United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering ^
Research Laboratory ;
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 V
Research and Development
EPA/600/S2-86/100 Jan. 1987 '/'
Project Summary
Test Method Evaluations and
Emissions Testing for Rating
Wood Stoves
Lawrence E. Cottone and Edward Messer
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency has decided to develop a New
Source Performance Standard (NSPS)
for wood burning stoves. During the
development process several issues
must be resolved. One of the more
critical issues is the selection of an
emission sampling method and stove
operating procedure. This report
addresses the comparison of three
candidate sampling methods: the EPA
Modified Method 5 (MM5), the Oregon
Method 7 (OM7). and the ASTM pro-
posed Method PI 80. It also addresses
the effect emission format (g/hr, g/kg
wood burned, fjg/J heat output) has
on the intermethod correlations.
Five stoves (i.e., two catalytic, one
noncatalytic generic, one noncatalytic
high efficiency, and one catalytic
fireplace insert) were tested. The stoves
were nominally operated according to
the State of Oregon's certification
procedure. Simultaneous tests were
conducted using MM5 and OM7 in the
stove flue and MMS, OM7. and ASTM
in the (ASTM) dilution tunnel. Quality
assurance tests using duplicate sam-
pling trains were also conducted.
Proportional sampling, using SO2 as a
tracer gas, was conducted in the flue,
and isokinetic sampling was conducted
in the dilution tunnel.
Results showed good correlations
between the total train emissions
obtained with each method. The
strength of the correlations varied with
the emission format; the grams per
hour format showed the strongest
correlation. POM emissions showed a
general (but weak) correlation with
total emissions when the grams per
hour format was used; there were no
correlations when the emissions were
expressed in either of the other two
formats.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Air and Energy Engi-
neering Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, NC, to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).
Introduction
The purpose of this test program was
to collect emission testing data to
evaluate emission measurement proce-
dures that have been applied to certifi-
cation of wood stoves and to develop an
acceptable procedure for application to
a New Source Performance Standard
(NSPS) for the wood stove source cate-
gory.
The primary objectives of the project
were:
• To collect emission testing data for
evaluating the effectiveness of the
Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality (DEQ) emission sampling
method (OM7) in distinguishing
between low and high emissions of
total particulate matter, condensible
organic matter, and polycyclic organic
matter (POM), using EPA Modified
Method 5 (MMS) as the reference.
• To collect emission testing data for
evaluating the accuracy and precision
of the OM7 sampling method and the
applicability of the dilution tunnel
emission sampling approach (as used
-------
with the American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM) home heating
appliance emission sampling method)
to the OM7 sampling method.
• To collect emission testing data for
evaluating the representativeness of
the ASTM emission sampling method,
using MM5 as the reference.
The three sampling methods (MM5,
OM7, and ASTM) have slightly different
objectives which may account for slight
differences in the actual emissions
measured. MM5 was designed to collect
isokinetic samples of particulate and
condensible and semivolatile organic
components. The method captures the
semivolatile organic fraction on a sorbent
resin.
The OM7 method was designed for the
collection of particles and condensible
organic matter. Isokinetic sampling is not
required for sampling wood stove emis-
sions, but the method does require
proportional sampling.
The ASTM method assumes that the
particles in the diluted gas stream are
small and behave as a gas. The sample
rate is held constant (± 2%) throughout
the test, and gas is measured at varying
intervals depending on the burn rate.
Since the sample is collected at basically
ambient temperature and moisture
conditions, the sample train filter is not
heated. The ASTM method specifies that
the sample rate be based on the filter
loading and the filter face velocity (2 to
30 ft/min, or 0.6 to 9.1 m/min). During
these tests, all sampling trains were
operated at fixed points in the stack or
dilution tunnel, as appropriate.
The five stoves tested included three
catalytic stoves (a Timbereze Model 477,
a Blaze King Catalyst Stove—King Model
KEJ-1101, and a Fisher Tech IV fireplace
insert), one conventional non-catalytic
stove (Lakewood), and one low emission
non-catalytic stove (BOSCA FS-500).
Summary of Results
The results of the 22 test burns are
presented in Table 1. Duplicate sample
results are included below the matching
sample run. The stove heat input was
determined from the weight of dry wood
burned per hour and the analyzed heat
content of the fuel. The stack flow rate
was calculated using Fc, and F factor for
wood (40 CFR 60.45, July 1985). Dilution
tunnel flows and moisture contents were
standardized to the OM7 train.
Some of the data have been qualified
in Table 1:
• All sample runs conducted during test
burne "Blaze King" 3 and "BOSCA"
-3 (High Efficiency -3). These burns
could not be sampled to completion.
This prohibited calculations according
to procedure OM7 and did not provide
an emission measurement represen-
tative of a complete burn. Results
were calculated using the Fc factor.
• An isokinetic sampling conducted for
OM7 and MM5 sample runs in the
dilution tunnel was designated with:
an "h" when sample rates were over
100% of isokinetic and a "c" when
sampling rates were below 90% of
isokinetic.
• Two torn second filters in OM7 sample
trains (located between the third and
fourth impingers) were identified with
an "'."
• Two test burns were not adequately
conducted under procedure OM7
stove operating guidelines. The doors
were opened during sampling, and the
coals and woodpieces stirred during
two Timbereze test burns.
• Several OM7 and MM5 sample runs
were conducted with the heated filter
box temperature below the specified
lower limit of 106°C. In all of those
cases except BD-OM7-5, the average
temperatures were between 93 and
106°C.
Total gravimetric emissions for each
sampling method consist of the com-
bined individual analyses of the following
fractions:
• MM5
—front half MeCI2 rinse drydown
residue
—filter catch
—XAD extraction
—semivolatile organics (extracted
from back-half water) by GC plus
water drydown residue
—semivolatile organics (in rinse
solvent) by GC plus solvent drydown
residue condensate extraction
semivolatile organics by GC plus
drydown residue
• OM7
—front half solvent rinse drydown
residue
—front filter catch
—back half extraction drydown
residue
—back half water drydown residue
—back half rinse drydown residue
—back filter catch
• ASTM
—front half and between-filter
solvent rinse drydown residue
—front filter catch
—backfiller catch
Table 1 also includes results of organic
sampling and analyses conducted on
MM5 samples for total chromatograph-
able organics (TCOs), phenol, and POM.
TCOs were determined on the combined
back half fractions of each MM5 sample.
POM and phenol were analyzed in a
combined aliquot from the front and back
half fractions of each MM5 sample. The
POM values presented in Table 1 are the
sum of the individual values for the 21
specific compounds quantified. The
values in Table 1 do not represent total
POM, but may indicate the relative
change in total POM from one burn to
another.
-------
Table 1. Summary of Wood Stove Emission Test Results Using ORSA T Data and Fc—Grams Per Hour.
Burn No.
Timbereze
/"
2"
2&,d
Blaze King
4
4"
1
1"
5"
5d'°
2
2"
3"
Lakewood
1
3
3"
2
4
4"
Bosca
2
2"
4
1
1"
5
3"
3b,d
Fisher
2
2"
4
4"
3
1
F Factor
Heat
Input
(Btu/
hrf
17,285
23.218
23.218
1 1.607
1 1,607
20.898
20,898
31,964
31.964
53.615
53.615
6.620
17,148
22,667
22.667
29.004
139.443
139.443
10.466
10.466
21,299
28,082
28.082
64,001
1 1.447
1 1.447
10.621
10.621
18.501
18,501
30.279
38.911
Burn
Rate
(dry
kg/
hr)
0.90
1.22
1.22
0.60
0.60
1.09
1.09
1.64
1.64
2.77
2.77
0.34
0.89
1.17
1.17
1.51
17.17
17.17
0.54
0.54
1.08
1.46
1.46
3.10
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.55
0.95
0.95
1.58
2.02
f-
Stack Emissions
MM5
17.0
14.6
23.1
7.13
10.5
9.11
20.8
5.45
54.7
56.4
45.3
216.
216.
27.3
14.7
12.6
22.3
17.2
16.7'
8.54
15.9
19.7
38.9
OM7
8.01
7.55
7.99
4.59'
4.16
3.22"
10.8
10.3'
2.50
29.2'
32.1 "
35.0
26.9'
61.3
19.0
8.49
9.39
7.10
11.5
6.97
4.63
10.8
16.1
29.2
•articulate
Dilution
MM5
11.4"
13.2
10.7
10.9
13.4
15.3
24.1
15.8"
54.1
74.8
53.2
54.5
170.
18.5
28.6
32.7
68.3
56.4
59.6'
22.6C
14.9
23.9h
28.3
48.0
71.6
!
IL
u
rni
Tunnel Emissions
OM7
6.16°
4.89
7.99'
3.96
4.15
9.27'
10.7
9.43
24.4'
27.0
28.5
54.6
89.0"
8.27
12.8'
8.66'
10.7
37.2
20.2*
10.7
13.1
21.3
37.0
ASTM
4.26
3.37
0.999
4.50
2.66
2.34
4.96
8.55
2.91
27.2
33.1
22.1
97.1
12.2
9.10
9.85
8.76
20.4
19.7
4 17
6.24
13.4
30.3
Stack
6.13
4.55
12.7
2.66
4.47
3.21
6.66
2.18
19.3
26.3
18.9
109.
95.1
10.9
6.00
5.70
10.7
7.50
7.05'
2.55
4.72
5.55
12.0
Dilu-
tion
Tunnel
4.12"
3.44
4.22
3.39
3.56
3.65
6.75
2.99"
19.4
29.2
24.8
23.9
81.8
6.21
7.85
5.90
21.6
14.0
20.4'
3.25°
2.70
4.03h
3.94
6.73
12.9
Stack
0.103
0.111
0.101
0.0576
0.156
0.150
0.239
0.0223
0.411
0.444
0.782
9.11
6.46
1.74
0.351
0.199
1.02
0.402
0.252'
0.0547
0.128
0.184
0.415
tnoi
Dilu-
tion
Tunnel
0.0507C
0.0298
0.0908
0.0570
0.0996
0.112
0.258
0.0493*
0.461
0.741
0.655
1.10
3.90
0.0558
0.251
0.222
1.50
0.549
0.815'
0.08 15C
0.0641
0.0753"
0.108
0.240
0.413
ru
Stack
0.0971
0.0813
0.0319
0.0355
0.0877
0.0856
0.139
0.0316
0.148
0.228
0.337
19.3
16.9
0.0827
0.396
0.508
1 98
0.476
0.252'
0.0173
0.0415
0.0836
0.149
-------
L Cottone is with Engineering Science, Fairfax, VA 22030; and E. Messer is
with Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Robert C. McCrillis is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Test Method Evaluations and Emissions Testing
for Rating Wood Stoves, (Order No. PB 87-119 897/AS; Cost: $18.95, subject
to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone:!. 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
i i e» oPPT''M M*
U.O.\-/i r«O»r-vl_ I»lf»
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S2-86/100
0000329 PS
U S ENVIR PROTECTION AGENCY
CHICAGO
------- |