United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory ,
Research Triangle Park NC 27711 /rH
Research and Development
EPA-600/S9-81-041 July 1981
Project Summary
Proceedings:
Fourth Symposium on
Fugitive Emissions:
Measurement and Control
(New Orleans, LA, May 1980)
C. S. Wibberley, Compiler
The volume of proceedings is a
compilation of 24 technical papers
presented by authors from government*
agencies, consulting and research
organizations, and industrial concerns
at the Fourth Symposium on Fugitive
Emissions: Measurement and Control
on May 28-30,1980, in New Orleans,
Louisiana.
The papers describe recent develop-
ments in the field of industrial fugitive
emissions measurement and control,
including:
• summaries.of the impact of fugi-
tive emissions on EPA regulatory
programs and of Federal Regula-
tions and Policies on particulate
matter fugitive emissions under
the Clean Air Act;
• the results of recent fugitive emis-
sions measurement programs at a
surface coal mine, petroleum
refineries, a particle board plant,
a steel-mill, a copper smelter, and
a pilot oil shale retort;
• methodologies developed for
measuring emissions from a
hazardous waste treatment facility
and a blast furnace cast house,
and for obtaining an inventory of
emissions from utility coal han-
dling operations;
• the development of an isokinetic
electrostatic particulate matter
sampler and a horizontal elutriator
for sampling particulates in the
inhalable size range;
• the development and refinement
of techniques for determining the
effects of dry ash disposal on
surface and ground waters, and
for modeling coal storage pile
runoff at utility plants;
• the application of roof-mounted
ESP's in the Japanese steel in-
dustry;
• wind-tunnel modeling to develop
a control strategy for a steel mill
coal storage pile, and to evaluate
taconite storage pile control tech-
niques; and
• developments in the application
of charged fog, road carpeting,
wind screens, and a spray charg-
ing and trapping scrubber to con-
trol particulate matter emissions.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, NC. to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).
-------
List of Abstracts of Technical
Papers (In order of
Presentation)
Overview of Fugitive Emissions
Thompson G. Pace, EPA/MDAD-RTP
Fugitive Emissions Control After
Alabama Power
David I. Brandwein, TRC-Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
Particle Production from Surf ace Mining:
Vertical Measurements
James A. Armstrong, Denver Re-
search Institute
Particle Production from Surface Mining:
Surface Paniculate and Meteorological
Measurements
David L. Deitrick, Colorado State
University
Fugitive Emissions Concerns for Coal
Storage and Handling at Utility Gener-
ating Stations
Peter W. Kalika, TRC-Environmental
Consultants, Inc.
Design, Performance Testing and Field
Operation of an Isokinetic Electrostatic
Particle Sample
Bengt Steen, Swedish Water and Air
Pollution Research Institute
Assessing Hazardous Waste Treatment
Facility Fugitive Atmospheric Emissions
Tim S. Sekulic, Fred C. Hart Asso-
ciates, Inc.
Results of Fugitive Emission Measure-
ments at Refineries and Current Activ-
ities in Petrochemical Units
Donald D. Rosebrook, Radian Cor-
poration
Evaluation of Fugitive Emissions at a
Large Wood-Products Plant
Peter D. Spawn, GCA Corporation
A Method for Measuring Fugitive Emis-
sions from Cast House Operations
James H. Geiger, Betz-Converse-
Murdoch, Inc.
Steel Mill Paniculate Characterization
and Source/Receptor Analysis
Philip A. Russell, Denver Research
Institute
Development of Horizontal Elutriators
for Sampling Inhalable Paniculate Fugi-
tive Emissions «
Kenneth M. Gushing, Southern Re-
search Institute
Techniques for Evaluating Surface and
Ground Water Effects of Dry Ash Dis-
posal
James F. Villaume, Pennsylvania
Measurement of Fugitive Emissions
from Inco's Copper Cliff Smelter Rever-
beratory Furnaces
Alan D. Church, Inco Metals Com-
pany
Control of Fugitive Emissions from Coal
Storage Piles
Avio E. Veel, The Steel Company of
Canada, Limited
Use of Roof-Monitored Type ESP's in
Iron and Steel Industries in Japan
Senichi Masuda, University of Tokyo
Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from
an In-Situ Oil Shale Retort
Gerald M. Rinaldi, Monsanto Re-
search Corporation
A Wind Tunnel Study of Fugitive Dust
from Taconite Storage Piles
Robert B. Jeko, Purdue University
Computing Design Characteristics for
Coal Pile Drainage Treatment
Pamel B. Katz, TRC-Environmental
Consultants, Inc.
Emissions and Effluents from Rail and
Truck Tankcar Cleaning
Thomas R. Blackwood, Monsanto
Corporation
A New Concept for the Control of Urban
Inhalable Particulates by the Use of
Charged Fog
John S. Kinsey, AeroVironment, Inc.
Controlled Method for Fugitive Area
Sources
Dennis J. Martin, TRC-Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
Civil Engineering Fabrics Applied to
Fugitive Dust Control Problems
Dennis C. Drehmel, EPA/IERL-RTP
Fugitive Panicle Emission Control Using
Spray Charging and Trapping Scrubber
Seymour Calvert, Air Pollution
Technology, Inc.
Introduction
The fourth in a series of symposia on
the measurement and control of indus-
trial fugitive emissions, sponsored by
the Process Measurements Branch
(PMB) of EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory at Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina, was con-
ducted in New Orleans, Louisiana, on
May 28-30, 1980.
The symposium is part of PMB's
continuing effort to develop methods for
the measurement and control of airborne
and waterborne fugitive emissions from
industrial and energy-related processes.
It was highly successful in meeting its
objective of bringing together repre-
sentatives of industrial, academic,
research, and government organizations
with experience or an interest in fugitive
emissions problems to exchange in-
formation of potential benefit to all.
Twenty-four technical papers were
presented by authors representing
government agencies, consulting and
research organizations, and industry. (
Each presentation was followed by a
short discussion period, during which
members of the audience could ask
questions of the presenter or provide
additional information from their own
experiences. Many such discussions
carried over to, or were resumed during,
coffee break or group luncheon periods.
The texts of the papers, as prepared by
each author, are included in the pro-
ceedings. Highlights of the presentations
are described in the following summary.
A more detailed abstract of each paper
is presented in the final section of this
report.
Summary of Technical Papers
Thompson Pace of EPA's Monitoring
and Data Analysis Division described
the impact of fugitive emissions on the
current EPA regulatory programs and
policies. Included were SIP revisions,
PSD, NSPS, and NESHAP. A summary
of Federal regulations and policies
applicable to fugitive particulate matter
emissions under the Clean Air Act was
presented by David Brandwein of TRC- (
Environmental Consultants, Inc.
A measurement program to assess
the air quality impact of strip coal ,
mining activities was the subject of two ]
papers. James Armstrong of the Denver
Research Institute described the use of
a tethered balloon in obtaining vertical
samples in the emissions plume. David
Dietrich of Colorado State University
described the surface sampling and
meteorological measurements made in
CSU's portion of the study.
Other authors described the results of
their recent measurement programs of
petroleum refinery valves, flanges, and
seals; a particle board plant's material
handling operations; copper smelter
reverberatory furnaces; a pilot scale in-
situ oil shale retort; and a steel mill. The
steel mill program also included labora-
tory identifications of particulate species
that could be used in source/receptor
analyses.
A method developed to sample fugitive
emissions and determine a mass emis-
sion rate from a blast furnace cast
house using a multi-point array of hi-vol
samplers was described by James
Geiger of Betz-Converse-Murdoch, Inc.
A sampling program designed to quantify
atmospheric emissions from a hazard-
ous waste treatment facility using
simultaneous surface and upwind-
downwind sampling was the subject of
the paper presented by Tim Sekulic, of
F.C. Hart Associates.
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Two specialized particulate matter
sampling devices were described. The
first was an isokinetic ambient-air or
low-temperature flue gas sampler that
uses electrostatic precipitation to col-
lect the particles. A passive directional
control that may be added to the device
for ambient sampling was included in
the description by Bengt Steen of the
Swedish Water and Air Pollution Re-
search Institute. The second was a
horizontal elutriator for sampling par-
ticulate matter in the inhalable size
range developed for EPA by the Southern
Research Institute.
A technique to determine the effects
of utility plant disposal of dry ash on
surface and ground waters through
laboratory analyses and modeling, and
the development of a modeling and
monitoring technique to characterize
the effects of storm water runoff from a
utility coal storage pile were treated in
separate presentations. Both presenters
emphasized the use of the techniques in
establishing design parameters for
control systems.
The applications of wind tunnel scale
modeling in the development of a control
strategy for a steel mill coal storage pile
and in the evaluation of water and
chemical dust suppressant sprays as
controls for taconite storage piles were
the subjects of papers by Aivo Veel of
the Steel Company of Canada and
Robert Jacko, Professor of Civil Engi-
neering at Purdue University.
EPA-sponsored developmental efforts
in the control of particulate matter
fugitive emissions were the subject of
four separate papers. These efforts
included a description of the theory of
operation of an electrostatically charged
fogger and results of its initial wind-
tunnel testing; results of wind tunnel
experiments to determine the effect of
humidity, particle size, wind speed, and
pile contour of a model material storage
pile on its emissions; results of a field
test program to evaluate the effective-
ness of road carpet in reducing emis-
sions from unpaved roads; and the
results of tests to evaluate the perform-
ance of a spray charging and trapping
scrubber in controlling emissionsfrom a
simulated industrial source.
Abstracts of Technical Papers
Overview of Fugitive Emissions
Thompson G. Pace,
EPA/MDAD-RTP
This paper discusses the impact of
fugitive emissions on the EPA regulatory
programs. Specific attention is given to
sources and impacts of particulate
matter (PM) and volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC). As background informa-
tion, the nonattainment status of the
particulate matter and ozone National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
is discussed. A national emissions
inventory which compares and contrasts
the emissions from PM and VOC is
presented. New emission measurement
methods and the impacts of these
emissions on air quality are discussed.
Several regulatory programs are
concerned with fugitive emissions.
State Implementation Plans require the
control of PM and VOC to effect compli-
ance with the NAAQS for Total Sus-
pended Particulate and ozone. Regula-
tory programs such as the Prevention of
Significant Deterioration and regulatory
policies such as the rural fugitive dust
policy and the bubble policy are cogni-
zant of fugitive emissions. The New
Source Performance Standards are
beginning to regulate fugitive emissions
and many pollutants regulated under
the National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants are included in
fugitive emissions. Each of these is
discussed.
Fugitive Emissions Control After
Alabama Power
David I. Brandwein, TRC-Envi-
ronmental Consultants, Inc.
Of the many regulatory consequences
of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments,
one of the most significant is the in-
creased attention they have generated
on the fugitive emissions problem.
Historically, EPA's implementation of
the Clean Air Act has focused on emis-
sions from new automobiles and indus-
trial installations. With respect to non-
mobile sources of particulate matter,
regulations have been directed primarily
at limiting the opacity and mass loading
of smokestack emissions from incinera-
tors, fossil fuel-fired boilers, and major
process industries. Non-stack particulate
controls have traditionally been applied
only to open burning and mineral ex-
traction operations.
Recent studies indicate that tradi-
tional stack-oriented control strategies
for particulate matter are insufficient by
themsleves to achieve the ambitious air
quality goals of the Clean Air Act.
Control of industrial fugitive emissions
and nontraditional sources of fugitive
dust will therefore be an essential
ingredient in future control strategies
for particulate matter. Control of new,
and possibly existing, fugitive emissions
sources will also be required in order to
comply with EPA's regulations on Pre-
vention of Significant Deterioration
(PSD). This paper attempts to summarize
the federal regulations and policies
applicable to fugitive particulate matter
sources under the Clean Air Act. Perti-
nent provisions of EPA's regulations
and guidelines for nonattainment and
PSD areas are discussed within the
context of the EPA Fugitive Dust Policy.
Particular emphasis is given to discuss-
ing the impact of the recent Alabama
Power decision and the significance of
EPA's development of an ambient air
quality standard for inhalable particulate
matter.
Particle Production from
Surface Mining: Vertical
Measurements
James A. Armstrong, Denver
Research Institute
An investigation of the vertical extent
and downwind transport of fugitivedust
plumes resulting from various opera-
tions at a surface coal mine was con-
ducted using a tethered balloon sampling
system. This EPA-sponsored field study
took place concurrently with a Bureau of
Land Management-sponsored field
program conducted by the USDA's
Forest Service and Colorado State
University to assess the overall air
quality impact of strip mine activities on
the surrounding environment.
A balloon was used to carry aloftthree
lightweight wind directional particle
samplers. One sampler was attached
directly to the balloon; the other two
were attached to the tetherline at
selected distances from the balloon.
This arrangement allowed for the simul-
taneous collection of dust samples at
three heights above the ground at
various downwind distances from the
mine operation. A fourth sampler was
located near the balloon launch site to
monitor ground level concentrations.
Dust samples were collected on Nucle-
pore and Millipore filter substrates
which were analyzed by optical and
scanning electron microscopy.
The size distribution, concentration
and composition versus height of the
collected dust samples are presented.
Time lapse movies of mining activities at
the test site during tethered balloon
sampling are also discussed.
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Particle Production from
Surface Mining: Surface
Paniculate and Meteorological
Measurements
David L. Dietrick, Colorado State
University
Results from a field study to determine
the amount of paniculate produced by
surface mining activities are presented.
These results include: (a) patterns of dry
deposition collected on a novel simulated
grass surface over a regularly spaced
grid of 120 points; (b) suspended panic-
ulate collected at two points using
Anderson heads on high volume sam-
plers; (c) suspended particulate col-
lected on various filter materials using a
number of innovative low volume sam-
plers; (d) turbulence measured at 1, 3
and 15 meters above the surface by Gill
u, v, w anemometers; (e) wind, tempera-
ture, and humidity profiles up to 450 m
on a three times per day basis; and (f)
acoustic sounder records among others.
Preliminary results show 24-hour
average ambient air particle concentra-
tions on the order of 400-700 fjg/m3
with greater than 50% below 7 //m in
size.
In addition to on-site measurements,
an attempt was made to quantify the
impacts of surface mining on ambient
particulate levels. An integrating neph-
elometer and a contrast telephotometer
were operated from a location some 10
to 12 km distant from the mine site.
Estimates of the total particulate pro-
duction from the mine are made by a
combination of modeling and off-site
measurements.
Fugitive Emissions Concerns
for Coal Storage and Handling
at Utility Generating Stations
Peter W. Kalika, TRC - Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
This paper discusses the potential
impact on utility operations of fugitive
particulate matter emissions from coal
storage and handling. It is based primar-
ily on a study completed by TRC for a
large utility.
Utilities seeking to convert to coal
firing or preparing to reactivate older
coal systems will be faced with a number
of questions, including:
• What are the probable magnitudes
of the fugitive emission?
• What types of fugitive emission
control systems are available?
• What modeling techniques are
available to assess the impact on
air quality of fugitive emissions?
• What are the design characteristics
of various types of coal handling
components with respect to fugitive
emission potential?
• What are the ramifications of fugi-
tive emissions control with respect
to BACT and LAER under the Clean
Air Act?
In developing a fugitive emissions
inventory and applying the findings to
decisions regarding the feasibility of
resuming coal firing, the utility and TRC
found it necessary to formulate answers
to the foregoing questions. The paper
presents discussions related to each of
these questions, with the objective of
providing a general guideline to the
utility managers who must address
these problems.
Design, Performance Testing
and Field Operation of an
Isokinetic Electrostatic Particle
Sample
Bengt Steen, Swedish Water and
Air Pollution Research Institute
An isokinetic particle sampler for
ambient air and low temperature flue
gases was built. The sample flow is
generated from the ki netic energy of the
wind or flue gas. Isokinetic conditions
are maintained by balancing the driving
forces—the dynamic pressure and an
enhanced static pressure—against the
friction losses in the sampler. The
particles in the sample are collected by
means of electrostatic precipitation.
When used in ambient air, a wind vane
and an opening mechanism may be
added so that particles are sampled only
within a certain sector. The sampler
was tested in a wind tunnel and the
results compared with those from con-
ventional measurements. The results
normally agree within 10%. The flow
rate in the nozzle and outside the
sampler was found to agree within a
few percent in the entire velocity range
that was investigated; 0.5-25 m/s.
The sampler was used for field mea-
surements in roof ventilators above
electric arc steel furnaces and around a
stock yard of a smelter to determine its
fugitive emissions. In the latter case, 1 -
month samples were taken for a period
of 1 year.
Sampling strategy for fugitive emis-
sions involves placing several samplers
in the middle of imaginary border sur-
faces round the source, and pointing (
each sampler toward the source. Sim-
plified measurements and evaluation
procedures are described for ideal point
sources, line sources, and surface
sources.
Assessing Hazardous Waste
Treatment Facility Fugitive
Atmospheric Emissions
Tim S. Sekulic, Fred C. Hart
Associates, Inc.
A program of sampling and analysis
for the identification and quantification
of atmospheric emissions and the devel-
opment of emission factors for all
aqueous waste storage, treatment, and
disposal processes at a hazardous
waste management facility has been
developed. Samples for atmospheric
emission characterization will be obtained
via at least two complementary meth-
odologies, wherever possible, as follows.
At the facility's aqueous waste receiving
and physical/chemical treatment la-
goons, composite liquid samples will be |
obtained for equilibrium vapor analyses,
and in-situ surface sampling, using an
enclosure technique, will be performed.
At the aerated biological oxidation \
ponds, these methods will be supple-
mented by an emission profiling method.
The organic vapor content of all air
samples will be analyzed with a Century
Systems Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA)
with a self-contained gas chromatog-
raphic/flame ionization detector system.
Initially, OVA analyses will be duplicated
using a laboratory gas chromatograph/
mass spectrometer for verification and
calibration of results. Additionally,
impinger absorption samples will be
collected for the determination of am-
monia, amine, and acidic vapor emission
rates.
Measured pond and lagoon emission
rates will be used to develop emission
factors (mass emission rate per unit of
surface area), and mass transfer coeffi-
cients will be determined for a theoret-
ical emission rate expression which has
been developed. Further, sampling
results will be used to identify potentially
troublesome (e.g., toxic or odorous)
emissions from any process. A meteoro-
logical monitoring station is also being
installed for correlation of meteorologi-
cal conditions to sampling results and
for future analysis and prediction of
atmospheric emission problems.
Sampling results are not yet available
for discussion; therefore, concentration
-------
s given to the details of the planned
sampling and analytical program and
the computation methodology, for char-
acterizing the facility's waste treatment
pond and lagoon emissions.
Results of Fugitive Emission
Measurements at Refineries
and Current Activities in Petro-
chemical Units
Donald D. Rosebrook, Radian
Corporation
Final results of fugitive emissions
monitoring in petroleum refineries are
presented as a series of emission factors
for valves, flanges, pump seals, com-
pressor seals, relief valves, and drains.
The emission factors appear to be
dependent on the type of service in the
line, consequently the emission factors
have been developed for gas/vapor,
light liquid, and heavy liquid service. No
dependency on temperature, pressure,
or line size was noted. Extensive quality
control data allowed the calculation of
jonfidence intervals for all emission
.actors. Correlations between a hydro-
carbon "sniffer" value and measured
mass emissions rates in pounds per
lour are given.
Currently EPA is sponsoring studies
in the synthetic organic chemicals
manufacturing industry. The current
program includes both screening and
sampling selected valves and pumps
and screening all "baggable" sources in
a variety of chemical manufacturing
units. The screening studies are being
conducted by four separate EPA con-
tractors, Radian, PEDCo, TRW, and
Acurex, with Radian doing all data
reduction. Screening data for target
chemicals are being obtained from at
least two different sites if possible.
Sampling data are being obtained for
three chemicals at two sites each.
Correlations between the hydrocarbon
"sniffer" value and the mass emission
rate are being developed. Studies of the
effect of maintenance on leak rate for
valves are also being conducted. Hydro-
carbon sniffer response factors are
being developed for over 100 chemicals
with respect to known concentrations of
methane.
Evaluation of Fugitive Emis-
sions at a Large Wood-Products
Plant
Peter D. Spawn, GCA Corporation
This paper discusses the methodology
nd results of a study which directly
sampled fugitive particulate emissions
from material handling operations at a
large Northwestern particle board plant.
Previous studies had indicated that
fugitive particulate emissions may be
primarily responsible for severe viola-
tions of ambient TSP standards which
were recorded in the local neighborhood.
The study determined the contribution
of fugitive emissions to ambient TSP
levels and also investigated fugitive
emission control techniques applicable
to the process.
Major sources of fugitive emission
from the process were large open door-
ways in several material storage and
handling buildings. Emissions from
these buildings were directly sampled
during a 2 week field program. Replicate
samples were collected by traversing
the open doorways with a specially
designed sampling device similar to a
Rader probe. Both total particulate and
fine (less than 10/um) particulate emis-
sion rates were determined for a variety
of process operations.
Concurrent with direct sampling of
fugitive sources, upwind/downwind hi-
volume air sampling was conducted
outside of plant boundaries. Wind actu-
ated units operating adjacent to contin-
uous 24-hour hi-vol units enabled
estimates to be made of ambient air
quality and also the overall plant con-
tribution to ambient TSP.
Results of the study provided emission
rate estimates for fugitive particulate
sources on an annual and hourly basis,
including emission rates for various
modes of process operation. Control
technology applicable to the large mate-
rial handling buildings was identified
and their effectiveness assessed. Con-
trol approaches for numerous minor
sources of fugitive emissions were also
developed.
A Method for Measuring Fugi-
tive Emissions from Cast House
Operations
James H. Geiger, Betz-Converse-
Murdoch, Inc.
An attempt to measure fugitive emis-
sions from blast furnace cast house
operations presented a variety of
problems. A method was developed to
determine a mass emission rate. The
method utilizes high volume samplers
placed in a multipoint array at which
temperature and velocity measurements
are also made. The reasoning behind
the method is discussed and the method
is compared to other state-of-the-art
methods relating to fugitive emission
measurements. Results indicate that
the method is a reasonably accurate
way of determining mass emission rates
from cast house operations. The rela-
tionships between emissions, process
conditions, and opacity observations
were investigated. Certain factors which
affect the emission measurements are
identified.
A number of measurement programs
are discussed and, although the basic
equipment has remained the same, the
methodology has undergone revision.
The method is currently being used in
an ongoing program of quantifying
emissions from cast houses and is
continually undergoing refinement.
Steel Mill Particulate Charac-
terization and Source/Recep-
tor Analysis
Philip A. Russell, Denver Re-
search Institute
This study (1) characterized particu-
late emissions from fugitive sources
within a steel mill to determine their
potential to be utilized as relatively
unique environmental indicators, and
(2) determined their relative presence
and quantity in the ambient environment
within a region near the plant. Analyses
were made using scanning electron
microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (SEM/EOS) and transmis-
sion electron microscopy/selected area
electron diffraction (TEM/SAED). Distinct
species of participates were identified
which could be useful in source/recep-
tor analyses. These include carbon
particles produced during coking, open
hearth, and blast furnace operations;
iron spheres produced during blast
furnace and open hearth operations;
angular Fe and Fe-rich particulates
produced during sintering plant opera-
tion; potassium/sulfur-rich particle
type only in the slag flush and slag tap
sections of the blast furnace; and en-
capsulated iron particles produced by
door leaks after slag charging. Examina-
tion of ambient samples further demon-
strated that the carbonaceous particles
and iron spheres produced by the steel
mill were the best environmental indi-
cators in the vicinity of the steel mill
itself.
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Development of Horizontal
Elutriators for Sampling Inha-
lable Particulate Fugitive Emis-
sions
Kenneth M. Gushing, Southern
Reasearch Institute
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency is required, under the amended
Clean Air Act of 1977, to review the
scientific basis for the total suspended
particulate ambient air quality standard
and determine whether a revised parti-
culate standard can be promulgated by
December 1980. It has been recom-
mended that research to develop infor-
mation for a size-specific standard
should focus on inhalable particulate
matter, defined as airborne particles
<15/u aerodynamic diameter. This parti-
cle size range relates to that fraction of
particulate matter which can primarily
deposit in the conducting airways and
the gas exchange areas of the human
respiratory system during mouth
breathing.
This paper addresses the efforts of
Southern Research Institute under con-
tract to EPA/IERL-RTP to experimental-
ly apply horizontal elutriation to specific
methods for sampling instack, ambient,
and fugitive inhalable particulate emis-
sions. Theoretical and experimental
data are shown. Results of the applica-
tion of horizontal elutriation for the
initial collection stage of the Fugitive
Assessment Sampling Train developed
by TRC-Environmental Consultants are
presented.
Techniques for Evaluating Sur-
face and Ground Water Effects
of Dry Ash Disposal
James F. Villaume, Pennsylvania
Power and Light Company
Utilities are finding it necessary to
switch to dry fly ash handling to minimize
water quality irrlpacts. At the same time,
regulations regarding solid waste dis-
posal are becoming increasingly more
stringent. In switching from a wet
sluiced system to dry ash disposal at the
Montour Steam Electric Station, Penn-
sylvania Power and Light Company
required data as to the surface and
ground water effects of ash disposal for
both design and permit purposes. To
provide these, a study program of labora-
tory testing and computer modeling was
conducted in conjunction with a detailed
site investigation.
Three types of laboratory testing were
involved. They included an extraction
leachate test to assess ash variability; a
serial batchwise extraction test to
determine ash leachate quality and
potential ground water effects; and a
runoff simulation. To determine runoff
quality the simulation results were then
used as input into a modified version of
EPA's SSWMM computer model.
The paper discusses the testing tech-
niques and describes how the program
results were incorporated into the
disposal site design and plan of operations
Measurement of Fugitive
Emissions from Inco's Copper
Cliff Smelter Reverberatory
Furnaces
Alan D. Church, Inco Metals
Company
The Copper Cliff Smelter of Inco
Metals Company, a major primary nickel
and copper producer, is located in
Ontario, Canada. The essential process-
ing equipment consists of Multi-Hearth
Roasters (—30), Reverberatory Furnaces
(6), an Oxygen Flash Furnace, and
Pierce-Smith Converters (18). A com-
prehensive program to measure fugitive
emission of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric
acid, and particulates from the smelter
is being undertaken. This paper describes
the reverberatory furnace section of this
program.
Total fugitive emissions of sulphur
dioxide, particulates, and sulphuric acid
from the reverb furnaces were measured
as 15.2,0.19, and 0.12 kg/mg of besse-
mer matte equivalent, respectively.
Nearly 70% of the emissions occur
during matte tapping. Slag skimming
and furnace "puffing" contribute 20%
and 3%, respectively. Total fugitive
sulphur dioxide emissions were found
to be equal to those being emitted by all
the converters (previously measured).
However, most of the fugitive gas
—90%) was captured at source by hood
systems before release to atmosphere
at roof level.
Control of Fugitive Emissions
from Coal Storage Piles
Avio E. Veel, The Steel Company
of Canada, Limited
The Steel Company of Canada is a
fully integrated steel producer with its
primary steelmaking facilities located in
Hamilton, Ontario. The basic end of this
operation consists of four coke batter-
ies, four blast furnaces, one OH shop,"
and one BOF shop.
During the period of December to
March when the Great Lakes and the St.
Lawrence Seaway are ice bound, ship-
ping of raw materials is curtailed and
both iron ore pellets and coal must be
stockpiled to allow for continuous oper-
ations. At any one time approximately
83 acres of land is covered by up to
seven distinct coals or coal blends.
Because the percent age of fines can be
as high as 15 percent, coal dust particle
movement by the wind can be severe.
MHTR Engineering was retained to
examine the situation and to recommend
measures to alleviate the existing con-
ditions. This study was based on con-
structing models of the site and testing
them in a wind simulator to determine
the problem areas and to test the reme-
dial solutions.
The study indicated that orientation
and shaping of the coal piles were key
factors in controlling the turbulence
which resulted in particle movement.
Suggested solutions which have been <
implemented have significantly reduced
the problems associated with storage of
coal in open sites.
Use of Roof Mounted Type*
ESP's in Iron and Steel Indus-
tries in Japan
Senichi Masuda, University of
Tokyo
About 20 units of the roof-mounted
type ESP's have been manufactured in
Japan. Most of them are in use in the
iron and steel industries for controlling
fugitive emissions from blast furnaces,
BOF's, electric furnaces, etc. Most of
these ESP's are equipped with water
irrigated conductive plastic plates as the
collecting electrodes, while some of
them are dry. The results obtained so far
have been extremely successful when
suitable precautions are taken for tight-
ening of emission sources and well
designed duct systems are used. The
construction of the roof-mounted ESP's
is described and the operation problems
are presented.
Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emis-
sions from an In-Situ Oil Shale
Retort
Gerald M. Rinaldi, Monsanto
Research Corporation
Oil shale has been recognized as a
potentially substantial energy resource
in the United States for more than a
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century. An emerging technology for
shale oil production is in-situ proces-
sing, in which the shale bed is hydraul-
ics I ly or explosively fractured and retort-
ing is carried out underground. In order
to assess potential environmental im-
pacts from in-situ processing, data were
collected on fugitive emissions from a
pilot-scale retort producing 30 barrels of
crude shale oil daily. Fugitive gas seep-
age through the retort surface and from
around instrumentation well casings
was measured using a specially designed
sampling system in conjunction with
gas chromatographic and Orsat analysis
Total hydrocarbons, Ci through C6
hydrocarbon fractions, and carbon mon-
oxide were quantified in the fugitive
emission samples. Normalized fugitive
hydrocarbon emission rates due to
seepage through the overburden ranged
from 0.2 to 18 g/m2/hr, with an aver-
age of 5.5 g/m2/hr. The total hydrocar-
bon emission rate due to ground seepage
was calculated to be 5.7 kg/hr, using
the retort surface area of 1,043 m ,
fugitive hydrocarbon emissions due to
leakage around well casings amounted
to an additional 0.3 kg/hr.
A Wind Tunnel Study of Fugitive
Dust from Taconite Storage
Piles
Robert B. Jeko, Purdue University
A comparative wind tunnel study of
the fugitive emissions from a taconite
pellet test surface conducted at Purdue
University indicates that one of the
three commercially available dust sup-
pressing agents tested at a dilution ratio
of 1 to 1000 was 33% more effective
than the least effective agent. Water
only was also found to be as effective as
the dust suppressing agents. However,
water and dust suppressing agents
resulted in 3 times higher particulate
emissions than those of a dry pile. Both
dry and wet transient tests elucidated
the nature of the particulate release. For
the wetted pellets, subsurface drying
appears to "mobilize" interstitial and
surface pellet material which results in
a higher release rate of particulate
matter in time as compared to a dry
pellet.
Computing Design Character-
istics for Coal Pile Drainage
Treatment
Pamela B. Katz, TRC-Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
Under Section 304(e) of the Clean
Water Act, the U.S. EPA is developing a
program of Best Management Practices
(BMP's) for control of toxic and hazard-
ous discharges from ancillary industrial
sources. These sources include plant-
site runoff, spills and leakage, sludge or
waste disposal, and raw-material drain-
age.
For many electric utilities, BMP means
evaluating coal storage piles with re-
gard to the quantity and quality of storm
related and dry weather drainage. Coal
pile drainage is usually characterized as
acidic with concentrations of trace
metals, iron, sulfur, and solids.
TRC is developing a mathematical
model to simulate coal pile drainage for
the design of appropriate treatment
systems. The model will allow for the
consideration of various antecedent
meteorological conditions including
rain and snow precipitation, freeze/thaw
phenomena, and air temperature. Other
hydrologic phenomena the model will
evluate are: pile runoff, snowmelt,
percolation, infiltration into ground
water, and evaporation.
The model will also simulate coal pile
runoff quality. Components included
are framboidal pyrite oxidation, acid
production, and the subsequent release
of trace metals.
TRC will discuss how its model is one
available method to characterize coal
pile runoff under varying meteorological
conditions. TRC is currently developing
an extensive field program at a number
of utilities to calibrate and verify the
model.
Emissions and Effluents from
Rail and Truck Tankcar Cleaning
Thomas R. Blackwood, Monsanto
Corporation
As many as 700 different commodities
are handled by rail or truck tank cars.
Approximately 37,000 railcars and
5,000,000 tanktrucks are cleaned each
year by industry and service companies.
Air emissions of hydrocarbons can be as
high as 2.4 kg for tankcars and 310 g for
tanktrucks. Viscosity and volatility are
the primary influencing factors on
emissions.
If untreated, cleaning solutions from
this process could exceed 2,500 metric
tons/year of oil and grease in the
wastewater. Hydrocarbon emissions to
the air could also exceed 620 metric
tons/year or about 0.0022% of U.S.
emissions. Practical and economically
feasible control for air emissions does
not exist except for combustible gases
and water-soluble vapors. State-of-the-
art technology for wastewater effluents
does exist but the effectiveness is
widely variable and is very expensive.
This report describes the state-of-the-
art practice in mobile tank cleaning.
Composition, estimated quantities, and
rate of emissions and pollutants are
described along with control methods
and costs.
A New Concept for the Control
of Urban Inhalable Particulates
by the Use of Charged Fog
John S. Kinsey, AeroVironment,
Inc.
This paper is directed to those scien-
tists and engineers concerned with the
control of fugitive particulates in the
inhalable size range «15/um)from non-
traditional sources in the urban envi-
ronment. A new type of electrostatically
augmented spray nozzle (fogger) is
described which is intended to achieve a
target control efficiency of 90% for
inhalable particulates. The theory of
operation is explained, along with a
physical model for predicting the control
efficiency of the fogger. Results of pre-
liminary wind tunnel tests are presented
showing the degree of control actually
achieved by the fogger for various oper-
ating modes. Finally, plans for additional
modifications to the fogger are discussed
which incorporate the information
gained from preliminary testing in the
wind tunnel.
Control Method for Fugitive
Area Sources
Dennis J. Martin, TRC - Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
The prime control techniques for
fugitive area sources are water sprays,
enclosures, wind screens, and chemical
stabilizers. A review of the literature
indicated that while cost data were
readily available for these methods,
estimates of their efficiencies were not
supportable from the given data. None-
theless, future work on wind screens
and chemical stabilizers appears war-
ranted. An ongoing field study of a wind
screen made of a synthetic material
indicates that efficiencies of over 60
percent should be obtainable at a rea-
sonable cost when applied to storage
piles.
US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1961 -757-01Z/7Z70
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Civil Engineering Fabrics
Applied to Fugitive Dust
Control Problems
Dennis C. Drehmel, EPA/IERL-
RTP
Civil engineering fabrics are in com-
mon use for a number of purposes
including: 1) ground stabilization; 2)
subsurface drainage; 3) railroad con-
struction and maintenance; 4)sediment
control; and 5) erosion control. Fabrics
are available from Celanese, DuPont,
Monsanto, and Philips Fibers under the
trade names of Typar, Bidim, Supac, and
Mirafi. Use of these fabrics for air
pollution control is a recent develop-
ment and the subject of recent and
future field tests.
Reduction of emissions from unpaved
roads is achieved by covering the road
first with the fabric and then with coarse
aggregate. Unpaved parking lots, in-
active piles, and construction sites
could be controlled in the same way.
During tests in November 1979 on an
unpaved road constructed with Bidim,
the average reduction in TSP was 58%
and in inhalable particle concentrations
was 46%. More tests are planned at
both eastern and western sites in the
spring of 1980 and a year-long monitor-
ing at a western site will begin in the
summer of 1980.
C. S. Wibberleyis with TRC—Environmental Consultants. Inc., Wethersfield, CT
06109.
D. Bruce Harris is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Proceedings: Fourth Symposium on Fugitive
Emissions: Measurement and Control (New Orleans. LA, May 1980),"
(Order No. PB 81-174 393; Cost: $32.00, subject to change) will be available
only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield. VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Postage and
Fees Paid
Environmental
Protection
Agency
EPA 335
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
IL
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