Report  on water  Pollution
            in the
SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN  AREA
       CLINTON  RIVER
   UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

         GREAT LAKES REGION
           OCTOBER 1966

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                   REPORT  ON

    WATER POLLUTION  IN  THE LAKE  ERIE BASIN
          SOUTHEASTERN  MICHIGAN  AREA
                 CLINTON RIVER
                 OCTOBER  1966
        U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
              Great Lakes Region
            Detroit Program Office
            U.S. Naval Air Station
             Grosse lie, Michigan
                                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
                                Region V, Library
                                230 South  Dearborn  Street  --
                                Chicago, Illinois  60604           ,<;

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                                  PREFACE






       The southeastern Michigan area draining into Lake Erie has been




  recognized as one of the major water pollution areas of the Lake Erie




  system.  Extending across the natural watershed boundaries of south-




  eastern Michigan's major tributaries is the metropolitan area of Detroit




  and its suburbs.  The water quality problems of Lake Erie, Detroit River,




  Lake St. Glair, St. Clair River, and the individual tributaries are




  interrelated and compounded by the urbanization and industrialization




  of the area.




       The complexity of the problem requires a comprehensive plan for




  "CLEAN WATER" that takes into account the cause and effect  relationships




  of water resource utilization from the headwaters of the smallest




  tributary to the large water reservoirs that constitute the Great Lakes.









       This document was assembled by the Detroit Program Office, Federal




  Water Pollution Control Administration, with the intention that it b'e used




  together with information from other sources to develop a comprehensive




  plan for water pollution control in the southeast Michigan tributaries




  of the Lake Erie Basin.  The intended purpose of the plan would be to




  restore the usefulness of these waters for recreational purposes, provide




  a more suitable environment for fish and aquatic life, and enhance the




  v ilue of this resource.  It would improve the quality of the area's waters




  for municipal and industrial purposes, aesthetic enjoyment, and other




»  beneficial  uses.

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                         LEGEND
LAKE SUPERIOR
                                Southeast  Michigan Drainage Area

                           *7-^  Interstate  Water

                                Clinton  River
       SO
                    SCALE IN MILES
              DETROIT  PROGRAM  OFFICE
      GREAT  LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT

                LOCATION  MAP
              LAKE  ERIE   BASIN
               CLINTON   RIVER
              U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR
      FEDERAL  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL  ADMINISTRATION
       GREAT LAKES REGION        GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

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                                                                                LAKE ERIE BASIN
                                                                         SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN AREA
^      '      '       , r       i

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                           TABLE  OF  CONTENTS






                                                           Page  No.




 INTRODUCTION   	        1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION   	        5




     Area Description




     Climate




     Hydrology






WATER USE   	       17




     Municipal




     Industrial




     Recreational






SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES   	       22




     Municipal




     Industrial




     Federal Installations






POPULATION AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS   	        35






WATER QUALITY  	        41






DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS  	        57






SUMMARY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS  	        69

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                             LIST OF FIGURES


                                                           Page No.

  1.  Clinton River  Basin                                       4

  2.  Time of Passage                                           9

  3.  Flow Duration  Curve                                      12

  4.  Drainage Area  vs River  Miles                            14

  5.  Location of  Sampling  Stations                            16

  6.  Municipal and  Industrial  Waste Outfalls                  34

  7.  Population and Municipal  Waste Flow Projections         40

  8.  Dissolved Oxygen Profiles                               49

  9.  Dissolved Oxygen  (Summer  1966  Survey                    50

10.  5-Day BOD (Summer  1966  Survey)                          51

11.  Kjeldahl Nitrogen  (Summer 1966 Survey)                   52

12.  Total Coliform Densities  (Summer  1966  Survey)            53

13.  Dissolved Oxygen  (Summer  1964  Survey)                    54

14.  Ultimate BOD (Summer  1964 Survey)                        55

15.  Kjeldahl Nitrogen  (Summer 1964 Survey)                   56

16.  Dissolved Oxygen  (Computed  Profile)                      60

17.  5-Day BOD (Computed Profile  of Ultimate  BOD)             61

18.  Kjeldahl Nitrogen  (Computed  Profile)                     62

19.  Dissolved Oxygen (Computed  Profile)                      63

  >.  Ultimate BOD (Computed  Profile)                          64

21.  Kjeldahl Nitrogen  (Computed  Profile)                     65

22-  Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles
       (Effect of Flow and Temperature)                       66
                                   ii

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                            LIST OF FIGURES
                               (cont'd)
                                                          Page No.
23.  Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles
       (Effect of Waste Treatment Plant Loadings)            67

24.  Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles
       (Effect of Waste Treatment Plants and Flow)           68
                                 iii

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                            LIST OF TABLES


                                                          Page No.

 1.  Clinton River Drought Flows                             13

 2.  Clinton River Sampling Stations                         15

 3.  Municipal Water Supply Systems                          19

 4,  Clinton River Municipal Wastes                          30

 5.  Clinton River Industrial Waste Inventory                31

 6.  Clinton River Industrial Waste Inventory
     (Waste Components - pounds/day)                         33

 7.  Clinton River Basin Waste Flow Projections              37

 8.  Clinton River Basin Untreated BOD5 Projections          38

 9.  Clinton River Basin BOEL Projections                     39

10.  Clinton River Water Quality
     (1966 Summer Survey)                                    45

11.  Clinton River Water Quality
     (1964 Summer Survey)                                    46

12.  Clinton River Tributary Water Quality                   47

13.  Clinton River Water Quality
     (1947 IJC Summer Survey)                                48
                                   iv

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4
                             INTRODUCTION


                               AUTHORITY

     Comprehensive water pollution control studies were authorized by

the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956, as amended (33 USC 466

et seq.).

          Sec. 3, (a)  "The Secretary shall, after careful investi-
     gation, and in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with
     State water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies,
     and with the municipalities and industries involved, prepare
     or develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing
     the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof and
     improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground
     waters.  In the development of such comprehensive programs due
     regard shall be given to the improvements which are necessary
     to conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagation
     of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, recreational purposes,
     and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses.   For
     the purpose of this section, the Secretary is authorized to
     make joint investigations with any such agencies of the condi-
     tion of any waters in any State or States, and of the discharges
     of any sewage, industrial wastes, or substance which may adversely
     affect such waters."

          Sec. 5.(f)  "The Secretary shall conduct research and
     technical development work, and make studies, with respect
     to the quality of the waters of the Great Lakes, including
     an analysis of the present and projected future water quality
     of the Great Lakes under varying conditions of waste treat-
     ment and disposal, an evaluation of the water quality needs
     of those to be served by such waters, an evaluation of muni-
     cipal, industrial, and vessel waste treatment and disposal
     practices with respect to such waters, and a study of alternate
     means of solving water pollution problems (including additional
     waste treatment measures) with respect to such waters."


     Initiation of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Comprehensive Program

Activity followed an appropriation of funds by the 86th Congress late in

1960.  In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Secretary of

Health, Education,  and Welfare delegated the responsibility for the study

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to the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control of the Public Health




Service.  Passage of the "Water Quality Act of 1965" gave the responsibility




for these studies to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration




(FWPCA).  As a result of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1966, the FWPCA was




transferred from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to the




Department of the Interior effective May 10, 1966.






                                PURPOSE




     This report presents the water quality of the Clinton River, Michigan




as it exists today, and includes predictions of population, water use,




and waste load trends for future years.  Its purpose is to present informa-




tion that can be used as a basis for developing a basin wide water pollution




control program.  The objectives of the Federal Water Pollution Control




Administration are to enhance the quality and value of the Nation's water




resources, and to prevent, control, and abate water pollution through




cooperative municipal, State, and Federal pollution control programs.






                                 SCOPE




     The area covered by this report is the Clinton River Drainage Basin,




Michigan, which is part of the Southeastern Michigan area tributary to




Lake Erie.  While some data from the entire Clinton River Basin are




presented herein, most of the water quality data collected by FWPCA are




in the main river between Pontiac and the mouth of the Clinton River at




Lake St. Clair.






                             ORGANIZATION




     The Detroit Program Office, located at the Naval Air Station, Grosse




lie, Michigan,  began collecting water quality data on the Clinton River

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in 1964.  Its staff include specialists in several professional skills,

including sanitary engineers, hydrologists, biologists, chemists, and

bacteriologists.  The resources of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering

Center at Cincinnati, Ohio have been utilized, and assistance and guidance

have been obtained from the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project,

Chicago.


                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The Detroit Program Office has received the cooperation and assistance

of local, State, and Federal agencies, as well as interested individuals.

The principal agencies taking an active part in providing assistance in the

preparation of the report are as follows:


     State Agencies
                        Michigan Water Resources Commission
                        Michigan Department of Public Health

     Federal Agencies -
                        U.S. Department of Commerce
                          Weather Bureau
                          Office of Business Economics
                          Bureau of Census

                        U.S. Department of the Interior
                          Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
                          Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife
                          Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
                          Geological Survey

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                          GENERAL DESCRIPTION






Designation of Area




     The Clinton River empties into the western end of Lake St. Clair




east of the City of Mt. Clemens.  In addition to Lake St. Clair,  the basin




is bounded by seven separate drainage basins.  These are Anchor Bay to  the




east, the Belle River to the north, the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers to  the




northwest and west, the Huron and Rouge Rivers to the southwest,  and the




Detroit River to the southeast.




     The basin is approximately 32 miles long and 36 miles wide,  measured




at the longest and widest parts.  Total drainage area in the basin is




approximately 760 square miles located in Macomb and Oakland Counties.  The




major population areas are Warren, Pontiac, and Mt. Clemens.




     The Clinton River has five major tributaries, the largest of which is




called the North Branch, which has a drainage area of over 200 square miles.




Other tributaries are the Middle Branch, Red Run, Stony Creek, and Paint




Creek.  The distance from headwaters to the mouth is approximately 65 miles.




     The basin is marked by a sharp change in the topographical features




between the eastern and western subbasins.  The transition runs in a




northeast-southwesterly direction passing near the cities of Birmingham




in the south, Rochester in the middle, and Romeo in the north.  The land




in the westerly portion of the basin is characterized by rough, hilly moraines




with numerous small lakes.   The soil consists of intermixed sand, gravel,  and




clay, interspersed with glacially transported boulders.   The easterly portion




of the basin is located in prehistoric lake bottoms.  The land is much  flatter




and the soils consist of sand and gravel deposits,as well as clay.  Lakes

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         are generally non-existent in the eastern portion of the basin.
         Climate
              The climate of the Clinton River Basin is greatly modified by the


         Great Lakes which warm the air in the winter and cool it in the summer.
 •*

         This climate is typical of the entire lower Great Lakes area and can be


         generalized as having a wide seasonal temperature variation, many storms,


         and a relatively constant yearly precipitation distribution.  In the winter,


         this precipitation is usually in the form of snow.


              The mean yearly temperature is about 50°F, while the mean winter and


         summer temperatures are about 35°F and 65°F, respectively.


              There is an average yearly precipitation of 30 inches on the basin.


         The growing season averages 170 days.




         Hydrology


                          Description of Clinton River Channel


              The Clinton River Channel, from the Pontiac sewage treatment plant


         just below Station C-010 (MP 46.5) to the M-59 bridge, Station C-020 (MP 44.9)


         consists of a series of pools formed by log jams and long canal-like runs


         averaging from 2.5 to 3.5 feet deep.   From the M-59 bridge to just above


         Auburn Heights at Station C-030 (MP 43.4),  the river runs through a marsh.


         The channel is clear, except for occasional weed beds and fallen trees.  Just


t         above the bridge in Auburn Heights,  where the river recrosses M-59, the


         character of the channel changes to a fast,  falling one with numerous rocky


         riffles.   One-half mile downstream (MP 43.9), the channel flattens out and


         there is considerable aquatic vegetation as far as  Hamlin Road at Station


         C-040 (MP 42.0).   From Hamlin Road to Crooks Road (approximately MP 37.5)

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 between C-050  (MP 39.8) and C-060  (MP 36.3), the channel consists  of  a




 series  of  long pools about 2 feet deep, formed by small rock dams  inter-




 spersed with short reaches of rocky riffles, with considerable growth of




 aquatic vegetation.  From Crooks Road to Station C-060  (MP 36.3) west of




 Rochester, the river is somewhat obstructed due to a  large number  of  downed




 trees.  On this reach, the flow is swift, and numerous weed beds grow.




     The Clinton River Channel, from Station C-060 at Rochester to Station




 C-080  (MP  25.3) at Utica, is more broad and flat than in the upper reaches.




 The depth  averages about 2 feet.  However, there are deeper holes  on  the




 outside of the bends.




     From  Utica to the junction with Red Run, Station C-110 (MP 17.4),  the




 channel has been improved In some reaches by dredging, and is mostly  clear




 of debris  and vegetation.  The gradient of the stream bed in this  reach is




 much flatter than in the upper reaches, consequently the velocity  of  the




 river is greatly reduced.




     From Red Run to the bridge at Moravian Drive, Station C-140 (MP  10.0),




 the river widens and has fewer bends than in the upper reaches.  The  slope




 of the  stream bed is flatter in this reach than in the upper reaches.




     Below the Moravian Drive bridge to Lake St. Clair, the river  continues




 to widen.  It has very few bends, and the stream bed is very flat.  There is




 a manmade  canal from the Clinton River to Lake St. Clair that is used during




 the high flood flows only.   It is straight, and its upper end is approximately




 2000 feet downstream from the Gratiot Avenue bridge, Station C-160  (MP  8.2),




 in Mt.  Clemens.  This canal is known as the Clinton River Cutoff Canal.  At




 the upstream end of the cutoff canal is a weir that prevents the Clinton




River water from entering the canal during periods of low and normal  flow.

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               Location of U.S. Geological Survey Gages

     There are 21 U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging stations  in  the

Clinton River Basin, of which three were utilized by the Federal Water

Pollution Control Administration.  These three stations are  shown in

Figure 5.

     The first of these is Clinton River at Auburn Heights.  It has a

drainage area of 123 square miles, and is located 30 feet upstream  from

the Highway M-59 bridge.  It has been in operation from May  1935 to June  1939,

and from October 1956 to the present.  The FWPCA sampling Station C-030

is located at the Highway M-59 bridge, MP 43.41.

     The second U.S. Geological Survey gaging station is Clinton River  near

Eraser. Michigan.  It is located 800 feet downstream from the Garfield  Road

bridge, has a drainage area of 445 square miles, and has been in operation

since May 1947.   The Garfield Road bridge,  MP 15.85, is the FWPCA sampling

Station C-130.

     The third U.S.  Geological Survey gaging station is Clinton River at

Mt. Clemens,  Michigan.   It is located 20 feet downstream from the Moravian

Drive bridge.   This  bridge is the site of the FWPCA Station C-140 at MP 9.98.

The drainage  area for this gage is 734 square miles, and the gage has been

in use since  May 1934,  longer than any other gage on the river.

     The range of observed discharges at these gaging stations are as follows:

          Clinton River at Auburn Heights -  Maximum -  716 cfs
                                            Average -  72.1 cfs
                                            Minimum -   4.8 cfs

          Clinton River near  Fraser       -  Maximum -  8000 cfs
                                            Average -   315 cfs
                                            Minimum     47 cfs

          Clinton River at Mt.  Clemens   -  Maximum -  21,200 cfs
                                            Average -     468 cfs
                                            Minimum -  not determined
                                    8

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                                   FIGURE 2
TIME OF PASSAGE OF THE
      CLINTON  RIVER
       FLOWS  AT  C30
                                            CO
                                            UJ
                                            or
                                            UJ
   (SAVQ) 39VSSVd JO 3WI1

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                            Time of Passage




     It is necessary to determine the time of passage of a river to




establish waste decay rates.  On the Clinton River, these times of passage




have been determined for various flows at Station C-30, "Clinton River at




Auburn Heights" (Figure 2).  These travel times are for the stretch of




river between MP 46.54 and MP 8.18.




     Time of passage studies on the Clinton River were made by the Detroit




Program Office field engineers during November 1964 and April 1965.  This




was done using multiple releases of Rhodamine B dye and measuring the




time of occurrence and concentrations of dye at downstream points.  The




field timing of the dye releases were done in the reaches downstream from




Pontiac and upstream of Mt. Clemens.  These two reaches coincide with the




intensive sampling areas, and represent the critical reaches of the river




as far as oxygen content is concerned.  Flow at the Aurburn Heights U.S.




Geological Survey gage averaged 35 and 150 cfs, respectively, during these




phases of the study.




     Both the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the University of




Michigan have made time of passage studies on the Clinton River for certain




flow conditions.   The results of all these studies show close agreement,




and extrapolations of our data were compared with the results from the other




studies.






                              Drought Flows




     The one day and seven day low flows (once in ten years) have been




calculated for the Clinton River at the three U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)




stations by use of Gumbel Extremal Probability Paper.   The flow at the
                                   10

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remaining points on the river was arrived at by comparison of their drainage




areas with that of the USGS stations.




     Because of the many physical changes that have taken place in the basin




since the early 1950's, these low flow values are only based on the last




eight years of record (1957-1964).  This results in higher flows along the




river than would be expected if the entire 30 years of record (at Mt. Clemens)




was used.
                                   11

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                                                                FIGURE 3
                         FLOW   DURATION  CURVE
               CLINTON  RIVER  AT  MOUNT  CLEMENS
                                     1935-1964
    100,000
    10,000
o
z
o
o
Ul
tr
UJ
CL
o
00

o

z
o
cc
o
CO
     1,000
      IOO
       10
            \
                         \
                             \
                                    \
                                       \
                                              \
        o.oi O.OB o.i o.t 0.0 i  t   e   10   to  BO 40  so eo TO io   to  »»   »• ••


                         TIME  IN  PERCENT OF TOTAL  PERIOD

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                TABLE  1.   CLINTON RIVER DROUGHT FLOWS
To Station
C-30 - Auburn Heights
Gal loway Creek*
Galloway Creek
Paint Creek*
Paint Creek
Stony Creek*
Stony Creek
C-70
C-90
Sterling Township #1
Red Run*
C-130
North Branch*
North Branch
C-140
1-Day ** 7-Day **
Mile Point Drainage Area Flow Flow
(miles) (square miles) (cfs) (cfs)
43.41
40.50

34.77

33.11
*
31.71
24.49
22.50
17.30
15.85
10.25

9.98
123.0
125.3
143.8
156.2
228.1
230.8
301.7
304.0
315.5
318,0
321.0
445.0
449.2
731.8
734.0
13.7
14.0
16.7
18.4
28.6
29.0
39.1
39.4
41.0
41.4
41.8
59.4
59.5
63.6
63.6
18.5
18.8
21.6
23.4
34.0
34.4
44.9
45.2
46.9
47.3
47.7
66.0
66.6
75.7
76.0
  up to,  but not including named creek.



**based on drainage area distribution of flow.
                                 13

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                                       FIGURE 4
DRAINAGE AREA  VS.  RIVER  MILES
          CLINTON  RIVER
                                                UJ
                                                
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            TABLE  2.   CLINTON RIVER  SAMPLING  STATIONS
MAINSTREAM STATIONS
Station
008
010
020
030
OkQ
050
060
06k
069
070
080
090
100
110
120
130
131*
|f*0
150
160
170
Mile Poi
**7.50
l&.Sk
Mf.87
Jt3.*1
M.95
39.78
36.27
33.60
31.96
31.71
25.29
2k. k9
19.93
17.^3
16.92
15.85
11.16
09.98
09.33
08.18
07.52
      180
           03.60
            Location

            Maddock St. Bridge, Pontiac
            Above Pontiac STP
            Bridge on Auburn Rd, E of Pontiac
            Auburn Rd Bridge in Auburn Heights (USGS gage)
            Hamlin Rd Bridge N of Auburn Heights
            Bridge on Adams Rd W of Rochester
            Bridge at junction of Avon & Livernois Rd
            Below Rochester STP
            500' upstream of NYCRR Bridge at Yates
            Bridge on Avon Rd at Yates
            Bridge on M-59 at Utica
            Bridge on Van Dyke Rd below Utica
            Bridge on Kleino Rd N of Maple Grove School
            Bridge on Hayes Rd N of Red Run
            0.38 miles downstream confluence of Red Run
                 and Clinton
            Btidge on Garfield Rd (USGS gage)
            500' S of confluence of Clinton River & drain
                 along Canal Rd.
            Bridge on Moravian Drive (USGS gage)
            Bridge on Groesbeck Hwy
            Bridge on Gratiot Avenue
            Bridge on St. that is 1 blk NE of Crocker
                 Blvd.
            Bridge on Bridgeview Rd., E of Mt. Clemens
TRIBUTARY STATIONS
                                       Conf1uence
     Station  Mile  Point   On  Tributary  Mile  Point  Location
061
062
111
131
01.36     Paint Creek     3*1.77
00.12     Stony Creek     33.11
00.0*t     Red Run         17.30
00.11     North Branch    10.25
00.3^     Harrington Or.   09.35
                                                   Rochester City Park
                                                   Bridge on Parkdale Rd
                                                   Bridge on Utica Rd
                                                   Bridge on Cass Ave
                                                   Bridge on Harrington Rd
                                15

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                               WATER USE


Municipal

     The Mt. Clemens water intake located in Lake St. Glair serves a

population of 36,100, with an average daily flow of 5.4 million gallons.

The City of Detroit serves an estimated 158,500 people residing in the

Macomb County portion of the Clinton River Basin, with an average of 25.2

million gallons daily.  Another 6,000 people are served by municipal water

systems using wells as a source of water supply.

     In the Oakland County portion of the Clinton River Basin, the City of

Detroit municipal water supply system serves approximately 380,000 people,

with about 40 million gallons daily from an intake located at the head of

the Detroit River.  A total population of 53,000 is served by municipal

systems using wells as a source of water supply in the Oakland County portion

of the Clinton River Basin.

     Population figures were taken from Engineering Bulletin #4, "Public

Water Supplies in Michigan," published by the Michigan Department of Public

Health.

     Since 1964, the Detroit Department of Water Supply has followed a plan

of steady expansion, and has extended its service area to include communities

which previously had received water from wells.  In 1966, the Detroit system

served the following communities and populations:

                        Fraser -         12,300
                        Shelby Twp.. -    23,000
                        Pontiac -        84,000
                        Pontiac Twp. -   11,500
                        Troy -           27,000


Industrial

     Industry uses water for processing, steam power, cooling, and sanitary

                                   17

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purposes.  Almost all water for Industrial use in the Clinton River Basin




is  supplied by municipalities.




      Industrial water use was assumed to be the same as the industrial




waste discharge.  Municipalities supply an estimated 2.9 million gallons




daily  (MGD) and wells supply an estimated 0.6 MGD.






Recreational




     The Clinton River has a limited number of water related recreational




facilities.  The main reason for this lack of facilities is the fact that




most of the stream is too small for boat traffic.  Water pollution has also




had a detrimental effect on boating activity.  Pollution, for most practical




purposes, has eliminated fishing and swimming in the main stem of the Clinton




River.  However, numerous boat launching ramps and docking berths are




located in the lower basin between Mt. Clemens and the mouth of the river.




     The 1965 boat registrations in the Clinton River Basin totalled




approximately 30,000.  This gives the basin a boat density of approximately 40




boats per square mile, which is about five times the State density.  This




is very evident by the numerous facilities in the lower basin.  There are 13




marinas in this area which have a total of 6 launching ramps and over 1500




berths.  Most of these marinas have facilities for lifting boats out of the




water for winter storage.




     Water related recreation in the basin is concentrated mainly on small




lakes and numerous parks on tributaries to the Clinton River.
                                   18

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  TOWN
  Macomb Co.

    Armada
                  TABLE 3.
  Est.
196*f Pop.
   1,000
           MUNICIPAL WATER  SUPPLY  SYSTEMS
                Clinton River  Basin
                                                            **
    Centerline      11,000

    Clinton Twp.     6,500

    Fraser****      10,000



    Harrison Twp.    **,000

    Mt.Clemens      25,600
    Romeo
   t,000
    Shelby Twp.****  1,000
    (Shelby Village)

    Sterling Twp.    11,300

    Utica            1,200

    Warren         125,000
Owner
MMBMM


  M



  M

  T

  M




  M

  M



  M
                                       ***
                  T

                  M

                  M
          1964
         Source        Treatment


Well in drift 6^' to
116' deep

Water from Detroit

Water from Mt.Clemens

Wells in drift 109'       5
to 125' deep - Methane
Removal

Water from Mt.Clemens

Lake St. Clair, **500'    1 S- 6
of 30" inake 10' deep

Wells in drift 155'
to 160' deep

Wells in drift 31'        5
to 37' deep

Water from Oetroi t

Water from Detroit

Water from Detroit
                                                                             •Mck
  Oakland Co.
    Avon Twp.
   2,600
    Independence Twp 2,500
T & P      Wells in drift 129'
           to 16^'  deep

  T        Wells in drift 72'
           to 295'  deep
  **Taken from "Data on  Public Water  Supplies  in Michigan"  -  Engineering
     Bulletin No.  k by the  Michigan Department of  Public  Health.

 *** See Owner and Treatment Code page 21.

**** NOW served by Detroit.
                                     19

-------
                 TABLE  3.  MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (cont.)1
TOWN
Oakl and Co.
Lake Orion
Oxford
Orion Twp.
Ponti ac****
Rochester
Est.
196*t Pop.
2,700
2,1*00
800
82,200
5,^00
Owner***
M
M
T
M
M
1964
Source
Wells 1n drift 95' to
143' deep
Wells in drift 68' to
73' deep
Wells in drift 110'
to 113' deep
23 wells in drift
102' to 281' deep
Wells in drift,
Treatment
-
-
-
5
-
       Pontiac Twp.****   2,900
       Sylvan Lake
       Troy ****
 2,000
19,100
       Waterford Twp.    12,600


       Berkley

       Beverly Hills*

                 it
       Birmingham

       Clawson

       Farmington
            65' to 120' deep

P & T      Wells in drift,
           138« to 292' deep

  M        Wells in drift,
           221*' to 2^0' deep

  M        Wells in drift, 112'
           to 135'  deep

  T        Wells in drift M)'  to
           179' deep
23,700
2,500
13,000
15,300
7,600
M
M
M
M
M
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
     * Population based on percentage of community in Clinton River Basin.
     **Taken from "Data on Public Water Supplies in  Michigan" - Engineering
       Bulletin No. 4 by the Michigan Department of Public Health.
 *** See Owner and Treatment Code next page.
**** Now served by Detroit.
                                        20

-------
            TABLE   3.  MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS  (cont.)'
TOWN
•MMMTV*
Oakland Co.
Ferndale
Hazel Park
Huntington Wds.
Lathrop Vi 1 1 age
Madison Hts.
Oak Park
Pleasant Ridge
Pontiac
Royal Oak
Royal Oak Twp.
Southfield*
Est.
196^ Pop.
31,600
26,100
9,000
3,800
3^,200
37,100
3,800
82,200
83,200
6,600
7,^00
Owner ***
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
T
M
1964
Source
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Detroit
Water from Octroi t
Water from Detroit
Water from Octroi t
Water from Detroit
                                                                    Treatment
                                                                            iririt
* Population based on percentage of community in Clinton River Basin.
**Taken from "Data on Public Water Supplies in Michigan," Engineering
  Bulletin No. k by the Michigan Department of Public Health.
Owner Code:
                               -Jir-fj—A.
                               TCTTTf
          M = City or Village
          T = Townshi p
          P = Private
          D = District
          C = County
          S = State
        U.S.= Federal
Treatment Code;

     1 .  Std. Filtration*
     2.  Lime softening**
     3.  Zeolite softening
     k.  Iron removal
     5.  Chlorination
     6.  Fluoridation

 * Implies at least chlorination, chemical
   coagulation, and rapid sand filtration.
 **Lime softening^2) includes filtration.
                                   21

-------
                 SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES






Municipal




     The Clinton River Basin has twelve sewage treatment plants which




provide secondary treatment to 57 million gallons per day  (MGD) from




approximately 320,000 people.  Of the twelve plants, three of them - Warren,




Pontiac No. 1, and Pontiac No. 2 - contribute 78.5 percent of the flow.




Table 4 gives a summary of the treated discharges of these plants, and Figure 6




shows their location.  Prior to January 1967, the Michigan Department of




Public Health required chlorination of all sewage treatment plant effluents




from May 15 to September 15.  The Health Department now requires year-around




disinfection of sewage plant effluent.




     All of the data in this section are based on monthly average figures




for 1965 as reported by the plants to the Michigan Department of Public




Health.






                     Almont Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     This plant is located in the northernmost part of the basin.  It




serves about 1,250 people and has a flow of approximately 0.14 MGD.




     This trickling filter plant removes, on the average, 92 percent of the




5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from the incoming sewage.  The




effluent was chlorinated from May 15 through September 15.  BOD in the




effluent varied from 5 to 30 milligrams per liter (mg/1) during 1965.






                  Armada Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     The Armada sewage treatment plant serves about 1,100 people.  This




trickling filter plant has an average 0.12 MGD flow, from which 90 percent
                                   22

-------
of  the BOD is removed.  Effluent BOD ranged from 11 to 64 mg/1;  flow  varied




between 0.07 and 0.33 MGD.  The effluent was chlorinated from May  15  through




September 15.






                Clatkston Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     Clarkston sewage treatment plant served a population of  about  200




people in 1964.  The facilities are a septic tank followed by sand  filtration.




There is no information as to the volume of waste handled or  its chemical




characteristics.  Outfall is to a local drain.






            Clinton Township Sewage Treatment Plants - 1965




     Clinton Township operates two trickling filter sewage treatment  plants




on  the Clinton River.  The effluent of each plant is chlorinated throughout




the year.




     The Number 1 plant has an average flow of 2.34 MGD, and  serves a




population of 17,000.  Effluent BODc's vary between 26 and 47  mg/1, while




flow ranges from 1.77 to 3.54 MGD.




     The Number 2 plant serves 16,800 people.  The flow from  this plant




averages 2.03 MGD.  The effluent BOD varied between 26 and 44 mg/1, while




the flow varied from 1.60 to 2.78 MGD.






               Mt.  Clemens Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     The City of Mt.  Clemens is served by a trickling filter  sewage treatment




plant.   This plant serves about 25,000 people.   The average flow of 3.72 MGD




is chlorinated continuously.   The average effluent BO^ values varied  from 24




to 56 mg/1,  which is an approximate 75 percent reduction of the  influent con-




centration.   The flow during 1965 ranged between 3.38 and 4.16 MGD.
                                   23

-------
                Pontiac Sewage Treatment Plants - 1965




     Pontiac has two activated sludge plants for treating the waste of




about 84,000 people.  Both plants chlorinate their effluent all year.




     The Number 2 plant on Auburn Road has an average flow of 11.4 MGD,




and fluctuated during 1965 between 9.0 and 14.1 MGD.  The average effluent




BOD was 12 mg/1 and varied between 6 and 19 mg/1.  BOD-removal is in the  90




percent range.




     The Number 1 plant on East Boulevard has an average flow of 9.8 MGD.




This flow varied between 8.3 and 10.9 MGD.  The BODgremoval is in the 90




percent range, with an average effluent value of 11 mg/1.  Effluent BOD,-




values varied from 6 to 18 mg/1 during 1965.






                Rochester Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     This activated sludge plant treats an average flow of 0.97 MGD and




removes over 90 percent of the BOD™  The plant serves about 6,500 people.




Variations in plant flow and effluent BOD5range from 0.82 to 1.12 MGD and




10 to 26 mg/1, respectively.  The plant chlorinates its effluent all year.






                  Romeo Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     Romeo has a population of approximately 3,300 people, which is served




by its trickling filter sewage treatment plant.  The plant handles an average




flow of 0.37 MGD, from which about 90 percent of the BOD is removed.




Effluent BOD,, for 1965 averaged 39 mg/1, but this average was raised by high




BODJs in November, December, January, and February.  Values of effluent BCD-




range from 18 to 73 mg/1.   Flow varied between 0.25 to 0.71 MGD.  The plant




chlorinated its effluent between May 15 and September 15.
                                   24

-------
                Sterling Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     Approximately 18,000 people are served by this activated sludge plant.




Flow for 1965 averaged 2.24 MGD, with variations between 1.82 and 2.90 MGD.




Effluent BOD varied from 13 to 28 mg/1, with an average value of 19 mg/1.




The plant removes around 90 percent of the incoming BOD load.  Chlorination




is continuous throughout the year.






                  Utica Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     The Utica sewage treatment plant is an activated sludge process which




treats an average flow of 0.39 MGD from a population of approximately 2,500




people.  Effluent BOD averaged 20 mg/1 in 1965, with variations between 10




and 36 mg/1.  BOD removal is in the 90 percent range.  The effluent is




chlorinated all year.






                 Warren Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965




     The Warren activated sludge plant is the largest single plant in the




basin, with an average flow of 23.7 MGD.  The plant serves approximately




140,000 people.  Effluent BOD,, values ranged between 19 and 46 mg/1, with




an average of 31 mg/1.  The effluent is chlorinated continuously throughout




the year.






           Waterford Township Sewage Treatment Plants - 1965




     The Township had a population of 47,000 people in 1960, but only




about 1,300 were served by the two Township sewage treatment plants.  Each




facility consists of a standard trickling filter plant followed by a sand




filter and disinfection equipment.  No additional information was available,




except that discharge is to Otter Lake.  The rest of the population is




served by either private septic tanks or the City of Pontiac.




                                  25

-------
 Industrial




     Eight industries discharge a total of 3.5 MGD of industrial waste  to




 the Clinton River and its tributaries.  These industries are engaged  in




 general manufacturing, machinery operations, production of paper, and




 painting of steel parts.  Wastes include toxic metals, soluble oil, BOD ,




 solids, and heat from cooling water.




     The Michigan Water Resources Commission has rated five of the eight




 industries as "providing adequate waste treatment or control."  The




 adequacy of control or treatment has not been determined at this time for




 two industries.  One other industry has a "control provided-protection




 unreliable" rating.  Additional control equipment is under construction.




 These ratings were verified in August 1966.




     Industries discharging wastes to watercourses in the Clinton River Basin




 are shown in Figure 6, and a summary of results are shown in Tables 5 and 6.






             Chrysler Corporation - Michigan Missile Plant




     Located in Sterling Township, this plant discharges 0.75 MGD to Plumb




 Brook, a tributary of the Clinton River.  Industrial waste treatment consists




 of removal of cyanide, hexavalent chromium, and toxic metals.  They also




 operate a 25 million gallon waste lagoon and do monitor sampling.  Sanitary




 sewage is treated in a company biofilter plant and chlorinated.  Treatment




 and control are rated adequate by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.






          Ford Motor Company - Chassis Parts Machinery Plant




     This plant is located in Sterling Township.  Wastes containing soluble




 oil are discharged to Plumb Brook.   The treatment consists of oil cracking




with FeCl3, and a lagoon.  The treatment provided for the flow of 1.5 MGD





                                   26

-------
ts rated as "B", which means additional facilities have been completed,




but have not been rated by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.  Sanitary




sewage is treated and chlorinated in a company secondary plant.






                     Higbee Manufacturing Company




     Located in the City of Rochester, this plant discharges 0.4 MGD of




cooling water to Paint Creek, a tributary of the Clinton River.  No




industrial process wastes are produced.  Sanitary wastes are treated by




Rochester.  Control is rated adequate by the Michigan Water Resources




Commission.






                   National Machine Products Company




     Located in the City of Utica, discharging 0.1 MGD of cooling water




to the Clinton River, this company's process waste control is rated adequate




by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.  Sanitary wastes are treated by




the Utica sewage treatment plant.






                        Robin Products Company




     Located in the City of Warren, this plant discharges 0.055 MGD of waste




from plating operations to Fogg Drain, which reaches the Clinton River through




a system of drains.  Toxic metal sludges are hauled away for disposal, and




uncontaminated cooling water is discharged.  Sanitary wastes are treated in




a septic tank and tile field.  Treatment is rated as adequate by the Michigan




Water Resources Commission.






                        Rochester Paper Company




     This company is located in the City of Rochester.  Wastes from the




production of absorbent-type papers are discharged to the Clinton River.






                                  27

-------
Control for the daily discharge of 0.29 million gallons consists of savealls.

Waste constituents include dye, fillers, and fibers.  Treatment is rated as

adequate by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.  Sanitary wastes are

discharged to the Rochester sewage treatment plant.


                  TRW Corporation - Michigan Division

     Located in Sterling Township, this company discharges wastes from

machining and fabricating operations to Beaver Creek.  Waste constituents

of the 0.10 MGD flow include soluble oil, pickle liquor, BOD,. ,and suspended

solids.  Treatment facilities consist of a Gibbs floatation unit and two

lagoons.  Protection has been unreliable, according to the Michigan Water

Resources Commission, but new facilities are under construction.  Sanitary

wastes are treated in a plant Imhoff tank followed by a biofilter and

chlorination.


Federal Installations

                       Selfridge Air Force Base

     Selfridge Air Force Base provides secondary treatment utilizing the

activated sludge process.  This plant serves an approximate population

of 6,000 people, with an average flow of 775,000 gallons per day and a

design capacity of 880,000 gallons per day.  The data from the Base sewage

treatment plant show a BOD,.and suspended solids removal of 96 percent.

Chlorination of the effluent is practiced.  However, no chlorine contact tank

exists to provide the proper contact time.

     Selfridge Air Force Base has submitted the following projects for

pollution control:

          1.   A project to provide for the treatment of storm
              waters and aircraft washing at six points on the Base;

                                  28

-------
          2.  A project to provide for alteration of the existing
              plant to utilize the full capacity of the plant and
              the addition of a chlorine contact tank.
            U.S. Army Facilities at Selfridge Air Force Base

     The U.S. Army NIKE sites and the U.S. Army Missile Maintenance Area

at Selfridge Air Force Base are served by combination septic tank and

subsurface sand filters.  There are two points of direct discharge to the

Clinton River from the U.S. Army facilities.  One other facility discharges

away from the Clinton River to a ditch leading to a swampy area.

     Fifth Army has received approval to proceed with the preparation of

plans and specifications for the installation of an interceptor sewer to

transport sewage from the NIKE sites at Selfridge Field to the Selfridge

Field sewage treatment plant.
                                  29

-------
             TABLE  k.  CLINTON RIVER MUNICIPAL WASTES
     (Yearly averages for 1965 in mg/1, unless otherwise noted)
                   A11 plants are secondary units.'''
P1 ant Name
Almont
Armada
C1 arkson
Clinton Twp.#1
Clinton Twp.#2
Mt. Clemens
Pontiac #1
Pontiac #2
Rochester
Romeo
Ster 1 ing
Utica
Warren
Waterford
Twp.tfl
Waterford
Two. #2
Flow
MGD
0.11*
0.12
Temp.
°F
(raw)
5k
61
5 -Day
BOO
15
2k
Susp. Susp.Vol,
Solids Solids
12
k7
No information
2.3k
2.03
3.72
9.8
11. if
0.97
0.37
2.2^
0.39
23.7

56 .
57
60
-
-
-
57
57
61
57

3k
36
33
11
12
16
39
19
20
31

36
38
52
16
29
32
25
2k
22
kS

No Information




No information
9
27
available
2k
36
36
10
16
25
21
18
15
37

avai lable

aval lable
pH
l.k
7.k

7.3
l.k
7.1
-
-
7.8
7.5
7.6
7.1
7.3




(l)  Clarkston - septic tank plus sand filtration.
                                30

-------
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                 POPULATION AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS






     Demographic studies were conducted by the Great Lakes-Illinois River




Basins Project, Chicago, for the southeastern Michigan portion of the Lake




Erie drainage basin, which includes the Clinton River Basin.  Population




trends, on a national, regional, and county basis, were analyzed, and popu-




lation projections were developed for the Clinton River Basin.  These studies




plus the projected populations in the National Sanitation report, "Sewerage




and Drainage Problems, Six-County Metropolitan Area, Southeastern Michigan,"




were used to project populations for the year 1990 and 2020.




     The populations of communities in the Clinton River Basin served by




the City of Detroit sewage treatment plant were not used in the computation




of projected populations for the years 1990 and 2020.  In projecting these




populations, the possibility that some of the communities may, in the future,




transport their wastes out of the Clinton River Basin was not taken into




account.




     The 1960 population within the Clinton River drainage basin was




approximately 705,000 people.  Approximately 300,000 of these people transport




their municipal wastes to the City of Detroit for treatment.  The 1965 popu-




lation served by municipal sewage treatment plants discharging to watercourses




in the Clinton River Basin was approximately 320,000.




     The Projected populations for the years 1990 and 2020 are 1,100,000




j-Lid 1,630,000, respectively.  It was assumed that 1990 and 2020 populations




will be municipal, and all sewered.  The basin is located almost entirely




within the two counties of Macomb and Oakland.  The population projections




for the Macomb and Oakland County portions of the basin are listed below.
                                   35

-------
                             I960            1990             2020

     Macomb County          203,000         690,000         1,000,000

     Oakland County         198,000         410,000           627,000

     Municipal and industrial data used  to estimate  the  1965  waste flow

and BODcloadings to the Clinton River were obtained  from inventories of the

Michigan Water Resources Commission, Michigan Department of Public Health,

and the U.S. Public Health  Service.

     Waste flow projections  for the Clinton River  are  given for  the Macomb

County and Oakland County portion of the basin in  Table  7.  The  total waste

discharge to the Clinton River in 1965 was determined  to be approximately 60

MGD.  The total waste discharge for the  years 1990 and 2020 has  been projected

to be about 170 and 255 MGD, respectively.

     Untreated BODc projections for the  Clinton River  Basin have been

determined for total municipal and industrial loadings from Macomb and Oak-

land Counties, and are listed in Table 8.   The total untreated BOD^in the
                                                         Qf>i -jf">t->f-\ -i  •">'* ('"'""• *
Clinton River Basin for 1965 was approximately 66,500  pounds/day.   The 1990

projection of 219,000 pounds/day, and the  2020 projection of  355,000 pounds/day

are 3 and 5 times as great, respectively,  as the 1965  untreated  BODg .

     The total BODc discharge to the Clinton River from  municipal and

industrial sources was determined to be  approximately  11,200  pounds/day

in 1965.   Using present removals, the BOD,, loading  for  the year 1990 was

projected to be 35,500 pounds/day, and for  the year 2020 to be 57,200

pounds/day.   Table 9 lists the projections  for the BOD,-loading to the Clinton

River utilizing higher degrees of treatment by municipal and  industrial

sources.

-------
                    TABLE  7.  CLINTON RIVER BASIN
                            WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS (MGO)
                                       1965         1990         2020

Macomb County

  Municipal
    Residential                        25            17.8        111.0
    Industrial                         10            16.5         2^.0

  Industrial (Direct to River)          2.6           fr.3          6.2

                          Subtotal     37.6          97.6        1M.2



Oakland County

  Municipal
    Residential                        13.2          58.5         89.5
    Industrial                          9.0          1*t.9         21.6

  Industrial (Direct to River)          1.0           1.6          2.k

                          Subtotal     23.2          75.0        113.5



Total  to Clinton River                  60.8         172.6        25**.7
                                 37

-------
                      TABLE  8.  CLINTON RIVER BASIN
                           UNTREATED BOD5PROJECTIONS (#/d)


                                     1965        1990        2020
Macomb County

  Municipal
    Residential                     38,250     12*t,200     200,000
    Industrial                       6,385      10,535      15,32**

  Industrial (Direct to River)      	35     	5§     	8J+

                     Subtotal       H,670     13^,793     215,^08
Oakland County

  Hunici pal
    Residential                     15,725      73,800     125,^00
    Industrial                       5,965       9,8M)      1^,120

  Industrial  (Direct to River)         108         177         257

                     Subtotal        21,798      83,817      139,777
Total Untreated BOD5                66,*t68     218,610      355,185
                                  38

-------
                      TABLE 9.  CLINTON RIVER BASIN
                              BOD5 PROJECTIONS (#/day)
                                    1965           1990            2020

Macomb County

     Total BOD5 before
       treatment                   44,670         134,793         215,408

     801)5 Discharged
       with present 80% removal     8,934          26,959          43,082
       with 90% removal             4,468          13,480          21,540
       with 95% removal             2,234           6,740          10,770
       with 99% removal               447           1,348           2,154


Oakland County

     Total BOD5before
       treatment                   21,798          83,817         139,777

     BOD Discharged
       with present 90% removal     2,244           8,488          14,152
       with 90% removal             2,180           8,381          13,978
       with 95% removal             1,090           4,190           6,989
       with 99% removal               218             838           1,398
Total BODsto River
       with present 84% removal    11,178          35,447          57,234
       with 90% removal             6,648          21,861          35,518
       with 95% removal             3,324          10,930          17,759
       with 99% removal               665           2,186           3,552
                                  39

-------
                                                              FIGURE 7

     POPULATION   a  MUNICIPAL  WASTE  FLOW PROJECTIONS

      FOR  PORTIONS  OF  M A C 0 M B  &  OAKLAND  COUNTIES

                   IN  THE  CLINTON  RIVER   BASIN
  IO,OOO,OOO
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-------
                             WATER QUALITY


      In the discussion of the water quality of the Clinton River,  the river

was divided into four distinct sections to show the changes in water

quality from Pontiac to Lake St. Glair.

          1)  Section C008-C010 is located between the Haddock
          Street bridge in Pontiac and a point above the Pontiac
          sewage treatment plant #1.

          2)  Section C020-C060 is located between the Auburn
          Street bridge below the Pontiac sewage treatment plant
          #2 and Rochester, Michigan.

          3)  Section C070-C110 is located from a point below the
          Rochester sewage treatment plant to a point above the
          confluence of Red Run and the Clinton River.

          4)  Section C120-C180 is located from a point below the
          confluence of Red Run and the Clinton River to the
          mouth of the Clinton River.

      The Detroit Program Office conducted water quality surveys of the
    i
Clinton River during August 1964 and July-August 1966.  Of the many water

quality parameters tested during these surveys, those discussed in this

report are dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia,

nitrates,  total phosphates, total solids, suspended solids, chlorides, and

total coliforms.

     Water quality data for each of the four sections are tabulated in

Table 10 for the 1966 summer survey, and Table 11 for the 1964 sunnier survey.

Water quality data for the Clinton River tributaries are tabulated in Table  12.

     Surveys of the Clinton River in the summer of 1964 and 1966 found two

sections of the Clinton River which had severe oxygen deficiencies.  A

definite oxygen sag existed downstream from the City of Pontiac, a result

of the organic and nitrogenous loading from the two sewage treatment plants

serving Pontiac.  The dissolved oxygen concentration in the Clinton River

                                  41

-------
recovered upstream of the Rochester sewage treatment plant.  Below the




Rochester sewage treatment plant the dissolved oxygen concentration began




a steady decline which extended to the mouth of the river during the summer




surveys of 1964 and 1966.  The dissolved oxygen concentration in the lower




Clinton River averaged 2.7 milligrams per liter (mg/1) with a range of 0.6




to 6.1 mg/1 for the 1966 survey.  During the 1964 survey, the dissolved




oxygen in the same section (C120-C160) averaged 4.0 mg/1 with a range




of 1.6 to 6.1 mg/1.




     Dissolved oxygen concentrations in Paint Creek and Stony Creek,




tributaries of the Clinton River, were approximately 9.0 mg/1.  Red Run,




another tributary, had an average concentration of 10.2 mg/1 during the 1966




survey, well above the 4.3 mg/1 average for the 1964 survey.  This is




probably due to photosynthetic action by algae causing supersaturation of




Red Run.  The North Branch had an average concentration of 5.0 mg/1 during




the 1966 survey, much lower than the 9.5 mg/1 average during the 1964




summer survey.  There is no explanation for the decline.




     Figure 8 illustrates the dissolved oxygen profiles for the Clinton




River during the five surveys conducted over the past 20 years.




     The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD;) in the Clinton River in the




stretch above the Pontiac sewage treatment plants had an average of 4 mg/1.




This increased steadily to an average 9 mg/1 at the lower section of the




Clinton River during the 1966 survey.   The BOD- results were similar for




the 1964 survey.  The tributaries of Paint Creek,  Stony Creek, and North




Branch had low average BOD^ of 2 mg/1, 3 mg/1, and 4 mg/1, respectively, as




shown in Table 12.   Red Run had a high average BODc of 14 mg/1 during




the 1966 summer survey.
                                  42

-------
     Chlorides were high  in  the Clinton River during  the  summer  survey.




 The  section above  the Pontiac  sewage treatment plants had  an average  concen-




 tration of 68 mg/1.  The  section below the Pontiac  sewage  treatment plants




 had  an average concentration of 112 mg/1.  The Clinton River,  from Rochester




 to the mouth at Lake St.  Clair, had an average chloride concentration of




 approximately 85 mg/1.  The  chloride concentration  in Paint Creek and




 Stony Creek averaged 26 and  30 mg/1, respectively.  Red Run averaged  72 mg/1,




 and  North Branch averaged 56 mg/1.




     Ammonia, as nitrogen in the reach below the two  Pontiac sewage treatment




 plants, averaged 6.32 mg/1,  with a range of 1.60 to 10.24  mg/1 during the 1966




 summer survey.  This section had an average ammonia concentration 25  times




 greater than the section above the Pontiac sewage treatment plants.   The




 river from the confluence of Red Run to Lake St. Clair had an average




 concentration of 4.58 mg/1 of ammonia.




     Nitrate, as nitrogen during the 1966 summer survey, averaged  0.4 mg/1




 above the Pontiac  sewage treatment plants, 1.4 mg/1 below  the sewage  treatment




 plants, 5.2 mg/1 from Rochester to a point above the  confluence of Red Run,




 and  2.6 mg/1 in the lower Clinton River.  Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations




 in all of the tributaries had average concentrations  less  than 0.8 mg/1, as




 shown in Table 12.




     Total phosphate, as PO^, above Pontiac's sewage  treatment plant  outfalls




 averaged 0.9 mg/1 during the 1966 summer survey.  Below the Pontiac outfalls,




 the average concentration increased to 7.0 mg/1.  The section below Rochester




had an average of 4.6 mg/1, and the section below the confluence of Red Run




had an average total phosphate concentration of 9.2 mg/1.   The total  soluble




phosphate averaged  about 82 percent of the total phosphate in the  Clinton
                                   43

-------
River.  The  total phosphate concentrations in the tributaries averaged




less  than 0.6 mg/1, with the exception of Red Run.  Red Run had  an  average




concentration of 18.9 mg/1 during the 1966 survey, or twice that of the




average concentration in the lower Clinton River.




      Total solids in the Clinton River during the 1966 survey increased




from  an average of 389 mg/1 above the two Pontiac sewage  treatment  plant




outfalls to  an average of 530 mg/1 in the reach below them.  Total  solids




concentrations remained fairly constant in the downstream sections  of the




Clinton River.  The total solids concentration for the tributaries,  Paint




Creek and Stony Creek, averaged 345 mg/1 and 350 mg/1, respectively.  Red




Run and North Branch had average total solids concentrations similar to




the lower Clinton River with 560 and 530 mg/1, respectively.




      Total coliform densities in the Clinton River above  the Pontiac sewage




treatment plants at Stations C-006 and C-010 were 690,000 and 39,000




organisms per 100 ml, respectively, during a survey conducted on July 14, 1966.




Directly below the Pontiac sewage treatment plant outfall #2, the total




coliform density decreased to 100 organisms per 100 ml (org/100 ml).




      Total coliform densities varied from 1,600 to 21,800 org/100 ml in




the stretch of the river from Station C-030 to C-090 during the  same survey.




      Surveys in the lower Clinton River conducted on June 30 and July 7, 1966




varied in total coliform densities as shown in Figure 12.  The July 7 survey




had total coliform densities which ranged from 1,100 to 4,400 org/100 ml.




T"fe coliform density in the June 30 survey ranged from 5,200 to 450,000




org/100 ml.




     Figure  12 shows the results of three bacteriological surveys conducted




on the Clinton River during the summer of 1966.






                                   44

-------









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-------
TABLE 11.   CLINTON RIVER WATER  QUALITY
            196*1 Summer Survey  (mg/1)
River Section
C010
Min.
Avg.
Max.
C020-C060
Min.
Avg.
Max.
C070-C110
Min.
Avg.
Max.
C120-C160
Min.
Avg.
Max.
Temp. °C

16
19
23

16
19
23

15
18
20

17
19
22
00

*».9
7.1
9.5 '

1.0
b.b
9.0

3.7
6.1*
9.1

1.6
*f.O
6.1
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5
6
8

3
5
10

3
5
8

2
7
18
N03

0.3
O.k
Q.k

1.6
1.9
2.k

1.1
1.5
2.0

0.9
1.3
1.6
Susp.
Solids

19
22
30

3
13
35

22
k8
89

7
23
39
                 46

-------
          TABLE  12.  CLINTON RIVER TRIBUTARY WATER QUALITY
                         Summer Surveys (Avg. mg/1)
Tributary
Paint Creek
196*t
1966
Stony Creek
196*f
1966
Red Run
19^7*
1964
1966
North Branch
Clinton River
196if
1966
Temp.
°C

17
18

19
21

23
20
2k


20
25
00

11.6
8.8

10.9
9.0

3.2
if. 3
10.2


9.5
5.0
BOD5

2
2

k
3

11
11
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k
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_
26

-
30

31
.
72


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N03-N

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0,8

0.1
0.5

-
0.2
0.3


1.8
0.2
Total

_
O.k

-
0.2

-
.
18.9


-
0.6
*Internationa1  Joint Commission
                               47

-------
              TABLE 13.   CLINTON RIVER WATER QUALITY
                         19^7  Summer Survey* (mg/1)
Station	Temp.  °C	DO	BOD^	U

C110
     Min.           19            6.8          ].k          13
     Avg.           2k            l.k          3.5          19
     Max.           26            7.9         10.2          38
mo
     Min.            19            0.9          1.0          1*f
     Avg.            2^            5.0          2.1          18
     Max.            27            7.1          3.5          30
C180
     Min.            20            2.if          2.8          23
     Avg.            25            5.1          5.2         118
     Max.            28            8.0         \k.l         210
 International  Joint Commission
                              48

-------
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-------
                     DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS






     The water quality data described in previous sections of this report




were submitted to analyses in a mathematical model depicting oxygen




balance in streams.  This particular model is a modification of the classical




Streeter-Phelps formulation for oxygen balance in a stream.  This equation




includes an additional non-conservative oxygen damand (Kjeldahl nitrogen),




which acts in a similar fashion to the BOD factor in the original formu-




lation.




     Long-term oxygen demand and nitrogen balance determinations were made




on stream and waste source samples to determine a laboratory K-rate in




order to calculate the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand.  The ultimate




carbonaceous oxygen demand stream profile was constructed, and the stream




BOD decay rate determined.  A similar profile of the Kjeldahl nitrogen




yielded the nitrogenous demand decay rate.  These profiles were checked




by a wastes loadings profile.  All rates were converted from the stream




temperature to twenty degrees centigrade.




     The parameters, as determined from the 1964 survey, were used for




projection runs.   The resultant DO, BOD, and NIT profiles are shown plotted




on Figures 16 through 21.   Figures 19, 20, and 21 are the match run profiles




superimposed on the summer 1964 survey data.  Figures 16, 17, and 18 are




the match run profiles (1964 data) superimposed on the summer 1966 survey




data.




     These values were then projected for three flows and three temperatures.




The DO profiles for these  runs are shown as Figures 22a through 22c.  The




loadings are based on the  1964 reported flows and concentrations for the




various sewage treatment plants.   A run was made at the match flow




conditions (a flow equal to 30 cfs past the Auburn Heights USGS gage in 1964)




                                   57

-------
using the reported 1965 monthly average flow for the basin sewage treatment




plants and the summer 1966 survey concentrations for sewage treatment plant




BOD and Kjeldahl nitrogen.  This resulted in anaerobic conditions below




the Pontiac sewage treatment plants, although the river did recover somewhat.




No further attempt was made to run a more critical condition.




     Figures 23a, 23b, and 23c are projections based on a modified flow




increase for certain sewage treatment plants.  These plants are all located




in Macomb County.  The flows are based on projected individual plant flows




to 1980, rather than a more arbitrary increase on an area-wide basis.




Except for these plants, the parameters were the same as used for the




projection runs for Figure 22a at a temperature of 20°C.  A BOD ultimate




value of 9.2 mg/1 was assumed for all the Macomb plants.  A Kjeldahl




nitrogen concentration of 15 mg/1 was also assumed for the run shown on




Figure 23a.  Anaerobic conditions will exist.  Figure 23b is the run with




the nitrogen concentration reduced to 10 mg/1.  Anaerobic conditions will also




occur, although much further downstream.  Figure 23c is based on an assumed




nitrogen concentration of 5 mg/1.  The low DO, except for the reach below




Mt. Clemens, is about 2 mg/1.  However, at a higher temperature the DO level



would be lower, as may be seen from Figure 22a.




     Figure 24a shows the profile which may be expected to occur in the




absence of the loadings from the Sterling Township, Clinton Township, and



Mt. Clemens plants.  The impact of Red Run is emphasized in the absence of




other waste sources.




     Runs were also made assuming a removal of 96 percent of the 5-day BOD




from the Macomb sewage treatment plants instead of the 95 percent removal assumed




in the Figure 23a to 23c plots.   The effect of this additional removal





                                   58

-------
(resulting in a BOD load of one-half the 92 percent removal load)  is




insignificant due to the impact of the oxygen-demanding nitrogen concen-




tration.




     Figures 24b and 24c show the effect of the 1980 Macomb sewage treatment




plant flows under the 7/10 and 1/10 low flow conditions.  Anaerobic




conditions also exist in the reaches below Red Run.
                                   59

-------
                                                           FIGURE  16
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-------
                                                   FIGURE 22
     COMPUTED  DISSOLVED OXYGEN  PROFILES
                     CLINTON RIVER
           EFFECT OF FLOW  AND  TEMPERATURE
 (a)  1964 SUMMER  SURVEY FLOW 1964  LOADINGS
10




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                         RIVER  MILES
                                          IB
                                                10
 (b) 7 DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR FLOW-1964 LOADINGS
                              9     20
                              MILES
 (c)  I DAY ONCE  IN 10 YEAR FLOW-1964  LOADINGS
           4-0
                 30
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                         RIVER MILES
10
      10

-------
10
                                                FIGURE 23
      COMPUTED DISSOLVED  OXYGEN  PROFILES
                    CLINTON  RIVER
     EFFECT OF  WASTE TREATMENT  PLANT LOADINGS
  (o) 1980 MACOMB COUNTY STP LOADS WITH 15 ma/I NITROGEN
 60"
      45     40
                 35
                       30    25     2O
                        RIVER MILES
                                             10
  (b) I960 MACOMB COUNTY STP LOADS WITH I0mg/l NITROGEN
      48
            40    39
                      30    25     20
                        RIVER MILES
                                       15
                                             10
  (c) I960 MACOMB COUNTY STP  LOADS WITH 5 mg /I NITROGEN
       * 20°C
       < SURVEY
O I I I I I I I  I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I  I I I 1 I I I 1 I  I I I I I  III.  111.1  1
                      30    25     tO
                        RIVER MILES

-------
                                                        FIGURE 24
        COMPUTED   DISSOLVED  OXYGEN  PROFILES
                         CLINTON  RIVER
      EFFECT  OF WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS AND  FLOW
    (a) REMOVAL OF STERLING TWP.. CLINTON TWR (16.2) AND MT. CLEMENS  STPs
   BO
         49     40
                     30
                           90     28     20
                             RIVER MILES
                                               19
  10
   (b)  1980 MACOMB COUNTY STP LOADS WITH IS mg/l  NITROGEN
a>
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  BO
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               40 '    39
                           30     29     20
                            RIVER  MILES
                                               IB
                                                     10
   (c)  I960 MACOMB COUNTY STP  LOADS WITH I5mg/l NITROGEN
        49    40
                           30     28     20
                            RIVER  MILES
                                              18
                                                     10

-------
                              SUMMARY AND
                        WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
     The Clinton River empties into the western end of Lake St. Clair east

of the City of Mt. Clemens.  In addition to Lake St. Clair, the basin is

bounded by sever separate drainage basins.  These are:  Anchor Bay to the

east; Belle River to the north; Flint and Shiawassee Rivers to the north-

west and west; Huron and Rouge Rivers to the southwest; and the Detroit

River to the southeast.

     The basin is approximately 32 miles long and 36 miles wide, measured

at the longest and widest parts.  Total drainage area in the basin is

approximately 760 square miles, and is located principally in Macomb and

Oakland Counties.  The major population centers are Warren, Pontiac, and

Mt. Clemens.

     The Clinton River rises in north central Oakland County, flows in a

southerly direction through a series of lakes and ponds, then easterly to

the City of Pontiac.  The remaining natural channel of stream at this        \

point was altered by the construction of an underground conduit through the

Pontiac business district.  Upon surfacing, the stream flows northeasterly

to Rochester, then southeasterly to its confluence with Red Run.  The flow

thereafter is generally easterly through the City of Mt. Clemens, and the

natural outlet to Lake St. Clair.   An alternate channel has been provided

"?r flood control, which diverts the high flows at Mt. Clemens more directly

to the lake.   The Clinton River has five major tributaries; the largest -

North Branch  - having a drainage area of over 200 square miles.  Other

tributaries are the Middle Branch,  Red Run, Stony Creek, and Paint Creek.


                                  69

-------
The distance from headwaters to the mouth is approximately 65 miles.




     The basin is marked by a sharp change in the topographical features




between the eastern and western subbasins.  The transition runs in a




northeast-southwesterly direction, passing near the cities of Birmingham




in the south, Rochester in the middle, and Romeo in the north.  The land




in the westerly portion of the basin is characterized by rough, hilly




moraines with numerous small lakes.  The soil consists of intermixed sand,




gravel, and clay, interspersed with glacially-transported boulders.  The




easterly portion of the basin is located in prehistoric lake bottoms.  The




land is much flatter, and the soils consist of sand and gravel deposits, as




well as clay.  Lakes are generally non-existent in the eastern portion of




the basin!




     The 1960 population within the Clinton River Drainage Basin was




approximately 705,000.  Municipal wastes of 300,000 people in the basin are




presently treated by Detroit Water Services.  The 1965 population served




by municipal sewage treatment plants discharging to watercourses in the




Clinton River Basin was approximately 320,000.  This 57 million gallons per




day waste flow is treated by twelve secondary sewage treatment plants.




Three of the twelve plants - Warren and the two Pontiac plants - discharge 80




percent of the total sewage flow in the basin.




     The effluent flow from the City of Pontiac presently amounts to about




75 percent of the total streamflow past the plants during summer drought




flows.   A similar condition exists in Red Run where during dry weather




periods the flow from the warren sewage treatment plant amounts to about




the total flow in Red Run at its confluence with the Clinton River.  In
                                  70

-------
addition, there are many areas serviced by individual treatment systems.




     Eight industries discharge a total 3.5 million gallons per day of




industrial waste to the Clinton River and its tributaries.  These industries




are engaged in general manufacturing, machinery operations, production of




paper, and painting of steel parts.  Wastes include toxic metals, soluble




oil, BOD, solids, and heat from cooling water.




     Located near the mouth of the Clinton River is Selfridge Air Force




Base with tenant Army activities.  The Base sewage treatment plant provides




secondary treatment for about 775,000 gallons per day.  The NIKE sites and




missile maintenance area are served by combination septic tank and sand




filters.




     Extensive use is made of the surface waters of the Clinton River Basin.




The smaller lakes in the upper reaches of the basin are used for bankside




picnicking, fishing, and concentrated residential developments.  Parks of




many governmental agencies exist along the streams and larger lakes'or




impoundments in the basin.  These include Bald Mountain and Rochester-Utica




State Recreation Areas, and Marshbank and Stony Creek Metropolitan Parks of




the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA).   Metropolitan Beach of the




same agency is directly affected by the Clinton River.  In addition,  many




of the communities have municipal parks or parkways located along the Clinton




River and tributaries.  Paint Creek and Stony Creek are stocked with trout




by the State Conservation Department.  Boat launching ramps are provided at




tbe 600-acre Stony Creek Lake,  an impoundment on Stony Creek which forms




the basis for the HCMA park.   Swimming is another activity at this park.




Nature trails and wildlife refuges are also recreational aspects of the




lands bordering the surface waters of the basin.







                                   71

-------
     Clinton River is one of the major sources of pollution to Lake St.

Glair.  In 1964 and 1966, this river was sampled by the Federal Water

Pollution Control Administration.  The downstream reach of the river,

extending approximately 17 miles from Red Run to the mouth of the Clinton

River reflects the quality of the water entering the lake.  The results of

the 1966 survey on this section of the Clinton River are shown in the

following table.
                   Clinton River (Red Run to mouth)
                       1966 Summer Survey (mg/1)


Average
Maximum
Minimum
Temp.
°C.
24
26
22

DO
2.7
6.1
0.6

BOD5
9
14
3

Cl
81
103
67

NH3-N
4.58
6.00
3.20

N03-N
2.6
4.9
1.3
Total
P04
9.2
14.4
6.7
Total
Solids
544
670
500
Susp.
Solids
35
169
5
     The data show the following averages:  dissolved oxygen - 2.7 mg/1;

BOD - 9 mg/1; nutrient concentration - 7.18 mg/1 of inorganic nitrogen

and 9.2 mg/1 of total phosphates; and total solids concentration - 544 mg/1.

The long-term average flow at Mt. Clemens is 468 cfs.  In the water

year 1964, the minimum daily flow was 83 cfs.  The total waste effluent dis-

charged into the river is estimated at more than 71 cfs.

     Surveys of the Clinton River in the summer of 1964 and 1966 found two

sections of the Clinton River which had severe oxygen deficiencies.  A

infinite oxygen sag existed downstream from the City of Pontiac, a result"

of the organic carbonaceous and nitrogenous loading from the two sewage

treatment plants (MP 46) serving Pontiac.   The dissolved oxygen concentration

in the Clinton River recovered to near-saturation level in the vicinity
                                  72

-------
of the Rochester sewage treatment plant  (MP 33.6).  Below Red Run  (MP  17.3)




the dissolved oxygen concentration in the lower Clinton River averaged 2.7




mg/1 with a range of 0.6 to 6.1 mg/1 for the 1966 survey.  During  the  1964




survey, the dissolved oxygen in the reach of the river between Red Run and




Clinton Township sewage treatment plant No. 1  (MP 7.8) averaged 4.0 mg/1,




with a range of 1.6 to 6.1 mg/1.




     Dissolved oxygen concentrations in Paint and Stony Creeks, tributaries




of the Clinton River, were approximately 9.0 mg/1.  Red Run, another tribu-




tary which at low flow is essentially effluent from the Warren sewage




treatment plant, had an average DO concentration of 10.2 mg/1 during the




1966 survey, well above the 4.3 mg/1 average for the 1964 survey.  These




high DO levels are due to photosynthetic action by algae causing supersatur-




ation of Red Run.  The North Branch of the Clinton River had an average




concentration of 5.0 mg/1 during the 1966 survey, much lower than  the  9.5




mg/1 average during the 1964 summer survey.




     The 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODc) in the Clinton River in the    /




reach above the Pontiac sewage treatment plant averaged 4 mg/1.  This          !




increased steadily to an average 9 mg/1 at the lower section of the Clinton




River during the 1966 survey.  The 8005 results were,similar for the 1964




survey.  The tributaries of Paint Creek, Stony Creek, and North Branch had




low average BOD^ of 2 mg/1, 3 mg/1, and 4 mg/1, respectively.  Red Run had




a high average BOD^ of 14 mg/1 during the summer survey.




     Chlorides were high in the Clinton River during the summer survey.  The   \




reach above the Pontiac sewage treatment plants had an average concentration




of 68 mg/1.  The reach below the Pontiac sewage treatment plants had an




average concentration of 112 mg/1.  The Clinton River from Rochester to





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the mouth at Lake St. Glair had an average chloride concentration of

approximately 85 mg/1.  The chloride concentration in Paint Creek and

Stony Creek averaged 26 and 30 mg/1, respectively.  Red Run averaged 72

mg/1 and North Branch averaged 56 mg/1.

     Ammonia, as nitrogen, in the reach below the two Pontiac sewage treat-

ment plants, averaged 6.32 mg/1, with a range of 1.60 to 10.24 mg/1 during

the 1966 summer survey.  This reach had an average ammonia concentration 25

times greater than the section above Pontiac.  The river from the confluence

of Red Run to Lake St. Clair had an average concentration of 4.58 mg/1 of

ammonia.
                                                                        ——-)
     Nitrate, as nitrogen, during the summer survey averaged 0.4 mg/1 above  /

Pontiac, 1.4 mg/1 below Pontiac, 5.2 mg/1 from Rochester to a point above

the confluence of Red Run, and 2.6 mg/1 in the lower Clinton River.  Nitrate-

nitrogen concentrations in all of the tributaries had average concentrations

less than 0.8 mg/1.

     Total phosphate, as phosphate, above the Pontiac sewage treatment     N.

plant outfalls, averaged 0.9 mg/1 during the 1966 summer survey.  Below the  ]

Pontiac outfalls, the average concentration increased to 7.0 mg/1. j The

reach below Rochester had an average of 4.6 mg/1, and the reach below the

confluence of Red Run had an average total phosphate concentration of 9.2

mg/1.   The total soluble phosphate averaged about 82 percent of the total

phosphate in the Clinton River,   The total phosphate concentrations in the

tributaries averaged less than 0.6 mg/1, with the exception of Red Run,

which had an average concentration of 18.9 mg/1 during the 1966 survey, or

twice that of the average concentration in the lower Clinton River.

     Total solids in the Clinton River during the 1966 survey increased


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from an average of 389 mg/1 above the tvo Pontiac sewage treatment plant


outfalls to an average of 530 mg/1 in the reach below them.A Total solids


concentrations remained fairly constant in the downstream reaches of the


Clinton River.  The total solids concentration for the tributaries, Paint

and Stony Creeks, averaged 345 and 350 mg/1, respectively.  Red Run and


North Branch had average total solids concentrations similar to the lower


Clinton River with 560 and 530 mg/1, respectively.
     Total coliform densities in the Clinton River above Pontiac sewage      \
                                                                             !
treatment plant No. 1 at two stations were 690,000 and 39,000 organisms/100  [


ml, respectively, during a survey conducted on July 14, 1966.  Immediately


downstream from the Pontiac sewage treatment plant No. 2 outfall, total


coliform densities were indicated to be 100 organisms/100 ml, apparently due


to the persistence of residual chlorine in the streamf low._^__	.			—-J


     Total coliform densities varied from 1,600 to 22,000 organisms/100 ml


in the reach of the river below Pontiac sewage treatment plant No. 2 to


Rochester during the same survey.


     During the survey of July 7, 1966 in the lower Clinton River (below


Red Run to the mouth of the Clinton River), total coliform densities ranged


from 1,100 to 4,400 organisms/100 ml.  The coliform density in the June 30,


1966 survey ranged from 5,200 to 450,000 organisms/100 ml.


     The heavy pollutional load of the Clinton River has created serious


problems with water use.  All municipal waste treatment plants on the Clinton
                                                                          *a»,*-^**>"f

River have secondary treatment.  Industrial plants are treating wastes, but


not all eight industries are rated adequate by the Michigan Water Resources


Commission.   In addition, there are numerpus sources of individual discharge


from septic  tank systems,which create problems of a local nature on the
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minor tributaries.  To abate pollution in the Clinton River, plans are         "j
                                                                               I
being implemented in Macomb County that will connect up all waste discharges   |
                                                                               i
to an interceptor system that transports waste out of the basin for treat-     j

ment and discharge at Detroit.

     The impact on stream water quality of even efficient secondary

treatment plants is apparent from the data.  The effect of the Warren sewage

treatment plant on Red Run is obvious in the high concentrations of phosphate,

ammonia, BOD, and DO (supersaturated).  Even though the primary organic

oxygen demand from the sewage treatment plant effluent had been satisfied,

the nutrienc constituents permitted a regrowth of algae with subsequent

production of organic material which affected an oxygen demand in the

growth-death cycle.  The effluent from the Pontiac plants increased the

nutrient concentrations in the Clinton River - a stream consisting mainly

of sewage treatment plant effluent flow during the summer months.  The

chlorinated effluent is noted in the apparent disinfection of the coliform

organisms at the sampling station below the second sewage treatment plant.
     The surface waters of the Clinton River, for the most part, are not

used for municipal or industrial water supply due in part to the deteriorated

water quality, and also the low dependable flow of the river.  Detroit Water

Services supplies the majority of the users in the basin.  Additional

 cmrces are the Mt.  Clemens intake in Lake St. Clair, and municipal well

systems in the Pontiac area.   Almost all water for industrial use in the

basin is supplied by municipalities.

     The main stem of the Clinton River above Mt.  Clemens has a limited

number of water-using recreational facilities.  The main reason for this

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 lack of facilities is the fact that most of the stream is too small for




 boat traffic, and poor water quality eliminates swimming and fishing.




     The reach between Mt. Clemens and the mouth has been dredged for small




 boat navigation, and has a heavy concentration of boat launching ramps and




 docking berths.  The 1965 boat registrations in the Clinton River Basin




 totalled approximately 30,000.  The basin boat density, of approximately 40




 boats per square mile, is about five times the average State-wide density.




 This is very evident by the numerous facilities in the lower basin.  There




 are 13 marinas in this area, which have a total of 6 launching ramps and




 over 1,500 berths.  Most of these marinas have facilities for lifting boats




 out of the water for winter storage.




     Water related recreation in the basin is concentrated mainly on small




 lakes and numerous parks on tributaries to the Clinton River.  The numerous




 parks and recreational areas include State areas, parks operated by the




 Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA) and municipal parks.  The




majority of these are upstream from Pontiac or on the tributaries, although




 the Rochester-Utica State Recreation Area and a riverside park of HCMA are




 along the main stem.   Metropolitan Park, an important beach, sailing, and




 fishing area, is located near the mouth of the Clinton River.  Trout are




 stocked in Paint and Stony Creeks.




     A critical factor at the present is the dissolved oxygen concentration




of the main stem and major tributaries.  Critical DO depletions occur in




three major areas:  the Clinton below Pontiac; Tiled Run; and in the Clinton




from Red Run to the mouth.  Oxidation of the remaining carbonaceous and




nitrogenous demand from the Pontiac effluent is the cause of the depletion




below Pontiac.  The DO depression in Red Run is the result both of
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 satisfaction of organic demand from the Warren sewage treatment plant, and



 of organic material synthesized from the high nutrient concentration  in



 Red Run.  In the Clinton River below Red Run, the problem is twofold  - the



 organic loadings at the Mt. Clemens, Sterling Township, and Clinton



 Township sewage treatment plants, and the secondary effect created by the



 nutrient rich waters from Pontiac and algae-laden waters from Red Run,



 The improvement of the Clinton River Channel below Mt. Clemens for flood



 control and navigation purposes has increased the cross sectional area of



 the river, thereby decreasing the forward velocity of the stream.  The low



 stream velocity causes deposition of suspended solids to form bottom  sludge,



 and reduces reaeration of the water mass resulting in lower DO.



     A problem of some magnitude is that of the enclosed conduit which



 carries the Clinton River beneath the City of Pontiac.  The absence of



 sunlight prevents the photosynthetic production of oxygen, but the algal



 respiration continues reducing the DO content of the water.  Oxygen must



 be replenished, therefore, when the stream again emerges.  Another critical
                                                                               /


 factor is that of the nutrients.   At present, nutrient concentration,         I



 especially of nitrates and phosphates.,-1 is far in excess of the requirements   1



 for formation of nuisance algal blooms.  These come from two main sources



at present - the Pontiac plants^  and the Warren plant via Red Run.  The



excess of these nutrients may be readily utilized by algae in less enriched



waters of Lake St.  Clair.



     Maximum daily temperatures in the Clinton River near Drayton Plains,



upstream of Pontiac,  averaged 73°F (22.8PC) during June, July, and August 1965.



Minimum daily temperatures averaged 66°F (19°C).   The maximum daily temper-



ature was 80°F, with a minimum daily temperature of 57°F.  The maximum daily




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variation was 15°F during this period.  Increased temperature causes an




increase in the rate of biological conversion of organic material.  This




effect is more pronounced on the nitrogenous wastes.  The only major sources




of heat to the river system are the sewage treatment plants and excess




solar radiation caused by destruction of shade tree cover along the banks.




     Direct addition of organic material from effluents is presently




critical in a number of areas, especiallyrbelow Pontiacv  The resuspension




of settled material, which accumulated as a sludge, creates high oxygen




demands during periods of high stream velocity which occur frequently but




of short duration during summer rain storms.  The dieoff of organisms,




especially algae, imposes a demand when the necessary elements of sunlight




and nutrients are no longer sufficient.




     Another source of organic material to the system is overland runoff




from both urban and rural areas.  This source is an intermittent one,




occurring during periods of rainfall.   The effect is generally not apparent




during the high flow period, but occurs when the flow again returns to




normal and the material settles to form sludge, which covers the bottom




and uses oxygen from the .water.




     Suspended materials of an inorganic nature also affect the water




quality but in secondary effects.   The silt and sand, when settled, destroy




the bottom habitat.  This change in the environment destroys the plants and




animals which are not tolerant of  a silted bottom.   The food chain of the




higher fishes is thus broken,  and  the  valuable fishes no longer are present,




even though the water is otherwise of  acceptable quality.   Mud and silt




also destroy spawning beds necessary for maintenance of a fish population.




Suspended materials,  especially mud and silt,  also  destroy the esthetic







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values of the waters.  The presence of these materials must be limited




to amounts which could be expected to occur with natural basin cover,




especially in the stream section suitable for the maintenance of an active




game fishery.



     The effluent flow of those industries in the basin with toxic metals




as a waste product is limited.  A more significant source of toxicants




is the use of various pesticides for individual, agricultural, and other




uses.  The use of these products is not considered to be a direct source




of toxicity to man, as the waters in the basin are not used as a source of




domestic supply.  The direct toxicity to fish would be unlikely except




for accidental spills, which might occur during preparation of water




soluble agents using the surface waters as a source of solvent.  The prime




effect would be on the lower aquatic life such as aquatic insects and




Crustacea which are part of the food chain.  The concentration of these




agents to toxic levels by plankton would constitute a direct source of




toxicity to the larger aquatic life.
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