United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA-600/S7-81-101  Sept. 1981
Project Summary
Environmental  Hazard
Rankings  of  Pollutants
Generated  in Coal
Gasification  Processes
J. G. Cleland
  This report evaluates and ranks
environmental hazards associated
with coal gasification. The chemical
analytical data applied toward this end
have been provided through research
conducted with an experimental
gasif ier at Research Triangle Institute,
and by sampling at four commercial
gasification processes by Radian
Corporation. Gas, liquid, tar, and solid
streams have been quantitatively
analyzed for almost 300 substances.
Levels of production, stream concen-
trations, and estimated hazard poten-
tial of individual substances  are
included. Hazard potential is measured
utilizing a methodology developed by
Research Triangle  Institute and  the
Environmental Protection  Agency,
IERL-RTP.
  A "worst case" approach has been
taken in this summary, with maximum
stream concentrations  emphasized
for all processes.  These processes
represent packed-bed, low- to medium-
Btu gasifiers, which are known to
produce significant contaminant load-
ings relative to other gasifiers. Coals
tested ranged from lignite to anthracite.
A representative group of approxi-
mately 50 pollutants has been
emphasized and  ranked  according to
relative environmental hazard poten-
tials.  Estimated  relative  hazard
potentials have been categorized for
streams and the process units investi-
gated.
  This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Industrial Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park. NC, to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).


Introduction
  EPA's Industrial Environmental Re-
search Laboratory (EPA/IERL-RTP) has
sponsored and continues to direct a
comprehensive environmental assess-
ment of coal gasification processes.
Over the past 4 years,  emphasis has
been on  generation of new data for
assessment. This  program has  been
concerned with developing methods of
analyzing environmental assessment
data as well as with the actual experi-
mental and source sampling aspects of
assessment.
  The following summary of some
assessment results addresses poten-
tially hazardous  chemical species
derived from various industrial  and
experimental coal gasification opera-
tions. The data summarized are taken
from a source report1 which contains: a)
tabulated chemical analysis results for
individual product/byproduct, process,
and waste streams for  the processes
described; b) basic process information
such as coal types, feed and product
flow rates, and heating values; and c)

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listings  of streams  tested,  with flow
rates, and indices  computed which
indicate total stream potential hazard in
terms of both concentrations and mass
flow  levels. The data  compilation,
evaluation, and results of this summary
rank gasification pollutants in terms of
their environmental hazard potential
and control priorities.
  The process streams  and effluents
characterized vary considerably in their
physical and chemical natures and
quantities. Therefore,  a systematic
approach was required to analyze the
results on a common basis for compari-
son and/or ranking. The approach used
here for comparing  different chemical
species  on the basis of their potential
environmental hazard is the Multimedia
Environmental Goals (MEGs) method.
  MEGs2 (developed under a separate
EPA/IERL-RTP program)  are estimated
or regulated levels of maximum chemi-
cal concentrations which can exist in
the environment without posing health
or ecological hazards. Ambient  level
MEG  values (AMEGs) represent ap-
proximate concentrations (e.g.,  in fjg
pollutant/m3 air) of contaminants in the
ambient air, water, or land, below which
unacceptable negative effects to the
surrounding populations or ecosystems
do not occur. Discharge MEGs(DMEGs)
represent  approximate maximum con-
centrations for contaminants in source
emissions to air, water, or land, which
will not evoke  significant  harmful or
irreversible responses in exposed
humans  or  the  ecology when  these
exposures are of short duration (e.g., 8-
hour periods). DMEGsfor human health
and ecology have been  developed for
use in assessing the impact of effluent
discharges.2~5  Estimated levels are
based on existing chemical toxicity data
and receptor models. Numerous appli-
cations of MEGs, including assessment
of a variety of synthetic fuels processes,
have been presented elsewhere.6
  In this study the chemical concentra-
tions  and production levels (in several
coal gasification product/byproduct,
discharge, and process streams) have
been compared with DMEGs. Since coal
gasification plants may  require up to
30,000 tons of coal per day, undesirable
process stream constituents present in
very low  concentrations can be con-
centrated or accumulated  to  levels
which are hazardous to  human health
or the natural environment. In assessing
these hazards, however,  substantial
uncertainties in receptor (plants, ani-
mals) assimilation, and other complex
factors affect chemical dilution and
synergisms. Therefore, comparison of
chemical levels with estimated, non-
hazardous maxima  (DMEGs)  is most
useful on a  qualitative basis; e.g.,
ranking of potential hazards of different
chemicals from measured concentra-
tions.
  The chemical data summarized have
been obtained from: 1) four commercial-
scale, packed-bed gasifiers, sampled by
Radiari Corporation; and 2) a laboratory
coal gasification system  at Research
Triangle Institute. Along with process
stream concentrations, levels of produc-
tion of chemical species per unit coal
mass feed to the gasifiers are also
included.

Radian Corporation Source
Tests
  Radian Corporation has conducted
source tests at four operating coal
gasification facilities:
  1. A Wellman-Galusha gasifier con-
     verting anthracite coal into fuel
     gas used for brick manufacturing.7
     Data from five different  streams
     are included: gasifier ash and
     cyclone  dust (solid waste); ash
     sluice water (liquid effluent); and
     poke hole gas and coal  hopper
     gases (gas emissions).
  2. A second Wellman-Galusha gasi-
     fier8 converting North Dakota
     Indian Head lignite to low-Btu gas.
     Data on  several different streams
     are included: gasifier ash and
     cyclone dust; cyclone  quench
     water;  ash sluice water and
     service water; and product gas and
     coal bin vent gas. Flow rates were
     unavailable for the coal  bin vent
     gas.
  3. A  Chapman  (Wilputte)  gasifier
     converting low-sulfur, Virginia
     bituminous coal  to  low-Btu fuel
     gas.' Data on six effluent streams
     were available:  cyclone dust;
     gasifier ash and byproduct tar;
     coal feeder vent gas and separator
     vent gas; and separator  liquid, a
     recycled aqueous stream.
  4. A Lurgi  gasifier at Kosovo, Yugo-
     slavia,     converting Yugoslavian
     lignite to medium-Btu fuel gas. A
     total of  18  gaseous streams  (8
     discharge, 10 process) and 3 liquid
     streams were sampled. The gase-
     ous discharge streams were auto-
     clave vent gas, coal bunker vent
     gas, COz-rich Rectisol gas, tar tank
     vent  gas, medium  oil tank vent
     gas, phenolic water tank vent gas,
     degassing column gas, and gaso-
     line tank vent gas. Cyanic water
     and the inlet and outlet from the
     Phenosolvan  unit  are aqueous
     process streams that were sampled.
     No solid stream data were avail-
     able.
  The sampling strategies did not yield
data that were  directly comparable.
Sampling was not meant to be exhaus-
tive, but focussed on streams of potential
environmental significance.

RTI Gasifier Tests'3''5
  Data from 10 selected semicontinuous
fixed-bed tests  with RTI laboratory
gasifier were analyzed in detail. In each
case, the solid  gasifier  ash  and the
aqueous condensate stream were the
two discharge samples. Two additional
streams, product gas and byproduct tar,
were also sampled.  The  10 selected
tests involved steam/air gasification of
North   Dakota   Beulah/Zap   lignite;
Montana Rosebud/McKay and Wyoming
Smith/Roland subbituminous coals;
Illinois No. 6 and Western Kentucky No.
9 bituminous coals; and Pennsylvania '
Bottom Red Ash  anthracite.

Objectives and Approach

Objectives
  This summary:
  1. Distills the  voluminous data from
     the sources described earlier, and
     compiled and presented  in the
     source report.1
  2. Presents a  "worst  case"  evalua-
     tion of potential pollutant produc-
     tion problems from coal gasifiers,
     with gravitating or fixed-bed, low-
     to medium- Btu gas producers as
     the baseline. The gasification
     reactors are typical, with sub-
     stantial coal being devolatilized at
     moderate temperatures, substan-
     tial tar production, and production
     of practically all  constituents
     which  can  be derived from coal
     treatment. The commercial units
     represented are older  (designed
     when environmental control was
     of less  concern) and among the
     very few such processes available
     for on-srte sampling. Tests selected
     for the  RTI experimental  gasifier
     represent a wide range of operating
     conditions, including low efficiency
     for fuel gas  production,  where
     pollutant output can be expected
     to be  increased. The data thus

-------
     presented stand as a reference for
     other research and  commercial
     operation planning.
   3. Summarizes gasifier input and
     output streams in keeping with the
     "worst  case" -approach. Toward
     this end, maximum concentrations
     of constituents found in process
     streams are presented.  The
     DMEGs, especially where sup-
     ported by extensive toxicity data,
     also are representative  of rather
     stringent control limits. While
     seeming to  present the environ-
     mental problems of coal gasifica-
     tion  in  their worst light,  this  is
     certainly  not an objective. For
     example,  the "worst case" ap-
     proach  allows a high  level  of
     confidence in determining (from
     an extensive body of data) which
     constituents  never  present an
     apparent environmental hazard,
     and which can therefore be elimi-
     nated from  future analysis and
     concern.
   4. Ranks pollutants. Using the method
     of Multimedia Environmental Goals
     for normalization, the  environ-
     mental hazards of each  constitu-
     ent are assessed relative to others.
     Emphasis is on those constituents
     which have shown consistent
     potential of environmental hazard.
     This relative comparison of com-
     pound hazard potential  offers
     more well-founded, and therefore
     useful, results than  do  absolute
     values of the estimated severities.

Approach
  From the source report, maximum
concentrations  of  all  constituents  in
each sampled stream  were selected.
The maxima obtained retain the desig-
nations associated with their sampling
procedure, including the place of each
in the following categories:
   1. Processes—including each of the
     four commercial gasification plants
   .  and/or the composite of all RTI
     experimental data.
   2. Stream classifications—
     a. Discharge: Streams which are
       likely candidates  for  direct
       disposal or which represent
       fugitive emissions at plant
       sites, for the processes con-
       sidered.
     b. Products/byproducts:  Streams
       .which are likely to cross plant
       boundaries, with all or part  of
       the constituents intended for
             srcial application. While
        these streams may be intended
        for further  treatment or syn-
        thesis, their environmental
        hazard potential is based on the
        further handling and transpor-
        tation of the raw stream.
     c.  Process: Streams moving ma-
        terial from one unit operation to
        another'within the  plant
        boundaries.
   3. Physical characteristics—Media
     considered  are gases,  liquids
     (aqueous), tars, and solids. Tars
     are considered separately from
     liquids because of their particular
     properties and likelihood of sepa-
     ration from other liquids in process
     operations.
   All individual concentrations have
been multiplied  by their associated
stream  flow rates and divided by total
process coal  throughputs to obtain
production  factors (PFs)  in units of
micrograms of constituent (pollutant)
produced per gram  of coal input. Pro-
duction  factors serve  two  important
purposes in evaluation of environmental
hazard:
   1. They allow comparison of potential
     stream hazards on  the basis of
     both concentration and  stream
     volume;  e.g., a stream which
     appears hazardous,  because of
     high concentration levels of certain
     constituents, may have a low flow
     rate that actually represents a very
     small production of those mate-
     rials. The PF accounts for this.
   2. They  offer a normalization (pro-
     duction per unit coal input) which
     allows comparison of data obtained
     from units or  streams of signifi-
     cantly different sizes.

  DMEGs are applied as  the environ-
mental standard against which stream
concentrations are measured. These
estimated maximum, short-term con-
centration  goals  are used  because,
despite limitations, the MEG data base
provides the most comprehensive and
best supported one  available for such
purposes. More  than  650 chemical
substances  and physical  agents are
included in the system. Primary emphasis
has been on contaminants from fossil
fuel processes.
  In the MEG data base, each chemical
species is assigned six Discharge Multi-
media Environmental Goal (DMEG) and
six Ambient Multimedia Environmental
Goal  (AMEG)  values.  These  values
represent target concentration limits for
air (a), water (w), or land (I), and consider
separate effects for both human health
(h) and the ecology (e). In this study, the
health-based DMEG values were used
primarily. DMEGs allow the environ-
mental assessment to avoid the complex
considerations  of prolonged exposure
and possible accumulation in the envi-
ronment over long terms.
  When a DMEG value is not available
for an identified chemical, the lowest
DMEG value for the particular category
of compounds into which the substance
falls is generally chosen  (the most
conservative approach).
  Discharge severity (DS) is an index of
tbe degree to which the concentration
of a particular substance  is potentially
hazardous in a process stream effluent.16
DS is the concentration of a substance
in a potential discharge (stream) divided
by the DMEG value for that substance. A
DS value exists for all DMEG values
applicable to a substance's concentra-
tion. Wherever DS is > 1, a potential
hazard exists.
  DMEG values have also been applied
to the production factors (PFs) in this
summary, in the simplest approach
possible. An index is calculated which is
referred to as Control Priority, CP = PF/
DMEG. The production factor has been
divided by the  DMEG for health/water
only for each pollutant. This allows all
pollutants to be compared on the same
basis without  regard  to  stream type
(gas, liquid, solid), since the PF for each
pollutant is its maximum total process
production  for all  streams in that
process.
  Air,  water,  and land  DMEGs  are
typically related by constant factors, so
that choice of DMEGh,* in calculating CP
is a convenience which adequately
reflects the relative importance of each
pollutant, in terms of both its maximum
process production (per unit coal con-
verted) and its hazard potential (DMEG).
The CP value obtained is in cmVg coal
or g/g coal.  Application of CP is
advantageous when ranking pollutants
from process to process  since  the
ranking is normalized by  unit mass of
coal converted in each process.
  Table 1 gives maximum concentra-
tions and maximum production factors
derived from the source report. Stream
representations (discharge, product/
byproduct, process), processes, dis-
charge severity levels (both health and
ecological), and identification of priority
pollutants are all indicated. Table 2 lists
a number of pollutants which have been

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Table 1.
MEG
Cate-
gory
0
o








o
o
0
o

o













o



0
0
o
o
o



+0
o
o
o
o
o

+0
o
0
+0
+


o
0
o
0
0



OM
01 A
01 A
01 A
01 A
01A
01A
01 A
01A
01 A
01A
01 A
01A
01 A
01A/B
01B
01B
01C
01C
03A
03A
OSA
•05A
05B
05B
07B
08A
08A
08D
08D
08D
O9B

IOC
IOC
10C
IOC
IOC
IOC

IOC
10C
IOC
10C
IOC
13A
13A
13A
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
ISA
15A
1SB
1SB
15B
Maximum Concentration Values in Each Stream Phase
Maximum Concentration (Source, Stream Type) log-\oDSb/log-\oDS,
Chemical
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butanes
n-butanes
isobutane
pentanes
alkanes >Ce
methylcyclohexane
alkanes >Cia
Ca-hydrocarbons
C^hydrocarbons
Ct-hydrocarbons
Ce- hydrocarbons
ethane and ethylene
ethylene
propylene
acetylene
phenylacetylene
anisoles
methylanisole
aliphatic alcohols >Ct
aliphatic alcohols >Cia
alky/alcohols >C6
alky /alcohols >Cn
acetophenone
phthalic acids
phthalic esters
adipate esters
phtha/ate esters"
>Cg aliphatic esters
cyanotoluene
(benzonitrile)
aniline
Cz-alkylaniline
Ca-alkylaniline
aminotoluene
benzofluoreneamine
methylaminoacenaphthy-
lene
melhylbenzofluoreneamine
benzidine
1 -aminonaphthalene
methylaminonaphthalene
aminotetralin
methanethiol
ethanethiol
CaWeS
benzene
Cx-alkylbenzene
Ca-alkylbenzene
toluene
ethylbenzene
styrene
Ca-benzene
Ct-benzene
biphenyl
biphenylene
diphenylmethane
indene
indan
Ca-alkylindane
Ca-alkylindane
Gas fag/m3)
1.1EG(K.S)1/1
2.1E7(K,D)0/0
1.6E5 (R.P)
6.SE4 (R.P)
—
6.5E4 (R.P)
—
6.4E2 (C,D)
—
1.0E5 IC.D)
1.3E7 (K.S)0/-
1.1E7(K.S)1/-
2.9E6(K,D,S)1/1
2.9E8 (K.D)2/2
—
5.9E6 (K,S)0/S
1.9E5 (R.P)
1.2E4 (R.P)
1.4E3 (C,D)
—
2.0E3 (C,D)
1.5E4 (C,D)
3.1 E3 (C.D)
—
—
1.8E2 (C.D)
4.3E3 (C,D)
6.8E4 (C,D)
4.9E4 (C.D)
3. 1E4 (C.D)1/1
—
1.1£3(C.D)
—
9.2E2 (C.D)
3.7E3(C.D)
—
2.7E3(C.P)1/1
—

—
—
—
2.0E3 (C.D)O/0
S.4E3 (C.D)1/1
—
/. 1E7 (K.D)4/4
2.7E7 (K,D)4/4
—
1.3E8 (K.DJ4/6
7.0E3 (C.DjO/0
2.3E4 (C.DIO/1
9.5E6(K,D)1/3
8.8E4 (R.P)
6.2E3 (C,D)
4.9E4 (R.P)
2.SES (R.PJO.O
S.1E3(F,P)1/1
1.3E4 (C.D)-/2
2.7E3 (R.PJO/0
1.SE6 (C.Dft/0
2.0E4 (C.D)
2.1E4fC.D)
3.2E4 (C.D)
Liquid (fjg/l) Solid (ug/g)
	 	
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— ' —
1.0E5 (C,S) 2.0EO (C.D)
4.0E2 (C.S) —
— 2.0EO (C.D)
— —
— _
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
1.3E6 (C.S) -
— —
— —
— —
1.2E4 (C.S) -
5.453 rCS; —
— —
4.053 (C.S) —
— —
7.954 (C.S) 3.050 (C.D)
2.254 (C.S)-/4 9.050 (C,D)-/1
— —
— —
— —
3.053 (C,S)-/0 —
1.0E3 (C.S)-/0 —
— —
3.853 (C.S)0/O —
— —

— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
9.052 (K.S) —
— 1.0EO (C.D)
— —
5.052 (K,S)-/0 —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
8.253 (C.S) —
— —
— —
— —
Tar (ijg/g)
	
—
—
—
—
—
—
4.052 (C.P)
—
9.0E2(C,D)
—
—
—
—
—
—
— •
—
—
$.453 (C.P)
—
—
—
3.453 (C.P)
—
—
—
7.052 (C.P)
2.254 (C.P)
3.054 (C.P)0/4
4.553 (C.P)-/3
—
—
2.7E2 (R.P)-/0
1.0E2 (C.P)-/0
2.052 (C.P)-/0
9.052 (C.P)0/0
6.0£2 (C,P)0/0

2.052 (C.P)
2.052 (C,P)
6.052 (R.P)-/1
1 .053 (C,P)-/2
—
9.052 (C,P)0/1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.953 (R.PJO/0
—
—
3.052 (C.P)
—
—
—
Maximum
Production
Factor &
Source
fjg/g coal
1.2E5
7.453
4.252
1.7E2
1.7E2
7.752
7.25-5
4.957
—
9.257
—
—
—
—
7.05-6
6.953
4.952
3.757
2.55-7
8.452
3.55-7
3.452
6.25-2
—
—
3.25-2
7.057
3.053
2.253
—
4.852
7.657
2.05-7
8.950
7.057
2.057
4.85-7
6.057

2.057
2.057
2.057
7.052
7.75-7
9.057
7.553
—
7.052
7.O52
—
4.250
2.253
2.352
7.750
7.252
8.452
9.257
—
6.550
4.452
4.457
—
- —
R
K
R
R
R
R
K
C

C




K
K
R
R
C
C
C
C
C


C 1
C
C
C

C
C
C
R
C
C
C
C

C
C
R
C
C
C
K

R
R

C
R
R
C

R
R

R
R
R



-------
Table 1.
MEG
Cate-
gory
755
0 755
755
755
+o 15B/A
755
+o 76X1

+o 77X1
+o 18A
o ISA
o 1SA
ISA
o ISA
ISA
o ISA
o ISA
o ISA
ISA
o ISC
ISC
o 18C
o 18C
o 18C
o 18C
ISC
o ISC
ISC
o ISC
ISC
ISC
o ISC
o ISC
o ISC
o 18C
18C
o 18C
o 205
+o 27X1
27X1
27X1
27X1
27X1
27X1
+ 27X1
27X1
27X1
+o 27X1
+o 27X1
+o 27X1
o 27X1
0 27X1
27X1
o 27X1
o 27X1
o 27X1
27X1
27X1
+o 275
o 275

0 275
o 276
(Continued)
Chemical
Name
methylindane
xylenes
o-xylene
m- and p-xylene
xylene and ethyl benzene
tetrahydronaphthalene
polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB)**
dinitrotoluenes
phenols
Cz-alkylphenol
Ca-alkylphenol
Cralkylphenol
isopropylphenol
o-isopropylphenol
cresol
xylenol
2,4. 6-trimethylphenol
trimethylphenol
1-naphthol
naphthol
1 -acenaphthol
Ct-alkylacenaphthol
Ca-alkylacenaphthol
Cz-alkylhydroxyacenaphthene
Ca-alkylhydroxyacenaphthene
Cs-alkylhydroxyanthracene
•Cz-alkylhydroxyprene
Cz-alkylnaphthol
hydroxyacenaphthylene
hydroxyacenaphthene
hydroxyanthracene
hydroxybenzofluorene
methylacenaphthol
methylnaphthol
methylhydroxyacenaphthene
indanol
dinitrocresol
naphthalene
higher aromatics
methylnaphthalenes
1 -methylnaphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene
d-alkylnaphthalene
anthracene
Ci-alkylanthracene
9-methylanthracene
phenanthrene
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
d-alkylacenaphthalene
Cralkylacenaphthene
Ca-alkylacenaphthene
binaphthyl
methylacenaphthylene
methylacenaphthene
9-methylanthracene
C,SH,2:3 rings
bemo(a)anthracene
7. 1 2-dimethylbenzo(a)-
anthracene
methylphenanthracene
methyhriphenylene
Maximum
Gas (fjg/m3)
7.854 (C.D)
4.855 (R.P)-/0
4.857 (F.P)
4,857 (F.P)
7.356 (K.D)0/0
3.353 (C.D)

7.557 (F.P)1/1
2.353 (F.P)0/0
2.6E7 (K.D)3/3
2.355 (C,D)1/1
7.854 (C.D)0/-
2.1 53 (C.D)
—
—
2.7ES(C,D)1/1
6.0E5(R.P)1/1
—
—
2.453 (C.D)
—
—
—
—
7.553 (C.D)
3.7E2(C,D)
—
—
2.7E2(C.D)
—
7.352 (C.D)
5.552 (C.D)
—
—
3.553 (C.D)
—
6.452 (C.D)
7.854 (F.P)2/2
6.055 (R,P)1/1
2.854 (K.S)
7.955 (C.D)
1.2E3 (R.P)
2. 753 (R.P)
7.555 (C.D)
7.954 (C.D)
—
4.654 (C.D)
7.954 (C.D)1/1
4.1E4(C,D)1/1
2.854 (C.D)1/1
3.353 (C.D)0/0
3.553 (C.DJO/O
—
7.454 (C.P/1/1
7.354 (C.D)1/1
7.654 (C,D)1/1
—
A 057 (R.P)
1.8E3(F,P)1/1

7.355 (F.PJ-/6
—
—
Concentration (Source, Stream Type) log'ioDSh/log^DSe
Liquid (fjg/l) Solid (fig/g)
_
. 8.052 (K.S) —
— . —
— —
— —
— —

— —
— —
2.556 (R.D)2/3 —
3.7E5(C.S)1/3 -
5.054 (C.SJO/2 -
— —
— —
— —
7.556 (R.D)5/3 -
3.755 (R.D)5/3 —
7.854 (R.D)3/1 —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— — '
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
_ _
— —
— —
— —
7 . 754 (C'.S)-/2 3. 050 (C.D)
— —
5. 753 (C.S) 2.050 (C.D)
4.852 (R.D) —
2.252 (R.D) —
— —
4. 757 (R.D) —
— —
— —
9.657 (R.D) 7.05-7 (G.D)
— —
4. 753 (C.S) —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —

— —
— —
— —
Tar (fig/gi
	
—
—
—
—
—

—
—
2.254 (R51.P)1/2
5.853 (C.P)4/2
7.053 (C,P)3/1
—
7.454 (R,P)4/2
—
6.754 (R,P)3/3
7.255 (R,P)5/3
2.454 (R,P)4/2
—
7.853 (C,P)3/1
—
3.052 (C.P)-/0
7.653 (C.PJ3/1
7.052 (C.P12/0
—
—
2.053 (C,P)3/1
2. 753 (C.P)
3.052 (C.P)2/0
—
—
7.553 (C,P)3/2
3.553 (C,P)3/1
9.052 (C,P)3/1
2.053 (C,P)-/1
—
3.052 (C.P)
—
5.754 (R.P)-/3
—
7.953 (R.P)
7.953 (R.P)
7.054 (R.P)
7.654 (R.P)
2.354 (R.P)
2.1E3.(C,P)
7.654 (R.PI
2.354 (R.PJO/-
4.253 (R.P)
7.854 (R.PjO/0
—
7.253 (C.P)
5.052 (C.P)
—
2.853 (C.P)
6.052 (C.P)
—
—
7.053 (R,P)2/2

—
2.1E3(C.P)3/3
7.253 (C.P)3/3
Maximum
Production
Factor &
Source
fjg/g coal
	
8.052
—
—
—
6.652

3. 75-2
4.550
7.653
6.852
7.052
3.85-7
—
1.7 E 2
7.653
7.353
—
7.752
—
7.852
—
—
—
7.652
7.057
2.052
2.752
3.057
7.45-3
3.057
7.552
3.552
—
2.052
9.057
3.057
3.750
2.354
3.55-7
—
7.452
3.352
5.052
6.952
8.057
—
7.652
7.552
4.352
—
7.252
5.757
2.85-7
2.852
6.357
5.352
2.05-7
7.652

3.35-7
2.752
7.252

R



C

FS
FS
R
C
C
C

R
R
R

R

C



C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
R
K

R
R
C
R
C

R
C
C

C
C
C
C
C
R
R
R

FS
C
C

-------
Table 1.
MEG
Cate-
gory
o 21B
o 21B
o 218
o 21B
+o 21B
21B
+ 21B
• 21B
+o 21C
+o 21C
o 21C
21C
o 21D
+ 21D
22A
22A
+ 22A
o 22A
22A
+o 22B

22B
228
22B
+ 22C
22C
22C
+ 22D
23A
o 23A
23A
23A
23A
23A
23A
23A
o 23A
23A
23A
23B
23B
23B
23B
238
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
o 23B
23B
23B
23B
23C
23C
o 23C
23C
o 23C
24A
24A
24A
o 25A
(Continued)
Chemical
Name
triphenylene
Ci6Wio.'4 rings
3-methylcholanthrene
benzo(c)phenanthrene
chrysene
methyl chrysene
pyrene
1 -methylpyrene
dibenzofa, h)anthracene
benzo(a)pyrene
perylene
benzo(e)pyrene
benzoperylene
benzo(g.h.i)perylene
Cz-alkylindene
Ca-alkylindene
lluorene
methylindene
methylfluorene
benzofluorene
(fluoranthene)
fluoranthene
benzo(b)fluorene
benzofajfluorene
benzo(k)fluoranthene
benzo(h)fluoranthene
benzo(b)fluoranthene
indeno(1 ,2.3-cd)pyrene
pyridine
C2-alkylpyridine
Cs-alkylpyridine
Ct-alkylpyridine
methylpyridine (picolinesl
2-methylpyridine
3 -methylpyridine
4-methylpyridine
dimethylpyridine
2-methylpyridine
3, 4 -methylpyridine
quinolines
Ct-alkylquinolines
Cs-alkylquinolines
2-methylquinoline
acridine
Ca-alkylacridine
d-alkylacririine
Cz-alkylbenzoquinoline
Ca-alkylbenzoquinoline
methylacridine
dihydroacridine
methylbenzophenanthridine
benzophenanthridine
benzoquinoline (phenanthridine)
methylbenzoquinoline
indole
methylindole
carbazole
methylcarbazole
pyrroline**
methyldioxolane
benzofuran
dibenzofuran
thiophene
Maximum
Concentration (Source. Stream Type) log^oDSt/logioDSe
•Maximum
Production
Factor &
Source
Gas (fjg/m3)
—
1 .7E2 (R.P)3/3
4.7EO (F,P)0/0
1.0E3 (F,P)0/0
7.3E3 (C,D)0/1
—
9.2E3 (C.D)
—
6. 1EO (F.PJ2/2
5.0E3 (C.D)5/6
4.9E3 (C.DIS/5
—
1.6E3(C.D)1/1
—
3.8E4 (C.D)
8.0E3 (C.D)
9. 1E3 (C.D)
8.4E4 (C.D)0/0
4. 1E3 (C.D)
9.2E3 (C.D)
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.8E2 (F.P)
—
9.2E2 (C.D)
1.6E4 (C.D)-/0
1.0E4 (C.D)
—
4.0E3 (C.D)
—
—
—
—
—
—
4.8E3 (C.D)
5.4E3 (C.D)
4.6E2 (C.D)
3.5E3 (C.D)
8.4E3 (C.D)
—
—
—
—
4.8E3 (C.D)
1. 1E1 (F.P)
2.4E3 (C.D)-/1
4.8E3 (C.D)
—
—
—
—
4.9E3 (C.D)
—
2.0E3 (C.D)1/1
—
5.5E4 '(R.P)
1.2E4 (R.P)
2.3E6 (R.P)3/3
Liquid (fjg/l)
5.0E1 (R,D)1/1
—
—
—
7.652 R.D)
—
—
—
—
3.6E1 (R,D)2/2
2. 1E1 (R.D)2/2
2. 1E1 (R.D)
3.4E4 (C,S)2/2
—
—
—
5.7E1 (R.D)
3.4E3 (C.S)
—
2.8E1 (R.D)
—
—
—
—
1.7E1 (R.P)
—
3.3E1 (R.D)
—
2.8E4 (K.S)
2.6E4 (K.S)
1.0E3 (C.S)
—
—
—
—
—
4.6E4 (K,S)-/0
2.9E4 0CS;
1.3E4 (K.S)
5.0E3 (K.S)
1.2E4 (K,S)
—
1.8E3 (C.S)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5.3E4 (C.S)
8.9E3 (C.S)
—
—
—
5.050 (C.S)
—
—
—
Solid (/jg/g)
	
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
, —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.0E1 (G.D)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Tar (fjg/g)
6.2E3 (R.P)4/4
—
—
—
8.6E3 (R.P)0/0
1.2E3 (C.P)
2.4E4 (R.P)
3.8E3 (C.P)
3.4E3 (R.P)4/4
3.SE3 (R.P)5/5
3.7E3 (R.P)5/5
2. 1E3 (R.P)
— 1/1
2.7E3(R.P)
3.0E2 (C.P)
—
8.0E3 (R.P)
—
2. 1E3 (C.P)
3.4E4 (R,P)1/-
	
	
3.8E3 (C.P)
4. 1E3 (R.P)
1.6E3 (R.P)
—
3.2E3 (R.P)
1.7E3(R.P)
—
—
1.0E2 (C.P)
2.052 (C.P)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.9E4 (C.P)
2.3E3 (C.P)
1.1E3(C,P)
6.0E2 (C.P)
1.7E3(R.P)
5.052 (C.P)
9.052 (C.P)
3.053 (C.P)
5.052 (C.P)
4.052 (C.P)
—
—
—
7.052 (C.P)
1. 1E3 (C.P)
5.8E1 (R.P)
—
2.7E3(R.P)1/-
2.052 (C.P)
—
—
—
8. 1E3 (R.P)
.—
/jg/g coal
2.352
4.3E-1
9.55-3
2.050
2.952
5.452
7.252
3.552
9.3E1
1.2E2
8.057
6.957
5.057
4.S57
3.757
7.450
2.652
7.557
—
3.S52

7.053
5.657
S.657
—
5.357
7.052
4.657
7.65-7
2.8EO
7.257
2.057
7.75-7
2.557
7.757
7.757
—
—
—
7.953
2.352
7.752
6.057
9.057
6.057
9.057
—
6.057
4.057
2.25-7
4.S5-2
9.65-2
7.057
3.052
7.950
—
5.357
2.057
4.05-2
—
7.352
2.752
3.753
C
R
FS
FS
C
C
R
C
R
R
C
R
C
R
C
C
R
C

C
R
R
R
R

R
R
R
C
C
C
C
C
K
K
K



C
C
C
C
C
C
C

C
C
FS
C
C
C
C
R

R
C
C

R
R
R

-------
Table 1.
MEG
Cate-
gory
o 25A
o 25A
25A
25B
o 27

o 28
o 29
30
31
+o 32

o 33
33
o 34
o 35
o 36
37
o 38
39
+ 41
o 42
o 42
o 42
o 43
44
45
+0 46

+o 47
+o 47

o 47
47
47
o 47
o 47
o 48
48
+o 49
+o 50
51
o 53
o 53
o 53
o 53
o 53
o 53
53
o 53
o 53

+o 54
55
o 56

o 57

58

59

60

(Continued)
Chemical
Name
Ci-thiophenes
methylthiophene
dimethylthiophene
benzothiophene
lithium

sodium
potassium
rubidium
cesium
beryllium

magnesium
rhenium
calcium
strontium
barium
boron
aluminum
gallium
thallium
carbonate
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
silicon
germanium
tin
lead

ammonia
cyanide

hydrogen cyanide
nitrate
nitrite
nitrogen dioxide
nitorgen oxide
phosphorus
phosphate
arsenic
antimony
bismuth
sulfur
carbon disulfide
carbonyl sulfide
hydrogen sulfide
sulfate
sulfide
sulfite
sulfur dioxide
thiocyanate

selenium
tellurium
fluorine
(fluoride)
chlorine
(chloride)
bromine
(bromide)
iodine
(iodine)
scandium

Maximum
Gas iitg/rr?)
7.8E4 (R,P)1/1
8.7E4 (R.PjO/0
1.5E4 (R.P)
—
4.3E3 (F,P)2/2

2.1E4(F,P)
1.0E4 (C,D)1/1
1.0E1 (C,D)
2.3E1 (F,P)
2.6EO (F.P)O/0

3.9E4 (F.P)1/1
3.0E-1 (F,P)
1.5E5 (F.PI-/1
3.9E3 (F,P)0/0
7.5E3 (F.P)1/1
5.6E2 (F.P)
2.7E4 (F,P)-/0
9.0E1 (C.D)
1.0E1 (C.D)
2.0EO (C.P)
1.8E9 (K,D)2/2
3.0E8 (R,P)4/4
8.0E3 (C.D)
7.2EO (F.P)
8.0EO (C.D)
1.7E2(F,P)0/0

3.2E8 (K.D)4/4
5.0E4 (C,D)1/1

5.8E6 (K,D)-/3
—
—
3.0E5 (C.0)1/1
4.0E4 (C.DjO/0
3.3E3(F,P)1/1
—
4.052 (F.P)2/2
4.0E2 (F.P)
2.6EO (F.P)
1.0E4 (C.D)
8.4E4 (R,P)1/1
1. 1E6 (K.S)2/2
6.9E7 (K.S)3/3
5.0E3 (C.Djl/1
2.0E5 (C,D)2/1
—
6.9E4 (G,D)0/0
1.0E5(C.D)1/1

1.5E4 (F,P)2/2
9.7E-1 (F.P)
1.3E3 (F.P)
—
3.0E4 (C.D)1/1
—
1.3E2 (F.P)
—
4.050 (F.P)
—
1.9E1 (F.P)

Concentration (Source, Stream Type) logwDSn/logwDS,
Liquid (/jg/l)
	
,—
—
—
4. Of 2 (F.D)0/0
(G/D)
1.7E6(F,D)1/1
2.OE4 (C.S)
2.0E2 (G.D)
4.0EO (F.D)
I.OEO(G.D)
(K.S)
1. 1E4 (F.D)
—
2.2£5 (F.D)
4.0E3 (F.D)
1.0E4 (G.D)0/0
9.0E3 (C.S)-/1
1. 1E4 (F.D)
4.0E1 (G.D)
4.0EO (K.S)
2.0E6 (C,S)1/1
—
—
/.Of 4 (G.D)
3.0E1 (K.S)
3.0E3 (F.D)
4.552 (F,D)-/0
(G.D)
7.556 (R,D)3/3
1.0E6 (R,D)3/5
(C.S)
8.653 (R,P)-/1
1.7E4(G.D)
1.0E1 (F.D)
—
—
2.054 (C.S)0/0
2.553 (K,S)
1.8E3 (R.D)3/2
2.052 (R.D)
—
9.755 (F.D)0/0
—
—
—
2.856 (F.D)- /I
1.0E4 (C,S)1/3
4.7E4 (F,D)O/O
—
2.755 (K.S)3/1
(R.D)
2.053 (C.S)1/2
—
2.055 (C.S)1/1
—
8.6E6(R,D)1/1
—
7.354 (Ft.D)
—
4.052 (K.S)
—
7.050 (G.D)

Solid (fig/g)
	
—
—
—
2.452 (G,D)0/0

1.8E4 (F.D)
4.055 (C.D)
2.054 (C.D)
1.5E1 (G.D)
2.7E1 (R.D)1/1

1.3E4 (F.D)
1.0E-1 (G.D)
5.054 (F.D)0/0
2.053 (C.D)
5.553 (F,D)1/1
2. 1E2 (F.D)
8.8E4 (F.D)-/1
2.252 (G.D)
2.25; (G.D)
—
—
—
7.455 (F.D)0/0
1. 1E1 (G.D)
3.052 (C.D)
2.352 (G.D)0/0

—
—

—
—
—
—
—
8.053 (C.D)0/0
2.OE3 (F.D)
8.5E1 (G,D)2/0
2.O52 (C.DJO/0
1.8E1 (G.D)
1.5E4 (G.D)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

5.S57 (R.D)1/1
9.OE-1 (G.D)
2.852 (F.D)
—
7.552 (F.D)
—
3.757 (R.D)
—
2.457 (G.D)
—
5.O57 (C.D)
7
Tar (ug/g)
	
—
—
8.7E3(R,P)
—

—
3.053 (C.P)
5.05-7 (C.P)
—
—

2.0E2(C,P) .
—
—
2.057 (C.P)
5.057 (C.P)
7.050 (C.P)
—
9.050 (C.P)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5.057 (C.P)O/0

—
—

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4.450 (R51,P)1/-
8.057 (C.P)
5.0EO (C.P)
7.854 (R21.P)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

2.7EO(R51.P)
—
2.057 (C.P)
—
—
—
7.250 (R50.P)
—
5.050 (C.P)
—
7.050 (C.P)

Maximum
Production
Factor &
Source
fjg/g coal
3.352
2.952
5.057
2.652
4.757

7.554
7.353
7.253
6.850
7.650

7.754
6.75-7
4.454
7.653
4.753
7.852
7.554
8.050
4.85-2
3.55-4
7.256
9.855
4.352
7.75-7
7.857
7.757

8.853
2.757

9.42
9.750
5.05-4
5.357
7.350
1.7 E 3
9.657
2.757
7.357
7.750
7.653
2.852
7.353
4.754
9.757
—
7.25O
7.750
5.952

4.457
2.05-2
7.752
5.950
4.853
2.853
2.957
5.85-7
5.057
5.05-2
3.550

R
R
R
R
FS

FS
FS
C
FS
FS

FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
GG
C
R
R
C
FS
C
R

R
R

K
K
FS
C
C
FS
GG
GS
C
GG
FS
ft
R
R
K

FS
C
R

FS
GG
FS
GG
R
R
GG
C
GG
R
FS


-------
Table 1.
MEG
Cate-
gory
61
62
63
64
65
66
+o 68
69
70
+ 71
o 72
o 72
74
+o 76
76
+o 78
+o 79
80
+ 87
+o 82

+o 83
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
85
o 85
o 99
(Continued)
Chemical
Name
yttrium
titanium
zirconium
hafnium
vanadium
niobium
chromium
molybdenum
tungsten
manganese
iron
iron carbonyls***
cobalt
nickel
nickel carbonyl***
copper
silver
gold
zinc
cadmium

mercury
cerium
dysprosium
erbium
europium
gadolinium
holmium
lanthanum
lutetium
neodymium .
praseodymium
samarium
terbium
thulium
ytterbium
thorium
uranium
hydrogen
Maximum
Gas (ug/m3)
3.057 (F.P)
7.053 (C.D)
7.053 (C.P)
2.950 (F.P)
7.052 (C.D)
4.052 (C.D)
8,052 (C,D)3/3
4.052 (C.D)
4.050 (C.D)
7.952 (R.P)
3.354 (F.PJ1/1
7.355 (G.DJ2/2
7.557 (F.P)
7.252 (F,P)1/1
2.957 (G.D)
2.053 (C.DJ1/1
7.053 (C.DJ2/2
—
7.053 (C.D)
2.7E2(F.P)1/1

6.553 (F.P)2/2
6.057 (C.P)
1.7EO(F.P)
6.45-7 (F.P)
9.75-7 (F.P)
7.950 (F.P)
9.75-7 (F.P)
7.052 (C.D)
—
9.7EO(F.P)
6.450 (F.P)
6.450 (F.P)
6.45-7 (F.P)
<3.0E-1 (F.P)
—
7.057 (C.D)
7.053 (C,D)3/3
5.457 (K.S)2/2
Concentration (Source, Stream Type) log^oDSh/log-ioDSe
Liquid (ug/l)
4.057 (G.D)
7.054 (G.D)
2.052 (G.D)
—
5.052 (G.D)
3.057 (G.D)
2.453 (R.D)3/1
4.052 (G.D)
2.057 (F.D)
4.057 (K.S)
5.053 (G.D)0/0
—
4.057 (G.D)
8.057 0CS;
—
4.952 (R.D)-/2
2.050 fG,OJ
_' /£V"
>5.4E2(R,D)
5.050 fC,SJ
ff,DJ-/0
6.352 (K.S)3/3
7.052 fG.Oy
3.050 fG,0y
7.050 fG.O/
7.050 (G.P)
2.050 fG,0;
2.050 fG.CV
5.057 (G.D)
7.050 fG,0J
7.057 (G.D)
7.057 fG.DJ
7.057 fG.OJ
7.050 (G.D)
7.050 fG,£V
2.050 (G.D)
4.057 (G,0y
4.057 0CS;
—
Solid (ug/g)
5.957 f]F,0;
4.553 (F.D)
3.552 fG.OJ
3.050 (G.D)
4.1 E2 (F.D)
5.257 CG.Oy
3.453 (R,D)4/5
5.757 fG,£y
5.050 CG,D;
5.7E2(G,D)
9.054 (F.D)2/2
—
5.057 (C.D)
3.7E2(R.P)1/1
—
7.053 (C,D)O/0
5.050 fG,0J
7.050 fG,£V
7.053 (G.D)
9.050 fC,OA/7

2.852 (G.D)3/3
7.852 rG,£V
3.050 CG,D;
7.050 (G.D)
7.050 CG.D;
2.050 fG,o;
2.0EO(G.D)
/.652 fG,o;
3.05-7 K?,D;
7. 752 fG.DJ
3.557 CG.DJ
7.357 (F.D)
6.05-7 CG,£V
2.05-7 (G.D)
2.0EO(G,D)
9.857 ffl,0;
4.052 (C,D)
—
Tar (ug/g)
I.OEO(C.P)
—
—
—
7.050 (C.P)
S.OEO(C.P)
7.952 (R.P)3/4
—
—
6.85-7 (R.P)
2.3E-2(R.P)
—
7.75-7 (R.P)
5.050 (R.P)
—
3.053 (C.P)0/0
—
— .
7.957 (R.PI
1.4EO(R,P)-/1

6.05-2 (C.P)
S.OEO(C.P)
—
—
—
—
—
S.OEO(C.P)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Maximum
Production
Factor &
Source
ug/g coal
5.057
3.853
7.552
8.65-7
3.552
2.657
5.552
7.457
s. 75-;
7.952
7.654
7.7 50
2.057
6.457
2.05-4
7.052
8.75-7
8.65-4
2.05;
6.957

7.457
9.357
7.25-2
1.3E-3
2.05-3
3.95-3
2.05-3
9.357
2.95-2
2.557
7.457
7.757
6.85-2
7.95-2
7.95-7
2.057
7.457
4.054
5S
fS
fS
FS
FS
FS
C
GG
FS
FS
FS
GG
FS
FS
GG
C
FS
GG
FS
FS

FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
GG
FS
FS
FS
GG
GG
GG
FS
FS
K
•^•Priority pollutant
oDischarge severity exceeds 1
**Probable artifact
***1nferred concentration
- no DMEG value available
Source gasifier
G- Wellman-Galusha (Glen-Gery)
F = Wellman-Galusha (Ft. Snelling)
C = Chapman
R=RTIRun
K - Kosovo Lurgi
Source stream classification
D - Discharge
P = Product or by-product
S - Process stream
qualitatively identified (in approximately
70  experimental gasification  tests at
RTI's fossil energy laboratories) but not
quantitated. MEG numbers refer to the
ordering system of chemical categories
found in the MEG reports.
 Results and Conclusions

   In  addition to Table  1, Figures 1
 through 9 summarize results from data
 analysis. Of the 276 compounds  and
 elements quantitated in Table 1,  128
have discharge severities greater than 1
(potential  hazard) in one  stream  or
another. Of the species quantitated in
Table 1, 39 are priority pollutants;17 of
these, 30 were detected at potentially
hazardous levels, DS < 1.
                                   8

-------
Table 2.    Additional Substances Identified in RTI Coal Gasification Effluent Streams
 MEG No.
Compound
MEG No.
Compound
MEG No.
Compound
 01A     n-pentane                     08D
 01A     isopentane                    08D
 01A     cyclopentane                  08D
 01A     n-hexane                     08D
 01A     isohexane                     08D
 01A     cyclohexane
 01A     n-heptane                     08D
 01A     n-octane                      08D
 01A     n-nonane                     08D
 01A     n-decane                     08D
 Of A     n-undecane                   08D
 01A     n-dodecane                   09A
 01A     dimethylcyclohexane           09 B
 01A     trimethylcyclohexane           09B
 01A     dimethyldecahydronaphtha-     09B
         lene                         10C
 01A     3-methylpentane               IOC
 01A     methylcyclobutane             10C
 01A     n-hexadecane                 10C
 01B     1-butene                      IOC
 01B     3-methyl-1-butane             13A
 01B     pentadiene                    13A
 01B     methylisopropanone            13B
 01C     acetylene                     13B
 01C     propyne                       13B
 02A     methylene chloride             13B
 02A     chloroform                   • 15A
 03A     diethylether                   15A
 03A     phenyl-2-propynylether         15A
 03A     3,6-dimethoxphenanthrene      15A
 05A     3.5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol       ISA
 07A     acetaldehyde                  15A
 07A     butyraldehyde                 15A
 07A     benzaldehyde                  15B
 07A     dimethylbemaldehyde          15B
 07A     n-nonanal                     15B
 07A     phenanal                     15B
 07A     n-octanal                     15B
 07A     undecanal                     15B
 07A     dodecanal                     15B
 07B     acetone                       15B
 07B     butanone                     15B
 O7B     acetophenone                 15B
 07B     dihydroxyanthraquinone         15B
 07B     benzophenone                 15B
 07B     1-phenyl-1-propanonephtha-    15B
         late
 07B     2-pentanone                   15B
 07B     o-hydroxyacetophenone
 07B     m-hydroxyacetophenone        15B
 07B     tetrahydroanthraquinone
 07B     dihydroxyanthraquinone         15B
 07B     methylisopropyl ketone
 08A     acetic acid                     15B
 08A     benzole acid                   15B
 08A     1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde    15B
 08C     benzamine                     15B
 08C     diethyl phthalate               15B
 08D     ethyl acetate                   15B
 08D     methyl benzoate               15B
 08D     ethylbenzyl acetate             15B
                              isobutylcinnamate              15B
                              dibutyl phthalate                1 SB
                              diisobutyl phthalate             15B
                              dicyclohexyl phthalate           17B
                              p-tert-butylphenoxymethyl-
                               acetate                       17B
                              butylphthayl glycolate           18A
                              di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate         18A
                              butylphthalylbutylphthalate       18A
                              di-n-octylphthalate              18A
                              di-2 -ethylhexyl phthalate         18A
                              acetonitrile                     18A
                              benzonitrile                    18A
                              2,2-dicyanobiphenyl             18A
                              cyanobutadiene                 ISA
                              aniline                        18A
                              aminotoluenes                 18A
                              benzidine                      18A
                              2-aminonapthalene             18A
                              n-methyl-o-toluidine             18A
                              benzenethiol                   18C
                              toluenethiol                    18C
                              2,3.4-trithiapentane             18C
                              dimethyl disulfide               18C
                              trithiahexane                   18C
                              diphenyl disulfide               21A
                              diphenylethyne                 21A
                              isopropylbenzene               21A
                              1,2-diphenylpropane             21A
                              methylphenylethyne             21A
                              dixylylethane                   21A
                              phenylbenzaldehyde             21A
                              propylbenzene                  21A
                              o-diethylbenzene                21A
                              m-diethylbenzene               21A
                              p-diethylbenzene                21A
                              o-terphenyl                    21A
                              m-terphenyl                    21A
                              p-terphenyl                    21A
                              1,2.3-trimethylbenzene          21A
                              1,2.4-trimethylbenzene          21A
                              1,3.5-trimethylbenzene          21A
                              methylindene
                              methylbiphenyl                 21A
                              dimethylindan                  21A
                              methyltetrahydronaphtha-        21A
                               lene
                              3,5-dimethyl-1-isopropyl-         21A
                               benzene
                              5,8-dimethyl-1 -n-octyl-1,2,3,4-   21A
                              'tetrahydronaphthalene          21A
                              1 -methyl-4-n-hepthyl-1,2,3,4-    21A
                               tetrahydronaphthalene          21A
                              dimethyltetrahydronaphthalene   21B
                              dimethylindene                 21B
                              trimethylindene                 21B
                              pentamethylindan               21B
                              3-methylbiphenyl
                              ethylstyrene                    21B
                              methylstyrene                  21B
                              1,2-dimethylethylbenzene        21B
                                             methyl-2,3-dihydroindene
                                             n-pentylbenzene
                                             trimethyltetrahydrophthalene
                                             2-nitrodimethyl- 1,4-benzene-
                                              dicarboxylate
                                             1 -nitroso-2-hydroxynaphthalene
                                             m-cresol
                                             p-cresol
                                             2,3-xylenol
                                             2,4-xylenol
                                             2,5-xylenol
                                             2,6-xylenol
                                             3,5-xylenon
                                             3.4-xylenol
                                             alkyl cresols
                                             6-ethyl-m-tiresol
                                             hydroxyisopropylbenzene
                                             4-tert-butyl-o-cresol
                                             1 -allyphenol
                                             di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol
                                             2-naphthol
                                             2-hydroxyfluorene
                                             2-methoxyfluorene
                                             phenanthridone
                                             methylhydroxynaphthalene
                                             1 -ethylnaphthalene
                                             dimethylnaphthalenes
                                             1,4 -diemt hylnaphthalene
                                             2,3-dimethylnaphthalene
                                             2,6-dimethylnaphthalene
                                             methyldihydronaphthalene
                                             cyclobutadibenzene
                                             propenylphenanthrene
                                             9 -methylanthracene
                                             isopropylnaphthalene
                                             4,5-methylenephenanthrene
                                             2.7-dimethylphenanthrene
                                             1 -methylphenanthrene
                                             2-methylphenanthrene
                                             2-benzylnaphthalene
                                             trimethylnaphthalene
                                             trans-9-propenylphenan-
                                              threne
                                             2 -methoxynaphthalene
                                             1 -methoxynaphthalene
                                             1,2-dihydro-3.5,8-trimethyl
                                              naphthalene
                                             1 -methy 1-7-isopropylnaph-
                                              thalene
                                             8-n-butylphenanthrene
                                             ethylanthracene
                                             3-methylacenaphthalene
                                             methylacenaphthalene
                                             naphthacene
                                             benzofajanthracene
                                             benzofcfphenanthrene
                                             1 -methylbenzo(c)phenan-
                                              threne
                                             methyl chrysenoid
                                             1-methylpyrene
                                             methylbenz(a)anthracene

-------
Table 2.    (Continued)
 MEG No.
Compound
MEG No.
Compound
MEG No.
Compound
21B

21B
21B

21B
21B

21C
21C
22A
22A
22A
22A
22B
22B

22B
23A
23A

23A
23A
23A
23A
23A
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
1 ,2.3,4-tetrohydro-9, 10-
benzophenanthrene
hexhydrobenz(a)anthracene
2-methyl-9, 10-benzophenan-
threne
methylbenzofajanthracene
5, 8-dimethylbenz(c)phenan-
threne
perylene
2-n-hexylperylene
1 -methylfluorene
9-fluorenone
methylfluorene
dimethylfluorene
1 ,2-benzofluorene
1 , 2, 3. 4 -t et rahydrofluoran -
threne
benzofluorenone
coil/dines
2.4-dimethyl-6-ethylpyri-
dene
4-acetylpyridine
2-hydroxy-4-phenylpyridine
2-hydroxy-6-phenylpyridine
2. 2 -dimethyl-4, 4 -dipyridyl
3,4-diphenylpyridine
isoquinoline
phenylpyridine
azobenzene
7, 8-benzoquinoline
5. 6-benzoquinoline
2,6-dimethylquinoline
benzofh)quionline
ethylquinoline
3-methylbenzoquinoline
dimethylacridine
azafluoranthene
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23B
23C
23C
23C
23C
23C

23C
23C

23C
23C
23C
23C

23C
230
23D
23D
23D
23D

23D

23D

230
azapyrene
benzacridines
, 6-methylquinoline
3-methylquinoline
8-n-propylquinoline
ethylquinolines
3-n-propylquinoline
4-n-propylquinoline
3-methylbenzoquinoline
4 -styryloquinoline
methylphenylquinoxaline
pyrrole
phenylindole
benzothiazole
vin ylphen ylcarbazole
1, 2, 3, 4-t etrahydrocarba-
zone
methyl-3-allylhydroindole
3-methyl-3-allyldihydr-
indole
3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole
3-methyl-2-phenylindole
3-benzylindene phthalimide
1 ,4-dihydro-2,3-benzo(b)
carbazole
3,3-bliniolyl
2-ethylbenzimidazole
diphenyldiazole
methylbenzimidazol
2-methyl-5-phenyltetrazole
2-amino-5-chloro-4, 6-
dimethylpyrimidine
2-amino-4-pheny/-6 -methyl
pyrimioine
4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-
naphthylf-moropholine
2-benzimilizole
24A
24A
24A
24A
24A
24B
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25A
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B
25B

25B

25B
25B
25B
25B
26A
53A
7-meth ylbenzofuran
dimethylbenzofuran
dihydromethylphenylbenzofuran
3.3-dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran
3, 6 -dimethylbenzofuran
xanthene
2-meth ylthiophene
3-meth ylthiophene
2, 3-dimethylthiophene
2,4-dimethylthiophene
2,5-dimethylthiophene
3.4-dimethylthiophene
trimethyl and tetramethyl thiophene
isopropylthiophene
ethylthiophene
2-n-propyl-5-isobutylthiophene
benzo(b)thiophene
dibenzothiophenes
dihydrobenzothiophene
methylbenzothiophenes
phenanthro(4, 5-bcd)thiophene
naphthothiophenes
dianphthothiophenes
methyldibenzothiophenes
trimethylbenzothiophene
methylbenzothiophene
benzodithiophene
1 ,3-dihydro-4. 6-dimethyl
thieno(3,4-C}thiophene
1 -methylbenzol 1,2-81 4.3)
dithiophene
3-methyldibenzothiophene
5-methyl-2,3-benzothiophene
methylbenzothiophene
2, 6-dimethylbenzo(b)thiophene
tributyl phosphate
ethyl isothiocyanate
  The following emphasizes only those
substances possessing singularly high
levels of Discharge Severity (DS),
Control Priority (CP), and/or Production
Factor (PF).  Pollutants were  selected
first on the basis of health, rather than
ecological DMEG. Two  other criteria
were  applied to selecting compounds
for representation in the figures: 1)
where a class of compounds (e.g., two-
and three-ring fused polycyclic hydro-
carbons - MEG category 21 A) is well
represented  by the analytical data and
CP or DS do not vary greatly within the
class,  preference is  given to those
compounds for which chemical analyti-
cal identification confidence is highest
and/or which represent  high produc-
tion levels (PF); and 2) within classes of
compounds, preference is given to
those compounds for  which a specific
DMEG has been derived (i.e., those not
                       assigned a DMEG by class association
                       only). These criteria compensate for the
                       inherent inaccuracies in DMEG estima-
                       tions,  and also demonstrate some
                       important potential  candidates for
                       elimination from consideration  as
                       environmental hazards.
                         In Figure 1, 28 pollutants (from all
                       streams and sources investigated) are
                       estimated to be of first priority concern.
                       These are ranked in descending order of
                       CP. Fused polycyclic hydrocarbons and
                       phenols lead  the list. The PF and DS
                       values listed  show that many of the
                       most potentiafly hazardous substances
                       receive a high rank because of a low
                       DMEG, rather than  high  production.
                       Where PF values approach or lie to the
                       right of  CP  values,  higher  level of
                       production is an important consideration
                       in hazard potential; e.g., for Fe, NH3, and
                       H2S. Where DSh values approach or lie
                                           to  the  right of CP  values, maximum
                                           stream concentration is high (e.g., for
                                           cresols, perylene, benzene, and ammo-
                                           nia), and it  is likely that the  stream
                                           represented  by the maximum concen-
                                           tration is responsible for a high percent-
                                           age  of the  total production of that
                                           pollutant. Obviously where PF, CP, and
                                           DS are all high, the pollutant and stream
                                           must be  given  first consideration for
                                           environmental control. Such substances
                                           as iron and chromium may be produced
                                           from reactor or other materials corro-
                                           sion, rather than from the coal gasifica-
                                           tion.
                                             Figure 2 lists the same compounds as
                                           in  Figure 1, but evaluation is based on
                                           ecological DMEGs, rather than  health
                                           hazard.  When ecological  effects are
                                           considered, potential hazard is increased
                                           for chromium, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene,
                                           mercury,  cadmium,  and selenium (in
                                 10

-------
       benzo(a)pyrene
       cresols
       perylene
       xylenols
       triphenylene
       hydroxybenzofluorene
       dibenzo(a,h (anthracene
       methylphenanthracene
       iron
       naphthol
       trimethylphenol
       methyltriphenylene
       hydroxyanthracene
       benzene
       arsenic
       mercury
       indanol
       ammonia
       chromium
       hydrogen sulfide
       carbon monoxide
       cadmium
       thiocyanate
       barium
       selenium
       hydrogen cyanide
       carbonyl sulfide
       benzo(a)anthracene
                                                           /o3        10*

                                                             CP x i (O  );
                                                            cm
                                                                   coa/
                                                                          coal
Figure 1.    Health hazard indices and production levels for potentially hazardous coal gasification pollutants.
terms of increased DS value). Ecological
CP values are  higher for mercury,
hydrogen  sulfide, cadmium, and sele-
nium. Ecological  DMEGs are often
reduced for metals below the DMEGs
for health, primarily because cytotoxicity
studies are available which recommend
stringent controls.
  Noted  in Table 1   that, while a
preponderence  of quantitations are
associated with  commercial gasifiers,
many  of  the  concentrations are at
nonhazardous levels,  and indeed lie
within the realm of extremely difficult
analytical  identification. Figure 3 illus-
trates the most  potentially hazardous
compounds (on the basis of CP) which
were sampled andquantitatedforallthe
processes considered. These substances
are quite  important because of their
consistent presence under a wide range
of gasification system conditions. RTI's
experimental program has involved
selection and emphasis of the worst and
most prevalent  pollutants from coal
gasification, and observation of produc-
tion  under a broad range of operating
conditions and coal types. This accounts
for most of the bias in data toward the
RTI system. Of the substances found in
Figures 1  and 2,  13 are missing in
Figure 3 because they were not always
analyzed:  benzo(a) pyrene,  perylene,
triphenylene,  hydroxybenzofluorene,
dibenzo(h)anthracene, methylanthra-
cene,  iron, trimethylphenol, methy-
ltriphenylene, hydroxyanthracene, ar-
senic, indenol, and benzo(a)anthracene.
All the maximum concentrations for the
two Wellman-Galusha gasifiers are for
inorganics.
  Figure 4 shows the distribution of
significant pollutants by stream char-
acterization. As stated earlier, streams
are best characterized by discharge
severity, DS, and CP  comparison is
preferred for processes. The most
important  result  demonstrated is that
most of the potentially hazardous pollu-
tants are found in  product/byproduct
and  discharge streams  with  a high
potential for leaving the plant boundaries
and  possibly of contaminating the
environment. Ranking on the basis of
discharge severity  also makes some
changes in the pollutants  selected,
since some pollutants with low produc-
tion  levels may have high stream
concentrations. Hazardous substances
shown in Figures 1 and 2 (but not in
Figure 4) include iron,  arsenic, indanol,
cadmium, thiocyanate, beryllium, sele-
nium,  hydrogen cyanide,  carbqnyl
sulfide, and benzo(a)anthracene (the
last seven are at the bottom  of the CP
ranking list). Compounds added on the
basis of the  DS value include 7,12-
dimenthylbenzo(a)anthracene, cyanide,
uranium, isopropylphenol, C2-alkylphe-
nol, C2-alkylhydroxypyrene, C5-alkylhy-
droxyanthracene, C2-alkylacenapthol,
ethanethiol, and methanethiol. The

-------
             benzo(a)pyrene
             cresols
             perylene
             xylenols
             triphenylene
             hydroxybenzofluorene
             dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
             methylphenanthracene
             iron
             naphthol
             trimethylphenol
             methyltriphenylene
             h ydroxyanthracene
             benzene
             arsenic
             mercury
             indanol
             ammonia
             chromium
             hydrogen sulfide
             carbon monoxide
             cadmium
             thiocyanate
             barium
             selenium
             hydrogen cyanide
             carbonyl sulfide
             benzo(a)anthracene
                              A-<
                                                 -«a
                        •AcO
                                            -OD
                        •D-
             •DO
             -O*
                     -A-O-
                     -A-<
                        D—<
                                 -D-
   — D
                     -D-A-
                                 O-A-D
                               <0—n
                                          10°
                    /O2
;o3
                                                          CPxl (O ); PF (  A );

                                                          cm3/g coal   iig/g
                                                                       coal
    ws

?e( D )
/O6
 Figure 2.    Ecological hazard indices and production levels for potentially hazardous coal gasification pollutants.
 phenols added are questionable because
 of an unjustifiably severe DMEG asso-
 ciated with that class (see following
 discussion of Figure 5c).
  Category discharge severities  for
 MEG categories are shown in Figures
 5a-5e, for all streams in all processes.
 The DSh values result from summation
 of discharge severities for maximum
 concentrations in all streams from Table
 1. Trace elements are lumped into a
 single category, TE. Of the 15 categories
 listed, categories 18 and 21  have  the
 highest composite discharge severity. A
 few  compounds  in  a category  can
 account almost entirely for the category's
 discharge severity. On the other hand,
 while substances in categories such as
 22  do  not manifest  themselves as
, individual high priority  hazards,  the
 summation of severities of substances
 in the class gives it a significant total
 discharge severity.
   In Figure  5b, benzene is almost
 entirely responsible for the DS value of
category 15. All but one of the categories
in Figure 5a are represented in  this
figure, primarily because gas streams
were  emphasized in the sampling and
analysis approach for most processes
(see Table 1). Also, aerosols and particu-
lates  were sampled  in gas  streams,
causing, for example, the high discharge
severity of category  21. Gas streams
account for all of the apparent hazard in
categories 1,  13, 17, and 25 (DS> 1).
  Figure 5c  shows  that phenols in
aqueous streams overshadow other
hazards.  However, new water quality
criteria18  have increased recommended
control levels for phenol, changing the
DMEGh-w fr-om 5 jug/I to 1.5 x  103 /ug/l.
This should also increase future DMEGs
for cresols, xylenols, and other phenolic
forms, effectively reducing discharge
severity in  this category by more than
two orders of magnitude.
  The same  can  be  said for  category
18's contribution to tar hazard in Figure
5d. This leaves polynuclear aromatics of
            category 21 dominating the tar hazar
            potential. However, limitations c
            chemical analysis  in determining th
            data base represented by the sourc
            report may cause underestimation of tz
            hazard. For example, biological assays1
            and chemical analyses of Coal gasifies
            tion tars,20 published subsequent t
            formulation of the source report dat
            base, show that amines of category 1C
            nitrogen heterocyclics of category 2;
            and sulfur heterocyclics of category 2
            have been neglected in terms of the
            potential  hazard. RTI bioassays shoi
            that the organic base fraction (includin
            categories 10 and 23) is the most highl
            mutagenic fraction in some coal tan
            even when compared to the polynucles
            aromatic fraction.
              Potential hazard  for solids is entire
            contributed by trace elements, as see
            in Figure 5e. Trace element hazat
            potential is  almost evenly  distribute
            among stream types, due to the volatili
            of many trace elements under the nig
                                  12

-------
cresols, xylenols
benzene
ammonia
hydrogen sulfide
carbon monoxide
chromium

thiocyanate
phenol
thiophene
phenanthrene
naphthalene
anthracene
fluoranthene
mercury
cadmium
barium
strontium
sulfur
hydrogen cyanide
methanethiol
naphthol
indanol
quinoline
\ o
o
o
o
o
£>
DTI V
• ""• o
o
o
o
o
0
0
0
o
Wellman Galusha *.
O
O
o
Kosovo Q
0
Chapman Wilputte Q
O
II 1 t I 1 I
                        10'
                   10'
10'
10°     701
H?     103
Figure 3.
                            CP (g/g coal]

Categorization of pollutant hazards by process type.
temperature conditions of coal gasifica-
tion.
  Figures 6-9 show the main contribu-
tors to hazard potential by stream type.
Based on discharge severity, more kinds
of chemical species are represented in
gas streams than for any other streams.
The data confirm the widely recognized
control problems associated with mer-
captans, benzene, polynuclear aromatics
(aerosols, particulars), ammonia, hy-
drogen sulfide, and trace elements. It
can be argued that for fuel gas product
streams, removal of pollutants to obtain
discharge severities below that  of
carbon monoxide is not justified, since
this primary fuel product is not a candi-
date for removal. However, for noncom-
bustion application, and indeed from a
process technology standpoint, a clean
product is desirable.
  For gases and other streams whose
end use  is combustion, it may also be
argued that the end use provides a satis-
factory control technology. In the case of
product gas,  only  sulfur species  and
trace  elements would be excluded by
this argument. Some particularly viru-
lent stream concentrations are asso-
ciated with Figure 6, especially ammonia.
                           benzene, mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide,
                           and  Ce + hydrocarbons.  Maximum
                           concentrations for these species were
                           all obtained from samples taken at the
                           Kosovo Lurgi plant.
                             For liquid stream discharge severities
                           (Figure  7), incorporating  anticipated
                           increased  DMEGs  for phenols  would
                           reduce maximum hazard potentials to
                           DS = 1035. Such substances as polycy-
                           clic  hydrocarbons in liquid  streams
                           obviously  indicate inadequate  liquid
                           separation of aqueous effluents from
                           tars, oils,  and particulates. However,
                           low  concentrations of these species
                           significantly reduce their contribution to
                           DS. The data again confirm the impor-
                           tance of such  widely  recognized con-
                           taminants as phenols, ammonia, cya-
                           nide/cyanates, and trace elements. It is
                           interesting that chlorine's contribution
                           is  not  significant  for  all  the data
                           analyzed, and that no legitimate evidence
                           of polychlorinated compounds has been
                           demonstrated. For the worst case of all
                           streams sampled, ammonia hazard was
                           highest in a gas stream, rather  than in a
                           liquid stream.
                             Constituents found  in highest con-
                           centrations in  tar (Figure  8),  such as
phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene,
chrysene, and pyrene, contribute mini-
mally to tar hazard potential. Tar hazard
is owed to  the  incredible number of
organic  constituents represented in
trace quantities, only a few of which are
shown in the figure. Further definition
of compounds outside the classically
researched  area of fused polycyclic
hydrocarbons is  needed. The lowest
relative concentration of trace elements
is found in tar, supporting its candidacy
for combustion.
  Solids streams are almost  entirely
represented by coal ash (Figure 9). For
this  stream, as for gases, some of the
commercial gasifiers' maximum concen-
trations  are at levels  which  strain
credulity. For example,  levels  of anti-
mony,  selenium,  and mercury greatly
exceed  maxima  reported in any U.S.
coal. It is not likely that these highly
volatile elements would be concentrated
in coal ash. On the other hand, potential
hazard from such elements as arsenic is
well documented and confirmed by the
data. Overall ash  hazard appears to be
the  lowest  of  any  coal gasification
stream, although evaluations must ulti-
mately be reviewed in the context of
potential control technologies and
disposal  options.
  In  conclusion, coal gasification pre-
sents potential hazards in all streams of
all processes reviewed. The compounds
indicated are certainly candidates for
first  priority  control consideration in
coal  gasification environmental assess-
ment.  Single substance, and total,
discharge severities approach seven
orders of magnitude in a few cases. For
a number of substances (where DS >
103), reduction of concentration by more
than 99.9 percent is implied—effectively
requiring, in many cases,  pollutant
reduction to nondetectable limits. Such
apparent conclusions emphasize the
necessity for restating that DMEGs
must be applied in  a flexible manner,
stressing qualitative appraisal. The
source report, with  its extensive data
base, provides a more comprehensive
concept of  gasification pollutant prob-
lems.
                                        References
                                          1. Cleland, J.G. Environmental Hazard
                                            Rankings of Pollutants Generated
                                            in Coal Gasification Processes.
                                            EPA-600/7-81-101, Research Tri-
                                            angle Institute, Research Triangle
                                            Park, NC, June 1981.
                                                                                13

-------
     carbon monoxide
     hydrogen sulfide
     7,72-
-------
   w7

   WB

   10s

   704

   70°
   10
          1   8   10  13   15   17  18   21  22  23   25  42  47  53  TE

                                MEG Category
  MEG
Category Chemical Substance

    1    aliphatic hydrocarbons
    8    carboxylic acids and
           derivatives
   10    amines
   13    thiols. sulfides, and
           disulfides
   15    benzene, substituted
           benzene hydrocarbons
   17    aromatic nitro compounds
  MEG
Category Chemical Substance

   18    phenols
  ' 21    fused poly cyclic hydrocarbons
   22    fused non-alternate polycyclic
           hydrocarbons
   23    heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
   25    heterocyclic S compounds
   42    carbon-free & combined
   47    nitrogen-free  & combined
   53    sulfur-free &  combined
   TE    trace elements
Figure 5a.    Discharge severity of all streams by MEG category.
70"
to5
104
£ 103
Q
102
10
*>
•























          7   8   10  13   15   17  18   21  22   25  42   47  53  TE

                               MEG  Category

 "gure 5b.    Gas streams discharge severity by MEG category.
    EPA-600/7-79-217 (NTIS PB  80-
    134729), September 1979.
12.  Bombaugh, K. H., W. E. Corbett, and
    M. D. Matson. Environmental
    Assessment: Source Test and
    Evaluation Report - Lurgi (Kosovo)
    Medium-Btu Gasification, Phase 1.
    U.S.  Environmental Protection
    Agency, EPA-600/7-79-190 (NTIS
    PB 80-183098), August 1979.
13.  Cleland, J. G., F. 0. Mixon, D. G.
    Nichols, C. M. Sparacino, and D. E.
    Wagoner.  Pollutants from Synthetic
    Fuels Production: Facility Construc-
    tion and  Preliminary Tests. U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency,
    EPA-600/7-78-171  (NTIS PB
    287916), August 1978.
14.  Cleland, J. G., S. K. Gangwal, C. M.
    Sparacino, R. M. Zweidinger, D. G.
    Nichols, and F. 0. Mixon. Pollutants
    from  Synthetic Fuels Production:
    Coal  Gasification Screening Test
    Results. U.S. Environmental Pro-
    tection Agency, EPA-600/7-79-
    200 (NTIS PB 80-182769), August
    1979.
15.  Gangwal,  S. K., P. M. Groshe, D. E.
    Wagoner, D. J. Minick, C.  M.
    Sparacino, and R.  A. Zweidinger.
    Pollutants from Synthetic  Fuels
    Production: Sampling an Analysis
    Methods for Coal Gasification. U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency,
    EPA-600/7-79-201  (NTIS PB  80-
    104656), August 1979.
16.  Rhodes, W. J., EPA Environmental
    Review of Synthetic Fuels. U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency,
    2:(4),  December 1979.
17.  Settlement Agreement  in Natural
    Resources Defense Council, et al.,
    vs. Train. 8E.R.C. 2120 (1976)
    Modified  12E.R.C. 1833 D.D.C.
    (1979).
18.  Clean Water Act, 33U.S.C. 1314[A]1.
    CFR Section 307[A]1.
19.  Nichols, D. G., J. G. Cleland, D. A.
    Green, F.  O. Mixon, T. J. Hughes,
    and A. W. Kolber. Pollutants from
    Synthetic  Fuels  Production: Envi-
    ronmental Evaluation of Coal Gasi-
    fication  Screening Tests. U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency,
    EPA-600/7-79-202 (NTIS PB  81-
    114308), August 1979.
20.  Gangwal,  S. K., and D. G. Nichols,
    "Chemical Characterization  of Tar
    from  Fixed-Bed Gasification of
    Eastern and Western Coals," Pro-
    ceedings of the 20th Hanford  Life
    Sciences  Symposium,  Richland,
    WA, October 1980.
                                                                             75

-------
    10*


    10s

    704
    10'

    10

      1
                 10
      18  21

MEG   Category

            107r
Figure 5d.    Tar stream discharge
            severity by MEG
            category.
                                        10
                                           *  •
                                     to
                                     Q
                                         10''
                                        10*
10
                                         10

                                          1
                                                                        Figure 5c.
                                            Liquid streams dischar,
                                            severity by MEG
                                            category.
           42  47  53  TE
                                                  8   10       15       18  21  22   23

                                                                  MEG  Category
                                                    47
                                                                        TE
c
to
Q



70*
103
10*
10
1

•
•
•
.....•....•<






                             MEG  Category

                              16
                                                                         Figure 50.
                                             Solid streams discharg
                                             severity by MEG
                                             category.
                                                                 TE

-------
                                                                                    w2    to3    w*    to5   w6
dibenzo(a.h)
  anthracene

toluene

naphthalene

phenanthrene

biphenyl

                 0123456789

             Log™ [Stream Maximum Concentration (ug/m3)]

Figure 6.    Potentially hazardous gas stream pollutants.
                                                                         '0   /O2   /O3   104   10s    10*   107

                                                                                    Stream Concentration (fig/l\

                                                           Figure 7.    Potentially hazardous liquid stream pollutants.

                                                                              17

-------
benzo(a)pyrene
cresol
dibenzo(a, h)anthracene
triphenylene
hydroxyanthracene
benz(a)anthracene
acenaphthylene
arsenic
phenanthrene
quinolines
copper
chrysene
biphenyl
lead
anthracene
pyrene
Figure 8.
              1        10        10Z       103      10*       105
                   Stream  Maximum  Concentration  ifjg/g)
Potentially hazardous tar stream pollutants.
                                  18

-------
> mercury

 iron

 arsenic

 chromium

 nickel

 selenium

 barium

 silcon

 lead

 antimony

 phosphorus

 beryllium

 lithium

 :alcium
                                       Concentration (fjg/g)

 Figure 9.    Potentially hazardous solid stream pollutants.
\
0 W2
103

1 1
10* 10s
   J. G. Cleland is with Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park. NC.
   N. Dean Smith is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
   The complete report, entitled "Environmental Hazard Rankings of Pollutants
      Generated in Coal Gasification Processes," (Order No. PB 81-231 698; Cost:
      $27.50, subject to change) will be available only from:
           National Technical Information Service
           5285 Port Royal Road
           Springfield,  VA 22161
           Telephone: 703-487-4650
   The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:.
           Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
           U.S. Environmental1'Protection Agency
           Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
   it U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1981 - 757-012/7337
                                                                                   19

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