&EFA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 2771
Research and Development
EPA-600/S7-81-003c Aug. 1981
Project Summary
Emissions Assessment of
Conventional Stationary
Combustion Systems:
Volume V. Industrial
Combustion Sources
N. F. Surprenant, W. Battye, D. R. Roeck, and S. M. Sandberg
This report characterizes air emis-
sions from industrial external combus-
tion sources and is the last of a series
of five project reports characterizing
emissions from conventional combus-
tion sources. The emissions character-
ization of industrial combustion sources
was based on a critical examination of
existing data, followed by a modified
Level 1 sampling and analysis approach
to resolve data gaps. The major devia-
tion from Level 1 procedures was the
addition of GC/MS analysis for poly-
cyclic organic matter (POM). Tests
were conducted at 32 external com-
bustion sites.
The results of the emissions assess-
ment indicate that air emissions from
these sources represent a potential
environmental hazard. Criteria pollu-
tants emissions, with the exception of
CO, from most of the source categor-
ies tested are environmentally signifi-
cant. Particulate sulfate emissions
from the coal- and wood-fired sources
and 80s emissions from the two coal-
fired sources tested are also signifi-
cant. In addition, emissions of several
trace elements are of concern: arsenic,
beryllium, chlorine, cobalt, chromium,
iron, potassium, lithium, sodium,
nickel, phosphorus, and lead from
coal-fired external combustion sources;
nickel, chromium, phosphorus, and
vanadium from distillate oil sources;
and chlorine, chromium, sodium,
nickel, silicon, and vanadium from
residual oil sources. Several potentially
hazardous POM compounds were
tentatively identified in the emissions
from solid-fuel-fired sources, particu-
larly from the wood-fired combustion
sources tested. Flue gas emissions of
POM from solid-fuel-fired sources will
require further study to positively
identify the POM compounds emitted.
This Project Summary was develop-
ed by EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory. Research Tri-
angle Park. NC, to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).
Introduction
Emissions from industrial external
combustion sources used for the pur-
poses of electricity generation, produc-
tion of process steam, and space heating
are characterized in this report. Emis-
sions resulting from the direct firing of
industrial process operations or from
the use of fuel as feedstock were not
considered. Emphasis was placed on
the characterization of air emissions
from flue gas stacks, although samples
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of ash from wood combustion were
collected and analyzed during the study
for the purpose of supplementing a
limited data base.
The approach to the characterization
of emissions from industrial combustion
sources involved a critical review of
existing data, followed by a sampling
and analysis program to fill gaps in the
data base. Data acquired as a result of
the measurement program, in combina-
tion with the existing data, were further
evaluated. Data inadequacies identified
at the completion of the current program
are discussed with respect to the need
for additional study. Specifically, the
objectives of this program were:
To compile and evaluate all avail-
able air emissions data on pollu-
tants from selected industrial sta-
tionary conventional combustion
processes,
To acquire new emissions data
from field tests,
To characterize air emissions from
selected stationary conventional
combustion processes and ash
from wood combustion, using com-
bined data from existing sources
and field tests,
To determine additional data needs,
including specific areas of data
uncertainty.
The emissions characterization was
based on modified Level 1 sampling and
analysis procedures, the principal modi-
fication being the use of gas chromatog-
raphy/mass spectroscopy to analyze for
polycyclic organic material (POM). Level
1 procedures use semiquantitativefplus
or minus a factor of 3) techniques of
sample collection and laboratory and
field analysis to: (1) provide preliminary
emissions data for waste streams and
pollutants not adequately characterized;
(2) identify potential problem areas; and
(3) set priorities for waste streams and
pollutants in those streams for further,
more quantitative testing. Using the
information from Level 1, available
resources can be directed toward Level
2 testing, which involves specif ic quanti-
tative analysis of components of these
streams that do contain signficant
pollutant levels. The data developed at
Level 2 are used to identify control
technology needs and to further define
the environmental hazards associated
with emissions.
Summary
Stationary external combustion
sources used in the industrial sector for
electricity generation, production of
steam for process heating, and space
heating can be classified according to
the type of fuel used and furnace and
boiler design. Fuels used in industrial
combustion systems include bituminous
coal, anthracite coal, lignite coal, wood,
residual oil, distrllate oil, and natural
gas. Pulverized dry bottom furnaces and
stoker furnaces are the major furnace
designs used by the industrial sector for
the combustion of bituminous coal.
Stoker furnaces predominate for wood-
fired combustion sources and for the
combustion of lignite and anthracite
coals. Although a large percentage of
industrial boilers are cast iron systems,
these systems constitute only about 7
percent of total industrial boiler capacity.
Firetube boilers, in which the combus-
tion gases pass through tubes sub-
merged in water, make up about 24
percent of total industrial capacity.
These units generally are smaller than
about 21 GJ/hr* input capacity. Water-
tube boilers constitute about 69 percent
of the industrial boiler capacity. In a
watertube system the combustion gases
transfer heat to tubes into which water
is fed to be converted to steam. Boiler
systems larger than about 53 GJ/hr
input capacity and systems with steam
pressures exceeding about 65 kPa are
almost exclusively watertube systems.
There are approximately 500,000
industrial boilers in the United States
with an estimated capacity of about
4,000 x 1012 J/Hr. Natural gas is the
primary fuel, accounting for about 63
percent of the total industrial fuel use in
1978; oil and coal account for about 18
and 15 percent, respectively. Wood and
other miscellaneous fuels are minor
fuel sources. Total fuel consumption by
the industrial external combustion
sources considered in this study was
8700 x 1015 J/yr in 1978, about 25
percent of total national fuel consump-
tion by the stationary combustion sources
studied in this program. The overall
growth rate during the 1978 to 1985
period should be about 3 percent per
year. Coal consumption by 1985 could
account for 30 percent of industrial fuel
use in 1985, if provisions of the National
Energy Plan are fully implemented. This
increase, however, could be a gross
overestimate- because of the influence
of regulatory actions limiting, for exam-
ple, sulfur content of the coal fuel.
Air, water, and solid waste pollutants
are emitted from many sources const
tuting an industrial boiler facility. Th
major source of air emissions is flue gas
emissions from stacks. Other potential
sources of air emissions, depending on
the size of the facility and the type of fuel
burned, are ash handling and storage,
fuel handling and storage, and drifts and
vapors from cooling systems. Waste-
water emissions streams and sources of
solid wastes vary in number and volume,
depending again on facility size and type
of fuel burned. Emphasis in this study
was placed solely on air emissions from
stacks, with the exception of the charac-
terization of bottom ash and fly ash from
the wood-fired systems tested in this
study.
Air pollution control on industrial
boilers is mainly directed at reducing
particulate flue gas emissions from
solid-fuel-fired sources. The estimated
overall efficiency of particulate removal
in the industrial sector, based on data in
the National Emissions Data System
(NEDS), is 81 percent for pulverized
units and 53 percent for stokers. Appli-
cation of control measures for S02 and
NOX is not extensive in the industrial
sector, but will increase with the promul-
gation of regulations for control of such
emissions from industrial boilers.
This study emphasized gaseous am
particulate emissions from industrial
sources. Existing flue gas emissions
data were evaluated before conducting
the sampling and analysis program. As
a result of the data evaluation effort,
many data inadequacies were identified.
The status of the existing data base can
be summarized as follows:
The existing data base for criteria
pollutants** is generally adequate,
with the exception of that for emis-
sions from wood-fired combustion
sources.
The existing data base for particu-
late suIrate and sulfuric acid emis-
sions is inadequate for the oil- and
solid-fuel-fired combustion source
categories.
The existing data base for particu-
lates by size fractions and trace
elements is adequate only for gas-
fired sources.
The existing data base for specific
organics is inadequate for all in-
dustrial source categories.
One Btu = 1,055 Joules (J). Although It is EPA
policy to use the metric system, this publication
uses certain nonmetric units for convenience.
"Criteria pollutants are those for which a National
Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) exists; e.g.,
particulate, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbon. The criteria pollutant,
lead, is categorized in this study as a trace element.
-------
As noted previously, industrial boilers
re also sources of water pollution and
olid waste. However, these sources,
particularly in the case of large industrial
boilers used for electricity generation,
are similar to those at electric utilities.
These sources of pollution were charac-
terized for electric utilities earlier in this
program; results are in Volume III of this
report series.
To overcome some of the deficiencies
in the existing emissions data base, the
following 32 external combustion sys-
tems were tested: 10 gas-fired, 4 distil-
late-oil-fired, and 5 residual-oil-fired
boilers; 3 bituminous pulverized wet-
bottom and 2 bituminous pulverized
dry-bottom units; 3 bituminous stokers;
and 5 wood-fired stokers. Specific sites
were chosen based on the representa-
tiveness of the sites as measured against
the important system characteristics in
each source category, including system
design, size, and age.
The Source Assessment Sampling
System (SASS) train, developed under
contract to EPA, was used to collect both
gaseous and paniculate emissions in
quantities sufficient for the wide range
of analyses needed to adequately char-
acterize emissions from the industrial
:ombustion sources. The SASS train
consists of a conventional heated probe,
three cyclones and a filter mounted in a
heated oven, a gas conditioning system,
an XAD-2 polymer adsorbent trap, and a
series of impingers. Particulate matter
is size-fractionated and collected in the
cyclones and on the filter, gaseous
organics and some inorganics are col-
lected by the XAD-2 adsorbent, and the
remaining gaseous inorganics and trace
elements are captured by the impingers.
The train is run until at least 30 m3 of
gas has been collected. This criterion
was established in conjunction with
analytical technique sensitivities to
ensure that any emission that would
increase the ambient loading by more
than 1 /ug/m3 would be detected. The
cyclones were deleted for the gas- and
oil-fired sites because particulate load-
ings were too low to provide weighable
quantities of samples from each cyclone.
In addition to using the SASS train for
stack gas sampling, other equipment
was employed to collect components
that could not be analyzed from the train
samples. A gas chromatograph (GC)
with flame ionization detection was
used in the field to analyze Ci-C6 hydro-
carbons collected in Tedlar gas sampling
bags. Additionally, these samples were
analyzed for CO, CO2, O2, and N2 by GC
using thermal conductivity detection.
Field sampling for NO, and S03 was also
conducted at selected sites using a
Method 7 train (40-CFR-60, Appendix
A, Method 7) for NO* and a controlled
condensation sampling train for S03
collection.
A modified Level 1 sampling and
analytical procedure was used in this
emissions assessment program. Major
deviations from Level 1 procedures
included the use of gaschromatography/
mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for organic
analyses, the combination of certain
SASS train fractions before analysis,
and the deletion of inorganic analysis of
SASS train samples collected from gas-
and oil-fired sources. The combination
and deletion guidelines were instituted
as a result of low levels of pollutants
found in the flue gases of previously
tested gas- and oil-fired utility boilers
and residential heating systems.
Level 1 inorganic analysis was de-
signed to identify all elemental species
collected in the SASS train fractions
and to provide semiquantitative data on
the elemental distributions and total
emissions factors. The primary tool for
Level 1 inorganic analysis is Spark
Source Mass Spectrography (SSMS).
SSMS data were supplemented with
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
data for Hg, As, and Sb, and with
standard method determinations for
sulfates.
The following SASS train fractions
from the solid-fuel-fired sources were
analyzed for their elemental composi-
tion: (1) the cyclone catches, (2) the
particulate filter, (3) the XAD-2 sorbent,
and (4) a composite sample containing
portions of the XAD-2 module conden-
sate and HN03 rinse, and the first
impinger solution. Fuel was also ana-
lyzed for the solid-fuel- and oil-fired
sources.
Level 1 organic analysis provides data
on volatile (Cr-C-ie) and nonvolatile
(>Cie) organic compounds to supple-
ment data for gaseous organics (Ci-C6)
measured in the field. Organics in the
particulate fractions, the XAD-2 sorbent,
and XAD-2 module condensate trap
were recovered by methylene chloride
extraction. SASS train components
including the tubing were carefully
rinsed with methylene chloride or meth-
ylene chloride/acetone solvent to re-
cover all organics collected in the SASS
train. SASS train rinses and extracts
recovered from the gas- and oil-fired
sites were combined for analysis; how-
ever, samples collected from solid-fuel-
fired sources were analyzed separately.
Because all samples contain signifi-
cant quantities of solvents from rinsing
and are too dilute to detect organic
compounds by the majority of instru-
mental techniques employed by Level 1
procedures, the first step in the analysis
was to concentrate the sample fractions
from as much as 1000 ml to 10 ml in a
Kuderna-Danish apparatus in which
rinse solvent is evaporated while the
organics of interest are retained. Ku-
derna-Danish concentrates were then
evaluated by GC, gravimetric analysis,
infrared spectrometry (IR), and sequen-
tial GC/MS. The extent of the organic
analysis is determined by the stack gas
concentrations found for total organics
(volatile and nonvolatile). If the total
organics indicate a stack gas concentra-
tion below 500 //g/m3, further analysis
is not conducted. If the concentration is
above 500 yug/m3, a class fractionation
by liquid chromatography is conducted
followed by GC, gravimetric, and IR
analyses. Low resolution mass spec-
troscopy analysis was also conducted
on individual fractions which contained
an equivalent concentration of 500
fjg/m3 or which were of special interest.
The results of the field measurement
program for flue gas emissions from
industrial sources, along with supple-
mentary values obtained from the exist-
ing data base for certain pollutants, are
presented in Table 1. Results of analyses
of ash samples from wood-fired systems
are also presented in the table. Also
listed in Table 1 are ambient severity
factors, defined as the ratio of the
calculated maximum ground-level con-
centration of the pollutant species to the
level at which a potential environmental
hazard exists. An ambient severity
factor of greater than 0.05 indicates a
potential problem requiring further
attention. For the ash samples collected
during tests of the wood-fired sources,
discharge severity (the ratio of the
elemental concentration in the ash to
the health Minimum Acute Toxicity
Effluent [MATE] value of the element)
was used as a measure of potential
hazard. A discharge severity exceeding
1 is considered to warrant concern
regarding the impact of emissions on
health.
The particulate, elemental, and par-
ticulate sulfate emission factors shown
in Table 1 are the mean values of those
measured in this study. One bituminous,
pulverized wet-bottom unit and one
bituminous stoker were controlled by
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Table 1 . Summary of Emissions Characterization of Industrial Combustion Sources
Combustion source category
Gas-fired
boilers
Pollutant
Paniculate
/vo,
SOa
CO
HC
Paniculate
sulfate"
SOa
Trace Elements
Al
As
Ba
Be
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Li
Mn
Na
Ni
P
Pb
Si
V
Total POM
Emis-
sion
factor
(ng/J)
2
70
0.26
8
1
Ambient
sever-
ity
factor"
<0.01
0.35
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Distillate
oil-fired
boilers
Emis-
sion
factor
(ng/J)
6
70
106
15
3
180
4
1
<1
75
1
4
24
38
380
85
<1
42
62
255
46
24
735
195
0.015
Ambient
sever-
ity
factor*
<0.01
0.35
0.11
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.06
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Table 1. (Continued)
1 Combustion Source Category
Cost-Fired
Bituminous
Stokers
Pollutant
Particulates
WO,
S02
CO
HC
Paniculate
Sulfate
S03
Trace
Elements
Al
As
Ba
Be
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
Li
Mn
Na
Ni
P
Pb
Si
V
Total POM
Emis-
sion
factor*
fng/J)
84
290
766
40
20
4.5
890
144
66
2.8
820
<1
34
58
270
2,660
1.370
13
37
990
184
810
127
1,875
54
0.18
Ambient
sever-
ity .
factor
0.1
1.1
0.64
<0.01
0.05
0.38
0.02
0.35
0.22
0.13
<0.01
<0.01
0.08
0.14
0.03
0.06
0.08
0.07
<0.01
0.05
0.22
1.0
0.10
0.02
0.01
Wood Stokers
Emis-
sion
factor*
fng/J)
70
50
65
400
100
3.1
577
12
90
<1
14,280
3
<1
6
106
876
18,750
3
3.14
66
29
1,190
50
750
5
0.18
Ambient
sever-
ity
factor*
0.11
0.25
0.07
<0.01
0.36
0.35
0.01
0.03
0.21
0.01
1.8
<0.01
<0.01
0.015
0.01
0.02
1.1
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
1.5
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
Ash from Wood Combustion
Bottom Ash
Concen-
tration
fppm)
11,270
10
1,640
<1
119,000
<1
17
2,300
129
32,670
28,530
6
9,230
4,330
185
9,770
23
91,330
69
ND
Discharge
Severity*
0.70
0.19
1.6
0.06
2.5
0.03
0.12
46
0.13
109
6.8
0.08
185
0.03
4.1
3.3
0.46
3.0
0.14
Cinder Ash
Concen-
tration Discharge
fppm) severity"
9, 700
7
2,800
<1
416,670
1
15
28
280
47,030
38,330
5
4,900
12,100
94
5,620
52
140,670
72
ND
0.61
1.4
28
0.01
8.7
0.10
0.10
0.55
0.28
157
9.1
0.08
98
0.08
2.1
1.9
1.0
4.7
0.14
Scrubber Ash
Concen-
tration
(ppm)
8.900
18
560
<1
110,000
<1
20
260
90
22,000
14,000
7
5,000
4,200
140
6,200
30
75,000
65
Discharge
Severity"
0.56
0.36
0.56
0.08
2.3
<0.01
0.15
5.2
0.09
73
3.3
0.10
112
0.03
3.1
2.1
0.60
2.5
0.13
0
'Controlled emissions of particulates. paniculate sulfate, and trace elements.
* Ambient severity is defined as the ratio of the calculated maximum ground level concentration to the level at which a potential
hazard exists. A value equal to or greater than 0.05 is considered significant.
'Determined turbimetrically following hot water extraction of sulfate from the collected paniculate.
"^Discharge severity is defined as the ratio of the concentration in the ash to the health MATE value of the pollutant. A value
equal to or greater than 1.0 is considered significant.
= Not measured.
ND = Not detected.
many industrial sources are totally un-
controlled or only partially controlled,
further consideration of trace element
emissions is warranted.
Trace element emissions of concern
from the wood-fired sources tested
include barium, calcium, potassium,
and phosphorus. Ambient severity fac-
tors calculated from the mean of trre
emission factor from these sources
exceed 0.05 for these elements. Overall
removal efficiency of particulates and
nonvolatile trace elements from the five
wood-fired units tested is estimated to
be 36 percent.
Chromium, nickel, phosphorus, and
vanadium emissions from distillate-oil-
fired sources, and chromium, sodium,
nickel, silicon, and vanadium emissions
from residual-oil-fired sourcesare
significant. Ambient severity factors,
based on mean emission factors mea-
sured in this study, exceed 0.05. In
addition, information in the existing
data base indicates that ambient severity
factors can exceed 0.05 for chlorine,
cobalt, fluorine, and magnesium emis-
sions from residual-oil-fired boilers.
POM emissions from bituminous
stokers and wood-fired boilers are
potentially significant. Mean emission
factors for total POM were 180 and 210
pg/J, respectively, for these sources.
Although no active carcinogens were
positively identified and ambient severity
factors for most compounds were less
5
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than 0.05, the possible presence of
benzo(a)pyrene in significant amounts
was indicated in the emissions of two
wood-fired boilers and one bituminous
stoker. Level 2 testing is needed to
provide positive identification of the
POM compounds emitted from these
sources.
The samples of ash collected from the
wood-fired sources were analyzed: for
trace elements bySSMS; and for organic
compounds, including POM, by GC/MS.
Three types of samples were collected:
bottom ash, cinder ash collected down-
stream of the combustion chamber, and
fly ash collected by a paniculate scrubber
control device. Discharge severity, the
ratio of the elemental concentration in
the ash to the elemental health MATE
value for solids, was used to evaluate
the impact of ash disposal. A value in
excess of 1 indicates that a potential
environmental problem exists.
As shown in Table 1, the discharge
severity is in excess of 1 for several
trace elements. Elements of concern in
bottom ash are barium, calcium, chro-
mium, iron, potassium, manganese,
nickel, phosphorus, and silicon. For
cinder ash, discharge severities in
excess of 1 were found for arsenic,
barium, calcium, iron, potassium, man-
ganese, nickel, phosphorus, and silicon.
Fly ash elements of concern include
calcium, chromium, iron, potassium,
manganese, nickel, phosphorus, and
silicon. If ecological effects are con-
sidered, several other elements will
warrant concern because the ecology
Discharge Multimedia Environmental
Goal (DMEG) or MATE values for the
pollutants of interest are generally
lower than those for health. DMEG
values are equivalent to MATE values
and are derived through a series of
models which use available data relating
to properties of chemical toxicants for
both health and ecological effects.
DMEG values represent concentrations
that will cause minimal adverse effects
on either a human (health DMEG) or an
ecological (ecological DMEG) receptor.
As anticipated, TCO and gravimetric
organics were not present in significant
amounts in bottom ash. Organics were
generally found in greater amounts in
cinder ash and fly ash, but are not of
environmental concern. Although POM
compounds were not found in the sam-
ples of bottom ash and cinder ash, they
were found in the one sample of fly ash
collected by a paniculate scrubber. The
POM compounds were identical to POM
compounds collected downstream of
the scrubber by the SASS train at this
site. Further, the relative distribution of
these compounds in the scrubber ash
and in the SASS samples was similar.
Based on this, wood fly ash will present
a definite hazard at sites emitting POM
compounds such as benzo(a)pyrene.
The compound benzo(a)pyrene was
tentatively identified in the flue gas
emissions of two uncontrolled wood-
fired boilers during this study.
Conclusions
Several conclusions can be drawn
from the characterization of emissions
from industrial external combustion
source:
Industrial combustion sources in
1978 accounted for 25, 15, 9, 24,
and 28 percent, respectively, of
total nationwide emissions of par-
ticulates, NO,, SO2, CO, and HC
emissions from external combus-
tion sources.
Flue gas emissions of NOX from
industrial boilers are environmen-
tally significant. Ambient severity
factors exceeded 0.05 for all of the
source categories tested in this
study, ranging from 0.25 for wood-
fired stokers to 2.9 for bituminous,
pulverized wet-bottom units.
Flue gas emissions of S02 from the
residual-oil- and bituminous-coal-
fired sources are associated with
ambient severity factors greater
than 0.05 and, thus, are of environ-
mental concern. The calculated
S02 ambient severity factor of 0.07
for wood, shown in Table 1, is
based on a fuel sulfur content of
0.1 percent. Normally the wood
sulfur content will be lower than
the assumed value of 0.1 percent
and emissions from wood fuels
containing less than 0.07 percent
sulfur would not be of concern.
Ambient severity factors for par-
ticulate sulfate from bituminous
coal and wood combustion, and for
S03 from the two source catego-
ries tested (bituminous, pulverized
dry-bottom boilers and residual oil
boilers) are in excess of 0.05 and
warrant concern.
Flue gas emissions of CO from
industrial sources are of little con-
cern. Ambient severity factors are
less than 0.01 for all source cate-
gories.
Flue gas emissions of HC are sig-
nificant for bituminous stokers and
wood boilers; ambient severity
factors determined in this study are
0.05 and 0.35, respectively.
Flue gas emissions of paniculate
from uncontrolled solid-fuel-fired
sources are of definite concern.
Uncontrolled emissions of particu-
lates from residual-oil combustion
(ambient severity factor of 0.05)
may also be significant. Well con-
trolled sources are not expected to
be a problem. High efficiency de-
vices, such as ESPs, should ade-
quately control particulate emis-
sions from large bituminous
pulverized units and stokers.
Ambient severity factors less than
0.05 are achievable with control
devices with efficiencies of 80 to
90 percent for wood-fired units of
50 x 109 J/hr input capacity.
Particle size distribution data for
particulate emissions from solid-
fuel-fired boilers are inadequate.
The data generally exhibited high
variability. Further study of source
category/control device combina-
tions is needed.
Trace element emissions from con-
trolled bituminous coal combustion
sources are of concern. Bituminous
stokers, probably because of less
efficient control of particulates,
were the largest emitters of trace
elements and particulates. Elements
of principal concern are arsenic,
beryllium, chlorine, cobalt, chro-
mium, iron, potassium, lithium,
sodium, nickel, phosphorus, and
lead.
Trace element emissions of con-
cern from wood-fired boilers are
barium, calcium, potassium, and
phosphorus. Mean ambient severity
factors exceed 0.05.
For distillate oil sources, trace ele-
ment emissions of concern are
chromium, nickel, phosphorus,
and vanadium; for residual oil
sources, chlorine, chromium, sodi-
um, nickel, silicon, and vanadium
are also associated with mean
ambient severity factors in excess
of 0.05 and, thus, are environmen-
tally significant.
Analysis of organic emissions from
industrial sites indicates that the
principal organic constituents are
esters, ethers, glycols, and aliphatic
and aromatic hydrocarbons. The
most prevalent constituents are
generally associated with MATE
values in the 10 to 1000 mg/m3
range. Ambient severity factors
will not exceed 0.05 at these MATE
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levels. However, more detailed
Level 2 analysis would be required
to definitely identify compounds
and establish their environmental
significance.
> Flue gas emissions of POM from
gas-fired sources were not signifi-
cant. Compounds identified in
highest concentrations were naph-
thalene and phenanthrene. The
data base for POM emissions from
gas-fired industrial sources is
adequate.
i POM emissions from oil-fired
sources were not significant.
Biphenyl was emitted in small
amounts from two residual-oil-
fired boilers but the associated
ambient severity factor was less
than 0.001. The POM data base for
oil-fired sources is adequate.
> POM compounds of potential envi-
ronmental significance may be
present in the flue gas emissions
from bituminous stokers and wood-
fired boilers. A compound, tenta-
tively identified as benzo(a)pyrene,
was found at some of these sites.
Phenanthrene was also emitted in
significant amounts from one of
the wood-fired boilers. Level 2
GC/MS analysis is required to
positively identify POM compounds
and to establish the impact of the
POM emissions from these source
categories.
The disposal of fly ash from wood
combustion poses a potential haz-
ard. Compounds, such as benzo(a)-
pyrene, if present in flue gas
emissions, could be collected by
the control device. The discharge
severity of this compound in the
ash could well exceed unity. In
addition, discharge severities for
several trace elements are appre-
ciably greater than unity.
N. F. Surprenant, W. Battye. D. R, Roeck, andS. M.'Sandberg are with GCA/
Technology Division, 213 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA 01730,
Michael C. Osborne is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Emissions Assessment of Conventional Station-
ary Combustion Systems: Volume V. Industrial Combustion Sources," (Order
No. PB81 -225 559; Cost.'$ 17.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
ft US GOVERNMENTPfflHTINGOFFICE. 1S61 -757-01Z/729Z
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