United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-89/036 Aug. 1989
&EPA Project Summary
Proceedings: First Combined
FGD and Dry SO2 Control
Symposium
B. B. Emmel
The proceedings document presen-
tations at the First Combined FGD
and Dry SO2 Control Symposium, in
SL Louis, MO, October 25 - 28, 1988.
The objective of the symposium was
the exchange of technical and reg-
ulatory Information on sulfur oxide
control technology, including wet and
dry scrubbers, emerging processes,
and international developments in
clean coal/acid rain technologies.
Topics covered during the sympos-
ium included: retrofit economics,
spray dryer technology, furnace sor-
bent injection topics (demonstration
results, byproducts utilization, en-
hancements), wet FQD operation, mu-
nicipal solid waste facilities, and
post-combustion dry technologies.
Also included were concurrent ses-
sions on special topics of interest, In-
cluding dry FQD, new technologies,
and FGD improvement The proceed-
ings, published in three volumes, in-
clude 85 papers and 4 unpresented
papers.
This Project Summary was devel-
oped by EPA's Air and Energy Engi-
neering Research Laboratory, Re-
search Triangle Park, NC, to announce
key findings of the research project
that is fully documented three sepa-
rate volumes of the same title (see
Project Report ordering Information
back).
Introduction
The first Combined FGD and Dry SO2
Control Symposium was conducted to
exchange technical and regulatory infor-
mation on sulfur oxide control technology
including wet, dry, and semi-dry scrub-
bers, emerging technologies, and clean
coal/acid rain retrofit technologies. Topics
covered included:
- Retrofit Economics
- Spray Dryer Technology
- Furnace Sorbent Injection
- Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
Technology
- Municipal Incineration Flue Gas
Cleanup
- Post-combustion Dry FGD Technolo-
gy
In addition, concurrent sessions on
specialized FGD topics were held for dry
FGD research, new FGD technologies,
and FGD process improvement. A total of
85 papers, including 25 foreign, were
presented. The proceedings include
these as well as four unpresented papers
and a list of attendees.
Session 1
Session 1, International Overview, com-
pared the status of FGD technologies
worldwide, and included four European
reports. A paper on U.S. FGD research
and development status focused on the
Clean Coal Program of the Federal and
State governments. Details of the
recently awarded Clean Coal II projects
were presented along with Illinois, Ohio,
and Argonne National Laboratory pro-
grams. Two papers dealt with progress in
European SO2 and NOX control with
deserved emphasis on recent develop-
ments in West Germany. Papers outlining
status and future plans for FGD instal-
lations in the United Kingdom and the
Netherlands were also presented in
Session 1. The last paper in Session 1
covered S02 and NOX control technology
in Japan and other Far Eastern countries.
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Session 2
Session 2 focused on the economic
aspects of retrofit SO2 control technol-
ogies. One paper discussed actual retrofit
FGD systems and compared economics
and performance to that predicted by
modelling. A second paper compared six
candidate processes for injecting sorbent
into post-combustion and combustion
zones as applied to a specific site. The
third paper summarized the retrofit
difficulties of FGD and sorbent injection
technology based on case studies at 60
Eastern and Midwestern U.S. power
plants firing medium- to high-sulfur coal.
Session 3
Session 3 was devoted to spray dryer
technology, with three papers covering
commercial-scale experience and two
addressing spray drying on a pilot plant
basis. A paper by the Tennessee Valley
Authority evaluated spray drying on a 10
MWe slipstream facility and concluded
that better than 70% S02 removal is
feasible on high sulfur coal using a spray
dryer/ESP combination. Papers were pre-
sented by two vendors covering U.S. and
foreign spray dryer installations, all show-
ing that guarantees of S02 removal and
system performance were routinely being
achieved worldwide. Another paper also
showed that performance of lime-based
spray dryers could be enhanced by
adding ammonia.
Sessions 4/5
Parallel Sessions 4 and 5 were devoted
to furnace sorbent injection and conven-
tional wet FGD, respectively. Session 4A
included eight papers on commercial in-
furnace SO2 control, including three U.S.
facilities, and units in Finland, Canada,
West Germany, Austria, and France.
Session 4B included four papers on FGD
waste management and four papers on
combined S02/NOX control.
Session 5A focused on the consequen-
ces of furnace sorbent injection, as
papers were presented covering sorbent
feed systems, impacts on dust collection,
and humidification effects. Other papers
detailed diverse topics such as oil-fired
boiler injection of sorbent, reactivation
and recycle of spent sorbent, and labo-
ratory evaluation of lime and surface-
modified lime sorbents. Session SB
covered a range of wet FGD studies.
Included were papers on the EPRI high
sulfur test center and a TVA program
limestone dissolution, droplet size anal-
ysis, performance of downstream
paniculate emissions controls, and two
papers outlining troubleshooting of mist
elimination/stack opacity problems.
Session 5B continued with eight
additional papers on commercial wet
FGD systems; four U.S. systems and four
foreign FGD systems were included.
Session 6
Session 6 encompassed four discus-
sions of flue gas scrubbing on U.S. mu-
nicipal waste-fired boilers (MSWs). While
much discussion included HC1 and S02
control, papers included discussion of
other types of pollutants being controlled;
i.e., volatile organics and heavy metals. It
was evident from the papers that scrub-
bing of MSW flue gas has become a
rapid growth area for both vendor and
research organizations.
Session 7
Session 7 encompassed 18 papers
given in three parallel sessions, with each
session designed to focus on specialty
areas of FGD research. Session 7A
included papers on fundamentals of S02
capture on dry sorbent particles under
furnace conditions, sorbent recycle
studies, and x-ray methods for deter-
mining sorbent reactivities. New techno-
logies were the focus of Session 76.
Topics included a circulating fluid-bed
absorber for S02, a limestone fixed-bed
absorber, a sodium phosphate regen-
erable SO2 scrubber, a simultaneous
SO2/NOX scrubber using sodium com-
pounds, and two papers on sorbents pre-
pared by reacting lime with waste fly ash
to produce calcium silicates. FGD im-
provement was addressed in Session 7C,
with papers addressing on-line corrosion
monitoring, fluorelastomeric coatings for
erosion/corrosion control, FGD cost
modelling, performance evaluation of
FGD linings, chemical additives for
spray-dryer systems, and a video tape on
FGD chemistry.
Session 8 ,
Session 8 was devoted mainly to posM
combustion dry technologies which are
being studied as low-capital cost solu-
tions for acid rain control. Seven of the
eight papers dealt with new processes for
SO2 removal, while one paper detailed
additive N02 reduction with dry sodium
injection. The DOE research program for
in-duct scrubbing technologies were
discussed in one paper. Two papers
covered EPRI research areas including
injection of sorbent at 540°C and sorbent
injection humidification evaluation
(HYPAS). Two EPA research areas were
detailed: one (E-SOX) converts an elec-
trostatic precipitator (ESP) stage into a
compact spray dryer; and the other
(ADVACATE) uses fly ash/lime sorbents
to achieve high SO2 removal in-duct. Two
papers were devoted to new foreign tech-
nologies: one is a Japanese process
using a calcium silicate material in fluid
beds; and the other is a circulating fluid
bed using lime sorbent developed by
Lurgi of West Germany.
Unpresented Papers
The proceedings also include four
papers not presented at the symposium.
These include papers on a multiple mov-
ing bed-limestone dry scrubber, SO2i
capture in a coal-fueled gas turbine, com-
bined S02/NOX removal in spray dryer
FGD, and an FGD system cost
comparison.
The proceedings include a list of ap-
proximately 650 attendees representing
government, private industry, academia,
and scores of foreign representatives.
In summary, the proceedings outline
the current status of FGD commercial
activities, research, and FGD-related reg-
ulations in all nations currently using, or
about to use, FGD technology. Acid rain
retrofits and municipal waste applications
are given considerable discussion, with
emphasis on performance and econom-
ics. Practically every FGD topic is ad-
dressed in this forum in the context of
worldwide demand and regulatory climate
prevailing in the late 1980s.
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8. B. Emmel is with Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
The complete report consists of three volumes, entitled "Proceedings: First
Combined FGD and Dry SO2 Control Symposium:," (3 volume set: Order No. PB
89-172 1421 AS; Cost: $127.50)
"Volume 1, Sessions 1, 2, 3, and 4," (Order No. PB 89-172 159IAS; Cost:
$49.95)
'Volume 2. Sessions 5 and 6," (Order No. PB 89-172 1671 AS; Cost: $49.95)
"Volume 3. Sessions 7 and 8," (Order No. PB 89-172 1751 AS; Cost: $49.95)
The above reports will be available only from: (Costs subject to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research t Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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