United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
 Industrial Environmental Research
 Laboratory                  ,
 Research Triangle Park NC 27711   /rH
Research and Development
 EPA-600/S9-81-041  July 1981
Project Summary
Proceedings:
Fourth Symposium  on
Fugitive  Emissions:
Measurement and  Control
(New  Orleans,  LA, May 1980)
C. S. Wibberley, Compiler
 The volume of proceedings is a
compilation of 24 technical papers
presented by authors from government*
agencies, consulting and research
organizations, and industrial concerns
at the Fourth Symposium on Fugitive
Emissions: Measurement and Control
on May 28-30,1980, in New Orleans,
Louisiana.
 The papers describe recent develop-
ments in the field of industrial fugitive
emissions measurement and control,
including:
 • summaries.of the impact of fugi-
   tive emissions on EPA regulatory
   programs and of Federal Regula-
   tions and Policies on particulate
   matter fugitive emissions under
   the Clean Air Act;
 • the results of recent fugitive emis-
   sions measurement programs at a
   surface coal mine, petroleum
   refineries, a particle board plant,
   a steel-mill, a copper smelter, and
   a pilot oil shale retort;
 • methodologies developed for
   measuring emissions   from  a
   hazardous waste treatment facility
   and a blast furnace cast house,
   and for obtaining an inventory of
   emissions from utility  coal han-
   dling operations;
  • the development of an isokinetic
   electrostatic particulate matter
   sampler and a horizontal elutriator
   for sampling particulates in the
   inhalable size range;
  • the development and refinement
   of techniques for determining the
   effects of dry ash disposal on
   surface and ground waters, and
   for modeling coal storage pile
   runoff at utility plants;
  • the application of  roof-mounted
   ESP's in the Japanese steel in-
   dustry;
  • wind-tunnel modeling to develop
   a control strategy for a steel mill
   coal storage pile, and to evaluate
   taconite storage pile control tech-
   niques; and
  • developments in the  application
   of charged fog, road carpeting,
   wind screens, and a spray charg-
   ing and trapping scrubber to con-
   trol particulate matter emissions.
  This Project Summary  was devel-
oped  by  EPA's Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory. Research
Triangle Park, NC. to announce key
findings of the research project that is
fully documented in a separate report
of the same title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).

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List of Abstracts of Technical
Papers (In order of
Presentation)


Overview of Fugitive Emissions
    Thompson G. Pace, EPA/MDAD-RTP
Fugitive Emissions Control After
Alabama Power
    David  I. Brandwein, TRC-Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
Particle Production from Surf ace Mining:
Vertical Measurements
    James A. Armstrong, Denver Re-
    search Institute
Particle Production from Surface Mining:
Surface Paniculate and Meteorological
Measurements
    David L. Deitrick,  Colorado State
    University
Fugitive Emissions Concerns for Coal
Storage and Handling at Utility Gener-
ating Stations
    Peter W. Kalika, TRC-Environmental
    Consultants, Inc.
Design,  Performance Testing and Field
Operation  of an Isokinetic Electrostatic
Particle  Sample
    Bengt  Steen, Swedish Water and Air
    Pollution Research Institute
Assessing Hazardous Waste Treatment
Facility Fugitive Atmospheric Emissions
    Tim S. Sekulic, Fred C. Hart Asso-
    ciates, Inc.
Results  of Fugitive  Emission Measure-
ments at Refineries and Current Activ-
ities in Petrochemical Units
    Donald D.  Rosebrook, Radian Cor-
    poration
Evaluation of Fugitive Emissions at a
Large Wood-Products Plant
    Peter  D. Spawn, GCA Corporation
A Method  for Measuring Fugitive Emis-
sions from Cast House Operations
    James H. Geiger, Betz-Converse-
    Murdoch, Inc.
Steel Mill Paniculate Characterization
and Source/Receptor Analysis
    Philip A. Russell, Denver Research
    Institute
Development of Horizontal Elutriators
for Sampling Inhalable Paniculate Fugi-
tive Emissions «
    Kenneth M. Gushing, Southern Re-
    search Institute
Techniques for Evaluating Surface and
Ground Water Effects of Dry Ash Dis-
posal
    James F. Villaume, Pennsylvania
Measurement of Fugitive Emissions
from Inco's Copper Cliff Smelter Rever-
beratory Furnaces
    Alan D. Church, Inco  Metals Com-
     pany
Control of Fugitive Emissions from Coal
Storage Piles
    Avio E. Veel, The Steel Company of
    Canada, Limited
Use of Roof-Monitored Type ESP's in
Iron and Steel Industries in Japan
    Senichi Masuda, University of Tokyo
Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from
an In-Situ Oil Shale Retort
    Gerald M. Rinaldi, Monsanto Re-
    search Corporation
A Wind Tunnel Study of Fugitive Dust
from Taconite Storage Piles
    Robert B. Jeko, Purdue University
Computing Design  Characteristics for
Coal Pile Drainage Treatment
    Pamel B. Katz, TRC-Environmental
    Consultants, Inc.
Emissions and Effluents from Rail and
Truck Tankcar Cleaning
    Thomas R. Blackwood, Monsanto
    Corporation
A New Concept for the Control of Urban
Inhalable  Particulates by the Use of
Charged Fog
    John S. Kinsey, AeroVironment, Inc.
Controlled Method for Fugitive Area
Sources
    Dennis J. Martin, TRC-Environ-
    mental Consultants, Inc.
Civil Engineering Fabrics Applied to
Fugitive Dust Control Problems
    Dennis C. Drehmel, EPA/IERL-RTP
Fugitive Panicle Emission Control Using
Spray Charging and Trapping Scrubber
    Seymour  Calvert,  Air  Pollution
    Technology, Inc.


Introduction
  The fourth in a series of symposia on
the measurement and control of indus-
trial fugitive emissions, sponsored by
the  Process  Measurements  Branch
(PMB) of EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research  Laboratory at Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina, was con-
ducted in  New Orleans, Louisiana, on
May 28-30, 1980.
  The symposium is  part  of PMB's
continuing effort to develop methods for
the measurement and control of airborne
and waterborne fugitive emissions from
industrial and energy-related processes.
It was highly successful in meeting its
objective of bringing together repre-
sentatives  of  industrial,   academic,
research, and government organizations
with experience or an interest in fugitive
emissions problems to exchange in-
formation of potential benefit to all.
  Twenty-four technical papers were
presented by authors representing
government agencies, consulting and
research organizations, and industry. (
Each presentation was followed by a
short discussion period, during which
members of the audience  could ask
questions of the presenter or provide
additional information from  their own
experiences. Many such  discussions
carried over to, or were resumed during,
coffee break or group luncheon periods.
  The texts of the papers, as prepared by
each author, are included in the pro-
ceedings. Highlights of the presentations
are described in the following summary.
A more detailed abstract of each paper
is presented in the final section of this
report.

Summary of Technical Papers
  Thompson Pace of EPA's Monitoring
and Data Analysis Division described
the impact of fugitive emissions on the
current EPA regulatory programs and
policies.  Included were SIP revisions,
PSD, NSPS, and NESHAP. A summary
of Federal regulations and policies
applicable to fugitive particulate matter
emissions under the Clean Air Act was
presented by David Brandwein of TRC- (
Environmental Consultants,  Inc.
  A measurement program to assess
the air quality  impact of  strip coal  ,
mining activities was the subject of two ]
papers. James Armstrong of the Denver
Research Institute described the use of
a tethered balloon in obtaining vertical
samples in the emissions plume. David
Dietrich  of Colorado State University
described the  surface sampling and
meteorological measurements made in
CSU's portion of the study.
  Other authors described the results of
their recent measurement programs of
petroleum refinery valves, flanges, and
seals; a particle board plant's material
handling operations;  copper smelter
reverberatory furnaces; a pilot scale in-
situ oil shale retort; and a steel mill. The
steel mill program also included labora-
tory identifications of particulate species
that could be used in  source/receptor
analyses.
  A method developed to sample fugitive
emissions and determine a mass emis-
sion rate from a blast furnace cast
house using a multi-point array of hi-vol
samplers was  described by James
Geiger of Betz-Converse-Murdoch, Inc.
A sampling program designed to quantify
atmospheric emissions from a hazard-
ous waste treatment facility using
simultaneous surface and upwind-
downwind sampling was the subject of
the paper presented by Tim  Sekulic, of
F.C. Hart  Associates.

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  Two specialized particulate matter
sampling devices were described. The
first was an isokinetic ambient-air or
low-temperature flue gas sampler that
uses electrostatic precipitation to col-
lect the particles. A passive directional
control that may be added to the device
for ambient sampling was  included in
the description  by  Bengt Steen of the
Swedish Water and Air Pollution Re-
search  Institute. The second was a
horizontal elutriator for sampling par-
ticulate  matter  in the inhalable size
range developed for EPA by the Southern
Research Institute.
  A technique to determine the effects
of utility plant disposal of  dry ash  on
surface and ground waters through
laboratory analyses and modeling, and
the development  of a modeling and
monitoring technique to characterize
the effects of storm water runoff from a
utility coal storage pile were treated in
separate presentations. Both presenters
emphasized the  use of the techniques in
establishing design parameters for
control systems.
  The applications of wind tunnel scale
modeling in the development of a control
strategy for a steel mill coal storage pile
and in  the evaluation of water and
chemical dust suppressant sprays as
controls for taconite storage piles were
the subjects of  papers by Aivo Veel of
the  Steel Company of Canada and
Robert Jacko, Professor of Civil Engi-
neering at Purdue University.
  EPA-sponsored developmental efforts
in the control  of  particulate matter
fugitive  emissions  were the subject of
four separate  papers. These efforts
included a description of the theory of
operation of an electrostatically charged
fogger and results of its initial wind-
tunnel testing;  results of wind tunnel
experiments to  determine the effect of
humidity, particle size, wind speed, and
pile contour of a model material storage
pile on its emissions; results of a field
test program to evaluate the  effective-
ness of road carpet in reducing emis-
sions from unpaved roads; and the
results of tests to evaluate the perform-
ance of a spray charging and trapping
scrubber in controlling emissionsfrom a
simulated industrial source.
Abstracts of  Technical Papers

Overview of Fugitive Emissions
Thompson G. Pace,
EPA/MDAD-RTP
  This paper  discusses the impact of
fugitive emissions on the EPA regulatory
 programs. Specific attention is given to
 sources and impacts of particulate
 matter (PM) and volatile organic com-
 pounds (VOC). As background informa-
 tion, the nonattainment status of the
 particulate matter and ozone National
 Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
 is  discussed.  A national  emissions
 inventory which compares and contrasts
 the emissions from PM and VOC is
 presented. New emission measurement
 methods  and the impacts  of these
 emissions on air quality are discussed.
  Several regulatory programs are
 concerned with  fugitive emissions.
 State Implementation Plans require the
 control of  PM and VOC to effect compli-
 ance with the NAAQS for Total Sus-
 pended Particulate and ozone. Regula-
 tory programs such as the Prevention of
 Significant Deterioration and regulatory
 policies such as the rural fugitive dust
 policy and the bubble policy are cogni-
 zant of fugitive  emissions. The  New
 Source Performance Standards are
 beginning to regulate fugitive emissions
 and many pollutants regulated under
 the National Emissions Standards for
 Hazardous Air Pollutants are included in
 fugitive emissions.  Each of these is
 discussed.

Fugitive Emissions Control After
Alabama Power

David I. Brandwein, TRC-Envi-
ronmental Consultants, Inc.
  Of the many regulatory consequences
of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments,
one of the most significant is  the in-
creased attention  they have generated
on  the fugitive  emissions problem.
Historically, EPA's implementation of
the Clean Air Act has focused on emis-
sions from new automobiles and indus-
trial installations. With respect to non-
mobile sources of particulate  matter,
regulations have been directed primarily
at limiting the opacity and mass loading
of smokestack emissions from incinera-
tors, fossil fuel-fired  boilers, and major
process industries. Non-stack particulate
controls have traditionally been applied
only to open burning and mineral ex-
traction operations.
  Recent  studies indicate that tradi-
tional  stack-oriented control strategies
for particulate matter are insufficient by
themsleves to achieve the ambitious air
quality goals  of  the Clean Air  Act.
Control of industrial fugitive emissions
and nontraditional sources of fugitive
dust will  therefore be an  essential
ingredient in future control strategies
for particulate matter. Control of new,
and possibly existing, fugitive emissions
sources will also be required in order to
comply with EPA's regulations on Pre-
vention   of  Significant  Deterioration
(PSD). This paper attempts to summarize
the federal  regulations and policies
applicable to fugitive particulate matter
sources under the Clean Air Act. Perti-
nent provisions of EPA's regulations
and guidelines for nonattainment and
PSD areas are discussed within  the
context of the EPA Fugitive Dust Policy.
Particular emphasis is given to discuss-
ing the  impact of the recent Alabama
Power decision and the significance of
EPA's development of an ambient air
quality standard for inhalable particulate
matter.

Particle Production  from
Surface Mining: Vertical
Measurements

James A. Armstrong, Denver
Research Institute
  An investigation of the vertical extent
and downwind transport of fugitivedust
plumes  resulting from various opera-
tions at  a surface coal mine was con-
ducted using a tethered balloon sampling
system. This EPA-sponsored field study
took place concurrently with a Bureau of
Land  Management-sponsored field
program conducted by the USDA's
Forest Service and Colorado State
University to assess the overall air
quality impact of strip mine activities on
the surrounding environment.
  A balloon was used to carry aloftthree
lightweight wind  directional particle
samplers. One sampler was attached
directly  to the balloon; the other two
were  attached to the tetherline at
selected distances from the balloon.
This arrangement allowed for the simul-
taneous collection of dust samples at
three heights  above the ground at
various downwind distances from the
mine operation. A fourth sampler was
located near the balloon launch site to
monitor ground level concentrations.
Dust samples were collected on Nucle-
pore and Millipore filter substrates
which were analyzed by optical and
scanning electron microscopy.
  The size distribution, concentration
and composition versus height of the
collected dust  samples are presented.
Time lapse movies of mining activities at
the test site during tethered balloon
sampling are also discussed.

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Particle Production from
Surface Mining: Surface
Paniculate and Meteorological
Measurements

David L. Dietrick, Colorado State
University
  Results from a field study to determine
the amount of paniculate produced by
surface mining activities are presented.
These results include: (a) patterns of dry
deposition collected on a novel simulated
grass surface over a regularly spaced
grid of 120  points; (b) suspended panic-
ulate collected at two points using
Anderson heads on high volume sam-
plers;  (c) suspended particulate col-
lected on various filter materials using a
number of innovative low volume sam-
plers; (d) turbulence measured at 1, 3
and 15 meters above the surface by Gill
u, v, w anemometers; (e) wind, tempera-
ture, and humidity profiles up to 450 m
on a three  times per day basis; and (f)
acoustic sounder records among others.
  Preliminary results show 24-hour
average ambient air particle concentra-
tions on the order of 400-700 fjg/m3
with greater than 50% below 7 //m in
size.
  In addition to on-site measurements,
an attempt was made to quantify the
impacts of  surface mining  on ambient
particulate  levels. An integrating neph-
elometer and a contrast telephotometer
were operated from a location some 10
to 12 km distant from the mine  site.
Estimates  of the total  particulate pro-
duction from the mine are made  by a
combination of  modeling and off-site
measurements.

Fugitive Emissions Concerns
for Coal Storage and Handling
at Utility  Generating Stations

Peter  W.  Kalika, TRC - Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
  This paper discusses the potential
impact on  utility operations of fugitive
particulate  matter emissions from  coal
storage and handling. It is based primar-
ily on a study completed by TRC for a
large utility.
  Utilities seeking to convert to  coal
firing  or preparing to reactivate  older
coal systems will be faced with a number
of questions, including:
  • What are the probable magnitudes
    of the fugitive emission?
  • What types of fugitive emission
    control systems are available?
  • What modeling techniques are
     available to assess the impact on
     air quality of fugitive emissions?
  • What are the design characteristics
     of various  types of  coal handling
     components with respect to fugitive
     emission potential?
  • What are the ramifications of fugi-
     tive emissions control with respect
     to BACT and LAER under the Clean
     Air Act?
  In developing a fugitive emissions
 inventory and applying the findings to
 decisions regarding the feasibility of
 resuming coal firing, the utility and TRC
 found it necessary to formulate answers
 to the foregoing questions. The  paper
 presents discussions related to each of
 these questions, with the objective of
 providing  a general  guideline to the
 utility managers who must address
 these problems.

Design, Performance Testing
and Field Operation of an
Isokinetic Electrostatic Particle
Sample

Bengt Steen, Swedish Water and
Air Pollution Research Institute
  An isokinetic particle sampler for
ambient air and low temperature flue
gases was built. The sample flow is
generated from the ki netic energy of the
wind or flue gas. Isokinetic conditions
are maintained by balancing the driving
forces—the dynamic pressure and an
enhanced static pressure—against the
friction losses  in the sampler. The
particles in the sample are collected by
means of  electrostatic precipitation.
When used in ambient air, a wind vane
and an  opening mechanism may be
added so that particles are sampled only
within a certain sector.  The sampler
was tested in a  wind tunnel and the
results compared with those from con-
ventional measurements. The results
normally agree within 10%. The flow
rate in  the nozzle and outside the
sampler was found to agree within a
few percent in the entire velocity range
that was investigated; 0.5-25 m/s.
  The sampler was used for field mea-
surements in roof ventilators above
electric arc steel furnaces and around a
stock yard of a smelter to determine its
fugitive emissions. In the latter case, 1 -
month samples were taken for a period
of 1 year.
  Sampling strategy for fugitive emis-
sions involves placing several samplers
in the middle of imaginary border sur-
 faces round the source, and pointing (
 each sampler toward the source. Sim-
 plified measurements and evaluation
 procedures are described for ideal point
 sources,  line sources, and surface
 sources.

Assessing Hazardous  Waste
 Treatment Facility Fugitive
Atmospheric Emissions

Tim S. Sekulic, Fred C.  Hart
Associates, Inc.
  A program of sampling and analysis
for the identification and quantification
of atmospheric emissions and the devel-
opment of emission factors  for all
aqueous waste storage, treatment, and
disposal processes at a hazardous
waste management facility has been
developed.  Samples  for atmospheric
emission characterization will be obtained
via at least two complementary meth-
odologies, wherever possible, as follows.
At the facility's aqueous waste receiving
and  physical/chemical treatment la-
goons, composite liquid samples will be  |
obtained for equilibrium vapor analyses,
and in-situ surface sampling, using an
enclosure technique, will be performed.
At the  aerated  biological  oxidation  \
ponds,  these  methods will be supple-
 mented by an emission profiling method.
  The organic vapor content of all air
 samples will be analyzed with a Century
 Systems Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA)
with a self-contained gas chromatog-
 raphic/flame ionization detector system.
 Initially, OVA analyses will be duplicated
 using a  laboratory gas chromatograph/
 mass spectrometer for verification and
calibration of results. Additionally,
 impinger absorption samples will be
 collected for the  determination  of am-
 monia, amine, and acidic vapor emission
 rates.
  Measured pond and lagoon emission
 rates will be used to develop emission
 factors (mass emission rate  per unit of
 surface area), and mass transfer coeffi-
 cients will be determined for a theoret-
 ical emission rate expression which has
 been developed.  Further,  sampling
 results will be used to identify potentially
 troublesome (e.g., toxic or odorous)
 emissions from any process. A meteoro-
 logical  monitoring station is also being
 installed for correlation of meteorologi-
 cal conditions to sampling  results and
 for future analysis and prediction of
 atmospheric emission problems.
   Sampling results are not yet available
 for discussion; therefore, concentration

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 s given to the details of the planned
sampling and analytical program and
the computation methodology, for char-
acterizing the facility's waste treatment
pond and lagoon emissions.

Results of Fugitive Emission
Measurements at Refineries
and Current Activities in Petro-
chemical Units
Donald D.  Rosebrook, Radian
Corporation
  Final results of fugitive emissions
monitoring in petroleum refineries are
presented as a series of emission factors
for valves, flanges, pump seals, com-
pressor seals, relief valves, and drains.
The  emission factors  appear to be
dependent on the type of service in the
line,  consequently the emission factors
have been developed for gas/vapor,
light liquid, and heavy liquid service. No
dependency  on temperature, pressure,
or line size was noted. Extensive quality
control data  allowed the calculation of
 jonfidence intervals for all emission
.actors. Correlations between a  hydro-
carbon "sniffer" value  and measured
mass emissions  rates  in pounds per
 lour are given.
  Currently EPA is  sponsoring studies
in the synthetic organic chemicals
manufacturing industry. The current
program includes both  screening and
sampling  selected  valves and pumps
and screening all "baggable" sources in
a variety of chemical manufacturing
units. The screening studies are being
conducted by four  separate  EPA con-
tractors, Radian, PEDCo, TRW, and
Acurex, with Radian doing all data
reduction. Screening data for target
chemicals are being obtained from at
least two different sites if possible.
Sampling data are  being obtained for
three chemicals at two sites each.
Correlations between the hydrocarbon
"sniffer" value and the  mass emission
rate are being developed. Studies of the
effect of maintenance on leak rate for
valves are also being conducted.  Hydro-
carbon sniffer response factors are
being developed for over 100 chemicals
with respect to known concentrations of
methane.

Evaluation of Fugitive Emis-
sions at a Large Wood-Products
Plant
Peter D. Spawn, GCA Corporation
  This paper discusses the methodology
 nd results of a study which directly
 sampled fugitive particulate emissions
 from material handling operations at a
 large Northwestern particle board plant.
 Previous studies had indicated that
 fugitive particulate emissions may be
 primarily responsible for severe viola-
 tions of ambient TSP standards which
 were recorded in the local neighborhood.
 The study determined the contribution
 of fugitive emissions to ambient TSP
 levels and also investigated fugitive
 emission control techniques applicable
 to the process.
   Major sources of fugitive emission
 from the process were large open door-
 ways in several material storage and
 handling buildings. Emissions from
 these buildings were directly sampled
 during a 2 week field program. Replicate
 samples were collected by traversing
 the open doorways with a specially
 designed sampling device similar to a
 Rader probe. Both total particulate and
 fine (less than 10/um) particulate emis-
 sion rates were determined for a variety
 of process operations.
   Concurrent with direct sampling of
 fugitive sources, upwind/downwind hi-
 volume air sampling was conducted
 outside of plant boundaries. Wind actu-
 ated units operating adjacent to contin-
 uous 24-hour  hi-vol units enabled
 estimates to be made of ambient air
 quality and also  the overall  plant con-
 tribution to ambient TSP.
   Results of the study provided emission
 rate estimates for fugitive particulate
 sources on an annual and hourly basis,
 including emission  rates for various
 modes  of process operation. Control
 technology applicable to the large mate-
 rial handling buildings was identified
 and their effectiveness assessed. Con-
 trol approaches for numerous minor
 sources of fugitive emissions were also
 developed.
A Method for Measuring Fugi-
tive Emissions from Cast House
Operations

James H. Geiger, Betz-Converse-
Murdoch, Inc.
  An attempt to measure fugitive emis-
sions from blast furnace cast house
operations presented a variety of
problems. A method was developed to
determine a mass  emission rate. The
method utilizes high volume samplers
placed in a multipoint array at which
temperature and velocity measurements
are also made. The reasoning behind
the method is discussed and the method
is compared to other state-of-the-art
methods relating to fugitive emission
measurements. Results indicate that
the method is  a reasonably  accurate
way of determining mass emission rates
from cast house operations. The rela-
tionships between emissions, process
conditions, and opacity observations
were investigated. Certain factors which
affect the emission measurements are
identified.
  A number of measurement programs
are discussed and,  although the basic
equipment has remained the same, the
methodology has undergone revision.
The method is currently being used  in
an ongoing program  of quantifying
emissions from cast  houses and  is
continually undergoing refinement.
Steel Mill Particulate Charac-
terization and Source/Recep-
tor Analysis

Philip A. Russell, Denver Re-
search Institute
  This study (1) characterized particu-
late emissions from fugitive sources
within a  steel mill to determine their
potential to be  utilized as relatively
unique environmental indicators, and
(2) determined their relative presence
and quantity in the ambient environment
within a region near the plant. Analyses
were  made using  scanning electron
microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (SEM/EOS) and transmis-
sion electron microscopy/selected area
electron diffraction (TEM/SAED). Distinct
species of participates were identified
which could be useful in source/recep-
tor  analyses. These include carbon
particles produced during coking, open
hearth, and blast furnace operations;
iron spheres produced during  blast
furnace and open hearth operations;
angular Fe and  Fe-rich  particulates
produced during sintering plant opera-
tion; potassium/sulfur-rich particle
type only in the slag flush and slag tap
sections of the blast furnace; and en-
capsulated iron  particles produced by
door leaks after slag charging. Examina-
tion of ambient samples further demon-
strated that the carbonaceous particles
and iron spheres  produced by the steel
mill were the best environmental indi-
cators in  the vicinity of the steel mill
itself.

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Development of Horizontal
Elutriators for Sampling Inha-
lable Particulate Fugitive Emis-
sions

Kenneth M. Gushing, Southern
Reasearch Institute
  The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency is required, under the amended
Clean Air Act of 1977, to review the
scientific basis for the total suspended
particulate ambient air quality standard
and determine whether a revised parti-
culate standard can be promulgated by
December 1980.  It has been recom-
mended that research to develop infor-
mation  for a size-specific standard
should focus on inhalable particulate
matter, defined as airborne particles
<15/u aerodynamic diameter. This parti-
cle size range relates to that fraction of
particulate matter which can primarily
deposit in the conducting airways and
the gas exchange areas of the human
respiratory system during mouth
breathing.
  This paper addresses the efforts of
Southern Research Institute under con-
tract to EPA/IERL-RTP to experimental-
ly apply horizontal elutriation to specific
methods for sampling instack, ambient,
and fugitive inhalable particulate emis-
sions. Theoretical and experimental
data are shown. Results of the applica-
tion  of horizontal  elutriation for the
initial collection stage of the Fugitive
Assessment Sampling Train developed
by TRC-Environmental Consultants are
presented.

Techniques for Evaluating Sur-
face and Ground Water Effects
of Dry Ash Disposal

James F. Villaume, Pennsylvania
Power and Light Company
  Utilities are finding it  necessary to
switch to dry fly ash handling to minimize
water quality irrlpacts. At the same time,
regulations regarding solid waste dis-
posal are becoming increasingly more
stringent. In switching from a wet
sluiced system to dry ash disposal at the
Montour Steam Electric Station, Penn-
sylvania  Power and Light Company
required  data  as to the surface and
ground water effects of ash disposal for
both design  and permit  purposes. To
provide these, a study program of labora-
tory testing and computer modeling was
conducted in conjunction with a detailed
site investigation.
  Three types of laboratory testing were
 involved. They included an extraction
 leachate test to assess ash variability; a
 serial batchwise extraction test to
 determine ash leachate quality and
 potential ground water effects; and a
 runoff simulation. To determine runoff
 quality the simulation results were then
 used as input into a modified version of
 EPA's SSWMM  computer model.
  The paper discusses the testing tech-
 niques and describes how the program
 results  were  incorporated  into  the
 disposal site design and plan of operations

Measurement of Fugitive
Emissions from Inco's Copper
Cliff Smelter Reverberatory
Furnaces

Alan D.  Church, Inco Metals
Company
  The Copper Cliff Smelter  of Inco
Metals Company, a major primary nickel
and copper producer, is located  in
Ontario, Canada. The essential process-
ing equipment consists of  Multi-Hearth
Roasters (—30), Reverberatory Furnaces
(6), an Oxygen Flash Furnace, and
Pierce-Smith Converters (18).  A com-
prehensive program to measure fugitive
emission of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric
acid, and particulates from the smelter
is being undertaken. This paper describes
the reverberatory furnace section of this
program.
  Total fugitive  emissions of  sulphur
dioxide, particulates, and sulphuric acid
from the reverb furnaces were measured
as 15.2,0.19, and 0.12 kg/mg of besse-
mer matte equivalent, respectively.
Nearly 70% of  the emissions occur
during matte tapping. Slag skimming
and furnace "puffing" contribute 20%
and 3%, respectively. Total  fugitive
sulphur dioxide emissions were found
to be equal to those being emitted by all
the  converters (previously measured).
However, most of the fugitive gas
—90%) was captured at source by hood
systems before release to atmosphere
at roof level.

Control of Fugitive Emissions
from Coal Storage Piles

Avio  E. Veel, The Steel Company
of Canada, Limited
  The Steel  Company of  Canada is  a
fully integrated steel producer with its
primary steelmaking facilities located in
Hamilton, Ontario. The basic end of this
operation consists of four coke batter-
ies, four blast furnaces, one OH shop,"
and one BOF shop.
  During the period of December to
March when the Great Lakes and the St.
Lawrence Seaway are ice bound, ship-
ping of raw materials is curtailed and
both iron ore pellets and coal must be
stockpiled to allow for continuous oper-
ations. At any one time approximately
83 acres of land  is covered by up to
seven distinct coals or coal blends.
Because the percent age of fines can be
as high as 15 percent, coal dust particle
movement by the wind can be severe.
  MHTR  Engineering was  retained to
examine the situation and to recommend
measures to alleviate the existing con-
ditions. This study was based on con-
structing models of the site and testing
them in a wind simulator to determine
the problem areas  and to test the reme-
dial solutions.
  The study indicated that orientation
and shaping of the coal piles were key
factors in controlling the turbulence
which resulted in particle movement.
  Suggested solutions which have been <
implemented have significantly reduced
the problems associated with storage of
coal  in open sites.

Use of Roof  Mounted Type*
ESP's in  Iron and Steel Indus-
tries in  Japan
Senichi Masuda, University of
Tokyo
  About 20 units  of the roof-mounted
type ESP's  have been manufactured in
Japan. Most of them are in use in the
iron  and steel industries for controlling
fugitive emissions from  blast furnaces,
BOF's, electric furnaces, etc. Most of
these ESP's are equipped  with water
irrigated conductive plastic plates as the
collecting electrodes, while some of
them are dry. The results obtained so far
have been extremely successful when
suitable precautions are taken for tight-
ening of emission sources and well
designed duct systems  are  used. The
construction of the roof-mounted ESP's
is described and the operation problems
are presented.

Fugitive  Hydrocarbon Emis-
sions from an In-Situ Oil Shale
Retort
Gerald  M. Rinaldi, Monsanto
Research  Corporation
  Oil  shale  has been recognized as a
potentially substantial energy resource
in the United States  for more than a

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 century. An emerging technology for
 shale oil production is in-situ proces-
 sing, in which the shale bed is hydraul-
 ics I ly or explosively fractured and retort-
 ing is carried out underground. In order
 to assess potential environmental im-
 pacts from in-situ processing, data were
 collected on fugitive emissions from a
 pilot-scale retort producing 30 barrels of
 crude shale oil daily. Fugitive gas seep-
 age through the retort surface and from
 around instrumentation well casings
 was measured using a specially designed
 sampling system in conjunction with
 gas chromatographic and Orsat analysis
 Total hydrocarbons, Ci through C6
 hydrocarbon fractions, and carbon mon-
 oxide were quantified in the fugitive
 emission samples. Normalized fugitive
 hydrocarbon  emission rates due  to
 seepage through the overburden ranged
 from 0.2 to 18 g/m2/hr, with an aver-
 age of 5.5 g/m2/hr. The total hydrocar-
 bon emission rate due to ground seepage
 was calculated  to be 5.7  kg/hr, using
 the  retort  surface area  of  1,043  m ,
 fugitive hydrocarbon emissions due to
 leakage around well casings amounted
 to an additional 0.3 kg/hr.

 A Wind Tunnel Study of Fugitive
 Dust from Taconite Storage
 Piles
 Robert B.  Jeko, Purdue University
  A  comparative wind tunnel study of
 the fugitive emissions from a taconite
 pellet test surface conducted at Purdue
 University indicates that one of the
 three commercially available dust sup-
 pressing agents tested at a dilution ratio
 of 1  to  1000 was 33% more effective
 than the least effective agent. Water
 only was also found to be as effective as
 the dust suppressing agents. However,
 water  and dust suppressing agents
 resulted in 3 times higher particulate
 emissions than those of a dry pile. Both
 dry and wet transient tests elucidated
the nature of the particulate release. For
the wetted pellets, subsurface drying
appears to  "mobilize" interstitial and
surface pellet material which results in
a higher release rate of particulate
matter in time  as compared to a dry
pellet.

Computing Design Character-
istics  for Coal Pile  Drainage
 Treatment
Pamela B.  Katz,  TRC-Environ-
mental Consultants, Inc.
  Under Section 304(e) of the Clean
 Water Act, the U.S. EPA is developing a
 program of Best Management Practices
 (BMP's) for control of toxic and hazard-
 ous discharges from ancillary industrial
 sources. These sources include plant-
 site runoff, spills and leakage, sludge or
 waste disposal, and raw-material drain-
 age.
   For many electric utilities, BMP means
 evaluating coal storage piles with re-
 gard to the quantity and quality of storm
 related and dry weather drainage. Coal
 pile drainage is usually characterized as
 acidic with concentrations  of trace
 metals,  iron, sulfur, and solids.
   TRC is  developing a mathematical
 model to simulate coal pile drainage for
 the design of appropriate treatment
 systems. The model will allow for the
 consideration of various antecedent
 meteorological  conditions   including
 rain and snow precipitation, freeze/thaw
 phenomena, and air temperature. Other
 hydrologic phenomena the model will
 evluate are: pile runoff, snowmelt,
 percolation, infiltration into ground
 water, and evaporation.
   The model will also simulate coal pile
 runoff quality. Components included
 are framboidal pyrite oxidation, acid
 production, and the subsequent release
 of trace metals.
   TRC will discuss how its model is one
 available  method to characterize coal
 pile runoff under varying meteorological
 conditions. TRC is currently developing
 an extensive field  program at a number
 of utilities to calibrate and verify the
 model.
Emissions  and Effluents from
Rail and Truck Tankcar Cleaning

Thomas R. Blackwood, Monsanto
Corporation
  As many as  700 different commodities
are handled by rail or truck tank cars.
Approximately 37,000 railcars and
5,000,000 tanktrucks are cleaned each
year by industry and service companies.
Air emissions  of hydrocarbons can be as
high as 2.4 kg  for tankcars and 310 g for
tanktrucks. Viscosity  and volatility are
the primary  influencing factors on
emissions.
  If untreated, cleaning solutions from
this process could exceed 2,500 metric
tons/year of oil  and grease in the
wastewater. Hydrocarbon emissions to
the air could  also exceed 620 metric
tons/year or  about 0.0022% of U.S.
emissions. Practical and economically
feasible control for air emissions does
not exist except for combustible gases
 and water-soluble vapors. State-of-the-
 art technology for wastewater effluents
 does exist but the effectiveness  is
 widely variable and is very expensive.
   This report describes the state-of-the-
 art practice in mobile tank cleaning.
 Composition, estimated quantities, and
 rate of emissions and pollutants are
 described along with control methods
 and costs.
 A New Concept for the Control
 of Urban Inhalable Particulates
 by the Use of Charged Fog

 John S. Kinsey, AeroVironment,
 Inc.
  This paper is directed to those scien-
 tists and engineers concerned  with the
 control of fugitive particulates in the
 inhalable size range «15/um)from non-
 traditional sources in the urban envi-
 ronment. A new type of electrostatically
 augmented spray nozzle (fogger) is
 described which is intended to achieve a
 target control efficiency of  90% for
 inhalable particulates. The theory of
 operation is explained, along with a
 physical model for predicting the control
 efficiency of the fogger. Results of pre-
 liminary wind tunnel tests are presented
 showing the degree of control actually
 achieved by the fogger for various oper-
 ating modes. Finally, plans for additional
 modifications to the fogger are discussed
 which incorporate the information
 gained from preliminary testing in the
 wind tunnel.
Control Method for Fugitive
Area Sources

Dennis J. Martin, TRC - Environ-
mental Consultants,  Inc.
  The prime control techniques for
fugitive area sources are water sprays,
enclosures, wind screens, and chemical
stabilizers. A review of the literature
indicated that while cost data  were
readily available for these methods,
estimates of their efficiencies were not
supportable from the given data. None-
theless, future work on  wind screens
and chemical stabilizers  appears war-
ranted. An ongoing field study of a wind
screen made of a synthetic material
indicates that efficiencies of over 60
percent should be obtainable at a rea-
sonable cost when applied to storage
piles.
    US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1961 -757-01Z/7Z70

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    Civil Engineering Fabrics
    Applied to Fugitive Dust
    Control Problems

    Dennis C. Drehmel, EPA/IERL-
    RTP
      Civil engineering fabrics are in com-
    mon use for  a  number of purposes
    including: 1)  ground stabilization; 2)
    subsurface drainage; 3) railroad con-
    struction and maintenance; 4)sediment
    control; and 5) erosion control. Fabrics
    are available from Celanese, DuPont,
    Monsanto, and Philips Fibers under the
    trade names of Typar, Bidim, Supac, and
    Mirafi. Use of  these fabrics for air
    pollution control is a recent  develop-
    ment and the subject of recent and
    future field tests.
      Reduction of emissions from unpaved
    roads is achieved by covering the road
    first with the fabric and then with coarse
    aggregate. Unpaved  parking lots, in-
    active piles,  and construction sites
    could be  controlled in the same way.
    During tests in November 1979 on an
    unpaved road  constructed with Bidim,
    the average reduction in TSP  was 58%
    and in inhalable particle concentrations
    was 46%. More tests are planned at
    both eastern and western sites in the
        spring of 1980 and a year-long monitor-
        ing at a western site will begin in the
        summer of 1980.
           C. S. Wibberleyis with TRC—Environmental Consultants. Inc., Wethersfield, CT
             06109.
           D. Bruce Harris is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
           The complete report,  entitled "Proceedings: Fourth Symposium on Fugitive
             Emissions: Measurement and  Control (New Orleans.  LA,  May  1980),"
             (Order No. PB 81-174 393; Cost: $32.00, subject to change) will be available
             only from:
                  National Technical Information Service
                  5285 Port Royal Road
                  Springfield. VA 22161
                   Telephone: 703-487-4650
           The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
                  Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Postage and
Fees Paid
Environmental
Protection
Agency
EPA 335
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
                     IL

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