United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA-600/S3-83-002 Mar. 1983
v>EPA Project Summary
Measurements of Hazardous
Organic Chemicals in the
Ambient Atmosphere
H. B. Singh, L. J. Salas, R. Stiles, and H. Shigeishi
Analytical methods were refined and
applied to the ambient analysis of 44
organic chemicals, many of which are
bacterial mutagens or suspected
carcinogens. On-site field collection
programs, based on single-site studies
of 9 to 11 days duration each, were
conducted in 10 U.S. cities. Field
studies were performed with an
instrumented mobile laboratory. A
round-the-clock measurement
schedule was followed at all sites. The
field measurements allowed a
determination of atmospheric concen-
trations, variabilities, and mean diurnal
behaviors of the chemicals. The data
were analyzed relative to theoretically
estimated removal rates. Typical
diurnal profiles show highest
concentrations of the primary
pollutants during nighttime or early
morning hours, with minimum
concentrations in the afternoon hours.
Chemistry plays only a nominal role in
defining this diurnal behavior in most
cases. Except for aromatic hydrocar-
bons and aldehydes, average concentra-
tions of the measured species were in
the 0- to 5-ppb range. The average
concentration range observed for aro-
matics and aldehydes was 0- to 20-ppb.
This Project Summary was developed
by the Environmental Sciences Re-
search Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park. NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that is fully docu-
mented in a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
Introduction
During the last 3 decades, an increas-
ing number of synthetic organic
chemicals have been released in large
amounts into the ambient environment.
Urban atmospheres contain a complex
mixture of chemicals, many of which are
toxic at concentrations significantly
higher than those encountered in typical
ambient atmospheres.
The 3-year study was initiated to
examine the range of concentrations of a
variety of potentially hazardous gaseous
organic chemicals* at selected urban
locations under varying meteorological
and source-strength conditions. The
research effort studied 44 organic
chemicals, of which 29 are bacterial
mutagens and at least 12 are suspected
carcinogens. The chemical categories
targeted for field measurements included
chlorofluoromethanes, nonfluorinated
halomethanes, haloethanes, chloroethyl-
enes, chloroaromatics, aromatic
hydrocarbons, and oxygenated species.
To achieve the study's general objective,
procedures were developed for sampling
and analysis of selected organic chemi-
cals at expected ambient concentrations.
The chemicals were measured and
analyzed on-site in ambient air using a
suitably outfitted mobile environmental
laboratory.
These field measurements were used
to develop a reliable data base that could
be used to better understand the concen-
trations and diurnal behavior of the
chemicals. Finally, information was
obtained from the literature on sources,
fates, and effects of these potentially
hazardous chemicals. The overall
*The term "hazardous chemicals" is not intended to
imply that a proven human health hazard exists In
most cases, toxicity studies are incomplete or incon-
clusive and involve extrapolation of animal data to
humans.
-------
program of analytical methods
refinement, field measurements, data
collection, and data analysis is expected
to provide information that will permit a
better assessment of the atmospheric
abundance and chemistry of this poten-
tially harmful group of chemicals.
Procedure
All field work was conducted using a
suitably instrumented mobile environ-
mental laboratory. The ambient air
sampling manifold was stainless steel
and had a variable inlet height. In all
cases, the sampling manifold was
adjusted to be higher than nearby struc-
tures; a typical manifold inlet height was
5 m above ground. A special stainless-
steel metal bellows compression pump
(Model MB 158) was used for pumping
and pressuring air samples. For the anal-
ysis of aldehydes, surface air was sampled
in an all-glass apparatus.
Various types of chromatography were
used to analyze different chemicals. For
all the monitored halogenated species
and organic nitrogen compounds,
electron-capture detector gas
chromatography was the primary means
of analysis. The aromatic hydrocarbons
were measured using flame-ionization
detector gas chromatography.
Formaldehyde was measured by the
spectrographic chemical analysis
technique using the chromotropic acid
procedure. In the third year of this
research, formaldehyde and acetalde-
hyde were also measured by analyzing
the 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine deriva-
tives, formed by reaction of 2,4 dinitro-
phenylhydrazine with aldehydes, with
high-performance liquid chromatograph-
ic methods.
After the measurement methodology
was developed, field studies were
conducted at selected urban sites in 10
cities in the continental United States. In
consultation with the EPA Project Officer,
the researchers chose the following
cities: Los Angeles, CA, Phoenix, AZ,
Oakland, CA, Houston, TX, St, Louis, MO,
Denver, CO, Riverside, CA, Staten Island,
NY, Pittsburgh, PA, and Chicago, IL
Specific sites were chosen to represent
open urban areas, and large point
sources or topographical features that
could affect the representativeness of the
measurements were avoided. Every
attempt was made to select sites that
were indicative of general pollution levels
prevalent in the area. Practical
constraints such as power and shelter
availability also influenced site selection.
Only one site within each of the selected
cities was monitored; therefore, while the
collected data may be typical of the
general ambient environment, they are
truly representative only of the specific
site monitored.
Site locations and periods of field
measurements are shown in Table 1.
Each field study continued for
approximately two weeks, and actual
field data were collected from 9 to 11 days
on a 24-hour basis. The preliminary
literature search clearly indicated that
limited data on hazardous organic
chemicals are available and virtually all
data have been collected during daytime
hours. Based on past experience, the
researchers believed that significant
night and daytime differences in the
abundance of organic chemicals were
likely. Thus, a 24-hour-per-day, 7-days-
a-week measurement schedule was
chosen because it offered the most
efficient means to collect the maximum
amount of data to characterize the burden
of toxic organic chemicals in the ambient
air. In addition, night abundances of trace
chemicals were likely to provide
important information about the sources
and sinks of measured species.
Results
The field measurements allowed
determination of the atmospheric
concentrations, variabilities, and mean
diurnal behaviors of the chemicals.
Although these studies were short-term,
the 24-hour operation allowed for
extensive data collection. The degree of
temporal and spatial variability in the
atmospheric abundance of toxic
chemicals is clear from, the data pre-
sented. Typical concentrations of most
measured chemicals were in the sub-
part-per-billion range, with the exception
of aromatic hydrocarbons and formalde-
hyde (where average concentrations in
Table 1. Field Sites and Measurement Schedule
Field Site
No.
Data City Name
1
2
3
4
5
Los Angeles, CA
Phoenix, AZ
Oakland, CA
Houston, TX
St. Louis. MO
Latitude
(°N)
34°04'
33°28'
37045'
29°47'
38°46'
Longitude
(°W)
1 18°09'
112°06'
122°11'
95° 15'
90° 17'
Experiment Period
9 Apr 79
23 Apr 79
28 Jun 79
14 May 80
29 May 80
-21 Apr 79
- 6 May 79
- 10 Jul 79
- 25 May 80
- 9 Jun 80
Days of
Actual Data
Collection Site Address
10
11
9
10
10
Los Angeles State University
1 9th and A dam St. at state capitol
Hegenberger and 14th St.
Mae St. and 1- 10 Frontage Road
3400 Pershall Rd. (Florissant
6 Denver, CO
7 Riverside, CA
8
Staten Island, NY
9 Pittsburgh, PA
10 Chicago. IL
39045'
33°59'
40°35'
40°26'
41°45'
104°59' 15 Jun 80 - 28 Jun 80 11
117°18' 1 Jul 80 - 13 Jul 80 11
74°12' 26Mar81- 5 Apr 81 9
79°56' 7 Apr 81 - 17 Apr 81 9
87°42' 20 Apr 81- 2 May 81 9
Valley College)
Marion St. - and E. 51st.
Big Spring Rd. and Perimeter
Road (U. C. Riverside campus)
WildAve. and Victory Blvd.
(Consolidated Edison Power Plant)
Carnegie Mellon Institute (campui
79th St. and Lawndale
-------
the 5 to 20 ppb range were frequently
encountered). For most predominantly
man-made chemicals, average concentra-
tions in urban atmospheres were one to
two orders of magnitude higher than in
clean remote atmospheres.
Tables 2, 3, and 4 summarize the
ambient data collected at the 10 sites.
Arithmetic means of the observed con-
centrations (i.e., volumetric mixing ratios)
and the associated one-sigma standard
deviations in units of parts per trillion (ppt
= 10~12 v/v) and in nanograms per cubic
meter are tabulated. Minimum and maxi-
mum concentration levels also are
provided. The complete report also shows
mean diurnal profiles for numerous
species.
Conclusions and
Recommendations
The research effort included analytical
methods refinement, field-data
collection, data processing, and data
interpretation for a group of organic
chemicals. The collected data reveal that
typical concentrations of most measured
chemicals were in the ppt range, and for
most predominately man-made
chemicals, average concentrations in
urban atmospheres were one to two
orders of magnitude higher than in clean
remote atmospheres.
There existed distinct mean diurnal
variations in the concentrations of these
atmospheric chemicals. For most
chemicals, these variations were
determined by source strength and
prevailing meteorology, and chemistry
played a nominal role. For several primary
pollutants, afternoon mixing led to
sufficient dilution to cause afternoon
minima in concentrations; however,
secondary photochemical pollutants
(e.g., peroxyacetylnitrate and peroxypro-
pionnylnitrate) showed clear afternoon
maxima. Thus, for many of the hazardous
chemicals, the highest concentrations in
the ambient air were encountered during
the nighttime or the early morning. Most
of the measured chemicals have nearly
exclusive man-made origin, and the
significant elevation in concentration
above background in urban areas,
indicated that large sources associated
with man-made activities exist in the
area.
The total concentrations of potential
mutagens and carcinogens in urban
ambient air may be much higher than
those measured in this study because of
the presence of nongaseous species (e.g.,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) and
other gaseous species for which either
toxicity studies are inconclusive or
measurement methods are inadequate
(e.g., oxygenated chemicals). Most
synthetic chemicals in this study came
into major use after 1950, and since that
time their production and release have
continued to grow exponentially, with a
doubling time of about 6 years.
This study indicates that typical urban
atmospheres contain chemicals that are
known to be toxic at much higher concen-
trations. However, the task of
characterizing the atmosphere, as
exemplified by this study, is incomplete.
Much more atmospheric and toxicity data
are required to determine the risks asso-
ciated with long-term exposures to low
levels of toxic species.
-------
Table 2. Atmospheric Concentrations of Measured Chemicals (Site 1 -3)
Chemical Group and Species
Los Angeles-Site 1 Phoenix-Site 2 Oakland-Site 3
(9-21 April 19791 (23 April - 6 May 19791 (28 June - 10 July 19791
PPt ng/m3 ppt ng/m3 ppt ng/m3
Mean' S.D ** Max Mm Mean SD. Mean SO. Max Mm Mean SO. Mean S.D Max Mm Mean S.D.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Trichlorofluoromethane (Fit) 473 197 1070 221 2653 1105 249 138 722 110 1396 774 239 151 1477 108 134O 847
lyrirf iiui uiiuvt VIIIGII tone \i if./
Trichlorotrifluoroethane (F1 13)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane fF1 14)
Halomethanes
Methyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Methyl iodide
Methylene chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrach/onde
Haloethanes and halopropanes
Ethyl chloride
1, 1 Dichloroethane
1.2 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dibromoethane
1.1,1 Trichloroethane
1, 1,2 Trichloroethane
1, 1, 1,2 Tetrachloroethane
1. 1.2,2 Tetrachloroethane
1 ,2 Dichloropropane
Chloroalkenes
Viny/idene chloride
(cis) 1,2 Dichtoroethylene
Trichloroethy/ene
Tetrach/oroethy/ene
Ally I chloride
Hexachloro-1 ,3 butadiene
Chloroaromatics
Monochlorobenzene
rt»^» . i
o-Dichlorobenzene
m -Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4 Tnchlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m/p-Xylene
o-Xylene
4-Ethyl toluene
1.2.4 Trimethyl benzene
1,3,5 Trimethyl benzene
Oxygenated species
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Phosgene
Peroxyacetylmtrate (Pan)
Peroxypropionylnitrate IPPN)
- \
305
3001
244
3751
88
215
519
33
1028
9
4
17
5
399
1480
3
-200
13
8
7
6040
11720
2250
4610
1930
1510
1880
380
-
4977
722
667 4160
1759 7761
174 894
2620 12029
40 224
107 995
233 1353
26 187
646 3144
6 45
2 12
11 96
3 10
302 1 702
446 2065
2 8
- -500
10 50
6 25
5 34
4580 27870
9070 53380
4470 27660
6140 4996O
1830 12740
1450 10150
2380 13290
680 5020
-
-
83 16820
673 2740
49 2333 5102
1038 6188 3626
13 946 752
601 13014 9090
24 427 194
97 1351 673
173 2097 942
5 252 198
224 5602 3520
4 49 33
<1 27 14
4 117 75
1 20 12
36 2142 1621
174 10028 3022
1 32 21
<50 918
2 78 60
2 48 36
2 52 37
720 19229 14581
1140 44010 34059
100 9735 19340
530 19945 26565
90 8350 7918
100 7396 7102
170 9208 11657
<40 1861 3331
.
30 24580 22141
<30 3978 3708
151
2391
67
894
111
277
216
40
824
16
9
17
30
484
994
7
-200
23
9
3
4740
8630
2000
4200
1780
1510
1740
400
-
779
93
225 '1251
940 5685
47 190
989 5155
106 514
114 855
220 1450
38 204
597 2814
10 42
4 16
6 31
16 150
587 3070
716 3697
9 58
- -500
35 236
6 28
2 1O
6750 59890
9090 38730
2870 16640
4660 26970
1880 9190
1500 7370
1910 10090
370 1520
-
767 3720
77 330
12 1155
1231 4928
4 260
86 3102
27 539
131 1741
39 873
2 305
198 4490
<1 87
<1 62
<1 117
<1 119
12 2598
129 6735
1 75
<50 918
1 138
1 54
1 22
390 15091
1721
1938
182
3431
515
717
889
290
3253
54
27
41
63
3151
4851
96
210
36
15
21490
540 32407 34134
60 8653
210 18171
40 7701
2OO 7396
20 8522
<40 1959
-
-
-
<30 3847
<30 512
12417
20162
8134
7347
9355
1812
-
-
3788
424
49
1066
55
416
32
169
83
16
291
8
4
7
13
188
308
1
-100
4
7
3
1550
3110
600
151O
770
660
-
50
356
149
5 309
781 5000
24 108
315 2406
12 60
133 987
106 842
13 85
161 967
4 29
1 8
3 13
5 24
270 1558
292 1450
0 3
- -300
5 33
3 15
2 15
1220 4630
3180 16940
670 4580
1420 8260
730 4050
620 3400
-
5 57
422 1850
118 500
16
484
26
86
13
94
38
2
143
4
<1
3
5
14
53
1
<50
1
3
1
60
150
60
too
80
20
42
50
<30
375 451
2197 1610
213 93
1443 1093
155 58
1062 836
335 428
122 99
1586 877
44 22
27 7
48 21
51 20
1009 1449
2087 1978
11 0
459
24 30
42 18
22 15
4935 3884
11678 11941
2596 2899
6533 6144
3331 3158
3233 3037
-
-
202 20
1758 2084
821 650
* Arithmetic mean.
** One standard deviation.
t Dashes indicate that chemical was not measured and/or standard deviations could not be computed.
-------
Table 3. Atmospheric Concentrations of Measured Chemicals (Site 4-7)
Houston-Site 4
(14-25 May 1980)
ppt ng/m3
Chemical Group and Species Mean* S.D.** Max Min Mean S.D.
Mean
St. Louis-Site 5
(29 May - 9 June 1980)
ppt ng/m3
S.D. Max Min Mean S.D.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Trichlorofluoromethane (F1 1)
Dichlorofluoromethane (F12)
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
(F1 13)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
(F1 14)
Halomethanes
Methyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Methyl iodide
Methylene chloride
Chloroform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Haloethanes and Halopropanes
Ethyl chloride
1,1 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dibromoethane
1, 1, 1 Trichloroethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
1,1,1,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,2 Dichloropropane
Chloroalkenes
Vinylidene chloride
(cis) 1,2 Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ally! chloride
Hexachloro-1 ,3 butadiene
Chloroaromatics
Monochlorobenzene
a - Chlorotoluene
o -Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m/p Xylene
o-Xylene
4-Ethyl toluene
1,2,4 Trimethyl benzene
1,3,5 Trimethyl benzene
Oxygenated species
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Phosgene
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN)
Peroxypropionylnitrate (PPN)
474
897
199
28
955
100
3.6
574
423
404
227
63
1512
59
353
32
12
11
81
25
71
144
401
<5
11
309
<5
7
7
-
2
5780
10330
1380
3840
1307
870
1150
460
-
-
<20
438
110
178
474
190
10
403
58
2.2
553
749
449
273
20
1863
72
263
24
15
9
37
36
59
195
598
-t
20
517
-
9
8
-
2
5880
10850
1400
4270
1460
1030
1470
800
-
-
-
835
140
1105
2817
1664
58
2284
278
11.2
3404
5112
2934
1248
126
7300
368
1499
129
80
77
253
136
429
980
3215
<5
154
2785
58
67
47
-
13
37700
65650
7280
23780
9790
7470
9260
5350
-
-
<20
4350
630
305
482
37
12
531
45
0.6
49
38
126
10
9
50
10
134
<5
2
2
22
<4
21
5
34
<5
1
9
<5
1
1
-
/
840
1040
50
270
80
60
50
70
-
-
_
<10
<10
2658
4430
1522
195
1968
388
21
1991
2055
2539
598
255
6110
450
1923
174
82
75
374
99
281
773
2717
<16
117
1419
26
42
42
-
15
18402
38790
5971
16614
5655
4261
5633
2253
-
-
81
2163
606
998
2341
1453
70
831
225
13
1919
3638
2822
719
81
7528
550
1433
131
103
62
171
143
234
1047
4052
-
213
2374
-
54
48
15
18720
40743
6057
18474
6317
5045
7200
3918
-
-
4124
771
374
622
132
25
732
81
2.6
421
73
129
46
60
124
16
235
15
6
6
53
9
39
112
326
<5
3
240
<5
6
4
-
1
1410
1520
640
950
310
240
370
530
11300
-
<20
277
64
105
182
171
6
138
25
1.6
583
30
6
29
14
101
4
136
6
3
2
12
5
8
154
955
-
2
243
.
11
8
-
1
1190
1250
460
703
300
180
370
490
4500
-
.
203
93
905
1156
1791
37
1015
125
7.2
6402
191
148
182
105
607
26
896
45
18
12
88
34
66
1040
7604
<5
10
1167
25
95
55
-
4
5820
6450
2100
3230
1490
1240
2560
1360
18700
-
<20
890
250
217
383
22
13
531
7
0.2
82
25
112
10
26
45
8
132
6
4
4
22
<4
25
8
67
<5
1
5
<5
1
1
-
1
110
103
50
110
60
80
60
80
8100
-
.
40
<10
2097
3072
1010
174
1509
314
15
1461
355
811
121
242
501
122
1281
82
41
41
244
36
154
601
2209
<16
32
1102
26
36
24
-
7
4489
5708
2769
4110
1341
1176
1812
2596
13836
-
81
1368
353
589
899
1308
42
284
97
9
2023
146
38
76
57
408
31
741
33
21
14
55
20
32
827
6471
-
21
1116
-
66
48
-
7
3789
4694
1990
3042
1298
882
1812
2400
5510
-
.
1003
512
* Arithmetic mean.
** One standard deviation.
t Dashes indicate that chemical was not measured and/or standard deviations could not be computed.
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Chemical Group and Species
Chlorofluorocarbons
Trichlorofluoromethane (Ft 1)
Dichlorofluoromethane (F12)
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
IF113)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
(F114)
Halomethanes
Methyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Methyl iodide
Methylene chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Haloethanes and halopropanes
Ethyl chloride
1,1 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dibromoethane
1,1, 1 Trichloroethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
1. 1, 1,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,2 Dichloropropane
Chloroalkenes
Vinylidene chloride
(cis) 1,2 Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ally! chloride
Hexachloro-1,3 butadiene
Chloroaromatics
Monochlorobenzene
a-Chlorotoluene
o -Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m/p-Xylene
o-Xylene
4 -Ethyl toluene
1,2,4 Trimethyl benzene
1,3,5 Trimethyl benzene
Oxygenated species
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Phosgene
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN)
Peroxypropionylnitrate (PPN)
Mean
637
1005
221
34
763
124
1.8
967
185
174
41
65
241
31
713
27
10
10
48
31
76
198
394
<5
2
290
<5
26
8
-
6
4390
6240
2220
2860
1280
900
1410
340
12300
-
<20
443
45
Denver- -Site 6
(15-28 June 1980)
ppt
S.D.** Max Min
255
565
235
9
132
51
1.0
926
206
19
24
31
297
15
553
10
12
3
14
49
61
313
158
-
1
217
_
34
7
-
4
3940
5280
3130
3320
1210
760
2310
240
5900
-
-
7246
47
1246
3178
1608
60
1157
227
4.8
4874
1636
274
125
142
2089
78
2699
56
89
17
99
224
605
2483
1130
<5
7
1114
111
227
36
-
35
23910
24600
18520
20850
6000
4380
15450
1290
28700
-
<20
11647
318
289
471
28
17
519
23
0.6
108
19
116
10
11
54
10
171
7
5
3
20
<4
25
7
99
<5
0.4
33
<5
2
1
-
1
110
290
90
150
<10
70
130
30
6600
-
.
12
<10
ng/m3
Mean S.D.
3572
4963
1690
237
1573
481
10
3355
899
1094
108
263
974
237
3885
147
69
69
221
123
301
1063
2670
<16
21
1332
26
156
48
-
44
13976
23432
9605
12374
5538
4408
6906
1665
15061
-
81
2188
248
1430
2790
1798
63
272
198
6
3213
1001
119
63
125
1200
114
3013
54
82
21
65
194
242
1680
1071
.
11
996
204
42
-
30
12544
19827
13542
14364
5235
3722
11314
1176
7224
.
.
6154
259
Mean
671
1056
274
29
703
259
2.8
1949
703
175
87
66
357
22
747
41
9
12
57
9
60
118
484
<5
4
<5
JO
6
-
10
3950
5800
1330
2231
1100
820
740
230
19000
-
-50
1196
193
Riverside—Site 7
(1-13 July 1980)
PPt
S.D. Max Min
318
401
262
9
179
167
1.2
1406
798
23
65
22
325
7
257
21
3
9
15
6
14
55
236
-
3
.
.
8
4
-
7
1910
3670
820
1515
650
460
500
170
7600
-
-
1249
197
1860
2804
2211
62
1593
1033
6.2
9426
4747
267
312
147
2505
47
1349
89
18
77
88
56
173
236
1626
<5
16
-
39
76
21
-
40
10980
20070
4000
7340
3140
2650
3120
1260
41000
-
-
5760
900
201
667
26
13
437
43
0.6
478
109
151
16
8
63
10
205
<5
4
5
11
<4
33
15
173
<5
1
-
<5
3
1
-
2
520
450
25O
260
80
70
100
70
10400
-
-
120
<10
ng/m3
Mean S.D.
3763
5215
2096
202
1449
1004
16
6762
3415
1100
229
267
1442
168
4070
223
62
82
263
36
238
633
3279
<16
43
-
26
60
36
-
74
12576
21780
5754
9652
4759
4016
3624
1127
23265
-
202
5907
1063
1783
1980
2004
63
369
648
7
4878
3876
145
171
89
1313
53
1400
114
21
62
69
24
55
295
1599
-
32
-
-
48
24
-
52
6081
13781
3548
6555
2812
2253
2449
833
9306
-
-
6169
1086
* Arithmetic mean.
** One standard deviation.
t Dashes indicate that chemical was not measured and/or standard deviations could not be computed.
-------
Table 4. Atmospheric Concentrations of Measured Chemicals (Site 8-10)
Staten Island--Site 8 Pittsburgh-Site 9
(26 March - 5 April 1981) (7-17 April 1981)
Chemical Group and Species
Chlorofluorocarbons
Trichlorofluoromethane (F1 1)
Dichlorofluoromethane (F12)
Trichlorotrifluoroethane (F1 13)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (F1 14)
Halomethanes
Methyl chloride
Methyl bromide
Methyl iodide
Methylene chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Haloethanes and halopropanes
Ethyl chloride
1.1 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dichloroethane
1,2 Dibromoethane
1, 1, 1 Trichloroethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
1, 1, 1,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane
1,2 Dichloropropane
Chloroalkenes
Vinviidefje chloride
(cis) 1,2 Dichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Allyl chloride
Hexachloro-1 ,3 butadiene
Chloroaromatics
Monochlorobenzene
a-Chlorotoluene
o -Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p -DichlorobenzenG
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
m/p Xylene
o-Xylene
4-Ethyl toluene
1,2,4 Tnmethyl benzene
1,3,5 Trimethyl benzene
Oxygenated species
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Phosgene
Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN)
Peroxypropionylnitrate (PPN)
Mean''
360
519
129
39
701
84
2
1605
146
309
110
13
256
20
468
7
-t
26
18
167
292
-
4204
8975
1742
4088
1288
411
831
210
14300
747
204
ppt
S.D.""" Max
143 909
190 1028
78 359
33 204
186 1208
108 671
1 4
2947 18476
117 872
202 1200
64 312
5 37
520 4312
6 36
248 1427
2 11
-
15 79
6 41
199 1005
200 1034
4287 19034
1O638 67304
2472 17230
8352 54638
2194 16189
468 2778
917 4682
273 1621
9100 45900
718 3888
527 3110
Min
175
318
59
21
446
27
1
226
38
125
10
3
55
12
221
3
-
10
8
26
79
-
82
623
9
170
47
13
62
51
7000
-
.
65
32
ng/m3
Mean S.D.
2019 802
2563 938
987 597
272 230
1445 383
326 419
12 6
5846 10224
709 568
1942 1270
290 168
53 20
1034 2101
153 46
2550 1351
38 11
120 69
71 24
896 1068
1978 1355
-
13384 13648
337O2 39947
7537 10695
17687 36135
5573 9492
2013 2292
4070 4451
1029 1337
17510 11143
-
_
3689 3546
1 124 2904
Mean
333
496
68
30
665
41
1
390
97
331
84
12
121
16
486
6
4
4
23
13
96
409
6
5003
3928
765
1551
573
3O9
1034
121
20600
14OO
266
45
ppt
SD Max
45 486
178 976
27 162
5 43
105 852
6 62
1 3
244 1308
41 238
107 691
45 229
15 105
35 237
10 59
272 1595
2 11
1 5
<1 4
8 50
5 25
93 420
357 1657
7 19
9818 64619
7286 46313
1564 10465
2357 10783
828 3787
416 2881
3349 24772
128 797
5200 35100
600 2600
_
121 648
8 65
Mm
279
306
42
22
450
27
0
152
31
131
42
3
66
6
158
3
4
3
4
4
13
80
<1
392
386
69
110
43
39
39
45
12900
200
65
32
ng/m3
Mean S.D.
1811 252
2450 879
520 207
209 35
1371 216
159 23
6 6
1353 847
471 199
2081 673
221 118
48 61
489 141
122 76
2648 1482
33 11
27 7
27 7
106 37
51 20
515 499
2771 2419
64 75
15928 31257
147 SO 2736O
3310 6767
6710 10198
2479 3582
1513 2038
5064 16403
593 627
25224 6367
2514 1978
1314 598
248 44
Mean
389
718
82
36
856
47
2
1666
81
260
66
11
195
26
476
7
6
3
29
99
£.£.
19
225
590
-
2561
4629
786
1619
688
483
776
214
12800
1900
374
46
Chicago-Site 10
(20 April - 2 May 1981)
ppt
S D. Max
82 608
240 1251
65 359
9 73
168 1311
17 96
2 8
6653 56700
26 130
52 540
44 296
4 26
340 2820
37 249
158 909
3 14
10 35
1 6
7 40
1 Q KR
i y oo
6 33
282 7386
452 7787
-
7779 8777
3264 14751
1168 9521
1477 7127
567 2777
365 2014
657 3268
203 1188
33OO 17200
1400 3100
349 1555
28 130
Min
277
270
20
22
575
21
0
128
25
120
10
5
22
6
241
3
2
2
10
4
18
90
588
790
69
153
90
112
131
106
9100
300
65
16
ng/m3
Mean S.D.
2182 460
3546 1185
627 497
251 63
1 764 346
182 66
12 12
5780 23082
393 126
1634 327
174 116
44 16
788 1374
198 282
2594 861
38 16
41 69
21 7
134 32
ft 7 ~7f\
O / fO
75 24
1208 1514
3998 3063
_
8153 5664
17382 12257
3401 5053
7005 6390
2977 2453
2366 1788
3801 3218
1048 994
15673 4041
3412 2514
1847 1724
253 154
* Arithmetic mean.
" One standard deviation.
\ Dashes indicate that chemical was not measured and/or standard deviations could not be computed.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983/659-095/1912
-------
H. B. Singh. L J. Salas. R. Stiles, and H. Shigeishi are with SRI International.
Menlo Park. CA 94025.
Larry Cupitt is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Measurements of Hazardous Organic Chemicals in
the Ambient A tmosphere," (Order No. PB83-156 935; Cost: $11.50. subject to
change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
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Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
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Fees Paid
Environmental
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Penalty for Private Use $300
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------- |