK - Nitrogen, Potash and Potassium fertilizer.
were included (Table 5). In addition, four
plant combinations were tested. Each plot
was replicated four times. Thus, a total of
120 plots of 4 x 5 m were utilized.
Covering the ash with a thick layer of
soil (greater than 30 cm) had been shown
by other investigators (2, 3) to be an ef-
fective method of establishing vegetation
on ash. Since layers of this thickness are
very costly and had already been proven
successful, this study concentrated on
thinner layers, i.e., 20, 10, and 5 cm.
Some NPK (N-nitrogen, P-P2O5, K-K20)
fertilizer was applied to the ash when
treatment took place. More was applied
during sowing of the seed and as top-
dressing. In the following years the plots
were fertilized in the spring and after the
first cutting. The amount of NPK applied
was determined from the pot study and
from analysis of soil samples. Different
amounts were used at Halemba and Konin.
Details of the fertilization program are
given in reference 1.
The four seed mixtures used in the field
trials are shown in Table 6. Seed bed
preparation was begun by loosening the
ash. At Halemba mechanical equipment
was used for this purpose, while at Konin
it was necessary to loosen the ash with
explosives. The amendments and initial
portions of fertilizer were rototilled into the
ash to a depth of 20 cm. After 6-10 days
the remaining mineral fertilizer was raked
in. A few days later the various seed mix-
tures were broadcast, raked in, and rolled.
Cuttings were taken from the plot in the
spring and fall. Dry matter yields were
determined and analyses of plant matter
were made to determine the uptake of
heavy metals by the plants. Five years of
data were collected.
Field Experiments - Agricultural
Crops
One object of this research study was
to determine if an agricultural crop could
be grown on the reclaimed ash. It was
highly unlikely that a crop could be sown
directly into ash. A more promising techni-
que was to build up the ash into a material
with suitable physical and chemical soil
properties by utilizing soil amendments
and plants. After several years of this man-
agement, an agricultural crop could be
planted. The 120 field test plots used in
the earlier study were perfect for such a
project. The 10 treatments in the earlier
study could be used to determine which
were best for preparing the ash for later
use for growing agricultural crops.
Winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) was
selected as the test crop. Deep-rooted
-------
crops were unsuitable because of the thin
soil layer that had been formed. In the fall
of 1979 the plots were plowed and har-
rowed, and fertilizer was applied (P205-90
kg/ha, K20 - 100 kg/ha). Winter barley
(200 kg/ha) was seeded and lightly har-
rowed. Details are available in the full
report.
The barley crop was harvested in 1980
and 1981 and the dry matter yield was
measured.
Field Experiments - Forest Culture
The field test on forest cultivation in-
cluded the evaluation of 12 trees and
shrub species (Table 7). These species
were selected because of their previous
use in vegetating disturbed land. The trees
were planted in pits dug in the ash. The
size of the pits and treatments are shown
in Table 8. The willow and poplar cuttings
were not placed in pits, but were planted
in ash that had been top dressed similar
to grass plots 1 (20 cm soil), 2, 3, and 8
in Table 5.
The criteria used to assess the vigor and
growth of the trees and shrubs were: (1)
to determine the survival rate of each spe-
cies, and (2) to measure the increase in
height. Visual observations of the plants
were made for signs of disease and stress.
These observations and measurements
were made each May and September over
a 6-year period. Details of the tree and
shrub studies are available in reference 1.
Other Studies
During the course of the study, soil sam-
ples were taken and analyzed from each
Table 5. Ash Treatment Plots
1. Covering of ash with fertile soil layer of 20,
10 or 5 cm plus addition of NPK fertilizer.
2. Covering of ash with 1 cm layer of ben-
tonite (100 m3/ha) plus NPK fertilizer
(Halemba only).
3. Covering of ash with 5 cm layer of tertiary
sand (500 +/ha) mixed with coal plus NPK
fertilizer (Konin only).
4. Mixing of low moor peat (10 Mg/ha dry
basis) plus NPK fertilizer.
5. Mixing of garden peat (10 Mg/ha dry basis)
plus NPK fertilizer.
6. Mixing of farm manure (20 Mg/ha) plus
NPK fertilizer.
7. Mixing of corn green manure plus NPK fer-
tilizer with double dose of phosphate.
8. Addition of NPK fertilizer only.
9. Addition of NPK fertilizer with double dose
of phosphate.
10. Control - no treatment.
Table 6. Seed Mixtures Used in Field Trials
Seed Mix 1
a) Halemba
alfalfa (Medicago Sativa)
white melilot (Melilotus albus)
b) Konin
sainfoin (Onobrichis viciaefolia)
crown vetch (Coronilla varia)
Seed Mix 2
Grass mixture
meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerate)
smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis)
meadow grass (Poa pratensis)
creeping fescue (Festuca rubra)
white clover (Trifolium repens)
black medic (Medicago Lupulina)
white melilot /Melilotus albus)
tall rye-grass (Arrhenatherum elatiusi
bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)
Seed Mix 3
alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata)
Seed Mix 4
white melilot (Melilotus albus)
Total
Total
Total
Total
Table 7. Species of Trees and Shrubs Grown on Ash
1. Poplar robusta I (Populus robusta Schn.)
2. Poplar robusta II (Popu/us robusta Schn.)
3. White birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)
4. Gray alder (Alnus incana Moench.)
5. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa Geerth.)
6. Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
7. Larch (Larix decidue Mill.)
8. Pea shrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.)
9. Gray willow (Salix cinerea cross with Salix viminalis)
10. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
11. Willow cuttings (Salix alba cross with Salix fragiles)
12. Poplar cuttings (Populus cross with Serotna Hart.)
Table 8. Ash Mixtures Used in Tree Pits
Seeding rate
50 kg/ha
10 kg/ha
60 kg/ha
140 kg/ha
70 kg/ha
210 kg/ha
12 kg/ha
4 kg/ha
12 kg/ha
5 kg/ha
17 kg/ha
3 kg/ha
7 kg/ha
5 kg/ha
13 kg/ha
4 kg/ha
82 kg/ha
36 kg/ha
6 kg/ha
42 kg/ha
50 kg/ha
I. Fertile soil and ash mixed in proportions of 1:3 plus NP
Ha Ash mixed with bentonite 9:1 plus NP (Halemba only)
lib Ash mixed with tertiary sand intermixed with coal 3:1 plus NP (Konin only)
III. Ash mixed with peat (8 kg peat mixed with 1 m3 ash) plus NP
IV. Ash plus NP
V. Fertile soil plus NP (Konin only)
Note: NP - Nitrogen and potash fertilizer
Poplars
Other trees
Bushes
Pit Size
0.7 m x 0.7 m x 0.7 m
0.5 m x 0.5 m x 0.5 m
0.3 m x 0.3 m x 0.3 m
-------
of the grass plots to determine the chan-
ges that were occurring in the soil/ash
with time. Results of this study are avail-
able in reference 1.
Results and Conclusions
Grasses and Legumes
The total dry matter yields obtained
from the various plots for the 1975-1980
period are shown in Table 9. As noted, the
10-20 cm of fertile soil gave the best re-
sults. The data also show that fertilization
is critical for plant establishment.
A grass and legume combination was
the best seed mixture at Halemba while
medic with orchard grass was the best at
Konin.
Agricultural Crops
The barley yields for 1981 are presented
in Table 10. It should be noted that during
the 1977-1980 period (before barley was
planted) half of the plots were fertilized
and the other half were not. Results of the
test indicate that a grass-legume cover
could sustain itself without further fertili-
zation, but the yield was lower.
As noted in Table 10, the barley yields
were higher on plots that had received
organic matter (fertile soil and plants) as
a conditioning step. The yields on the bitu-
minous ash were also higher than those
on the lignite ash.
Forest Culture
Six years of data have been collected on
trees and shrub growth and survival. The
survival data are summarized in Table 11.
Table 9. Crops of Hay (Total from 1975-8O) From Experimental Plots
(Calculated as t/ha of Dry Mass) *
Halemba
bituminous coal ash
Konin
lignite ash
mixture
Plot Treatment
Ash + 20 cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + 10 cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash + acid tertiary sand + NPK
Ash + low moor peat + NPK
Ash + high moor peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + N2PK + green manure of corn
Ash + NPK
Pure ash (control)
Pure ash - after second sowing and NPK
"Metric tons/ha.
Table 10. Crops of Winter Barley (Chaff +
grasses
with
legumes
50.14
38.63
32.69
21.41
30. 82
22.23
23.48
29.45
23.64
0
24.41
Grain) Gathered in
orchard
grass with
lucerne
36.19
27.87
26.40
22.97
28.88
20.99
22.59
27.65
23.52
0
25.67
1981 on Experimental Plots
grasses
with
legumes
45.38
42.61
35.41
35.86
38.37
36.77
41.20
_
34.82
34.2/
0
25.27
orchard
grass with
lucerne
41.42
43.20
36.86
34.24
33.97
32.30
38.25
34.12
30.35
0
29.07
After Fore Crop tin 1975-80) of Grasses Mixed with Legumes
(Crop from the Combination A = 1OO.O)
Ash from bituminous coal
Ash from lignite
Method of preparing "ash soil"
Combination in 1975
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
0"
"Crops on
Ash + 20 cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + JO cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash + acid tertiary sand + NPK
Ash + low moor peat + NPK
Ash + high moor peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + N2PK + green manure of corn
Ash + NPK
Nonfertilized ash (control)
combination A on ashes from bituminous coal
fertilized in
1976-80
100.0
65.5
65.2
37.7
92.5
26.1
55.8
76.3
61.6
66.4"
100.0
nonfertilized
in 1977-80
87.9
78.0
63.0
24.9
75.4
51.2
72.7
48.1
51.9
59.9"
fertilized in
1976-80
100.0s
72.7
72.0
66.7
61.0
51.8
56.4
65.2
70.2
36.9"
nonfertilized
in 1977-8O
88.7
56.7
64.9
50.0
39.0
42.6
53.9
41.1
48.9
17.7b
Crops on Combination A on ashes from lignite 68.1 .
bAfter fertilization in 1976 and after second sowing with grasses and legumes.
-------
Survival was not affected by the pit treat-
ment at Halemba, the major difference
was due to the particular species grown.
Trees at this site were also impacted by air-
borne fluorine and SO2 from nearby in-
dustry. They were also subject to disease,
which may have been a result of their
stressed condition. The pit treatment
made a major difference in tree survival at
Konin. The mixture of ash with soil and soil
alone gave the best results. Losses at
Konin were attributed to the toxic nature
of the ash, atmospheric pollution, and rab-
bits eating the young trees.
Growth increments were measured for
those trees and shrubs that did survive. As
noted in Table 11, the pit treatment did not
make a major difference in growth at Ha-
lemba, but did at Konin. The gray alder had
the greatest growth rate at Halemba, while
locust was the best at Konin.
This project is J-5-533-12 of the Scien-
tific Activities Overseas - Special Foreign
Currency Program of the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency.
References
1. Wysocki, Wladyslaw. Reclamation of
Alkaline Ash Piles and Protection of
Their Environment Against Dusting.
EPA-600/7-79-128, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
July 1979.
2. Hodgson, D.R. and Townsend, W.N.
The Amelioration and Revegetation of
Pulverized Fuel Ash. In: Ecology and
Reclamation of Devastated Land. Ed-
ited by R.J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Gor-
don and Breach Publishing, New York,
1973, pp. 247-271.
3. Maly, V.K. Otazce Zemedelski Rekul-
tivace Slozist Elektraren. In: Vadecke
Prace Vyzkumneho Ustavu Melioraci,
Praha 1969, No. 10, pp. 91-108.
Table 11. Survival and Growth of Trees and Shrubs on Ashes
from Bituminous and Lignite Coal
Increment* in height and survival11
ash from coal
Halemba
bituminous
Pit treatment (see table 8)
1
Ha
lib
III
IV
V
Species of trees and shrubs
Poplar 1
Poplar II
White birch
Gray alder
Black alder
Black locust
Larch
Pea shrub
Willow
Sea buckthorn
Willow cuttings
Poplar cuttings
Average
cm
0.33
0.34
0.32
0.32
-
0.17
0.20
0.11
0.74
0.63
0.45
0.37
0.37
0.25
0.14
0.20
0.33
Survival
-
H
H
L
L
M
H
M
H
M
L
L
Konin
lignite
cm
0.38
0.36
0.28
0.26
0.38
0.37
0.30
0.47
0.21
0.48
0.67
0.07
0.35
0.14
0.25
0.24
0.33
Survival
_
-
M
M
L
H
L
H
L
H
M
M
L
alncrement of growth during sixth year.
bSurvival: H - High, M - Moderate, L - Low.
-------
Wladyslaw Wysockiis with the Central Research and Design Institute for Openpit
Mining, Poltegor, 53-332 Wroclaw, Poland; the EPA author Ronald D. Hill (also
the EPA Project Officer, see below) is with the Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
The complete report, entitled "Reclamation of Alkaline Ash Piles," (Order No. PB
86-183 001/AS; Cost: $28.95, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
U.3.OF-sT!CiALW!Ww'
...'35 J-E \,;\~t i ^ _
1i~L SM»'j ; u .3 L "::
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S2-86/049
0000329 PS
U S ENVIR PROTECTION AGENCY
RESIGN 5 LIBRARY
230 S DEARBORN STREET
CHICAGO IL 60604
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