United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
Ada OK 74820
Research and Development
EPA-600/S9-81-021 Feb. 1983
vvEPA Project Summary
Proceedings of the
Conference on Combined
Municipal/Industrial
Wastewater Treatment
Thomas E. Short
This conference presented the latest
information on combined municipal/
industrial wastewater treatment. The
sessions were intended to bring
together experts from the United
States, Canada, Europe, and South
Africa who have first-hand experience
in the field of combined wastewater
treatment systems. The conference
was for all engineers, scientists,
officials, and operators who are
involved in combined municipal/in-
dustrial wastewater treatment systems
and seek to improve their knowledge
and understanding of advanced treat-
ment procedures for combined munic-
ipal/industrial wastewater treatment.
The curriculum of the conference
covered methods for treatment of
combined municipal/industrial waste-
waters; industrial pretreatment; case
histories of industrial pretreatment
effluents and combined municipal/
industrial wastewater treatment; data
on presence and fate of priority
pollutants in existing municipal/in-
dustrial wastewater systems; research,
design, and operation of combined
municipal/industrial wastewater treat-
ment; sludge handling, utilization and
disposal; water reuse and recycling.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in a
separate report of the same title (see
Project Report ordering information at
back).
Introduction
A paper entitled "Compatibility As-
sessment of Municipal and Industrial
Wastes for Combined Biological Treat-
ment" was presented by Arthur W.
Busch, Environmental Engineering
Consultant. This paper considers the
numerous chemical and hydraulic
aspects of biological treatment of
combined municipal and industrial
wastewaters. Compatibility is affected
by qualitative and quantitative charac-
teristics of the wastes involved. Assess-
ment should include reaction rates,
phase distribution of organics, concen-
tration effects, hydrographs, and relative
volumes. One factor deserving special
attention is the effect of transport time
on wastes. There is also a dimension of
"legal compatibility" for mixtures of
wastes containing hazardous and/or
toxic substances.
"Biological Inhibition Screening of
Industrial Wastewaters" was presented
by Enos L. Stover, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,
Boston, Mass. The possible presence of
inhibitory or toxic compounds to biologi-
cal treatment processes, especially
nitrification, warrants concern where
industrial wastewaters are discharged
into municipal treatment systems.
Quantitative assessment of inorganic
and organic compounds possibly causing
inhibition problems by atomic absorption
and gas chromatograph-mass spec-
trophotometer analyses is a time-
consuming and expensive proposition. A
simpler method of inhibition screening
in terms of required analyses time and
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expense would be to conduct bioassay
type procedures. A simple and inexpen-
sive microbiological inhibition screening
test procedure can be conducted by
treatment plant personnel at municipal
plants receiving industrial wastewater
discharges to provide estimates of the
threshold inhibition levels to both the
carbonaceous and nitrification reactions.
The factors affecting this inhibition
screening procedure and important
experimental design considerations are
presented along with results from
inhibition testing of various industrial
wastewaters for both carbonaceous
removal and nitrification.
"Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters
Containing Biologically Hazardous
Industrial Compounds by Conventional
Activated Sludge and Extended Aeration"
was presented by Don F. Kincannon, A.
F. Gaudy, Jr., and T. S. Manickam,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
Oklahoma. The overall objective of the
research reported in this paper was to
gain information on the effect of priority
pollutants on the performance of
publicly owned treatment works em-
ploying conventional activated sludge
and extended aeration as the methods
of secondary treatment. The general
approach was to compare the perform-
ance of control systems with that of
comparable syste ms dosed with va rious
concentrations of priority pollutants.
The results of four priority pollutants
were reported in this paper. They are:
phenol, 2-chlorophenol, methylene
chloride, and 4-chloro, 3-methyl phenol.
Internal recycle benchscale reactors
were used for the study. The conventional
activated sludge units were operated
as Be = 5 days. The wastewater feed
consisted of effluent from the primary
clarifier of the Stillwater municipal
sewage treatment plant.
"Physical-Chemical Treatment of
Combined Municipal-Industrial Waste-
water for Reuse in South Africa" was
presented by Hans Van Leeuwen,
National Institute for Water Research,
Pretoria, South Africa. Wastewaters
often contain appreciable proportionsof
industrial effluents. The influence of
certain industrial pollutants on the
reuse potential of reclaimed water is a
matter of great concern in a water-
scarce country such as South Africa.
Experience of over a decade was gained
on four experimental and pilot plants
with wastewater of mainly domestic
origin. The efficacy of these plants inthe
treatment of domestic and industrial
wastes was evaluated by analyzing for
about 60 organic and inorganic pollu-
tants with possible health implications
at various stages of the processes. It
was found that although most contami-
nants could be removed to a major
extent by activated sludge treatment,
chemical clarification (with lime or
ferric chloride) before biological treat-
ment could improve removal as well as
protect the biological system. Chlorina-
tion removed some contaminants.
Activated carbon could remove most of
the remaining contaminants and was a
definite necessity for the removal of
some.
"Use of Granular Activated Carbon to
Treat Municipal Wastewater Receiving
Industrial Flow" was presented by
Paschal B. DeJohn, Robert W. Edwards,
and James P. Black, ICI Americas, Inc.,
Wilmington, Delaware. Many municipal
wastewater treatment plants receive
flow from numerous industrial sources
that create special problems for the
treatment plant operator. Wastewater
from industrial sources often contains
toxic chemicals that are not readily
removed via standard treatment prac-
tices and may, in fact, be detrimental to
critical processes. Granular activated
carbon is one treatment method that
may be employed to overcome these
difficulties. This paper discussed the
application of GAC — when, where,
why, and how it should be employed —
and discussed results from several
municipal plants using GAC.
"Full Scale Experience with Activated
Carbon Treatment of Joint Municipal-
Industrial Wastewater" was presented
by James L Taylor, Fitchburg Waste-
water Treatment Facilities, Fitchburg,
MA. In the late 60's, Fitchburg, like
many communities, found itself faced
with a serious water pollution problem.
An engineering firm was hired to
recommend and design a solution to the
problem. Their recommendation resulted
in the construction of two new advanced
wastewater treatment facilities. One of
these facilities, the West plant, is a
physical-chemical plant designed mainly
to service the area's paper manufactur-
ing facilities. Since plant startup in mid-
1975, numerous mechanical and pro-
cess difficulties have occurred. The
plant has operated in a continuous
mode for only a relatively short period of
time. It appears there are numerous
applications for activated carbon in
wastewater treatment, but they are
dictated by specific conditions. If
carbon adsorption is to be considered
for a major role in wastewater treatment
in the future, significant changes will be
required in the way process evaluations
and facility designs are conducted.
"Textile Waste Treatment at a Munic-
ipal PACT Facility" was presented by
Charles A. Pitkat, Water Pollution
Control Facility, Vernon, Connecticut,
and Craig L. Berndt, Zimpro Inc.,
Rothschild, Wisconsin. The town of
Vernon, Connecticut, recently placed
into operation a 24,500 MVday (6.5
MGD) design average flow wastewater
treatment facility incorporating the first
U.S. municipal application of Powdered
Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT)
with Wet Air Regeneration of excess
powdered carbon/biomass solids. The
PACT process was selected at Vernon
due to the difficult-to-treat domestic
and highly colored industrial wastes
expected and the stringent effluent
quality required by the NPDES permit.
The paper describes briefly the PACT
startup and discusses the initial year of
operation of the PACT and Wet Air
Regeneration Systems. Design and
performance of those systems are
presented. The operation and perform-
ance of the PACT system have demon-
strated the substantial improvement in
effluent quality that was expected when
employing the combination of biological
solids and powdered activated carbon
over more conventional treatment
processes in treating this difficult-to-
treat wastewater.
"Review of the Use of Ozone for
Improving Combined Municipal-Indus-
trial Wastewater Treatment" was
presented by Rip G. Rice, Jacobs
Engineering Group, Washington, D.C.
In wastewater treatment, ozonation is
being developed primarily as an alterna-
tive disinfection treatment process to
chlorination. As many as 36 U.S.
sewage treatment plants are in opera-
tion, under construction, or are being
designed with ozone disinfection. In
many installations, however, the eco-
nomics of ozone disinfection are affected
adversely by ozone-demanding industrial
components. Several detailed pilot plant
studies have been conducted in the
U.S.A. utilizing ozone oxidation of
combined municipal-industrial waste-
water in earlier treatment stages than
the (terminal) disinfection step. Expe-
riences at the Cleveland Regional Sewer
District using ozone were reviewed, as
were ozonation studies at Chi no Basin,
California (suspended solids removal)
and Dalton, Georgia (treatment of textile
wastes combined with municipal sewage).
An assessment was also presented of
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the potential benefits which may be
attainable in removing priority pollutants
from industrial, municipal, or combined
municipal/industrial wastewaters by
following chemical oxidation with
adsorption and concurrent biological
oxidation.
'The Use of Solar Energy for Combined
Municipal-Industrial Wastewater Treat-
ment" was presented by AurelJ. Acher,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah. The
material presented represents research
on a new method for using solar energy
for municipal and industrial wastewater
treatment. This research seeks to
develop economical methods of disin-
fection and detoxification of wastewaters
which would result in the reuse of
effluents for crop irrigation. Aerated
municipal or industrial wastewaters
containing dye-sensitizers were exposed
to solar irradiation for various periods of
time. The influence of the solar energy,
absorbed by these sensitizers in the
visible range, on the organic matter and
anionic surfactants in secondary efflu-
ents was checked by determining the
COD and MBAS values of treated
wastewater.
The disinfection potential of this
method was followed by bacteriological
analyses of running water or secondary
effluents, previously contaminated or
enriched, respectively, with laboratory
cultures of E. coli, bacteriophages and
polio virus. The results of these experi-
ments demonstrate the effectiveness of
such a method (total kill of bacteria and
viruses). The influence of this photo-
oxidative method was also studied on
eutrophic algae present in the Lake of
Galilee. It was found that the conditions
under which disinfection proceeds also
support algicidal processes, causing
lethal damage of algal cultures.
"Land Treatment of Combined Munic-
ipal-Industrial Wastewaters" was pre-
sented by Charles E. Pound and Ronald
W. Crites, Metcalf and Eddy, San
Bernardino, California. An overview of
the mutual benefits of land treatment
for combined municipal-industrial waste-
water was given. The discussion used
pertinent examples from several differ-
ent projects where decisions were
made to either combine or separate the
two wastewater streams. In most cases
decisions depended on the relative
waste loads contributed by each and the
relative costs of separate versus com-
bined treatment.
"The Utilization of Sewage Sludges
on Cropland" was presented by L.E.
Sommers, Purdue University, W. Lafay-
ette, Indiana. Numerous studies have
indicated that comparable crop yields
can be obtained by fertilizing soils with
either sewage sludges or conventional
inorganic fertilizer materials. However,
sewage sludges also contain other
constituents, primarily of industrial
origin, which may limit their application
rate on cropland. The sludge components
of greatest concern include pathogens,
slowly degraded organics (e.g., PCB's)
and non-essential heavy metals (nickel,
cadmium, and lead). Approaches being
developed for land application of
sewage sludges are based on maintain-
ing the productivity of agricultural
cropland and the quality of the environ-
ment. Developing a land application
system involves the following consider-
ations: (1) pathogens; (2) nitrate and
heavy metal leaching into ground
waters; (3) effects on human health
resulting from cadmium accumulation
in crops; (4) phytotoxicity due to
increased soil levels of copper, zinc, and
nickel; (5) contamination of crops with
persistent organics such as PCB's.
"Utilisation of Activated Sludge from
Combined Municipal-Industrial Waste-
water Treatment for Animal & Poultry
Feed" was presented by Amatzya Eyal,
Matmor, Central Feed Mill Corporation,
Doar Naa Evtach, Israel. The sewage of
the Haifa municipality is directed to a
special area and then undergoes
treatment on the methane fermentation
system. The end product consists of
organic matter which passed several
stages of fermentation and sterilization.
This product has been successfully
applied in livestock feed at the rate of
2.0-2.5% rate of inclusion. The main
problem with this product in livestock
feed is the excessively high amount of
ash (about 50%). Another product has
been successfully introduced and is
based on sludge originating from the
open oxidation ponds of Tel Aviv
municipality and passed radiation
treatment. After a range of nutritional
trials it was established that this sludge
has nutritional value and may be
successfully applied in feed for livestock
and poultry.
"Water Pollution: Industry and Govern-
ment Working Together. A Case Study
of Muncie, Indiana's Industrial Pretreat-
ment Program" was presented by John
M. Craddock, Muncie Sanitary District,
Muncie, Indiana. With new laws and
regulations being instituted on the local,
state, and federal level, the ability for
industry to remain cognizant of all new
requirements in the field of water
pollution is becoming almost impossible.
Muncie, Indiana, established as of
March 10, 1972, a Division of Water
Quality which is a testing and enforce-
ment agency. The three main functions
of the Division are testing the waste-
water treatment plant, industrial moni-
toring and control of waste being
discharged to the system, as well as the
prevention of stream pollution in this
geographic area. Since 1972 metals in
the sludge, raw, and final effluent of the
treatment plant have been reduced by
80%. This has been accomplished by a
good working relationship between the
local regulatory agency and the indus-
trial community.
"The City of Chattanooga Industrial-
Municipal Pretreatment Program" was
presented by Eugene G. Wright, George
E. Kurz, and David Summers, Depart-
ment of Public Works, Chattanooga,
Tennessee. Faced with stringent 201
grant requirements to accomplish
industrial waste control for protection of
its 50-million-dollar wastewater plant
expansion, the City of Chattanooga has
developed an innovative and compre-
hensive pretreatment program. The
goal of the strict compliance schedule in
the grant agreement is to achieve
control of industrial wastes by 1983 so
that the plant expansion scheduled to be
completed then will be able to meet its
NPDES permit conditions. The pretreat-
ment program that evolved from the
grant conditions is unique since it was
developed simultaneously with the
promulgation of EPA's General Pretreat-
ment Regulations and has been tailored
to meet the requirements of EPA's
National Pretreatment Strategy. Although
there have been larger cities that have
developed successful pretreatment
programs for plant protection, the
program developed by Chattanooga
additionally incorporated the National
Categorical Standards now being issued
by EPA and is one of the few cities to
have sufficient data to apply to EPA for
Local Removal Credits.
"Pretreatment Technology for Pesti-
cide Manufacturing Waste Effluents"
was presented by Edward C. Monnig,
Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, N.C. This project is
designed to investigate the suitability of
individual pesticide manufacturing
wastewaters for discharge to biological
treatment systems, whether public
owned treatment works (POTW) or on-
site systems. The approach taken with
each pesticide manufacturing waste-
water is hierarchical in nature, that is,
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less costly, more available methods of
treatment are investigated first. The
preferred method of treatment is
assumed to be biological treatment. If
the pesticide is judged suitable to
biological treatment based on chemical
and toxicological evaluation of the
waste before and after treatment,
additional options are not investigated.
If pesticide manufacturing wastewater
disrupts biological treatment systems,
the possibility of pretreating the waste
prior to biological treatment is investi-
gated. If pretreatment does not improve
the performance of activated sludge
systems, adsorption techniques may be
investigated.
"Los Angeles County Experience in
the Control and Treatment of Industrial
Wastewater Discharges" was pre-
sented by Leon S. Directo, Charles W.
Carry, and Jay G. Kremer, County San-
itation Districts of Los Angeles County,
Whittier, California. Because of the
highly industrialized area served by the
Los Angeles County Sanitation Dis-
tricts, the various Districts' treatment
facilities have to treat both sanitary and
industrial wastewater discharges. Al-
though combined treatment can be
mutually beneficial to both the indus-
trial and residential users, it can also re-
quire additional planning and admin-
istration to successfully operate the
sewerage system and sewage treat-
ment facilities. Thus, recognizing the
need to serve the industrial community
while at the same time meeting Federal
and State water quality goals, the
LACSD Board of Directors adopted on
April 1, 1972, an ordinance regulating
industrial wastewater discharges. This
ordinance established a number of in-
dustrial waste regulatory programs in-
cluding an industrial waste permit pro-
gram, industrial surcharges, plant in-
spections, wastewater monitoring, and
enforcement activities. The effective-
ness of the source control program in
the JOS was discussed by examining
the influent pollutant concentrations at
the Districts' Joint Water Pollution Con-
trol Plant (JWPCP).
'The Treatment of Cotton Waste in
the Mersey Basin" was presented by G.
M. Doughty, Sheffield City Polytechnic,
Sheffield, England. Severe pollution of
the River Goyt is caused by the unsatis-
factory effluent discharged from the
Whaley Bridge Effluent Treatment
Works (E.T.W.). Although the works was
extended in 1967 and receives less than
its design dry weather flow, the accept-
ance of strong liquors from the kiering
operation of a nearby cotton processor
has resulted in a gross organic overload.
After hydraulic balancing and neutraliza-
tion at the trade premises, a highly
colored liquor with a BOD of about
8,000 mg/l is sewered to the E.T.W. In
current extensions of the E.T.W. by
North West Water Authority, the1 present
biological stage of standard rate trickling
filters is to be supplemented by high-
rate filters and pure oxygen activated
sludge (UNOX). To aid dilution of the
trade effluent, two outdated down-
stream E.T.W.s are to be closed and
their process flows pumped upstream to
Whaley Bridge. A high degree of flexibil-
ity is incorporated in the design with
only the highly polluted flows passing
through all the biological stages.
"Case History of a Potato Chip
Producer Discharging to a Small Munic-
ipal Treatment System" was presented
by A. Warren Wilson, of Reid, Crowther
& Partners Limited, Con Mills, Ontario,
Canada. A technical investigation of the
impact of the wastewater discharges
from the Hostess Food Products Limited
plant in Cambridge, Ontario on the
operation of the local municipal waste-
water treatment plant was made. The
investigation included a review of
historical data, a detailed sampling and
analytical program to establish contam-
inant materials balances, andtreatability
studies on selected wastewater streams.
"Joint Treatment Design and Opera-
tion Problems with a Fine Paper Making
Wastewater" was presented by Jerry D.
Lowry, University of Maine, Orono,
Maine. This paper describes the efforts
to solve problems encountered in a joint
treatment facility located in Brewer,
Maine. The 3.0-MGD facility receives
wastewater from the city (10,000
population) and industry (fine paper
making) and has been plagued with
operational problems since its startup in
1976.
"Uniroyal Chemical's Experience of
Combined Municipal-Industrial Waste-
water Treatment at Elmira, Ontario,
Canada" was presented by Ken C.
Bradley, Uniroyal Chemical, Elmira,
Ontario, Canada. The Chemical Division
of Uniroyal Lts. produces in Elmira,
Ontario, Canada, a wide range of
organics for use in the agricultural and
rubber chemical industries. Process
wastewaters from this chemical complex
are combined with raw sewage from the
town of Elmira, Ontario, Canada, prior to
primary clarification and secondary
treatment in a joint municipal-industrial
treatment system. Changes made, and
proposed, to upgrade treatment include
modifications to the aeration system,
improved equalization, activated carbon
pretreatment, and effluent filtration.
"Industrial Compatibility with the
POTW in Tampa, Florida, through City/
Industry Cooperation" was presented
by David W. Pickard, Advanced Waste-
water Treatment Plant, Tampa, Florida.
A comprehensive industrial waste
monitoring section was started on a full
scale basis in 1973, five years before
the new AWT plant construction was
complete. The Tampa AWT plant treats
waste from a service area with a
population of 300,000 and approximately
50 key industries. Industries include
breweries, food processors, lead storage
battery manufacturing, electroplating,
and printed circuit board manufacturing.
Most pretreatment programs have
involved industrial process changes in
place of treatment plants, thus producing
little toxic residue. Pilot plants of the
AWT process selected for Tampa were
run for approximately 2 years to verify
the treatability of the wastewater by the
process of choice. Through planning
and industrial cooperation, Tampa has
maintained a combined wastewater
that is compatible with the POTW.
"Sources of Toxic Chemicals in
POTW" was presented by D. Ehreth,
U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. The purpose
of the project was to determine the
origin of, and magnitude of, the problem
of toxic substances in Publicly Owned
Works (POTW). Data sources include
results from the Monitoring and Data
Support Division (MDSD) studies of
sources of toxics in collection systems
and Effluent Guidelines Division studies
of toxics in secondary treatment plants.
These data sources relied heavily on
monitoring data to identify concentra-
tions of toxic substances from sources
and in POTW influents, sludges, and
effluents. Comparisons of these toxic
concentrations with available inhibition,
sludge use, Snd water quality criteria
and guidelines show that many toxic
pollutants are present in quantities
which could cause problems in POTW's.
"Treatment of Industrial Priority
Pollutants in POTW's" was presented
by Howard D. Feiler and Paul J. Storch,
Burns and Roe Industrial Services
Corp., Paramus, New Jersey, and
Arthur Shattuck, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
EPA has embarked on a program to
study the occurrence and fate of
priority pollutants, which encompass
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129 selected toxic organic and inorganic
pollutants, at 40 Publicly Owned
Treatment Works (POTW's). At present,
approximately 25 percent of the program
is complete. POTW's sampled have
included plants with a broad range of
industrial contributions and treatment
sequences. The data provide a basis for
evaluating pollutant removals relevant
to establishing pollutant removal credits
and possible treatment of industrial
wastes in POTW's.
"Behavior of Selected Organic Com-
pounds in Wastewater Collection and
Treatment Systems" was presented by
Albert C. Petrasek, Jr., U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The major objective of this research
effort is to evaluate the behavior of the
organic "priority pollutants" in conven-
tional wastewater collection and treat-
ment systems. The responses of specific
compounds are being studied so that it
will be possible to determine the
ultimate sink for each chemical, and
data are being collected which will
permit the quantification of the removals
of these materials in the classical unit
processes/unit operations employed in
publicly owned treatment works.
"Effect of Combined Municipal and
Industrial Treatment on Trace Substances
in POTW Effluents" was presented by
Foppe B. DeWalle and David A. Kalman,
University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, and Edward S.K. Chian,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
Georgia. The present study evaluated
the presence of priority pollutants in
sewage and sludges collected from 25
publicly owned treatment works. The
plants with sizes varying between 3.8
mgd and 276 mgd were selected to
reflect various percentages (0-73%) and
types of industrial discharge into the
sewer network. Priority pollutant analy-
sis measured volatile organics with a
purging/adsorption technique while
acid, neutral, and base organics were
obtained by methylene chloride extrac-
tion, followed by gel permeation chro-
matography and gas chromatographic
analysis using capillary columns. Identi-
fication occurred with a mass spec-
trometer interfaced with the GC.
"Flow of Metals in a Municipal Waste
Treatment System" was presented by K.
J. Yost and R. W. Wukasch, -Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana. The
Kokomo, Indiana, municipal waste
treatment system has been surveyed for
the purpose of characterizing the flow of
heavy metals from specific sources
through the collection system and
treatment plant. The survey involved
quantifying inputs of Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn
and Pb to the collection system from
commercial/industrial sources, trunkline
sampling to determine metal flows
within various segments of the collection
system, and a metals balance on the
treatment plant. The design of the
trunkline sampling program was such
that metal inputs from residential
neighborhoods could be measured.
"Heavy Metals in Municipal Waste-
water Treatment Plant Influents: An
Analysis of the Data Available from
Treatment Plants" was presented by
Mark W. Cantrell, Richard L. Church,
and Roger A. Minear, The University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; Sid-
ney A. Hannah, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio; and Roy O. Ball, Roy F. Weston,
Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania. A
study has been conducted over the last
2 years in which municipal wastewater
treatment facilities have been surveyed
to determine which plants possess data
on heavy metals concentrations in their
plant influent. A large proportion of those
plants with data have supplied these
data upon request in conjunction with
other information; flow, percent indus-
trial contribution, extent of combined
sewers, and a coarse estimate of
infiltration and inflow. Furthermore, a
large proportion of the laboratories
providing data have been visited and
evaluated in terms of a lab quality index.
"Problems with Metals in the Residue
from Combined Municipal/Industrial
Waste Treatment" was presented by H.
M. Jeffus, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas. Metals occur in
the wastewater from many industrial
processes. There are also some notable
examples of metals in wastewater from
municipal residential areas. These
metals tend to concentrate in the
residues from waste treatment. The
disposal of these residues requires
careful planning and monitoring if
adverse consequences are to be avoided
later. Metals limit biological treatment
and disposal alternatives. Alternatives
for disposal are: burial, landspreading,
incineration, and encapsulation with
subsequent burial.
Conclusions
The Conference on Combined Mu-
nicipal/Industrial Wastewater Treatment
was held March 25-27, 1980, at The
Conference Center, University of Texas
at Dallas, Richardson, Texas. Dr. Aharon
Netzer, of the University of Texas at
Dallas, was the conference General
Chairman.
Recommendations
Conferences dealing specifically with
Industrial/Municipal wastewater treat-
ment should be held on a regular
continuing basis.
The EPA author is Thomas E. Short (also the EPA Project Officer, see below)
with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK 74820.
The complete report, entitled "Proceedings of the Conference on Combined
Municipal/Industrial Wastewater Treatment, "fOrder No. PB 83-142 133; Cost:
$40.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield. VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, OK 74820
•&U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1983/659-095/580
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