United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 Research and Development EPA/600/S4-89/041 Feb. 1990 f/EPA Project Summary Proximity of Florida Sanitary Landfills to Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats R.C. Herndon, J.E. Moerlins , V.W. Lambou, and R.L. Gebhard Sanitary landfills can cause considerable harm to sensitive eco- systems If they are not properly located, designed, and managed. The purpose of these reports is to summarize the proximity of sanitary landfills in the state of Florida to wetlands and deepwater habitats (i.e., rivers, lakes, streams, bays, etc.); and to present data on Individual landfills. The source of data used to determine the locations of the sanitary landfills was the computer data file developed by Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc. (DPRA) for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Solid Waste in its RCRA Subtitle O program. The sanitary landfills were identified on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory maps. The nearness or proximity of the sanitary landfills to wetlands and deepwater habitats was determined by drawing three concentric regions around the point representing the location of each landfill. The radii of the concentric regions were: 1/4 mile, 1/2 mile, and 1 mile. Data on 126 individual sanitary landfills in the state of Florida were contained in the DPRA data file. Data were obtained for 122 of these landfills relative to their proximity to wetlands and deepwater habitats. Most san- itary landfills in the state of Florida are located In or are close to either wetlands or deepwater habitats. Most are located close to wetlands while approximately half are close to deepwater habitats. These facilities have the potential to adversely affect sensitive ecosystems, such as wet- lands and deepwater habitats, either through habitat alterations or through the migration of contaminants from sanitary landfills. This Project Summary was developed by EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV, to announce key findings of the research project that is fully documented in two separate volumes of the same title (see Project Report ordering information at back). Introduction Sanitary landfills, as typically defined, are waste management facilities regu- lated under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). These facilities are commonly referred to as municipal waste landfills, and they are primarily used to receive household refuse and nonhazardous commercial waste. However, sanitary landfills also receive other types of Subtitle D waste, such as sewage sludge and industrial waste. Sanitary landfills typically receive some hazardous waste in the form of household hazardous waste, and hazar- dous waste from small quantity genera- tors as defined in 40 CFR Part 261.10 (Definitions). Depending upon the defini- tion of a sanitary landfill used by the individual states, there are between 6,500 and 9,300 of these facilities permitted in the United States. Sanitary landfills can cause con- siderable harm to sensitive ecosystems if they are not properly located, designed, and managed. These facilities have the potential to adversely affect sensitive ecosystems, such as wetlands and ------- deepwater habitats, either through habitat alterations or through the migration of contaminants from sanitary landfills. In order to evaluate the seriousness of this problem, information is needed on the nearness of sanitary landfills to wetlands and surface water bodies. The purpose of this study is to document the proximity of sanitary landfills in the state of Florida to wetlands and deepwater habitats (i.e., rivers, lakes, streams, bays, etc.). Methodology The source of data used to determine the locations of the sanitary landfills was the computer data file developed by Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc., (DPRA) for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Solid Waste in its RCRA Subtitle D program. The DPRA data file includes information on 7,683 sanitary landfills, and 6,849 of these facilities have latitude and longitude coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds specified in the data file. Each set of coordinates defines a point which represents the geographic location of a sanitary landfill. In addition, the data file contains the names of the landfills and data on the cities or counties in which the landfills reside. Individual states are responsible for permitting sanitary landfills under Subtitle D of RCRA, and, since DPRA obtained the information for the data file from state sources, the site location information varies in terms of accuracy and the point chosen to represent the location of each facility. Wetlands typically form part of a continuous transition zone between uplands and open water. Therefore, the delineation of the upper and lower boundaries in any wetland definition is somewhat arbitrary. There are a number of definitions of wetlands that have been developed for use in classifying natural environments or for regulatory purposes. While these definitions are not identical, they are very similar. The selection of a specific definition for use in this study was determined by the availability of national wetlands and deepwater habitats geographic data. The most extensive, consistent source of wetlands and deepwater habitats geographic data is the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). The NWI has developed detailed, large-scale maps for a significant portion of the United States. To date, wetland maps have been developed for approximately 40 percent of the contiguous 48 states, 10 percent of Alaska, and all of Hawaii. Large-scale NWI maps typically are either 1:24,000 scale or 1:63,360 scale U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle maps; however, most are 1:24,000 scale. Wetlands and deepwater habitats are delineated on the NWI maps. The delineation of wetlands and deepwater habitats was developed using remote sensing techniques and field investigations. The NWI maps are developed in accordance with the National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS). The NWI 1:24,000 scale maps used in this study are accurate, according to the NMAS, to within 40 feet of ground measurements. These maps were particularly useful for plotting the location of sanitary landfills and for determining the proximity of these facilities to wetlands and deepwater habitats. The NWI maps use the definitions and the classification system for wetlands and deepwater habitats developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Wetlands are defined as lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is covered by shallow water. Deepwater habitats are defined as permanently flooded lands lying below the deepwater boundary of wetlands. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats is hierarchial in nature pro- ceeding from general to specific. There are 5 systems, 10 subsystems, and 55 classes. In this study only the "system," i.e., the complex of wetlands and deepwater habitats that share the influence of similar hydrologic, geomor- phologic, chemical, or biological factors, was used for classification purposes. In order to link the location of sanitary landfills in the DPRA data file to the appropriate NWI maps, we used the information on the T-70 computer tape obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey. The NWI large-scale maps were developed using U.S. Geological Sur- vey's quadrangle maps as base maps. The T-70 computer tape contains 67 fields of information including latitude and longitude that can be used for identifying the 1:24,000 scale maps, the map names, and the state codes assigned to the maps. Sanitary landfill location data on the DPRA computer file tape were matched by a computer program against location data on the U.S. Geological Survey's T-70 computer tape in order to identify the specific maps that contain sanitary landfills and/or that would be needed to evaluate the wetlands and deepwater habitats that are within 1 mile of each sanitary landfill. The map names obtained from the computer mate were sorted by state and compared inventories of available NWI maps. Each sanitary landfill included in study was located on NWI large-s maps using standard cartograj techniques. Nearness or proximity sanitary landfills to wetlands and di water habitats was determined drawing three concentric regions arc the point representing the locatioi each landfill. The radii of the conce regions were: 1/4 mile, 1/2 mile, ar mile. The occurrence or nonoccurre of the wetlands and deepwater hal systems in each concentric region then recorded. Many sanitary landfills are typical! the order of 100 acres in size. example, in the state of Florida abou percent of the active sanitary landfills between 50 and 150 acres in size, the average size being 110 acre: landfill that is 100 acres in size uniformly distributed about its latiti longitude point designation will hav radius of approximately 1/4 mile < therefore, will approximate the boum of the first concentric 1/4-mile ra region. Undoubtedly, most of the lan< located in a 1/4-mile radius ret containing either wetlands or deepv\ habitats should be considered to located in wetlands or deepw habitats. Since landfills vary consider in size and shape, some of the lam located in the 1/2-mile radius and 1- radius regions containing wetland; deepwater habitats will probably alsc located in wetlands or deepw habitats. The exact geographic boum of the landfill is not the crit consideration for determining advi impacts associated with these facili since contaminants can migrate off-sil affect wetlands and deepwater habitat Results We obtained data on the proximit 122 sanitary landfills in the state Florida to wetlands and deepw habitats. There are 126 sanitary lane in the DPRA data file for the stab Florida and 122 (97 percent) of Vr facilities have NWI maps available for interpretation. As a result, 4 (3 percen the 126 sanitary landfills in the stat Florida are not included in this study. Approximately 82 percent of sanitary landfills are located in or w 1/4 mile of wetlands, while 92 and percent are located in or within 1/2 ai mile of wetlands, respectively (Figure Only three (3 percent) of the landfills located more than a mile from any ------- of wetland. Most sanitary landfills are located either in or are close to Palustrine wetlands (approximately 76, 87, and 95 percent are located in or within 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, respectively, of a Palustrine wetland). Approximately 15 percent of the sanitary landfills are located in or within 1/4 mile of deepwater habitats, while 30 and 49 percent are located in or within 1/2 and 1 mile of deepwater habitats, respectively (Figure 2). Sixty-two (51 percent) of the landfills are located more than a mile from any type of deepwater habitat. Most of the facilities that are located in or that are close to deepwater habitats are in the vicinity of Lacustrine or Riverine deepwater habitats (i.e., 25 percent are located in or within 1 mile of a Lacustrine deepwater habitat and 23 percent are located in or within 1 mile of a Riverine deepwater habitat). Approximately 84 percent of the sanitary landfills are located in or within 1/4 mile of either wetlands or deepwater habitats, while 93 and 98 percent are located in or within 1/2 and 1 mile of either wetlands or deepwater habitats, respectively (Figure 3). Only three (3 per- cent) of the landfills are located more than a mile from either wetlands or deepwater habitats. Most of the sanitary landfills are located either in or are close to Palustrine or Riverine habitats (approx- imately 76, 87, and 95 percent are located in or within 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, respectively, of a Palustrine deepwater habitat while approximately 9, 20, and 36 percent are located in or within 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, respectively, of a Riverine habitat). Coding procedures used to compile the data on the proximity of waste sites to wetlands and deepwater habitats are given in the "Data on Individual Landfills" report. Appendix B of that report presents the data on the individual landfills in the state of Florida. Conclusions Most sanitary landfills included in the state of Florida are located either in or close to wetlands. From this, we conclude that these facilities have the potential to adversely affect sensitive ecosystems, such as wetlands, either through habitat alterations or through the migration of contaminants from sanitary landfills. In addition, approximately half of the sanitary landfills in the state of Florida are located either in or close to deep- water habitats and they also have the potential for adversely affecting these sensitive ecosystems. 95 Palustrine Lacustrin Riverine Estuarine Marine All systems 87 20 40 60 Percent 80 100 Figure 1. Proximity of 122 Florida sanitary landfills to wetlands. 25 Lacustrine Riverine Estuarine Marine All systems In or within 1 mile In or within 1/2 mile In or within 1/4 mile 49 20 40 Percent 60 80 100 Figure 2. Proximity of 722 Florida sanitary landfills to deepwater habitats. ------- 0 In or within 1 mile in or within 1/2 mile In or within 1/4 mile Palustrine Lacustrine Riverine Estuarine Marine All systems Percent Figure 3. Proximity of 122 Florida sanitary landfills to either closest wetlands or deepwater habitat. 1 0 1 1 ' 20 1 40 1 1 60 1 1 80 1 1 100 The EPA author, Victor W. Lambou, (also the EPA Project Officer, see below) is with the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478; J.E. Moerlins and R.C. Herndon are with Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306; and R.L Gebhard is with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburg, FL 33702 The complete report, two volumes entitled "Proximity of Florida Sanitary Landfills to Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats: Statewide Results," and "Proximity of Florida Sanitary Landfills to Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats: Data on Individual Landfills," (Orders No. PB 90-150 863; Cost: $15.00, and PB 90-150 871; Cost: $15.0 subject to change) will be available only from: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-487-4650 The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 United States Environmental Protection Agency Center for Environmental Research Information Cincinnati OH 45268 \ Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 EPA/600/S4-89/041 ------- |