02/73-G4-03A

02/73-C.H-C33



02/73-OH-Q3C




02/73-C4-06



02/73-UH-l I A


02/73-CM-l 1H

02/73-04-35

02/73-05-10




02/73-05-14


02/73-05-35


02/73-U5-36



02/73-06-01


02/73-C6-22
02/73-06-35



02/73-C7-10



02/73-C7-1I


02/73-L7-23
                 V 0 U U M E  II

NEDS AREA SOURCE REPORTS,   MUAD,   4/3/73.

AIR  DUALITY  BASELINE AND  EMISSION  INVENTORY  FOR
  TRANSPORTATION CONTROL  MEASURES*   SASO.  4/3/73.   MEMO.

EFFECTIVE DATE  OF STATE  IMPLEMENTATION  PLAN  FOR  ACHIEVING
  NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR  QUALITy  STANDARDS.  SASD.   4/3/73.
  (•! E M 0 •

CONSIDERATION OF " REACTIVE  " HYDROCARBONS IN
  TRANSPORTATION CONTROL  PLANS*  SASD.   4/6/74.   MEMO.

LEAD TIME AND STEPS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT AN  INSPECTION/
  MAINTENANCE AND/OR RETROFIT PROGRAM.   SASD.  4/11/73,  MEMO

INTERNATIONAL POLLUTION  IMPACT*  SASD.   4/H/73*

NEDS TERMINAL USERS MANUAL  (DRAFT)*  MOAO.   4/73.   MANUAL.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CONCERNING THE IMPLEMENTATION  OF
  SECTION 110 OF THE CLEAN  AIR  ACT.  CPDD.   5/10/73,
  OAQPS 3.0-001.

DISAPPROVAL  OF  SIPS FOR FAILURE TO SUBMIT TRANSPORTATION
  CONTROL STRATEGIES.  OGC.  5/14/73.   MEMO.

CALCULATION  OF  ROLLBACK BY  " [>E NEVERS  " MODEL.   SASD.   6/73
  MANUAL*

MAINTENANCE  OF  NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR  QUALITY  STANDARDS -
  COMPLEX SOURCE REGULATIONS,   6/73.  CPDD.  GUIDELINES.

PLAN REVISIONS  AND SUPPLEMENTS  - PROCEDURES  FOR  APPROVAL/
  DISAPPROVAL.  CPDD.  6/1/73,  OAQPS 1 • 2 - 0 U 5 A ,

ADDITION TO  GUIDELINES SERIES OAQPS  NO.  1.2-0041  "  EPA
  SOURCE PROMULGATION - RECORQKEEP I NG AND REPORTING  - PUBLIC
  AVAILABILITY OF DATA, »  MARCH 1H, 1973.  CPQO.  6/22/73.
  MEMO.

INSPECTION MANUAL' FOR TH£ ENFORCEMENT OF NATIONAL EMISSION
  STANDARDS FOR  ASBESTOS.  ESE^*  7/73.  MANUAL*
REGULATIONS FOR INDIRECT SOURCE REVIEW.  CPDD.  7/10/73.
  MEMO.

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS ^HICH ARE NO.V AVAILABLE (RE!  NEDS &
  SAROAD).  .-i D A D .  7/11/73*  MEMO*

NASfi DECENTHAL1ZATION (DESIRABILITY OF CONTINUED SITE
  OPERATION).  MDAD,  7/23/73,  MEMO*

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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02/73-U7-30
        REQUIREMENT  FOR  PUBLIC  COMMENT ON APPLICATION pOR
          CONSTRUCTION OR  MODIFICATION OF NEW SOURCES.  CPDD.
          7/30/73.   MEMO.
02/73



02/73-C8-35



02/73-08-36
08-OOA  GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING  STATE  AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
          CONTROL AGENCIES  (jRAFTJ*   C^DD.   8/73.  OAQpS NO. 1.2-OQ5
02/73-C8-37
        AIR QUALITY MONITORING  INTERIM  GUIDANCE.   MDAD.  8/73.
          OAQPS NO. 1« 2 -007.


        GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION  OF  SUSPECT  AIR  QUALITY DATA.
          HDAD.  8/9/73.  OAQPS  NO.  1 ,2-006.   (SUPERSEDED BY
          OA^PS 1.2-013, PROCEDURES  FQR  SCREENING,  VALIDATING AND
          REPORTING AIR DUALITY  DATA  (DRAFT).)


        REPORT ON POTENTIAL PROBLEMS  I,N  PRIORITY  11  AND in REGIONS
          \, I T H RESPECT TO N A A Q S •   HDAD*   8/14/73.   GUIDELINES.

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             Kesoarch Triangle Park. North  Carolina ;>7711
NEDS Area Source  Reports

                                                      April 3,  1973

IMDiJ


NEDS/SAROAD   Contacts, Region I-X

     Two copies of the NEDS area source  reports (coir.put^r printouts)
for each state  are l-.t/lrig trailed undor separate ccv?r.  These  r.-ports
worj prepared In  response to the request made, at the recent ST/TPA
meeting for  th-; States tr> b<: given an opportunity to review th<"- area
sourer emissions  calculations.  As w1 tn  the  NEDS t'.oir.t source nM-r-rt
previously dlirtrlbutQii, one copy of i',*:-.  area scurce report fnr c-ic'i
stat-> should t-j r-teined for use v/itrn'n  the  Pcclcnal Offics rr.d tiic
otn^r copy sfi'il, to the1 appropriate r.t-it? acency fnr rr>vi'?*;.  A V'ttr
sinnlar to the  enclosed sample mnniorendurn  should cccc!r.por..y t!v: area
sourco re-ports  sent to state agcicies.   Please notf. that tv  st.it(.
a
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                                tfclrsure 1

                   Ai PIE  i f'Ji - -. -    I'* srn
bear Si r:

      A eery of  t;..  N/M !> ,
report is  encl^s,   .    ,     ,
Ktfil' c! .  tf-.f. ar»-a '-, -,  ,
the  Fc'cional Off:
of or ;>.;•    ..     t;
                      u.,»
                                      TUi 1  ' •  }   -/I
                                       (!;S f •">.  Cll f f  f  '"t f

                                      >.'.••?*'•'  ; f i. J.
      Ir,-  HI-.nrral   r .r  - ti.o.1^   i  "-.,:.'•.(;
"(iui'.iv  fcr Crt',-;i 1 i;,?  a 1 '  ;•       i v.- I
use-i 1 • rqcly  it.".'', t  : •  i i _  ,     -   /   f

,;OSS-  1.    ..-  i     • •:<    -
Of f.. :!  - u?-t  -  ,                    .  .;


the   TU:  1-   ;          -

am vt
     j



 APT  «•{

it    .• {' ;
                                                               c/)  are?
                                                              r." r rt .    '!"•'•
                                                              1  i —  , tr  '
                     'I   •"    ' ' *       i r^

                     '',  i»v. ••'  anc: i  t'( ri':a-
                     r  ;-r Ti-t  si o ;tt  in
                                                               orts  \,f.s  i.^- n
                                                               /PTL  ll.V ,
                                                                            r   II
                                                                             iti?

                                                                            t   -t
                                                         ':   '   i' -'f; TV nt

                                                         ;: t  Of "1-:S  tr> Cs

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                                    2

Your  a^ncy slfuli.' concentrate  en  noting  ^or.rjrimt  r'i'.cr"ror.c1f r.
between the- NITS •;!<•>la  and st-it<  • i'cr for  i'i'  ^n  <<  -^lurc.-  c.it-.1 r.r.rit s

|>or,s1bl«', for  thi1 005^5  v»rvrv  th;  iil'.lJS f-rr. ••..•..  i!''./> litt'i;:  or
no dtita.
      Once again your crope-r^li'..):  3nd roccrrt•>.fi<
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                                              Enclosure 2

                             EXPLANATION  OF THE NEDS APEA SCUP.CF.  PRINTOUT
                       The; follrwi'ig points  will  clarify the  us.,  of the area so
                  reports:

                       1.  A listiro of arr-c sourer- data is  show for racn county
                  or county equivalent.   Cata for two counties  art: shcwi OP eecli
                  cerr.utpr pag-1.  Tiv?  data  are list-d in. t.V- ?2nv.-  order that tK dsta
                  fit Ids  appear on th'.: flE::S  aroo oourc^ crdirg  forn.  Tc rrc-v.rly
                  read  the area sourer rrfatcut.  rr.flc! left to ri(':'t across ttu nanr.
                  I1r,i:  by line.  Do not n:ad the columns from top to bottom.

                       2,  Calculated  area  source emissions  for rr-ch county aro r.ncvn
                  at  the  L'Ottcm of tiio ricjiit-nanu coluwi.  Cn;iss1rn cstirnatrs> W-H-T?
                  available frc-m tho State  IrfIfTrcntdtion Plan  (SIP), ar..; sl'.o'.-'n in
                  the first tro lipcs  of each county listinri.   fl;.'- C"ilcul?tcd cr,isc.ions
                  will  not n^Ci-SSr-Hly anrof.- wit)} the SIP i.-ni5s1on estimate.? fc.r one
                  or nior---' of tiv ffHewing  rnasons:
          a.   rifftn^rt emission fnctrrs nay 'ovs  h^cn u^-'-d frr rr.r-i'?r
aticn cf thi.  SIP's than \;;-re  us^ci for calculeticr. cf cpissicr.s vin
NEL'S conrut'ir orc'graw.  Tii>: fiCir-S ynisslcc ft,cUir  file ccntr-irs
cr-nssion fiictors tiiat were cievt'Sore/! subscqu;--l  to t".e "ia*>t jublicalior
cf /••?•/•?  ' Compilation of Air PollutDrt En:1ss1on  Factors.

          b.   Source. c^tigorUs inclu'Jod in tm> .IIP enissirn sstinatcs
may not  hav-'j  I'-of-n incli".d in tiio cnlcul-^ted t.-niisr.icns because no
eFission factors for certain  r,ourco «""'"• "r-rits (i.e.. .'iirt rcvds
trsvjled,  fcrost flrcs- coal  refuse 'u-rrifio) PT-V  presently included
in thr HELS mission factor fHi-.

          c.   i-v-.thods use-! for o'cvclopmt-nf of thcj  SIP eHsn inventory
may differ scintnvhat frrm methods ucc-d hy NACB for preparation rf arr?
source n ..vail^'ilt; i,'K-:n tuc rjli! ii'Vi.ntorirs "• rr
pn ;)?r'rO.   AUu. cr.-a ,sourr»  catror-rics not i'lclud-j'j 1 r< !/•:• UP
emission iMWPcr-ry rroy r,?vo l)'-;^ od-Jc-c1 tc th:, ar«:a sourc^ n-: ~rt
using r,--thcc:s oufclirod if /\PTL'-113:/.

     3.   The  data in the arta source report has  been prcpnr.-d usi: •
tho methods discussed in Chapter G cf APTD-1131:,  'Guide for Complli.'in
a Crtiipreiu'nsiv^ Eniissicn Inventory."  Sir.ce in rrost casos OP-site
collection of arcs source d«ta v;as net poss1blc:  UtPToturc-
roforvncc-s , sourc^ data v.'I-^rv ^voilrblp from SIP's, and date  collected
by previous BO/- contractors fcr SIP invcntcrics  i'tivc b; c.-n nest

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                                 2

lio.-ivlly  »v11<.-<4 upon for prcparf the SIP  emission Inventory)  have biur. considered
fcr preparation cf the area source re-ports.

     4.   No data 1s shov.'n for sew oroa scuro  categorir-;.   A blank
data field Indicates that no ad'-nuato 1nfcrn',pt1cn for c-.-t.-nr^lnation
of art?a  source qua^t1t1<:'3 1s kncA/n by MAD0.  5i;?to ag:-rc1rs  that
may have data pertaining to blank oat a  cflU'Cjr.riss shoulfi I ^  rnqurst
to n-^kc  suci; data ev.ii1oi.de to cPA.   For t:,c sloths of Ic/-/n  and
Hr.rth  Carolina crra scaircfi  data for cnrrocrcla'! -institutional  and
Industrial  ar-;3 scurc'- fuel ccpsLnspficn is prc^onfcly not ?.v?.ilah1r.
Tin'c- data will b>. addc-d to  the.- [{F.!!S srna sourc-; invf.ntory fnllwltig
ciTiipli'tlnn cf current source Ir.voitcry  contrc.c'c vork it; r:Scs" stat-'.
?';rut June 1'.'73.  No ar-..-o source- reports hov>;  ixcn pr,'par••.••.'  fdr
i •»'.' Yurk,, Air.jricon San.oa. end Cu?,!n.   Cata  fcr  \ (Q]C,O  si>oiit
JUP^: U/.'-t).  !!o j-lor.s hove  nr^s'-ntly  been  forrulaUttl to colV-ct ?>re
     p d<3ta fcr ^Hcan Sairt>a ant: Guam.

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	 -• ----- ——».-. . ~t~ , 	 ^^,__^,___ „„ — - — 	 	 _ , .. . .. 	
TELEGRAPHIC f/.FiSSAGE
W/MI fjf / MI.CV • I'pictorncr 't' "ri'v n,vr.',nit />•. >N
ROUTINE UNCLASSIFIfD
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ACI10N
LAND USE PLANNING BRANCH . ..'' !Nf0
ACCOUNTING ClASSIflCATION PA't fWAM D fVPf Of WiS'C.r
4-3-73

/ FOR INIORMATION CAIL \-> MNOlt
NAME 1 PHONC NL^arR ^J **>*
Ronald A. Vonezia (919)683-8270 [}i M»»"lf-*M'>ESS

THIS Sl'Ai.L KIR USi Ol ( U.MMl.'SIC. 17 /«V f/K/V ' '
MtSSAGE TO BF TRANSMITTFf.) ( Iht douhlt sp.ifiiu ,.i ,1 .ill <.,it'H it liit.n)

TO: AIR AND WATER PROGRAM DIRECTORS (SEE ATTACHED ADDRESS LIST)
REGIONS I-X
SUBJECT: AIR QUALITY BASELINE AND EMISSION INVENTORY FOR TRANSPORTATION
CONTROL MEASURES




A QUESTION HAS ARISEN REGARDING THE INTERPRETATION OF "MORE RECENT
AIR QUALITY DATA MAY BE USED..." AS CONTAIKTD IN SECTION 51.14 (G) OF
THE PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION CONTROL ME/''" .KC-; FEDERAL REGISTER, JANUARY 12
1973, (38 F.R. 1464.)

IN GENERAL, THE BASELINE AIR QUALITY FOR MODELING OR ROLLBACK HAS
BEEN THAT SH01JN IN SIPS SUBMITTED JANUARY 30, 1972. WHERE VALID
•
MEASUREMENTS (INSTRUMENT' LOCATION, OPERATION AND CALIBRATION ARE PROPER)

ARE OBTAINED SUBSEQUENTLY THAT ARE HIGHER THAN THIS, THE BASELINE AIR
•*
QUALITY FOR THE TRANSPORTATION. CONTROL MEASURES MUST BE THE HIGHER VAI UE

IF THIS VALUE IS MOT USED, THERE MUST BE ADEQUATE JUSTIFICATION OF WHY I:
IS NOT REPRESENTATIVE. THE FACT THAT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WERE LESS

FAVORABLE IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. FOR EXAMPLE, AN ACCEPTABLE 'JUSTIFICATION

WOULD CITE ONE TIME EVENTS OR UNIQUE SITUATIONS SUCH AS FIRES, PARADES,
DR HFAVY TRAFFIC FROM A DETOUR NEAR THE MEASUREMENT STATION
StCURIT? CIASSIHCAT.ON
DURING THE MORE RECENT HIGHER UFASUREIIENTS. . . 	 	 	 -, 	 - ' •-
P.'Oc MC' H?>' f." 1'fVi
I '
1 i
M/'>> tL ''lit ftLPOr, STP'-)14''I9-M,
REV.', i; / i .' 'i ?;,'
CSA 1 ,'"i< !< f ' ' , lUI-3^ 304
1 1

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 NA'Al Ol
  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
  LAND USE FLAMING  BRANCH
 ACCOUNIING Cl»SSIHCAJl..iN
                                                N< t
                                                     ROUTINE
 ACTION.


 INTO
                                            DATf
                        FOR 11 (FORMATION CAU
 NAVE
  RONALD A. VENEZIA
PHONC NUMBER
(919)  688-8270
                     •UtiVilY Cl/.'i 'U /.H."l
                      UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                  D
MUlTIPlE-AOOflSS
 THIS i/Mt/: /OK iy.H O/ CO.U M6',S'/CXT/O.V t/iS'/
                             L TO BE TRANSMUTED (Utr ti.Hil.lt >;>.HIIII and all iapit.il lctt,rt)
 TO:
 CONCENTRATIONS ALSO  CAN  PRECLUDE ITS USE.   FOR  INSTANCE, IF THE OXIDANT

 PEAK VALUE OCCURS AT MIDNIGHT, ITS VALIDITY FOR A ROLLBACK BASELINE WOULD

 BE QUESTIONABLE.  IN GENERAL, WHILE IT IS NOT  INTENDED TO "PENALIZE" THE

 STATES, THE HIGHEST  POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED MUST BE USED

 UNLESS THE USE OF LOWER  VALUES CAN BE DEFENDED.BY THE ABOVE OR OTHER

 CRITERIA.

      IN THE EVL:iJT THAT THE MORE RECENT AIR  QUALIT  MEASUREMENTS SHOW A

 LOWER CONCENTRATION  OF THE POLLUTANTS IN QUESTION, THE HIGHER VALUE,

 AS SHOWN IN THE SIP  MUST BE USED UNLESS THE CHANGE CAN BE CORRELATED

 WITH A NEW EMISSIONS INVENTORY.  AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE THAT A LARGE UN-

 CONTROLLED SOURCE, STATIONARY OR MOBILE, WAS CONTROLLED AND IS REFLECTED

 IN PROPORTIONALLY LOWER  POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS.'

    •  A RELATED QUESTION  HAS ARISEN WHERE TWO OR MORE URBAN AREAS ARE IN
                   '
 ONE AQCR BUT ARE IN  SEPARATE STATES.  SINCE THE SIP REPRESENTS THE

 STRATEGY FOR THE STATE TO ACHIEVE THE STANDARDS, THE BASELINE AIR QUALITY

 VALUES MUST BE- THOSE ESTABLISHED FOR EACH STATE.  A PROBLEM MAY ARISE

 WHERE THE URBAN AREAS ARE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE STATE LINE BUT-HAVE

 WIDELY DIFFERING AIR QUALITY VALUES.  REGIONAL  OFFICES SHOULD
 ;.r'r;!!$r STATE r>rijor.sr.';Tv.Tv.:s or THE ::TFSCI'I .:""•":.; 77*^7.~:~\
                                                    ';   I   'i
 ill  II..I

ftvi;::j


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       TELEGRAPHIC ME>:::l lft/fn >
        YO:
        ARE TRULY  REPRESENTATIVE.   GENERALLY,  THE SUMMER 1971  co AND ox DATA
        WILL BE  THE  MOST ACCURATE.   THESE AND OTHER AIR QUALITY DATA, SUCH AS
        REQUESTED  BY OD/OAQPS NEMO  "AIR QUALITY DATA" DATED  MARCH 16, 1973, ARE
        BEING COMPILED UNDER THE STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL. OF AEROMETfJC DATA
        (SAROAD).   DR.  JAMES R. HAMMERLE, CHIEF, NATIONAL AIR  DATA BRANCH, SHOULD
        BE CONTACTED FOR ANY FURTHER QUE'-TIiWS.  HIS NUi^EK  IS:  FTS (919)
        688-8491 .
             STATES  SHOULD BE EiV OURAGED TO : utSENT CHANGES  IN Alf; QJALITY BASE-
        LINES AND  NCU LMISSION INVENTORIES TO THE PUBLIC AF  HF.Al- ,  .GS UHERE T1 r
        NEW VALUES HILL SUBSTANTIALLY  INFLUENCE; THE TRANSPORTATION CONTROL
        MEASURES OR  ATT'\i;:iT'JT DATE  OF  T!l!  STANDARDS, I.F.,  A  JIO TIED EXTEN-
        SION UP  TO TIJO YEARS, BEYOIiD MA>  :J ,  :97b,   FL^H^R,  FHt STATE VN'HJL.,
        SHOW THAT  THERE IS CORRFl ATTON' WI ill A RLVISED EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND
        THE TRANSPORTATION CONSOLS  SUPPORTING DATA SUMIARY, SIMILAR TO THAT
        PRESENTED  IN APPENDIX M TO  FEJF.RAL_ REGISTER, JANUARY 12, 1973, (38 F.R,
        1464.)   THE  -QUESTION OF WHETHER A PLAN REVISION IS REQUIRED UI! L DEPEND
        ON WHETHER THE ABOVE REQUIRES A REVISION TO THE ACHIEVniE;:!' DATE OF THE
        STANDARDS OR TRANSPORTATION  CONTROL  MEASURES.
                                                                         StCURITY CUiblllCAMON
SI.' ....••' ') i. • '.i 1 •
V.rvi.,. [J ALGL' n I • '.7
GSA HMR (4\  CfR) 1'.' , 3-; ,T)6

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I
 irpLM;:r.:;iAi. PKOTKCITU:! AGENCY      /
 'i i,:.-j us:  it/',';.:nT. i)rA:;ni
                                                         KGUi'lKF
• K1.:, ii u /" i  -H .1
    UNCLAr.SJJ ii I)
  /! . C.'lt.'llr.'U II'' ir!,/i|-N                             I -Ml l('.:''."i!''        .     Vili Cl /.'t;.1.»:
                   /                           '!-3-73  ,
                           toe if:ro:'MATlO'i c/.u
                                               7, ,v,:,~r~	"l—  I ir'"OK
   ;ONALD  A.  VENFZIA                 __    	(DIOji  GRS-fif/0        ' 'Al luim!>lt-A'J'"ss

                           /••y,'-.r- 1O f: U.•":.'. iTlf!) .T, ,.'.•-','. ./'.'•••'• •..-...'./.'/  •'  -I li>'.n>
             AIR A;:!)  :;.YILK FM^RAI;  DJRECTORS   (SLF. AriAciiL'o A!;[j;;i:ss LIST)

  qiiJJECT:   EFFFCTLVE  PATE OF STATE  li;PLl:!B!TA7TOI! PLAN FOR ACHIEVING
             NATIONAL' AliHIDlT AIR QUALITY STAI^AliOf
        ]ULST/C;iS HAVE  ARiSEi: REGARDING THE PROCEDU.V-: Rtf-UTRi'D  TO SATISFY
                                            *
  THC REQUiriF.illiiirS OF  FPA AND THE  U.S. DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS ORDER
   HIRERS  72-1522, ETC.,  OF JANUARY  31, 1073,  IN  rmoc ". FPA,  UIERF THERI:
    )' JUSTIFIABLE GROulbS FOR EPA  TO GRA'.r /-,'j  EMEKSION ('JP TO TWO YEARS)
   ::R ATTAINMENT OF  Till  PRJI^RY STANDARDS.
  I    THE  BASIC PLAN  SU!.:I!1T^D SHOULD SH01,' T,:i STRATEGIES FOR ACilirVTOJ.'T
  OF TiiE PRIMARY STA,M:  , S ,;Y .,'\Y  31, 1975.  I/MERE THESE i^ASURES ARE VERV
       K-ENT S/ITH A SEVERE PUBLIC IMPACT,  ALTERNATES KHICM ARE  ,'IORE REASC,:-
    «LE AND  AL.L01I FOR IfiP'A :!lflTAT]CN  LEAD TIir:S, SUCH As'pliOCUivtfOT OF  DUSL5,
    C., ALSO SHOULD  BE PRESEN'TED.  THE RFQUFSF  A.'.'n JUSTIFICATION FOR THE
  ^TENDED  TI,",Z (UP  TO TWO VL'AKS)  TO ACIIIFVr  n:r  SlAiN'DA'-.DS CY  THE* ALTER;iATE
    IOULD HE  A PART OF  THE PLAN.   THE  AlTEPNATf  P! AN CO'JI D DE WRITTEN  IN
    CM A J:AN,-JER-AS TO  DE  CONTINGENT  UPON  APPROV/U  OF THE EXTENSION DY THE
  .•niNISTilATOR..  THE  DASJC PLAN AMU  THE  ALTERNATE  COL'Lf) BE PKLSENTED
  TOP.!.THE?. AT PUP-I.IC !!EA!'I.!GS TO PRECLUDE A SECOND SET OF Hi:r,iJl;ins_ON Tl'c
  m                           - -  .             .                     f ifcu ::

  I

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r'lJECT:
FROM:
                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                     Office  of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                     Research  Triangle  Park, North Carolina 27711
           Consideration of  "Reactive"  Hydrocarbons in Trans-   DATE: April 6, 1973
           portation  Control Plans

           SASD/LUPB
TO:
           Air and Water Program Directors
           Regions I-X

           Refer:   OD/OAQPS  Memo "Criteria  for  Review  of Transportation  Control
                   Measures,"  dated January 30,  1973.

                At the meeting in Chicago,  Illinois, March  20,  1973, of  the
           regional transportation control  and  land  use representatives,  it was
           requested that the  "guidance"  provided  in the referenced memo  be
           expanded with respect to subject.

                The suggestions regarding using  "reactive"  and  "highly reactive"
           hydrocarbons as the basis for  compiling the emission  inventory and
           strategies for reducing oxidant  levels  to the standards are still
           considered valid,  i.e., "These are acceptable if there is a measure
           of credibility and  definition  to these  approaches  and if they  are
           adequately explained in the  plan,"   It  is recognized  that complying
           with this requirement poses  several problems and there is some con-
           troversy regarding  the definition of  the  reactivities of particular
           organic hydrocarbon solvents.    ,-oblems have arisen with the suggestions
           and definitions in  Appendix  B  to the  Federal Register of August  14,
           1971,  (36 FR 15486) since the  solvent control would require substitutes
           beyond  those reasonably available.  A revision is  underway, however,
           this notice of proposed rule making  (NPRM)  will  not be oublished in
           time for reference  or guidance of current transportation control
           measures.   Consequently,  it. is suggested that where appropriate, as
           discussed below,  Los Angeles County Rule 66 type regulations,  similar
           to the  enclosure, be employed  for control of "reactive" hydrocarbons.  >.

                The review of  SIPs submitted to  date indicates that only  Los
           Angeles County itemized their  hydrocarbon inventory in detail.  The    ^
           other AQCRs listed  tsnly total 'hydrocarbons.  Consequently, ?•   arorov-
           able plan based on  "reactive"  or non  methane hydrocarbons, mus,
           contain sufficient  data to justify the  validity  of the Inventory ,,id   ;
           the basis for any assigned reactivities of  the various hydrocarbons,
           Where this is accomplished,  full  credit for the  strategies can be
           given and Rule 66 type regulations accepted in lieu of Appendix B.
           Otherwise, the hydrocarbon inventory  should be based  on total  hydro-
           carbons.   In the  event EPA must  propose/promulgate control measures,
           the Rule 66 type  regulations should be  considered  --  similar to the
           enclosure.
EPA Form 1320-6 i %av. 0-72)

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                       ,2

     There are only five hydrocarbons that are truly of zero or low
photochemical reactivity.   They are:  methane, ethane, propane,
acetylene, and benzene.  The occupational  exposure hazard and
explosive nature of benzene preclude its being considered as a lower
reactive solvent substitute.  Thus, even following Rule 66 type
regulations does not preclude emissions of hydrocarbons that in the
presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxide will produce oxidants.
However, it may be possible to successfully use this type control where
the topography, meteorology and demography are more favorable than the
California Southcoast basin.  Here, the oxidant values are apparently
going down in the Los Angeles CBD but rising in Riverside which is
generally downwind about 70 miles away.  It is also noted that high
oxidant readings in the Southeast Dessert Region are thought to be a
result of spill-over from the Los Angeles basin.  Thus the employment
of Rule 66 type regulations should be considered on an individual basis
for each AQCR.
                                                  Ronald A.  Venezia
                                                        Chief
                                              Land Use Planning Branch
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                •   '--   ,         Paragraphs  4.6  and  4.7 would  replace  the
•                             present  paragraph 4.6 in  Appendix B  of 40 -CFR 51.
                                             .   •
•     '•    (--}
|                    4.6  Organic solvents.  Except  as required in paragraph 4.7,
m               the emission of  photochemically reactive solvent into the
               ""atmosphere  can be limited  to 40 pounds in any one day
       i
       I!          or 8 pounds in any  one hour from any process equipment unless
       I
       !          such discharge has  been reduced by at least  85  percent.  Emissions
       I1                                                                            , -    .,
                 of organic  solvents  into the atmosphere during  the first 12 hours
    /   ,                                                                                 '
•     .'          after  removal from  the equipment are included in determining
       j          allowable emissions.
       Ii                    .                                           ., .
       ,               Except as required in paragraph 4.7, the emission of photo-
                 chemically non-reactive materials can be limited to 3,000 pounds
"    |          in any one day and  450 pounds  in any one hour from processing
      i
      Ij          equipment unless such discharge has  been reduced by at least
      •    r
          \. ,     85 percent.   Emissions of organic solvents into the atmosphere
      Ii                                          ..   .
      j           for the first 12 hours after       removal from the equipment
I                 are included in determining allowable emissions.
      i                                          .
      !                The provisions  stated above are not applicable to:                 - .
 I    I                (a)  The manufacture of organic solvents, or the
      |                transport or storage of organic solvents or materials                *
      I!                                 .                                                   '
      j        •        containing organic Solvents.
                                                                        *  "               f
 •                    (b)  The spraying or other employment of insecticides,
      ;              .  pesticides, or  herbicides.
 I               .     (o)  The employment, application, evaporation, or
                      drying' of saturated halogenated hydrocarbons or
 I   1
 •                    perch!oroethylene.
      1                                ,                                             •  ' ;-
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                                      s
 |   I                                        .              	              __ _

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     Organic solvents are organic diluents and thinners which are
                                                        i
liquids at standard conditions and which are used as dissolvers,
            ;'                                            I
viscosity reducers, or cleaning agents.  Controls are not necessary
for materials which exhibit a boiling point higher than 220°F at
0.5 millimeter mercury absolute pressure or have an equivalent
vapor pressure unless they are exposed to temperatures exceeding
220°F.
     Photoohemically reactive organic solvents include any
material with an aggregate of more than 20 percent of its
total volume composed of the chemical compounds classified
below or which exceed any one of the following individual
percentage composition limitations, referred to the total
volume of solvent:
     (a)  Combination or nydrocarbons, cf'^oiioU, cuue!i.yucs,
     esters, ethers, or ketones having an olefinic or
     cyclo-olefinic type of unsaturation:  5 percent
     (b)  Combination of aromatic compounds with eight
     or more carbon atoms to the molecule except
     ethyl benzene:  8 percent            •              • «
     (c)  Combination of ethylbenzene, ketones having
     branched hydrocarbon structures, trichloroethylene,"  "
     and toluene:  20 percent.

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 I                ^
 !      "         4.7  Baking and curing of organic compounds.  The emission of
                                                                  :
     ,• .(   organic compounds can'be  limited to  15 pounds in any one day and
 j|         to 3 pounds  in any one  hour from equipment in which the1, organic
 ;          compounds come into contact with flame or are baked, heat-cured,
 •         or heat-polymerized in  the presence  of oxygen unless the discharge
 '          has been reduced by at  least 85 percent by adsorption or incineration
 •         systems or equivalent devices.
 •              Baking  cua curing  operations may be exempted from control if
           the gases do not come in  contact with flame and
 C              (a)  the volatile  content of which consists of water
 M              and not more than  20 percent by volume of organic
                solvent which is not photochemically reactive, or
 H              (b)  the organic solvent content of which does not
                exceed  20 percent  by volume and which is not photo-
                chemically reactive and more than r" \,< cent by
I                volume of such volatile matt-; sal is evaporated
;                befo--o c  :rin:; a chamber heated above ambient
 •              application -temperature, or
•                (c)  the organic solvent content of which does
 I                                                  .
••              not exceed 5 percent and the volatile component
                Iis not photochemical iy reactive.
                      i                            -

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                    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION" ACiENCY
                         Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
                                                           DATE: April  11, 1973

  SUBJECT: _Lcaj time and Steps Macassary to Implement an
           Inspection/Maintenance and/or Retrofit Program
          LUP3
  T0:       Regional Transportation Control
         •  and Land Use Representatives
               Guidance on the subject was requested at the meeting on
          SIP's held in Chicago on March 20, 1973.  These programs nre
          inherent in the requirements of the proposed Transportation
          Guidelines, fo(|'^aJ__P^rn's_ter (33 FR 1464) dated January 12, 1973
          Appendix N Sections 3CcTand 4(c).  Representatives of ilSPCP
          were reqi-^sted to outline the anticipated steps and approximate
          limes to implement those control strategies.  The Emissions
          Control fcfid Testing Division responded by the attached memo
          "Clarification of Steps Necessnry to Implement a Retrofit or
          Inspection/Maintenance Program", dated March 23, 1973.  At
          approximately the sans time there were changes being made to the
          final rule making draft of the above "Guidelines", particularly
          Appendix I).  The attached memo frcui KSPCP "Kationnle for Changes
          in Appendix N re Inspection/Main; -nance", March 25, 1973, discusses
          some of the changes.  Subsequently there have been revisions to
          the loaded and idle tests' reduction effectiveness percentages
          shown in paragraphs 3(2)(i) and 3(2) (ii) of Appendix N.
         Because of the changes and the fact that the above ECTD memo
    addressed the question more frcii a standpoint of "certification"
    procedures, whfch are necessarily scne.'.'hat formal and lengthy,
    msaningful firm suggestions applicable to a specific State's problem
    have not been fortliccMing.  Further, recent data from the National
    Academy of Sciences and testimony at hearings regarding extension
    of the 1975-76 motor. vehicle standards casts some doubt on the
    advisability (at least in the near- term) of some of tiie more "^Qp
    retrofit devices and approaches as stated in NAS letter of Feb. V.
    also attached.
                                                                              1973,
V )t, Fon
m 1320-6 (Rev. 6-72)

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     The'minimum time frame estimated by ECTD of 33 months  would
be applicable for the most .complicated retrofit devices! where
th* state has had no previous involvement.   The time ca,n be
shortened by less formal  evaluation approaches and  any previous
state experience.  Approval of state plans  can be made on the*
basis oT tiieir own tests or those or private laboratories.
Prcble.ns arise where EPA must promulgate a  plan that contemplates
retrofit.  It is not considered that the retrofit devices must be
"certified" by EPA, at least if the Los Angeles plan approach
is used.  Thus, the minimum time could be reduced to 24 to  30
months for retrofit implementation.

     The ECTD estimated minimum frame time  of 24 to 30 months
for inspection programs is based on no prior state  involvement
and contemplates a loaded emission tests.  The most important
milestone is the legal authority to conduct the mandatory
inspections.  A review of the Arizona plan  indicates they received
their legal authority in May 1972, expect to have 4 loaded  inspection
lanes operationnl in January 1974 and the capacity  to handle 80$
of the states motor vehicles by July 1975.   It should be noted
that this state's plan was preceded by considerable ground  work
and two years tastijig with a mobile van.

     In general, the emissions inspection hardware, both for idle
and loaded, appear to pose no further problem.  However, the facilities
for a loaded test and the legal authority end administrative
implementation can cause extensive delays.   It is considered
that an idle test through franchiscd garages/service stations
could be operational by May 1975, if legal  authority is obtained
this year.

     It is expected the final rule making version of the above
Transportation Control Guideli-nes will be available in the  near
future and will'ba expedited to the Regional Transportation Control
Representative.

     It should be noted that the capability of each state to Implement
emissions inspection and/or retrofit programs is dependent on  its  unique
situation and status of legal authority, pilot programs, experience
on current requirements, etc.  Thus, the Regions should^assess these
factors, which in seme instances may justify extension requests,  in  the
review of plans.  The appraisal of the local capability becomes  even
more important hhen EPA proposed/promulgated plans  are beiif considered.
                                                   Ronald A. Venezia
                                                          Chief
                                               Land Use Planning Branch
        Enclcsures  (3)

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Research Trl-in^le 'Park, North Carolina   :.>711

 Pollution l;,:p,ict
                                                                            April 11,  1*73
                r,. Veno:;ia
        Air and Uatar Prc-rrrn;  Hiivctors
        notions II,  V. VI, and IX
        your region.   l!tis i-.;cur:i::,';ni;ion  sficjir. inch:,''? inr'cr. ';t1on
        such cr> avail•'.'/!2 air  r;;aliJ;y  i.::.tn, eviction in-'-rntorv' c;:!;n,
        driicn'pLit'.-)  of 'hiJ^trl'ii  cito1;  i?j tl-"* r: ir:Yiorir/j  cr;;-;lr>'
        •i.'iiich affect air qujliiy,  t!v~  cxlunt cf r>ir ;;i;a]i::,y v./jct
        knof/n, nnu any ot;r_r pv'jrtin^nt foct-s bc-',-1j; » on t.'ic; pro.';ljn.

              Ir.frniQtlon shc-fU ho for-'-r.Jad tc this offi^:1 for
        COordil'-ir.'iO'l C.r p;\"j];;.>s i;-, C'll  ''.^''.'S.   -'ctK;l  •}}}  '•:
        Initiates by LUPt) to provi:!2 f; SuluUci,   If aJdi lio;;;-')
        lnfcrr:al;irn  is rLiqui!v\ pi car.? ccntnc'- PC.
                                                  Fnf'lu ,'. Y?r..-:zi ^
                                                         riji- r
                                              Lanti i.'t'.'  f'l;':;;! irq  Cr;;rich
        LUPB:RCCLARK;saa:i,'Hi  9G2:x^

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        DRAFT

DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE


        NEDS

TERMINAL USERS MANUAL


     APRIL 1973
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                                              Prepared By
 •                                        Carolyn P. Chamblec
                                       National  Air Data Branch
I                                 Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
                              Office of Air Quality PI aiming and Standards
                                               OAUP-EPA
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•                                         Acknowledgements

I                 The National  Emissions Data System (NEDS)  was originally developed
•            by the Computation Section of Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
              under the direction of Jerome Mersch, Section Chief.
•                 The following persons from the Computation Section were involved
              1n the Initial  effort:
I                                Gerald K. Moss
•                                Rapelje A.  Fairley
                                  Herschel  Rorex
•                                Joseph K. Crabb
                                  Stanley Manus
"                 The Data Management Section of the National  Air Data Branch has
 •            assumed responsibility for the system and further developmental  efforts.
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              The  DMS project officer for NEDS is  George M.  Duggan.
                   Recognition is  also given to Jacob Summers  and Maureen Johnson for
              technical  review of  the manual.

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                     NEDS TERMINAL USER'S MANUAL
                               Foreword
     This manual defines procedures for receiving data and summaries
from the National Emissions Data Bank.  It 1s written for those who
will be using the procedures, whether they be regional offices, other
TPA personnel, or others who have been given access to the data bank.
     Questions, comments, and requests may be forwarded to:
                        National Air Data Branch
                        Environmental Protection Agency
                        Research Triangle Park, North Carolina   27711
     Please note that thr log on procedure 1s controlled and distri-
buted by the Data Systems Division of the Environmental Protection
Agency.  The address is the same as listed above.

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                     Emissions Data Access System

     The National  Emissions Data Bank has been expanded  to enable
users to access  the  data files via typewriter terminals.   A user can
request various  data listings and summaries.
     The Gujdo_ For Cpjyipj Ijhvj a_ Coi!^rehensi_ve_ Ennsjn'on  Inventory .APTD-
1135 should be  consul Led for directions on how to  submit  data to the
National Emissions Data Bank and for more detailed explanations of
various entities  such  as estimating methods.
     Using the  interactive system developed  by National  Air Data
Branch personnel  allows the user to inU-r'uL.ti -'C1;.'  request various
programs to be  run Idler,   The output of
printed on the  user's  .  .-     "rt'ea let",.
                                                            '^^f programs  is  either
                                                            !  or [.<» mtea at  the central
computer si to  and  mailed to i.
     The  ;:tF"T>  "- dc- TV'*
computers ,-s well  u..  . .!• ,,'   -
The  naster in.,;., racti >f ,  . ,  ,
(program) he wishes  lo .. .    .
correct program.   ILi,, Ct- •.   ,
signifies that all  ""e^uests  f
                                                       u.r-   v>,o
                                                                ar-'  • ji  fouiiliar with
                                                                ..-     r-::ss  t-ie  Gyvtem
                                                                ••  ' .  .,;,.tc'^v  > "•? functio:.
                                                                -r     the;:  fj'i'r  the
                                                                Cw.sir.'.l  jn Ltl  the user
                                               ,  n^rain rey
                                              fur the function have- been  answered,   T
                 called program then  relinquishes control to the master  program and
                 the user can request other  'urutions,   Lxplanations  for each  indi-
                 vidual function  are given  later iivth-j 'xniuj 1 .  s/amples  of  actual
                 interactive se'usv.:'^, fln,i  u;,;,pu'. ^ c,re ; '  ;,  lude-.i  in eacn section.
                      Program devoicp.oenr,  f.jr  tns systo'i -••., -lv -, \JL «  UMiv^rsHv
                                                   1.0.1

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Computer Company 1030 typewriter terminal  utilizing  the  IBM 360  Model
50 computer In EPA's Research Triangle Computation Center,  Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.   All  explanations  regarding  program
access and data entry will  be given  in terms  of the  UCC  1030 terminal.
For users unfamiliar with the 1030 keyboard,  a diagram is  included
in Appendix I, "Typewriter Terminal  Keyboards."
     To use the riADB interactive system, the  user must first gain
access to the computer on which the  systems  is installed.   This  is
accomplished by the log on procedure distributed  when user  identi-
fication codes are assigned.   The user first  dials the computer  using
the telephone number specified with  the user  code.   Contact has  been
made when a shrill noise is emitted  via the  telephone.  The phone
receiver is then placed in the acoustical  coupler connected to the
terminal.  Make sure that the cord end of the receiver is  in the
correct direction as specified on the coupler.  The  terminal and
coupler should be turned on.   (The "on" button for the acoustical
coupler is located on the top of the machine  on the  right  behind the
     •
carriage or on the coupler itself.)   The terminal should also be set
on the "remote" setting.  (The remote button  is located  to  the left
of the keyboard.)
     The terminal "proceed" light should now  be on and the  user  is
free to sign on.  In order to enter any information  via  the terminal,
the information must be typed and the return  key pushed.  The user
should enter the "logon" information furnished with  the  assignment
                                             **   *    -  *
of his user identification code.  The procedure to be requested  is
                                1.0.2

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              NADDTSO.  To obtain a user identification code contact:
I                                Data Systems  Division
                                Environmental Protection Agency
                                Research Triangle Park, North Carolina   27711
|                 A message indicating the system is processing the user log on
£            information is returned.  The message, LOGON PROCEEDING, may also
*            appear indicating the system is still processing the initial entry.
I            The system returns the message, READY, when it is ready to accept user
              input.  The user response should be to enter:  ned_s_ or ncds parm(noprint) .
§                 The message, DATA SET JCLFU C.CflTL flOT IN CATAIOGUE, may appear
K            at this point.  This message or its absence should not concern the
*            user.  Next, a listing of the dataset CPCDA^.fiADCTSO.TEXT will be
•            printed.   The dataset contains messages of interest to most, if not
              all, users.  If there are • r, p< tries to be printed, a message will be returned.
| ^              The data bank master program asr, ••      itrol now and any information
M            required is requested by the p>    am.  More detailed <-xplanations of
              required information are p.-ox ,ot-d in each <."ettun Scribing the
•            individual functions.
                   When the user has completed his interactive session, the end
I            command should be entered.  A wait is required to allow the computer
m            system to submit the remote batch  jobs constructed and to release the
              resources allotted to the usci .   When the tasks have been completed,
•            the READY message is printed.  The user Is free to access other
              available systems or if no further access is desired, to enter logoff.
I
              If logoff is entered, a message indicating  the user has logged off
              is returned.  The terminal and coupler should then he turned off and
                                                 1.0.3

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 the phone returned to Us cradle,
     Please note, that should the connection to the computer be broken,
 the user has only to follow the same procedures that he always uses to
 log on.  Any remote batch jobs constructed prior to the disconnection
 may not have been submitted and should be reentered.
    • A line of input 1s not considered entered by the computer until
 the return key is pressed,  Typing errors can be corrected until the-
 line is entered by either backspacing or pressing the attention key.  The
 backspace feature is used to back up to the character to be corrected.
 All characters to the right of the error must be retyped since the
 backspace operation erases them.  The attention key aeletes the entire
 line and the user reenters the correct information.
     If the attention key (marked ATTM) is pressed during the session
 when no line of input is to be erased, the READY i ;.~sage will be returned.
 The user has left the system and can no longer make function requests.
 If further access is desired, other s>btems can be accessed or logoff.
 should be entered.  Please note that tniy remote batch jui.i constructed
 prior to hitting the ATTN key are loti.
         *
     Throughout the manual the selection commands are listed as follows:
                    'own=?'
     The number of  question marks following the equal sign defines the
number of characters  in that code.   In the above example the SCC entry
1s shown to be 8 characters in length and the OWN entry one.  If too
few characters are  entered, a message indicating an invalid entry is
returned and a new  command requested.  Entering too nary characters
for a  selection causes sinilar  result".
                                   1.0.4
 Guide for Compi'lin'j  a Comprehensive Emission Invcr.tory (APTD-1135)

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                                            UJ
                                            r»
                                            u.
                                         <    UJ
                                         UJ LU t£>
                                         (XL O 
UJ eC
                                       < UJ
                                       UJ O
                                       o: a:
                                       < =3
                                         O
to
to
(—1

UJ
                                       O
                                                1.0.5

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I                                         Remote Batch Submissions
    ^
•                    The master program for the data bank  interactive  access system is
                 automatically invoked when the entry, jnecte,  is entered.   Unless limited
1               print is requested, the possible function  requests  and their descriptions
f               are listed.  To request limited print, enter neds  parm (noprint) or
                 neds par.'n(n).  Otherwise err. er neds.
•                    In the master program, the user is  required  to enter his user
                 identification code.  The identification code is  the code assigned to
I               the user when he was permitu-. to access the computer  system.  Addi-
m               tionally, each remote batch job requires three other items of informa-
                 tion:  the terminal identification, batch  a^cuunt  Briber, and user's
I               name.
                      When the message TERMINI ID? is p. .-nted, there are  two possible
 •   —-          responses.  The user can enter \ocji_        -icans  the output from the
 •               job constructed \. "1 i" i"•"•••    a;, the  :.,^i---;  a', compute-    T! ?   ... ,/id entry is of the'
                 form rjjv^teXX where >;•• rr       •-,  the  .5   . c.  ass .'.yr.^d.   Be certain the
 •              number and the word nvnctt  , •   -.at separcred  :,y a  r;lank   For example,
                 the terminal whose r^,.-,  :.-, ^.e would hetv--  the >;ntr/ r«motej[.
 •                   Next the program ^il's  re-'.je-it the user's  batch  account number.  In
                 response to ACCT.#? the user should enter the  batch  account number

 I

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                                                 .    2.0.1
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«,>.§.
     asMgned when  access  to  the-system was authorized.  The user should
     carefully differentiate  between  the account number  requi'red for
     typewriter  terminal usage  and  the number assigned for batch usage.
     In  the situation  that an account number 1s required for terminal usage,
     this number usually differs  from the batch'account  number.
         The third entry  required  is the user's name.   The name is limited
     to  a maximum of twenty characters.
         If the codes  required have  not yet been  assigned to  the user, that
     should not  affect  the explanations following.
         Careful attention should  be given to  the sample interactive sessions.
     Many questions that arise  can  be ansv;ered  in  this manner.
         The valid neds function requests and  their descriptions are:
              (1)  psl               - point source V'r:iflg.   The data for
                                       each individual  point  source is
                                       11S.V.-J  for the geographical areas
                                       specified.
              (2)  asl               --area source listing.   The data for
                                       each individual  area source 1s listed
                                       for the geographical areas specified.
              (3)  fuse              - area source fuel usage report.  The
                                       data values for  each area source  1n
                 ,                     the states specified are printed.
                                   •  •  Summaries  for each pollutant for  the
                                       state are  also listed.
                                                  4,     *      *
              (4)  end              - termination instruction.  The end
                                       "2.0.2

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                                               command signals the user's desire to
|          '                                   end tjhe terminal session.  Upon receipt
                                                    I
g                                             of tHis command, the program returns
                          '                     an appropriate message and the data
I                                             bank procedure is complete.  The user
                                               must allow time for the system, to
|               .                              subnet the batch jobs specified and
M                                            " reallocate the resources dedicated to
                                                      The system returns a message
•                                             for ^ach job submitted;  When the
™
                                               computer system has completed its task,
|                                             the IJODY massage is returned.  The
I                                               user! should always wait for this response
       "~                                          i
    "•— -                                         to H  .'re that all his jobs were sub-
I                                             mittH-  Following the READY response,
                                               the iiser is free to access other sys-
•                                             tems|on the computer or logoff.  If
•                                             the User is no longer interested in
                                               using  his terminal he should enter
I                                             1 ogolf f .  When the message confirminq
                                               the logoff is received, the terminal
•
I

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                                               2.0.3
                                               and coupler should be turned off and
                                               the phone returned to its cradle.

-------
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                            Point Source  Listings*


     The  point source listing function  is  chosen by the user desiring

the most  detailed information available  c. .  a point by point basis.   The

user is allowed to retrieve listings  on  5  variety of geographical  sub-

divisions.   A large volume of output  is  Associated with this function

and the user should exercise a great    deal  of care in specifying  the

amount of data desired,

     The  user is gi.en tho opportunity  tu  li-:.t the valid commands

initially.   If tne list is rueded,  the  u?-.r bhould reply yj2_s_.   Other-

wise the  user should enter no,

     After the user makes this initial  -J-  ision, he is requested to

enter the identification assigned  to  the tenrnndl to which the  output

is to be  sent,*  If the output is  1o  .->  printed at the central  computer

site and  mailed to the, -,  ,   . enter  lo:1"    If  the output is to  be

printed 3t the u-c^'s ^.d' .-   • ><-•      .      en;- •  n.'niore•,<.. j.,    -. .-. >           example, if

your- ^ •    .  -,;j. ..,; L., •  :        j.sfi.>,- '        -.       ,,    u  •   i'.

enter re^^jte?_.

     Th°    -1'.  b3tci. c,        u:!,.-:-?-  i-.       '       ,>•  -,-, SoSi-: 'ed

when the  user is nuthj.- ".  .    , ^^e  ;.n   . . ,,..i,     ine user   na.-.e is  ,

limited to  a n^x-     * ...  ..  'hurorr^,   -.;.,; v.j^ia i^ .--te-ea .,   -   .,

for all job>    ..,•.   y; ;  • •  •  . .'•?'•; prt,   ..  •   •  <>— -  ^gisf rat.ion.

     The  program pron-.pn, LI,-,  .-.erv.itt  I; ,;  !.-r",r,.ige-'., ••.: •--' ENILRING
COMMANDS and  COMHAND?, to tnter his  sefactions,   liie valid commands  are:

*NOTE:  The output of the batch job  requ:f£?s 132 print positions.   If
        your  printer is 1 invited to 120  princ ,r.05r:ions, thp'outDut  should
        be routed  local  and mailed to thr

-------
(1)  'report^?1
report wanted.  Various options are
open to the user to limit his retrievals.
The option desired is chosen by select-
Ing the report corresponding to it.
The available reports are:
1 -  state report.  The retrieval is
     limited to one state.  The user-
     should be careful when selecting
     this option because of the large
     amount of output generated.
2 -  state/county report.  As many
     state-county combinations as
     desired may be .-ntcred.
3 -  state/count,/planL report.  As
     Wj state/county/plant combina-
     tions as desired n,av i;e entered.
4 -  si die 'county/plant/poi.r..  As
    "in . j  . tate/count.wplar.i, point
     conciliations as desired may be
     entered,
5 -  state/sec report.  As many state/
     scrcombinations as desired may
     be entered but using some SCC's
  • •  can result in tremendous amounts
     of. output.
6 -  st5le/c,5unty/sc:c report.  As many
                         2..1.2

-------
I
•                                                         state/county/scc combinations as
'    ^                                                     desired  can be entered.
|                       (2)   'own*?'               - ownership  code.   The valid codes are:
—                                                         p  - private,
*                                                          '  - local  government,
I                                                         ^  - state  government,
                                                           f  - federal government,'and
|                                                         u  - ut'i lity.
m                       (3)   'sic*????1            - stanu.ud  industrial classification
                                                      code    FO,  •,!>,?.; information see the
•                                                    glo-,    / . ''>  ul'jo Standard  Indus tr i a 1
                                                      Clas-,  "i(.  r :.!fi  :iam.n1.
I
                         (4)   "est-?1                -   .. 'h; u  of  u-r-Bating emissions.   The
                                                      v...'" '•   ,OL! ::, .n" •:
                                                               «oi   'i.lii1 •••u
                                                                              other  emissions
 I
 I
                                                              •   • •     r.:- ; •  : ,:u ; -ted  using EPA
 I
                                                                -:,-< !. - •  • ••> -;d-. >; s a ted     '•
                                                                :.•. -..i.; ;   -li^sb ion  facur  .
                                                                        '-•-')"'  ";-,f-  official
I
I
                         (5)   'end                  -  termi tint ion entvv.   ihis  entry  following
|                                                    the CUI'i"!/•.•',D; prompt  signals  the end
                                                      Of  user  s
                    When  the  user '.el-vis *;.-,: - a loop which
 |^         -,.„,.,

 I

-------
report selected equals one).  Within this loop, the user ent.ers either
                                               •
the combination desired, X, or end.  The entry £ causes the previous
 *    •'
combination entered to be Ignored.  End signifies that all' the combina-
tions desired have been entered.  The combinations entered must be of the
correct length or the entry Is rejected.  For example, in the state/
county/plant/point report, the user is required to enter 12 characters.
The state code is tv/o characters, the county code is four characters,
the plant code is four characters, the point code is two characters, and
the sec code is eight characters.
     For each report, when the user enters the loop allowing multiple
entries, the user is prompted with the information required.  These
prompts differ from report to report but basically they are:  combination,
X,  or end.  The combination is reflecicd in the report type.  For example,
report three is the state/county/plant report.   *;<»,  messages, ENTER 10
CHARACTER STATE/COUNTY/PLANT CODE.X, OP END and SCP, X.OR END, are printed.
In the second inessage, scp represents state/county/plant.
     The ownership code, SIC, and estimating method are all optional
entries.  If an entry 1s made for any of these three codes, it applies
        »
to all combinations entered for the report selected.
     The commands can be entered in their entirety or be abbreviated to
the first two characters of the command.  A report must be selected before
the job will be submitted.
     The job as specified by the user will be listed.  At this point,
the «s«f has a choice of submitting the job or not.  In either case, the
user Is returned to the master program a;t this point.
                                    2.1.4

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AQC«: C78 CITY: 23EC ACCITICKAI
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+ NOTF-. OAT* IS FOB CARCfX) YEAR CF RECX?RC CUPPFNT OATFt C4/I6/T3 j
2.1.10

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  I
                             Area  Source Listing*


     The area source  listing function is choien by the? user desiring

the most detailed  information  available on the area basis.  The user  is

allowed Lo retrieve  listings on a state or region basis or a state-

county basis.  Particular  care sho.uld be taken when requesting listings

on a state or region  basis.   Two  area sources can be listed per page

but large volumes  of  print can bo generated by indiscriminate usage.

     The user i-s given  the opportunity to list the valid commands ini-

tially.  If the list  is  needed, the user should reply yes.  Otherwise,

the user shculd enter no_.

     After the user makes  this initial decision, he is requested to enter

the identification assigned to the terminal to uhich the output is to

be sent.*  If the  output  H to be pntuc-.' at the central computer site

and mailed to i''U .  'err XX_ represents  the

number :oi,i.j,;. <-j 10 tnc  *-,    »  . .vi.iinai.   for exdi.,(>!e, if your medium  speed

termite. We..   Signed '}••   ,  ; c>"  six, >	-1    •;,  reinotc6

     Th? user's batch &<,-.-, i number srd fr-e use! '•> ndsne are also required

for batch'sulin,i-';c,Tons.       '-r.ch accoun: "i^.i'ei-     ;>nt of the nu'-bers

assigned when the  user  i   ,  /urized r.   se the s/sietn.  The user's name

1s limited to a ma-o mum  ; •'• •„ ^iiv characters and should be entered . '"^

same for all jobs,  iome  <> >••r.?. "\s  requir.> t;iO'j»"ai'• ^_r name registration.

     The program prompts  ti.«r user with the. message: , START ENTERING

COMMANDS and COMMAND?,  to  enter his selections.  The valid commands are:

*NOTE:  The output of the  batch job requires 132 print positions.  If your
        printer is limited to  120 print position:,, the output should  be
        routed local  and  mailed to the user
                                    2,2. i

-------
          (1)  'report*?'            -  report wanted,   The  user can retrieve
                                      area source listings on a state or
                                      region or a state-county basis.  The
                                      number corresponding to the desired
                                      report should be entered.  The report
                                      numbers are:
                       \                   1 - state or region report.   The
                                               retrieval  is limited to one
                                               region or  a maximum of five
                                               states.
                                           2 - st,-te-oiii fit1  report.  The
                                               user can enter as many state-
                                               re,'!)'  -oirbinations as desired.
          (2)  'en-j'                -  tan,.;,'i.it ion entry,   mis ontiy signals
                                      the user's desire to leave this function
     When the user selects the report desired, he enters a loop which
allows him to enter the specifications necessary.  In the state or region
report loop, the user enters the desired information or request.  The
report prints back his entry and he can either enter end which indicates
he wants the report as speciflea, or he can reentrr his specifications.
     In the state-county report loop, the user enter;; his six character
state-county combination, X, or end.  The entry X_ causes  the last six
character combination entered to be ignored.  End indicates that all
the user combinations desired have been-entered.
     When the user has completed his entries, the job as specified is
                                                *.,
listed.  The user is given the opportunity to review his selections  and
                                    2.2.2

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I

                 choose to submit the job or not.   A report  must  be  selected  or  no  job
I               will  be constructed.
                      Whether a  job  is submitted  or not  the  user  is  returned  to  the
I               master program  at tin's point.
•                 .   The commands can be entered in their entirety  or  be  abbreviated to
                 the  first two characters of the  command.
I                    For an  explanation of  the area source  printout, Set  Appendix  II.

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•                                  Area Source  Fuel Usage Listing*
_ _             The user desiring Information  only about fuel  usage compiled  from
'           the source area form will select this function.  The listing provides
•           the amount of fuel used 1n each area within the state and a summary
             for the state.
I                The user Is given the opportunity to  list the  valid commands
_           Initially.  If the list 1s needed,  the user should  reply yes.  Otherwise,
™           the user should enter no.
I                After the user makes this initial decision, he is requested to enter
             the identification assigned to the  terminal to which the output is to
|           be sent.*  If the output is to be printed  at the central computer  site and
«           mailed to the user, enter local.  If the output is  to be printed at the
             user's medium speed terminal, enter remotejU where  XI represents the number
I           assigned to t'ne user's terminal.  For exarrpie, if your medium speed terminal
             was assigned the number four, you would enter remote4.
I                The user's batch account number and the user's name are also  required
•           for oaten ^somissions.  The batch account  number is one of the number^
             assigned when the user is authorized to use the system.  The user's name is
I           limited to a maximum of twenty characters  and should be entered the same
             for all jobs.  Some systems require programmer name registration.
•                The program prompts the user with the messages, START ENTERING
•           COMMANDS and COMMAND?, to enter his selections.  The valid commands are:
                       (1)  'region=??'          - region desired.  The EPA region for
•                                                 which data is desired.  The  region
                                                   number is a two digit number from one
•                                                 to ten.
             I*NOTE:  The output of the batch job requires 132 print positions.  If your
  ''"-'                printer is limited to 120 positions, the output should be  routed
                     local and mailed to the user.
                                                 » I
                                                 2.3.1
        v W VF M 1  "i* I !\J MIUI I I W V4 WW VI !»«• M *J !• I •
I'Guioia -,.,.- Compiling A Comprehensive Emission Inventory (APTD-1135)
                                    1 O 1

-------
           (2)   'state-??,7?,??,??,??'1- state(s) desired.  The user
                                   can enter a maximum of five states.
           (3)   'end1             - termination entry.-  This entry signals
                                   the end of user specifications.
     When  the user has completed his entries and has entered end, the
job as specified is printed.  The user must specify cither a single
region or  a maximum of five states or no job will be submitted.  If the
user has entered one of the above, he will then have the opportunity to
submit the job  or not.  Regardless of his decision, the user will be
returned to the master program at this point.
Guide for Compiling A Comprehensive Emission Inventory(APTD-1135)
                                 2.3.2

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                                  GLOSSARY
Allowable Emissions
                   1
Area Source
           1
                               - Allowable emissions are the maximum

                                 emissions of each pollutant, in tons

                                 per year, that the source isallowod to

                                 discharge   into  the atmospnere uncter tha

                                 most  stringent legal conditions

                                 applicable.

                               - The area source encompass.es human acti-

                                 vity in areas which result in pollution

                                 yet are not covered by the point sources.

                                 An area source 1s a collection of indus-

                                 trial, commercial, mobile, and residential

                                 sources which individually may emit on

                                 small quantities of pollutants but

                                 taken collectively may have a siqni-

                                 ficant impact.

                               - The calculated emissions are the emission

                                 estimates arrived at using the erussic.,'

                                 factors and activity level for the source.

                                 For estimating methods, 0,1,2, ind 5,  the

                                 estimated emissions are transferred to the

                                 calculated emissions.   For multi; '  S^'s

                                 a proportioning technique is used and    r

                                 single SCC's the values are transferred a,

                                 entered.  For estimation methods 3 and 4,

                                 the calculated emissions are computed  using

                                 EPA emission factors and the operating rates.

                                 For any SCC for which  there is no emission

                                 factor or for which the operating

                                 rate  is unknown,  a zero

Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory (APTD-1135)
                               3.0.1
Calculated Emissions
                    1

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Emission Estimates
                  1
Emission Factor
Estimating Method
                 1
Point Source
            1
                                     is  entered.
                                   -  The emission estimates are the values
                                     for emissions entered on the sourco form.
                                     The estimates may be arrived at by various
                                     methods  listed below in Estimating methods.
                                   -  The emission factor is a quantitative
                                     estimate of the average rate at which a
                                     pollutant  is released to the atmosphere as
                                     a  result of some industrial activity,
                                     divided  by the level of that activity.
                                   -  The method of estimating emissions has
                                     been defined to be in the following
                                     categories:
                                          0 - not applicable
                                          1 - stack - test results or other
                                             emission measurements,
                                          2 - material balance using engineer-
                                             ing knowledge and expertise
                                             of process,
                                          3 - emissions calculated using EPA
                                             emission factors,
                                          4 - guess, and
                                          5 - emissions calculated using a special
                                             emission factor that differs
                                             from the official EPA factor.
                                   -  According  to  the  August  14,  1971  Federal
                                     Register,  a point source is  (a) any
                                     stationary source causing emissions  in
                                     excess of JQO tons per year  of any pollu-
                                     tant for which there  1s  a National
                                     Standard   in  a    region
See Guide for Compiling A Comprehensive Emission Inventory (AHTD-1135)
                                    3.0.2

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• x~"                                               containing an area whose 1970  "urban
                                                    place" population, as defined  by  the
•                                                  U.S. Bureau of Census, was equal  to
                                                    or greater than one million, or  (b)
|                                                  any stationary source causing  emissions
•                   *                              in excess of 25 tons per year  of  any
*                                                  pollutant for which there is a National
flj                                                "  Standard in a region containing an
                                                    area whose 1970 "urban place"  popula-
•                                                  tion, as defined by the U.S. Bureau
                                                    of Census, was less than one million,
•                                                  or (c) without regard to quantity, a
m                                                  source as listed in Table 1, page 27
   •—•                                               [of the August 14 Federal Register],
I                                                  or (d) the sources included 1n a  com-
                                                    prehensive permit or registration ?vs-
J                                                  tern already maintained by the  agency.
                                                         If the states submitting  data
•                                                  wish to establish a more stringent
•j                                                  criteria for point sources, this  infor-
                                                    mation can be submitted to the Natnv,  <
I
                                      Emissions Data Bank.
Region                              - Region refers to an EPA region.
§            NADB                                 -  National Air  Data  Branch.
                                                               »*       -  »
              NEDB                                 -  National Emissions  Data  Bank.
•            NFDS                                 -  National Emissions  Data  System
              i
               I'V. •• f-iiij- fo; Conpi I ing /;  Coi;iprehensiv2  Ennssiun  Inventory  (APrD-1135)
   ^
                                                   3.0.3
I

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                                    -  The  Source  Classification  Codes  (SCC)
                                      are  Indices to  a  system  developed  by
                                      EPA  to  categorize both specific  and
                                      general  emission-related activities
                                      of potential  point sources or  air
                                      pollutants.   Four levels of identi-
                                      fication are  used, each  being  a  pro-
                                      gressive subcategorization of  the  first
                                      or general  level.  They  relate to  fuel
                                      types,  industrial processes, equipment
                                      types and size, products,  etc. and
                                      are  generally sufficiently well  defined
                                      to enable the application  of specific
                                      emission estimation factors to the
                                      activity level  defined.  Units to  be
                                      used for the activity  level are  those
                                      associated  with the specific SCC.   For
                                        »
                                      the  actual  code definitions, See Guide
                                      For  Compiling A Comprehensive  Emission
                                      Inventory.
SIC                                 -  The  Standard Industrial  Classification
                                      (SIC) codes,  developed and maintained
                                      by the  Office of  Management arid  Budget,
                      !                are  indices to  an economy-oriented
                                      system  for .categorizing  industry com-
                                      position and statistics  on a comparable
                                      basis.   These codes, which arc rcvi'nd
                                    3.0.4

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•
                                                   as  necessary, cover generalized  fields
                                                   of  economic activity  and  provide? a
                                                   uniform mechanism  for use in  classification
•                                                 of  establishments  or  kind-of-activity
                                                   units  by  the type  of  economic activity
                                                   in  which  engaged.  For actual  code
—                                                 definitions, See Standard Industrial
                                                   Classification  Manual .

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                                                  3.0.5
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APPENDIX I
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                                 APPENDIX II

                     Explanation of Area Sources Listing


     The area source listing uses abbreviations for printing items.

These abbreviations are often difficult for tlie average user to decipher

quickly so below 1s a full listing for a source going down each column.
      Abbreviation

EM-EST-PRT

EM-EST-CO

% SULF-RESID-OIL

RES-BITUM

RES-WOOD

CI-RID-OIL


IND-BITUM

IND-N-GAS

RES-OS-INC

RES-OP-BRN

GAS-LT-VEH

DIE-HV-VEH

COUNTY-POP

CIV-AIRCRAFT

VES-DIE-OL

EVAP-SOLVENT

VEH-MI-RURL

DIRT-RD-TRV

ROCK-H-ST
Exploded Text

Emission Estimate-Particulate

Emission Estimate-Carbon Monoxide

% Sulfur Content-Residual 011

Residential Fuel-Bituminous Coal

Residential Fuel-Wood

Commercial and Institutional Fuel-
Residual Oil

Industrial Fuel-Bituminous Coal

 idustrial Fuel-Natural Gas

Residential-On Site Incineration

Res idenll til-Open Burning

Gasoline Fuel-Light Vehicle

Diesel Fuel-Heavy Vehicle

County Population

Civil Aircraft

Vessels-Diesel Oil

Evaporation-Solvent Purchased

Measured Vehicle Miles-Rural Roads

Dirt Roads Traveled

Rock* RandHng &• Storing
                                    5.0.1

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       Abbreviation
SLASH-BKN-ARE
ORCH-DA-FIRED
COAL-REF-BURN

EM-EST-S02
% SUL'F-ANTH-COAL
% ASH-ANTH-COAL
RES-DIS-OIL
CI-ANTH

CI-N-GAS

INO-COKE
IND-WOOD
IND-OS-INC
IND-OPN-BRN
GAS-HVY-VEH
DIE-OFF-HWY
DENSITY-CODE
COMM-AIRCRAFT
VES-RID-OIL
EVAP-GAS
VEH-MI-SUBAN
DIRT-AIR-STRIPS
FOREST-FIRE-AR
SLASH-BN-QU
STRUCTURE-FIRES
Exploded Tpy.t
Slash Burning-Area
Frost Control-Orchard-Days Fired
Coal Refuse Burning
Emission Estimates-Sulfur Dioxide
% Sulfur Content-Anthracite Coal
% Ash Content-Anthracite Coal
Residential Fuel-Distillate Oil
Commercial & Institutional Fuel-
Anthracite Coal
Commercial & Institutional Fuel-
Natural Gas
Industrial Fuel-Coke
Industrial Fuel-Wood
Iridustt   ' 0  Site Incineration
industrial Open Burning
Gasoline Fuel-Heavy Vehicle
Diesel Fuel-Off Highway
Density Code
Commercial Aircraft
Vessels-Residual Oil
Evaporation-GasoIine Marketed
Measured Vehicle Miles-Surburban Roads
Dirt Air Strips
Forest Fires Area
Slash Burning-Area
Structure  Fires
                                    6.0,2

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Abbreviations
COMMENTS
EM-EST-NOX
% SULF-BITUM-COAL
% ASH- BITUM- COAL
RES-RID-OIL
CI-BITUM
CI-WOOD
IND-DIS-OIL
IND-PR-GAS
CI-OS-INC
CI-OPN-BRN
GAS-OFF-HNY
DIE-RR-LOC
MIL- AIRCRAFT
VES-BITUM *
VES-GAS
VEH-MI-LA-RD

VEH-MI- URBAN
CONST- LAND
FOR-FIRE-QU
ORCHARD- HEATERS
CRB-SIZE-BK
EM-EST-HC

  Exploded Text
  Comments

  Emission Estimates-Nitrogen Oxide
  % Sulfur Content-Bituminous Coal
  % Ash Content-Bituminous Coal
  Residential Fuel-Residual 011
  Commercial & Institutional Fuel-
-  Bituminous Coal
  Commercial & Institutional Fuel-
  Mood
  Industrial Fuel-Distillate 011
  Industrial Fuel-Process Gass
  Commercial & Institutional On Site
  Indrv-ration
      £i.. lal & Institutional Open Burning
  Gasoline Fuel-Off Highway
  Diesel hue I-Li*, locomotive
  Militor> AI,-...«ft
  Vessels-Bituminjus
  Vessels-Gasoline
  Measured Vehicle Miles-Limited Access
  Roads
  Measured Vehicle Miles-Urban Roads
  Construction Land Area
  Forest Fires-Quantity
  Frost Central-Orchard Heaters
  Coal Refuse Barning-Size of Bank

  Emission Estimates-Hydrocarbon
5.Q.3

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          Abbreviations               Exp1pded_Te_xt
RES-N-GAS                             Residential Fuel-Natural Gas
CI-DIS-OIL                            Commercial and Institutional Fuel-
                                      Distillate Oil
IND-ANTH                              Industrial Fuel-Anthracite Coal
IND-RD-OIL                            Industrial Fuel-Residual Oil
PART-EMS                              Participate Enissions (Calculated)
S02-CHS                  .          -   Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (Calculated)
NOX-EMS                               Nitrogen'Oxide Emissions (Calculated)
HC-EMS                                Hydrocarbon Emissions (Calculated)
CO-EfiS                                Carbon Monoxide Emissions (Calculated)
NO. 6-EMS.                            Pollutant US Emissions (Calculated)
NO. 7-EHS                             Pollutant #7 Emissions (Calculated)
NO. 8-EMS                             Pollutant.   , L.ivnons (Calculated)
NO. 9-EMS                             fr Mutant #9 Emissions f'alcjlated)
NO. 10-EMS                            Pollutant #lj D.I. ;,:, ion:, (Calculated)
NO. 11-EMS                            Pollutant #1 , Limssio-.s (Calculated)
NO. 12-EMS                            Pollutant #12 Emission, (Calculated)
                                    5.0.4

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I  -     -

                                       NEDS Terminal  Users  Manual
    **»
•                  Please add my  name  to  the  11st of persons  to receive manual  updates.
•            NAME:  	
           ADDRESS:
I                   	:	
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•                  If the  above  entry  1s  to  replace  someone  currently  on  the  mailing

              11st, please enter the name and  address  of the "old"  manual  owner.

|            NAME:	

m         ADDRESS:	
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 g

 •            based on our current 11st.
 •            Mall the completed  form to:

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•                         •   Environmental  Protection Agency

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j GUIDELINE SERIES
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i\
*sl\


OAQPS NO. 3. o-ooi

May 10, 1973


Questions and Answers Concerning the
Implementation of Section 110 of the

Clean Air Act







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US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   Office  of Air Quality Planning and Standards


     Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

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        •;                            ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
™      ''     '      '                Office  of Air  Quality Planning  and Standards           ' .
                                    Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
•          Rtply to
m           Aim of:     CPDD/RPS                                                 Date:  ay  10'

•           SubJ"t:     Implementation of Section  110 of the Clean  Air Act


                ITo:    • Directors, Air & Water  Programs Divisions
                        Regions  I-X           -                  j

g       .                    Enclosed for  your information and guidance is a memorandum

•                     of April  30, 1973 from  the  EPA Office of General Counsel.   In

I                     this memorandum, several key questions relating to implementation

                       of the Act have been answered.  If you have specific questions

I                     or need further clarification on these issues, please contact

m                     Michael A. James, Attorney, OEGC in Washington, D.C.



 I       '                  '
 •                                                        .tttef
                                                    Regional Programs Staff

 •                     Enclosure

                       Ice:  Mario Storlazzi
                            Conrad  Simon
                            Steve Wassersug
                            ITommie  Gibbs
                            F. Donald Maddox
                            Norman  Thomas
  _                         Dewayne Durst
  •                         Norm Huey
  "                         David Calkins
                            Gary Young
  I                         Michael  *iaiupc'
  •                         B. J. Steigerwald
                            OAQPS Div. Directors
  •                         Donald  Walters



  I


  I      ~


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                  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          WASHINGTON. D.C.  204GO
                     OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL

  Date:  April  30, 1973, fffc?\~
Reply to   Michael  A.  James,  Attorney
Attn of:  Air Quality and Radiation Division

Subject:  implementation of  Section 110 of the Clean Air Act

   To:  Joe Padgett,  Director
       Strategies  and Air Standards Division
       Office of Air Quality Planning and
         'Standards ,  OAWP
                          MEMORANDUM OF LAW


                                FACTS


            Your memorandum of February 27, 1973 to Robert Baum
       raises  several questions involving subjects discussed at
       the  Regional Administrators'  meeting on power plants.
       All  of  the questions are concerned with EPA's overseeing
       ot State  implementation plans.


                             QUESTION 31


            If a State has an annro/od emission regulation which
       is more stringent than ne.. _ssary to attain the national
       standards but refuses to enforce its emission regulation
       by obtaining compliance schedules fre.n regulated sources,
       may  EPA reject the State emission regulation and promulgate
       a lens  restrictive measure that provides for the aut^inment
       of ambient air quality standards?


                              ANSWER #1

            Where EPA has approved a State emission regulation as
       part of an applicable plan and the State dc .;s not enlorce
       the  regulation, EPA's responsibility under the Clean Air Act
       is to enforce the approved emission limitation am   ' i so
       doing,  the Agency must provide for compliance with t
       approved  emission limitation.

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                         - 2 -


                     DISCUSSION H
     It is helpful to begin with a general d.iscus;sion of|
EPA's authority and responsibility under §§110 and 113
of the Act, since most of the questions raise basic problems
of interpretation of those sections.  It is important to'
recognize that we are discussing two separate functions,!
viz approval/promulgation and enforcement.              j

     EPA's authority to promulgate implementation plan regu-
lations sterns from the disapproval of regulations submitted
by the State, or by the failure of the State to submit
necessary regulations.  If State regulations are approved
by EPA, the Agency has no authority to promulgate different
regulations.  Under the law, EPA must approve regulations
which are more stringent than those needed to meet the
national standards.  Once these regulations are approved,
there is no authority to promulgate less stringent regulations.
This is true even if a State fails to enforce these regulations

     With regard to the second function raised by the ques-
tions, i.e. enforcement, EPA is given clear authority to
enforce approved implementation pians or plans promulgated
by the Administrator.  As we Ivi"^ previously pointed out,
under §110 (d) , for purposes of _ae Clean Air Act ". . .an
applicable implementation plan is the implementation plan,
or most recent revision thereof which has been' approved
under subsection (a) or promulgated under subsection  (c) and
which implements a national primary or secondary ambien . air
quality standard in a State."  The words "applicable imple-
mentation plan" are in this case, words of art. Section ]13
authorizes Federal enforcement of an "appliccible implementa-
tion plan."  Accordingly, it is clear that it is only approved
or promulgated plans which EPA may enforce.

     As you know, the submission by a State with regard to
regulations and compliance schedu].es is really two separate
submissions.  On one hand, EPA evaluates the emission
limitations to nake certain that they are sufficient to
achieve the national standards.  If the degree of reduction
is sufficient, that emission standard is approved.  Many
State plans contain provisions by which they are required to
procure a compliance schedule subsequent to the adoption and
submission of the emission standard.  Failure to obtain the
compliance schedules in no way affects the validity of the

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                          . 3 -
approved  emission regulation.  Accordingly, EPA does not
have authority to promulgate a different emission regu-
lation.   What is left to EPA is the authority to procure
compliance  schedules which meet the applicable implementa-
tion plan,  in this case, the emission limitations submitted
by the  State  and approved by EPA.

                       QUESTION fl 2

     When imposing Federal compliance schedules or approving
State compliance schedules for sources subject to approved
State emission regulations which arc more stringent than
necessary to  attain the national standards, must EPA require
compliance  with the approved regulation or may it impose or
approve instead whatever less stringent requirements are
necessary to  achieve the national standards?

                        ANSWER "f


     Unless the State revises its ^D:...oveu regulation and
obtains EPA approval of that rev is i <^n .  both the State ?.r.d
EPA are bound by the approve^, regulation when obtaining or
approving complin,.-'o schedule;,.
                      DISCI;
           -2
     The premise of
State has  submitted
str' •  r.t  than  ncc>' :.
ai^ i _ ^al LL/  standa. ,
submits a  complian...
can we accept or pi
dare'1 . r. - rr.us t, we d<
State emission  ron  ,
to the first one- d • ••
contains an  enissi-
the preparation an<.
aside from the  requi
would p -.t  EPA in the
secure a compliance,-
which does not  exist
even if it were possible to try
schedules  to meet some number It
in the plan, exactly  what that i
 .it second question is that rhe
nxssion limitations which are more
:ry to aci.'  '•  .     ,.,L.. .i~J an^^o^!
>, ;iOdule i. •:
; i o  on._- v,-.". '


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yprova 1 :" i
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                          -  4  -
would be su)5joct  to question  and  litigation.   Wo .should
point-out that if  tho  State haw in  fact adopted emission
limitations which  are  more stringent than necessary to
meet the national  standards,  they can submit  a plan revision
with more lenient  requirements if they still  conform with
the requirements of the Act.

                       QUESTION 03

     Is a change  in control strategy by a State (e.g. from
a firm emission limitation to a system of intermittent
control, tall stacks,  and/or  some other measures)  to be
considered a plan  revision?

                       ANSWER 33

     Yes.  This action would  constitute a substantive modi-
fication of the regulatory scheme which carries out the
control strategy  to provide for attainment and maintenance
of the national standards.
                     DISCUSSION

     The change in question  wo;i
requirements appl .  . j....  to a :-><•>
Emission limitation require;"." '
of any plan rnd are srfr.fi
in the plan bv SllOu,    'b>  oi
that a substantive ir  •   :r-alic:.
be conr-'der.: ,1 a pla*, ..<•*-. sion.
(.1 involve  the  regulatory
 ca or  class of  sources.
 are  the mc)st  critical pares
1 i .-q.ii.'t-d  to Le  included
the A'H.   it is  axiomatic
of SUL!, . ecji.irements  must
     May States revise  an  approved  plan Acquirement because
of the dii'liculty 01  impossibility  OL  sources meeti. y that
requirement?  Where  a State  makes; cuch a determination, r.;;y
it now apply for an  extension  of  the  statutory attainment
date for the national standards?
     A State may  revise  an  imp] ...-Mentation plan requirement
in the situation  described,  if  the  plan as rrodificd v/ill
Still provide for the  attainment  of the relevant national

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standards  within the attainment date  set  forth in the plan
approval.   If the revision to a plan  requirement would  j
necessitate postponing the date specified for attainment
of national standards, a revision  for that purpose is also
possible under the Act so long as  the date is as expeditious
as practicable and does not extend beyond mid-1975.   Either
type of revision would have to be  approved by EPA.      :
                       •DISCUSSION #4
      Where  the State, in negotiating  compliance schedules
with individual sources, determiners  that  compliance with
the approved emission regulation by  a  source  or sources
will be difficult or impossible by the  prescribed compliance
date, it may revise its plan with respect, to  that source or
sources.   A  source may be granted a  variance  from the
initially-applicable complin  o dat
required  to be as expedition .-(.• p.
51.15(b))  and the compliance  ,:iU-  c
prescribed attainment date lor the

postponement ./•'• v  j 110(1} .

      Alternative] y  r.h.
strategy  and cho-,..-•  ;   revise
reflect the non-a" ^lability
measure?  'e.g.  1    • . Ifur fbv
w; !!  s ! i i 1 provi.;.  .."or atta.i'
within the presc r i.L..?d attair.i
set back  the attf.j r.rv nt date
new date  is no 1  ...  • - than mi.;
that the  new d,-;1    . •.-.re.-ienl:-;
as expeditiously  ,.  , :>racti;-,i;
                               OJ
                               i c
                                    o  i f  compliance is
                                     ,  tic-ble  (40 CFR
                                    I"'.-: ;iot  extend past the
                                    n tiicnul standards.
                                    ^'  • i ^ > r^  ^-'O^ld >~<"i'~mT_t~r} ^

                                    ,, i  (40 CFR 51.32 (f) ) .
::'.iy r t::;;:. i,.;  ch^  c">ntiol
i-:> t. . - .- ,. regulations  to
 toe]': c.-jc -y or other  control
)  . i.-t  t u' -ovised regulations
.1'    I,,,:  r.tiona]  .-t..Tidard
i  u.,;  .   ,-c  i,\ :  , e  mriy  also
           j  standard if  the
           • plan  demonstrates
                      standard

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                           -  6  -
                      QUESTION  #5

     May EPA approve implementation  plan provisions which
utilize stack height requirements  for emission dispersion
in lieu of measures requiring limitation of emissions?

                       ANSWER #5

     As noted in your memorandum,  this question is now being
considered by the Court  in  the  National Resources Defense
Council suit challenging EPA's  approval of the Georgia plan,
and we feel it is appropriate for  us to defer any action
on the question until the Court makes a decision.

                     DISCUSSION #5

     As you may be aware, a brief ing package on the stack
height' limitation issue  is  being prepared for the Adminis-
trator's consideration,

                      QUESTION  #6
     Does the Act allow  a  St.ate  to
emission regulations adequate  to   .
but less stringent  than  t: .•    :ip^iovea
emission regulations result-  ng rrom a
region from Priority I to  rtiDrity  III?
                                      vise  a  plan by adoptin
                                       '  the  national standn
                                        by  E.'A r.r to rescind
                                       recJ a- s i f ication of a
                       A
     Yes, provided the SI a
satisfaction that the ]e • ,
the attainment of the
                            e  demonstrate^  tc> the Administra:
                            stringent requl;.: .1 ons provide fo:
_..». >.^_v»~	^..^ «^.  	  reiuViint  natioiial  stcindard:; as exp> di-
tiously as practicable,  bui no  later than  raid-1975
                                                      In the

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                         - 7 -
case of regional rcclassification, the Administrator cou
approve the recicnian based on a determination that the
controls are not j>r»cessary since the national standard
(N02) is being attained.  Where the standard is being
attained only marginally, however, recission of all NOX
controls may threaten maintenance of the standard and
necessitate the Administrator's disapproval of all or part
of the recission.

                    ' D-ISCUSSION 36

     In our view, §110 did not require States in the pre-
paration of their plans to make faultless judgments with
respect to the practicability of controlling sources and
attaining the national standards.  Reassessments and con-
sequent revisions to plans are approvable by the Adminis-
trator so long as the revised plan demonstrates attainment
of the national standards as expeditiously as practicable
(but no later than mid-1975).  As noted in #4 above, in
the case of individual source compliance schedules  (includin
variances) , the source must be required to comply as expedi-
tiously as practicable  (40 CFR 51.15(b)).  The unavailabilit
cf lov,T culfur fuels is an HDoropriate factor for rTinQjc'i^rati
in determining the practicability of control, both as applie
to individual sources (in compliance schedule development)
and to attainment dates.

     It should be noted that the Agency is currently engaged
in litigation with the Natural Resources Defense Council
over the question of relaxation of plan requirements,
through either granting of variances or other regulatory
revisions.  NRDC argues that the only permissible means of
postponing plan requirements is pursuant to §11') (f) of
the Act, the provision for one-year postponement: upon
specific findings by the Administrator on the record of
a formal hearing.
cc:  John R. Quarles, Jr.
     Alan G. Kirk, II
     Bernie Steigerwald
     Dick Wilson

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•          "                  UNIfFDSTATr.SENVIROWMl-.iMTALPnO
             •                         ,   ovj'':ic;:  OP <.;!•: .r\>u\\, rn
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                J)i sapprov.'i J  of S tal e /inpl omen I atlon ]']anu     DAT;'.: liny .1 4 ,
(  )             for  Fa.i 1 u >"o  to.. flnbiii.it  Transportation Control
                f, v ratp'-r.'(•".        /\\
                C-'. . V; i J..l.i •• i::, ion
                     /
      TO:       All  Regional Conns::!
I          FKOM:    G.  V; i J..l.ia'i  J'r.lcd;, Attorney


I
                      II.     Cerlain  fa'; : i cvj  v;hic:h \/ore  required  to .sub'nlt  ttanr,--
                      povtation  cO'Vtro.'l  :; traterp e:i  eid noi.  siibialt  the:a on
                      /April 15 and  rre not e::pec tod  to .submit  .'.= rratop j <:?,  .'.,1
 —                    time  to be a'.prov'oc;  on  June  I r> .   Quar: L ; nnr, have a/Lsvn
 •                    cis  to v.'.'v-'the •'" t'haac'  plans .should bo di i.nparovcd i i  Ldio
               '       Federal Iv ."-a"' :; tor or  \,rliether  a prc'f;j;a.t c\.n be  in.'..da  xrltii-
                      out a d i .'.;<: p p .r o vo 1 .

 •                    2.     Ssctic.n  i:iO(o)  or  tho CKrn ;\i ;•  Act authorl:;o:3 LI'.d
                      proniulfjaai-.'.or.." in  r  o distinct s '' •' \  ;. io~...   In  LM 1C' (<•"•) ("' ) ,
                      IhPA can prtJ.'>n Icja r •.  olien the-  ' '  ' >_'j _d. i t r:  Lo mabrd. t an .u ,•
                      plemantat^on  plan,   Jn  5Jl^(a,  "d ,  d;  , cvm pronn J..-./a re  :> f
                      tlie plan r a! -rd td.;r;  ie  'uiacU-^i,   e.    : ;:  ,,-e  latter r-;.i. ti:; L;o
 M                    ]';PA v/oulc;  d.'" t'pprO'
 I  (   :              3.     It 1'  OU/  0,M' '  •    '            Li:   .-..  .   ik.l 1 f.  JO  ' U ;
                      init  tran~i: j.';t'i,,jc, .  -  -•!•:•  ,.,   .,.       i\      - -   •>\roniu ' '•:< '  L- " Ir
                      PPA  will  j -. p
I                      only thin  di
                      ti     of t '• e -
                                                       i - /  ••.  •   J11  -.>:;,. o .< j ;,.'.•  •; !; j
                                 ^  r'1'1       -u:i'i'l 'i^,'    ;-;' ;,  _,_. ,  t_ ,    n^OC1  '  'V '   i T2O "•
                tiorm of tli^ ;  K i          .:  f,        •        ,             '   .   vc- •
                sources,  r, "•-  ,         .••.•.••             ;-    •,''•.' -.;.''•
                been sut.;r i  , ,                ; , ;          .            ;  ' -
                qiri re the   .    •            \tj f •     .              ":!..'.•         •'  aro

                ai a te inn PI  o.:  •..-.?•,    :!:.:.   '-  .           ,     •: .i ,e  e  i _,:•.',-
  •                  rait  the.se  pj-e '131.1..,,  '. •,•-.•'•,  : .  ;::,_, r;, ,    ,-   ."an;-?
                      portion o;  fie ;:.ee,r  F:>U::O- iclv  c..P/er ;  ;.,  -,.  de^dc iJ  or.laa.da"-
                      plan  is inadequate,  not the t   inn ;-o,  ,   ,..:,,:-,  j.-5 .inadoon'l  .•.

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s ,  ihnt  rac't should b:>
i;'iat  "The  [State] con--
4,   For  thin roanoh, wo  belinvo .it will  bo j necessary
that, ds  v;as done with  UK: oxjtjaua] plan:;. on May 3J ,
1973, % fipacifj.c disapproval will be v.ndo in n section
do: J,'jna tod the control  .'itratoore specific,
if popsib'le, than v-;as done in th-..  earJier publication.
Many of the disapproval:-:  on that date \/ere  r.ier^ly  con-
clxasions  and did not p.r.oxride much  infoy.r.v.l'.ion' on \;hy  Lhe
control strategy submitted by' the  State  Wc'G deera'ed in-
adequate.

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 .. i      «         UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       '               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711

 SUBJECT: Calculation of rollback by "de Nevers1" Model          DATE;  [r   ')

  \
          Ronald A. Venezia
 TO:      All Regional Transportation Control Representatives

               At the meeting in Kansas City, Mo., February '9, 1973, draft copins
          of a paper on the subject model were distributed.  This method provides
          an improvement in the accuracy of rollback calculation.  Dr.  B.  J.
          Steigerwald further advised that the Source Receptor Analysis Branch,
          Applied Technology Division, could perform these calculations using
          their computer program (similar to samples distributed).  In  order for
          the project to be most expeditiously handled, the following data is
          required:

               T.  The emission inventory, if revised from SIP's submitted previously,
          should be submitted for the base year in tons/year for these  categories:

             .                         *
                             Mobile Sources           Stationary Sources

                             Light Duty Vehicles      Power Plants
                             Medium Duty Vehicles     Industrial Sources
                             Heavy Duty Vehic^s      Area Sources


               2.  The Air Quality concentration for the particular pollutant(s)
          used 11 the rollback calculation should be specified.   Since  the NAAQS
          is not to be exceeded more than once per year, this is the 2nd highest
          value irrespective of the day on which it occurs.  If the 2nd highest
          value can not.be substantiated the highest value should be used.

               3.  The growth factor that is considered most appropriate for the
          prediction should be specified.  Where possible, this, should  be for the
          Central Business District where the CO standard is a prebleni  and the
          Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) where Hydrocarbon and NOX
          is the problem.   Where growth factors are predicted to change in future
          years because of some major planned development, they-should  be specified
          in order to satisfy maintenance provisions of the SIP.

               4.  The local  vehicle age mix and niiles driven per year  should be
          specified if different from national averages published by the Department
          of'Transportation.   Metropolitan Areas, particularly in the colder climates,
--/A Form 1320-6 (Rrk. g-72)

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               have a larger portion  of newer  cars  and  fewer  old  cars.   Registration
               data and urban area surveys  are useful for this  determination.   The
               average miles driven per vehicle year are  more difficult  to  obtain
               without detailed local  survey.   Some state highway departments  are re-
               porting these data  as  a part of safety inspections.   The  national
               average annual vehicle miles as used in  "An Interim Report on Motor
               Vehicle Emission Estimation" will  generally give more miles  traveled
               than local  data in  states where there is a large automobile  population  •
               such as California.

                    it is  expected that the computer run  for  the  base  case  and  simple
               strategies  can be completed  subject  to computer  availability after data
               is  received.   Please send or call  the above data to Don Armstrong or
               Fred Winkler, (919)  683-8291 and the results will  be returned by
               telephone and confirmed by memo.
                                                Ronald  A.  Venezia
                                                     Chief
                                            Land Use  Planning  Branch
|               cc:   B.  Steigerwald
W                  J.  Padgett
]•                  R.  Neligan
                    H.  Slater

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|j          ^                 ROLLBACK MODELLING, BASIC AND MODIFIED

    c                 •       •     •'
                                          Noel de Nevers

                   >                       August 1972
                                             ABSTRACT

                                              •       •

                  The basis and limitations of rollback modelling are examined.

             From this basis, the simple rollback n:odel is extended to include

             multiple source categories, and to include a first approximation of
                                                                                      i
             the effect o'f stack height and source-receptor distance.                 /
      C
                                             Notice

                  This document is a preliminary draft.  It'has not been formally
                  released by EPA and should not at, this stage be construed to
                  represent Agency policy.  It is r/eing circulated for connent en
                  its technical accuracy and policy implications.

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       MODELS AND MODELLING                  <'                      -     '

o             .         •         .'                  •.-..••••••

         .A model is an intellectual construct, which represents  reality,
                             »

       and can be manipulated to predict the consequences  of various  actions.


       In recent years'there has been some controversy over what is a model,


       and whether we ought to base air pollution regulations,  which  have  the

                                               »

       force of law, on models.  According to the above definition, simple


       rollback is a model, and regulation's based on it (e.g.  State Implementation

                v
       Plans) are ultimately based on modelling.   As this  paper shows, rollback


       is a very simple model, probably the simplest air pollution  model which


       can be used to make quantitative predictions.  Considerable  effort  has


       gone into more complex models (normally caljed^dtffusion models"), whose
                                                 /

       function is to do the same thing as rollback, but with  greater detail


       and accuracy, and with greater confidence in the result.


            In any modelling effort one is constantly making the tradeoff


       between complexity and accuracy.  The true physical world is complex;


       we will not have models of total accuracy unless they are complex.  An


       accurate model cannot be simple; a simple model cannot  be accurate.  We


       all strive to produce a modelling breakthrough like Copernicus did, when
              •                                                 *  i

       his much simpler heliocentric model of the solar system replaced the


       •extremely complex Ptolemaic geocentric model, and produced more accurate


       results, i.e. predictions of the positions of the planets.  So far


       no one has made such a breakthrough in air quality modelling,  so our
                                                                     *

       current-choices are complex models of fair accuracy, and simple models


       (like rollback) with lesser accuracy.        r     '                       -.

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                                .... will 4
UNALJ MODELLING
   r" \          The simplest and most  Intuitively obvious air pollution model  is
           the qualitative one  which says  "If you reduce emissions* the air will
*    •       become cleaner."  This  1s the intellectual basis for all air pollution
           control  regulations  enacted until the late 1950's.  It fits logically
           with the "maximum technology" approach, which simply requires all emitters
           to use "good  engineering practice" i.n controlling pollutant emissions.
           By the late 1950's it became clear that in Southern California emissicns
                     *                                      «                    *
           from automobiles would  have to  be'reduced beyond what then constituted
           "good engineering practice." (1) To provide a basis for.setting numerical
           standards,  those active in  that area developed the next level of air
           pollution model, which  in its current form is called "simple rollback"or
     *                                            *
         •'broportional  modellinci1.'
                                                                                    *
                In its most basic  form rollback assumes that the concentration of
           any long-lived pollutant at any point is equal to the background concentra-
           tion of that  pollutant  plus some linear function of the. total emission
           rate of that  pollutant  in the area which influences the concentration at
           that point,
                     C1  = b + ke               '       '              '• •         (1)
           where c^ is the ambient concentration of one specific pollutant at  the
                                                3                       •'
           i-th point, normally expressed  in yg/m  ,
                     b is the irreducible  background concentration of that pollutant
   1        for air uninfluenced by those nearby emitters,which influence the con-
   1        centration'at point i,  normally in  pg/m

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      k 1s a proportionality  factor, which takes  into account the
 meteorology, location of all  emitters  as seen  from point,1, and the
 other factors which influence the  source-receptor interaction at  that  point
           *                                                          .   ••   .
                                o
 Its normal  dimensions are (pg/m )/(gm/sec) and
      e is the total  emission  rate  of all emitters of that pollutant within
 the geographical  area modelled, normally in gm/sec.
      For standard-setting purposes one normally  proceeds by solving
r
 eq   1 for e, and defining the allowable emission rate,
      Allowable = ^allowable "b)/k                             (2)
 where the "allowable" subscript indicates the  allowable emission  rate
 is that which produces the allowable concentration at  the point of interest.
 If we further assume that c  •,,   L1    is the applicable ambient air
                           allowable                            •          ;
 quality standard  for that specific pollutant,  which we will call  std,
                                                                          I
 then we may write
      "allowable  =  (std  '  b)/k
(3)
 To solve- this  equation  we  need  the value of  k,  From the discu.-.  ici of
 equation 1  it  is  clear  that  k is'not  a single constant for a given city,
 but is  a function of  location within  the city;  it  is higher ^"or  points
 near major  emission sources  than  those far from them.  In American air
 pollution law  the standards  must  be met at every point, so we. need the
 value of k  corresponding to  the highest value of c.  Solving eq  (1) for
 this value  we  find
                -b)/e                                             (4)
 Here c     is  the  highest  pollutant concentration in the region of interest.
 Substituting  the  value  of k  from  eq 4  into eq 3, we find              .  • ,
      o  ,,    .,   =  e(std  -  b)/(c     -b)
      allowable     x        " v max    '
(5)

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         Figure 1  Illustrates  the  relations  In eq 5.
(_.}      The next  manipulation commonly made is to write
              Allowable =  (P°Pulatlon)  (allowable emissions per unit of population)
         Here the  appropriate  population may be a population of residences or
         automobiles, or industries, etc.  Similarly one replaces"the e in eq  (5) with
              e *  (population  at time of measuring cm   ) (emission per unit
       .                                            max
                  of population at time of measuring c   ).                           (7)
         Dividing  both  sides of eq 5 by e, and making these substitutions, we find
              (population)  (alloy/able emissions per unit of population) =
              (population at time  of measuring c   ) (emissions per unit of
              population at time etc.)
              = (std -b)/(cmax -b)                                                 /   (8)
         We  then simplify this by  defining    '                 '                    j
         gf  = growth factor =  (population)	                   (9)
 (  )                          "(population at tine of measuring c   )
  ^* '     *                                                      ll|O A
         and
_ emissjon factor = (alloy/able emission per unit of population)
                    •{emissions per unit at time of measuring c
                                                                             )
                                                                         max
         Substituting  these  into eq 8  and solving for ef we find
              ef -  (std  -  b)/gf(Cjnax  -  b)                                              (11)
         Finally we define the  required percent  reduction in emissions  per  unit
                                                                 *  *"
         of population as
              R = 100%  (1-ef)                                I                ...
                *= 100%  (1  - (std  -  b)   ,                    ,   '                 -   .
                                   "
                  100% (gf.cmax -  std  +bQ-gf)

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Equation 12 (which is the basic result of the linear assumption of
V *\ , . ' ,
equation 1) appeared too complex to the early workers in air pollution,
j
* ' so they simplified it by setting the b(l-gf) in the numerator to zero
* *
' "V
and changing the gf-b in the denominator to a simple b. (This is
equivalent to changing the denominator of eq 11 from gf (r -b)
max
to gf-c , -b Making these changes we find
max •
. R = 100% (3L.C -std) nr
llluA I I J t
< of. c - b
y max
Which is the "simple rollback" or"proportional model" equation used in
previous work in auto emission standard setting, and which is specified
in the guidelines for preparing State Implementation Plans.
One may most easily see the effect of this simplification -by
constructing the ratio
f "" -e U
(1-R) 10 (std -b)/gf{ -b) 9f*c " b (14)
eq it max . ,.,' "aA v '
T*' — R^ — — ~ T^TTi -bi/faf-r -b) Q f • C -gf-b
. eq 13 max
. K i'/t divide both top and bottom, of the right hand side of eq 14
by c v/e see that the ratio of (1-R) for the complete equation to
(1-R) for the simplified equation depends On gf and (b/c " ", Hgure 2
i
shows tho values of. this" function for several values, of gf. From it we
' * *••
see that if gf is 1 the two equations givs ths same value, and if b=0 the
• two equations give the same value. For all other values (1-R) for the
complete equation is larger than (1-R) for the simplified equation,
indicating that the simplified equation leads to a more strin-gent set of
•5 '* . •
) '
i • , standards than the complete equation. As long as b/c , is small the.
i i max
*• ' *
ratio is small, but as b/c becomes qrcatcr than- about 0,35 the ratio
InaX

»

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           begins to grow rapidly,  becoming infinite  for  b/c     equal  to 1.0.   Thus,
   '"*"      for areas j'n which growth is  low,  or background  is  small  compared  to the
   ,  •      highest measured^ concentration,  this simplification ma(ces a small  change,
           and always makes it in favor  of  more restrictive standards.   For large
           values of gf and areas where  the background  is a large  fraction of the
           largest measured concentration,  this simplification makes the standards  much
           more restrictive than the complete equation.
                     i
           A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
                To illustrate how this equation works (and  to  compare  it with
           subsequent equations) v;e will work a numerical example  here.   This example
         ~will be expanded and continued in furth2r  parts  of  the  paper.   The example
           considers HOp in New York City.   The d?.ta  used in this  part of the example
1    (.  •    and the further parts, and the sources  of  the  data  are  all  given in Table  1.
                                                o
                For this example, c   = 336 pg/m
                                  .       _  ..   . 3
                                  o   = /.D pg/m
                            -     gf  = 1.57
                                  std =  100 pg/m     .              . .
                Thus, using equation 13  (simple rollback) we have
          -          R = 100% (1.57 • 336 -  100) = m% . 427.S  = 82  2%
                             (1.57 • 336 -  7.5)   •        52070

           i.e.to meet the standard with this growth  factor, all emitters must
           reduce their emission rate by 82.2%.  If we  had  used  eq 12  (.the complete
                       r         .    •                                                  tf
           form of rollback) we would have  found,

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      R »  100%  (1.57  ' 336 - TOO + 7.5(1 - 1.57)) = 100% (4?4.2) = 82.2%

                (1.57  ' 336 - 1.57 • 7.5)515.7'
            •'          *   •
 In this case,  the complete and simple rollback formulae give the same
        /                                      i
 result to  three' significant figures.    .     <



 THE LIMITATIONS OF SIMPLE ROLLBACK
      Simple rollback (equation 13) is widely used because it is simple

 and easily understood, and because it requires very little input data.  It

 has some severe limitations, v/hich are discussed here.

      1.  It is a purely theoretical model, for v/hich no experimental veri-

 fication has ever been attempted in a metropolitan area, and which can

 probably never be subjected to experimental verification in a metropolitan

 area.  The reason that the experirr- ;'al verification for a metropolitan

 area hac not bsen attempted,, and probably never will be, is that the

 relatir" between concentration and emission rate (eq 1) assumes that all

 other factors remain unchanged, including the spatial distribution of

 emissions.  Thus,- to test the equation one would have to reduce t'-.e

 emission of each and every emission source in the area by j},^ same per-

 centage.  For practical, reasons this does not seem possible in a metropolit

'area.  For an area with a single point source of a long-lived pollutant

 such an experimental verification might be possible; to my knowledge none

 has ever been made.
                                                              •
      This is not as severe a shortcoming as it might appear, because the

 theoretical basis (eg 1) is quite plausible. 'However it cc;'Id be v/rong

 1n several ways.  If emissions influence climate-.(e.g. by changing the

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        turbidity of the  atmosphere) then the linear assumption in eq 1 would

        probably prove false.   If pollutant disappearance (e.g. by agglomeration

        or photochemical  reaction)  is not a linear function of pollutant concentration

        (which  it probably  is  not)  then we would expect a non-linear relationship

        between emissions and  concentration.  There are probably other causes

        which could  lead  to  non-linearity in this relation as we'll.

            2.   The application of the equation requires that we know the value of

        c   , the hn'ghest concentration of pollutant in the area.  In general
         IlKl A
        usage one substrates  the highest observed concentration (c   )     for c
                                                                v max  obs      max.
        These two will  only  be the  same if one of the air quality measuring

        stations is  located  at the  point of maximum concentration.  This assumption
                                       4                                         f
        is non-conservative, i.e. leads to less stringent regulations than would
                      •                                                          t
        be used if the true  value of c    were known.
                                     max                                        I
            3.   The growth  factor  (gf) as used h^e assumes that all emission

        rates will grow, without changes in other significant parameters (e.g.

        distribution o" emissions,  city size, stack heights, etc.).  If the value

        used here is the  projected  increase, for example, in vehicle miles per day

        per square mile of  the downtown part of some city, and there is reason to

        believe that the  percentage increase in vehicle miles pec day per square

        mile will be the  same  for each square mile of the area of interest, then
                  t
        this is a satisfactory way  to use the growth factor.  If the value is

        simply  the projected increase in vehicle population or vehicle miles per

        day in  the total metropolitan area then there is no reason for believing

        that tin's "is a sound use of this model, and there are reasonable grounds

        for assuming that the  model  would give misleading results if used  this
                                          »                                '
        way.

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     If the standard to be met is a short-term standard,  which is most

severely tested by meteorological situations which mix the pollutants

thoroughly 'in a finite volume of air (as for example in a well-mixed
       /
              f
Inversion situation in a completely enclosed valley) then the growth

factor as shown in the simple model is probably satisfactory if the

boundaries of the area considered are the same as the boundaries of the

area whose emissions are trapped in this body of air.  If, on the other
          i
hand, the standard to be used is an annual average standard, or some other

standard which does not represent this "thorough mixing of all emissions

in a fixed, finite volume of air" then the growth factor used in simple

rollback should be very conservative', leading to much more restrictive

standards than would be needed for a model which took into account tjrowth

in emissions per unit area in the arees of greatest interest, rather than

total emissions in some arbitrarily defined metropolitan  area.

     T^ growth factor as defined in eq 12 and 13 is simply the ratio  of

the population of emitters (residences or cars or factories etc.) at

the time when the standard is to be met, divided by the population cf

emitters at the time c .„ was measured.  There has been some Discussion
                      max                              *  *

over whether this future population should be obtained by linear or

logarithmic extrapolation of existing population trends.-  This is really a

question outside of the basic rollback mo'del.  It asks for the value of

the population on the appropriate date; it is the responsibility of the

demographers, planners, etc. to determine the most reliable way of

estimating that value.                      '

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;•  ,   ••  ,      •  '             '          ;•'.                  i              10
                 I                       l                   ,
 / \         4.  Simple rollback is applicable for short-lived pollutants (those
        whose "half-life" in the atmosphere is comparable to'their travel time
        across a. metropolitan area at the  wind velocity of interest)  only if the
*
        spatial distribution of emissions  is unchanged.',  This  means that any
•x. „_
    ~~   growth by "expanding into the suburbs" cannot be.modeled  for  a short-
        lived pollutant by simple rollback.  Short-lived pollutants can be
        modelled by simple rollback for the "complete mixing within a fixed finite
        volume o'f.air" situation only if there is instantaneous horizontal mixing
        of pollutants over the entire area being modelled.
             5.  Simple rollback is applicable to the problem  of  determining the
        effect on air quality of a change  in emission rate of  one emitter
        or one class of emitters, without  equal percentage changes in the emission
        rates of the other classes of emitters, only if one of the following
        three situations exist;  either (1) The class we are considering is by
        far the lariat contributor of the pollutant in question, so  that we can
        ignore the e'fects of the others,  or ignore the inaccuracy of making the
        assumption that-their contribution to the concentration at the worst point
        has the same factor of proportionality as the contribut.iqn of the source or
        group of sources v/e are considering, or (2) The class  v/e  are  considering
        has the same temporal, spatial and vertical distribution  of emissions as
        the average of all the other emissions in the area being  modelled, so that
        a change in its emission rate has  the same effect on emission distribution
        in time and space as a properly-scaled reduction in all emissions rates
        would have, or  (3)-The standard for this polVutant is  a short-term
 v •'    standard, which is most severely tested in periods of excellent mixing'within

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I    ......              r.           ..        -.           •    i   	
      III,-.               '                         .
i    i    ;;                ."                        •       '         !
          ^--;                               -x                '       -.  i
      I!                                     "                        '    i
      i            a limited  unchanging air volume, as might occur in a  well-mixed  layer  under
•       *         an inversion  in a completely closed valley with no exchange  of air with
                  the surrounding area.
I                     If none  of these three conditions can be shown or reasonably assumed
_                to exist,  then  the application of simple'rollback or  proportional modelling
* ,               to the  question of the impact of changes in the emission  of  one  class  of
V                emitters-on ambient air quality is totally without theoretical or experimenl
                  foundation.
                                                                    I.   .
                       6.  Simple rollback assumes that the meteorological  conditions which

      j      '•      date when  the standards are to be met.  Climate does  change  without human
 I        (  ]      intervention, and growth of tcitie? a.i  growth of energy release  does
 —    I            influence  climate, so this is not necessarily a sound assumption.  The
                  more -"'••unced models discussed later in this paper generally also :r ;ke this
                  assumption, so  they have this limitation in common with rollback.  However
                  with them  one can compute the effects of changes in meteorology, and thus
                  estimate the  sensitivity of the prediction to such changes;  with rollback
                                                                                          0
                  such a  sensitivity test does not appear possible.
I
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                 existed when c    and e  were measured are those which will exist on the
                               max
                 MORE ADVANCED MODELLING SCHEMES
                      The  previously listed limitations of simple rollback have  led  air
                 pollution workers to try to develop modelling schemes  which do  not  have  thes
                 .limitations.  Most of these improved models begin with eq 15
                      c- = b + Ek.. e-               .           ..                  '  ;  (15)
                        '          i J  J

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                                                                   12
                                                          .          .
where c. is the concentration at receptor no 1,

         '                                               i         '          '
     e. is the emission rate for emitter j      ';
      »'••-..

  .   and k.. is the source-receptor-interaction for emitter j and
           'J

receptor i.*  One customarily uses a "source inventory" to find the


individual values of the e- (either source-by-source for large "point sources"
                          j
           i
like pov;er plants, or in aggregates called "area sources" for autos and home


heaters and incinerators).  The values of k.. are based on meteorological
          ' '                                'v

calculations.  These meteorological calculations generally fall into tv/o


categories, each of which seems applicable under some meteorological


circumstances.  These are:  (1) box models, in which pollutants are


assumed to be totally mixed within certain vertically-limited air parcels


which travel  with the general  wind velocity, and (2) gaussian plume models


which assume that the pollutants are dispersed according to "gaussian


pltime" formulae.


     Such models-may be instantaneous, solving for the concentration at


a given point at a given time, taking into account only the current and


recent past meteorology, or long-term, sampling the varibi/s meteorological


conditions and assigning frequencies to each, and then computing the
                                                       *  ••-
concentrations for each meteorological condition, multiplying this by the


frequency and summing to compute the long-term average concentration.


     These more advanced models make more detailed predictions, than
     *The k.. shown here is normally shown in the air pollution literature
            !J                      •           ..                   -   .

as (X./Q-)-  The simple form here is used for case of typing and clarity
     I   J

of presentation.

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                                                                        73
                                                        !
rollback, which makes it possible.to test their assumptions against ex-

perimental data.  They allow one to predict the spatial  distribution of

various concentrations of pollutants on a given day, or for some long

time period, which is not possible by simple rollback.   These computed
                        *
distributions can-be compared with measured air quality, and the models

modified to obtain superior agreement.  Ir, addition they can make short-tern

predictions for specific meteorological conditions, which can be compared

with observed values.  Because these more advanced models have this testing

potential, they have been widely studied and tested.  As a result we have

a much greater degree of experimental confirmation of them, and much

more confidence in their predictions than we have for simple rollback.

     The relationship between these mo-re advanced models and simple

rollback nay be clarified if we consider tho two circumstances in which

the more advanced models give practically the same answers as the siir.ple

rollback equation.  These are:  •
                                                      *
     ].  
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 .
                                                                           14
                                              i
 '' ~                                  /                          *
 i  j    But if, as assumed, there is no change in the relative spatial and
        temporal distribution of emissions then the summation term is a constant,
•  '      because none of the factors which influence th,e k.. have changed and the
                                                      f
        (e.)   . .   , are constants.  Thus we have
    —     J  original
             c.j = b + prop, factor  • a constant                 -               (19)
        which is merely another way of writing eq 1.  Thus, in this case both
     .'  the advanced models and simple rollback indicate that at any point (not
        only the most polluted point) the observed concentration for the ap-
        propriate time period is a linear function of the proportionality factor ap-
        plied to the baseline emission rate.  And (2) The situation in which the
        standard of interest is a short-terrt one which is most severely tested
        during a situation in which we have complete mixing of pollutants within a
 /•""".,     finite air volume.  In this complete mixing situation all  the values of
        k.. are the same, so that equation 15 becomes
             "ci " h  " :Sj rej                 •         '                      *20'
        but     le. = e                -                                      (21)
                  w
        so that this also rsduces to equation 1, with the further proviso that
        the concentration is the same at every point in the air'mass of interest.
        For this complete-mixing situation both rollback and the more advanced
        models must give this result.

                                                          I
        EXTENSIONS OF SIMPLE ROLLBACK                                          '   •
             As described above, more complicated modelling procedures are
        theoretically sounder end better experimentally verified than simple rollbcr''

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I     i:.  ,:,   .        .   •                 .•      .
       i  .• § •           •         . •          •  -•-          ....
       I  '  •:                              .  •            '              .
I     '"-.:•            •            '      "
                Thus, one might well ask why bother with improved versions of rollback?
|              The  justifications for so doing are:
•     i   •           'l.  The required input data for rollback is much less than the
       ;         required input data for the more complicated models.
I                   2.  Only a fey of the best-equipped air-pollution groups in the  country
                are  capable of performing the calculations for the more  advanced models,
• /            while anyone with a pencil and a sliderule can do rollback calculations.
•                   3.  Although the more advanced models have been  experimentally tested
                for  S0? and total suspended particulars,  they .have not  been developed and
             I'
                tested successfully for photochemical oxidants, NCL or hydrocarbons.
 m    I          Similarly, the area source emission structure used in the models for  SCL
                and  TSP is not necessarily applicable to emissions from  motor vehicles,
 •    '   vy    without further work.  These shot;"!'1 no*  be drawbacks  to  using the advanced
      j          models without this verification, if one intends to use  instead the totally
 B     -         unven'f,  ] rollback model in their place;  but in many minds it ?pp<;:ently is.
 •                   For all of these reasons, there appears to be a  need for improved and/or
                extended rollback models, to use until we  have all the necessary data  to
                use  the more advanced models,  and we have  adequate verification of their
  M  |      .    predictive ability, and there exists widespread capability and/or willingness
     •           to use them.
  I
                ROLLBACK 1/ITH VARIOUS EMISSION CATEGORIES
                     The first obvious extension of rollback can be made if we  wis'i  to
  •             study the effects of various classes or grotfps of emitters  of « single
                pollutant.  K'e can treat this problem by return-ing to  equation  15, ar;
  I
  I

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f.     ,        •  -.  i -      •     •  -;        ;    r            ^       ----- •
 i  ,    '               i      .     '                    .-                     16
  o
assuming that the k. i for the various  classes  are  the  same.  As discussed
                   1J                                    i
previously this has no experimental  basis  and  is only  theoretically  de-
fensible if all the classes have the same  spatial,  temporal  and vertical
                                               (
distribution or if we have a totally-mixed-limited-air-mass  situation.   If
                         •
these assumptions can be made then
     s- = b * kij Eej               .                                  <22>
We may deter/nine this value of k. . from the maximum value of c measured
                                * J
in the region under study during some  baseline period, and the known
emissions during that period.  We find
     kij = Kiax - baseline  "b^  ^ej) baseline                      (23)
Substituting this value in eq (22) we, find
     cmax ° b + (cmax-bascline "b^ Iej/' l(ej^  baseline                (24)
We can, if we wish use eq' ?A as a tool for <"reaicting  the future maximum
ambient air concentration for a given  set  of future emissions.  Or,  we can
transform i1  <:>< nd the required reduction in  emissions by the various
groups to meet standards.  To do -this  we substitute std for  c      and
                                                            max
solve for Ee., finding
                        - b) z(e.) base11pe        -.              -..            (25).
                    'cmax-baseline  ~ '

        If we then write
             ej s (ej> base   efj '9fj
        where ef and gf has the same meanings as before,  we can solve for the
        required cf of any group. • For group no. 1     -

                                  ,       !~(std  -b)i(c.)         i            ~~)

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1 ,,. • I -
. '• :'. 1 ' • ' j
' ,.-< ....
1 ^
.".-;•/ N) We can simplify this equation by
'' ^ -i"""**' •
I1' -i-'
'.'/';\ . • and defining
* •* •
'1 (fr )L = (e.) , 1 I
1' /- -, . This then becomes
1 -^5
*
|Pf = n^p /inn? ^ - ^
1 * K,/IUUA ; ij \ Q*
3 ! base ]
M
1' SECOND NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
'•
I ' • 17
. , '
\
dividing top and bo,ttom by z:(e.)

i

^^ base. (28)
m> •
.

(std -h) Lfr } f 71 f
r 	 •• L.\ — ^v''i/u cn°' '9' • v
vcmax-base ~D; 2 J Dase J J|

•
- -. To apply this equation to the. same problem treated in the first
• ~~ numerical example, we add the additional piece of data (shown in Table- 1)
m ' < that the fi'motn-|e in New York is
' ^^ We may now use eq 29 to ask
383!.
what % reduction of mobile source emission
| • -a ^s necessary to meet the standard, if we make no reduction in stationary
': • i
j
_ i .} . stuce emissions. Letting the-1
1 i'1 -
™ ; fj 2 subscript stand for stationary
1:1 for ef,, taking efy to be 1.0.
.U " •
,

subscript stand for mobile sobers and the
*
sources, this means solving equation 29
For want of data we use the o^me v.lue of
•" growth factor for both categories, i.e.
I-. gf, = gf5 ~ 1 .57.
I £•
, '. \
\ Thus
I 1 r
• ef, = 1 (100 -
- . (0.38)(1.57) (336 -
1 I and R.J - 216%.
• '1 Thus we see that according to eq
i .
i i
1 l._ 	 : 	 	 :„....
• •.T
•» *-


7.5, H"l . _} 1M
7-5) ll0 K5ll
29 we cannot meet the standards ir: Ncv/
. •

•- - • 	

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                                                                            18
                                                                         .
          York by controlling mobile sources  alone;  the  rollback of greater  than
                                »                                          .
          100% means  that  they would have  to  be  net  consumers  of N02  rather  than
                                                         i
          producers  if we  continued  to allow  stationary  sources to emit  at their
          current rate.
               To continue the example,  we may ask what  fractional reduction
          in emissions from mobile sources will  be needed if stationary  sources
          are reduced as suggested by Steigerwald  (4).   The values are given in
          Table 1.  This requires us to  use three categories,  subscript  1 for mobile,
          subscript 2 for  existing stationary and subscript 3  for new stationary.
          The appropriate  values are:   efp =  0.80, ef3 = 0.50, gfp =  1.0, gf3 = 0.57.
          Substituting these in equation 29 v/e find
            ef   =
                  (0.38)  (1.57)
1   "~ ' "'      "      *"-"'- ,n cov/n QW1  Q^  _(o.62)(0.5)(0.57)'= -0.64
(336-7.5)

|  4        and  R1  =  164%.
1          Thus,  even  wit,,  these  assumed  control  values on  stationary  sources,  equation
1          29 indicates  that  a  rollback of  greater  than 100X on mobile sources  is  needed
j
I          to meet the standards.
i"'                                                                  *  *
              We could consider further refinements  here  by asking what  control  of
.!.         new  and/or  existing  stationary sources would be  needed  for  sjome assumed
•          rollback  of mobile sources, etc.   However  i-t seems pointless to continue
f         this example, since  as previously  discussed this extension  of rollback  only
          has  theore.-ti.cal  basis  for  the  case of  equal spatial and temporal  distribution
          of. emission sources  or perfect mixing, neither of which seem applicable
          to annual average  N0?  in New York.   *            <•                    ' '  -•

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I
      -..-,'..           ••'••'•.-     ..                               19
•  !     /      A SEMI-DIFFUSION FORM OF ROLLBACK
         v "   '                                                   •           •      •
I                    If we wish to treat individual  sources  or  source  categories  in
    ;
    i  . }  .     rollback,  under circumstances  in  which we  cannot  reasonably assume that
|  j           the k.. are the same for all sources or all  source categories, we can
M  i           still make some plausible estimates, if we are  willing  to  accept  somewhat
    :           more complicated formulae.  What  is  proposed is to take a  step in the
•  -         ' direction  of meteorological  "diffusion modelling" in considering  the air
  '          .  quality impact of the various  sources or source categories.
            I'
    :                Consider first the  formulation  of k.. which  appears in the most
                                                       • J
•  '           widely used meteorological  "diffusion equation."  For  source and  receptor
    :           aligned along the wind direction  so  that the source plume  passes  directly
|  I    '•       over the receptor the form is:
                                   l_^xp C-dL,..,                              (30)
|  -   V .,'             •   -     - uz«y  -       ^  ^
    I:
              where    u  is  the  wind  velocity
•                     h  is  the  stack height plus  plume rise
                      °   is  the-horizontal dispersion coefficient and
I  ,'      .            02  is  the  vertical dispersion coefficient.
              Normally the dispersion coefficients are given by equations of the form

|                                *= axB              '                               (31)
   '.'  .        where "  and 8 are experimental constants.         t
I                 The values of ° and B in equation (31) are different for different

I    L,       '•-        '         "   '                    -     ;             .        •
                                                   »                           •       "-
I

I

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                                                                    •  20
 meteorological situations.   The most common approach  to  assigning them
 values is to define "stability classes" and assipn  values  for  these.
 For the various stability classes in common usage,  the values  of 3 range
 from 0.5 to 1.9.   For the purposes of this  simplified treatment, we will
 assume that an average value of 3 equal to  one is an  adequate  representation.
 •This reduces equation 30 to
      k   =
      K..
       1J       u x        exp (h*
 Here the const, term includes uvo a's from the denominator,  etc.
 To apply this value we would also need to know the fraction
 of the time that the wind blows with this velocity in the direction        ,'
                                                                  •          I
 connecting this Source to this receptor,  and sum over all such conditions.
 In rollback that is done by comparing measured concentrations  with total
 area-wide emissions for the same period.   Thus we may write
    u    •-  js^me Constant which in a function of local  conditions   /~3v
              •3     '    J     ij
 Then if we substitute this form into eq 15 we have

      c^ « b  +  const, y —*—	?	"  2                       ^^
                       Z-'x,- •  exp(h- /2ax,.. )
                           ij       J     i J
" Proceeding as before to solve for the value of this constant by substituting
 c    .    ,.   and (e.) .    n.   and then substituting back into eq 31 we find
  max-baseline     v jx baseline                      ,
    i =  b  +  ^Sax-base -b)

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1
• -~ ,. •
1 <• •
( \
1
1
w
1

1
I

1
1
1 c
i
1
1

1
IV
1


i
1
1 U
f >
1,

1 1

-. T— - rv»- r\ui.p -vui i ui HIU in
^
t ui uiausr^caMic- 5 nUp -rcu u^ nuw -wrr-t-inc- J
location factor^ = If... = l/(Xlj2exP (hj2/2ax.j2)) (36)
so that equation 35 becomes
i / *,i t f
Cj CD T (C
/ • •'
If we now wish to
. M n i T— ^ -,._.__ jl>- 1.-_.,- / o i \
base r(e ) -If (3?1 '
Mej'base ITij
• • '
consider the required rollbacks for various emission
categories, we must assign a single, typical value to If., for that source
' *l
category. This means
that v/e consider that category to have one (stack
height plus plume rise) and one source-receptor distance, as seen fron the
point of highest concentration. This changes our. If. . terms to If. terms.
• B J J
Then, as in the previ
.
e. = (e.) • ef
0 J base '
we can solve for the al
ef, = (I-RT/IOO*) =
1 !
1

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    V •
     ' *                                 '                           !
   (,. - **        Tb see what the effect of this addition of a "semi-diffusion" term
                      i                                      •      i

           is, we need some estimate of the value of this location factor for

1   t                                                               i
i           various x,.  and h..  Fortunately this function is practically proportional
'                     " v       J                           t

i           to the (Xu/Q) function for "C stability" in Turner's "Workbook of


           Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates'^ 5).  Proportionality is all that is


         •  required, because as we will see later, the values of this location factor


;           only enter as ratios, never as the values themselves.  Figure 3 is copied


           from Turner':  : ..'orkhoo'; . . ." and shows the behavior of this function


j           for various values of x. . (distance).h- (stack height), and L (mixing depth)
l                                  1J             J

.       '    which we  have' not included in the model, but could if we wished.  The


           pertinent observations to make at this time are that for x^ greater


           than 10 km stack height is unimportant, and mixing depth very important,


   C ,     and that  for distances less than 2 or 3 H stack height is very important,


           and mixing depth unimportant.

          •



           THE THIRD NHLRICAL EXAMPLE    '


                To illustrate the use of equation 41, we will continue the same


           example used previously (NOp in New York).  The additional pieces of in-


           formation needed are the appropriate (stack height plus plume rise) values


           and source-receptor distances for mobile and stationary sources.  Since


           the largest stationary sources of NCL are power plants and large high-


           temperature combustion sources, it seems reasonable to assign them a


           significantly larger stack height and to assign them a greater source


           receptor  distance from the highest concentration points than we asf.


           to mobile sources, which urc highly  c.ontr.'nti'i'itcd in the areas of  .


           measured  ambient KCL concentration.  A set of values have been  ,.    .i'  '

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1
1

1
•
1
r- •. '• /.•••"..- . . i
•\ ..v ' , ' . • • 1
1 > 1 . '
/ • 1
t
'(". • ' ' / - ' i"
N^ , •
i

23
-
•
as shown in Table 1, based on the author's estimates. Using these, we
can compute the values of If. for the two classes of emitters. Using
•• w
--. ^ figure 3, we read, If^.^ * 4 x 10"4, and lfstationary "
I Using these values we compute for mobile sources
•
/ \ •• 4
(frr)mobilc - (0'38! (4 x 10. )
001 (0.38)(4 x 10-4) + (0.62) (1 x 10-4)
| By difference (frrJstat1onary - 1 - 0.71 = 0.29.
Then we can use eq 41 to compute the necessary reduction in
1
1 x 10"4.

= 0.71.

mobile
emissions, if stationary sources are no'c controlled according to these
1 assumptions,
r -,
'. ef, • 1 (100 - 7.5)
I (0.71)0.57) L(336 -?.<;) -(0.2«(1.0)(1.57)
•I . ( ^ ~J
•
„
*
= -0.155.
Again we see that under this set ot assumptions it is not possible to
| ' meet the standard by control of mobile sources alone, because v/2 find


.
1


1
•
* .
•




1
1
a rollback of 115% required.



We may continue the example by assuming that stationary sources will be
controlled as shown in Table 1, and assuming that the If for new and
• . • ' » 4
existing stationary sources will be the same. This results
ef, = 1 RlOO - 7.5)
<0.71)(1.57) |_(336-7.5) <°.29)(0.8)(1.0) - (0
which indicates that a rollback of 103% is needed in mobile

in
-1
,'29)(0.5)(0.57)
sources, if
this is .the degree of control which can be obtained for stationary sources.
At the -end of this long example is seems wise to repeat that the
,

combination of h. and x.. chosen here were chosen by Ouesstimate. They
; j j ij






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                                               /            •                24
       seemed  plausible,  and  gave  large  enough  differences  in  the  If's  to make
                               -.>. :«[>
       the  example  interesting.  Obviously  a  great  deal  of  thought and  effort
       will  have  to go  into choosing the right  values  c\~ these parameters, if
                                       •
       we are  to  use them for standard-setting  purposes.  (Although v/e  have
                         •                                    '
                                                         *    -
       previously set standards by simple rollback, v/hich ignored  them,  a process
       less  likely  to be  accurate  than  gjestimating them, as v/as done here.)

       SUMMARY  OF THE THREE NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
           We may  recapitulate  and  summarize  the  three  examples, as  follows:
       Example 1:   by  simple  rollback v/e  find  that if  all  sources reduced thtir
:       emissions  per unit  of  population by 82.?.% then  the  standard v/ould  be
                                             *
       met.   No  information can  be obtained  from this  model  about the  required
                               •                                                •
C  ,    rollbacks  if all  sources  do not make  the ,ank: proportional  rollback.
       Example 2:   by  rollback with  various  emission categories,,  not' taking
       differer-    •-;  spatial distribution into account  v/e found  that  if  only
       mobile sources  were to be controlled  a  rollback of  216% would be needad.
       If stationa,; screes  were controlled to the degree suggested by
       Steigerwald(4)  then a  mobile  source rollback of 164% wouTd'be required.
      .Example 3:-  by  rollback by various emission categories, taking  differences
       in spatial and  vertical distribution  into .account,  we found that if only
       mobile sources 'were controlled a rollback of 115% v/ould be needed, and
                                                           t
       if stationary sources  were controlled as suggested  by Steigerwald  (4)
       a mobile  source rollback  of 103% v/ould  be required.

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C;.

  C
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In tabular form:

Assumptions

Simple model, all sources (stationary
and mobile) make the same percentage
reduction
          4

Category model, stationary sources are
not controlled

Category model, stationary souces
controlled as suggested by Steigerwald (4)

Semi-diffusion model, stationary sources
not controlled

Semi-diffusion, model, stationary sources
controlled as .suggested by Steigerwald (4)


Conclusions and Recommendations
                                                                                        25
                                                    % mobile  source rollback return

                                                      t
                                                      \ '

                                                                  82



                                                                 216



                                                                 164



                                                                 115



                                                                 103
     1.  Rollback is simple and widely used.   However it has  no  experimental

basis, and its theoretical basis is restricted to very unusual situations,

I.e. situations in which we either have perfect atmospheric mixing  in  the

area of interest or all emitters make the same percentage reduction.

     2.  It is recommended that we continue to use simple rollback  for

situations in which we can reasonably assume perfect atmosphei ic mixing
                                                       • *
or can assume that all emitters will make the same percentage reduction.

But if these two conditions are not satisfied, then it is reconmended  that
                                                        *  •>•

we not use simple rollback, and that any calculations based on simple

rollback be understood as  having no theoretical oc experimental basis.

     3.'  The semi-diffusion version of rollback makes use of  more of the

available information about the area being modelled, and makes use  of  more

of our accumulated knowledge of meteorological dispersion than simple

rollback.  Like simple rollback it has no experimental verification.

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   -   However its theoretical  basis  allows  it  to be applied with some confidence


      to situations in which we can  have  no confidence  in simple rollback.


           4.  For situations  in which  we cannot assume perfect atmospheric
                       f                     ,

    _ mixing or equal  percentage reduction,  it is  recommended that we use the


      semi-diffusion version of rollback  as our simple  model.


           5.  In the situations described  above we have every reason to believe


      that.full diffusion models (like  AQDM or IFF)  will give more  reliable


      predictions of the  consequences of  changes in emission rates and  patterns


      than simple rollback or  semi-diffusion rollback. '  Therefore any result


      obtained by semi-diffusion rollback or simple rollback must be considered
                                       \

      a "quick-and-dirty" substitute for  the more  reliable result which we could


      obtain with additional energy  and effort by  a diffusion modelling effort.
O
                                                                                \M f.'f.

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1

1
l^BI
1

I




|

1



1

1



1



1
I
•
1






1
" 1 ' '
. ' ; - ; / NOMENCLATURE
'•"•'*• i" . ' i '
b background concentration
L ' c • ambient air concentration * ' i
j •'
e emission rate
ef emission factor (allowable emission rate per
unit of population)/(curpent emission rate
per unit of population )
~ i !
(fr.) fraction of total emissions in class j
(frr.) same as (fr.) but weighted by If
j j
gf growth factor (future population)/ (current
populations) - Population may be households,
cars, industries, etc.
h stack height plus plume rise
•
- k . constant of proportionality between c and e
l
/ ' ' .
| > .. If location factor
<
j R Rollback percentage
std applicable ambient air quality standard
^ .
u wiV.d velocity
• -x distance between source and receptor
. (X/Q) source receptor interaction coef, same as k
i
"i 	 . . • .
• a,e constants in dispersion formulae
o ,oz horizontal and vertical dispersion parameters
; * *•-'
	 	 " " '
Subscripts
J • i receptor l
.-• j i- source
... ' ' •
, -.. max- maximum
1 9 ' .
1 allov/able allov/ablc to meet standards
j
i
baseline corresponding to emission rate from which rollback
be calculated
:A
...
3
pg/nr
vg/m
gm/sec


-

"
-

-
m
0
Gig/m-5)/
(gm/sec)
f\
1/m^
-
ng/m

fn/sec
m
•(vg/rn )/
(goi/sec)
-
m








is to


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;  ."              "7       "     "   •        •;   "":""	"T
  • ' •                                         •                i
                                        'REFERENCES
            Larson,'  R.  I.   "A Method  for  Determining Source Reduction Required
               /to Meet Air Quality Standards," Aj^A_,^jir_naJ_Tl 71-76 (Feb 1961).
                                                     i
                       "Cumulative Regulatory Effects on the Cost of
                Automotive  Transportation  (RECAT)."  Report of the Office of
                Science and Technology  (Executive Dept. 'USA) Feb 1972.

        3.   Romanovsky, J.  C.   "General Assessment of the Air Pollution Problem
                and Philosophy Underlying  Automotive Emission Controls,"
                Appendix I-F to Ref.  2.

        4.   Steigerwald, B. J.   "Explanation of Charts and Summary of  Inforira'l
                Comments to RECAT on  August 30, 1971."  Appendix 1-6 to Ref. 2.

        5.   Turner, D.  B.   "Workbook  of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates."  Office
                of Air  Programs, Publication Mo. AP-26 1970,

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r

                u
           CO
            E

            Ol
•r-   *CJ
            IO
            3
            4J
            C
            JQ

            10
                                                               background
                                                                                   29
                                eal-lowable        e

                     :;            emission rate,  gm/sec


                                          Figure  1

                   Graphical  Representation  of Equation 1  and the computation

                  •of Allowable

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 c
 (1-R)
     eg  12


 °-R)  10
     eq  13
C
                    •/              Trgunrz	—	;—-7— ~

               Comparison of complete and simplified forms of s'imple
               rollback, for'various values of gf and  (b/c   )
           2  .

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 11
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     i-
        o
        c
                     10
                   \l:\..::. ••::..-:•!:•-.-:: i/i.i-::.  r:::i
                   d.-ioX^-.i-—.!-.-.:..:.: _•!_:..:.! .LU::
                                               ;;!^
                        IML^f-MaE

                                                                     .— .. . .,.,.
                                                                      .....A.. vV\
                    to
                                                       Mo.  3
I   i
  E   .nntor for If     This  is copied  from figure no.  3-5C of Turner's  "l/orkboc1-'
I  Atmospheric Dispersion  estimates."  As  shown in the  text the If. factor is  "
j  practically proportional  to the (Xu/Q)  shown he-re.              J
                                                                                           of

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(•*
                                                                           32
                          •   TABLE 1.   DATA  USED IN  EXAMPLE

                          Calculations,  all  for N02  in  New York
 G
 Paramater        '••           Value


cmax  (annual  arithmetic          .    -
      mean)                   336  pg/m'
                                     ft
 b                            7.5  pg/nT

 gf                           1.57
                                     *
 std                          100  pg/nT

 % mobile            '         38
                                  \
 ef  (stationary)(existing)    0.80

 ef  (stationary)  (nev/)        0.50

 x mobile                     300  m

 x stationary                 600  m

 h mobile                     10 m

 h stationary                 30 m.
 Source
(Ref.  #]
   3

   3

   3

   3

   4

   4

   4
                                                                        Comments
                                                                        (mobile only)
                                                                 Author's guesstimate,
                                                                 used for illustrative
                                                                 example only.

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•               MAINTENANCE OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
•                            Complex Source Regulations
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 |                     Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                         Control Programs Development Division
 «                          Standards Implementation Branch
 I                                     June 1973

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                      COMPLEX SOURCE REGULATIONS

     On April 18, 1973, the EPA proposed amendments to 40 CFR 51 designed
primarily to expand the scope of review prior to construction or modifica-
tion of buildings, facilities, and installations for both direct and indirect
air pollutant source emissions.  The EPA received over 70 sets of comments
on the proposed regulations.  These comments were received from a wide
spectrum of interest groups; official agencies (Federal, State, and local),
environmental groups, trade associations, contractors, and private citizens.
The EPA promulgated the regulations, with appropriate modifications on
June 18, 1973.  The schedule of events is attached (Table 1).
     The EPA must now proceed to work with the States in the development
of approvable plans that are to be submitted by August 15, 1973.  The
milestones involved between now and August 15 ar° given in Figure 1.
     The State should be urged to submit at least six (6) copies of the
plan to the appropriate Regional Office on or before August 15.  Figure 2
illustrates the review and processing procedures to be employed in the
approval/disapproval and proposal/promulgation process.  In view of the
short scheduled imposed by the Court order, it is urgent that this
procedure be followed.
     A draft of available guidelines was prepared and distributed by SIB
to assist the Regional Offices in working with State agencies in this matter.
The guidelines are available as of this date and are attached.  Additional
work is underway to provide improved analytical procedures and guidance in
implementing these maintenance (complex source) provisions.  As guidelines
are developed, they will be distributed by the Regional Office as expeditiously
as possible.

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I
            Guidelines for Implementing EPA Requirements  for Maintenance  of  Standards
            This  document is  intended to assist the  Regional  Offices  in  providing
I     guidance to  States for developing implementation  plan  revisions to comply with
       the  recently promulgated  (6/15/73)  regulations  involving  maintenance of  the
1     national standards.  As indicated in the promulgated regulations, States must
•     submit  these plan  revisions by August 15, 1973.   The new  requirements 40 CFR
       Part 51 are  discussed  in  order below.
 I     1.   1 51.11(a)(4)   Legal  authority
            Based upon a  poll  of state attorney general's  offices  by  the Regional
 •     Counsels,  it si estimated that a majority of  states will  not have adequate  legal
 m     authority  to prevent construction of indirect sources  of  emissions if they
       would result in a  violation of an ambient air quality  standard.   States
 •     are  advised  to consider,  in addition to statutes  pertaining to environmental
        rotection,  other  laws which may provide the  necessary legal authority.  Such
 H    laws include land  use  controls and authority  t  <  local zoning.  In the plan
 m    submission,  States are advised to cite their  authority and  include copies of
       applicable statutes
 •    2.   1 51.12   Control strategy:  Genera]^ paragraphs  (e), (f),  (g), (h)
                                                       f *
            Guidelines for  compliance with the provisions  for maintenance of standards
  |    under this section are under preparation and  will be available at a  later date.   The
  •    major submittal required  by these paragraphs  is  not due for 2  years.
       3.   S 51.18   Review of new sources and modifications paragraphs (a)(b)(c)
  •         Several techniques are attached which are  designed to  enable the reviewing
       agency  to  determine  which facilities are to be  reviewed and to perform the  analysis
       of carbon  monoxide impact from a particular facility.   States  are not precluded
  •j   from requiring the developer of a facility to perform his own  analysis of  impact
       ^n air  quality from his facility.  To lessen  the  agency's workload,  such a
  •   procedure  is encouraged.   In those cases where  the  burden an analysis is placed on
       the  developer, the State  should provide an approved technique  of impact  analysis  to  be

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 -yo, by the developers.
 - c h nl RyjLfojL determination of the necessary 1 eyel of jna^sjs^jTab A)
     This scheme is in the form of a decision tree which enables one to determine
  c level of analysis needed for a particular facility.  Required information to
  ' >. -k-c' :•. ions in this scheme include current air quality, both on the. site and  ir
    ,v:ty of the facility, and  pertinent meteorological data.  Presented as an
  -,'endix to this scheme  is a technique for estimating air quality concentrations
  : owio'-j and in outlying areas from a  "downtown11 air quality measurement, site,
             jndj>_e ct_s ou re e ( Tab, B )
     This technique, developed by. the Source- Receptor Analysis Branch,  incorporates
•'•,£ graphical relationship between emission  density, area size and carhon nonox- !-
.oncentrationc- whu.h appeared in Appendix 0  to the  "  ;era] Reoj_s_ter  regim: ' ,,r;£
••f 6/15/73.
4, § 51.18, paragraph  (d)
     The purpose of this parK,rj;-'h is tc ensure  that the new facility  "is not
inconsistent with any  applicat-'ie control strategy,  even though  me -ev/ f:icnHy
;i^y not result in a violation of an ambient  air  quality standard.  As  an example,
suppose a facility is  to be built in an area for which a transportation cor t re!
strategy exists.  An analysis of the facility  indicates that the  air1 quant/  imaact
will not result in a violation of an ambient air quality standard.   If, however,
4he facility will cause a significant disruption in traffic patterns which  were
Assumed in the transportation control strategy,  then the facility would essentially
change that control strategy.  Either the facility  as  designed would have  to be
Disapproved, or the control strategy would have  to  be  revised  to  reflect UP
-^suiting traffic'  pattern.
     An apparent shortcominq of  the review pr.-ress  ~'s  the  level  o+'  rr-'.iM1 \  '
techniques used to predict the air quality impact of an  indirect  sour:>:: if

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*  emissions.  If an analysis indicated that a particular facility would not result
•  in a violation of an ambient air quality standard, yet a violation occured after
    the facility is put into use, there is obviously no method under the new source
    review system for correcting the problem.  In such an instance the proper
    mechanism for addressing the problem would be to revise the control strategy to
    curtail mobile sources, either at the particular facility or in general in an
 ft  area.  This choice of control would depend on whether the violation of the
    standard were directly attributable to one particular facility or to a group of
 •  facilities.
 _  5.  I 51.18 paragraph (e)
 •       This paragraph requires that the agency responsible for meeting the requirements
 •  of I 51.18 be identified and that if a non-air pollution  control agency is given
    that responsibility, that agency must consult with the congnizant air pollution
 J  control agency.  The plan should include a discussion of how this will be done,
    including the weight given to comments from the air pollution control agency.
 •  6.  I 51.18 paragraph (f)
 ft      An illustration of a technique f.or determining the sizes of types of facilities
    which should be ?     :  to review is given in Tab C.  Item 1 of the proposed
 | Appendix 0 which appeared in the Federal Register of April 18, 1973, suggested
  — sizes of shopping center- and sports stadiums, which should generally not be
  ™ exempted from review.  Their sizes were chosen because they might cause a violation
  • of ambient air quality standards regardless of their location.  These were shopping
    centers with gross leasable area greater than 800,000 square feet and sports
  Jstadiums with seating capacity greater than 25,000.  The deviation of these numbers
  _was dependent in part upon a technique which incorporated assumptions which were
  • subsequently found to be questionable.  Consequently, States are advised to ignore
  • those proposed sizes and rely on techniques provided in this guideline for choosing
    facility sizes which will be subject to review.
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7.  § 51.18 paragraph (g)
     Administrative procedures can be depicted in a flow diagram which indicates
time intervals between steps.  Such a flow diagram is presented in Tab D.
There were a number of comments on the proposed regulations indicating that
EPA should require the States to act on an application to construct within
a certain period of time.  While EPA has no  authority to do this, it does seem
reasonable that the review procedures include such a provision.
     The plan should also provide a detailed list of the information which the
developer must supply to the reviewing agency.  This can be submitted in a
sample application form.  Item 2 of Appendix 0 of Part 51 lists some of the
information which should be supplied by the developer in order that an
                                         r
evaluation of the air quality impact of a facility can be determined,,
8.  I 51.18 paragraph (h)
     The State should provide a discussion of how it will provide public noti-
fication of the availability of both the application for approval to construct
and the analysis of the application, including proposed approval or disapproval.
The State might include a copy of a sample notice.  The notice might take the
form of a legal notice together with a display advertisement.  To help defray
the cost of such advertisement, the States might consider charging a permit
a permit application fee, or billing the applicant directly for advertisement
if these practices are within the legal constraints of the agency.
General
1.  As with all plan revisions the State must follow the procedures pertaining
to public notice, public hearing and plan submission as indicated in 40 CFR Part
51, section 51.4, 51.5 and 51.6.
2.  If the implementation of the new requirements will significantly increase the
funding and manpower requirements of an angency, States are advised to revise
information which they submitted pursuant to 1 51.20 (Resources).  If agencies
other than the air pollution control agency are given responsibility for the

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    the review process, the resources which those agencies  will  allocate  for  this
I  purpose should also be submitted.
    3.  The States may want to include in their regulations provisions for  condi-
•  tional permission for construction of indirect sources.  Suggested  conditions
•  which can be imposed on the developer include:
         - ambient air quality sampling in the vicinity of  the proposed site  prior
I         to beginning construction,
         - estimation of the existing air quality in the vicinity of the  proposed
• .        site, prior to construction,
•       - provision for adequate public transportation to  offset an increase in
           mobile source activity which would'result in a violation of  a  standard.
I  4.  For areas where ambient air quality standards are presently being exceeded,
    but the air quality concentrations projected for the area will be below the
™  standard at the time the facility is put into operation, then the facility
•  should be permitted,  if it does not result in a violation of standards.  Air
    quality projections found in state implementation  plans can be used  for  this
I  detenrination.

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  TAB A - Example Screening Techniques for Review of Indirect Sources




       One possible approach to implementing the indirect source review procedures   is



  to establish a screening technique which can be used to determine the depth of analysis



  a source should receive.  The major parameters in developing such a  technique would be



  the existing air quality at or near the proposed location of the source and the relative



  size of the proposed source.  An example of such a technique is illustrated in general



  terms in Figure 1.  The terms and parameters used in Figure 1 are discussed below:




       1.   Measured or estimated air quality at proposed site.  States may wish to



       require a developer to conduct air quality monitoring in order  to accurately define



       existing air quality.  Alternatively, Appendix I presents a technique for estimating



       air quality at agiven site using air quality data from another  location in the city.




       2.   hdicator of induced on-site air quality.



            For a shopping center or sports complex, this parameter would likely be the



       size of a parking area.  However, the same size parking lot at  different types of



       indirect sources may likely result in different predictors of on-site air quality
                                                                                         /


       due to the different operating chara'cteristies of cars (e.g., relatively uniform



       traffic flow during the day at a shopping center versus short-term peaks at a
                                                  *

       sports complex).  Using average conditions of assumptions involving the operation
                                                     ^- •


      of vehicles within parking lots, the size of a shopping center parking lot can be rough.


-elated to on-site air quality (see Tab C).  For example, the assumptions in Tab C indicate



       that a shopping center parking lot of approximately 40 acres would correspond to



       on-site air quality that is about 60 percent of the 1-hour standard for CO.




       3.   Full analysis.



            This analysis involves the evaluation of on-site air quality using the techni-



       ques of Tab B and as well as an evaluation of the impact of on-site emissions on



       air quality "hot spots" in the vicinity of the source.  This latter analysis can  be



       performed using the area source modeling technique described on page 39 of Turner's



       workbook.

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•      Where the off-site emissions may be significant (e.g., congestion on highways
• leading to the source), the imapct should be analyzed using the line source calcu-
   lations on page 40 of Turner's workbook or the HIWAY program.

* 4.   On-site analysis
V      The on-site analysis can be relatively simple in cases where existing air
   quality is very low (i.e., background and nearby source effects are negligible).
| In such cases, the graphical techniques in Tab B can be used for evaluation.   Where
_ background values are important, the full 8-step procedure in Tab B should be
  • followed.
I
        Appendix II describes computer modeling techniques which are, or will be,
   available to Regional Offices to assist States in evaluating the impact of new
   sources.

•      Appendix III presents a brief abstract of each of the modeling references
   listed in the May 15, 1973S Federal Register.
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    |OO
II)
t
V)
O Of

Q <
u) z
    60
    40
u.
0

tf £
0 7
u. -I
£ *
"S O
§ ^ 10
                FU LL_
        NONE
                   ON-8\TE
                               -SITE
                              NONE
                           fefc
               ESTIMATED A*R QUALITY
          FIGURE  -1
   DETAIL OF ANALYSIS  REQUIRED
     AS A FUNCTION!  OF SOURCE
      S\ZE AND EXISTING AlR C?UAL\TY

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I                                   APPENDIX I
•      Meteorological  basis  of "Nearby Point of  High  Concentration" Rule

m           This rule  is intended for the  case where  measured  or  calculated
•                                                i
        air quality  dataat tne S1'te °f tne  Proposed  development are not
V      available.   In  that case,  if them's  an adequate  emission  inventory
        and meteorological information and  a  computer  capacity, the best
jj      approach  is  probably  to make a diffusion  model  estimate of the air
—      quality at  the  site,  and  a^ second estimate of air  quality in the
*      site and  its surroundings  after the complex  source is  in operation.
•      Comparing these,  the  impact of this source can be determined.  However
        in  most situations this will  not be a practical alternative, because
|      the agency making the evaluation will not have those capabilities, nor
^      will  it have the  time to make this  kind of evaluation  for  each site if
*      it  had  the  capabilities.
•           Therefore  the objective of this  rule is to obtain  a simplified
        substitute  for  that procedure, which  w;"l give substantially the same
I      results that such a thorough study"would.  Since  this  procedure is not
£      to  be used tc rtjc-ct  any project, but only to  decide what  level of
*      further study is  needed, it should  be somewhat conservative, i.e. err
tt      on  the  side  of  predicting  higher rather than lower concentration^.
             Because the   reviewing agency  probably  does  not have  a map wren
|      pollutant isopleths of concentration  under the worst conditions, but
g      probably  does not have point values from  its downtown  measuring stations,
        the question we are asking is "If the concentraiton  at the city center
8      is  A, how much  is the concentration B km  away?"

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     The procedure used is to convert the air flow over  the  city  center
into an equivalent line source, which can then be  used in  the well-known
line source solution (Turner p. 40).   This indicates  how the air  with  the
highest measured concentration (normally the city  center)  dilutes as it
flows at low wind speed toward an outlying location where  the complex
source will presumbably be located.   For a line source (normally  a highway)
the source strength (q) is normally specified in gm/sec  m.   The flux of a
pollutant across a line perpendicular to the v/ind  at  any point is:
                  q = flux =  jT°u "X dh                   (1)
where u is the wind speed, "X the concentration and h. the  height  above
                                        w       f
the ground.  If q is substituted for the source strength in  Turner's
line source equation 5.18, we have
     ^-."«t«.
•\[3T  tv. 07
p. •/   rjL\* 1
L  ^  v^J  J
To simplify this, assume that the wind speed is independent of height,
which brings it out of the integral  sign,'and allows  it to cancel  the wind
speed in the denominator.  Next, refer to the'sketch  below, which  shows
the probable height-concentration plot for a typical  city-center pollutant.
The pollutant concentration should be practically uniform for the  first
few tens of meters above ground level, and then decrease rapidly.   To simply
the integration, this real pattern is replaced with the rectangular   pattern shown,
                           *,«.Tl CO.'
                                                         Si
                  ?li Ti't'vlt
                                                                    OH

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I             The rectangular pattern allows us to replace  the  Integral with
         Xiround timejh,.   We can also say that H 1n equation 2 1s  l/2h,  because
•        H must represent the average emission height.   Making  these  substitutions,
                          %C/X ,
          and solving for §r^tmg (i.e. the downwind concentration over the city
•        center concentration:
I
•        To evaluate the probable values of this  function,   use D  stability  and  the
           G£   vs distance relation from Turner's workbook.   Several  values  of h,
                                                                                 I1
          have been used, to show the sensitivity  of the answer to  this  estimated
m        parameter.
               The values obtained using equation  3 are shown in Table 1.  Table  1
•        shows that" at a distance of 1 km and further tr2 expom.-ntial term is
          practically 1 so that the results ere approximately 0.797 h, /T&
m        At 1 km the raMo varies from 0.25 to 0.67 for h,  assumed from 10 to  30 m, etc.
               IThis procedure somewhat underestimates the concentration  at the
                                                   '
          suburban location, because it assumes that the .source strength between  the
•        city center and the suburb is negligible.  Therefore the  results shouL
          be adjusted upward to take this into account.


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                                    TABLE 1

                        Computed Values According to Eq(3)
    Downwind Distance
      

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                                  APPENDIX  II
                                     UNAMAP
    
         The Users Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP)
    is a system of diffusion models which can be accessed on interactive
    terminals (time-share option) at the EPA regional offices as well as
    the Research Triangle Park offices.  Three models are presently available
    on this system:
    
             1.  APRAC.  This is a short-term diffusion model that calculates
    the automotive contribution to carbon monoxide concentrations.  The model
    was developed by Stanford Research Institute (SRI).  A users manual is
    available on the model (120 pages).
    
             2.  HIWAY.  This is a line-source model which calculates
    pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of a roadway.  This model is
    self-documenting in that all the necessary instructions appear on the
    terminal telling the user what to do next.
    
             3.  COM (Climatological Dispersion Model).  This is a multiple-
    source urban diffusion model.  It is a refinement of AQDM, and is on-
    line.  A users manual will be released in the near future.
    
         Models available for placing on UNAMAP in the near future:
    
             1.  Several point source models described in the "Workbook
    of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates" hc.ve been programmed.  With a state-
    ment of requirement and a modest amount cf reprogramming, they can be
    placed on UNAMAP in the near future
    
             2,,  A 24-hour point source model is available but needs to be
    documented and re; ^ogramme^1 before being placed on UNAMAP.
    
             i   The Real-Time Air Quality Modeling  (RAM^ is a r^v,u:-
    area-poi>f source model vhich is yet to be doci^ente-i.  It i: c .^ididate
    for UNAM/"; in 4-8 months.
    
             4.  The GEOMET multiple source, short-long term mode! -"r due for
    final completion by July "  1973.  This model will be compatible ,••''"
    the Implementation Planning Program and, therefore, will ;  ,»...'e a
    source-contribution output and enable other features of the IPP model
    to be operated.  It is capable of being placed on UNAMAP late in
             5.  A photochemical model is being prepared for UNAMAP.
    availability date for UNAMAP is tenuous.
    An
         Efforts are underway to incorporate the UNAMAP system into INFONET,
    an interactive computer system contracted for by GSA.  This system would
    enable the models to be used by any user having access to appropriate
    ADP terminal equipment.
    

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    Appendix III - Abstracts of References Presented in June 15, 1973, Federal  Register
    
     1)  Turner, D. B.; "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates," PHS No.
         999-AP-26 (1969).   Useful for estimating concentrations from point sources
         (e.g., incinerators) which  may be part of the complex.  Also, provides
         method for estimating area source concentrations.
    (2)  US EPA; "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," GAP No.  AP-42
         (Feb.  1972).  Useful for determining emissions from mobile  and stationary
         sources, given operating characteristics of the sources.
    (3)  Briggs, G.A.; "Plume Rise"; TID-25075 (1969), Clearinghouse for Federal
         Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va.  22151.  Useful  to
         compute the effective plume height of point source effluents.  This is
         needed to estimate ground level concentrations from point sources.
    '4)  Mancuso,  R. L.; and Ludwig, F. L.; "Users Manual  for the APRAC-1A Urban
         Diffusion Model Computer Program," "Stanford Research Institute Report"
         prepared  for EPA under contract.  CPA 3-68 (1-69)  (Sept. 1972).  Available
         at Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Spring-
         field, Va. 22151.   Model which presents -methods for computing CO concentrations.
         Can be adapted to estimate CO concentrations in urban street canyons.
    (5)  Zimmerman, J. R., and Thompson, R. S.; "User's Guide for HIWAY," paper
         under preparation, Met. Lab., EPA, RTP, N. C.  Self-documenting model  which
         can be used to compute CO concentrations in the vicinity of at-grade highways.
    (6)  USGRA:  "Proceedings of Symposium on Multi-Source Urban Diffusion Models,"
         OAP Publication No. AP-86 (1970).  General reference presenting various approaches
         to estimating pollutant concentrations.  Discusses how to model various types
         of sources and the information needed for various models.
    

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              (7)  Air Quality Implementation Planning Program, Volume I, Operators Manual,
                   PB 198-299 (1970).  Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical
    I             Information, Springfield, Va. 22151.  Multi-source urban diffusion model
                   suitable for predicting long-term (monthly, annual) average concentrations.
    •             Also estimates costs associated with various strategies of emission controls.
    
    |        (8)  Hanna, S. R.; "Simple Methods of Calculating Dispersion from Urban Area
    m             Sources," paper presented at Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology, Raleigh,
                   N. C. (April 1971).  Available at Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific  and
    •             Technical Information, Springfield, Va.  22151.  Method which may be used to
                   compute concentrations resulting from area sources.
    I
             . (9)  ASME:  "Recommended Guide for the Prediction of Dispersion of Airborne
    J             Effluents,"  United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47th Street, New York, New
     _             York  10017  (1968).  General treatment discussing the impact of several
    ™             meteorological phenomena on pollutant Dispersion and methods of calculating
    •             peak ficen^rat :r,  resultir" from these phenomena.
    m        (10)  Slade, D. H. (editor):  "Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968,  ,^.rc (1968).
                   A general reference presenting meteorological and diffusion theory fundamen-
     •             tals which can be used to ^>timate pollutant-dispersion.  Avail at   .;:  flD-
                   24190 from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information,
    National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springf.v.  , VA
    22151.
    

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        TAB B - Technique for Predicting On-Site Air Quality at Complex Sources
    
             This recommended technique requires that one estimate what the maximum impact of
    d proposed complex may be over a 1-hour and 8-hour period at a sensitive receptor under un-
    favorable meteorological conditions.  Meteorological assumptions used in the analysis are
    Class D atmospheric stability with a steady wind speed of 1 m/sec from a direction placing
    the receptor in such a position to sustain the maximum impact of CO emissions.   The recommen-
    ded technique requires that the impact of four different types of emissions be  assessed
    on 1-hour and 8-hour CO concentrations.  These concentrations result from:
    
             (1)  General background concentrations from sources in the environs of the pro-
             posed complex;
             (2)  concentrations from large point source emissions of CO which  would occur
             within the proposed complex;
    
             (3)  concentrations from sources which are immediately adjacent to the sensitive
             receptor, and
    
             (4)  concentrations resulting from sources within the complex which are not
             immediately adjacent to the sensitive receptor.
    
         An 8 step procedure used to estimate the maximum impact of a proposed  complex on 1-hour
    and 8-hour CO concentrations.  Some of the salient features of this procedure are discussed
    in more detail in accompanying enclosure 2.  In this procedure, it is assumed that the maxi-
    mum impact of the complex will be exhibited at a roadside receptor within or'immediately
    adjacent to the complex.
    
         Step 1:  Compute Peak Background Concentrations
    
         (a)  Require developers of major complexes to rr.nitor CO concentrations at the site
    of the proposed complex in a sufficient mannp" to obtain a statistically valid sample.
    
         (b)  If it is conrr'c? -eH Impractical to require the developer of a given complex
    to monitor CO concentrations, utilize previous observations at tlr? most appropriate loca-
    tion to estimate 1-hour and 8-hour CO concentrations. (See Appendix 1 of Tab A)
    
         (c)   If neither (a) nor (b) is possible, it-would be necessary for the appropriate
    control agency to obtain enough CO measurements to form a statistically valid sample from
    which to compute peak background concentrations of CO;"
    
         Step 2:  Convert Peak Background Concentrations to an Equivalent Emission
                  Intensity within the Proposed Complex
    
         Use Figure 1, plotting isoconcentration lines on a graph of source intensity vs.
    the complexes' dimension directly upwind from the receptor, and move to the  right until
    reaching the isoconcentration lines corresponding to those obtained in Step  1 for 1-hour
    and 8-hour concentrations.  Note the corresponding emission intensities on the abscissa,
    Q. .  These represent the uniform emission intensities within the complex which  would
    result in the predicted background concentrations at the receptor under the  assumed
    meteorological conditions.  Figure 1 was derived using a technique similar to one used
    by Hanna.^
    

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         Step 3:  Estimate Maximum Ground Level Concentration of CO from
         Any Large Stationary Point Source of CO Whjch Would be A PartTof
         the Complex"
    
             Since large stationary point sources of CO are relatively
    unimportant compared to automotive sources, this step and Step 4 could
    be skipped frequently.  The concentration of CO at the chosen receptor
    resulting from a point source which would be part of the proposed complex
    should be estimated using Figure 3-5D in the Workbook of Atmospheric
    •Dispersion Estimates (PHS Publication 999-AP-26)3.  The concentration at
    the receptor would be obtained from the xu  value resulting from use of
    
    this figure by dividing this value by a "u" of 1 m/sec and multiplying
    the peak average emission rate considered likely for the point source
    over 8-hour and 1-hour periods.
    
         Step 4:  Convert Concentration Estimated from Point Sources to
         Equivalent Emission Intensity within the Proposed Complex
    
             This is done using a procedure identical with that described
    in Step 2.  The result is an equivalent emission intensity Q .
    
         Step 5:  Estimate the Concentration at the Chosen Receptor Resulting
         From Sources in the Imedia.lL* V 1 c ini ty of the Receptor
    
             Since it is assumed that the maximum impact of the proposed
    complex occurs oeside rc.ui, or traffic lanes which will be located within
    or ? .\,want to the proposed complex, a line source model fi'T^-v^ ^s
    been u.sed to derive Ficure 2 which relates concentration t    -~f?ir flow
    wht.n ti^ wind blows at /arious angles to the roadway.  E* ler F'v-ire 2
    on tiit abscissa corresponding to the. estimated peak traffic Vad for
    8-hour and 1-hour periods and read the resulting concentration  on the
    ordinate corresponding to the wind angle giving the highest o   :  t  -tion
    A more detailed description of how to use Figure 2 is gi\en in the
    examples in Enclosure 1.
    
         Step 6 :  Convert Concentrations, Estimated from Nearby Sourc^  o
                             Intensity within the Proposed Complex """""
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                                This is done using a procedure identical with that described
                       in Step 2.  The result is an equivalent emission intensity Qn.
    
                            Step 7:  Determine the Emission Intensity within the Propo^ed^Complex
                            Corresponding with the 8-Hour and 1-Hour NAAQS
    
                                Using Figure 1, follow the appropriate isoconcentra^.v/a line
                       (9 ppm for 8-hour NAAQS, and 35 ppm for 1-hour NAAQS) until the ordinate
                       corresponding to the proposed complexes' longest dimension i., reached.
                       Note the corresponding emission density,
    

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                                      I
    
         Step 8:  Determine Allowable Emission Intensity within  the Complex
         and Compare this with the Estimated Emission Intensity
    
             The allowable emission Intensity 1s determined by subtracting
    the emission intensities obtained in Steps 2, 4 and 6 from the intensity
    obtained in Step 8.
    
    
         CALLOW " ^std " % ' QP - Qn
    CALLOW 1S t^ien comParecI w^n tne emission intensity estimated  for the
    complex a priori.  Suggestions how to make such estimates have already
    been supplied to Mr. John Fink for shopping centers and sports complexes
    in letters dated March 29 and April 3.  Suggestions on how to  estimate
    the intensities for other complex sources will  be supplied in  Enclosure 2.
    
         If the proposed complexes' estimated emission intensities exceed
    CALLOW or some sPeclfied fraction thereof, provision must be  made for
    a detailed Environmental Impact Statement in which various design alter-
    natives and site locations should be considered.
                                           Edwin L. Meyer, Jr
                                                Engineer
                                       M<  . ,  Application Section
                                    Source Receptor Analysis Branch
    Enclosures
    (1)  Examples of the Fvaluation Technique
    (2)  Salient Features of the Proposed Technique
    

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    References
    1. Larsen, R.I., "A Mathematical Model for Relating Air Quality
    Measurements to Air Quality Standards" OAP Publication No. AP-89,
    (Nov. 71).
    2. Hanna, S.R., "A Simple Method of Calculating Dispersion from Urban
    Area Sources" JAPCA 21 pp. Tl 4-777, (1971).
    3. Turner, D.B., "Workbook of Atmospheric Diffusion Estimates", USPHS
    Publication No. AP-26, (1971).
    4. Zimmerman, J.R. and Thompson, R.S., "Users Guide for HIWAY", paper
    under preparation, Met. Lab., EPA, RTP, N.C.
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                                            Enclosure 1
    
    
    
    Examples Illustrating the Proposed Technique for Evaluating the
    
           Direct Impact of Complex Sources on Air Quality
    Example 1.  Problem:  A housing complex containing 500 living units
    is proposed for an area whose peak background concentrations  have
    been observed to be 11 ppm over a 1-hr, period and 3 ppm over an
    8-hour period.  It is assumed that the peak concentrations will  occur
    at a roadside within the proposed complex located as shown.  Traffic
    on this road is estimated at 300 vph for 1-hr, and 100 vph for 8-hrs.
    The dimensions of the complex are also pictured below.  There are
    no significant point sources of CO contemplated within the complex.
    
    Required:  What is the estimated emis.sion density for the complex
    above which a detailed EIS and perhaps some re-design may be  required?
    Solution:_
    
    0)  C,  ,  = 11 ppm; p      =3 ppm; upwind dimension = 2 km
          1-hr           ''3-hr
    (2)  Using Fig. 1, for 1-hr.,
               Q.  = 1.49 x 10-4 gm/sec-mz
         for 8-hr
                    4.05 x 10   gm/sec-m
    (3)-(4) Since there are no large point sources of CO planned
        within the complex, Q  = 0
                                                                        \
    

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    (5)  Using the 10° wind angle in Fig.  2,
    
    
    
         For 1-hr.
    
             C-j = 6.0 ppm
    
         For 8-hr.
    
             Cgc= 1.9 ppm
    
    (6) Frort Fig. 1 ,
    
         For 1-hr., Qn =  8.4 x 10"5 gm/sec-m2
                                  5         ?
         For 8-hr., Qn =  2.6x 10   gm/sec-m
    
    (7) For 1-hn, Q    = 4.0 x 10"  gm/sec-m2
        For 8-nr-»Qst(j = 1-1  x 10   gm/sec-m2
    
    (8) For 1-hr.
    
        Qal1ow = 4'° x 10~4 - 1-49 x 10"4 -  0  -  *     ]Q"5
    
        1-hr.  Qar,ow = 1.57 x in"4 gm/sec ?
    
        For 8-hr
        Qallow = f 1 x "3"" - 4.05 x 10" J -  0  -  2,6 x 10"b
    
        8-hr.  Qallow =4.35  x 10"5 gm/sec-m2
    
        Hence, if the estimated peak 1-hr, emission density  for  the
        complex exceeds 1.67 x 10-4 nn/sec-m^  or the estimated peak  8-hr.
        emission density exceeds 4.35 x 10-5 gm/sec-m ,  a detailed
        environmental impact study should be required for the complex
        and redesign or relocation may be necessary.
    Example 2
    
    Problem:   A shopping center is proposed in an area  in  which  6
    ppm and 2 ppm peak 1-hr,  and 8-hr,  concentrations  have  been observed.
    There are no large noint sources of CO contemplated  within  the  center.
    Maximum impact is assumed to occur at residences  across the street
    from the main entrance to the proposed center. Maximum traffic at
    the center's major entrance (road 1) is 300 vph over 1-hr,  and  100  vph
    

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    over 8 hrs. Traffic on the adjacent highway (road 2) is estimated
    as 1000 vph and 300 vph for 1 and 8-hr.
    periods respectively. The
    dimensions of the proposed shopping center are as shown.
    70 v /"i "*
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    ^ cp
    ©*
    
    Requirement:
    
    
    
    ^
    
    
    
    
    What is the estimated emission density for the complex above which
    a detailed EIS and perhaps some alterations may be required?
    Solution:
    (1) c, . "= 6 ppm; Cp = 2 ppm
    1 hr. o
    (2) Using Fig. 1 with an ordinate of 500
    
    ,
    m,
    For 1-hr., Qb = 1.38 x 1C"4 gm/sec-m2
    For 8-hr., Q. = 4.6 x 10"5 gm/sec-m2
    D
    (3) - (4; Qp = 0
    .
    (5) Maximum concentrations resulting at R-from nearby sources
    occur when the wind inakes an angle of 0° with road 1 and 90°
    with road 2. Using Fig. 2,
    For 1-hr,
    C- =(4.25 ppiplad + (7.6 ppm)
    1 7
    For 8-hr. ,
    
    
    =11.9 ppm
    
    
    C8 = 0.5 ppm)road+ (2.3 PPm)road = 3.8 ppm
    (6) Using Fig. 1 with an ordinate of 500
    For 1-hr., Qn = 2.8 x 10"4 gm/sec-m2
    m,
    
    For 8-hr., Qn = 1.90 x lo"5 gm/sec-m2
    .
    
    

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    (7) Using Fig.  1, for an ordinate  of 700 m
    
    
                                    -4        2
          For 1-hr.,  Qstc| =  7.4 x  10   gm/sec-m
    
    
                                    -4        2
          For 8-hr.,  Qst(J =  1.9 x  10   gm/sec-m
    
    
    
    (8) From Fig.  1,
    
    
    
          For 1-hr.,  Qflllow  „ 7>4>x  10-4_1>38xl(r4 _ Q m 2>8 x 1Q-4
    
    
    
    
    
                     Callow  = 3.22 x 10"4 gm/sec-m2
          For arhr.,  Q        1>g  x  1Q-4  _ 4^ x 1Q-5
                     Qallow =T- 08  x  10"5 gm/sec-m2
    

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                                                    Enclosure 2
    
    
    Features of the Proposed Technique to Estimate the Impact of
    
                       Complex Sources on Mr Quality
         There are a number of assumptions which are made or implied
    by the proposed technique for estimating the impact of a complex  source
    on air quality.  Most of these assumptions are conservative ones, and
    the end result is a technique which gives a conservative estimate of
    the complexe's immediate impact.  These assumptions and the rationale
    behind them are listed below.  Assumptions which are believed to  be
    conservative are so indicated.
    
         Meteorological assumptions:  Class D atmospheric stability,
         steady wind of Im/sec and unlimited mixing depth.   As  a re-
         sult of the types of surfaces likely to be encountered in
         areas where complexes would be developed, and the mechanical
         turbulence generated by vehicles as well  as the heat of their
         discharges, Class D stability was regarded as the most stable
         atmospheric conditions likely to persist during periods when
         the impact of traffic generated by the complex was likely to
         be greatest.  A steady wind of Im/sec is  a conservative
         assumption, since speeds this low are unlikely to persist
         from a single direction (and the direction maximizing  the
         impact of the complex, at that) for 8, or even 1,  hours.
       .  Assumptions about mixing depth r.re  >"obably only important
         for estimating background concentrations.  Since the technique
         eii^r util-'~°s observations directly to  estimate background
         cor  --,'.-.,,. i or es i 'nates background concentrations  using
         ?  .  "i^TCcH model based, on observations, the effect  of
         1  ,!>.d „  xing depth is felt to be inherency acco*- ,.  c   ;
         7h  .ssurnption, inhe^nt in the technique,  that the
         (•• iq qg) background concentration, point source centerl ?ne
         conctenf ration and maximum contribution from immediately
         ad:
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    The model upon which Figure 1 (used in Steps 2,4,6  and  7)  is  based
    ignores "edge effects."  A more complete analysis  could not
    necessarily do this.  The procedure used in the recommended
    technique is justified on the basis that the most  severe
    impact of the complex will most likely occur at a  section
    where the edge effects are of minor importance.
    
    The rationale behind Steps 2, 4, 6 and 7 is that CO con-
    centrations at the chosen receptor site resulting  from
    background sources, proposed point sources within  the comolex
    and sources in the immediate vicinity of the receptor
    diminish the emission density which would be allowable from
    the proposed complex.
    
    Use of Fig. 3-5D i> the Workbook requires one to first
    estimate the effective plume height for the point  source.
    This requires knowledge of certain operating parameters  for
    the source which may not be available.  Under the  meteorological
    assumptions assumed with the recommended technique, an
    assumption that the effective plume height is twice the  physical
    stack height would seem reasonable.  Such an assumption  depends
    on the relatively large plume rise resulting with  low wind
    speeds being compensated for by the low temperature of effluents
    likely to result.from stat-.-nary sources of CO.
    
    In constructing Figure 2, needed in S    X it was necessary
    to use emi?s~:on factors to relate ';rafi ic count to CO emissions.
    OAP Publicr' -n !"o. "'M9, "CcT-iiation of Air Pollutant
    Emission Fu.ors,' ^Keb.  '72; wa* used for this purpose.   A
    number of u^., jmp". sons were made to derive the emission factors:
    
         (•u; o-'C mix of vehicles—seamed reasonable in view
             of the fact that these guidelines are to  be applied
             to proposed rather than existing complexes;
                                        r' '
         (b) urban travel conditions
    
         (c) average vehicle speed 5 mph--it was assumed that the
             maximum impact would either occur at an exit to  the
             complex wher^ traffic was moving very slowly, or at
             a traffic signal within or adjacent to a complex.
    
    In constructing Fig. 2 by using the HIVIAY model, a road
    length of 200m was assumed in order to be conservative.   This
    means that a vehicle as far as 200m from the receptor could
    contribute slightly to the CO concentration estimated at the
    receptor—particularly when the wind angle with the road centerline
    

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    is a small one.  While vehicles distant from the receptor
    make a disproportionately small contribution to the receptor
    (.i.e. concentrations resulting from a zero degree wind angle
    with a road 100 m long would be much greater than 1/2 those
    from a road 200 m long) this assumption may be unduly con-
    servative.  If experience proves this to be the case, Fiaure
    2 could be easily based oji a shorter road segment and redrawn.
    
    Requiring one to use the ordinate in Figure 1 corresponding
    to the complexe's longest dimension in Step 7 is not entirely
    consistent with Steps 2, 4 and 6 where the ordinate used deoends
    on the^orientation of the source and receptor with respect to
    the critical wind direction.  Step 7 is conservative and also
    simplifies the process of evaluation.
    
    Step 8 assumes that an emission intensity has been estimated
    a priori for the complex source being evaluated.  In order to
    be complete, guidelines should suggest ways in which this could
    be done.  It would seem desirable to require the developer to
    provide the States or Regional Offices with a few key design
    parameters which could then be used by the States or Regions to
    derive estimates for maximum emission intensity likely to occur
    over 1-hour and 8-hour periods.  Table 1 includes several complex
    sources, key parameters which should be supplied by developers
    and assumptions wh'ich would have to be inade by State and/or
    Regional personnel in estimating emi  io,. intensities.
    

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    TAB C - Technique for estimating sizes of facilities subject to review
    
         For estimating the size of a parking lot for a particular facility, above
    which will result in a local violation of the carbon monoxide standard, assumptions
    must be made concerning the behavior of motor vehicles in that parking lot under
    estimated worst conditions.  One refernce on parking lot design* gives dimensions
    of parking spaces.  A parking unit is defined as two parking stalls plus an aisle.
    For parking stalls at 90° to the aisle, the maximum dimensions for the unit is 65
    feet by 10 feet, for a two-way aisle.  This amounts to a space requirement of 650
    ft2/2 stalls = 325 ft2/stall.
         Automobile behavior in a parking lot can be assumed, although if such behavior
    is fenown, the more valid information should be used.  Assuming for a worst-case
    example that vehicles travel an average of five miles per hour in the lot (which
    includes the time they are idling) and the travel is of an urban (stop-and-go)
      ther than a rural (more or less steady   ee:,) type, Compilation of Air Pollution
    Factors** yields an emission facto-  jf 60 g CO/vehicle-mile for a 1975 distribution
    of automou'... c,jeancjan (extrapolated), speed adjustment factor of 3.0.  Therefore,
    the emission rate, Q, is:
            Q = /bOgCO	^/LEJJes.)  /3 0\ - 900 9 CO	
                \vehicle mi1e/\ hour /  c *     vchi-c-le hours
         Assumptions concerning the behavior of motor vehicles in a parking lot will
    depend upon the type o£ facility and the intensity of use over a time p«_-; J.  The
    following examples are intended to illustrate the types of assumptions necessary to
    make determinations concerning air quality and size of a parking lot', since these
    assumptions may not be valid, an attempt should be made to acquire more accurate
    information.  Furthermore, the examples assume zero background CO cora.entrctions.
                |KParking in the City Center, prepared by Wilbur Smith and Associates, New Haven,
                Connecticut, under commission from the Automobile Manufacturers Association, May 196!
                I**Cornpilat,On of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Revised), U.S. Environmental Pro-
                tection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C., February 1972
                r\ i. ^ •_.«•-   *.   « •-<• -«
    

    -------
                                                   (£>
    "or  particular  areas, compensation  should be made for existing air quality.
         (1)  Parking  lots  for  shopping centers, commercial and industrial developments.
             amusement  parks,  and recreational areas
             Activity in terms of trips generated in these facilities will probably be
         spread out over an 8-12 hour period, with a peak-to-off-peak hour ratio of
         perhaps  2  to  4.  Two worst condition analyses will be necessary—one for the
         worst peak hour and one for the worst 8-hour period, to determine which standard
         (the one-hour standard of 35 ppm or the eight-hour standard of 9 ppm) will be
         the limiting  standard  for the maximum parking area.
             (a)  Worst peak hour
                  An  estimate must be made of-the number of vehicles running in the
             parking  lot at any one time during the worst peak hour.  For purposes of
             illustration, assume that the parking lot contains one vehicle per each
             stall (full lot) and that of these , 10 :   e;   are operating at any
             one time.  The £missio  density, E   ;s then calculated as follows:
                                                                            2
                   :       .t.^g CO.   v, /I hr.    \/l stalls/I vehicles/10.8 fr
                   "1-hr   . .rYn'^e-hr
                   =  8.31 x 10"4 g CO/sec-m2
             If we assume a  constant wind speed of 1 m/sec and constant wind direction
             with class "D" atmospheric stability, the graphical relationship given in
             Figure 1 of Appendix 0 of 40 CFR Part 51 can be used to determine the
             maximum parking area,  To achieve a downwind edge concentration of less
             than 35 ppm, the area must be no longer than approximately 520 meters on
             a side, which corresponds to a square area of approximately 67 acres.
    
             (b)  Worst 8-hour
                  For illustrative purposes, assume that for 8 hours, there are only
             three-fourths the number of vehicles as parking stalls and that only 4
             percent of these vehicles are operating at any one tiine over the 8 hour
             period.  The 8-hour emission density, E, is calculated as follows:
    

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    I                                                 \
    I                   c      /900 g CO  \/I  hr     \/I  stall \/0.75  vehicle!/I0.8  ft2) .   n„.
    ™                   L8-hr =^yehicle-hr/U600 sec./(.325 Ft^/C  1  stall   /IT^2/ (U<04)
     I
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    •                    =  2.49 x 10"4 g CO/sec-m2
                      From Figure 1 in Appendix 0,  to achieve  a  downwind  edge  concentration of
    I                less than 9 ppm (8-hour standard),  the  lot area  must  be  no  longer  than
                      approximately 400 meters on a side, which  corresponds to a square area
    •                of approximately 40 acres.
    |                     Therefore, under the assumptions made above, CO  standard  would be
    £                the 8-hour standard, since  the above calculations yielded a smaller area
                      for the 8-hour condition than for the one-hour condition.
    I
                 2.    Parking lots for sports stadiums, and centers  which cater to affairs
    •                in which patrons leave at one time.
    £                Maximum mobile source activity from these  facilities  will probably occur
                 over a short time period, perhaps  an hou,- ur  less.  Assume, for  example, that
     8           the  parking  lot i.-  f.,'1  and th>it 15 percent  of  the  vehicles are  running at any
                 one  time.  The one-hour emission density, E,  is then  calculated     f.',  ,,'ws:
     I                                                                     2
                      F -/900 9 CO  \/l  hr    )/l  stall I/I vehic1e)/10.8  ft.) ,  1O   '
                      " "(vehicle-hrA3600 sec/(325 fWX 1 stall J(   "m2  "/' ^'l^)
                           =  1.25  x  10"3 g CO/sec-m2
     I          From  Figure  1  in  Appendix  0,  to  achieve a downwind  edge  concentration   f
                 less  than  35 ppm  (1-hour standard),  the parking area must be  no longer  than
     I
    approximately 260 meters on a side, which corresponds to a square area of
    approximately 17 acres.
    

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                                                         Figure 1
                           COMPLEX SOURCE TIME SCHEDULE
                                       1973
    
     1.   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS - DECISION
               NRDC v. EPA
     2.   EPA MET WITH NRDC
               PETITION THE COURT - ESTABLISHED
               A TIME SCHEDULE FOR ACTIONS
     3.   DISAPPROVAL OF SIP
     4.   PROPOSED REGULATIONS  FEDERAL REGISTER
     5.   COMMENTS ON PROPOSED REGULATIONS
     6.   COMPLEX SOURCE REGULATIONS
                                              »
     7.   STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
     8.   APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL NOTICES AND PLAN PROPOSALS
     9.   PUBLIC HEARINGS ON PROMULGATION
    10.   REGIONAL FINDINGS TO CPDD
    11.   COMPLETION OF FEDER, L REGISTER PROMULGATION
               PACKAGE
    12.   FINAL PROMULGATION
    JANUARY 31
    
    MID FEBRUARY
    MARCH 8
    APRIL 18
    MAY 18
    JUNE 18
    AUGUST 15
    OCTOBER 15
    NOVEMBER 15-20
    NOVEMBER 27
    
    DECEMBER 10
    DECEMBER 15
    

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                                                                       TAB 0
                               Applicant submits application
                               for approval  to construct
                                               3 days
                                                                Agency returns
    
                                                                application with  reasons
          Agency advertises
          immediate availability
          of application and
          later availability of
          analysis - comments
          solicited
      I
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    ermit to
    onstruct
                             approv a]
      I
    
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    analysis on air
    quality impact
             10 days
                                       Agency makes
                                       tentative decision
                                       on approval
                                       Agency makes
                                       analysis and
                                       proposed deci-
                                       sion avai iable
                                               30 days
                                       Agency considers
                                       comments - revises
                                       analysis and/or
                                       decision
                                   5 days
       decision
          on
     application
                                              I
    Agency notifies EPA
    and other air pollution
    control agencies in
    region	
                                                                  disapproval
                  Agency informs i
                  applicant of  j
                  decision and  !
                  states reasons '
                           conditional
                                                                  approval
                  Agency grants
                  conditional
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     I
       .; •  .-..."  ...'• •;-:•. V •>./;'.' ..'. .TITLE 40 -. PROTECTION. OF ENVIRONMENT        ' '••-• •-.,.'•   '
     •• .  .... ...  ..  -. •• ..  •-..- ....-..-•-     ..-•..'.    .    •    ,...-.        • •     ;.-•:•-•.
      .    --..-{.-•    • .:--v  .1.. Chapter I - Environmental Protection Agency      •'-••  •  •-.  .  '
        '   '  M  '  ""      ;         -
     •   .     .:.,.../.-•     -Subchapter C - Air Programs           . •    -• •
    •I—..  .;'  """/••..-•••.
     . -' .  ,.  .  .-.Part 51..- Preparation, Adopt-ion, and Submittal of Implementation Plans
     I                   Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
     •            On August 14, 1971  (36 FR 15486),- the Administrator of the Environmental
            • Protection Agency promulgated as 42 CFR Part 420 regulations for the prepara-
     g       tion, adoption, and submittal of State Implementation Plans under section 110
     m-~-~] '   °f tne clean Air Act> as amended.  These regulations v/ere republished
     •    '   November 25, 1971 (36 FR 22369), as 40 CFR Part 51.
     •            On April  18/1973 (38 FR 9599), the Administrator proposed amendments
              to those regulations- designed primarily to expand the scope of review
    '|       prior to construction or modification of b '   ;ngs, facilities, and instal-
     H       lations so as  to require consideration of the air quality impact not onlv
             .of ,pollutan:r  ,  ttn:' Jirectly from stationary sources (consideration of
      I'
          .   .which was already required by ,J CFR ^1) but also of pollution ans,.-;
            .  from mobile sous ce activity associated with such buildings, fad ": '"it
                                            I"
              and installations.   The  proposed »mendments were, and still an,  ^cnsiderea
     • -  '   .a necessary addition to  the Federal -Slate system for implementing, and Torp
              particularly,  for maintaining, the national ambient air quality standards.
     J   .         In the preamble to  the proposed amendments, the Administrator called
     ••.  -     attention to the importance of analyzing the general growth of population,
    •.."••      industrial activity, and mobile sources in relation to regional air
      ft  "•   quality.   The  Administrator did not propose to require such ana'ysi-,
    •   .';.;  .  .but urged that States consider t!r  use of such procedures   A nunier of
      I       comments  were  received urging that such analysis be required on the ground
    
      I
    

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    ..'   that  preconstruction  review  of  individual sources  could not adequately deal
    
        with'  generalized  growth  and  its impact on regional  air quality.   It
    
        1s  the  Administrator's judgment that such procedures, in addition to
                                     -  •   •        •'••.*.     ,          * -
        review  of  new  or  modified  sources, are necessary to ensure maintenance of
    
        the national standards,  particularly because source-by-source analysis
    
        is  not  an  adequate means of  evaluating, on a regional scale, the  air
    
        quality impact of growth and development.  Consequently, the regulation
    
      •\promulgated below includes the  following additional requirements:
     	\^
             1.  Within nine  months,  States must identify  those areas (counties,
    
        urbanized  areas,  Standard  Metropolitan Statistical Areas, etc.) which, due
    
        to  current air quality and/or projected growth rate, may have the potential
              \
       .for exceeding  any national standard within the next ten-year period.
    .            \
          •  2.  Based on this information submitted by States, the Administrator
    
        wiii  jjuuiisii ci i iil ui putencidi piobieiu dror   /ii.di will ue arialyzeu in
    
      ••.more  detail by the ^tates; interested Persons will, have an opportunity to
    
        comment  on the pi;1^ 3hed list.                   .       .
    
             3.  Within 24 ironths  of the date of promulgation of these regulations,
    
        States must submit an analysis  of the impact on air quality of projected
                      '»                     »
        growth  in  each potential problem area designated by the Administrator.
                                                *- •
    
        Where necessary,  plans must  also be submitted describing the measures that
    
        will  be  taken  to  ensure maintenance of the national standards during the
    
        ensuing  ten-year  period.
    
            The required analysis will have to deal with  all the significant
    
        air quality imp!ications of  growth and development, including not only
    
        the increased  air pollution  arising directly from  new commercial, industrial,
    

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    I
    
       •',...      ...,-,-    . v     •        .    . 3
    |" '    .'"",.and residential  development but  also  that  arising  from increases in demand
     ':    ''   'for electricity  and heat,  motor  vehicle  traffic, and  production of solid
    ™         .  waste.       ;..'..                                 •             i
                         . •   '    '                  .                                            f
    •      •••••..•   ^^  The'above considerations must be  reanalyzed  at  five-year intervals.
                     Individual  source  review generally  is more  practicable and meaningful
                                                  I-   '
                with respect,  to  the localized impact  of  a  single source.   Furthermore,
    •         : for pollutants  such as  hydrocarbons and  nitric oxide, which affect air
                quality through  complex atmospheric reactions resulting  in the formation
    •• of photochemical oxidants  and nitrogen dioxide,  analytical tools that can
                be used with  confidence to "predict the air quality impact  of  a single source
    I                                             '
    •          are not now availably.
    •    •.          As a result of the comments received, a number of additional changes
                have been made  to the proposed amendments.  The  changes, described below,
    H          a i i cut c:ir   > •/1 i-mcn i.ai. i un  p i on uMuviiiuns  mii-Cil  I>tate3 miti nave Co SuuiuiC
    ™ . .      .  .                           it      ^,.
    _  •  •     'by August (5, li*/3, in  response  to that  portion of these renulatiors which
                prescribes new  and modified source review  procedures.
     I              1.  Where the State designates a governmenta1  agency  other :    •  T
                air pollution control agency to  carry, out  the new  source review procedures,
     •         that agency is required to consult with  th-e State  air pollution control agency
     •         prior to rendering its  decision.  This requirement will  assure proper
                coordination  regarding  air pollution  matters and appropriate  use of existing
     I         technical expertise.                 '  •         :
                     2.  State plans must  describe the basis for determining  whirh fncililies
     •         will be subject to the  new source review procedures.
                     13.  State plans must  describe the administrative procedures to be
                                        * "
                used in implementing the new source review requirements.
     I
    

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     •    '     •  .  •   • '  • •  .    . •  .        4            ':/''•    '•'•.'••'••.•
    
    
    
        ...'.  4.   In States where the specified 30-day period for submittal  of
       j
    
    
       public comment conflicts with existing legal  requirements for acting
    
    
    
    .   on requests for permission to "construct or modify, the State may submit
                                              i
    
    
       for approval  a comment period which is consistent with the existing
    
                             '                 \
    
       requirements.              • .   .                    •
    
    
    
            5.   The  agency responsible for new source review must notify all
    
    
    
       State and local  air pollution control  agencies with jurisdiction
    
    
    
      'within an air quality control region whenever it receives a request
    
    
    
      for permission to construct or modify a facility within  the region.
    
    
    
      This requirement  is  intended to ensure that such agencies have
    
     .                                     V
    
       adequate  opportunity-to  comment on a proposed source which is to
    
    
    
      be located in another jurisdiction but may affect air quality             ^
    
    
    
    '   in their  own  jurisdiction.              "                       ...
    
    
    
            u.   IMC  awyytra c'li^.ta y i c v'i OliS ij Hlvi uucU ' in nppcnuiX u n I ui  ics^cCt tu
    
    
    
       sizes of  facilities  to oe covered  by new  source review procedures have  been
    
    
    
       replaced  by a description of a more objective technique  which States can
    
    
    
       use in making this determination.
    
    
    
            Several  comments were received which questioned whether EPA has
    
    
    
       legal authority to promulgate requirements for review of the indirect
    
    
    
       impact of new or  modified sources, i.e.,  the  impact arising from associated
    
    
    
      mobile source activity.   Essentially,  the argument was made that EPA's
    
    
    
       authority in  this regard is limited to requiring an assessment of the air
    
    
    
      quality impact of pollutants emitted directly from stationary sources.
    
    
    
       EPA believes  that this argument is inconsistent with the provisions
    

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    I
    J •-.  " •   .of section 110(a)(2)(D), which requires that'lmplementation  plans  Include
    _,. j...  •  .  V. ..such other measures as may be necessary to  Insure  attainment and
    ™  •        maintenance of such primary and. secondary standard,  Including, but
                                                        ,        »
    • '; . -.. .    not limited to,  land-use and transportation controls."   In the
                Administrator's  judgment, review of the indirect impact  of new. or
    I          modified sources is just as necessary to ensure maintenance  of the
    •          national standards  as  is review of the direct impact.
                     A number of comments were received suggesting that  the
    •  •       Admini-strator specify  or otherwise limit the responsibility  for the
       "         new source review/approval procedure to certain types  of governmental
    I                                   '
    •       •   agencies (e.g.,  only the State or only an air pollution  control agency).
     •      •    The changes discussed  above are designed 1 ,  oart, to ensure  proper
             •   coordination of, and input from,  all  appropriate agencies.   It is the
     1 -    '    Administrator's  judgment that :he requirement .for consultation with
                                                       v'                         -     —
     ».'.'-.    cognizant   ai, pollution control  agencies is adequate  to ensi^"
                appropriate consideration of air quality in  those ca?e?  where  ~e \tate
     I         or local decision-making agency is  not itself an air pollution T:;'.  :
                agency.
     I             A number of air pollution control  agencies suggested that
     •         the public coimient  requirements would  impose an unnecessary  burden,
                since  it will  involve  the public  in what they characterized  as largely
     I         a  technical  judgment.   Other groups requested that public participation
                be expanded to include opportunity  for a public hearing, not j<>st  -'^:
      •         opportunity to_submit  written comments.   In  the Administrator's judgment,
      •     .    the proposed requirement for public comment  represented  a reasonable
                                         •* "
      I
    

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                                      6        '  .,   '
     «     t
     b.alance between  these  conflicting positions and was consistent with
     the emphasis  in  the Act on public participation in developing and
    carrying out  the implementation plans.  Accordingly, it is not being           ;
     modified.                                                                      •
         There were  a number of suggestions as to the factors, other than the
     impact of mobile source activity, that should be examined during the new
    source review process, including:
         1.  The  "displaced" stationary source emissions resulting from the
    •_,    operation of a new facility (e.g., the load a facility places
         on existing power plants and incinerators).
         2,  The construction phase of a facility.
         3.  Whether the facility itself may,  in  effect, create a new
         receptor point where air quality .standards mast be attained and
         maintained  (e.g,s it Duiiding constructed over a Treeway or in an
         area impacted by an existing stactc plume).
         4.  Whether :i iacinly shpuld be allowed to "use up" the entire
                                                 *
         air resource in a given area.
         The Administrator believes that 'it is neither necessary nor practicable
     to specify in detail the possible considerations which States must examine
     in reviewing new facilities.  In general,  States should consider air
     pollution aspects of a new facility which  are not adequately covered by
     other provisions in the implementation plan.   For example, existing
    nuisance and fugitive regulations may be adequate to deal with the construction
     phase of a facility.  "Displaced" stationary source emissions are much more
     significant as a by-product of general growth and development, and should be
     assessed in that context, rather than in relation to any individual source.
    

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    I
    
    
    If.                 .'•     :                    ,;            v~     T'
    • '       _      Finally,  it would seem prudent  for  a  State  to avoid a situation whero  a
    _ ,             source would "use up"  the  entire  air  resource in an area; however, the
    •c
    • •;           .Administrator cannot require  that States allocate their air resources  in
    M   \          any given  manner.
    I
                        One comment suggested that the Administrator require  that States
    
                   adopt procedures to implement the authority  required  under 40 CFR 51.11 (a]
              \
               \   (4) to prevent operation of a new or existing  source  which intereferes v/i-
    
                 \ attainment or maintenance of a national  standard.   Under 40 CFR 51.11(a)(2
             I.
                   States already are required to have legal  authority to enforce their implc
    
                   mentation plans, including'authority to  seek injunctive relief.  Further-
    I                   \
    •              more, where an implementation plan is substantially inadsquate to attain
    
              I-   •  and maintain a national  standard, it   -t  be revised.  Accordingly, it is
                            \
                   EPA's position that it is not necessary.to require States  to adopt additi:
    
    1.1    •        procedi.  ••-'- for preventing the operation,ot sources.
    
    •    '-.       .      it, is emphasized th"t these regulations are  not  in!c^ ,'<.   .;,d should
    
      | '.          not be construed,  to mean that the only  choices "pen  t~ c-tatt and local
    
      Ij            agencies are to approve  o^ disapprove construction or rodifii  i  ,    I .'her;
      |
       i            a facility can be  designed and/.or located  so as to be compatible with mii:
    If
    •;             nance of national  sUndards'or provtded  with services, e.g., mass  ^ansit:
      j -                   * /   *    i
      Ij            that will make it  compatible, States and local  agencies, as well as facil:
      I
                   o.vnors' and operators, should explore such  possibilities.
            I.;
      '!       \           EPA, through  its Regional  Offices,  will provide  assistance to -"-.o
      1                *                      i
                   States in:      '
    I       -
       i
       ;                  1.  Detenriining types -••nc' sizes of sources v/hich should be subject
     •'               '   to  the nev/ source review procedures;
    
    
    •I!                          ..     '   "
    

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                                       8
         2.   Developing  the  technical procedures to be used in analzying the
         air  quality  impact  of  individual sources;
         3.   Identifying  areas which may exceed a national standard within the
         next ten years;  and
                                            i
        •4.   Analyzing the impact of general growth and development in such
         problem areas.
    
         These amendments are being promulgated pursuant to an order of the
    United States Court  of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in the
    case of Natural Pxesources Defense Council, Inc., et al. v. EPA, case No.
    72-1522,  and seven related  cases, which order was entered January 31, 1973,
    and modified February 12, 1973.  States will be required to submit their
    plan revisions  to comply with these new requirements involving new source
    'review procedures no  later  than August 15, 1973.  After such submission, the
    Environmental Protection Agency will ha-vt' two'liibnths to review and approve
    or disapprove the pensions and an additional two months to propose and pro-
    mulgate regulations  to replace any disapproved State procedures.  As discussed
    above, the identification of potential problem areas must be submitted within
    12 months and the detailed  analysis and plan dealing with these problem areas
    are due within  24 months of the date of promulgation of these regulations.
         These amendments to Part 51 of Chapter I, Title 40, are effective
    upon publication.
         Authority:  Sections 110 and 301(a) of the Clean Air Act, as amended
    (42 U.S.C. 1857C-5,  1857g(a)).   -
    Dated
                                                      Administrator
    

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    I
    
    1            .                                  •:                       7            .
        i»                                      i                        *             »
    I     •        Part  51 of Chapter  I, Title 40-of the Code of Federal Regulations is
    •        amended as follows:
               1.   In s  51.1, paragraphs  (f) and  (g) are revised to read as
    •    '   follows:
              1 51.1  Definitions.
    I        *                   *                  *                  *                 *
    •         (f)  "Owner  or operator" means any  person who  owns,  leases,  operates, controls,
              or  supervises a facility, building,  structure, or  installation which
    g        directly  or  indirectly results or may result  in emissions  of any
              air pollutant for  whjch  a national  standard   is in effect.
    •'       *                  *                 *                *                *
    •         (g)  "Local  agency" means any local  governp^it agency,  other than  the State
              agency, which is  charged with the responsibility  for carrying out  a portion
              of  a plan.
                                                       vr"
    |        2.  In 151,5, paragraph (a)(3)is a^ded as follows:
    
              151.5  Subnrisr-'on of plans; pro1 '-in* nary review of plans.
    
    I        (a)  * * *
    
    •              (3)  For compl-;?rc^ with the requirements of ss51 .11 (a)(4) and r"M
              later than August 15, 1973.
    
    |        3.   In I 51.11, paragraph (a) (4) is revised to read as follows:
    —        I 51. 11  Legal authority.
    •        (a)  * * *
    
    •             (4)  Prevent construction, modification, or operation of a facility,
    
                   building, structure, or" installation, or combination thereof, which '
    
    |             directly or indirectly results or may result in emissions of any air"
                                         -* '     f
                   pollutant at any location which will prevent the attainment or mainte-
    •
                                                                                        p$  no
                    nancp  of  *  n.-ifi r,r,->i  ^.,--1 —
    

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                                        10                              .   f
    4.   In £ 51.12, paragraphs (e), (f.), (g) and'(h) are added ar follows:
    I 51.12  Control strategy:  General
    *                  *                 *                 *                 *
    (e)  The plan shall identify those areas (counties, urbanized areas, Standard
    Metropolitan Statistical Areas, etc.) which, due to current air quality and/or
    projected growth rate, may have the potential for exceeding any national  standard
    within the subsequent ten-year period.
                                              •
         (1)  For each such area identified, the plan shall  generally describe
         ttie intended method and timing for producing the analysis and plan
         required by paragraph (g).
         (2)  The area identification and description of method and timing
         required by this paragraph shall be submitted no later than nine
         months foil owing the effective date .of this paragraph.
         (3)  At five-year intervals, the area ider .fixation shall be
         reassessed to deter.''T,  if additi- al  areas should  be subject to the
         requiregents vf paragraph- (g).
    (f)  Based on the information submitted by the States pursuant to paragraph  (e)
    of this section, the Administrator will publish, within  12 months of
    the effective date of this paragraph, a list of the areas v/hich sha'il be
    subject to the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section.
    (g)  For each area identified by the Administrator pursuant to
    paragraph (f) of'this section, the State shall submit, no later than
    24 months following the effective date of this paragraph, the following:
         (1)  An analysis of the impact on air quality of projected growth
         and development over the ten-year period from the date of submittal.
    

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    I
     I
                                                                                      .;•
       I-    „
                     (2)  A plan to prevent any national  standards  from  being  exceeded
    _               over the ten-year period from the date  of plan submlttal.  Such
                     plan shall  Include; as necessary, control  strategy  revisions and/or
    I               other measures to ensure that projected growth and  development will be
                     compatible  with maintenance of the national  standards  throughout such
    I               ten-year period.  Such plan shall be subject to the provisions of
    •               §51.6 of this part.
                (h)  Plans submitted pursuant to paragraph (g)  shal.l  be  reanalyzed and re-
    vised where necessary at five-year intervals.
     •          5.   Section 51.18-is  revised to read as  follows:
                I 51.18  Review of new sources  and  modifications.
     •          (a)   Each plan  shall set forth  legally enforceable  procedures which shall be
     •          adequate to enable the State or a local  -i(, ---cy to determine whether the con-
                struction or modification of a  facility,  building,  structure, or installation,
                                                       Iv-
                or combir.;" "^  thereof, will  result in violations of applicable portions of the
                control  strategy  or will   interfere with  ".ttainrrent or maintenance, of a national
     *          standard  either  directly because of emissions from it, or indirectly, because
     I          of emissions resulting from nobile  source activities associated v."iw: i~,,
                (b)   Such procedures shall  include  means  by.which the State or local agency
     |         reponslble for  final decision-making on an application for approval to v:nstruct
     «         or modify W1'llprevent  such  construction or modification if it will result in a
                violation of applicable portions  of the control strategy or will interfere with
     •         the  attainment  or maintenance of a  national standard.
                (c)   Such procedures shall-provide  for the submission, by the ownrr or operator
     •         of the  building,  facility,  structure,  or  installation to be constructed or modi-
     •         fled, of such information "on:
                     (1)  the nature and amounts  of  emissions  to be  emitted by it or emitted
      I
    

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                                        12                        <             •  •
    ,   .                                   i                        1             r
         by associated  mobile  sources;  .
         (2) the  location,  design,  construction,  and operation of such facility,
         building,  structure,  or installation  as  may be  necessary to  permit the
         State or local agency to make  the determination referred to  in  paragraph
         (a) of this section.
    (d)  Such procedures shall provide  that approval of  any construction or modifi-
    cation shall  not affect the responsibility of the  owner or  operator  to comply
    with applicable portions of the control strategy.
    (e)  Each plan shall identify the State or local  agency which will  be
    responsible for meeting the r-equirements of this  section in each  area of  the
    State.  Where such responsibility rests with an agenc;  other than an air
    pollution control agency,  such agency shall consult  with the appropriate  State
    or local air pollution control agency in carrying  out the provisions of this
    section.
                                            >.»»--
    (f)  Such procedures shall identify types  and sizes  01  faci tides,  buildings,
    structures or installations which will be  subject  to review pursuant to this
    section.  The plan shall discuss'the basis for determining  which  facilities
    shall be subject to review.
                                           »
    (g)  The plan shall include the adminisi:ratjye procedures,  which  will be  •..    .-
    followed in making the determination specified in  paragraph (a) of this section.
    (h)  (1)  Such procedures  shall provide that prior to approving or disapproving
         the construction or modification of a facility, building,  structure, or
         installation pursuant to this  section, the State or local  agency will
         provide opportunity for public comment on the information  submitted  by
         the owner or operator and on the agency's analysis of  the  effect of  such
         construction or modification on ambient air quality, including  the agency's
         proposed approval  or  disapproval.
    

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    I
        •       »  •                                   i13                      1             :  •
    •     •          (2)  For purposes of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, opportunity for
    •               public comment shall include, as a minimum:
                          (1) availability for public inspection in at least one location
    |                    In the region affected of the information submitted by the owner
    _                    or operator and of the State or local agency's analysis of the
    *                    effect on air quality.
    •                    (ii) a 30-day period for submittal  of public comment,  and
                          (iii) a notice by prominent advertisement in the  region affected of
    |              __     the location of the source information and analysis  specified  in
    •                    subdivision (i) of this subparagraph.
                     (3)  Where the 30-day comment period required ,n subdivision (2)(i?)
    I       .        of this paragraph would conflict with existing requirements  for acting
                     on requests for perr..i'jion to construct  or modify,  the State may
    •               submit for approval  a comment per. ,J which  is consistent  with such
                                                      V''
    •        •       existing requirements.
                     (4)  , copy of the notice required by subparagraph  (2) of this
    £               pargr'h "hall  also be sent to the  Administrator through the Appropriate
    —               Regional  Office,  and to all  other State  and local air  pollution control
    *               agencie"  having jurisdiction in the  region  in which n •>•.  r.r.»v or modified
    •               installation will be located.   The notice  also shall be  sent ^  any
                     other agency in the  region having responsibility for implementing the
    |               procedures required  under this section.
    m          (i)   Suggestions for developing procedures to meet the requirements  of
                this section are set forth in Appendix 0.
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    

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                                       14                                 *
         In this part, Appendix 0 is added as follows:
                                    Appendix'0
         The following guidelines are intended to assist in the development of
    regulations and procedures to comply with the requirements of section 51.18.
    
    1.   With respect to facilities which would significantly affect air quality
    because of emissions arising from associated mobile source activity, reviev/
    procedures should cover any facility which can reasonably be expected to
    cause or induce sufficient mobile source activity so that the resulting
    emissions Plight be expected to interfere with the attainment or maintenance
    of a national standard.  The likelihood that there will be such interference
                                       w
    will vary with local"conditions, such as current air quality, meteorology,
    topography, and growth rates.  For this reason, it is not practicable to
    establish definitive nationally applicable criteria as to the types or sizes
    of sucii facilities which should Le revTewed.  There are, however, certain
    types of facilities which generally should be considered for review.  Experier.:
    and estimating techniques have indicated that the air quality impact of certis-ir
    types and sizes of facilities is potentially significant regardless of their
    location.  They include major highways and airports, large region?! shopping
    centers, major municipal sports complexes or stadiums, major parking facilitie:
    and large amusement and recreational facilities.  The above examples are not
    meant to be exhaustive.  Local conditions must be considered in determining
                   •
    which types of facilities will be subject to new source review.
         New source review procedures must also consider the impact of a new
    or modified source in political jurisdictions other than the one in which
    it is located.   Construction or modification of that source must be pre-
    vented if the impact in another political jurisdiction is great enough to
    

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    I
                '    .'
           •     .     Interfere with attainment or maintenance of a national  standard,  whether
                     or not there is significant impact in the political  jurisdiction  of the
                     facility.
    
                     2.   Frequently, a substantial amount, of information v/ill  be needed to make
                     the determinations required by I 51.18.   In addition to general  information
    •                the nature, design, and size of a facility, data  on  its expected  mode of
                     operation also will be needed in order to estimate the  types and  amounts of
                     air pollutant emissions likely to be associated with it.   The operational
                     data needed to make such estimates may include time  periods  of operation,
                     anticipated numbers of employees and/or patrons,  expected  transportation
                     routes, modes, and habits of employees and/or patrons,  and so on.
                          Data on present ; . r quality, topography, and meteorology and on
                     emissions from other sources in ti   affected area may also be necessary.
     I.
     §'
     j
     •
                          T.n then'  r,:ses  wrier -  on  environmental  impact  statement  (EIS) has been o
                     will  be prepared under the National  Environmental  Policy  A>J  ,»-  similar Stafr
    •
    p               or local  laws,  the EIS may well  be an  excellent  source  of information to aid
    «               in making the  determinations  required  by §  51.18,  According!,, ,  agencies
    m
                     responsible for new  source reviews are encouraged  to  moke such use of EIS
     •               wherever possible in order to avoid  needless  duplication  of  infon. tion
          •           gathering and  analysis.
      •
      I
    

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                                        re
    attainment or maintenance of a national sta
                                      *
    significant impact 1n the political jurlsdi
    
    2.   Frequently, a substantial amount of 1n
    the determinations required by i 51.18.  In
    the nature, design, and size of a facility,
    operation also will be needed in order to e
    air pollutant emissions likely to be associated v.'ith" it.  The operational
    socl
    inci
       I
     rd, whether or not there is
    ion of the facility.
    
    rmation will be needed to make
    ddition to general information on
    ata on its expected mode of
    imate the types and amounts of
    data needed to make such estimates may include tirr.e periods of operation,
    anticipated numbers of employees and/or patrons, expected transportation
    routes, modes, and"habits of employees and/or patrons, and so on.
                                            /
         Data on present .air quality, topography, and meteorology may also be
    necessary, as well as total emissions iii the affected region if a sophisticatec
                                        "' /
    air quality simulation model is used. /
         In those cases v.'here an environmental impact statement (EIS) has been or
    will be p'-Y-parsc under the National Environmental Policy Act or similar State
    or local  u.v.s, the EIS may well be an excellent source of information to aid
                                   -   /
    1n making the exterminations required by 1 51,18.  Accordingly, agencies
    responsible for new source reviews are encouraged to make such use of EIS
    wherever possible 1n order to avojd needless duplication of information
    gathering and analysis.
    

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    I	
                                                    17
       I.    I    •
                •3.    Wherever possible,  modeling techniques  for  approximating  the effects
       •     •                                      *
    •           of  facilities with  associated mobile  source  activity  on air quality should
                 be  used.   A simplified relationship between  emission  density  (pollutant mass/
    I     ,      time/area), size  of an area (such as  a  parking lot) and maximum downwind
    m           concentration of  carbon  monoxide is given  in Figure 1.  This  relationship was
               ,  derived using a technique similar to  one used by Hanna.   The  relationships
    •           depicted in Figure  1  are based on assumptions of flat terrain,  average atmos-
                 pheric  stability  (Class  D) with a steady v/ind speed of 1 meter/second, constant
    •          wind  direction, even  distribution of  emissions at  ground level  over the area, en,
    •          insignificant edge  effects.   Various  assumptions are  needed to  calculate precise'
                 the emission  density  from a  facility., including  vehicle speeds  within the aree, "
     |          distribution  of automobile ages (which  will  determine which vehicle emission
     _          factor  to  use), the average  area occupied  by a vehicle, the fraction of the
     *          total area  v.rnd  nay  be  occupied by vehicles, and  the maximum number of vehicles
     •          Cunning ciiri'Kan^usly for onr-hour and~"eight-hour periods (to  determine if
                 either  c= -boa monoxide ambient air quality standard will be exceeded;.
     J               Prior  to employing  the  emission  density-air quality relationships in Figure
      •          1, other factors  may  first have to be considered in determining wf ther ambient
                 air quality standards  will  be  exceeded.  These factors incWae  measured or esti-
    '  I          mated existing air quality,  the impact  of  any point sources planned tr, or near t~
                 facility and  the  impact  of any traffic  routes on or near the facility passing \vi:
      •  .        1n close proximity of critical  receptors.  Also, consideration  should be given t:
      •          any factors which differ substantially  from  the  assumptions made in the Figure 1
                 relationship,  such as  topography, meteorology, aerodynamic effects, end spatial
      I         	
                 IHanna, S.R.,  "A Simple  Method  of Calculating Dispersion from Urban Area
                Sources", Journal  of  the Air Pollution  Ccntrol Association, Vol. 21, pp. 714-
                777 (1971)7~	
      I
    

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                                        18
    'distribution of motor vehicles, height of emission, and any facility configu-
     ration which would constrain the dispersion of pollutants (such as a parking
     deck).
         In addition to providing an estimate of the impact of individual area
     sources, relationships similar to those depicted in Figure 1 can be of value
     1n determining which types and sizes of facilities should be subject to review.
         A technique incorporating the Figure 1 relationship exists and will be
     available to the States and through the Regional Offices.  Several additional
     techniques to evaluate the impact of indirect sources of
     carbon monoxide are currentJy under study and will be made available
    v/hen developed.
         The following publications are among those describing other available tech-
     niques for estimating air quality impact of direct and indirect sources of
     emissions:
         (1)  Turner, D. B.; "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates," PHS
         No. 999-AP-26 (1969).
         (2)  US EPA; "Compilation t)f Air Pollutant Emission Factors'" CAP No.
         AP-42 (Feb. 1972).
         (3)  BHggs, G. A.; "Plume Rise"; TID-25075 (1969), Clearinghouse for
         Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. 22151.
         (4)  Mancuso, R. L., and Ludwig, F.L.; "Users Manual for the APRAC-1A
         Urban Diffusion Model Computer Program," "Stanford Research Institute
         Report" prepared for EPA under contract.  CPA 3-68 (1-69) (Sept. 1972).
         Available at Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Informaticr
         Springfield, Va.  22151.
         (5)  Zimmerman, J.R-.; and Thompson, R. S.; "User's Guide for HIl.'AY," papGr
         under preparation, Met. Lab., EPA, RTP, N. C.
    

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    I
       .                                                      .
    —               (6)  USGRA:   "Proceedings  of Symposium  on  Multi-Source Urban Diffusion
    •'               Models," GAP Publication No. AP-86 (1970).
    ft         -      (7)  Air Quality Implementation Planning Program, Volume  I, Operators
                     Manual,  PB 198-299 (1970).   Clearinghouse  for  Federal Scientific and
    I               Technical Information,  Springfield,  Va. 22151.
    •               (8)  Henna,  S.  R.; "Simple Mothods of Calculating Dispersion from Urban
                     Area Sources,"  paper presented at Conference on -Air Pollution Meteorology,
    •               Raleigh, N.  C.  (Apr. 1971).   Available  at  Clearinghouse for Federal
                     Scientific and  Technical Information, Springfield, Va. 22151.
    ™               (9)  ASME:   "Re contended Guide for the  Prediction of Dispersion of Airborr;
    •               Effluents,"  United -Engineering Center,  345 E.  47th Street, New York, New
                     York  10017   (1968).
    1               (10)  Slade,  D.  H.  (editor):   "KeJ  oology and Atomic Energy 1968,"
                     USAEC (1968).
    I
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    GUIDELINE  SERIES
              OAQPS NO.  1.2-oosA
               PLAN RFVISIONS AND
             SUPPLEMENTS - PROCEDURES
             FOR APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL
     VS. ENVIRONMENT.*! PROTECTION AGENCY
    
       Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
    
         Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
    

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    1
    I
                                  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          foplvlo
          Attn of:   OAQPS, CPDD, SIB                                           DaU:
    
          Subjtct:   Plan Revision and Supplements—Procedures for Approval /Disapproval
    
    
             To:
                  See Below
    
                       These guidelines present revised procedures for review and approval/
                  disapproval of State Implementation Plans.  The revisions have been made
                  1n an effort to streamline existing procedures outlined in the Sanson/Quarles
                  September 14, 1972, Memorandum of Understanding.  These guidelines supersede
                  pp. 2-4 of the Sansom/Quarles Memorandum.  The changes in procedures are
                  summarized below.
    
                       1.   Transfers the basic responsibility for Federal Register package
                       preparation to the Regional Offices.
                       2.   More clearly defines the basic responsibilities of Regional
                       Offices, OAWP, and OEGC.
                       3.   Streamlines the procedures for handling submittals from states.
                       Eliminates time consuming delays presently required in the submlttal
                       of comments and recommendations back and forth between the Regional
                       Office and headquarters.  In non-controversial cases, saves about
                       one month in processing time for meet actions.
    
                       4.   Sets forth a mechanism for p.ucessing cases wherein there are
                       differences of opinion among Regional Offices, OAWP, and OEGC.
    
                       The °pqiona1 Offices and OEGC have been given an opportunity to comment
                  on the revisions.  Also, the revisions were presented at a seminar it
                  Washington on May 11, 197?  which was attended by representative  of th
                  Regional Offices.
    I
    1
                                         Norman G.  Edmisten,  Chief
                                      Standards Implementation  Branch
                                             Control  Programs
                                           Development Division
    
    Addressees:  Regional Administrator,  Regions I  -  X
                 Director, Division of Air and Water  Programs,  Region  I-X  (2)
                 Principal Air Contacts,  Region I-X (3)
                 R. Wilson (5)
                 B. Steigerwald
                 R. Neligan
                 J. Padgett
                 R. Baum
                 D. Goodwin
                 SIB Personnel
    

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    I
    •               PLAN REVISIONS AND SUPPLEMENTS  -  PROCEDURES  FOR APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL
                                        (Except compliance  schedules -
    •                         See General  Enforcement Procedural  Guidelines  S-5)
    
    |                The procedures for review and  approval/disapproval  of State  Implemen-
    _           tatlon Plans  (1n use since January  1971) are  1n  need of  extensive modification
    ™           to Implement  the major decentralization of this  activity to  the Regional
    •           Offices.  The purpose of this  section is to outline the  procedures that will
                 be followed for all future plan revisions  and supplemental information
    ]           remaining to  be submitted.
    _                These procedures shall  apply to  all SIP  related actions that involve a
    •           change or modification in the  approved State  Implementation  Plan except
    •           compliance type actions (i.e., compliance  schedule, enforcement orders, regu-
                 latory changes, etc.).  However^ any  compliance  schedule, variance, postpone-
    g           ment request, etc., that extends the  d ";  cf  emission  compliance beyond the
    _           ambient air quality standard attainment date  1n  the applicable SIP or makes
    ™           a permaner^  ' ange in the  allowable emission  rate for  a  source(s) Is considered
    •           a SIP revision since such  actions may affect  the  achievement of air quality
                 standards,
    •                The Regional  Offices  are  responsible  for direct interface with the State
                 in all matters involving the development and  submittal of SIP revisions and
    »           supplements.   All  SIP materials are submitted by  the State to their rev  tive
    •           EPA regional  office.   The  Regional  Office,  in turn, will  distribute the
    I
    I
                 submittal s  to the  EPA headquarter offices  for  appropriate  review  and comment.
                 The regional  offices; therefore,  are  responsible  for  seeing  that  all material
                 germaine to the  SIP  action  or matter  at  hand has  been received  from the
    

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    State(s) and 1s available as needed for the review,  evaluation,  and recom-
    mendation process.  The OAWP will serve as a focal  point for final  processing
    such as the Administrator's briefing, Steering Committee and Quality of Life
    reviews, and Federal Register publications, and preparation of materials for
    news releases.  It 1s necessary that OAWP coordinate this material  for purposes
    of publication 1n the Federal Register 1n order to  assure that adequate adherence
    to national policy 1s maintained.  However, the basic responsibility for the
    preparation of the Federal Register package is hereafter delegated  to
    the Regional Offices..  Procedural guidance in the form of personal  consultation
    and written guidelines will be provided by CPDD-SIB  as necessary to assist  and
    expedite the prompt preparation of Federal Register actions by the  Regional
    Off1ce(s).
         Every attempt must be made by the Regional Office(s) to expedite the
    preparation of Federal Register packages.  It 1s expected that most actions
    will be of a routine and self-explanatory nature.  Such action will receive
    Immediate concurrence by OAQPS and OEGC and the Regional Office  can proceed
    almost immediately with the preparation of the Federal Register  package.  If,
    however, the Regional Office has a submlttal or revision priority status, the
    OAQPS-CPDD and OEGC-DSSE will accommodate such request and complete the
    analysis and recommendations as expeditiously as possible.
         Every attempt will be made by the Regional Office to resolve non-concurrence
    and positions of difference so a unified position 1s presented 1n the Federal
    Register package forwarded to the Administrator.  It 1s recognized that there
    will be certain Issues where complete concurrence will not be achieved.  A
    scheme of basic authority is proposed to provide an orderly procedure for
    handling such Issues and at the same time providing each organization the
    

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    I
    •            opportunity to be heard.   The  location of  basic  authority on SIP decisions
                  1s  as  follows:
    I                    Primary Responsibility                        Off1ce
    _               Matters  of national  policy  and  precedent            OAWP
     I
     I
     I
                     Legal/Procedural                                    OEGC
                     Regulatory/non-regulatory  where  policy  and  precedent
                       has  been established                             Regional Office
    I           In Instances where differences cannot be resolved, the Federal Register
                 package will be prepared on the assumption that the position .and recommen-
    ™           datlon of the office having primary responsibility will prevail as the
    •           final agency position.  However, the briefing document will Indicate all
                 dissenting position with Tab attachments containing the position and
    •           Information received from the dissenting offices.
    
    ™                Following is an item-by-item descr ,,cion of the procedures to be
    •           followed from the initial submittal of a plan revlslor to final action 1n the
                 federal Reo   ;er.
    I                1.   Regional Office receives five copies of the SIP supplemental or
                      proposed SIP revision from State.
    •                2.   Regional Office reviews proposed revisions and supplement?   If
    •                State submittal is obviously unapprovable, the Regional Office "•• ^e^s
                      to worl* with the State agency for appropriate corrections of modlfit   ans.
    J                3.   Regional Office, on the basis of review and actions in Step 2, prepares
                      a brief memorandum outlining preliminary action recommendations.  A copy
    •                of the State submittals and the preliminary Regional Office recommendation
                      Is forwarded to:
    

    -------
         a.   Mr, Jean J. Schueneman,  Office of A1r Quality Planning and
         Standards, Control Programs Development Division,  Research  Triangle
         Park, North Carolina  27711
         b.   Mr. Richard Wilson,  Office of General  Enforcement, Division of
         Stationary Source Enforcement,  Waterside Mall,  Washington,  D.  C. 20460
         c.   Mr. Robert Baum, Office  of General  Council, A1r  Quality and
         Radiation Division, Waterside Mall, Washington, D.  C.  20460,  for  any
         matter Involving decisions on legal authority.
    
    In many Instances, the Issue Involved 1n the State submlttal 1s  of minor
    non-controversial nature.  In  such cases,  the Regional  Office will  prepare
    a short memorandum so Indicating with brief statements  on  proposed actions.
         In those instances where  the  Issue Involved 1n  the State submittal 1s
    technically and/or legally complex,  the Regional Office shall provide an
    adequate body of information from  which L; m,»ke proper  comments  and recom-
    mendations.  The submitted material  should Include a sunmary of  relevant
    background •?. formation, a summary  by category of testimony at public
    hearings, discussion of objections,  or determination advocated by parties
    concerned, the Regional Office recommendations,  and  a draft of proposed EPA
    regulations, 1f required.
    4.   A few of the submittals and revisions received  by  the Regional Office
    will be technically or legally complex or may involve sensitive  issues.
    Where technical or legal assistance  or support is needed in the  analysis
    and preparation of the Federal Register package, such assistance is available
    on request from OAQPS and OEGC. The Regional Office should Indicate  in the
    

    -------
    I
    I               forwarded material the type of assistance or support needed and the
                     anticipated time that will be required for developing the Federal
    •               Register package.
    J                    The OAQPS and DSSE will notify the Regional Office by phone within
                     five working days of receipt of the Information package 1n Step 3 of
    ™               concurrence or non-concurrence and confirmed by memorandum transmitted
    •               by TWX or mall as appropriate.  In all cases of concurrence, the Regional
                     Office will proceed Immediately to prepare the Federal Register package
    •               (briefing memorandum, preamble and regulations).  Where non-concurrence
                     exists, the non-concurring office will have 15 working days from the day
    •               of report receipt to prepare the necessary background information and
    •               justification for non-concurrence.  This Information will be forwarded
                     to the Regional Office with a copy to the other Involved off1ce(s).  If
    I               additional evaluation time is needH to prepare the non-concurring position,
                     it will be negotiated with the Regional Office.  The Regional Office will
    •               make (*\"?ry attempt to develop a mutually agreed position.  This may require
    •               a meeting of the parties concerned to thoroughly discuss the issues and
                     alternative actions.  If mutual concurrence cannot be attained, the Federal
    I               Register package will be prepared by the Regional Office preserving 'vhe
                     position and recommendation of the office having primary responsibility.
    i»               The position and recommendations of the non-concurring office(s)      oe
    •               presented with full TAB attachments to the briefing document.
    «               5.   The Regional Office will complete the Federal Register package in
                     final error-free copy (briefing document, preamble, and regulations).  The
    •               original and nine (9) copies will be forwarded to OAQPS-CPDD  nd one (1)
                     copy to OEGC-DSSE.
    I
    
    I
    

    -------
     6.   The CPDD will  maintain the official  State Implementation Plan  files.
     In this role, CPDD  will  make a final  review of the  completed Federal
     Register package to assure consistency with the Intent  of the Clean A1r
     VMMM^«M^WMI««MB»                                        ^ .
     Act. and 1n keeping with national  policy,  developing  technology,  and  1n
     consistency with other Regional  Office activities.  Consolidation of  Federal
     Register packages will be made 1n  a few Instances when  the  Issues are
     similar and such consolidation will be to EPA's advantage.
    
     7.   CPDD will forward the Federal Register package to  OAWP who will
     handle all external coordination and  reviews.   If significant comments and
     recommendations are received from  these,  OAWP  will  transmit such  Information
     to the appropriate  Regional  Office, CPDD,  and  DSSE.   Any proposed changes
     will be reviewed by CPDD and DSSE  and applicable comments will be phoned
     to the Regional Office within three (3) working days  of receipt from  OAWP
     and confirmed by memorandum transmitted bv' f'«JX or mall  as appropriate.  The
     revised error-free  Federal Register package (original and nine (9)  copies)
     will be prrr—ed 1- accordance with Step  4, unless  headquarters consensus
     stipulate otherwise, and resubmitted  by the Regional  Office to OAWP with
     copies to CPDD and  DSSE.
     8.   OAWP will arrange for the Administrator's review and approval.
     9.   Federal Register for publication.
    
    10.   CPDD will send copies of all  plan revisions to the Office of the
     Federal Register and the Office of Public Affairs,  as required by standard
     operating procedures.
    

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                                 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
         llebly to                                                "';•'
         Ann of:  OAQPS, CPDD, SIB        ,                                     Ddt:  June 22, 1973
                Addition to Guidelines Series OAQPS  No.  1.2-004,  EPA Source Promulga-
                tion _-r Rojcord'iocpinn and^Reportinn  - Public Availibiiity of Data, March 14,
                T8"/3.
    
            To:  Se.e Below
    
                     A computer program has been  developed by the National  Air Data Branch
                (NADB), Monitoring and Data Analysis Division (MDAD),  to provide the
                Regional Offices with assistance  in  implementing  the Federal  regulation
                prolongation for recordkteping and reporting and  public availability of
                emission d<->to.  This program was  written  in an effort  to supply the infor-
                mation cHsu'SoCci on pages 7 and 8 of the  above mentioned Guidelines docu-
                ment.  This infonnstion may also  be  used  in dete'rmining those sources to
                be contacted for recordkceping and reporting'requirements.   An example of
                the printout is enclosed showing  the information  that  can be obtained for
                     soul c^. uy "cnij prugrLiru
                     The confuted omissions are .the actual  emissions  referred to in the
                Guidelines document as of the year of  record.    Since emission factors
                are often used to estimate emissions,  NEDS  has  the computed emissions
                broken down as to the type of process  of  source category (Source Classi-
                fication C>;;',:.:>).  In scr;.3 cases, two different  source types r,ay be vented
                through ll"1 s?"i? stack (point), es in  the enclosed nrintcut.   Unfortunately,
                MCS is r,;'. ;it up -'.c pr:vv;': tivic, SL:, :- b,-ICKL';,.;:  fcr "allcwccl emissions",
                i.e., the emissions'allowed under the  a'-r^oved  control  strategy.  Thus,
                the allov;ed emissions when avai uiblo : -'•.  ypressed on a per stack basis,
                even though the allowed emissions rr.us  ce determined  on source catagcry
                basis.  It should be noted that tn-2 allowed emissions and tre applicable
                regulations under the approved control strategy have  not generally been
                ciiU-i cd •'  .  ....: ..ZC3 sys L^L'I as yet and ,;ill hav~  i^,  be entered by i'ii/J
                in the iiVLC'i'im.
    
                     The printout may be obtained by writing to Jacob Supers, riA!iQ.,
                Mutual Enlding, Research Triangle Park,  North  Carolina 27711, or by
                calling £"L -C,^-02S5.  Tl'tis infori.iaticn cannot  be  accessed i!.-:;1. '  t!:i;
                computer terminals at the regional offices  at this  time.   The (,'c th
                Carolina fc'cility is in the process of changing ccr;utcrs.   7V;. 'h.-nra
                should bs crrplctcd by Doccrber 1973.  Access throi.rh the R-sgi'-r.a";  Office
                co'riNuter t-^imls will be iride ov?il:ble et that  tirs  if tl-c- (.'"/   J  ''^r
                information \'arro,nts it.  It is important to specify  the areas to .
                considered in any requests for data.   These rray be  requested  bv EPA
                region; State;  State-county; State-county-nlant; State-county.-p'iant-po-
                orAQCR.
                                                                                 .j
                                                           G. Edmi'sten, Chief
                                                 Standards Implementation.  Branch
                                                        Control  F;: ;~^ars
                                                      DC- •:.lcp,',.int  Division
                                                   V"
    
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    Addressees:
         Regional Administrators, Regions I - X               ,           . .,
         Director, Division of Air and 1,'ater Programs, Regions' I - X (3)"
         Principal Air Contacts, Regions I - X (3)
         R. h'ilson (5)
         B. Steigerwald
         J. Schuoncrnan                                      '
         R. Neligan
         0. Padgett
         R. Baum
         D. Goodwin                               ' f"
         J. Harrjiierle                             /"
         J. Bosch
         0. Suvr.ors
         SIB Personnel
                                    / '
    

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    July 1973
    

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    I
    
    
    I
                                           INSPECTION MANUAL FOR THE
    
    •                                  ENFORCEMENT OF NATIONAL EMISSION
    
    •                                      STANDARDS FOR ASBESTOS
    
    
    
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    I                                               by
    
    m                                        TIMOTHY R. OSAG
    
                                              GILBERT H. WOOD
    
    •                                        GEORGE B. CRANE
    
                               OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
    
    
    
    
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     •                                 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
     •                          OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
                                         ENGINEERING SERVICES BRANCH
    I                                    DOCUMENT DEVELOPMENT SECTION
                                                 JULY 1973
    
    
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                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
    
                                                                                       Page
    I                 LIST OF FIGURES                                                 1v
    •                 LIST OF TABLES                                                  v
                       1.  INTRODUCTION                                                1"1
    •                     1.1  PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT                                    1"1
                           1.2  GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT REGULATE ASBESTOS EMISSIONS   }~2
    I                     1.3  ASBESTOS EMISSION STANDARDS                            1-4
    •                          1.3.1  Intent of Standards                             !'4
                                1.3.2  Asbestos Sources Covered                        ^~4
    •                                 1.3.2.1  Asbestos Mills                         1-4
                                       1.3.2.2  Roadways                               !-6
    I                                 1.3.2.3  Manufacturing                          1-6
     •                                 1.3.2.4  Demolition                             1-7
                                       1.3.2.5  Spraying                               T'8
    •                 2.  ASBESTOS MILLS                                              2-1
                           2.1  PROCESS DESCRIPTION                                    2-1
     I                     2.2  EMISSION POINTS                                        2-3
     •                     2.3  INSPECTION PROCEDURES                                  2-4
                                2.3.1  General Procedure                               2-4
     I                          2.3.2  Inspection Procedure for Baghouses              2-7
                                2.3.3  Inspection Procedure for Wet Scrubbers          2-17
     I                     2.4  REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2                                2-20
     •                3.  ROADWAYS                                                     3-1
                           3.1  DISCUSSION                                              3-1
     I                    3.2  REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3                                3-2
    
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                                                                  Page
    4.  MANUFACTURING                                             4'
        4.1  ASBESTOS TEXTILES                                    4'1
             4.1.1   Process Description                           4~^
                                                                  4-3
             4.1 .2   Emission Points
             4.1.3   Inspection Procedures                         4~4
        4.2  CEMENT PRODUCTS                                      4'4
             4,2.1   Process Description                           4"4
             4.2.2   Emission Points                               4'5
             4.2.3   Inspection Procedures                         4"^
        4.3  FIREPROOFING AND INSULATING MATERIAL                 4"7
             4.3.1   Process Description                           4"7
             4.3.2   Emission Points                               4"8
             4.3.3   Inspection Procedures                         4~9
        4.4  FRICTION PRODUCTS                                    4'9
             4.4.1   Process Description                           4"9
             4.4.2   Emission Points                               4"^4
             4.4.3   Inspection Procedures                         4~'8
        4.5  PAPER, MILLBOARD, FELT                               4'18
             4.5.1   Process Description                           4"^°
             4.5.2   Emission Points                               4~20
             4.5.3   Inspection Procedures                         4~*^
        4.6  FLOOR  TILE                                           4'21
             4.6.1   Process Description                           4~^
             4.6.2   Emission Points                               4"^^
             4.6.3   Inspection Procedures                         4"24
                            ii
    

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    I                                                                               Page
                          4.7  PAINTS, COATINGS, CAULKS, ADHESIVES,  AND  SEALANTS     4-24
    jj                         4.7.1  Process  Description                            4-24
    _                         4.7.2  Emission  Points                                4-24
    ™                         4.7.3  Inspection Procedures                          4-25
    •                    4.8  PLASTICS AND  RUBBER  MATERIALS                         4-25
                               4.8.1  Process  Description                            4-25
    |                         4.8.2  Emission  Points                                4-26
    g                         4.8.3  Inspection Procedures                          4-27
    *                    4.9  CHLORINE                                              4-27
    I                         4.9,1  Process  Description                            4-27
                               4.9.2  Emission  Points                                4-27
    |                         4.9.3  Inspection Procedures                          4-29
    _                   4.10  REFERENCES  FOR  SECTION  4                              4-30
    *                5.  DEMOLITION                                                 5-1
    •                6.  SPRAYING                                                   6-1
                      7.  INSPECTION  RECORDS                                         7-1
    |                    7.1  REPORTS                                               7-1
    _                    7.2  CHECKLISTS  AND OUTLINES                               7-1
    "                    7.3  REFERENCES  FOR  SECTION  7                              7-7"
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    NOT
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    /.,. 2.-7
    

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                                                LIST OF TABLES
                      TABLE                                                         PAGE
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                      7-1       Inspection Checklist                                 7-3
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                              LIST OF FIGURES
    
    FIGURE                                                         PAGE
    1-1    Regulatory Responsibilities of Government Agencies for
           Controlling Asbestos Emissions                           1-3
    2-1    Asbestos Milling                                         2-2
    2-2    Unit Type Fabric Collectors, Unsupported Tubular         2-8
           Elements
    2-3    Screen or Envelope Type Collector                        2-9
    2-4    Pulse-Jet Cleaning Type Collector                        2-10
    4-1    Asbestos Textiles                                        4-2
    4-2    Manufacture of Asbestos-Cement Pipe                      4-6
    4-3    Friction Products:  Dry-Mixed Brake Linings              4-10
    4-4    Friction Products:  Roll-Formed Clutch Facings and
           Brake Linings                                            4-11
    4-5    Friction Products:  Endless Woven Clutch Facings         4-12
    4-6    Friction Products:  Woven Brake Linings                  4-13
    4-7    Asbestos Paper                                           4-19
    4-8    Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Tile                                4-22
    4-9    Diaphragm Cell, Hooker Type "S-3A"                       4-28
                              iv
    

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                                               1.   INTRODUCTION
    
    
    
                      1.1   PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT.
    
    |                     This document has  been  issued to accompany  promulgation  of
    
    m                National  Emission Standards  for Hazardous  Air Pollutants  (NESHAPS).
    
                      It is intended to function as  an inspection  manual  for  use  in
    
    I                enforcing national emission  standards for  asbestos.   Regional, State
    
                      and other air pollution officials should find it useful  for this
    
    |                purpose.
    
    
    I                     The  Federal regulations for asbestos  are given and the interface
    
                      of EPA with other regulatory agencies is explained.   The  fabric
    
    •                filter or baghouse, is  the device commonly used  between asbestos
    
    •                source and atmosphere,  and general procedures for inspecting  a bag-
    
                      house are presented.   It is  not possible to cover all details of  the
    
     •                many kinds of baghouses; therefore the inspector should become
    
                      familiar  with the installations within his jurisdiction and with  any
    
     •                unique features of these units.
    
    
     I                     Visible emissions  to atmosphere from  buildings are conceivable.
    
     •                Therefore, this manual  discusses many sources of asbestos emissions
    
                      from asbestos mills and manufacturing establishments.  Process flow
    
     •                diagrams  indicate points of asbestos emissions,  and control techniques
    
                      applicable to each source are  mentioned.  This information  will help
    
     |                the inspector to trace  visible emissions back to their  source.
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         In all  cases, inspectors will  need to demonstrate the presence of
    
    asbestos In an air emission, or in  a construction material.  The require-
    
    ments for satisfvino. this need are  outlined.
    
    
     1.2  GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT REGULATE ASBESTOS  EMISSIONS.
    
         This manual  was written  for the  use  of inspectors from the
    
     Environmental Protection Agency or  for other air pollution enforce-
    
     ment personnel.   However, other Government agencies have  jurisdiction
    
     and interests In  asbestos air emissions.  Figure 1-1  illustrates
    
     those  Federal anencies  having responsibilities for controlling
    
     asbestos emissions.  As the  figure  shows, these  responsibilities are:
          a.   EPA   -                   regulate  and control emissions
                                      to  atmosphere.
    
          b.   Occupational  Safety      regulate  and control v.-orking
              and  Health               environment, indoors and out.
              Administration
    
          c.   Bureau  of Mines  -        regulate  and control environments
                                      in  and  around mining properties.
          Further  information  on OSHA  and  Bureau  of  Mines  may  be  obtained  from:
    
    
                    Occupational Safety & Health Administration
    
                          U. S. Department of  Labor
    
                          1726 M Street N. W.
    
                          Washington,  D. C.  20210
                                1-2
    

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                      Office of the Deputy Director
                           Health and  Safety
                         U. S. Bureau  of Mines
                         18th and C Streets N.W.
                         Washington, D.C.  20240
    1.3  ASBESTOS EMISSION STANDARDS.
    1.3.1  Intent of Standards
         On April 6, 1973, the Administrator promulgated National
    Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, including asbestos.
    The standards are intended to call attention to significant sources
    of asbestos air emissions and to control all of them so that an
    ample margin of safety for protection of public health will result.
    The standards avoid prohibition of essential uses of asbestos  and
    give due account to operations already under control by other
    agencies.
    
    1.3.2  Sources Covered
    
    1.3.2.1  Asbestos mills
         The promulgated  standards  prohibit visible  emissions  to
    the outside air from  any asbestos mill. Outside storage of asbestos
                               1-4
    

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                      materials  is  not  considered  a  part  of  an  asbestos mill.  As an
    B                alternative to  meeting  a  no-visible-emission  requirement,  an owner or
    •                operator may  elect  to use the  following specified  methods  to
                      clean air  streams containing particulate  asbestos material before the
    I                air streams are vented  to the  atmosphere.   If this  alternative  is
                      elected, the  following  requirements must  be met:
                           (A)  Fabric filter collection  devices  must  be  used, except as
    |                     noted in paragraphs  (B) and (C).   Such devices must be operated at
    g                     a pressure drop of no more than 4 inches water, as measured across
                           the filter fabric.  The air flow permeability, as determined by
    I
                           ASTM Method 0737-69,  must  not  exceed  30  cubic  feet per minute per
                                              2                                 2
                           square foot (cfm/ft ) for  woven  fabrics  or  35  cfm/ft for felted
                                                         12                        2
                           fabrics,  except that  40  cfm/ft  for woven  or  45 cfm/ft  for
    g                     felted fabrics  is  allowable  for  filtering air  from asbestos ore.
                           driers.   Felted fabric must  have a weight of at  least 14 ounces
    I                     per square yard of material  and  be at least 1/16 inch thick
                           throughout.   Synthetic fabrics must not  contain  fill yarn other
    J                     than that which is spun.
    
    •                     (B)  Where the  use of a  fabric filter would create a fire or
                           explosion hazard,  the Administrator may  authorize the use of wet
    •                     collectors designed to operate with a unit  contacting energy of at
    •                     least 40  inches water.
    
    g                     (C)  The  Administrator may authorize  the use of  filtering devices
    ™                     other than the  specified fabric  filters  and wet  collectors provided
    •                     the owner or operator demonstrates to the Administrator's
    
    
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         satisfaction that  the  filtering of participate asbestos is
         equivalent to that achieved through  the  use of the specified
         equipment.
         (D)  All  air-cleaning  equipment authorized by this section must be
         properly  installed, used,  operated,  and  maintained.  Bypass devices
         may be used only during  upset  or  emergency conditions  and then only
         for so long as it  takes  to shut down the operation generating
         the particulate asbestos material.
    1.3.2.2  Roadways
         Surfacing roadways with  asbestos  tailing is prohibited except
    for temporary  roadways  on areas of  asbestos ore deposits.   The
    deposition of asbestos  tailings on  roadways covered with  snow or ice
    is considered surfacing.
    
    1.3.2.3  Manufacturing
         Any visible emission to  the atmosphere from a building or
    structure in which any  of the following operations are conducted -
    or directly from the operation  itself  if  it is conducted  outside of a
    building or structure - is  prohibited.
    Affected Manufacturing  Qperati ons
         (A)  The manufacture of  asbestos-containing cloth, cord, wicks,
         tubing, tape, twine, rope, thread, yarn, roving,  lap,  or other
         textile materials.
         (B)  The manufacture of  cement products.
    
         (C)  The manufacture of  fireproofing and insulating  materials.
    
                              1-6
    

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                            (D)   The manufacture  of friction  products.
    
                            (E)   The manufacture  of paper,  millboard,  and  felt.
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                            (F)   The manufacture  of floor tile.
    
                            (G)   The manufacture  of paints, coatings,  caulks,  adhesives,
     •                      and  sealants.
    
     •                      (H)   The manufacture  of plastics  and  rubber materials.
    
     •                      (I)   The manufacture  of chlorine.
    
     _                 As an alternative to the no-visible-emissions  regulation,  the  owner
     ™                 or operator of a manufacturing operation may elect  to use  a
     •                specified gas cleaning technique (Section  1.3.2.1)  to remove asbestos
                       particulate from air streams before  they are emitted to the atmosphere.
    
                       1.3.2.4  Demolition
      •                     Operations  involving  the demolition of any  institutional,
                       commercial, or industrial  building (including  apartment buildings
      •                having more than four chvelling units),  structure, facility, or
      •                installation which  contains  a boiler,  pipe, or structural  merber that
                       is insulated or fireproofed  with friable asbestos material must
      •                comply with the  following  control  procedures.
    
      •                     (A)   Friable asbestos materials used  as insulation or fireproofing
                            for  any boiler, pipe, or structural member must be wetted
      |                    and  removed before the  commencement of any  demolition operation.
    
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         Asbestos debris must be wetted sufficiently to remain wet
         during all  stages of demolition and related handling.
         (B)  Any pipe or structural  member that  is  covered with
         friable asbestos insulating  or fireproofing material  must  be
         lowered to  the ground.
    
         (C)  No friable asbestos  debris may be dropped or thrown
         from any building, structure, facility,  or  installation to
         the ground  or from any  floor to a floor  below.   I/hen  the
         demolition  operation involves buildings, structures,  facilities,
         or installations 50 feet  or  greater in height,  asbestos debris
         must be transported to  the ground by dust-tight chutes or
         containers.
    
         Any demolition operation  is  exempt from  the previously listed
    requirements if  the building,  structure, facility,  or installation
    is declared by the proper state or local authority  to be  structurally
    unsound and in danger of imminent collapse.   Under  this  circumstance,
    the only requirement is the .adequate wetting  of  asbestos  debris prior
    to demolition.
    
    1.3.2.5  Spraying
         Visible emissions to the  atmosphere from the spray  application,
    to equipment or  machinery ,of  insulating or  fireproofing  material
    containing more  than 1 percent asbestos on a  dry weight  basis  (see
    Section 6)   are prohibited.   As  an alternative  to  the
    no-visible-emission regulation, an owner or operator
                              1-8
    

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                      may elect to clean emissions from air streams by using the methods
    •                discussed in Section 1.3.2.1 before such air streams are vented to
                      the outside air.  Spray-on materials used to insulate or fireproof
    ™                buildings, structures, pipes, or conduits must contain less than 1
    •                percent asbestos  (dry weight basis).
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    I                                         2.   ASBESTOS MILLS
    
    I                2.1   PROCESS DESCRIPTION.
    •                     Asbestos ore is  transported from the mine to the mill  complex
                      v/here it is treated in a series of primary and secondary crushers
    I                which produce material with  a maximum diameter of 1  5/16 inches  for the
                      wet-ore stockpile.   Ore from this stockpile  serves as feed  for the
    I                milling operation illustrated in Figure 2-1.
    •                     The wet ore is dried, treated in a fine crushing circuit to
                      reduce the size tc  approximately 1/4 inch diameter,  and introduced  to a
    I                rock circuit.  The  rock circuit is composed of a series of  crushing and
                      screening operations and has the primary function of separating  the
    I                asbestos fibers from the co-existing rock.  Air suction hoods
    •                (aspirators) are used to entrain the asbestos fibers in an  air stream
                      and separate them from the waste rock.  The circuit  performs  the
     •                secondary function  of grading the fibers according to length.
                           Air streams convey the asbestos fibers  from the rock circuit
     m                to a fiber-cleaning circuit.  Cyclone collectors are used to  remove the
     •                entrained fibers.  Exhaust air from the cyclones is  sent to a fabric
                      filter before being vented tb the atmosphere.  The fiber cleaning
     •                circuits perform additional  fiber opening, classify  and separate
                      opened fibers from unopened fibers and waste material, and  permit
     •                additional fiber grading.
     •                     The final portion of the milling operation is the cleaning  and
                      bagging circuit.  In this circuit, fibers receive additional  cleaning
     •                and arc separated into several standard grades before being packaged for
                      shipping.  A more detailed description of the milling operation  is
                                                  2-1
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                                                                           'WAREHOUSE
             CSLOCATION OF POTENTIAL. ASBESTOS-COfiTAINIIJG DUST EMISSIONS
    
    
                      Figuie2-1.  Asbestos milling.
                         2-2
    

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                        available  in  the AP-117 control  techniques document for asbestos
    •                  emissions.    Inspectors should note Figures 3-4, 3-5, 3-6 and 3-8
                        and  should  read this document to become familiar with the processes
    I                  they must  inspect.
    
    •
    •
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                      2.2  EMISSION POINTS.
                           A list of exhaust points for mill ventilation and process air
                      streams must be obtained on an individual plant basis.  This
                      information can be obtained by contacting the mill owner or operator
                      prior to the actual inspection.  Major sources of emissions within
     ™                 the mill and applicable control techniques are as follows:
     I
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                           1.  Emission Source — open conveyor belts transporting ore or
                           partially processed ore.
                               Control Technique -- enclose conveyor and transfer points
    I                     and exhaust to baghouse, or wot the transported material.
    I                     2.  Emission Source -- primary and secondary crushers.
                               Control Technique — enclose and exhaust crusher inlet
    |                     and outlet to baghouse.
    
    I                     3.  Emission Source — vibrating and shaking screens.
                               Control Technique -- enclose screens and exhaust to baghouse.
    
                           4.  Emission Source -- cyclone exhaust.
    |                         Control Technique — treat exhaust in baghouse.
                           5.  Emission Source — ore-drier exhaust.
                               Control Technique — treat exhaust in baghouse.
    

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         6.  Emission Source -- mills and fiberizers.
             Control Technique -- enclose inlets and outlets of mills
         and fiberizers and exhaust to baghouse.
    
         7.  Emission Source — fiber grading circuits.
             Control Technique -- enclose inlet and outlet ends of graders
         and exhaust to baghouse.
    
         8.  Emission Source -- bagging machines.
             Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods and exhaust
         to baghouse.
         9.  Emission Source -- disposal of mill tailings.
             Control Technique — enclose conveyors carrying mill
         tailings and exhaust to baghouse or wet tailings before transporting.
    2.3  INSPECTION PROCEDURES.
    2.3.1  General Procedure
         A visible emission, as defined by the standard, is any emission
    which is visually detectable without the aid of instruments and which
    contains particulate asbestos material.
         If the no-visible-emission  option is chosen, the first step in
    the inspection of an asbestos mill should be the visual examination of
    all exhaust points (stacks, vents, etc.) for mill ventilation and process
    air streams.  The inspector should be a qualified smoke reader wt:o has
    successfully completed the  EPA  course on visible emission evaluation
    or an equivalent course.  The visual examination should be conducted
    in accordance with 40 CFR 60, Method 9 of the Appendix.
    
                                   2-4
    

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    _                     The visual  detection of an emission must be  followed  by
    '                confirmation that asbestos material  is present in the  visible
    •                gas stream.   Further guidance on collection  and identification  of
                      asbestos samples will be provided by DSSE.
    g                     Exhaust streams from ore driers are unique,  because water  vapor
    _                in these streams can be sufficient to cause  a visible  plume.  The
    ™                inspector must read the opacity of the exhaust stream  at the point
    •                where the steam plume disappears.  A visible emission  at this point
                      would be considered a violation of the no-visible-emission requirement.
    |                     If the  alternative to the no-visible-emission requirement  is
    «                chosen and a baghouse is in use, either the  design and operating
                      specifications must match those presented in Section 1.3.2.1(A), or
    I                the owner or operator of the mill must demonstrate to  the  Administrator's
                      satisfaction that the efficiency of the unit is equivalent to that of
    I                the specified control system.  Design information, such as fabric
    •j                specifications and operating pressure, can  be obtained from the
                      plant owner  or operator.  The presence of visible emissions in
    •                the baghouse exhaust gases is evidence of a  probable malfunction.
                      None of the  acceptable baghouses that have  been observed have
    I                exhibited visible emissions when in proper operating condition.
    m                Visible emissions from baghouses are possible during the start-up
                      period, but  should be eliminated as a filter cake forms on the
    I                clean cloth.
    
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         Inspection procedures for fabric filters  and high-energy wet
    scrubbers are presented in the following sections.   These procedures
    are also applicable to systems used to control  emissions  from the
    affected manufacturing operations or during the spray application  of
                                   2-6
    

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                      2.3.2   Inspection  Procedure  for  Baghouses
                      Discussion
    I
    
    I
                     asbestos-containing insulation or fireproofing onto equipment or
    I               machinery and therefore will not be duplicated in Sections 4 or 6.
    m               Unique situations that would alter the inspection scheme will be
                     discussed whenever pertinent.
    I
    
                           Fabric  filters are produced by several different manufacturers
    I               and  can  have basic design  differences.   In general, they can be
                     classified hy  (1) type of  filter element  (supported or unsupported), (2)
    •               the  intended use  (continuous or intermittent), and (3) the method of
    •               removing collected dust from the filter  fabric (mechanical shaking,
                     mechanical rapping, pulse-jet, etc).  Examples of three common baghouse
    •               designs  are  presented  in Figures 2-2  through 2-4.  A brief description of
                     each system  is  presented in this section.  A more complete discussion can
    •               be obtained  from  the control techniques  document for parti cul ate air
    •
                      pollutants.
                           The fabric filter shown  in Figure  2-2  is  an  unsupported  tubular
    |                uni-bag tvpe.   Bags  are supported at their  tops by  a bag  and  shaker
                      support and are attached at  their bottoms to  a collar sealed  into the
    •                cell  plate.  The cell  plate  is  the perforated  metal plate that
    •                separates the classified section from the clean air chamber and  channels
                      dust-laden air into  the filter  elements.
    •                     Dust-laden air  enters a  classifier section in  which  the  larger
                      particles are removed  by settling.  The air then  flows  upward through the
    •                bag entrances,  passes  through the bag fabric  and  is exhausted to the
    •                atmosphere.  Dust particles  accumulate  on the  inside of the bags and must
    
    
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                      CLEAi; AIR CXIiAIJSl
    FILTFi!
       DUST-   V" -
    LAIJF.F! f.\\1
      SIR" LA;, 1'"
              V
    
                                                BAG SUPPORT
                                                CELL PLATE
           Figuie  2-2.  Unit type fabiic "inllpctrrs,
           unstippoitcd tiibulai oloinonti-.  ^
                     2-8
    

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                      TOP  VIEW  OF ONE  ROW  OF ELEMENTS
                                                 ------,/- DUSKADLii AIR
                                                  •<— !i
         CLLAN AIR '  -- :	^
                      l*\. ._.	/	_
    
                        '~~~
                                                BAGSUI'POIU
                                 sinEvirv;
    AIR
                                    DUST
                                 COLLRCTiOII
                                  HOPPER
                                                                 DTf.! AIR
                                                      FILTER ClEf.:EKTS
    Figuic 2-3.  fjci
                                01 envelop:1 tyjx; cnllcctoi,
    
                                2-9
    

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    ^-- DUST-LADF.;,1 AIR
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                                        .GAG SUPPORT
                                          Fli TE'.R
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    2-4. Pulco-j'.'t ck'nni.Kj !<,[)•• colloctoi.
          2-10
    

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    I
    be removed by periodic cleaning, usually with a mechanical  shaker.   The
    frequency and length of the cleaning cycle depends upon the specific
    «
                     operation.
    I                    When  the  filtration  process  is  reversed, with the gas flowing from
                     the outside  to the  inside of the  filter  element,  it is necessary to
    P               support  the  filter  media  against  the developed pressure.  Supported
    •               filter elements  are either of the envelope  (Figure 2-3) or the tubular
                     (Figure  2-4) type.   In  the case of a screen  or envelope type of collector,
    V               dust-laden air entering the filter encounters a baffle plate that causes
                     the stream to  diffuse over the entire chamber.  This  diffusion assures
    m               uniform  loading throughout the system and permits the heavier dust
    «               particles  to settle out.   The air then passes through the filter media
                     to the inside  of the bag  and out  the open end of  the  bag to the clean
    •               air chamber.  Dust  particles are  deposited  on the outside surface of
                     the bags and must be removed by periodic cleaning.  Cleaning is usually
    I               accomplished by mechanical  shaking or rapping.
    m                    A schematic diagram  of a fabric filter  that  utilizes a pulse- jet
                     cleaning mechanism  is presented in Figure 2-4.  This  system uses tubular-
    •               type, supported filter  elements.   The collector consists primarily of a
                     series of  cylindrical filter elements enclosed in a dust-tight housing.
    m               Dusty air  is admitted to  the housing and clean air withdrawn from inside
    m               the filter elements.  Periodic cleaning  is  required to remove dust particles
                     which accumulate on the outside of the bags.  Cleaning is accomplished by
    I               introducing  a  jet of high-pressure air into  a venturi mounted above each
                     bag.   The  reverse flow  of air created by the jet  pulse is sufficient to
    m               loosen accumulated  dust and clean the the filter  media.  Cleaning is
    •               continuous,  with a  complete cycle every  2 to 5 minutes.
    
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         The existence of several  types  of fabric  filters  complicates
    the procedure of evaluating specific systems.   The  inspection scheme
    provided in this manual,  although  somewhat  general  in  nature, is
    adequate to allow a full  evaluation  of most fabric  filters.   It is
    suggested, however, that  the inspector make an effort  to  obtain and
    review the operating instructions  for the specific  unit being examined
    whenever possible.  Although many  vendors do not  include  a  separate
    inspection manual with their operating instruction  package,  the
    information provided might suggest some alteration  in  the listed
    procedure.
    
    Procedure
    1.  Identify the type of fabric filter being used:   manufacturer,
        model, type of bags,  cleaning  mechanism, capacity, and  source
        of gas stream being treated.
    
    2.  Compare the fabric specifications of the bags being  used
        with the referenced specifications.  Air flow permeability
        (ASTM Method D 737-69) should not exceed 30 cfm/ft2  for woven
                    2
        or 35 cfm/ft  for felted fabrics.  Permeability is defined
        as the air flow in cubic feet per minute passing through a
        square foot of clean new cloth with a pressure  differential  of
        0.50 inch water.  An  exception to this  requirement will
        be allowed for fabric filters  treating  air from asbestos ore
                                                                    2
        driers.  In this case, an air flow permeability of 40 cfm/ft
                              2
        for woven or 45 cfm/ft  for felted fabrics is acceptable.   Felted
        fabrics must weigh at least 14 ounces per square yard and be  at
    
                                  2-12
    

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                          least 1/16 inch thick.  Synthetic fabrics must not contain fill
    |                     yarn other than that which is spun.  The  inspector should  de-
    ^                     termine if the user has  installed bags  differing  from those  speci-
    •                     fied in the original fabric filter design and the reason  for any cnange
    m
    •
                       3. Observe pressure drop across fabric filter.  The most common
                          differential pressure instrument used is a simple "U"-tube mano-
                          meter filled with water or anti -freeze solution and connected across
    •                    the filter media.  Other devices that indicate differential
                          pressure include well-type manometers, bourdon-type gauges, and
    •                    diaphragm-actuated gauges.  Pressure drop should be no more than
    m                    4 inches water .   A reading several inches in excess  of
                          this value is a sign that a system malfunction (blinding, etc.)
    •                    exists.  A low pressure-drop reading would indicate a bag rupture
                          or leak.
    I
                       4. Search  for bypass lines or ductwork.  Determine the justification
    g                    for them.  Determine if any alternate atmospheric protection is
                          available if these bypasses are used.
    •^^
                       5. Inspect fabric filter for leaks.  The approach will depend upon
    •                    the collector design.  In the case of filters using unsupported
    «                    bags, the inspector can actually enter the collector and evaluate
                          the condition of the bags.  Filter elements should be examined for
    •                    tears,  ruptures, leaks, and signs of heavy wear.  The inspection
                          should  be scheduled to concur with a period when the unit has
    •                    been removed from service for cleaning.  When examining a system
    
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                                                   2-13
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    designed for continuous service,  the inspection  must  be  on  a
    compartment-by-compartmcnt basis.
    
    Dust deposits on the clean air side of the bags  or the  cell
    plate are signs of collector malfunctions.   Leaking bags will
    frequently have a streak of dust  leading from the  leak  towards
    the clean air exit.  Leaks in the  cell  plate are usually
    indicated by a small mound of accumulated dust surrounding  the
    leak.  The floor of the clean air chamber should be kept clean
    so that any dust deposits observed during an inspection  can be
    attributed to a collector malfunction.  Regular cleaning  of  the
    baghouse cell plate is not common  at rnost operations, however,
    it is felt that the practice could be introduced without requiring
    an unreasonable amount of effort.
    
    Special attention should be given  to the inspection of  the  bags '
    around the area where they are attached to the cell plate (collar),
    since this is a point of high wear.  All bags should  be  firmly
    attached to the cell plate or to  the collar attached  to  the cell
    plate.  If a bag leak or rupture  is located, the bag  should be
    tied off below the leak or the cell plate entrance capped as  a-
    temporary measure until the bag can be replaced.
    When evaluating fabric filters equipped with supported  filter
    elements (gas flow from outside of filter element  to  inside),
    visual examination of the interior of the collector is  restricted
    because of the presence of dust-laden air.  Most fabric filters
    using supported elements employ continuous cleaning techniques
                            2-14
    

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    m                   (pulse-jet, reverse jet) and are therefore not normally  removed
                         from service for cleaning (Figure 2-4).   The  units  will  have  to
    I
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                         be inspected when the systems are in operation.   The major
                         emphasis should be placed on the baghouse manometer reading
                         and the cleanliness of the collector exhaust stream.  At pulse-jet-
    M                   cleaned units, the inspector should gain access  to the upper
                         plenum chamber (clean air exit) and observe the  exhaust stream
    •                   during a cleaning cycle (complete cycle every 2  to 5 minutes).
                         The presence of a leak in any specific bag is indicated by the
    JB                   discharge of a puff of dust from the venturi immediately
    M                   following the cleaning step.
    
                         The presence of dust in the clean air plenum chamber is an
    ™                   indication of a bag leak or to^    Ine chamber should be kept
    •                   free of dust deposits so that any dust accunulation can be
                         attributed to a collector malfunction.  Regular cleaning of
    H                   the clean air plenum chamber is not a common practice at most
    ~                   operations, but could be initiated without too much difficulty.
    *                   Should a baq leak be discovered, the venturi can be capped as a
    •                   temporary measure until the unit can be removed from service
                         and the bag replaced.
                     6.  Observe bag spacing.  Sufficient clearance should be provided
    •                   so that one bag does not rub another.  This decreases the
                         effective filter surface and increases bag wear.
                     7.  Inspect ductwork and collector housing for leakage, wear, corrosion,
    I
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         and  general  state  of  repair.   The general  location of  leaks
    
    
    
         can  be  determined  by  the  air  noise.  Leaks in the housing or
    
    
    
         ductwork  should  be sealed either by welding or the use of
    
    
    
         epoxy cither on  a  temporary or permanent basis as conditions
    
    
    
         permit.
    
    
    
    
    
     8.   Inspect dust hoppers  for  accumulation of dust.   In most cases,
    
    
    
         the  hopper should  not be  allowed to become more  than half full
    
    
    
         in order to avoid  re-entrainment of the collected material.
    
    
    
    
    
     9.   Observe the emptying  of dust  hoppers,  rote the  type of waste
    
    
    
         containers being usoc! and the presence or  absence of visible
    
    
    
         emissions.  Obtain information regarding ultimate fate of
    
    
    
         asbestos  waste.
    
    
    
    
    
    10.   Review  operating procedures and maintenance schedules.  Frequent
    
    
    
         inspection and maintenance  is essential to the effective operation
    
    
    
         of the  collector.   External maintenance inspection of  the filter
    
    
    
         housing and system should usually be performed daily,  while the
    
    
    
         filter  elements  should typically be inspected once a week.  Note
    
    
    
         length  arid frequency  of cleaning cycle.  This will vary depending
    
    
    
         upon the specific  applications.
    
    
    
    
    
    11.   Determine what preventive maintenance procedures are used to
    
    
    
         avoid fabric failures and what procedures  are used to  replace
    
    
    
         bags or correct  malfunctions.
    
    
    
    
    
    12.   Gas  itreams from baghouses  servicing  asbestos ore dryers may  show
    
    
    
         visible pluses of  steam.  The water content  results  both from  the
                                   a-16
    

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                          hydrogen  in  the  ore-dryer  fuel  and  from  the moisture in the
    I                    asbestos  being  dried.   The inspector should read the opacity at
    M                    the  point where  the  steam  plume  disappears.  Any opacity here
                          is evidence  of  a leak  or system  malfunction.
    
    ™                    The  inspector must  remember that the baghouse  tt-mperature must
    •                    be held above the dewpoint of the ore dryer exit gas.  This
                          dewpoint  will depend upon  the fuel  being used  and  the moisture
    I                    in the  asbestos  to  be  dried;  more exactly,  it  will  depend upon
    ^                    the  v;ei<;,nt (or  mol}  fraction  of water  vapor in the  gas stream.
    '                    For  a specific  mill, the dewpoint will  fall within  a limited
    •                    temperature  range.   The inspector should therefore  observe the
                          condition of the insulation on  the  baghouse (gas temperature is
    |                    maintained above dewpoint  by  preventing  gas heat loss) and check
    —                    the  gas temperature  history.   A fall below  the dewpoint would
    *                    mean trouble for the baghouse operator,  by  caking,  blinding
    •                    and  increased pressure drop,  through the bags.
    
    I
    2.3.3  Inspection Procedure for Het Scrubbers
    Discussion
     •                     High-energy  wet scrubbers  could find  application  in  controlling
                      asbestos  dust.  Specifically,  scrubbers  might be  used  in  situations
     •                in  which  the  use  of fabric filters  would create  a fire or explosion
     •                hazard.   Low  energy (6  to  8 inches  water)  scrubbers  have  been  used
                      as  a  control  for  asbestos  emissions at Johns-f'anville's Hanville,
     •                Hew Jersey  plant; Ravbestos -  Manhattan's  flanheim,  Pennsylvania  pl.nt;
    
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    Union Carbide's King City, California mill;  and several  Canadian
    mills.  No high-energy scrubbers, however,  are known to  be in use
    as a control technique for asbestos in any  of the mills  or
    manufacturing operations covered by the standard.  All existing
    scrubbing systems are expected to be replaced by fabric  filters.
    
    Procedure
    1.  Identify the type of wet scrubber being used:  manufacturer,
        model, type,  unit  contacting  energy, capacity,  and source of gas
        stream Iziv.'j treated.
    2.  Compare design specifications with referenced specifications.  The
        collector must be designed to operate with a unit contacting  energy
        equivalent to 40 inches water pressure  drop.  Contacting energy is
        that portion of useful energy exuded in producing  contact of the
        particulate matter with the scrubbing liquid.  Unit  contacting energy
        is equal to the energy per unit weight of gas required to introduce
        the gas stream into the contact chamber, plus, the energy per unit
        weight of gas required to introduce scrubbing liquid into the
        contact chamber, plus the mechanical (shaft) energy  per unit
        weight of gas applied to effect contact between the  scrubbing
                                  5
        liquid and the gas stream.    In the case of a venturi scrubber, the
        most common type of high-energy scrubber, the contribution of the
        liquid stream is small and most of the energy for contacting is
        derived from the gas stream.  The contacting energy  is therefore
        essentially equivalent to the gas stream pressure drop.
    3.  Note the design specifications for gas-stream volumetric flow
    
                             2-18
    

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                           rate, gas-stream pressure drop, liquid-stream volumetric flow
    I                     rate, and liquid-stream inlet pressure.   Observe the pressure
                           drops and flow rates if the necessary instruments have been
    I
                           installed.
    
    •                4.   Search  for bypass  lines or ductwork.  Determine the justification
                           for  them.  Determine  if alternate atmospheric protection is available
                           in case of tneir use.
    
    ™                5.   Inspect ductwork and  exterior of scrubber for leaks, wear,
    fl|                     corrosion, and  general state of repair.
    
    •                6.   Review  operating procedures and maintenance schedules.  Frequent
                           inspection arid  maintenance is essential to the effective operation
    •                     of the  scrubber.   Obtain  information regarding ultimate fate of
                           collected asbestos.
    
                      7.   Determine what  procedures are used in cases of scrubber mal-
    jp                     function.
    
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                                                  2-19
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    2.4  REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.
    
    1.  Control Techniques for Asbestos Air Pollutants.   U.  S.  Environ-
        mental Protection Agency.   Research Triangle Park,  North  Carolina.
        Publication Number AP-117.   February 1973.
    
    2.  Hutcheson, J.  R. M.  Environmental  Control  in the Asbestos  Industry
        of Quebec.  73rd Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Institute
        of Mining and Metallurgy,  Quebec City,  25 p. 1971.  p.  9,  23.
    3.  Control Techniques for Particulate  Air  Pollutants.   U.  S.  Depart-
        ment of Health, Education,  and Welfare.  Washington, D. C.
        Publication Number AP-51.   January  1969.  p.  102-126.
    4.  Types of Fabric Filters.  Industrial Gas  Cleaning Institute,  Inc.
        Stamford, Connecticut.  Publication Number F-5.   August 1972.  8  p.
    5.   Semrau, K. T.   Dust Scrubber Design - A Critique  on the State  of
         the Art.  Journal of the  Air Pollution Control  Association.
         13:587-594, December 1963.
                               2-20
    

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    I                                            3. ROADWAYS
    
    I                3.1   DISCUSSION.
    m                     The  inspector  should  be familiar with sources of asbestos tailings
                      in  his  jurisdiction.   These sources  include asbestos mines and
    •                mills,  which  have been and are  a  source of rock wastes.  The
                      large available quantities of such rock wastes have furnished
    Q                incentive to  use them  to surface  roads.   It is economical to
    £                process asbestos rock  to a residual  asbestos content of about
                      3 percent.  The inspector  should  maintain enough surveillance over
    •                mines and mills to  be  aware of  the ultimate fate of such asbestos-
                      containing solids wastes.
    |                     The  inspector  can maintain some surveillance over  roads by
    im                visual  examination  of  pieces of rock.  Asbestos in such  rock will
                      probably  have a color  varying from v.;iite, through greenish or
    V                yellowish white to  brownish.  It  will have a silky, metallic, dull
                      and opaque luster.   Fibres may  be coarse  or fine and probably are
    •                parallel  with the walls.   Sometimes  they  are felted.  It is also
    m                interesting to note that a suspension of  chrysotile in water
                      has a pH  of over 10.    This.is  alkaline to litmus and to phenolphthalein.
    •                Although  this property is  not unique, it  is one added test to use
                      for identification.
    ™                     If the presence of asbestos  is  suspected, the inspector may  take
    •                samples of rock or  of  apparently  fibrous  road materials  and submit them
                      for microscopic examination.
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    3.2  REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.
    
    
    
    
    
    1.   Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical  Technology, Second Edition,
    
    
    
        Vol.  2., pg.  738, Intersciencc  Publishers,  N.  Y.
                                 3-2
    

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    •                                         4.  MANUFACTURING
    
    I                4.1  ASBESTOS TEXTILES.
    m                4.1.1  Process Description
                           The majority of the asbestos fibers received by a textile plant
    •                are of the milled variety.  These fibers have frequently been com-
                      pressed during packaging and therefore require willowing (fiber
    •                opening) before being sent to the carding operation.
    •                     Either in a preliminary mixing operation or during carding, small
                      amounts of a carrier fiber (rayon or cotton) are blended with the
    •                asbestos fibers to  improve the spinning characteristics of the
                      asbestos.  The asbestos content of the mixture will range frrm 80
    9                percent to almost 100 percent depending upon the requirements of the
    •                end-product.
                           Carding is the preliminary st.p in the manufacture of textiles.
    I                The asbestos f;oers unde^jo a final opening and cleaning process by
                      the carding machine, which cor.ibs the fibers into a parallel arrange-
    •                ment thereby forming a coherent mat of material.  This mat is
    •                separated into untwisted strands and wound onto spindles to form the
                      roving from which asbestos yarn is produced.
    •                     Roving is converted into yarn by a conventional spinning operation,
                      The yarn may then undergo a twisting, weaving, or braiding operation
    •                depending on the desired end-product.  Figure 4-1 provides a schematic
    •                diagram of an asbestos textile plant.  Additional information is
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    available in the control techniques document for asbestos emissions.
    

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                  BAGGED ASBESTOS MUCK
                                                                 UAGGEOSYNTHETIC
                                                                ORCELLULOSEFIRER
                                                                        i.
    PUKE/.VSTOS
    LAPS AND CELTS
                                                                                  ASULS10S
                                                                               >.- SYNlliLTK,
                                                                            -,   LAPS AND [  LL.TS
                                                                             I
            SPUN YARN	
                                    r.i!Ti::c
                               "Ll1™
                                           — LIGHT -GJMt,L
                                           REINFORCING i.lICF
         TV/ISTED YARN -
                                      V
                                 II.VJLTI PLY
                                 A  YARN
                                   R[V:H;DER
                                                                            "OPTIONAL
                         BRAIDER
                                                                   D
                                                                          i:.
                                                                 V/EAV1HG L00
                                               IMPREGNATING
    
                                                    V
                                                   StALS
                                                  PACKINGS
      :  LOCAl'ION 0!: I'OTI ',ll\M A?L;F SI OS CONTAINING DUST [."ISSIGiJS.
    BRAIDED TUBIf.T., r,:V,IDED
      ROPE, BRAIUTD C(!';l/
                                                                               SPINNING
                                                                                 AID
                                                                               TV/IS! ING
    WOVEN TUC'NG,
    CLOTH, TAPES
                                    Figure  4-1.   Asbestos textiles.
                                             4-2
    

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     I
    
     I
                      4.1.2  Emission Points
     |                     A complete list of all exhaust points (stacks, vents, etc.)  for
     g                plant ventilation and process air streams is necessary for the inspect-
                      ion of any manufacturing operation.  This information must be obtained
     I                from the plant owner or operator.  Major sources of emissions within
                      a textile plant and appropriate control  techniques are as follows:
     I                     1.  Emission Source — opening and emptying of bags of asbestos
     m                     into fiber openers and carding machines.
                               Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods on bag
     •                     opening stations and carding machines with exhaust to baghouse.
     •                     2.  Emission Source -- carding operation.
                               Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods with exhaust.
     •                     to baghouse.
     •                     3.  Emission Source -~ spinning and twisting machines.
                               Control Technique -- enclose spindles with exhaust to
     •                     baghouse or convert to wet process.
     Jj                     4.  Emission Source -- looms and braiding machines.
     —                         Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods with exhaust
     ™                     to baghouse.
     •                     5.  Emission Source — open carts of asbestos fiber, roving,
     •                     or yarn.
                               Control Technique -- cover carts.
    I
    
    I
                                                4-3
    

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         6.  Emission Source -- disposal  of empty  asbestos  bags.
             Control  Technique -- place empty  bag  in  enclosed  container
         immediately after emptying and deposit in landfill.
    
    4.1.3  Inspection Procedures
         Ventilation and process  air from the  fiber opening (willowing)
    and carding machines could have loadings similar to the process  gas
    streams of asbestos mills.  Most of the other  gas streams  are  expected
    to have lov/er fiber concentrations.  The inspection procedures described  for
    asbestos mills in Section 2.3 will  apply to tne manufacturing  of textiles.
    4.2  CEMENT PRODUCTS.
    4.2.1  Process Description
         Asbestos-cement products contain from 15  to 30 percent (by  weight)
    asbestos, usually of the chrysotile variety.   The largest  sector of
    this industry is involved in the production of asbestos-cement pipe.
    Other products include siding shingles and flat or corrugated sheets.
         Siding shingles and other sheet  products  may be produced by
    either a dry or wet process.   In the  dry process, a uniform thickness
    of the dry mixture (asbestos fibers,  Portland cement, and  silica) is
    distributed onto a conveyor belt, sprayed  with water, and  compressed
    by rolls to the desired thickness.   This asbestos-cement sheet is then
    cut to size and sent to the curing operation.
         The wet process produces dense sheets of asbestos-cement material
    by introducing a slurry into a molH chamber and compressing the mixture
    to remove excess water.  A setting and hardening period of 24 to 48
    hours precedes the curing operation.
                                -4-4
    

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    I
    
    •                      The manufacture of asbestos-cement pipe is illustrated in
    8                 Figure 4-2 With the individual manufacturing steps numbered and
                       listed on the bottom portion of the figure.  Asbestos fibers are
    I                 normally received in pressure packed bags and therefore require fiber
    M                 conditioning  (opening) before being sert to the production-line
                       storage bins.  A more detailed discussion of the manufacturing
    V                 operation is  available in asbestos control techniques document.
    •                 4.2.2  Emission Points
                            Major potential emission sources within the plant and suitable
    •                 control techniques are presented  in the following list.
                            1.  Emission Source -- slitting and emptying of bags of
    •                      asbestos into hopper of fiber opener.
    •                          Control Technique -- install dust capture hood over bag
                            opening  and emptying station with exhaust to baghouse.
    I
                            2.  Emission Source -- dry mixing of asbestos, cement, and
     •                      silica.
                                Control Technique -- install dust capture hood over mixing
     I                      operation and exhaust to baghouse.
     g                      3.  Emission Source -- finishing operations (machining, drilling,
                            cutting, grinding).
     •                         Control Technique -- install hoods over all finishing operations
     •                     and exhaust to baghouse.
    
     I
    
      I
                                                      4-5
      I
    

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    4-6
    

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    I
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                           4.   Emission  Source  --  loading of scrap and rejects into
                           scrap  grinder.
                               Control Technique --  install dust capture hood over loading
    «
                           area and exhaust  to  baghouse.
    
    •                     5.   Emission Source  --  disposal  of empty  asbestos bags.
    •                         Control  Technique  --  place empty  bag  in  an enclosed
                           container immediately  after emptying  and  deposit  in  landfill.
                      4.2.3  Inspection Procedures
    •                     The inspection  procedures discussed for asbestos  mills should
                      be appropriate.   Heavy concentrations  of asbestos  fibers  might be
    |                present  in process and ventilation rtreams  from fiber  opening,
    M                mixing,  and finishing  operations.
    
                      4.3  FI REPROOFING AND  INSULATING MATERIAL.
    
                      4.3.1  Process Description
    •                     Molded insulation and  spray-applied mixtures  used to fireproof
    •                steel-reinforced  buildings  are the principal asbestos-containing
                      insulating and fi reproofing  materials.  The preliminary step  in the
    •                manufacture of molded  insulation is the mixing of  diatomaceous silica,
                      lime, and asbestos with water.  This  mixture is pumped to a holding
    •                (gel) tank where  the silica  reacts with the calcium hydroxide to
    •                form hydrated calcium  silicate which  crystallizes  around  the  asbestos
                      fibers.   The calcium silicate  - asbestos slurry is then discharged to
    •                a  molding press where  the charge is dewatered  and  pressed into the
                      desired  forms (pipe  shells,  blocks, etc.).   After being removed from
    
    
    i
    

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    the molds, the pieces are heat cured in a series of autoclaves and
    drying tunnels and sent to a finishing operation (sizing,  leg
    trimming, drilling, etc.) before being packaged for shipping.
         Spray-applied fireproofing mixtures are a combination of
    asbestos and an inorganic dry bonding agent.  The mixing operation
    is usually a batch process.
    
    4.3.2  Emission Points
         Major end i;si on points in the manufacturing operations together
    with effective control measures are listed below.
         1.  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bags of asbestos
         into fiber openers or mixers.
             Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods on bag
         opening stations and mixing operations v/ith exhaust sent to a
         baghouse.
    
         2.  Emission Source — finishing operations (sizing,  leg
         trimming, drilling, planing, etc.).
             Control Technique — install hoods over all finishing
         operations and exhaust to baghouses.
         3.  Emission Source -- packaging of pipe insulation or
         fireproofing mixture.
             Control Technique — install dust capture hoods over
         packaging areas and vent to baghouse.
                               4-8
    

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    I
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                         4.  Emission Source -- disposal  of empty asbestos  bags.
                             Control Technique -- place bag in encloced container
                         and deposit in landfill.
    •i
    
    _                4.3.3  Inspection Procedures
    "                     Willowinq and mixing operations can produce high fiber concen-
    •                trations.  The inspection procedures suggested for asbestos mills are
                      applicable.
                      4.4  FRICTP.'I PRODUCTS.
     ™               4.4.1  Process Description
     •                    Brake linings and clutch facings are the major asbestos-contain-
                      ing friction products.  Methods of fabrication include molding (wet
     J               or dry), two-roll forming, and impse-.nating woven asbestos fabric
     —               with friction material.  Molding and two-roll forming involve the
     *               preforming of the product under pressure in molds or between rolls.
      •               The preformed sheets are then cut into product sized segments, formed
                      into the proper shape, and heat cured.  Woven friction products are
      I               constructed of resin impregnated asbestos fabric that has been cut
      _               to length, formed into the desired shape, and heat cured.
      *                    Detailed descriptions of the various manufacturing operations
                      emissions.   Figures 4-3 through  4-6 illustrate these processes.
    •              are provided in the control techniques document for asbestos
    I
    I
    I
    •                                        4-9
    

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                               , AND
                     FRIC'ilUH COMPOUND
        MOLD
       PT; --- rD
                STEAM
               PREHEAT
                               PREFORMING
                                 PRESS
          STRIPS CUT
          TO LENGTH
                                       MOLD
                                      REMOVCD
                                                                               .	i
    
                                                                             fell:
                                                                              PiiL.A
                                                                            V
                                                         	i	1	
                                                                  •"•'<  * fTJuti" . _.:";,""
                                                          ROUGH
                                                         GRIKDIf.'G
                              SHEET Clll I:.'IT
                                 STRIPS
    STEAM HEATED
      BENDING
    CLAWING IN
     LUNETTES
    BAKING
     OVEN
                                                                     -  .  n
                                                  DRILLING,
                                 PACKAGING
    
        G LOCATION OP POTENTIAL ASBESTOS-CONTAINING DUST EMISSIONS
                               - >
    
            Figure  4-3.   Friction products:   dry-mixed
                           brake  linings.
                                                                    RADIUS
                                                                   GRINDING
                             4-10
    

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     1
    
    
     1
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                                   START: ROI.L FOR','.; D CLUTCH FACINGS
                                                          ASBESTOS, SOLVFNT, AND
                                                          FRICTION COMPOUND
                                                     MU-SHEAR
                                                     ,',IXER
                                                                                   -H-i
                                                                                   Tit
    
                                                                                        ---
                                                                                       r.^-f
                                                                                       ill
                                                                                    RACKING
                                           ,    FINISHING
                                           !       OPERATIONS
                                          .1
                                           i H
                                                               PRESS
    1
    -
    iit
    
    \;
    r-i \
                              PACKAGING     I    SFEFIG. 29
                                    START. ROLL FOR.V.LD BRAliE LININGS
                               ASBESTOS,
                               SOLVENT.
                                 AND
                               FRICTIC:;
                               co,v,rai!,n W
    
                                                                                            3l.
                                                                                      BAKING
                                                                                       OVEN
                                                                                           FORCED-
                                                                                          AIIJDRYiiG1
                                                                                           CKAf:'.!;LR
                                                                                                RACKING
                                                                                   CHOPPER
                                                          TY/C ROLL>
                                                            MILL
                                   (3 LOCATION OF POTENTIAL ASBFSrOS-COfiTAINING DUST EMISSIONS
    
                                  Figure 4-4.    Friction  products:   roll-formed clutch
                                                 facings  and brake linings.
    
                                                     4-11
                                                                                                         i
                                                                                                         l\
                                                                                                1-W
    

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    WIRE REINFORCED
      CLOTH ROLL
                                                SLITTING TO
                                                 TAP(:S
                                                          11
            STEAM-HEATED
               ROLL
                        FRICTIOI: cc ,;POJ;,D
                              BA1 H
    WATER-COOLED
        ROLL
                  Vr'INDIiiG
                                         METAL
                                         PLATES
                       -F
                       - >r
                                                 PRrCL';-;li,G
                   1, OV1IH
                                HOT
                                PRESSING
                   V
                                             FINISHING OPERATIONS
    
                Fo:-'-.-.rj-;,!R
                 COOt.i;,G
                                    SANDING
    EOGF.
       1-iDHiG
                                     8   y
                                     DRILLING.
                                 BRANDING
    
                                  JL,
                                  *—V»t"~*
                                                   1NSPF.CT.ON
         PACKAGING
                   LOCATION OF POTENTIAL ASBESTOS-CONTAINING DUST EMISSIONS
    
                   Figure 4-5.   Friction  products:   endless woven
                                  clutch facings.
                                   4-12
    

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    WIRE-REINFORCED
      WOVEN TAPE
          ROLL
    CLAWING IN
     LU.'imES
                        DRYING
                         OVEN
                              ROUGH
                           rjGRInbUG
                           *«•*•
                                           IMPREGNATING
                                               BATH
    ROTARY
    CUTTER
     PRESS
    DENS FIER
                    BAKING OVEN
                                     I                     I
                                     I  FINISHING OPERATIONS '
                                          SEE FIG. 2-9      I
                                        n
                                                                  PACKAGING
                                                                   P
              P1 LOCATION OF POTENTIAL ASBESTOS-COI1TAINING DUST (.MISSIONS
           Figure 4-6.   Friction products:   woven  brake  lininqs.
                           4-13
    

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    4.4.2  Emission Points
    Dry-Mixed Brake Linings
         1.  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of hags  of asbestos.
             Control Technique- -- install  dust capture hoods  over bag
         opening area and storage bins.
    
         2.  Emission Source -- transfer of asbestos from storage bins  to
         weighing scales.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hood over weighing
         scale- c.-nd exhaust to baghouse.
         3.  Emission Source -- discharging of asbestos from weighing
         scales to mixer.
             Control Technique -- enclose  discharge area or install  dust
         capture hood and exhaust to baghcu3e.
    
         4.  Emission Source -- discharging of mixer product to molds.
             Control Technique -- enclose discharge area and exhaust to
         baghouse.
         5.  Emission Source -- cutting of molded sheet into strips.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hoods and exhaust
         to baghouse.
         6.  Emission Source -- rough grinding of molded strips.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hoods and exhaust
         to baghouse.
                                4-14
    

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    I
    •
    •
                            7.   Emission Source -- cutting of molded strips to length.
                                Control Technique -- install dust capture hood and exhaust
                            to baghouse.
                            8.   Emission Source -- finishing operations (grinding, drilling,
    •                      counterboring) .
                                Control Tpchninue -- install dust capture hoods and exhaust
    |                      to haohouse.
    •                      9.   Erission Source -- disposal of emntv asbestos bags.
                                Control Techninuo -- place empty bags in enclosed container
    '                      immediately after emptying and deposit in landfill.
    
    •                 ^°J_llLP-!j'i0_^ i;ral'° .Lini'lf'Ji
    •                      1.   Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bans of asbestos.
                                Control Technique -- install dust canture hoods over bag
     •                      opening area and storage bins and exhaust to haohousp.
    
     V                      2.   Emission Source -- transfer of asbestos from storane bins
                            to weigh inn scales .
     |                          Control Technique -- install dust canture hoods over weighing
     _                      scales and exhaust to baohouse.
    
                            3.   Em's si on Source -- discharging of asbestos from weighing
     •                     scales to mixer.
      •                         Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods over mixer
                            and exhaust to ban.'iouse.
      I
    
      •                                            4-15
      I
    

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         4.   Cmissinn  Source -- hammer mill.
    
    
    
             Control  Technique -- enclose discharne area and
    
    
    
         exhaust  to bainq arr.i and -. toraqe bins and exhaust to baeliouse.
    
    
    
    
    
    
         2.   [r.is.-.ion Sourcu -- transfer of asbestos from  storage  bins  to
    
    
    
         weighing  scales.
    
    
    
             Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods over
    
    
    
         weighing  scalcf, and exhaust to baghouse.
    
    
    
    
    
    
         3.   Emission Source -- discharging of asbestos from weighing
    
    
    
         scales to mixer.
    
    
    
             Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods over  mixer
    
    
    
         and exhaust to baghouse.
                              4-16
    

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    I
    
                              4.  Emission Source -- finishing operations  (sanding,  edqe
    I                        grindi nq, drilling, counter-boring, dustinci).
                                  Control Technique -- install dust couture hoods  over
    |                        finishing operations and exhaust to bacjhouse.
    
    I                        5.  (."mission Source -- disposal of empty  asbestos  baqs.
                                  Control Technique -- place empty bags  in enclosed  container
    •                        immediately after emptying and deposit  in  landfill.
    
    •                   li°Y_cJl l'r_a! :> l-1Jlin3J-L
    •                        1,  emission Source -- cutting of saturated  tane.
                                  Control Technique -- install dust caoture hoods  and exhaust
     I
    to baqhouse.
                              12.  Emission Source --  rouqh grinding  of taoe.
                                                           '
                                  Control Technique -- install  dust  capture  hood  and exhaust
                              to baqhousc.
     •                       3.  emission Source -- finishing  operations  (sandinq,  edge
                              grindi nq, drilling, counter-boring,  dusting).
     8                           Control Technique --  install  dust  capture  hoods  over all
     •                       finishing operations and  exhaust  to  baghouse.
    
     •                  Endless 1 .(P_ve_n__Clj : JL?_h. _£ acijios_
     •                       1.  emission Source -- slitting of asbestos  cloth  into tapes.
     •    -                       Control Technique --  install  dust  capture  hood and exhaust
                              to baghouse.
     I
    
     •                                            4-17
     I
    

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         2.  Emission Source -- finishing operations  (sanding,  edge
         grinding, drilling, counter-boring,  dusting).
             Control Technique -- install dust capture  hoods  over all
         finishing operations and exhaust to baghouse.
    
    4.4.3  Inspection Procedures
         The inspection procedures presented in Section
    2-3   can be used.  High concentrations of asbestos could be present
    in ventilatio,. air from the dry-mixing and finishing (drilling,
    grinding, ftc.) operations.  Visible emissions might also be detected
    from various other process steps (wet-mixing, impregnating bath, etc.)
    because of the use of volatile organic solvents.   Asbestos emissions
    from these sources are expected to be small.
    4.5  PAPER, MILLBOARD, FELT.
    4.5.1  Irocess Description
         Asbestos paper and felt are manufactured on  machines of the
    Fourdrinier and cylinder types similar to those used to produce
    cellulose paper.  The cylinder machine is the more  v.-idely employed.
         Figure 4-7  illustrates the operation of a Fourdrinier paper
    machine.   Short-fiber asbestos is combined with a binder and water
    in a pulp beater to form a mixture containing between 6 and 12
    percent fibers.  This slurry is fed to a machine chest where it is
    diluted to 2 to 4 percent solids.  A thin uniform layer of the mixture
    is deposited by gravity onto an endless, moving wire screen to form
    the paper which is then transferred to a moving felt. Vacuum boxes,
    roll presses, and a series of steam heated drum rollers are used to
                                    4-18
    

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    vi en:  I-'-1
                     PRESS
                     RO'.LS
                      '>
                                                          CALENDER
                                                           ROLLS
    o  r\  /
    .-   ^  -  xr  /'tr
               h; /'
               v«*  t
                                         u
                                             DRYERS
                                          CHEATED ROLLS)
                                                                         --
    FINISUri) A'JBLSTOo
       PAPER ROLL
                                   HIGH-SPEED
                                     SLITTCR
                                                                 TAKE-UP
                                                                  REEL
                                              TAKE-UP REEL
         fl LOCATION Of POTENTIAL ASnESTOS-CONTAIIIING DUST EMISSIONS
    
                                                " J
    
                        Figure  4-7.   Asbestos paper.
    
    
    
    
    
    
                                            4-19
    

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    dry the paper.   This is followed by calendering to produce a smooth
    surface and cutting to size.
         The operation of a cylinder paper machine includes a mixing
    step similar to that described for a Fourdrinier type machine.  The
    slurry from the machine chest is pumped to one of several vats, each
    containing a rotating cylinder screen.  Asbestos fibers are collected
    on the rotating cylinders and transferred to an endless belt conveyor
    to form the paper.  The subsequent drying, calendering, and sizing
    operations a.-;  trie same as these described for the Fourdrinier machine,
         f'illLCK-rc! is produced from short fiber asbestos.  The asbestos
    fibers, water, and a binder are mixed in a pulp beater, subjected to
    a  screening operation, and pumped to the millboard machine.  The
    asbestos slurry is fed to u large box containing a rotating cylinder
    screen.  Fibers are deposited on the rotating cylinder, partially
    drained of waters and transferred to a conveyor belt to form the
    millbO'Vd shoret.  This sheet is then pressed, molded, and cut to the
    size of consr.ercial millboard.  All remaining water is removed by a
    series of pressing and drying operations.
    4.5.2  Emission Points
         1.  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bags of asbestos
         into mixer.
             Control Technique — enclose bag opening and emptying
         station and exhaust to baghouse, or convert to a wet process
         using pulpable bags.
                                  4-20
    

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    _                     2.  Emission Source -- slitting and edge-trimming of paper.
                               Control Technique — install dust capture hoods and exhaust
    •                     to baghouse.
    
    •                     3.  Emission Source -- disposal of empty asbestos bags.
                               Control Technique -- place empty bags in an enclosed
    g                     container  immediately after emptying and deposit in landfill.
    
    •                4.5.3  Inspection Procedures
                           The in:rvction procedure developed for asbestos mills should be
    •                appropriate.  The major emission source will be the opening and
    •                emptying of bags of asbestos.
    
                      4.6  FLOOR TILE.
    
                      4.6.1  Process  Description
    •                     Vinyl-asbestos floor tile  is produced from a mixture of asbestos
    •j                fibers, ground  limestone, and a resin binder.  The various components
                      are  combined  in a high shear mixer  as indicated in Figure 4-8  to
     •                form the base material.  After  the  base material passes through a
                      two-roll mill,  the relatively thick sheet is cut and joined to a
     •                similar piece that has been previously formed and is in the process
     •                of being calendered (smoothed and reduced in thickness between two
                      revolving cylinders).  A series of  calendering cperations produces
     I                a  tile sheet  of the desired thickness and surface finish.
                           Before the compound can cool and harden, a blanking press die
     I                cuts the tiles  to final size.   Haste material is recycled to the
     •                mixing operation.  A more detailed  discussion of the manufacture
    
     •                                            4-21
    

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    BRPM ;
    FRA..T.
    STHAP
                               S/: !) ClIHL'K
                           ;AV;:.:AIF.I;IALS
          \
      Ti-r, noi.i
        fmLL
    n;/v :. --
    STKYP
    
      /•
                                                     OIL
                                                  |,;OT'i I ! R
                                                       RADIANT
                                                          WAX AF'PLICATOI?
                                    Buni;r;
    ..._J
                                              COOLI[-;GCIiA!,;i]ER
     OO:-
    CALENDER ROLLS
                         PRESS
        fTILES
    
         \
          \
           \
            \
                   I	I'
                                            •t~- —
                                                    PACKAGING
                          COOLIUG Cf!/,,V,bER
    
                   Ario;.1 or PGILNTIM ASp.rsros-co;.ri/i.iNiijc DUST [.MISSIONS
                       Fiqure 4-8.   Vinvl-asbestos  floor tile.
    
                                   4-22
    

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    g                of vinyl-asbestos floor tile can bo obtained from tho control
                      techniques document for asbestos emissions.
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                      4.C.2  Emission Points
                           Potential sources of asbestos emissions are:
                           1,  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bags of asbestos.
    I                         Control Technique -- install dust capture hoods over bag
                           opening  and emptying stations and exhaust to baghouse.
    
                           2.  Em's?ion Source -- transfer of asbestos from storage bins
    •                     to weighing scales.
    •                         Control Technique -- install dust capture hood over weighing
                           scales anci exhaust to baghouse.
    
    •                     3.  Emission Source -- disch?rging of asbestos from weighing
    •                     scale to mixer.
                               Control Technique -- enclose discharge area or install dust
    |                     capture  hood over mixer inlet,
    
    •                     4.  Emission Source -- mixing process.
                               Control Technique — close mixer inlet.
    
                           5.  Emission Source — loading of asbestos-containing chips
    J                     into hoppers in preparation  for mottling.
    _                         Control Technique -- install dust capture hood over hoppers
    •                     and exhaust to baghouse.
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                                                   4-23
    

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         6.  Lrnission Source -- deposition of mottling chips  on  the
         tile shoot ar. it emerges from the two- roll  mill.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hood and  exhaust
         to baghouse.
    
         7.  Emission Source -- grinding of scrap in preparation for
         recycle.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hoods  over
             de^ "nlet and outlet and exhaust to baghouse.
         8.  [.mission Source -- disposal  of empty asbestos  bags.
             Control Technique -- place empty bags in an enclosed
         container immediately after emptying and deposit in  landfill.
    4.6.3  Inspection Procedures
         Asbestos emissions are limited primarily to the introduction
    of asbestos into the process and to the mixing step.  The inspection
    procedures outlined in Section 2.3 will be applicable.
    4.7  PAINTS, COATINGS, CAULKS, ADHESIVES, AND SEALANTS.
    4.7.1  Process Description
         Most asbestos-containing paints, coatings, caulks,  adhesives,
    and sealants are either asphalt or oil -based mixtures produced by
    batch mixing operations.  A high percentage of short-fiber asbestos
    may be used.
    
    4.7.2  Emission Points
         Emissions are possible from the bag opening operations and
                                4-24
    

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                      from the introduction of asbestos into the process.
    |                     1.  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bags of
    B                     asbestos into storage bins or receiving hoppers.
    "                         Control Technique -- install dust hoods over bag opening
    I                     and emptying stations and exhaust to bagliouse.
    
    •                     2.  Emission Source -- transfer of asbestos from storage bins to
                           weighing scales.
    I                         Control Technique -- enclose discharge area and exhaust to
                           baghouse.
    
                           3.  Emission Source -- discharging of asbestos  from the
     |                     weighing scales to the mixer.
     w                        Control Technique -- enclose discharge area or install  dust
                           capture hood over mixer.
    
     •                    4.  Emission source -- disposal of empty asbestos bags.
     •                        Control Technique -- place bags in an enclosed container
                           immediately after emptying and deposit in landfill.
    
                      4.7.3  Inspection Procedures
     I                    The inspection procedures provided in Section 2.3 are appropriate.
      I
    4.8  PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS.
                      4.8.1  Process Description
                           Asbestos-reinforced or-filled plastics and rubber materials
      •               may be produced by both batch and continuous operations and may
                      make extensive use of both short and long fibers.  Process
                                                 4-25
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    descriptions must be obtained on an individual  basis  from the plant
    owner or operator.
    
    4.8.2  Emission Points
         1.  Emission Source -- opening and emptying of bags  of asbestos
         into storage bins or receiving hoppers.
             Control Technique -- install  dust capture hoods  over bag
         opening and emptying stations and exhaust  to beghouse.
    
         2.  Emission Source -- transfer of asbestos from storage bins
         to v/eigning scales.
             Control Technique — enclose discharge area  and  exhaust to
         baghouse.
    
         3.  Emission Source -- discharge of iisriestos fron the weighing
         scales to the mixer.
             Control Technique -- enclose discharge area or install
         dust capture hood over mixer.
    
         4,  Emission Source -- grinding of sheets  of asbestos-
         reinforced plastic to form molding compound.
             Control Technique -- enclose inlet and outlet of grinder
         and exhaust to baghouse.
    
         5.  Emission Source -- disposal of empty asbestos bags.
             Control Technique -- place bags in an  enclosed container
         immediately after emptying and deposit in  landfill.
                               4-26
    

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    •                4.0.3   Inspection Procedures
                           Potential enission sources are the bag opening and the mixing
    I                operations.  Mo  alteration  in  the inspection procedures listed in
                      Section  2.3 should  be  required.
    
                      4.9  CHLORINE.
    
                      4.9.1   Process Description:
    I                     Host  chlorine  is  produced by the electrolysis of aqueous
                      solutions  of alkali-metal chlorides.  All cell  designs for this
    •                electrolytic process  are  variations of either the diaphragm cell
    •                (Figure  4-9)  or of a  cell  which uses mercury metal as an inter-
                      mediate  cathode.   In  the  diaphragm cell,  an asbestos diaphragm
    •                separates  the anode from  the cathode.  The diaphragm is applied by
                      inmersing  the cathode  into  a bath of asbestos slurried in cell
    m                liquor  and then  applying  a  vacuum to the  cathode.  Asbestos is
    •                deposited  on the steel-screen  fingers of  the cathode.
    «                4.9.2   Emission  Points
                            1.  Emission Source  --.opening and emptying of bags of asbestos.
    •                         Control Technique  —  install dust capture hoods over bag
                           opening and emptying stations with exhaust to baghouse, or convert
    |                     to  wet process using pulpable bags.
     I                     2.  Emission Source  -- disposal of empty bags of asbestos.
                               Control Technique  --  place empty bags  in enclosed container
     •                     immediately after emptying and deposit in  landfill.
    
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     -                                         4-27
    

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                                                                l-
    
                                                                QJ
                                                                O
                                                                O
                                                                cu
                                                               O
    
    
                                                                CD
                                                                (O
                                                                J-
                                                               ^;
                                                                en
                                                               o
                                                               CTl
                                                                I
                                                                3
                                                                cn
                                                                u.
    4-28
    

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                     4.9.3  Inspection  Procedures
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                          Visible emissions of asbestos  can  occur during  the  bag
    0               opening and emptying operation.   The  inspection  procedures developed
                     for asbestos mills should be  suitable.
    
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    4.10  REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4.
    
    
    
    1.  Control  Techniques for Asbestos  Air Pollutants.   U.  S.
    
    
    
        Environmental  Protection Agency.   Research  Triangle  Park,  North
    
    
    
        Carolina.   Publication Number AP-117.   February  1973.
    
    
    
    
    
    2.  Shreve,  R.  M.   Chemical  Process  Industries. New  York,  McGraw-Hill
    
    
    
        Book Company,  19C7.  p. 234.
                               4-30
    

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     I
     •                                        5.  DEMOLITION
     I                    A rewrite of  the  Demolition Section is being prepared by D5SE
     •               and will be distributed no later than at the July 19 NESHAPS seminar
                      in Dallas, Texas.
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                                                    5-1
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                                                6.  SPRAYING
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                            The only spray  applied insulation or fireproofing now being
    I                 produced that  is  known  to contain more than 1 percent asbestos is
    _                 MK  111  produced by the  Zonolite Construction Products Division of the
    •                 W.  R. Grace  Company.  MK 111  contains from 10 to 12 percent asbestos.
    •                 The Fireproofing  Products Division  of Carboine Co. of St. Louis
                       manufacturers Pyrocrete I and Pyrocrete  II.  These are cement-piaster-
    •                 asbestos mixtures used  for structural steel fireproofing.  They are
                       no I spray  applied.
                            The asbestos limitation of 1 percent by weight for drv spray
     I                 material applied to buildings,  structures,  pipes, or conduits suggests
                       that the inspector may often want to check  supplies allegedly contain-
     |                 ing less than 1 percent asbestos.  Quantitative analysis for asbestos
     •                 in a mixture is an extremely difficult procedure.   Available methods
                       arc based on electron microscopy used by highly trained specialists.
     I                Determining asbestos content with these methods costs approximately
                       $300, and the results  are accurate within plus or minus 50 percent.
     p                The few available U. S. locations that have the required facilities
      I
                     and expertise include the following:
                                               Battelle Columbus
    I                                           Attention:   Mr.  William  Henry
                                               505 King Avenue
                                               Columbus, Ohio  43201
      I                                        California State Department of Health
                                               Attention:  Dr. Peter K.  Mueller
                                               2151 Berkeley l.'ay
                                               Berkeley, California  94704
    I
    _                                       McCrone Associates, Inc.
    •                                       493 East 31st Street
    ™                                       Chicago, Illinois  60616
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                                                   6-1
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                     Mt.  Sinai  School  of Medicine
                     City University of Mew York
                     Attention:   Dr.  Irving J.  Selikoff
                     Environmental  Sciences Laboratory
                     5th  Avenue  and lOOlh Street
                     New  York,  New  York  10029
                     Johns f'onville Research and  Engineering Center
                     Attention:   Dr. Sydney Spi°l
                     Denver, Colorado
         Obviously, speedy analysis, although highly desirable, will
    not normally be possible.   However, the submission of samples at
    least serves r>s a deterrent to a contractor who would misrepresent,
    since action could be taken against him later if the analysis showed
    more than 1 percent asbestos.
         In cases involving the spray application of asbestos containing
    insulating or fireproofing material containing n.ore than 1  percent
    asbestos to equipment or machinery, the inspection procedures listed
    in Section 2.3 would be appropriate.
                                  6-2
    

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    I                .                      7.  INSPECTION RECORDS
    
    •                 7.1   RtPORTS.
                            Each stationary source of asbestos emissions must report the
    I                 following information to the Environmental Protection Agency:
    •                      A.  Name  and  address of owner or operator
                            B.  Location  of source
    I                      C.  A  description  of the source and its operations with identifi-
                               cation  of all  points of  asbestos emissions
    •                      D.  A  description  of control equipment for each emission point
    •                      E.  The average weight per month of asbestos processed for the 12
                               months  preceding the report date
    •                 These reports  will  provide most of the  background data for on-site
                       inspection  of  each source.  The initial inspection should verify in-
    •                 formation in tho reports.
    
    §                 7.2   CHECKLISTS  A;
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    a checklist or outline of the inspection can  be  made.   It may be
    
    
    
    unnecessary to prepare an outline or checklist for sorrc? sources.  A
    
    
    
    list of major Items to observe or discuss and a  sketch showing nuir.sion
    
    
    
    points will probably suffice for small,  relatively simple processes.
    
    
    
         The primary function of a checklist or outline is to prevent the
    
    
    
    inspector from overlooking any emission  point during the inspection.
    
    
    
    Table 7-1 presents an outline which may  be used  as a guide.   It will
    
    
    
    probably be necessary to modify the outline for each source, such as,
    
    
    
    omit the wot collector section or add instrument readings.  On any
    
    
    
    checklist, outline or inspection log, the source being inspected
    
    
    
    should be completely identified.  Code numbers should be included to
    
    
    
    allow easy reference to the HAREMS computerized data handling system.
    
    
    
    Comments on weather conditions or process operations affecting the
    
    
    
    inspection should be made.  Any equipment failures (T replacements
    
    
    
    affecting cnissior rates and any use of control  equipment bypasses
    
    
    
    should b:.- listed.
                                7-2
    

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                                      TABLE  7-1.   INSPECTION CHECKLIST
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                                                                  Inspector
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                                                Date
    Company Name	
         Address	
         HAPEI1S Source Number
                      Source  Description  (e.g.,  Asbestos  cement pipe plant)
                      Persons Interviewed
     •                GENERAL  OBSERVATIONS
                           Ductwork  Leaks
         Piping Leaks 	
         Collector Housing Leaks
         Apparent Condition cf Equipment
         Disposal of Collected Material
         Accumulated Dust or Fiber
         Visible Emissions Ref. TM 9
         (Average Opacity)
                           Locations  of Visible  Emissions
                           (HAPEIIS  point numbers)
                           •Samples  Taken  at  Locations
                           of Visible  Emissions
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                                 7-3
    

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                         TABLE 7-1.   (CONTINUED)
                                             HAPEMS  Source  No.
                                             Date
    CONTROL DEVICES
         I.  Baghouse
             HAPEMS Point Number
             Gas Stream Description (e.g., exhaust from bagging  machine
               hood) 	
             Baghouse Manufacturer 	
                  Model
                  Fabric Description (type, pomesbility,  etc.)
                  Length and Frequency of Cleaning Cycle	
             Baghouse Interior
                  Bag Conoition:  Torn	
                                  Leaking 	
                                  Ruptured
                                  Heavily Horn
                                  Other 	
                  Dust on Floor 	
             Baghouse Hopper
                  Unloading Frequency 	
                  Dust Generated by Unloading
                  Final Dust Disposal	
             Operating Variables
                                7-4
    

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    II.
                         TABLE  7-1. (CONTIIJUFD)
                                               HAPEfIS Source No.
    
                                               Date
                             Specificntlon
                                         Observed  '•   Comment
        Temperature
    
        Pressure Drop
    
        Gas Flowrate
    
        If any recordings instruments are  used, examine  the  charts
    
        to discover abnormal situations.
    
        Comments	
    
             (Bag replacements,_ eouijpmen_t  faijures, equiprent  channqs,
    
             addi t i on ;il i ns trumentati on, etc._)	
    
    
    Wet Collectors
    
    HAPEMS Point Number
         Gas Stream Descriotion
         Type of Collector (e.g., venturi scrubber)
    
         Collector Manufacturer	L
    
             Model  	
    
         Operating Variable
           Pressure Drop
    
           Gas Flowrate
    
           Liquid Flov/rate
    
           Liquid Inlet Pressure
    
           Unit Contcct.ing Energy
    
    
    
                                7-5
    Specification
    
    Observed
    
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                    TABLE: "/-i.  (CONTINUED)
                                          IIAPLIIS  Source  No.
                                          Date
      If recording instruments are used, examine  the  charts to
      discover abnormal situations
    Comments and recommendations
                         7-6
    

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                       ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    
    
    
    
    DAMP, OAQPS,  CPUJ, SIB                                        Dale_ July 10>  1973
    
    Kegul at iotis  for Indirect Sourc0  ''cview
    
    See Below
    
         As  yt u  »•'.-.  ' 1 ,  SIP distributed TO t:,e Region!  Offices on June 15
    a dn ::  -v, c.,i-'c'c :  , 'V- ,.\-»'...  i •"• ,  inte1'1 i ivj assist  ''on  in  working ,vith
                                          !L., •: n, ation -.'lens,   In addition,
                                         <:,.  , J  the Rc_, u, ,->,.>. 1  Office stair
                                         :ra:  i, ;f>eting,  v:e  promised additional
                                         erit.   In this  regard,  we arc
                                              icn whicfi  TPA  ^ould promulgate
                            ..^ac:  ;,  P' •.'•ordures for deteninning the i.iiniinum
                         v^'  •  r i.: ~  i-.iP,j'  i. i,n new source  review regulations.
    
                          ) ,>,'p  ,v:  :)',?•;  01 i i'O'-'idrig guidance  to the States in
                          ' i~-j .\  sc-o". e  re<.u i a ,icns ,  It  should be noted, eowever.
                         ^•p.M:,.]  u-  oi'era :i,ig characteristics of motor v'enicief
                         are •  ithe'r  arhin py  at  this f,oint.   The exa^p^e calcu-
                         •-.e  ;,,ee  of  a^i/sis that could  be presented to sirp; rt
                          ;,T rvi w s  of  eeneern.
    
          i a>;>  also e.  P .inp eo:^;C'>  of  + he •, iina  schedule  for developr'en i:,
    propo..-"! and  ; • ?.•  •_ .!.]•,,   f  ; 1^1 -   ,•; .,-.cordance with the court scipulated
    dates   ,."  f:^ ^.    "'•,  is (  o..  e-rne-d,  .;„": dates or Cciober 15 for Approval/
    disappre1'1:!  d- .'  j  •.   ;  .;• 1!)  r;r  i'^1-.!  'jroinulgation  must  be met.   . ;-o
    CPDD/SIli w.:jl   -i p   .-,, P.te  rec • .BV • •  an.; coniiiient you would neve 01, ;~ie
    enclosed repu  a'-v,)-,  by  July  23,  19/3.   We would make  the desired changes
    and send copies  of the  revised  regni ;tions back to  the Regional Offices
    to assist  you  in  r->  - DP-'pa*  i ion  c^  p.ar.s where the states have '  il^.-i
    to respond.  P..  wa ,  c:is^u9',e'  in  P^icipv, the Regions! Office wi '
                                                for proposal and prcniul
                                                                         'C/j must
                                         e ;"(;;•. 'j Lion for  the briefing aee^^eni:
    and pre(\:elo.   ':.}:- ,,'ili as-    :•"  one F e :i e r a 1_ Reg i s t e r package e'.d forward
    to He: e "]'iar cer s  f-r  ;. ro:e:>s : -,g.   Please note that  comments on the proposed
    plans would  ',:-: v*  ,i  to  the respective Regional Office similar to the
    transportation .]~u  procedure.   Since SIB will be  functioning in a
    coordinating/supporting role,  it  is  urgent that we  be kept appraised of
    the status of  plan development  so  we can  prepare accordingly.  Please
    advise us  if our  principal contact  in I he Regional  Office for this matter
    is other than  teat individual designated  as  principal  air contact.
                          _
    You n^i-cl not  sp^ini  r.ne error'  Lo  prepare' the error-free  copy tr.ii
    

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                                                                                s
          It  is  further recognized  that many, if not most,  states lack adequate
    legal authority and will not be  able to correct this deficiency tn time to
    submit an aoprovanlj plan.  This situation might tend  to  discourage many
    states from proceed ing with p1-?n development activities.   I  would suggest
    that you encourage '• '•'>•' states  to develop the kind of plan  necessary to
    address  the c c f, \ riot:-, c,rid need; sf tnc-ir area.   If the  basic plan is
    acceptable  ,:n to be
    cf, •-. i  .^',r  \.-.it: Li..  ,,.•.•, i  .   :   'Assent requires^r ts oi  40 (.rR 51.  we
    wi 1"; fr'r-i.c this  ciri:i->: •"•. • •" • ..•  ~-' rh:.' comolf'X source schedule,  If you
    have any com  eni-,  as ir. otlvr  ,  -j^v Mie ..tv.igcs, please  ;e-r;  us know.
    
         Ue \/ould  appreci ,te on;.' orient-,  yo; :;'ay hove  on  the enclosed material
    If you have any id^oS or p^occ-..m'cs  that would bo  of  benefit to the other
                                             ,../• ;:,«.-      r  '    ,
                                           i\or;.:'an G. r.dfinsten,  Chief
                                                ^'  Implementation  Branch
                                                Control Programs
                                              lev el opine nt  Division
    Enclosures
    
    Addressees:
         Director,  Ji vision of .'ir  LC-\  '^i2r :• • oyrams ,  Regions 1  - X (3)
         Principal  /ur Contacts,  ,-;:g!ens I - X ,,3)
         J.  Schu enema n
           .
         W.  Frici:
         E.  Reich
    

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    •                           Basis  for Deterrnination of Facilities
                                     Subject to New Source Review
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             I.    Pirect sourcesof  emissigns
                   All stationary  sources  of emissions,  with  the exception of the
    I
               exemptions  listed  are subject to review.   The cutoff sizes for fuel
    •         burning  equipment  were chosen because the maximum amounts of emissions
               from  these  exempted sourers are considered insignificant.  These cutoffs
    «         depend on  the  type of fuel  burned:
    •               (1)   Equipment  •   i  nac. a heat input of not more than 250 million
                    B.t.u. per hour and which burn gaseous fuel containing not more
     •              than  0.5  grains. H?S per 100 standard cubic feet would emit negligible
                    particulate  matter and 1 _ 5 t.nan jiwo ton: of sulfur dioxide per year.
     ™               (2)   Equipment "•*;,:r>  nas a hfai  inpu  of not more than 1 million B.t.u.
     •              per  hour  ,; ;d    ,   burns cf'fi  .','dte oil would emit negligible
                    partlcMU   ••  ' ,r and approximately two tons of .--jlfur dioxide per
     f              year.
     —               (3)   Equi-nient which  has a heat input of not more than 35u,jGO E t.u.
     *              per  hour  ..nd wfiich burn;  s-x>  other fuel rauld emH betwe/:-   ivc to
     •              seven tons of sulfur  dioxide  per year.
              II.     Indirect  sources  of emissions
     _             The  criterion  which was  used in the selection of sizes of facilities
     •       was that a facility  would be  subject to review if its associated motor
              vehicle activity  resulten  i-i  local  CO concentrations in excess oi  lb percent
              of the national ambient  air qua! it': standard,
    

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          (1)  Facilities with parking facilities
               For estimating the size of a parking lot for a particular
          facility, above which will result in local  carbon monoxide concen-
          trations which exceed 10 percent of the carbon monoxide standard,
          assumptions must be made concerning the behavior of motor vehicles
          In that parking lot under estimated worst conditions.   One reference
          on parking lot design* gives dimensions of parking spaces..  A
          parking unit is defined as two parking stalls plus an  aisle..   For
          parking stalls at 90° to the aisle, the maximum dimensions for the  unit
          is 65 feet by 10 feet, for a two-way aisle.  This amounts to  a space
                               2                  2
          requirement of 650 ft /2 stalls = 325 ft /stall.   This arrangement  permits
          a capacity of 135 cars per acre. -
               Assumptions were made concerning automobr   !   .avior in  a parking
          lot.   Assuming for a worst-case example that vehicle;  travel  a = 900 g CO	
               ^ ~lvehicle mi lei I hour  j  ^   ' ~ vehicle hours
               Assumptions concerning the behavior of motor vehicles in a parking
          lot depend upon the type of facility and the intensity of use over a  time
     *Parking in the City Center, prepared by Wilbur Smith and Associates, New Haven,
     Connecticut, under commission from the Automobile Manufacturers Asso., May 1965.
    **Compi1ation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Revised), U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
     February 1972, Publication No. AP-42.
    

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                period.   Assuming a constant  wind speed of 1 m/sec,  and constant
    I
                wind direction  with class "D" atmospheric stability,  the  graphical
    I          relationship  given in Figure 1 of  Appendix 0 of 40 CFR  Part  51  can be
                used to determine the maximum parking area for a given  downwind concen-
    •          tration and a given emission da,-it/.   Interpolation  between curves was
    •          necessary  to  determine t^ fv'Ut; ,>n jhips for the conditions  of  10 per-
                cent of the CO  ambient air quality standards (i.e., 0.9 p.p.m.  and 3,5
    J          p.p.m.).
                     The following calculations  yield a size of two general  categories
    •          of complex sources above which should be subjt- r TO <•.-« ew 1  facilities
    •          whose associated  motor- vehicle activity i- surt-a- o^t i-r.-i1  the  period
                of a day and  facilities wrv-         ;nted ou^i    enirlt;  activity occurs
     I          over a short  period.   The sizu for :•= th          -s is t> acres,
                     (a)  £^.riilii£.Jjil?. l£L tlhr-'     ' '* J:li?iL_'?:i-';-v--j.hi!;'^  jdrj!  'iifllSj6.
                     activit;  is  spread out GJ '   ' "c £6£JJ?jf -"*"  "'-:'"''	
     «                  '  These facilities '-«i' .  -   ' -dt; >hot,  '•    =  ••       riru'"^'. ,
                     commercial and indusif.i'     • • ,-•*, -'U •     . ,t-  i,-.     o .>  if j
     fl              recreatlona1  ar> ,>.    ~            *         • - •        - •?   •
                     these facilfcfi:-.  -.  •   -    .   .   ..  ,r   .    j;: --.    ,.   ••» •  of:  '>ttn
      |               a peak-to-off-p'-ur  •      ^'    ..-? iH->»d;-.-  ;  !.;. 4^   ,-..' •:'!•" •  \  <:'-ndiLU
      M               analyses wi M r?e fsec-'-  T,   ,, .  ?ut  J'",-,  h,.-i :•,r, i/f^-  is^r and  ore  for
                      the worst 8-nour perio-..
      •                    (i)  Worst peak  [a^n  p'-'^.-i
                                Assun'iC- thai  :r,c  t.'jiri(,tj  lot  cont.-J:i   •     <•.',<•*:  ^er    -
      I                    (full  lot) and uar   f
      •                    time.  The emissioc  u
                F        (900 g CO    Vl  hour
                 1-hr ~ Vvehicle
      I
                                      * ^          i
                           =  1.8 x 10"4  a C0/<;pr-m2
    

    -------
                From Figure 1  in  Appendix 0,  to  achieve <•> d^Mv.irK edg<; con-
                centration of  less than 10 percent of the one  hour CO standard
                (10% of 35 p.p.m.  = 3.5 o.p.m,},  the a ret must  be ic lorger
                than approximately K,J outers  on a side;i which  corr^sf-ond'
                to  a squar-u area  c-t jp;»n."-. v :aU  ••  -i acr>-  (o/.,  stalls).
                      • • \  ,       r\ ,
                     {t"\)  Worst  8-h,  •    '• 10--
                          Assume  t'.at  lor 8 hour:,, the 'r^rkitK,  li,t coiilair.s only
                     three-fourths the number  j-  vehicles d, pdirKi ,,,  tails and
                     that oniy 0.7 percent of  th -se vehicle:'-, are f-ocr^tinq at
                     any one time  over IMC- 8- .-:,;,•• pe.-io!     .   .>    ,  •    v.ion
                     dens: "v,  f  '  . ,3]; L
            	  i'    VJ  r.D'.ir
    -8-hr "VveMcTe"^jv/V:;^r™:yV •                         -.-/••
               =  4.4   ;      ,    '
               From
               trati:,  -
               of 9.^. tj.,
               than appr.!>, ,
               area of a(..,  ; -•  •. ,JT:.
             '.   (b)                                            _
                     ove_r a short pen;  ^ £_e':'at?  JR MOIT  os  .:•
                     These facilities include  .->; ' < ts it;':';!;1;?,  ,,r: i   "'p^,  ,,'rncn
                cater to affairs  f^on, v,-(.:r.h  n^ir -.> k'av.  .1!.  ,  ,• r, i-..;    ,-^s,,;x;
                that the lot  is  rui,  ,,   ,r:r«;.^--, ^..rk in ,  >  n'1 i
                of 2.2 pen.f:rif  -^  ! .-    - >   .                             -  •'.<• •
                period,  ^iti, -..(in t;,t- n ,\ .,.    . .   >i     ..                       nj
                much hi-:he-   t^an ? ?f   n~  •> ••  -':' ; cipate-i  tf..if  r, ;. j  
    -------
      I
      I             empty  In much less than an hour, thus, reducing the average
                     number of cars running during the hour to 2.2%.  The one-hour
      |             emission density, E, is then calculated as follows:
           IP     _/900 g CO    Vl hour   Vl stalA/ vehicleVlO.8 ft.2) ,n n?9.
           Ll-hr  ^vehicle hour/\3600 sec./\325 ft2/\} stall /Y^2     / {U'(}^)
      m             = 1.8  x 10~4 g CO/sec-m2
       _             From Figure 1 in Appendix 0, to achieve a downwind edge con-
       ™             centration of less than 10 percent of the 1-hour standard
       •             (10% of 35 p. p.m. = 3.5 p. p.m.), the parking area must be no
                     longer than approximately 40 meters, which corresponds to a
       •
       I
    
       I
    I
         square area of approximately 5 acres.
    
    (2)  Highways
         To estimate the sizes of highways  abcv  wHch will result in local
    CO concentrations     which exceed 10 percent of the  carbon monoxide
    standard, th^ '< ' -° -.. v-ce model  HIWAY*  was  used  to develop Figire 1
    (enclosed) which depicts CO concentration as  related  to traffic on the
       •
                roadway.  The ^ollcwing assumptions were made in the development  of
       •       Figure 1:
                     - 1 lane roadway of 400 m in length
       •            - Receptor located as indicated in the diagram in Figure 1, at
                       2 m above ground,
       •            - Angle between the direction of the wind and the roadway 20 degrees,
                     - Mobile sources emitting CO at 0 m  above ground,
                                                           r~-
       •            - Flat terrain,
       "
                     - Class "D" atmospheric stability,
                     - Wind speed of 1 m/sec,
                     - Vehicle speed of 30 mph,
                     - 1975 automobile age and use distribution operating under urban
                       conditions.
            *Zimmerman, J.R., and Thompson, R. S., "User's Guide for HIWAY", paper under
        •    preparation  ,Met.  Lab., EPA, Research Triangle  Park,  N.C.
    

    -------
         Although the assumption of a 1 lane roadway was used, this was
    done solely for calculation purposes.  The HIWAY model has an option
    for entering the total line source density rather than the traffic
    1n each lane--this option was chosen with the value set at 0.0031
    grams/second-meter for the  one lane.  This value corresponds to 100
    vehicles per hour for the 1975 vehicle age and use distribution operating
    at 5 mph under urban driving conditions.  To obtain the concentrations
    corresponding to the 30 mph condition, the concentrations were multiplied
    by a factor of 0,33.
         For a 1-hour CO concentration of 3.5 p.p.m. (10% of 35 p.p.m.),
    Figure 1 yields a maximum roadway volume of approximately 700
    vehicles/hr.  For an 8-hour CO concentration of 0.9 p.p.m. (10% of
    9 p.p.m.), Figure 1 yields a maximum roadv/cv vc ume of approximately
    180 vehicles/hr 'i.e  ,. 1440 vehicl0  over 8 hours),
         These volu,.,as will be periodically revised to r-fleet changing
    vehicle emission factors resulting from changes in vehicle age and use
    distributions which will occur after 1975.
    

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    r
    i
                                                                                                                  a  to<
     I
    

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    (b)   Regulation  for review  of  new  or modified Indirect sources
         (1)   Definitions:
              (1)   "Indirect  source  "  means a facility, building, structure,
              or Installation,  or  combination thereof, which causes emissions
              to be  generated through  associated mobile source activity.
              (11)   "Modification" means any change to an Indirect source which
              Increases  the vehicle  capacity of such facility.
         (2)   The requirements  of  this paragraph are applicable to the following
         Indirect sources in  the State of	, the construction or modifi-
         cation  of which is commenced  after the effective date of this paragraph:
              (1)  Any  new facility with an associated parking area with a
              capacity  of 700 or more  cars.
              (1i)   Any  modified facility which:
                  (aj   Increases  parking caf tcily from less than 700 cars to
                  700  cr more  cars, or
                  (b_)   Increases  existing parking capacity which is in
                  excess of  700 cars by more than 25 percent, or more than 700
                  cars, whichever is  less.
              (111)  Airports served by regularly scheduled airlines,
              (1v)   Roads with  a maximum expected traffic volume within ten
             years  of  completion  of:
                  (a)   1440  vehicles  in eight hours» or
                  (b_)   700 vehicles in one hour.
         (3)   No owner  or operator of  an indirect source subject to this para-
         graph shall commence construction or modification of such source after
         the  effective  date of  this  paragraph without first obtaining approval from
         the  Administrator of the  location and design of such source.
    

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    I
             (1)  Application  for approval to construct or modify shall  be
    |       made on forms  furnished by the Administrator, n>- ny  f.>:r mtans
    •       prescribed by  the Administrator, w-.: ihall Inc1.     .,,  -ul lowing
             Information:
    •            (a)  The  name and address .• -       ---...,'•  .-., c
                  (b_)  The  location -f  T. , •  i .
    •            (£)  The  total  n.c.,  :  v,,i    .   ,    i.y b; : ,      ..'  .iu>'  U.t-
    •            constructi    .   ^.odlf ii--tn •  <-..'  the facillt-
                  (d_)  The  normal  hocy.  •  CM-  '  ;r cf tnr;  ;   ' ' :  ,  -a
     •
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                  the enternr^es  ." •   a, *  . U.       .'• It se* -•
                   (1)   •
                   tne  .
                   (3)   '
                   fro-.
                   fact
                   tne  •-
                   (h)   ,'•;,
    I             for  carbu    -...
                   (1)   An  65
    I             resulting  i /•«.
    •             calculate-
                   (i)   Ar-  e   i
    |
    
    •             subparagr  - -
    
    I
    
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         (11)  A separate application 1s required for each Indirect source.
         (111)  Each application shall be signed by the owner or operator,
         which signature shall constitute an agreement that the applicant will
         assume responsibility for the construction, modification or
         operation of the source 1n accordance with applicable rules and
         regulations, and the design submitted in the application.
         (iv)  Any additional information, plans, specifications, evidence
         or documentation that the Administrator may require shall  be
         furnished upon request.
    (4)  No approval to construct or modify will be granted unless  the
    applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Administrator that:
         (1)  The source will be operated without causing a violation of
         the control strategy which is part of the applicable plan,  and
         (1i)  The emissions resulting from the mobile source activity
         associated with the facility will not prevent or interfere  with
         the attainment or maintenance of the national ambient air  quality
         standard for carbon monoxide.
    (5)  Within 30 days after receipt of an application, the Administrator
    will notify the public by prominent advertisement in the region
    affected, of the opportunity for public comment on the Information
    submitted by the owner or operator.
         (i)  Such Information, including the Administrator's analysis  of
         the effect of the facility on air quality and the Administrator's
         proposed approval or disapproval, will be available in at least
         one location 1n the region affected.
    

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    I
                    (11)  Public comnents submitted within  30  days  of the date
    I              such Information  1s  made available will be considered by the
    M              Administrator  1n  making his final decision crt  the application.
                    (111)  The Administrator will take final c;, ttor on an application
    •              within 30 days  after the ri    of the nt'S' •.: c: :<  r-ri period.  The
                    Administrator will  ratify \>.<  -u-'plieanr, ir, rvnm,*] of n;s approval,
    •              conditicral appi^.il, .' ?    •     ff the  ,: ,  i.^ticr,,  and will set
    m              forth his rtasuiu  for ~uuM ticnal approva:  cr  denial.
               (6)   The Administrator ;:  ,  impusi-  if,  reasond;--1   -  -,c^' ions on an
    •         approval, including  •  .difu.ns ;,   '  in-..' t»'(. ',..•..•.•  ovrfr or crf ratoif
               to conduct airibiert  ai /  quality • •,.'i r..,! ing in 1M  •  vic'-.-.t^- of trie  site
    •         of the source for a  rp.-sonaM; r-  "   ' ;.'ri;r  •.     •        --'  .-„  r,-.\\-
    m         struction or nnodificn-   ^r., dr.,.,,,  f*.-.    ,  -:'.•>.  ""<•-       ^  •     the
               facility '.as commence': op-,'"^
    •         (7)   Approval to co,-,.-" ;"ut i :•)• ;;uoi    -.rr11        '•-•>'•.  .  ;/  ..  -  o>"
               operator of the re. por-.".,]','•,_.        '•.'*••.          •    .  ;.
    I
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    and all lo."?!
    applicable D>
    

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                                                          Figure  1
                            COMPLEX  SOURCE TIME SCHEDULE
                                        1973
    
     1.   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS  - DECISION
               NRDC v. EPA
     2.   EPA MET WITH NRDC
               PETITION THE COURT -  ESTABLISHED
               A TIME SCHEDULE  FOR  ACT I, -N,S
     3.   DISAPPROVAL r-  M"
     4.   PROPOSED REGULATION?   l ;-_;•:-•-   
    -------
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    -------
                               to
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    -------
    1
    
    
    
    1
    
    [Inclosed
    
    model "HIWAY".
    by the actual
    Exampje Aj)j>1 i cation of IIIUAY Model
    is a sample run of fJPA's interactive line source diffusion
    
    A brief description of this program is given first, folio, /ed
    run. In this example, a roadway of 1 kilometer was chosen,
    with a receptor located half-way down the roadway, 15 meters from the side
    1
    
    
    
    1
    of the road on
    density ("line
    
    the downwind side and 2 meters above ground. The emission
    source strength vector") of .00308 grams/second-metes* corresponds
    
    to a traffic volume of 100 vehicles/hour travelling at 5 miles per hour in
    urban traffic
    conditions. Assumed is a 1975 vehicle age and use distribution,
    class "D" atmospheric stability, a wind speed of 1 meter/second. The angle
    1
    
    
    
    1
    between the di
    concentration
    
    rection of. the wind and the roadway is 20 degrees. »The resulting
    of 1.529 p. p. in. carbon monoxide can be multiplied by the
    
    following factors to obtain the correct concentration corresponding to other
    vehicle speeds
    '
    Vehicle Speed (moh) Factor
    1
    
    1
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    For the 30 mph
    obtain a plot
    use two endpoi
    vehicles/hr).
    
    
    
    
    
    10 0.70
    15 0.50
    20 0.40
    30 0.33
    50 0.30
    condition, the resulting concentration is .505 p. p.m. To
    of CO concentration in p. p.m. vs. traffic in vehicles per hour,
    nts of (.505 p. p.m., 100 vehicles/hr), and (5.05 p. p.m., 1000
    
    !**•
    
    
    '
    
    

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    EPA/RTCC/RTP NC   Time Sharing System
     TSL- Time Sharing Library System is now released.
    READY
    h i wa y
    
    DO YOU WANT A DESCRIPTION OF THE EPA "HIWAY" MODEL
    BEFORE APPLYING IT?(YES OR NO)
    yes
    ,THE  EPA  "HIV/AY"  MODEL  COMPUTES INERT POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
     VICINITY  OF  A  ROADWAY  ON A SHORT  TERM BASIS (HOURLY AVERAGES)
     THE  GAUSSIAN PLUME FORMULATION.  IF  MORE THAN ONE  ROADWAY IS P
     SUPERPOSITION  APPLIES.  THE MODEL  CAN BE USED FOR  AT GRADE AND
     SECTIONS.
                                                                     IN
                                                                    US I:
                                                                    ES:1
                                                                    CUT
     .THE COO I
      WEST TO
      RELATED
            ID I NATE  SYSTEM IS  ARRANGED  SUCH THAT THE X-AXIS INCREASES  F!
             EAST
                  WHI LE
             TO  HIGHWAY
                 THE Y-AXIS INCREASES
                 MEASUREMENTS AP.E IND
                                             FRCf! SOUTH
                                             CATED BY A
      USER UNITS
         TO
    FACTOR
                   KILOMETERS
                     UNITS
                   KlLOMETERS
                   METERS
                   FEET
                   MILES
                  UNITS APPLY
                               THE MOST FREQUENTLY
                                   SCALE FACTO,<
                                    1.0
                                    0.001
                                    0.000305
                                    1.61
                              EXCEPT WHEN OTHER  UNITS
         TO NORTH. THE UI
         SCALE FACTOR O
    USED FACTORS ARE-.
                                                       ARE SPECIFICALLY
     SCALE
     REQUESTED.
    .THE  EMISSION  DATA IS DEPENDENT ON VEHICLE SPEED,TYPES AND NUMBER
     VEHICLES,AND  EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES.THE PROGRAM WILL GENERATE A
     EMISSION  RATE BASED ON AN ESTIMATE OF AVERAGE ROADWAY SPEED AND
     VOLUME  OF  TRAFFIC.ALTERNATIVELY,THE USER CAN ELECT TO SPECIFY HIS
     OWN  EMISSION  RATES  IN GRAMS PER SECOND-METER. TilF  LATTER APPROACH
     HIGHLY  PREFERABLE SINCE THE INTERNALLY  GENFRATED  RATE IS CASED; UP
     A  SPECIFIC  AUTOMOBILE MIX WHICH DOES NOT APPLY ACCURATELY IN MOST
     INPUTS  ARE  ENTERED  FOR EACH LANE  STARTING WITH THE DOWNWIND LANE.
    .COORDINATES OF  THE  ROAD CORRESPOND TO THOSF OF A  LINE ON THE DO1,.1:!
     EDGE. WIND  DIRECTION IS DERIVED BY
                                                                       OF
     DUE  NORTH.(E.G.,WIND  FROM  NORTH
     THE  PROGRAM
     RECEPTOR
    -YOU  MUST
    , FOR  MOST
                 CONTAINS  THE  OPTIO
                                         MEASURING CLOCKWISE(EAST) FRO,'
                                         0 DEGREES;EASTERLY WIND IS 90
                                         EVALUATE' ANY NUMBER OF
                                         ROADS.
                              TO
       LOCATIONS AND/OR TYPES OF
       SEPARATE MULTIPLE INPUTS WITH COMMAS.
       APPLICATIONS,THE HEIGHTS OF THE RECEPTOR AND
      SOURCES
             ARE  ASSUMED  TO  BE  THE  SAME
    ENTER SCALE FACTOR.
    HITER LINE(ROAP) ENDPOI NTS.(ORDERED PA IRS:X1,Yl,X?,Y?)
    

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    0, 0, 0, 0
    CUTER EMISSION III'. I GMT. (METERS)
    •>
    
    0
    ENTER WIND DIRECTION  (DEG).  NORTH  IS ZERO.
    7
    
    250
    ENTER WIND SPEED (METERS/SEC).
    'i
    
    I
    ENTER MIXING HEIGHT (METERS).
    7
    
    3000
    ENTER PASQUI LL-TURNER STABILITY CLASS (1-5).
    7
    
    It
    ENTER THE NUMBER OF LANES.
    7
    1
    OC,  ,'OU WISH TO ENTER  YOUR OWN EMISSION RATES?(YES OR NO)
    yos
    ENTER LINE SOURCE STRENGTH VECTOR. (A VALUE FOR EACH  LANE)
    ?
    
    .00308
    IS THIS A CUT SECTION?  (YES OR NO)
    no
    ENTER HI WAY WIDTH (METERS) .
    ENTER WIDTH OF CENTER STRIP  (METERS)
    ENTER NUMBER OF RECEPTOR LOCATIONS DES I RED . (MAX I MUM OF 25)
    rj
    
    1
    IKJ5l»017A TERMINAL ERROR, REENTER  INPUT
    1
    ENTER RECEPTOR COORDINATE SETS.U&Y  IN SCALE FACTOR UNITS;Z  IN METERS)
    ?
    
    .5, .015, 2
    END POINTS OF THE LINE SOURCE
         0.0  ,      0.0  AND     1.000,     0.0
    EMISSION HEIGHT IS   0.0   METERS
    EMISSION RATE (GRAMS/SECOND*METER) OF   1 LANE(S)
        0.003
    WIDTH OF AT-GRADE HIGHWAY  IS     5.000 METERS
    WIDTH OF CENTER STRIP IS     0.0   METERS
    WIND DIRECTION IS   750.   DEGREES
    WIND SPEED IS    1.0 METERS/SEC
    STABILITY CLASS IS    k
    HEIGHT OF UP IT ING LID  15  3000.0 METERS
    THE SCALE FACTOR IS     l.OOOOKM.
    

    -------
         R
          E
           C
            EPTOR LOCATION      HEIGHT            CONCENTRATION
          X            Y         Z (M)     UGM/CU METER         PPM
         0.5000      0.0150      2.0000      1757.417           1.529
    YOU HAVE THE OPTION TO RUN THE MODEL FOR A NEW RECEPTOR LOCATION
    (LOC),OR TO CHANGE THE ROADWAY TYPE,OR TO END THE PROGRAM.
    ENTER LOG,  OR TYPE, OR END.
    end
    READY
    

    -------
    I
                         UNITED STATES ENVIRONM€NTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                               •Office of A1r Quality Planning and Standards
                              Research Triangle Park, North Carolina   27711
        UBJECT: Additional  Programs which are now Available            DATE: July  11,  1973
    
    
    •  	  .  Qgrjrtd NehlSj Cn1ef
                Data Management Section
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                     Upon request we can send card decks and operating instructions
                for the following programs.
       TO:      NEDS/SAROAD Contacts
                    We have some programs which are now operational  in  a batch
               mode.   Since we shall be devoting most of. our efforts to conversion
               over the next 5-8 months, we shall not be able to add these  to the
               ISO system.   However, we would like to make them available to you
               so that you can run them on your RJE terminal if you  so  desire.
                     Program #1:   SAROAD hourly ' isriny.
                         Lists all data with a samiHiny l^tervcu >n  12 hours or
                    less,  Also creates running qy^rfyt
    
                    Program #2:  NEDSemlss'u^i ^.-^iary
                         Summarizes emissions •;•    :/ Various cat^gor es fc-r county,
    —              state, AQCR, and '.ation,
    
    ™              Prooran; #2:   ^'-:-   ••   ;:      '-t sour;-,-
    
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                         •Present^  * • •'-' ••             ;.....,-  „ !tJ, ,.-  jc; io-   o»-
                    the nation,  a  .-:.,               -ji.  qud!1t/ • nrtr-c-i rpqio;:
    
                    Program ^b:   hijj'^ -,    .    ,
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                          '..1 i>*"S  Sfe i fci, vfid
                     meters  MI reel ?r  yv;
                     encloseu-
                     Program
                          Counts  the  '-.unt-J!  ,•'  ,; ,  •*, plant-pr. = .',•!:,
                     point-SCC's  by sr.ate.
                    Program #6:   A1 K-  ..o ,-,>        j _f£
    
                         Lists  for  a  plar-.i  : ..-•   ; u t. and SCC cho
       EPA Form 1320-6 (Rev. 6-72)
    

    -------
         vs allowed emissions.  A memo defining the availability of
         this program should have been sent to the regional offices
         by the Standards Implementation Branch.
    
         We are enclosing sample outputs.
    
         If you want any or all of these programs and their documenta-
    tion, please contact either Carolyn Chamblee or me.
    
         There are two other programs which we are now developing and
    hope to make available to you by the end of August.
    
         1.  Emissions/Air Quality report
             A report by AQCR containing the following information:
    
                   AQCR population
                   Land area of AQCR
                   Priority of pollutants in AQCR
                   Point and area source emission totals by pollutant
                   For a year or multiple of years and by pollutant
                      the number of stations, maximum value, and max^-
                      mum yearly average for the stations meeting criteria.
    
         2.  Standards exception reporting system
    
                  A report defining the number of obser.ations and the
             number of times the standards have bean exceeded by sampling
             site.
    
    Enclosure
    

    -------
    
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                   Request for Condensed Point Source Listing
    
    
         The first card Image shown on the accompanying form 1s used to
    
    supply control Information which Is used by the job throughout one
    
    computer run.  Basically, there are six Hems of Information con-
    
    tained on this card.  The information is:
    
         1)  Pollutant.  The user must select one pollutant to base the
                  run on.  The computed emissions for this pollutant are
                  used in the value check against the specified minimum.
    
         2)  Minimum Value.  The user can specify a value to be used in
                  the comparison to select only records for which the
                  computed emissions for the specified pollutant are
                  greater than or equal to the value entered.  Zero
                  is used if no value is entered which causes all
                  records satisfying other criteria to be selected.
    
         3)  Sort Information.  A maximum of 20 sort parameters can be
                  specified by the user.  The order the parameters are
                  entered controls the order of the output.  For example,
                  if the user wanted to list all plants within a state
                  in alphabetical  order by name, the code 01 would be
                  entered in the two columns uncL   SOr.T 01" and 10
                  would be entered in the 1>'o columns under "SORT 02".
                  The possible sort codes are listed on the form.
    
         4)  Confide'--   .ity.   This option was allowed for future use
                  • >JT:  :> net currently implemented.   Currently all data
                   is selected  regardless of confidentiality and should
                  be considered confidential.   When the status of con-
                  fidentiality has been determined, this option will
                  be revised so that the user will  have to specify
                  confidential data to receive that data in a request.
    
         5)  Significant Digits.   This option allows the user to specify
                  the number of significant digits  to be printed for
                  each number.  If a value is not entered, three is used.
    
         6)  Units.  If the units  field is blank, the emissions are listed
                  in English units, i.e., short tons.  If one is entered
                  the metric units, megagrams, are  used.
    
         Following the control card, the user can enter any number of
    
    selection cards.   The  selection cards allow the user to specify state,
    

    -------
    county, plant number» point number, any or all of the four parts of
    the source classification code (SCO), ownership, standard industrial
    classification code (SIC), estimation method, and Air Quality Con-
    trol Region (AQCR) to select on.   Any one of these fields can be
    specified or valid combinations can be specified.  For example,
    if the user was interested in retrieving information for all  feder-
    ally operated plants in Tennessee, he woujd enter 44 in the first
    two columns and an "F" in column  21.
         Please note that when you are specifying a county retrieval
    you must enter both the state and county.  Also when requesting  a
    particular plant number you must enter state, county, and plant.
    To request a point you must specify state, county, plant, and point.
    

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             UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
               Kesearcn iriangie HarK,  Nortn  uronna  'iin\
    NASN Decentralization
    July 23, 1973
    Robert E. Nellgan, Director          i, ...nil signed by
    Monitoring and Data Analysis Division (,Vi.,t i  Nejjg3n
    
    Surveillance and Analysis Division Directors
    Regions I-X
    
         The enclosed 11st Identifies the NASN  station  1n your  Region
    which should be maintained, at least through  calendar year  1975.
    It 1s the same listing that was distributed during  my April visits
    to most of your offices and It was also Included fn the  material
    that I distributed at the Las Vegas meeting.
    
         I believe that there 1s a consensus that the continuation  of
    the NASN program 1s vital to EPA.  I also believe that we jointly
    agreed to continue the operation of these sites and that any  termi-
    nations would only be-done by mutual agreement.  If 1t becomes
    necessary to terminate any of these sites,  please Inform us 1n
    writing Immediately.  In our discussions, I  stated  that  1f  1n your
    opinion that some of these sites should be  turned over to the States,
    that this would be acceptable.  The only criteria that we asked 1s
    that the States desire the transfer and have sufficient  resources
    to provide timely valid data.
    
         Data obtained from most of these stations were used in prepara-
    tion of the  "trends" report which summarized national  pronress  in
    reducing ambient levels of SOg and TSP.  Continued collection of
    these data should greatly assist EPA 1n tracking additional progress
    in achieving standards and 1n relating causative factors (regulations
    and emission reductions) to nationwide and regional air  improvements.
    Currently, the NASN provides the only data which can be  used  to
    present these long-term historical air quality assessments.  Further-
    more, the NASN stations 1n some cases were used 1n the design of the
    control strategy for the State Implementation Plans.  Thus, continued
    operation of these stations will enable EPA to detect If the  SIPs  are
    effective in reducing the high concentrations.  In addition,  1t will
    enable us to verify and assess whether the air quality models used
    are effective, predictive tools.
    
         Because of the value of these data, 1t 1s hoped that a high
    priority will be given to maintaining these stations and that commen-
    surate priority will be given to assure accurate analysis of the
    collected samples.
    • CONCURRENCES
    •*XH \
    SWNAMI ^
    ' >
    
    
    
    
    
    
    	 ~-~—
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    	 -.
    
    

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    Region I (13 urban, 4 non-urban) (8 S02/N02)
    
    
    07 0060 001 A01*    Conn., Bridgeport
    
    07 0420 001 A01*           Hartford
    
    07 0700 001 A01*           New Haven
    
    07 1240 001 A01*           Waterbury
    
    20 0960 002 A01     Me., Portland
    
    22 0240 001 A01*    Mass., Boston
    
    22 0580 002 A01            Fall River
    
    22 2160 002 A01*           Springfield
    
    22 2640 001 A01*           Worcester
    
    30 0120 001 A01     N. H., Concord
    
    41 0120 001 A01     R. I., E. Providence
    
    41 0300 001 A01*           Providence
    
    47 0140 001 A01     Vt., Burlington
    
    
    20 0010 001 A03     Me., Acadia National  Park
    
    30 0140 001 A03     N, H., Coos County
    
    41 0380 002 A03     R. I., Washington Co.
    
    47 0360 001 A03     Vt., Orange Co,
    

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         Together, the ten Regional lists contain a total  of 183 urban
    stations.  At 102 of these stations (Identified by asterisks),  the
    SO? bubbler samplers should also be maintained.  The ten lists  contain
    a total of 31 separately Identified as nonurban stations.   These
    stations are of unique Importance and should remain under direct EPA
    operation Indefinitely, not only for the continuity of rural or back-
    ground trends but also for the singular opportunity to analyze  the
    samples for background 1evela, of trace constituents.
    
    Enclosure
    
    cc:  A&W Division Directors            /
         Dave Shearer
         Elbert Tabor
    
    Hl)AD:RENel1gan:lwr~rm 634, NCM Bldg., X447-7-23-73
    

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    Region III (28 urban, 3 non-urban) (13 S02/N02)
    
    08 0140 001 A01*    Del., Newark
    09 0020 001 A01     D. C., Washington
    09 0020 003 A01            Washington
    21 0120 001 A01*    Md., Baltimore
    39 0120 001 A01*    Penn., Allentown
    39 0140 001 A01            Altoona
    3D 0780 002 A01            Bethlehem
    39 3060 002 A01            Erie                  !
    39 3880 001 A01            Harrisburg            [
    39 3960 001 A01            Hazleton              !
    3s 4450 001 ADI*           Johnstown
    39 7140 001 A01*           Philadelphia
    39 7260 001 A01*           Pittsburgh
    39 7620 001 A01*           Reading
    39 8040 001 A01*        ,   Scranton
    39 9160 001 A01*           Warminster
    39 9430 001 A01            Wilkes Barre
    39 9560 001 A01*           York
    48 0920 001 A01     Va., Danville
    48 1440 001 A01          Hampton
    48 1840 001 A01          Lynchburg
    48 2120 001 AC!          New Port News
    48 2140 001 A01*         Norfolk
    48 2440 001 A01          Portsmouth
    48 2660 002 A01*         Richmond
    48 2700 001 A01          Roanoke
    50 0280 001 A01*    W. Va., Charleston
    50 1760 001 A01             S. Charleston
    
    39 1760 001 A03     Penn,, Clarion Co.
    48 2890 001 A03     Va., Shenandoah  National  Park
    48 3440 001 A03          Wythe Co.
    

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    Region II (20 urban, 1 non-urban) (11 S02/N02)
    
    31 0660 002 A01*    N. J., Burlington Co. (Marleton)
    31 0720 001 A01*           Camden
    31 1300 002 A01            Elizabeth
    31 1700 001 A01*           Glassboro
    31 2320 001 A01*           Jersey City
    31 3480 001 A01*           Newark
    31 4140 001 A01*           Paterson
    31 4220 001 A01            Perth Amboy
    31 5400 001 A01            Trenton
    33 0660 001 A01*    N. Y., Buffalo
    33 4680 001 A01*      '     New York  City
    .3 4740 001 A01            Niagara Falls
    33 5760 001 A01*           Rochester
    33 C620 001 A01            Syracuse
    33 6880 001 A01         ,   Utica
    40 0380 002 A01*    P. R., Bayamon
    40 0550 002 A01            Catano
    40 1080 002 A01*           Guayanilla
    40 1920 002 A01            Ponce1
    40 2140 001 A01            San Juan
    
    33 3340 001 A03     N. Y., Jefferson Co.
    

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    Region V (40 urban, 2 non-urban) (24 S02/N02)
    14 1220 001 A01     111., Chicago
    14 1220 002 A01*          Chicago
    14 5620 002 AOI           N. Chicago
    14 5080 001 A01           Peoria
    14 6700 001 A01           Rock Island
    14 7280 001 A01           Springfield
    15 1180 001 AOI*    Ind., E. Chicago
    15 1300 001 A01*          Evansville
    15 1380 001 A01           Fort Wayne
    15 1520 001 AOI*          Gary
    15 1780 001 A01*          Hammond
    Ib 2040 001 ADI*          Indianapolis
    15 2980 002 A01*          New Albany
    15 3880 002 AOI*          South Bend
    15 4080 001 A01           Terre Haute
    23 1180 001 A01*    Mich., Detroit
    23 1580 001 AOI*           Flint
    23 1820 001 A01*           Grand Rapids
    23 2840 001 AOI*           Lansing
    23 4860 001 A01*           Saginaw
    23 5120 001 AOI            Trenton
    24 1040 001 AOI     Minn., Duluth
    24 2260 001 AOI*           Minneapolis
    24 2320 001 AOI            Moorhead
    24 3300 001 AOI            St. Paul
    .36 0060 001 AOI*    Ohio, Akron
    36 1000 001 AOI*          Canton
    36 1220 001 AOI*          Cincinnati
    36 1220 002 AOI*          Cincinnati
    36 1300 001 AOI*          Cleveland
    36 1460 001 AOI*          Columbus
    36 1660 001 AOI*          Dayton
    36 6600 001 AOI*          Toledo
    36 7760 001 AOI*          Youngstown
    

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    Region IV (24 urban, 3 non-urban) (14 S02/N02)
    
    01 1480 001  A01     Ala., Gaclsden
    01 1860 001  A01           Huntsville
    01 2460 001  A01*          Montgomery
    10 1960 002  A01     Fla., Jacksonville
    10 2700 002  A01*          Miami
    10 3980 002  A01*          St. Petersburg
    10 4360 002  A01*          Tampa
    11 0200 001  A01*    Ga., Atlanta
    11 1280 001  A01*         Columbus
    11 4500 001  A01*         Savannah
    18 0080 002  A01     Ky.s Ashland
    18 0320 001  A01          Bowling Green
    18 0800 001  A01*         Covington
    18 2300 001  AQ1*         Lexington
    18 2380 002 A01*        , Louisville
    34 0700 001  A01     N. C., Charlotte
    34 1160 001  A01            Durham
    34 1740 001  A01*           Greensboro
    34 4460 002 A01            Winston-Salem
    42 1180 001  A01     S. C., Greenville
    44 0380 001  A01*    Tenn., Chattanooga
    44 1740 002 A01            Knoxville
    44 2340 001  A01*           Memphis
    44 2540 001  A01*           Nashville
    
    10 1680 001  A03     Fla., Hardee Co.
    34 0590 001  A03     N. C., Cape  Hatteras
    44 0680 001  A03     Tenn., Cumberland  Co.
    

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    Region VI (13 urban, 4 non-urban) (9 S02/N02)
    
    04 1440 001  A01     Ark, Little Rock
    
    04 2740 001  A01          W. Memphis
    
    19 0230 001  A01     La., Baton Rouge
    
    19 2020 002 A01*         New Orleans
    
    19 2740 001  A01          Shreveport
    
    32 0040 001  A01*    N. M., Albuquerque
    
    37 2200 001  A01*    Okla., Oklahoma City
    
    37 3000 001  A01*           Tulsa
    
    45 1310 002 A01*    Tex., Dallas
    
    45 1880 00.1  A01*    .      Fort Worth
    
    45 2560 001  A01*          Houston
    
    45 4060 002 A01*          Pasadena
    
    45 4570 001  A01*          San Antonio
    
    
    04 1760 001  A03     Ark., Montgomery Co.
    
    37 0480 001  A03     Okla., Cherokee Co.
    
    45 3530 001  A03     Tex., Matagorda Co.
    
    45 5200 001  A03           Tom Green Co.
    

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    Region V (Cont'd)
    51 0840 002 A01     Wise., Eau Claire
    51 1540 001 A01            Kenosha
    51 1860 001 A01            Madison
    51 2200 001 A01*           Milwaukee
    51 2880 001 A01            Racine
    51 3480 001 A01            Superior
    
    15 2800 001 A03     Ind., Monroe Co.
    15 3260 001 A03           Parke Co.
    

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    Region VIII (7 urban, 4 non-urban)  (3
    
    06 0580 001 A01*     Colo. Denver
    
    35 0100 001 A01      N. D., Bismark
    
    43 1480 001 A01      S. D., Sioux Falls
    
    46 0680 001 A01      Utah, Ogden
    
    46 0920 001 A01*           Salt Lake City
    
    52 0120 001 A01*     Wyo., Casper
    
    52 0140 001 A01            Cheyenne
    
    
    06 1530 002 AG3      Colo., Mesa Verde  National  Park
    
    27 0570 001 A03      Mont., Glacier National  Park
    
    43 0110 00.1 A03     . S. D., Black Hills  National  Forest
    
    52 0860 001 A03      Wyo., Yellowstone  National  Park
    

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    Region VII  (11 urban, 2 non-urban) (5 S0z/N02)
    16 0640 001 A01     Iowa, Cedar Rapids
    16 1060 001 A01           Davenport
    16 1180 001 A01*          Des Moines
    17 1800 002 A01     Kan., Kansas City
    17 3560 001 A01           Topeka
    17 3740 001 A01*          Wichita
    26 2380 002 A01     Mo., Kansas City
    26 4280 001 A01*         St. Louis
    26 4280 002 A01*         St  Louis
    28 1560 002 A01     Neb., Lincoln
    ?8 18F;0 001 A01*          Oniana
    
    26 4480 002 A03     Mo., Shannon Co.
    28 2480 001 A03     Neb., Thomas Co.
    

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    •      .Region  X  (6  urban,  3  non-urban)(1  S02/N02)
    
             102  0040 003  A01     Alas.,  Anchorage
             13  0220 001  A01     Ida., Boise
             38  1460 001  A01     Ore., Portland
    I       49  1840 001  AQ1*    Wash.,  Seattle
             49  2040 001  A01             Spokane
    |       49  2140 001  A01             Tacoma
    
    •       13  0340 001  A03     Ida., Butte  Co.
    *       33  0440 001  A03     Ore., Curry  Co.
    •       49  0980 002  A03     Wash.,  King  Co.
    
    
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    Reg-ton IX (21 urban, 5 non-urban) (14 S02/N02)
    
    03 0440 001 A01     Ariz., Maricopa Co.
    03 0600 002 A01*           Phoenix
    03 0860 001 A01*           Tucson
    05 0230 001 A01*    Cal., Anaheim.
    05 0740 001 AQ1*          Berkley
    05 0900 002 A01           Burbank
    05 21J40 001 A01*          Glendale
    05 410C 001 A?l*          Long Beach
    05 4180 001 A01*          Los Angeles
    05 5300 001 A01*          Oakland
    05 t,>:/- GDI A01           Ontario
    05 5,-:0 001 A01*          Pasadena
    05 6400 001 A01           Riverside
    05 6580 001 A01           Sacramento
    05 6080 001 A01*        .  San Bernardino
    05 6800 001 A01*          San Diego
    05 6930 003 A01*          San Jose
    05 7180 001 AQ1*          Santa Ana
    05 8260 001 A01           Torrance
    12 0120 001 A01     Haw., Honolulu
    
    03 0370 001 A03     Ariz., Grand  Canyon National  Park
    05 3300 001 A03     Cal., Humboldt Co.
    29 0560 001 A03     Nev., White Pine Co.
    12.0080 001 A03     Haw., Hawaii  Co. (Top)
    12 0030 001 A03           Hawaii  Co. (Bottom)
    

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                            ENVIRONMENTAL'PROTECTION AGENQJ
    »     *
                                                           1
    
    Atin'of: OAQPS, CPDU, SIB                                 •            Dot,.- July 30, 1973
    
    Subject: Requirement for Public Comment on Application for Construction or
          Modification of New Sources
    
       To: Director, Division of Air and Water Programs, Regions I - X
          Principal Air Contacts, Regions I - X
    
               The purpose of this memo is to einphasi7e the necessity for  changes
          to the States' new source review procedures mandated by the changes to
          40 CFR 51.18 promulgated on June 18, 1973.  In particular, the public
          comment provisions (paragraph h) and the discussion of the basis for
          determining which facilities should be subject to review  (paragraph f)
          apply to stationary sources as well as indirect  sources.  Thus,  even
          if a State cannot submit a plan for indirect source review due to
          inadequate legal authority, the State should at  least modify the
          requirements for sto'.ionary source review to be  consistent with  the
          revised require,!,?; Is of § 51,18.
    
               The provisions for a public comment period  must be in regulatory
          form.  As with any plan revision, these procedures must be the subject
          of a public hearing.  While the minimum requirements for  public  comment
          are stipulated by § 51.18(h), the opportunity must be provided for
          interested parties to express their desire for more comprehensive
          public comment requirements, or for additional time for comment.
    
               Care should be exercised to insure \,hat any time periods presently
          specified in a State regulation for review of new construction or modifi-
          cation applications are consistent with the required 30 day public comment
          period (or t!-? public comment period established by the State—see
          § bl.lC(:.)(•:)).
    
               We have received several inquiries as to whether the States can
          utilize the diffusion modeling programs contained in the  User's  Network
          for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP) in implementing their
          indirect source review procedures.  The enclosed attachment describes
          procedures by which States can access the UUAMAP programs.
    
                                                    n
                                             D. Kent Berry
                                    Standards  Implementation  Branch
                                           Contro'i Programs
                                         Development Division
          Enclosure
    

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                    ENVIKONMCNTAl PROTECTION AC-i-NCY
                    National Env i mnnent al Research  Center
                           Meteorology  Laboratory
                Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina   27711
    
                               May  23,  1973
         Thin is t .-, i.iforn you of the  foi'iuataon of  a  Users' Network for
    Applied ;kr>"! • ig of Air Pollution  (UNAMAP) .   'ihe  purpose  of  UNAMAP
    is to avail O,-,LT<-nt air quality  simulation models to both EPA and
    non-EPA users via a teleprocessing network.   The  models involved are
    all in the fr.n.i of computer programs  acces.sable  from remote  terminals
    connected to a central computer  facility by telephone  lines.
    
         The Meteorology Laboratory  with  the support  of the EPA  Research
    Triangle Co:.yp-:l er Center has availed  UNAMAP to  the EPA Regional
    Offices via a teleprocessing network  connected  to an IBM  360/50
    Eiainfrr.-.c at Research Triangle I'ark,  M. C.  The success of this
    network har; pro:;.pt:ed tiic Meteorology  Laboratory to extend the UNAMAP
    to non-LTA •„!.-; ers via a corir.ercLal  tcJeprocessi ng  network.  The
    Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) network (INl'ONET)  has been
    selected :.- fie ::;n--MY. outlet for UXA'IAP.  CSC ras r.  GSA contract
    for teleprocessing services.  The  cost  for this service is based
    upon the resources used (i.e., computer time, storage, connect time,
    etc.).  Users will pay for taeir service through  a direct agreenent
    with CSC.  EPA will assume the responsibility for storing the models
    in a readily accessable node, updating  the models and  model  inventory,
    and providing a message service  to the  users  concerning any  UNAMAP
    changes.
    
         Several of the models can be  executed "on-line" by a user who
    interactively enters the control parameters specific to his  problem
    (i.e. wind speed and direction,  source  strength,  stack height, etc.).
    Other models require more extensive input data which involve developing
    a data set separate from the program.
    
         Currently,  UNAMAP consists  of the  following  models:
         1) APRAC - The Stanford Research Institute APRAC-1A  model
    computes the hourly averages of  carbon  monoxic'e as a function of
    extraurban diffusion from automotive  sources  in upwind cities,
    

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    Intraurban diffusion from roadway :>ources,  and  local  diffusion within
    a street canyon.  The model requires  an extensive  emission  or traffic
    inventory for the city of intercut.   Kc-qtii remeiits  and technical details
    are documented in "User's Manual fur  the APR \C-.l A  Ur' an  Diffusion
    Mode] Computer Program" which is available  from Nl'IS  (accession number
    rL'~213-C'Jl) .
    
         2) 11IWAY is an interactive program which computes  the  short tern
    (hourly) concentration of non-reactive pollutants  downwind  of roadways.
    It is applicable when uniform wind  conditions and  level  terrain exist.
    It is best; suited for at-grade highways, but also  can be applied to
    depi es:>fd highways (cut sections).
    
         3) CDM - Thr flimatological Dispersion Model  (COM)  determines
    long term (sea^-:,,] or annual) qnaiu-stable pollutant concentrations
    at any grf'.inc' ]• •-•' receptor using  average  emission  rates fron
    point (-.}• :. arc ' -• -itces and a joint  frequency distribution of wind
    direct .10,-. s ":r, • jpeed , and stability  for the same  period.  This model
    differs iro^,  L.'I? Air QviaJity Display  Model  (AQD:i)  primarily in the
    way in which  concentrations are determined  from area  sources, the use
    of Brigp.s1 p-on-.e rise, and t'ue use  of an exponential  increase in wind
    speed with height dependent upon stability.  CDM uses a  separate data
    set for the area of interest.
         A) FTMAX is an interactive program which performs  an analysis of
    the maximum,  .-/aort-tenr. conerntraiion from  a point source as a function
    of stability  di-i] wind spc-fd,
    
         5) rii'I:-  is an j nteract ive program \;hich computes  short-term
    concent rat J.r>ns do"."! wind from a point  source at  distances specified
    by tbr r"--r.
         6) PTMJP is an interactive program which computes,  at  multiple
    receptors, short term concentrations  resulting  from  multiple point
    sources,
    All the. interactive models arc documented  as the programs are executed.
    The CDM mode"! requires a source listing  for a user to understand the
    data i .' I" for  its.  ".inual.-. for the  ;-ho\'C' mod.'ls are  in preparation and
    should be available ny .'.u'Mist 1973.   (Al'KAC is  now available as
    previously mentioned).
    
         The models listed in the previous paragraph are installed on
    INl'OKET and ready for access.  Other  models will be  added as they are
    validated.  This inventory will eventually  include models in the
    area of photochemistry, estimating  concentrations in  areas of complex
    terrain, and  estimating concentrations under stagnation conditions.
    *) NTIS — National Technical  Information Service, U.S. Department of
      . Commerce, Springfield,  Virginia  22151
    

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                        If  you are. :: nt crested  ir.  accessing UNAVIAP via  i:\TOXnT, contact
    
    I              Mr.  Peter Lou:; of r;.;c  (703-527-6080).   For other  inlormat ion relative
    
                  to  (!K-  imU'Js tii'\ ".I-] ves  co'.;Lac!  Mr.  I). I'mce Turner  or tlio v;riter
    
                  at  the  ] cttcrluTu] r.
    •                                              Sinccrciy yours,
    
                                                           .  /  <--"
                                                           ' -•  7
    	                                                     * - V  G,  •
    
                                                    Ronald E. Ruff
    I                                                      Chief
                                                 Computer Techniques  Group
    
    
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     I                                             .  '      :--
    

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    GUIDELINE  SERIES
               OAQPS NO.  1.2-005
                  August 1973
               GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING
    
    
    
              STATt. MND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
    
    
    
                   CONTROL AGENCIES
                    •••^  ••/in..
                 3OC
       US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
         Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
    
    
    
    
    
           Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
    

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                                    GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING
                                  STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
                                         CONTROL AGENCIES
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    9                        Control  Programs Development Division
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    _                                       July 1973
    I
    f                              Information from Workshop
    *              •      Research Triangle Park, North Carolina   27711
    •                                  December 5-6, 1972
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                             CONTRIBUTORS
    
    Evaluation Process                                  Don Smith
    
    Type of Evaluation                                  Dan deRoeck
    
    Evaluation Criteria (Workshop Sessions)
    
         Management	  Ray Morrison, Stu Roth
          t
         Engineering 	  Tom Donaldson, Dan deRoeck, Greg Glahn
    
         Enforcement 	  Tom Wi11iams, Tom Cooper
    
         Technical Services 	  Frank Noonan, Neil Berg, Rick White
    
    
    
                         WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
    

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    I
                      Section  1.  The  Evaluation Process                   ,
    
                      Background                                           ,
    I
                           State and local air pollution control agencies are encouraged
    I                through  Federal  financial assistance to develop effective programs
                      for  the  prevention  and control of air pollution.  The award of this
    •                assistance is intended not only to aid in the continued development
    •                of these programs but is also  structured to support those agencies
                      demonstrating their ability to maintain a comprehensive control scheme
    j|                for  reduction and abatement of air pollution.  The Federal Register,
    —                Title 40, Part 35,  State and Local Program Assistance Grants, provides
    ™                authority, criteria, and eligibility requirements for awarding of
    •                these grants.  Three types of  grants will be awarded in support of an
                      air  pollution control program--pre-maintenance, maintenance, and
    £                interstate planning.  Grants may he made in amounts up to two-thirds
    ^   •      •       of the cost for  pre-maintenanc? programs, three-fifths of the costs
    ™                supporting a maintenance program, and for amounts up to 75 percent
    •                of the estimated air quality planning program costs.  The agencies
                      qualifying for support under the program can be municipal, regional,
    |                state, or interstate.  However, limitations are placed on the number
    _                of years that an agency can receive pre-maintenance support based on
                      the  type of agency  and number of budget periods (three or more or less
    I                than  3)  the agency  received support for between the years July 1, 1968
                      and  July 1, 1972.
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         A survey of State and local  air pollution control  agencies
    conducted in the spring of 1971  indicates approximately 264 agencies
    are operating programs that could receive some type of  grant support.
    The number of agencies currently  receiving grant support range from
    16 in Region X to 45 in Region V.
         In determining the desirability of continuation of support,  a
          (
    program evaluation must be made of these agencies'  program objectives
    and program performance.  These program evaluations are to be scheduled
    at least annually by the Environmental  Protection Agency Regional
    Offices and are to be conducted no later than 120 days  before the
    beginning of a new grant period.   The effectiveness of  these evaluations
    and ultimately their impact on the agency and the meeting of the  Clean
    Air Act objectives depends critically on the purpose for which they
    are conducted as well as how they are conducted.
         The level of effort at which the Federal government.in cooperation
    with State and local control agencies, conduct these evaluations could
    consist of either (1) a checklist review of the application with
    control agency personnel to be sure al'l items mentioned as criteria
    in the regulations are addressed  or a combination of limited review
    of the submitted application;  (2) an agency financial  audit; and/or
    (3) a complete study of agency operations with recommendations for
    improvement.
    APPLICABILITY OF AGENCY EVALUATION
         The application of the evaluation program could thus take many
    varied forms, entail many different procedures for conduct of the
    evaluations, and could generally result in a non-uniform application
    

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     I
                  of the grant's criteria and  subsequent grant funding between the EPA
     •            regional offices.   It  is  important, therefore, that established procedures
     •            and available criteria be provided so that consistent evaluation techniques
                  are applied to ARC  agencies.  The primary responsibility for conducting
     g            these agency evaluations  is  with the regional offices.  The time involved,
     —            personnel  required, writing  of reports with recommendations and follow-up
     ™            of these recommendations will probably require expertise and personnel
                        i
     •            training requirements  beyond that presently available in the regional
                  offices for making  such evaluations.  The purpose of this document then
     |            is to provide soin..  guidance  and definition to the regions concerning the
     g            type of evaluations they  should conduct and the procedures and criteria
     ™            to be utilized in any  evaluation.
     •            COMPONENTS OF EVALUATION  PROCEDURE
                       The regional office  evaluation procedure should result in the
    | '          resolution of conflicting interests between the pollution control  agencies
     f     .       within a state; an  allocation of available funds and other resources that
                  will achieve the most  effective contol of enforcement operation; establish-
    •            ment of a  priority  system for review and analysis of agency programs; and
                  of course  cooperation  between the Federal, State, and local governments
    |            in conducting specific programs that will result in eventual overall
    w            program improvement and achievement of national goals.
                       The overall mission of  the grant process is to provide resources to
    I            State and  local agencies to  assist them in solving their air pollution
                  problems.  The specific evaluations and analyses made of an air
    |            pollution  agency must  be directed toward improving the use of those
    I
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     resources  to provide efficient operations that achieve control of air
     pollution  sources within  the control program's jurisdiction.
         In establishing an evaluation procedure to effectively and
    efficiently serve this  purpose,  the Regional Office should consider
    the following components as a  part of its evaluation process:
         1.  Development of a screening mechanism to  select agencies
          '  for review.
         2.  The use of  adequate guidelines (criteria)  for evaluation of
             agencies that:
             a.  Reduces the time  involved  in the review process
             b.  Assures an adequate .estimate of the  level  of the
                 effectiveness of  the  agency.
         3.  The setting up of more adequate instruments for  the collection
          1   of data pertaining to the evaluation process.
         4.  The assessment of  factors  involved  in evaluation of an agency
             that affects  national standards, implementation plan accomplish-
             ment,  budgetary  considerations, and best means of assuring
             control.
         5.  The extension of the evaluation procedure  beyond appraisal
           i
             of effectiveness by assuring  identification of agency needs
             and formulation  of programs for assistance to the agency.
         Agency evaluations  should not be  exclusively  the  outgrowth  of  the
     grants program, but should extend to the ARC agency an opportunity  and
     recommendations on  which  to base  program development,  planning objectives,
    

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                                                                      II
                 resource needs, and criteria for reporting and measuring effectiveness.
                 A specific objective can be related to the different levels of analysis
     •          to be performed for an agency.
     •               The regional office should select a review technique,  based on
                 criteria, that has as its aims:
     •               1.  The continual development of a review technique suitable for
                         , selecting agencies for intensive evaluation based  on criteria
     •                   that provides for follow-up to the agencies.
     •               2.  Includes the optimum means of evaluation, including subjective,
                          judgmental, or statistical methods.
     I               3..  Documents the problems involved in the evaluation  process as
                          well as documenting the ARC agencies' shortcomings.
     •               In general, the types of evaluation and analysis  assistance that
     •          will be made available to the State and local  air pollution control
                 agencies will fall into the following categories:
     •                1.  Grant evaluation - The evaluation made in conjunction with the
                          agency's grant application to review the agency's  goals and
     •                    program.  This type of assistance should be geared to providing
     •                    the agencies assistance in defining goals, outlining project
                         (milestones and accomplishments, and coordinating Federal program
     |                    requirements with the agency so that the grant application can
                          provide an accurate estimate of each agency's  needs and goals.
     *                    These evaluations are performed for each agency on a yearly
     V                    basis.
    
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         2.  Agency Performance Review -  This  evaluation is  a  complex
             analysis and detailed review of the functions  and activities
            . of an air pollution control  agency.  It is  intended to serve
             the agency by providing recommendations for improvement of
             operations;  assist the agency in qualifying for  maintenance
             support;  and when necessary, provide new direction,  organization,
             or program planning concepts on which to base  a long-term
           1  viable air pollution control program.  This type  of evaluation
             should be continuous, and if possible,  performed  yearly to
             supplement the grant evaluation review.
    
    Section 2.   EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS GUIDELINES
    
         The purpose of this document is  to present-the  general  guide of
    factors that should be considered and the types  of studies of an
    agency that should be undertaken to assure that  proper  evaluation and
    assistance is being provided to improve the agency's operation.
         The guides present an indication of minimum investigative elements
    connected with the review of agency program progress.  It  should be
    recognized that each type of evaluation can be associated  with the
    agency's acceptability for grant award and its ability to  carry out
    enforcement provisions as outlined in the Clean  Air Act.
    

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     I                  Federally  funded  programs will  be  held more accountable for
                   demonstrating the  effectiveness  and  efficiency  of  their operations.  The
     I             program evaluation then,  either  through mechanisms of  review of the grant
     •             application  or  actual  observation  of program  operations,  should provide
                   information  to  assist  in  making  informed  judgments concerning  their
     •             termination, continuation,  modification or the  refocusing of an agency's
                   programs.  The  evaluation itself should provide the  agency with a  review
     •             report on  which it can take corrective  action concerning  the strengths
     •             and  weaknesses  in  its  plans and  activities.
                        Consideration of  which evaluation  to use at which time in an  agency's
     •             stage of development will  depend upon your ability (regional office
                   personnel) to recognize such  need  and the particular agency's  ability
     •             to adopt and adjust to any  requirements or recommendations that might
     •             result from  such an evaluation.  These  guides will cover  the following
                   areas of concern:   (1)  frequency of  re  iew criteria, (2)  basic agency
     I             evaluation criteria, (3)  specific  program criteria,  and (4) use of report.
    
     I             FREQUENCY OF REVIEW CRITERIA
                        Reviews of control agencies should be made to improve program operation
     I             and  efficiency, to determine  level of grant support, and  to measure the
     m             overall  capability of  the agency to  adequately  implement a program of
                   enforcement  to  achieve  national  ambient air standards.  The reports can
     •             then be broken  into classifications,  based on these  reviews, such  as
                   program improvement (grant  evaluations),  and  agency  program operation
     I             (performance).  Under  the classification  of reviews  for "program
    
    I
    
    I                                              9       .	
    
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    improvement could be placed planning assistance, pre-maintenance
    reviews, and agency analysis reports.   Agency program operations
    (performance) would be (1) review of reports submitted by the agency
    to fulfill implementation requirements, and (2) program analysis to
    determine capability of the agency to adequately carry out and enforce
    applicable implementation plans, new source performance standards, or
    hazardous air pollutant emission standards.  The type of report can
    thus be classified as follows:
         Report           Program improvement      Program operations
                          (grant evaluation)
    
         Planning                X
         Pre-maintenance         X
         Maintenance                                     X
         Analysis                X                       X
         The frequency at which the various reports should be conducted
    generally depends on the stage of development of the agency programs.
    However, Federal Register requirements for grant support, and imple-
    mentation plan timetables provide some guidelines on which to base the
    frequency of reports for grant evaluation and program performance.
    Evaluation, including application assistance, should be a continuing
    program of the regions and should provide assistance to the agency in
    determining the requirements of the Federal government.  In addition,
    factors of circumstance, opportunity, and individual agency requests
    must be considered.  The criteria for frequency of agency review for
    each type of report can then be summarized as in Table II.
                                       10
    

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     I
     I            COOPERATIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROGRAM REVIEWS AND ANALYSES
                        The responsibility for awarding program grants lies with each of
     •            the ten EPA regional offices.   The primary responsibility for carrying
     •            out enforcement tasks also rests with the regional offices.  The assistance
                   to the regional offices from cooperating groups should be directed to
     • ^          providing a basis for regional office decision-making in these areas.
           .        Thus, the reasons for cooperative efforts with a regional office
     •            centralized group in formalizing evaluation reports are to (1) provide
     •            uniform guidelines and procedures for each regional office, (2) consolidate
                   expertise in a small centralized group that has program, administrative,
     •            and technical skills for conducting such evaluations, and (3) provide
                   an independent viewpoint to agency operations within a region, that may
     •            either reinforce or alter the recommendations, considerations, or views
     •            of that agency as held by EPA enforcement and technical regional office
                   personnel.
     |                  A centralized regional cf "ice group cannot be expected to have the
     ^             personnels  expertise, and resources necessary to perform all  the
     *             evaluations and types of evaluations necessary for the effective program
     •             development of State and local agencies.  To provide some guide for the
                   workload that can be expected and the criteria that must be considered
     Q             the following table is presented to represent the cooperative relationship
     ^             that each regional office should consider as useful in making a review
     *             of a control agency program.
     I
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                                                   Cooperative responsibility
                                                            Report writing
                  Request     Visit      Interviews         recommendations
    Grant
      evaluation    E.G.       E.G.         E.G.               E.G. & T.P.
    Program
      operation                E.G. &       E.G. &
      evaluation    E.G.       T.P.         T.P.               E.G. & T.P.
    E.G. - Evaluation Group
    T.P. - Technical personnel
         The participation level  in the evaluations between the evaluation
    group and other technical  personnel depends on the lines of communication
    established in the regional  office and the support provided the
    evaluation group by the other divisions.   The level  of participation
    guidelines are the following:
         1.   Evaluation group coordinates and requests all evaluations.
         Evaluation group prepares preliminary iiforniation concerning
         problems anu needs for specific type of evaluations at selected
         agencies.
         2.   Evaluation group has responsibility for reporting on all
         pre-maintenance evaluations.   Any assistance provided by technical
         personnel would be directed at a specific program area such as
         air monitoring and data handling,identified during review of grant
         applications or visits to the agency.
         3.   The evaluation office should probably request outside review
         assistance for all agencies requesting maintenance support to
         reinforce or to provide program support regarding conditions for
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    •                 rejection or  acceptance  of maintenance grant award.  Criteria
    •                 for maintenance  grant awards are  set forth  in regulations, so the
                       evaluation  office  could  theoretically provide this evaluation of
    I                 an agency.  However, judgment and interpretation of specific
                       program  operations may require  assistance from  individuals skilled
    "                 in enforcement,  engineering, or technical services activities.
       •"»--
    •                 4.  Agency  operation reviews should be considered as a cooperative
                       effort with maximum participation of regional office personnel,
    •                 bpth  qualifier technical  personnel, and evaluation personnel.
    _                 These eval.  rjUons  are intended  to develop statewide programs
    *                 that  will result in effective enforcement of State implementation
    I                 plans or be a part of the procedure for involving EPA state
                       strategy for  enforcement of implementation  plans.
    0                 5.  Assistance on  specific progr^ 2re*»s identified during any
    •t                 evaluation  can be obtained a"i30 from headquarters components.  As
                       expertise and documentation in  areas of enforcement, permit
    •                 systems, laboratory operations, and other agency functions are
                       developed,  they are generally made available in form of procedure
    •                 documents and/or guidelines.
    •                 An agency evaluation essentially  requires the scheduling of
                 activities as shown on Table I.  If  the evaluation involves only a
    •           review of  the grant application then such items as field visits and
                 field work may be eliminated for that  activity.  Although it is strongly
    •           recommended that conferences be held with the State and local  agency
    
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    during the grant evaluation review to define goals,  discuss agency
    problems, and coordinate Federal  program requirements.   In some regions,
    it may be important to establish  a priority system which assists in
    determining the specific evaluation activity that will  be conducted and
    provides for the explicit type of data that will  be  collected for any
    evaluation review [operations (performance), or program improvement
    (grant application review)].   In  establishing this priority system,
    factors that also pertain to overall  criteria associated with program
    objectives should be considered in addition to the guidelines summarized
    in Table II pertaining to purpose, frequency of review and basis for review.
    BASIC PROGRAM CRITERIA
         In the evaluation of any air pollution control  agency, consideration
    must be given by the evaluator to the following basic influences that
    affect control program operations:
         1.  The requirements of the  approved implementation plan which
             must be satisfactorily implemented to support national ambient
             air quality standards.
         2.  The structure of State and local activities designed to achieve
             the objectives in the State plan and to meet the Federal
             reporting requirements for enforcement of the plan.
         When making visits to local  agencies, for the purpose of evaluation,
    it is important that representatives of the State agency participate to
    assure the above influences are satisfactorily addressed and any
    problems that exist are fully discussed.  Likewise,  if possible, it
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                  would  be  profitable  to  have  local agency representatives present during
      •           the  evaluation  visits to  the State  agencies, as the exchange of infor-
                  mation often  resolves conflicting areas of program responsibility.
      •                 In general, when reviewing  the agency, the following criteria
      •           objectives  should  be considered  as  being important to satisfactorily
                  implement the State's plan:
      • _               1.   Appropriate role of State  agency in areas of direct involvement
                            in enforcement activities.
      ^                 2.   Eliminate inefficient duplication of equipment, personnel,
      •                  .   and  activities by seeing that agreements of understanding
                            exist  between  State and local agencies.
      •                 3.   Determine that objectives  move toward establishing minimum
      —                     monitoring  network  for  State and that special monitoring
      •                     requirements above  the  minimum network are adequately justified.
      •                 4.   Develop reporting data  techniques on a statewide basis that
                            integrate into Federal  report: ,^ requirements.
     £                 5.   Adequately  define role  of  State and local agencies in regard
     «                     to items  such  as enforecement authorities, permit systems, etc.
     ™                Criteria are  provided in Table III and IV to assist in classification
     tt           of regional air pollution control programs and in defining the roles of
                  State  and local agencies  pertaining to specific agency operations.
     |                 Complicating  the overall evaluation of local air pollution control
     _            programs  is the reorganization of State programs usually a consolidation
     "            of environmental programs.   Program consolidations often result in a
     I            redirection of  priorities and sometimes change or mesh the familiar
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    activities of the air program.   Generally then,  the  level  of effort  in
    terms of resources,  objectives,  and program activity are  difficult to
    obtain in the traditional  program concepts by the  evaluator.   However,
    applying the above criteria objectives  enables  the evaluator to  at best
    inform the agency of what  is expected in carrying  out activities to
    achieve the implementation plan.   In addition,  when  evaluating either
    the grant application or performance of an agency  the evaluator  must
    encourage and look for objectives that  may accomplish long-range goals
    and foster the continued development and enforcement of the  SIP.  These
    include programs associated with:
         1.  Land use and transportation controls.
         2.  Review and  development  of impact statements.
         3.  Operation of permit systems.
         4.  Planning and growth considerations affecting air pollution
             control.
         5.  Data systems that will  assist  in efficient  agency operations
             and provide for adequate reporting of  data  on statewide basis
             compatible  with Federal  requirements.
         Agency effectiveness  is an  essential consideration in the evaluation
    of any air pollution control agency.  Once a decision has been made  that
    an agency has developed adequate goals  and objectives (perhaps the  first
    step of an evaluation), then key indicators of  success (or failure)  are
    the measurable results which occur through actions taken  to  achieve
    such goals and objectives.  Therefore,  measurements  of agency effectiveness
    should precede a comprehensive agency evaluation.
                                    16
    

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                       The ultimate achievement of air quality goals is theoretically
                   scheduled  for!975, or  1977, or sooner.  Obviously, attempts to measure
    •             results  prior to then  must focus on intermediate objectives, or mile-
                   stones,  that must be met.  Progress reports, now required on a periodic
    •             basis  from each State, provide an excellent means of documenting program
    •             achievements which may subsequently be measured.
                       If  an agency's objectives are closely examined, three classes of
    •             measurable results can generally be formulated—air quality improvement,
                   emissions  reduction, and source compliance.  Realistically, each class
    •             has  some cause and effect relationship to the remaining two, but from
    •             an evaluation standpoint there is measurable data which can be readily
                   obtained and which can be attributed to specific agency functions and
    •             actions.
                       For example, improvements in air quality will be documented by
    •             data collected through air monitorinn rctv.'ities.  While air quality
    •             improvements may be indirectly inferred from actions resulting in
                   emission ructions and source compliance, air monitoring data provides
    •             a direct measure of improvement.  Similarly, it may be reasoned that a
                   widespread improvement in air quality should infer that emissions are
    •             being  successfully reduced;  however, the direct measure of reduced
    •             emissions  is provided  through source testing activities and the develop-
                   ment of  an emission inventory.
    •                 The type of program evaluation, and the degree of effort which
                   should be  devoted, can be determined by analyzing each agency's progress
    •             (measurable agency output), revealing difficulties or insufficiencies,
    
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    and determining the relative urgencies of all  agencies within a given
    state, region, etc.  Furthermore, it is possible to direct the evaluation
    effort towards specific agency operations on the basis of any given area
    of ineffectiveness where agency output does not demonstrate positive
    progress or favorable results.
    Program Elements for which State is generally responsible:
          1.  Basic statewide plan development and evaluation.
          2.  Basic operating procedures (forms, reporting formats, etc.).
          3.  Training (smoke scnools, skills upgrading, etc.).
          4.  Public Information program.   (Partly.)
          5.  Special  engineering skills.   (Some localities require specialized
              inspection and engineering .skills.)
          6.  Laboratory support (in particular special hardware and analytical
              facilities).   Local activities may be required for collection
              of samples, and maintenance  of sampl'ruj equipment, etc.
          7.  Major data handling facilities.  Local data collection,
              analys-'s, and reporting also require facilities and personnel.
          8.  Meteorological support.
          9.  Progress evaluation.
                                     18
    

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                      Table I.  AGENCY EVALUATION ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
    PRELIMINARY
    PREPARATION
    FIELD WORK
    ANALYSIS AND
    REPORT
    DEVELOPMENT
                       5.
                       6.
    IMPLEMENTATION
                       7.
                       8.
                            SETTING
                            EVALUATION
                            PRIORITIES
    SCHEDULE
    FIELD VISIT
                       3.
    OFFICE
    PREPARATION
                       4.  [SUE VISlTl
    EVALUATION
    CRITIQUE
    REPORT PREPARATION
    A.
    B.
    C.
    SORT AND CATALOGUE
    INFORMATION
    ANALYSIS AND
    DIAGNOSIS
    PRELIMINARY DRAFT
    AGENCY j
    REVIEW
    PROGRAM
    ASSISTANCE
                                          19
    -Federal Register Requirements (Grants)
    -Implementation Plan deficiencies
        (Program development)
    
    -Coordination with State and local
     agencies for visit
    -Preparation of agendas, request for
     preliminary information regarding
     agency activities, schedule for
     interviews
    
    •Selection of team members
    •Study of agency information—review
        and summarize--SIP,  Quarterly &
        semi-annual  report,  compliance
        reports,  and grant.
    -Thorough study of agency operations,
        interviews  with agency support
        personnel
    -Obtain appropriate information  and
        material
    
    -Meet on final  day of visit with "key"
        agency personnel  to summarize
        preliminary finding and conclusion
    
    -Additional  information is obtained
        and existing information verified
        wherever questionable
    -Review recommendations in regional
        office
    -Copies of draft report are forwarded
        to agencies involved
    
    
    -Consultation and discussion with
        agency.   Joint review of report
        increases agency receptivity,
        adds clarification, and improves
        report effectiveness
    
    -Follow-up on final report recommendation
        to provide  additional assistance
        and guidance in implementing
        program recommendations
    

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    Table II.  GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF AGENCIES
    Grant
    purpose
    
    Pre-NaLntenance
    
    
    Maintenance
    
    
    •
    
    
    •
    
    
    Efficiency
    review
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Purpose
    Program Improvement
    Grant Evaluation
    m
    
    Program Improvement
    Grant Evaluation
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Program Operation
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Frequency of
    Review
    
    Once per year
    
    
    Once per agency
    and updating of
    baseline review
    on a yearly
    basis
    
    
    
    
    Once per year
    with follow-up
    of recommenda-
    tions « .,d SUD-
    eequent reviews
    as necessary
    and requested
    to improve pro-
    gram operations
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Basis for Review
    
    1) Approval of grant
    2) Consistency with
    implementation plan
    1) Perform baseline
    review of agency
    operations 18 months
    prior to grant sub-
    tnittal
    2) Review for grant
    approval 120 days
    prior to grant
    period
    1) Program development
    of local and State
    program on Statewide
    basis
    2) Review of Statewide
    program to measure
    enforcement effec-
    tiveness
    3) Reorganization on a
    Statewide basis
    4) State programs
    requesting maintenance
    or extension of pre-
    maintenance grant
    time
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                        Table IV.   CRITERIA FOR PROGRAM ORGANIZATION
                             AND ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES
     Program
      level
        Comprehensive
        State  and/or  local
         Moderate:  local
      Minimal
                                                                           local
       taffing3
        ^level
      (Staffing  level > 20)
    (Staffing level=6 to 20)
    (Staffing level < 6
    ogram
    enent
     inagement
     • Adminis t rat ion
        (supervisory  and
        fiscal matters)
    
     •Policy and planning
    •Program  Evaluation
     •Public and inter-
        governmental
        relations
    
     •Long-range studies
        (land-use and
        transportation;
    
     •Evaluate environmental
        impact studies
    
     •Training
    
     'Promulgate regulations
    
     •Administer hearing
       and variances
    
     •Grant aipl i c?.'.icr.?
               •tpisode and emergency
                  operations
    
               •Clerical
     'Minimal staff time
        allocated to management
    •Activity limited t,
       direct staff
                                              category.   Mostly involves   supervisors and
                                              direct staff supervision
                                              on program matters
    
                                           • Some_ local  and State
                                              intergovernmental
                                              liaison
    
                                           •Grant applications
    
                                           •Clerical
                                     clerical support
    
                                  'Liaison with State
                                     agency
    
                                  'Grant applications
                                            22
    

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                                   Table IV.   (con't.)
      Program j
    •activity}
                Comprehensive
                State  and/or  local
    ^TIV
    
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     :nforce-
     ent
    ngi-
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    •Area surveillance
       Source registration
       Source inspections
          and reports
       Source data gathering
    
    •Case documentation
    
    •Legal actions
    
    •Permit support
       activities
    
    •Complaint investigation
    
    •Episode and emergency
       activities
    
    •Clerical support
    •Permit systems
       construction permits
       operation permits
    
    'Plan revitw
    
    •Emission inventory
    
    'Source testing
    
    •Site inspections and
       consul LoLion
    
    •Regulation development
             •Special  tc-chnical
               studies
    
             •Cleric:. 1 svpport
                                    Moderate:  local
                                    Minimal  c:   local
    •Area surveillance
       Source registration .
       Source inspection
          and reports
       Souce data gathering
    
    •Case documentation
    
    •Legal actions
    
    •Limited permit support
       activities
    
    •Complaint investigation
    
    •Episode and emergency
       activities
    
    •Reporting as required by
       State
    
    •Clerical support
    •Area surveillance
       Source registration
       Specified source
          inspections  and
          reports
       Data gathering
    
    •Case documentation
    
    •Legal actions
    
    •Initial complaint
       investigation
      i
    •Emergency and episode
       activities
    
    •Reporting as required
       by State
    
    •Clerical support
    •Limited perr^c activity
       for specified
       pollutant source
       categories
    
    •Emission inventory
    
    •Site inspections and
       consultation for
       specified source
       categories
    
    • Report, ir.g as required
       by State
                                                                     •No activities or
                                                                       responsibilities
                                              23
    

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                                    Table IV.   (con1t.)
    Pro   .m
    activity
    Technical]
    support
          Comprehensive
         State and/or  local
      •Laboratory operations
    
    ,  -Air monitoring
    1    network
    
      •Instrument maintenance
        and calibration
    
      •Source  testing  support
    
      •Data handling
    
      •Meteorology
    
      •Special studies
    
      •Legal documentation
    
      •Clerical support
        Moderate:  local
    •Laboratory operations
       (very limited)
    
    •Air monitoring network
       Primarily servicing and
       sample collection
       Instrument maintenance
       Limited calibration
    
    •Limited data reporting
       as required by  State
    
    •Assistance to State in
       special studies
    Minimal c:  local
                                                                       'Sample collection
                                                                         limited instrument
                                                                         maintenance
              a  Staffing level is the total equivale
                 designated agency.
                                               man-years of effort in each
                 The degree of activitiy in local comprehensive programs for certain
                 functions would bo specified (for exc^ple, ail laboratory operations
                 would probably not be undertaken by a local comprehensive agency and
                 certain large source enforcement activities may be preempted by the
                 State agency).
    
                 The allocation of responsibilities would be specifically detailed by
                 the State agency.  In general program activities. vuuld b« limited to
                 enforce.enc. activities associated wic-n area sources and the less
                 complex industrial scurcc-s.                    '
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                      FUNCTIONAL ALLOCATION OF MANPOWER RESOURCES
    
    
                                 ON A STATEWIDE BASIS
    
    
    
                                                          Percent  of Total
    
        Functional Area                                   	Staff	
    
                                                          !
    
    Management                       -                  -       20 to 25
    
    
    Enforcement                                        •       25 to 35
    
    
    Engineering                                               20 to 30
    
    
    Technical Operations                                      15 to 20
    •                              10  to  20 percent of each area is
                                          for clerical support
    
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         In either a review of an agency's application for grant funds or an
    "In depth" evaluation, the evaluator should seek to answer some basic
    questions that pertain to operations.   These questions can be structured
    by functional  activity as given by the example protocol  document Appendix 1
    In evaluating  an agency, answers to the following overall  questions should
    be sought:
         1.  Statistics - Does the agency have the programs  that define the
         extent of the problems and program operation?  This question requires
         an agency to have programs such as emission inventory and air
         monitoring networks.  These data can be provided  by the agency or
         performed in conjunction with other agencies, but the system should
         include proper reporting of the data.
         2.  Planning - Does the agency have the capability  to adequately
         analyze the data and develop a program with definitive program goals
         and objectives?
         3.  Available Resources - Does the agency have the  skilled manpower,
         budget, facilities and/or a plan to obtain these  resources to carry
         out its role and responsibility under the SIP?
         4.  Necessary Action - Does the agency have the authority (rules
         and regulations), legal assistance, and procedures  required to take
         enforcement action?  Does the agency operate the  preventive and
         enforcement programs that are required to achieve ambient air
         standards?  These activities include planning programs associated
         with growth characteristics of an area, land use  and transportation
         activities, impact statements, preparation and review, inspection
         programs, and permit system operation.
                                                  /
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    •                5.   Assumption of National  Programs  -  Has  the age'ncy asked for
                          'and received the delegation to carry out national  programs
    I                    such as the enforcement of national  new source  performance
    •                    standards, and hazardous pollution standardsT  What Federal
                          action has been necessary by the Federal Government to enforce
    •                    the ambient air standards, promulgated regulations, or specific
       "~                 implementation plan strategy (transportation  controls) in the
    •                    State or within the local  area?   The local  and  State control
    •                   . agencies should be encouraged to avoid Federal  enforcement
                          except in partnership considerations beneficial  to both
    •                    governmental levels.
                      Rating the above areas undoubtedly are judgmental on the part of
    8          the evaluator unless he carefully uses the definitive criteria to measure
    m          the agency against.  An experienced evaluator skilled and knowledgeable
       —       in a control agency's operation can deve.~p  important recommendations by
    I          asking a  few critical questions.   However, uniformity and perhaps eventually
                measures  of cost effectiveness  can be obtained from agency evaluations
    I          by structuring specific questions and formulating data  collection systems.
    •          REPORTS
                      As  the regional offices develop their  evaluation, analysis and
    •          review techniques, the State and  local agencies  should  be encouraged to
                document  their records, procedures,  and guidelines.  In any on-site visit
    •          to an agency the evaluator should ask to see copies of  records, agency
    •          activities, and of statistical  concrete results.  Agency  documentation
                should include such things as:
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          -Description of functions and activities  carried  on by the agency.
          -State and local  agreements  as to respective functions and
           responsibilities.
                                                           i
          -The agency's goals and objectives with dates for achievement.
          -A compilation of agency policy statements.
          -A compilation of agency procedures used  in  program operation.
          The agency should be requested to keep these records,  procedures
    in a standard operating manual. This manual should be  compiled and
    updated in a manner that keeps it  available for review.  Records of
    this type serve as an evaluation tool for external evaluation and it
    also aids the agency in conducting a self-evaluation.   Records of this
    type, if presented properly, would give an adequate picture  of the
    agency's general plan,  delineate responsibilities, and  set schedules
    and assignments.  It would be helpful if the regional  EPA offices suggest
    to the agencies a general format for the manual which  could  be set up
    along the following lines:
          1.   Definition of the scope  and objectives of the effort.
          2.  • Definition of roles and  responsibilities under  the SIP.
          3.   Categorical program description that  defines  measurements made
          and data  output specifications.   Include:
              a.  Air quality measurements
              b.  Meteorology measurements
              c.  Calibration procedure
              d.  Emission  inventory
              e.  Permit  system
              f.  Management  data.
                                     28
    

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                                                                      II
                     4.  Description of personnel, equipment, and resources committed to
    •               effort and effort contributed by other organizational components.
                     In case of a State agency this may be district offices or agreements
    I               with  local agencies.                             i
                     5.  Schedule of operation pertaining to the activity  including:
    •                   a.  "In-house" and  field operations (inspections)
    •                   b.  Number and frequency of  samples, analyze
       —                 c.  Data reduction  and  summary
    •                   d.  Frequency and dates for  report.
    —               6.  Procedures  that  describe roles,  responsibilities, and
    "               relationship for the activity including:
    •                  ' a.  Administrative support-obligation  of the respective agencies
                         in terms of  personnel,  budget.
    |                   b.  Respective duties assigned to each  agency in regard to
    •                   maintenance and  operation  of equipment, inspection priority
       —-                 (class or type of industry or e   iprnent) and enforcement a'
    I                   authority).
                         c.  Liaison performed between respective agencies and overall
    I                   responsibility for project supervision.
    •               7.  Outline of  procedures and  responsibilities of data collection
                     and interpretation including:
                         i
    I                   a.  Forms
                         b.  Tabulation
    •                   c.  Distribution  procedures  and  schedule of distribution
    •                   d.  Major uses of data
                         e.  Brief description of data output and if data system involves
    •                   participation  of  other agencies,  a  description  of what those
                         data are.
    I                                           29
    
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          When the agencies have this type of information available,  the
    agency will  find that they operate more efficiently.   Also,  the job of
    the evaluator becomes much easier.  In order to give  emphasis to this
    type of reporting system by the agencies, the regional  offices could
    format their findings and recommendations in a similar manner.
          Thus,  the suggested format for evaluation reports would follow
    along the same lines as the operational manual and consist of the
    following components:
          1.  Comparison of objectives against SIP and Federal program
              requirements and regional or national operating norms.
              Recommendations for new objectives and timetables  are
              necessary.
          2.  Recommendations regarding cooperative operation of activities,
              new and more efficient organization of activities, joint
              protocol documents, allocation of resources and elimination
              of unproductive duplicative efforts.
          3.  Analysis of resources committed to effort.
          4.  Recommendations regarding data collection and handling systems.
          5.  Recommendations regarding scheduling of operations.
          6.  Analysis of district and local operations if they reflect
              on agency.
          7.  Recommendations concerning data reporting and collection system.
          8.  If appropriate recommendations associated with long-range
              planning for meeting anticipated Federal requirements regarding
              stationary and mobile pollution sources.
                                     30
    

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    Section II
                     .AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY EVALUATION
    
                                Specific Criteria
    
         As the State and local control agencies move clpser to the deadlines
    imposed for meeting ambient air standards it will become increasingly
    important to have data which measures an agency's effectiveness in
    utilizing their program operations and resources.  It appears that the
    funding for such agency operations from the Federal viewpoint will not
    be sufficient to support all activities that Statt? and local  programs
    have need for or would like to carry on.  As pointed out previously in
    these guidelines, the Federal guidance and support to State and local
    agencies should then be directed to strengthening those skills and
    capabilities that will achieve national standards, and enforce regulations
    and strategies designed to carry out .implementation plans.
         The specific evaluation procedures should be designed  to identify
    agency operations and make recommendations for improvement.  Eventually,
    it should be possible to allocate the available resources,  State and local,
    on the basis of priority and need.  Then  ~e, the specific criteria
    given for each area of an air pollution control  agency's operation,
    administration, engineering, enforcement, and technical services are
    intended to provide information on a comparable manner from agency to
    agency.  Eventual refinement of the system, if used either  on a nationwide
    or regional basis, should provide a data base for comparison of agencies
    against a regional or national norm, provide a measure of efficiency,
    and as historical, air monitoring, emission data, and growth data trends
    are established give some picture of the cost effectiveness of the dollar
    expenditure by the control program.
         In Section I, basic program criteria were provided to  give the
    evaluator an understanding of the influence national  priorities should
    play in the evaluation of State and local programs.  These  objectives
                                     31
    

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    must be kept in mind and are indicated as priority objectives on the
    report form for each program area.   The evaluation data collection
    procedure obtains data in several  ways:                 ,
         1.  Quantitatively - for measurement against operating norms
             of the programs within a  region or on a nationwide base.
         2.  Qualitatively - subjective judgments made by the evaluator, and
         3.  Use of rating number or priority for operation and comparison
             to its importance for achieving implementation plans, or
             other Federal priorities.
                                     32
    

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    Schedule A
                AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
                   EVALUATION DATA REPORT
                     General Information
          Agency Name
          Fiscal Year
                      to
                                           EPA Region
          AQCR Name 	
          (if not state agency)
                                                          Evaluation Date:
                                                             Review
                                                             Visit
          AGENCY DESCRIPTORS:
          I.  Jurisdiction
                                 II.
              A.
              B.
    Population served
    Growth rate %
    1.
                                  Operating Resources
                                  A.  Total Staff
                                      1.  Positions
                  2.
    Population
    (annual)      	
    Sources (annual)
    Industrial
              C.
              D.
        Mobile
    Area served (m
    Value mfg. $ x 10
    2.   Man-year estimate
    
    Total Budget
    1.   Personnel
    2.   Operating exp.
                 6
    3.
    Equip.  & contractual
    services
                                                        Implementation Plan Resource
                                                                     1975     1977
                                                        1.  Staff
                                                        2.  Budget
                                                        Criteria Measurement
                                                        Operating Cost/Man-year	
           PROBLEM DESCRIPTORS:
           I.   Air Quality
                               Annual Highest
                              average  value
               Particulate
               Sulfur dioxide
               Nitrogen dioxide
               Carbon monoxide
               Hydrocarbons
               Oxidants
               Other-specify
                             ugm/m"
                                  *i
                             ugm/nf
                                  f
                             ugm/nT
                                  *•
                             ugm/nf
                             ugm/nf
                                  f
                             ugm/nf
                                  f
                             ugm/m"
                                  II.   Emission  Data
                                       (Annual tons/yr.)
    
                                       Particulate
                                       Sul/fur dioxide
                                       Nitrogen  dioxide
                                       Carbon monoxide
                                       Hydrocarbons
                                       Other-specify
                                         33
    

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    Schedule A, pg.  2
                                    Schedule A
                               General  Information
                            Suggested  Sources of  Data
       AGENCY  DESCRIPTORS:
          I.   Jurisdiction  -  Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau  of  Census
                                Population  Reports  -  1970  and  Interim  Year  Reports.
    
                             Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau  of  Census
                                Manufacturing  Census  -  1967  Data  -  Update with
                                data  from Agency  Emission  Inventory Permit  System
                                and other local sources.
    
          II.   Operating  Resources -  Agency grant application  - update
                                     through contacts with agency.
       PROBLEM DESCRIPTORS:
          I.   Air Quality  -  Semi-annual  and  annual  reports  -  quarterly  reports
                               are  principal  source of  air  quality  data.
                               EPA  data  reporting  system  SAROAD,  CDHS,  etc.
                               Agency  reporting  records.
    
          II.   Emission Data -  EPA  data  reporting  system  -  NEDS  (State)
                                 Agency Emission  Inventory.
                                     34
    

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    | Schedule B 'AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
    
    1
    
    
    EVALUATION DATA REPORT
    Management Function
    
    
    Definition of Responsibilities:
    I I. Program responsibili
    Implementation plan
    1 ^ Implementation plan
    ties defined for agency activities in: (encircle one)
    and interagency agreements - 5
    (approved) - 4 Grant application - 3
    Interagency agreements - 2 Not defined or poorly defined - 0
    I
    tBB
    III. Program Responsibil
    
    1 Enter one: State
    only 1
    	 	
    •Planning
    .
    Criteria score
    ity Summary Management:
    
    Shared with Delegated Partial Other,
    state 2 by state 3 delegation 4 specify 5
    Services Evaluation
    
    SIP review, revision, etc. Training by Impact reviews
    I— Land use controls
    
    __ Transportation controls
    I
    • Complex Sourcp Siting
    
    
    
    
    Special 	 Action Plan
    initiation
    Outside (emergency, SCS)
    agency 	
    Program Review
    Informational
    (library, public, and
    inf. retrieval and
    dissemination)
    I Region's Estimate of Responsibility Priority I, II, III,
    
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    IV, V
    
    
    •
    
    35
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    schedule B, pg.  2
    Program Objectives:  (Select one)
    
    I.  Objectives are consistent with following:
        Achieving and maintaining Federal or other applicable air quality
          standards as defined in the approved implementation plan, and
          maintenance support as defined in the Federal  Register           5
    
        Achieving only the Federal or applicable air quality standards     4
    
        Achieving only maintenance support as defined in the
          Federal Register                                                 3
    
        Achieving none of the above                                        0
                                                             Criteria score
     II.  Review and Evaluation of Objectives:  (subjective)  Select one.
    
         Clearly defined                   5
         Poorly defined (indicate areas)   3
         Incomplete or unrealistic         1
         Not defined                       0                Criteria score
    
     III.  Program Plans for Achieving Goals indicate following:
    
         Specific target dates and resource requirements  3
         Resource requirements only                       1
         Target dates only                                1
         None  of above                                   '' 0
                                                         1  Criteria score
                                        36
    

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    Schedule B, pg. 3
    Resource Criteria: Enter estimate of resources needed by agency as given
       in SIP or by other estimating procedure.  Circle approximate % that
       current resources represent.
         I.  Needs  (Total agency)
                                           % Estimate of Achievement of Need
                                          SIP
                                      1975
    1977
    Other (manpower model, etc.)
      1975        1977
                     % Budget
            Budget
            Man-years
                     % man-years
            If lt)0% indicate here
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
    50, 75, 90
            Also describe needs outside implementation plan
                                                   Criteria score
                                                     >75% - 4
                                                    <75% - 0
         II.  Per>unr
                         A.'ministrat\ve Services Staffing Pattern (man-years)
                         Total    	Legal	Policy	
                         General	  Information	   Planning & eval. _
                         Training	Financial	Other  	
         III.  Vacancy rate - (Total agency)
                                             Number
                                             vacant
              % of total positions
                   vacant
                     Budgeted positions
                     Man-years
                 Turnover rate - circle one
                                     5%    10%
                 Criteria score:     5     4
           15%
           0
                                        37
    

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    Schedule B, pg. 4
         IV.  Organization
    
              Agency has:                         Y_es_  No_
              1.   Organization chart               1     0
              2.   Functional statements            1     0
              3.   Agency procedures that clearly
                  define responsibilities          3    0
                                                             Criteria score
         V-  Facilities - circle applicable criteria score for each agency operation
                                              Sq. footage per person
                                            150
            100
           75
               Administration (per person)
               Engineering
               Enforcement
               Technical Services lab
               Data handling
               Enter  total  ft2 available
    5
    4
    4
    3
    5
    4
    3
    3
    2
    4
    0
    2
    2
    0
    0
    Administrative Services
    
         I.  Training - Current Fiscal Year
             A.  Total number man-weeks
                            New  employees
                        Existing employees
        New staff 	
    
          Criteria score
          Man-weeks avg.
    (1-2)  (3-5)  1-3)   1
             5     3     1
      5                  3
            B.  Program
                                                       Yes
                Written, formal training program
                Orientation for new employees
                Outside training program
                Identifies new training need?. & skills
                    No
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                 Existing staff
                    0
                    0
                    0
                                         38
    

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         Schedule B, pg. 5
    II.   Public Information and Education(circle answer)
    
         A.   Program Criteria                          Yes  No
             Budgeted, with functional statement        1    0
             Full-time or part-time employee assigned   1    1
         B.    Program Services
                                                                 Criteria score
              Reports
                 Annual
                 Quarterly
                 Monthly
    Yes   No
          0
          0
          0
    News Media
    Yes   No   Number
       News release      1
       Radio & TV release 1
       Radio & TV
         appearance      1
          0
          0
              Distribution List
              Speakers
                Civic & school
                Citizen groups
                Industry
    Yes   No  Number
           0
           0
           0
              Publications
                Number distributed
                Number of kinds
              Special Status Reports     Yes  No
                Compliance                1   0
                Air monitoring            1   0
                Special problems
                  (new regulations)       1   0
                         Criteria measurement
                         Number/100,000 population
                                              39
    

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    Schedule C
                          AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
                            EVALUATION DATA REPORT
    
                            Engineering Activities
    Program Responsibility
    
    I.  Program Responsibility Summary Engineering
    
        Enter one:    State    Shared with    Delegated    Partial         Other,
                     only  1   state  2       by state  3  delegation 4   specify  5
    
        Information gathering         Enforcement Support        Planning
          Emission inventory	     Source testing 	       Regulations 	
          Permit system     	     Source inspections         Special  Studies
          Other, specify    	       Permit	Land use  	
                                                                   Transp.    	
                                      Compliance sched.  	       Complex  source
                                        review & preparation       Other     	
    II.   Engineering Services Staffing Pattern (man-years)
    
         Total          	     Emission Inventory 	    Permit System 	
         Source testing	    Source Construction	    Planning      	
         Other          	      (Insp. & compliance)
    
    Program Operations
    
    I.  Emission Inventory                  Sources inventoried F.Y. 	Total
          % Sources not inventoried     0-10%       10-50%       50-100%
                criteria score           5            3            0
                                         40
    

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    1
    _ Schedule C, pg.2
    
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    •.
    
    
    
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    1
    
    
    
    1 "
    
    1
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    
    1
    II. Permit System Agency responsibility review approve
    Total permits issued FY Total sources
    % Sources operating without permit 0-10% 10-50% 50-100%
    
    criteria score 5 3, 0
    
    Review: Enter total number Const. Operation Limitations*
    Size Class
    
    Type: Incinerator
    Fuel burning
    Ind. process
    Other
    Criteria score 5 5
    * Limitation on agency by agreement, reg., responsibility, etc. for review
    or approval of permit.
    Review Criteria:
    % pt. sources reviewed 100% 75%' 50% <25%
    (calculations, consultations,
    emissions, collection, system,
    control system)
    Criteria score 543 1
    New construction caught by checkoff system Yes No
    Criteria score 1 0
    Where: Ex. Bldg. Dept., Zoning agency, other 	
    III. Source Tests Number source tests
    
    Conducted by this agency for agency by
    State Contractor Other
    f
    Criteria measure
    Enter % sources tested in compliance
    
    1
    1
    41
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    Schedule C, pg.  3
    IV. Compliance Activities
    Number of sources on compliance schedules
    % of
    
    
    % of
    
    % of
    
    sources required to reduce
    Emissions (Implementation Plan) on schedules
    Criteria score
    sources on schedule ( 18 month)
    Criteria score
    sources not on schedule (not in compliance)
    Criteria score
    
    100%
    5
    100%
    5
    50
    0
    
    75
    3
    75
    3
    25
    3
    
    <150
    0
    <50
    0
    •£10
    5
    V.  Regulations and Legislation  (check,  if yes)
    
        A.  State and local regulations cover
            1.  Controlling visible emissions  (open burning)
            2.  Permit system 	
            3.  Emission standards
            4.  Emission monitoring by owners 	
            5.  Inspections and tests 	
            6.  Enforcement procedures 	
            7.  Emergency episode controls 	
        B.  There are differences between state and local  regulations
            and EPA regulations and standards 	
            Specify (attach copy of regulations with differences noted)
        Criteria score:
            If applicable state and local regulations cover all above categories - 5
                                                              at least five      - 3
                                                              less than five     - 0
            If applicable state and local regulations comply with implementation
            plan and are not deficient in legal authority   -  5
            If deficient in emission limitations only       -  3
            If deficient in emission limitation and other
              areas, ex. record keeping, prevent const., etc.-  0
                                        42
    

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    Schedule C, pg. 4
    Program Inf orma11on C riteria
    I.   Emission Inventory: Check if applicable.   Recommendations  should be made
        ~T>y evaTulftor concerning these areas,  if not satisfactory.
        Data source:  permit_
                           agency survey
    other (specify)
                      National Emission Data System (NEDS)
        Emission factors used:
                      EPA  AP-42 factors
        Area source emission estimated by:
             Rapid Survey Techniques (AP-29)
                                            Other (specify)
                                             APTD 1135
        Formats
             Appendices D, E, F, G of Federal Register (11/25/71)
             (*) National Emission Data Systems (NEDS) 	
             Other (specify 	
                   Other
        Point sources included over:  100 tons/yr 	
        Inventory is updated by means of:
            Permit system application 	
            Surveillance and investigation activities
            Other (.specify) 	
        Data is computerized:
            By agency 	
            By state 	
                                                  50
                25
    other
        E.I
     Other (specify)
    .  is  used  for:
     Control strategy
     Abatement action
            Inspection priorities
            Other (specify) 	
      Recommend, if not used by agency.
                                     43
    

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    Schedule C, pg.  5
    11.   Permit System                                      I
               T
    
        Reviews and calculations are made to determine volume and
          composition of emissions 	
        The capacity of the air pollution collection system 	
        Effectiveness of control equipment 	
        Other (specify) 	
        Source1 tests are prerequisite for new or modified sources
        Inspections are prerequisite for renewals 	
        Fees are collected 	
        (Fee schedule (specify)) 	
                                       44
    

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    C. EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FUNCTION
    Introduction
    
    An evaluation of engineering should determine performance, in
    terms of activities carried out and results achieved—including air
    quality levels and emission rates. It should also determine capability,
    1n terms of staff experience and education, understanding of Federal,
    state and local requirements and objectives, and knowledge and skill
    in applying techniques for achieving these objectives. Five basic
    activities should be evaluated: (1) emission inventory, (2) permit
    system, (3) source testing, (4) regulations development, and (5) special
    studies and reports.
    Since a limited amount of time will be available for on-site
    interviews, much of the information needed for the evaluation should be
    obtained in advance. This will enable the evaluator to make the best
    use of his time at the agency arid concentrate on areas which need
    clarification. It also gives the agency an opportunity to review their
    activities, organize their information and respond effectively to the
    interview.
    The evaluation process involves three steps: (1) information
    gathering, (2) site interviews, and (3) appraisal and report.
    Step 1: Information Gathering
    A summary of emission inventory and source compliance data can be
    tabulated on a form similar to that shown in Figure 1. This provides a
    summary of emissions by source categories as well as a summary of
    
    45
    
    
    

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    work to be done.  Compliance data should be relative to requirements
    of the SIP.
         Some of this information can be obtained from the agency's semi-
    annual  reports and grant applications.   Some may have to be obtained
    by means of a questionnaire directed to  the agency and completed prior
    to the site visit.
     Step 2.   The Site  Visit and Interviews
    
          Interviews should be limited to investigating specific problems
     confronting the agency and determining  the dimensions of and reasons
     for these problems.   The evaluator must adapt his questions accordingly.
     For example, if information received in Step 1  above  shows  that there
     are a large number of sources requiring emissions reductions,  but a
                                     »fff
     small  number of these are on compliance schedules, the reasons for the
     discrepancy must be found and corrective action taken.
          As another example, if the emission inventory is not yet complete,
     it should be determined specifically what plans there are for completing
     it and how much manpower will be assigned.
          Not all kinds of information can be reduced adequately to a data
     form, such as:  How are job priorities  established, work assignments
     made, and how are engineering records filed and retrieved.   It is
     important to ask these types of questions during the  interview, especially
     when trying to discover the reasons for poor performance in specific areas.
          The evaluator should be thoroughly familiar-with the agency's
     responsibilities under the implementation plan.  He should  determine,
     in the course of the interview, how well the agency understands their
     role and what specific plans they have for meeting these responsibilities.
     (i.e., How they are going to complete the emission inventory, bring all
                                                   /
     sources into compliance, etc.)
                                    46
    

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    I
               Step 3.   Appraisal. and  Report
    
                    Basically the objective in  evaluating  the  agency  should  be  to
    I         examine  areas in which  the agency is  having or  will  have  problems  in
    •         meeting  the requirements  of the  state implementation plan,  and then
               recommend the steps necessary to meet those requirements.
    M_             The results of the evaluation will  depend  partly  on  judgments
               formed during the interviews as  well  as  appraisal  of the  data submitted
    •         prior to that time.
    •              It  will  be of help to the evaluator to use some system of rating
               numerical information.
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    1/1 fO T* Q fO fO 13 +-^ n3 "i^ IO *r— O rt3 4J C O 3 fO
    QJ -t— 4-> E T- i — -r- (O 4J l/l -t-J O -4-J E -r- fO S- IO -(-> 4->
    O O3OS- CXV-S- O O) C -r-3O*-S-3 c— COO
    i- S-4JO4-1 4~>•!_ 1/1 C S-TD-OJ-r- «/IE i — OT-
    O E-Mr— 3^3d>3-r- 3 -r- JQ E -M r— 3 -r- C -r- •!- C
    to Ewd)'aE3:T5O o toEEtoQJ'OOQJjQi.S-
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    0. cC CO O Q UI CC et CO CJ Q UJ U,' C3
                                         48
                                                                                                    tvi
    

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    Schedule D
                               AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
                                 EVALUATION DATA REPORT
    
    
                                 Enforcement Activities
         Program Responsibility:
         I.  Program responsibility summary - Enforcement
             Enter one:  State
                   1      only 1
    Shared with   Delegated    Partial        Other,
    state  2      by state 4   delegation 4  specify 5
             Area Source Surveillance
    
             Transportation control
    
             Source inspection
    
                Incineration  	
    
                processes    	
    
                fuel burning  	
               Complaint handling 	
    
               Episode program    	
    
               SCS implementation 	
    
               Input for preparation
    
                 of legal  case
               Prosecution of violators
         II.  Enforcement Services Staffing Pattern (man-years)
    
             Total staff 	   Field patrol  	  Complaint handling
             Legal proceedings
         Source inspection
             Data & report preparation (consultation)
                                Other
         Program Operations ;
    
    
         I.   Source identification
    
             Number of sources under surveillance (total)
    
                 open burning 	
    
                 fuel burning 	
    
                 incinerators 	
    
                 process (total) 	
                    process particulate
    
                            gaseous
    
                 other sources (specify)
                                             49
    

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    Schedule D, pg. 2
    Criteria:
    Source listing (circle only one)
         Includes all sources subject to regulations and SIP  5
         Includes sources over 25 tons/yr. emissions          3
         No source listing                                    0
    
    Source listing update (circle only one)
         Annually         3
         Every 2 years    2
         Every 5 years    1
         Never            0
    
    Source listing usage (circle both if applicable)
         Develop and/cr update emission inventory   3
         Start and continue permit system           3
    II.  Inspections
    (Enter number of sources)
    Subject to emission regs.
    In violation of emission
      regulations (total)
    On compliance schedules
    Legal action has been
      started on
    In compliance
    In violation with no
      compliance schedule and
      no legal action started
    
    Enter no. FY corrections by:
       Staff
       Board  (if applicable)
       Court
                                  Fuel       Inciner  Industrial^  Open     Other,
                                  burning   ation                 burning   specify
           Enter  participate sources in  (a) and gaseous sources in (b)
                                       50
    

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    1 Schedule D, pg. 3
    -
    •
    
    
    
    1
    
    -
    •
    1
    
    
    
    1
    
    fl
    
    1
    
    
    
    1
    
    1
    1
    
    1
    
    1
    Criteria:
    
    Compliance Schedule Activity (circle all applicable)
    Agency enters into legally enforceable compliance
    schedule agreements (milestone dates) 5
    Conducts on-site inspections
    verification
    Scheduled inspections (circle al
    Conducts periodic scheduled i
    Inspection frequency based on
    and/or emission potential
    Comprehensiveness of inspection
    for progress
    3
    1 applicable)
    nspections 5
    industry type
    3
    (circle all applicable)
    Flow diagra..ij are made, reviewed or changed 1
    Production ngi.res obtained
    1
    Equipment list compiled, changed, and updated 1
    Operating parameters noted
    Maintenance program reviewed
    Do not conduct comprehensive
    
    1
    1
    on-site inspections 0
    
    III. Field Patrol and Complaint Handling
    
    Number of complaints receivec
    *Number of complaints acknowle
    Number of violations observed
    
    per year
    dged
    
    
    *Number of violations corrected 	
    *Criteria for scoring
    Acknowl
    >75% -
    edged % corrections
    5 ' > 90% - 5
    50% - 74% - 4 . 75% - 90% - 3
    4.50% -
    
    
    1
    1
    0 475% - 0
    
    
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        Schedule D, pg. 4
        Criteria:
            Observed violations are written up and documented  	 5
            Area divided into districts for uniform coverage   	 4
            24 hour response capability                    .    	3
            A communication system between headquarter and
               field personnel                                 	2
    
      IV.  Emergency Episode Program (Criteria)
              A communication system that can locate a responsible
                agency official is in effect.                 	4
              An episode manual outlining responsibility of
    1
    agency personnel has been prepared.            	 3
              The episode program has been coordinated with law
                enforcement and civil defense agencies.       _
      V-  Administrative Procedures  (Criteria)
              Written  standard operating procedures for
                field  enforcement personnel                   	4
              Standardized  field forms  ir.  use                 	3
              Granting of a variance  requires a compliance
                schedule                                      	  2
    
          Enforcement  Records  (check  all applicable)
              Master file on all sources	5
              Files in alphabetical  order  	4
              Files are  cross-referenced   	2
              No  master  file on  all  sources	 0         »
                                          52
    

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    Schedule  D, pg.  5
       Pror.i ' !.! mn
              work.rr;
       Pinv/ i
            ;;n
            Ler.s  than
                                   .'f-.-i.'.n..'!  prr>, id-^  '>• .;t for
                         c.l   '     ••-•)'
                         <•••••••  '•   . • '.  1. -j..;!  .v,,, -,f:l  !'!.;V;
    

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     D.                EVALUATION OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
    
          Enforcement  is  the  "activities conducted by an air pollution control
     agency  to  secure  certain and continuing control over the sources of air
     pollution."   The  mission of an enforcement program then must be to implement
     the plans  that  have  been adopted to achieve acceptable levels of air quality.
          Enforcement  therefore overlaps many agency program activities such as
     the permit system, source  inventory, source testing, and air monitoring if
     property line concentrations are a part of the regulations.
          Since successful  enforcement plays such a key role in improving air
     quality, it is  important that a careful evaluation be made of this activity.
          An agency  may have  the best air monitoring network in the country or
     the best laboratory, or  the best source inventory, but if it is not bringing
     sources into compliance  with the emission regulations, then the agency
     cannot  justify  the use of  Federal grant money on its program.
          An agency's  program grant application must reflect SIP goals with
     milestone dates,  otherwise the evaluator has little to measure the
     agency's performance against.
         • A  field operations  (enforcement)  program  consists of key activities
     for which objectives should be specified in the grant application.  These
     program activities and their significance are  discussed below.
     Source  Identification -  The agency must know how many sources  it  has  and
     where they are  located before  effective planning can take  place.   Source
     identification  is even a prerequisite  to a comprehensive  emission
    'inventory.  Source  identification must be considered  the  highest  priority
                                   54
    

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    1——	—	:	
     i
                 activity of a new or young agency because it is  the  basic  starting point
     I           or common denominator from which all  other agency activities  should be
                 built upon.
     •                Established agencies without a comprehensive source listing could
     •           experience difficulty in their emission inventory, permit  system operations,
                 and inspection programs.
     J           Compliance Schedule  Inspection - An on-site inspection of  sources
     —           to verify milestone  dates in the legally enforceable compliance schedule.
     *           Through a permit, system or emission inventory the agency should have a
     fl      ,     close estimate of sources not meeting the emission regulations.  The agency
                 should then have on  file compliance schedules for these sources.   The
     I           compliance schedules should include milestone dates to reflect periodic
     •           progress toward completion of the schedule.  The field enforcement officers
                 should verify this by on-site visits .   the source shortly after each
     •           milestone date has passed.
                 Scheduler I- sppctlons -  Inspections conducted by a certain date on
     •           an annual or other frequency basis.  Inspection scheduling may be
     •           bas'ed on source registration, emission inventory, permit system, complaints,
                 or other information systems.  Ideally, scheduled inspection frequencies
     f           should be proportional  to the emission potentials of the source.   The
                                                                      i I
                                                                       "^
     —           scheduling process should not be completely automated*'.;  It must rely
     ™           heavily on the recommendations of the field enforcement officer.
     I           Field Patrol - Sometimes referred to as surveillance activities.   Vehicle
                 patrol is the principal  surveillance method.  The enforcement officer
     I           should patrol in a manner that will bring  the greatest area of his district
    
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    under view while taking the shortest route.   When a  questionable visible
                                                        t
            ;
    emission or violation is observed, the enforcement officer takes a reading
    
    
    and/or investigates.  All observed violations are written up according to
    
    
    prescribed agency procedure.  A communication system will allow the agency
    
    
    to respond quickly to complaints and emergencies.  If necessary, agencies
    
    
    should have 24 hour a day field patrol capability.
    
    
    Complaint Handling - An agency should respond quickly to complaints received.
    
    
    The number of complaints received is influenced by many factors, such as
    
    
    number of sources, agency publicity, air quality  levels, public awareness
    
    
    of agency, magnitude of  emissions, meteorological conditions, etc.  Many
    
    
    of these factors cannot  be  related to the agency's effectiveness, therefore,
    
    
    evaluation of complaint  handling  cannot be related to number of complaints
    
    
    received.  The capability to  respond, response, time, percent of complaints
    
    
    responded to, and use  of the  complaint  information, are  the  important
    
    
    considerations  in evaluating  the  complaint handling activities  of  an  agency.
    
    
    Emergency Episode Program  - An  agency should have the ability  to  respond
    
    
    to a  meteorological  episode or  upset  involving hazardous pollutants.   This
    
    
    program must  be  coordinated with  law  enforcement and civil  defense agencies.
    
    
    An emergency  episode procedure  manual  should be  available to all  involved
    
    
    personnel.
    
    Administrative  Procedures  - This  includes  agency procedure manuals written
    
    
    for  field  enforcement officers, field forms  such as violation notices,
    
    
     inspection reports, citations,  etc.,  and the entire spectrum of how the
    
    
     agency conducts its enforcement program.  An agency must have standard
    
    
     operating procedures for enforcement.  Without, standard operating procedures
    
    
     there cannot be consistent enforce'....-•.: practices.
    
    
                                      56
    

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                   Enforcement Records - The agency should have documentation  on  all  violators.
     I
     •             Source 'records should be filed in such a way that  access  to the  information
     •             requires a minimum of effort.   All  inspection sheets  should be on  file
                   along with any documentation for legal action.
     I             Legal Action - Successful prosecution of violators after  all other remedies
     g             for relief have failed.   The state attorney general or local prosecuting
                   attorney will  usually have responsibility for prosecution before an
     •             administrative body or the courts.   It is most important  to the  agency  to
                   have attorneys  familiar with  environmental law assigned  to air  pollution
     •             cases rather than have to start out with a new attorney on  each  case.
     •             Agency personnel  should  be informed as. to what documentation is  needed  for
                   a legal brief and should work  closely with the prosecutor  on  case
     J             preparation.
     _                  Two basic questions that  must be addressed in evaluating  the  legal
     •           i
     *           ||  action aspects of an enforcement program are:  (1)  Does the  agency  follow
     _           ''
     •     "      i  up on sources  that are in violation of emission regulations?,  and  (2) Is
                 1  the agency able to successfully prosecute violators?
                 I:
                      .  A numerica^ value can be  assigned to sub-elements under each  of the
     •             above program  functions.   The  total  points given an agency  can then be  used
                   to rank the enforcement  activities  of all  agencies under  consideration.
     I                  The importance of the total  enforcement points scored  by  an agency
                   would have to  be  considered in light of the enforcement role assigned that
     •             agency by the  state implementation  plan.
    
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                          AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
                            EVALUATION DATA REPORT
    
    
                         Technical  Services Activities
    Program Responsibility
    I.  Program responsibility summary - Technical  Services
        Enter one:   State
                    only 1
    Shared with
    state  2
          Delegated   Partial       Other,
          by state 3  delegation 4  specify  5
        Laboratory Servi ces
    
          Pollutants Analyzed
            Criterial 	
    
            Hazardous
            Trace elements
    
            Material, fuel
              qual., etc.  _
    
            Special  studies
    
          Equipment
            maintenance
          Instrument
            calibtation
          Enforcement Support
          Source testing   	
          Special Analytical
            studies
                         Data Handling
                           Collection _
                           Storage and
                             analysis _
    Source ident.  	     Report prep.
            Part, ident.
            Odors, etc.
    
    
          Air Monitoring
            Minimum F.R.
              network
                                     Special,  complex
                                       source,
                                       transportation
                                       control
                         Meteorology
    
                         Data acquisition
    
                         Forecasts
                         SCS (modeling)
    
                           Eval.  of source _
    
                           Eva!.  area source
    
                           Land Use planning
    II.  Summary of Staff  -  Technical Services (man-years)
    
        Total 	   Air monitoring network  	   Laboratory operations
    
        Data processing	   Special study	'Other	
                                       58
    

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    Program Operations
    
    
    I.   Air Monitoring
    
    
        Type:  (check one)
    
            State 	
    
            AQCR	
                     Portion of AQCR 	    Other monitoring
    
                     Not under SIP
        Enter number in network:  (FY 	)    Hi-vols
    
                                 >2
                                                       Bubbler & sequential
    Tape samplers 	   S00 cont.          Ozone cont.
          HC cont.
                    CO cont.
    Other (specify)
        Enter number of days equipment out of operation due to failure:
    
          Hi-vols 	   Bubbler & sequential  	   Tape samplers 	
    
          S0~ cont.	Ozone cont.  _,	   HC cont.  	
    
          CO cont. 	    Other (specify) 	
    
    
    II.  Laboratory Operations
    
    
        Number of samples analyzed:     Total  	   Criteria pollutants
    
        Hazardous materials ____    Fuel  	     Special  (FL, Pb,  etc.)
    
        Other
        Criteria:
    
            Amount of data validated  and reported
    
                                      90% of possible
    
                                      90% to  70%
    
                                      70% or less
    
                                      Don't  know
                                                   	Good          5
    
                                                   _Fair          3
    
                                                   	Unacceptable  0
    
                                                   	Unacceptable  0
        If unacceptable is marked the evaluator should go on to the followi
                                                                     ng:
                                      59
    

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     Instrument maintenance and calibration  is  performed:
    
          1.  On a predetermined schedule, based on past experience,
              to minimize the data from being out of control      	 good  5
          2.  Every 3 to 6 months routinely                      	 fair  3
          3.  Once per year, or whenever equipment malfunctions  	 poor  2
          4.  Never                                       	unacceptable  0
    
     Quality Control
    
          Agency
             Maintains Quality Control by (check all applicable)
                replicate samples 	    blanks	   spiking	
             Constructs control chars on critical parameters.   Yes	    No_
        Criteria:
          The Quality Control Program is:
             1.  Routinely carried out and adequately documented   5
             2.  Haphazardly carried out and/or poorly documented  3
             3.  Not done at all                                   0
    
    III.  Data Processing
         Data is reported in format acceptable to EPA for quarterly and
    semi-annual reports.   Yes  5       No 0
             Format used  - SAROAD	   State accepted	  Other	
         Data report identifies:  (check applicable descriptors)
             Site 	   Number of samples 	   Sampling interval maximum
             Averages 	   Deviations 	
         Data report summaries identify: (check applicable descriptors)
             Relationship of values to standards 	        Trends  	
         Agency provides daily pollution report to public.    Yes	   No_
    Criteria Score:
         Turnaround time on data reports:
           <1 month - 5     1 to 3 months - 3        >3 months - 0
                                      60
    

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     Schedule E, pg. 4
    IV.   Specjal  Studies  and Reports
                A.
    
                B.
    
                C.
    
    
                D.
    
    
                E.
        Mobile source emissions
        Transportation controls
        Lard use alternatives
        (complex sources)
        Other (specify) SCS, and
        large point source (SCk)
        Technical guides written
        (List)
                                              Number of
                                               studies
                                              being made
                                                  Network
                                                No.                Comp.
                                               Sites  Pollutant   date
          Emergency Episodes
    Number of sites designated _   Frequency of operation
    Are meteorological forecasts being made?  Yes _  No _
    Are supplementary control
                                                  planned?
                Can sampling be affected for sources?
                                      61
    

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    SUBJECT:
    FROM:
    TO:
    4 AUG 1973
           UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGCNCY
          Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
                                                 DATE:
    Report on Potential Problems in Priority
    II and III Regions with Respect to NAAQS
                                 /? i   /"'- 'V'/ P '   tJ
    Robert E. Neligan, Director f.f- &<>i&- /(.•<••« f'-
    Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
    
    Air and Water Division Directors
    Environmental Protection Agency, Region I-X
    
        Through intense efforts made by the Regional Offices,
    there is now sufficient data in the National Aerometric
    Data Bank to initiate further evaluation of the data
    received.  OAQPS most certainly appreciates the labors
    that have been and are continuing to be made in the
    collection and processing of air quality data.  Now
    that the first phase of data collection has been
    completed, we must now proceed into a continuing
    program for the evaluation and verification of
    certain portions of the data received.  This report is
    the first of a continuing series that will be issued
    periodically.
    
        OAQPS is currently developing an air quality
    tracking system to flag significant departures from
    expected air quality based on emission projections
    and SIP regulations at each of the monitoring sites
    stored in the NADB.  A flow chart for this  system,
    which employs statistical techniques, is given in
    Figure 1.  Unfortunately, this system will not be
    operational until late this year.  Therefore, 1972
    air quality data have been screened for values that
    suggest a higher priority classification for an AQCR
    than that presently assigned.  While this alone may
    not be sufficient for reclassification, it  affords a
    convenient screening technique.  The data are presented
    in Attachment 1 for CO, TSP, S02, and Ox and lists
    those sites within Priority II and III AQCR's which
    show 1972 air quality levels to be in excess of the
    primary standards.  All of these data are from the
    NADB files.  More details may be obtained by accessing
    the data with the usual time-sharing program, if
    desired.  It is requested that the Regiona.1 Offices
    review the data for their particular region selected
    by this screening in order to verify that these values
    

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    accurately reflect ambient air quality levels in these
    AQCR's.  (It should be noted, however, that if a site
    within an AQCR is high in reference to its priority
    classification, this may well be altered when state
    regulations are completely effected in 1975.  Thus, a
    Priority II or III Region, in excess of the primary
    standards in 1972, could be well under that standard
    in 1975).
    
       T-he maximum reported concentration was used in
    developing the list of sites that exceeded the primary
    standards.   Since the short-term air quality standards
    are written as concentrations which are to be exceeded
    no more than once, many of the sites identified by this
    procedure are not technically violating the air quality
    standard.  However, many of these sites which exceeded
    the standard only once, were sampling too infrequently
    to state with assurance that a second or third violation
    was unlikely.  Thus, it was decided to utilize the
    maximum value for determining if the data from a site
    should be examined.  Pollutants for which an annual
    standard are applicable (TSP and SO;?) were screened
    by comparison of annual averages H~~> the annual primary
    NAAQS, in addition to the screening of the maximum
    concentrations.
    
       In screening carbon monoxide, it was found that
    19 out of 21 Priority III AQCR's, for which we have
    data in 1972, exceed the primary standard.  These high values     ;
    may necessitate the development of additional transportation      j
    control strategies.  To better evaluate this CO problem,          \
    Attachment 2  (Obtaining Information on CO Monitoring) is          j
    enclosed.  We feel that the collection of the suggested           ;
    information is vital to both the Regional Offices and             ]
    OAQPS in order to better define the CO problem.
    
       In addition to CO, we are suggesting that you
    evaluate the other pollutants indicated in Attachment 1.
    To provide assistance in this evaluation process,
    Attachment 3  (Guidelines for Evaluation of Suspect Air
    Quality Data) is enclosed with this report.  This attachment
    can be used to determine if these data accurately represent
    air quality levels in the AQCR or whether appropriate
    modifications should be made.
    

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        In following the guidelines (Attachments 2 and 3),
    the Regional Offices, being more familiar with the
    different sites and sampling conditions, may alter or
    add to the questions and procedures for validating
    data points.  Any additional facts associated with this
    validation will be appreciated.
    
        Since this data verification process is an essential
    component of our overall evaluation of progress towards
    achieving the National Ambient Air Quality Standards,
    a response within 30 days of receipt of this report by
    the Regional Offices will be appreciated.
    
        Any questions concerning the air quality data or
    evaluation guidelines should be referred to Mr. William F. Hunt
    at 919/688-8351.
    
    3 Attachments
    
    cc:  Surveillance and Analysis Division Directors
         R. Sansom
         B. Steigerwald
         J. Schueneman
         J. Padgett
       .  E. Tuerk
    

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    AQCR PROGRESS
    SATISFACTORY
    
      NO ACTION
      REQUIRED
                            AIR QUALITY DATA
                            FROM STATES, ETC,
                               EPA REGIONAL
                                 OFFICES
                                 FLAGGING
                              TECHNIQUE FOR
                                   SIP
                                PROGRESS
                    ADDITIONAL
                  DATA VALIDITY
                      CHLJK
                        NO
                                                                 DATA VERIFICATION
                                                                   PROCEDURES
    DATA
    REVISION
    t
    N
                                                  QUERY TO
                                               REGIONAL OFFICE
                        FLAG
     REAPPLY
    VLAC.GING
     sTSCH
      FOG
                                               AQCR  PROGRESS
                                              NOT SATISFACTORY'
                                               ALERT CONTROL
                                                    PKVELOPi-ENT
                                              DIVISION, OAQPS
                                              ALERT REGIONAL
                                                  OFFICES
                                                                           REEVALUATE SI?
    

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    Attachment 1
         The following computer printout lists by pollutant and
    
    measurement method those sites by Priority II and III AQCRs
    
    which are exceeding the primary standards.  The printouts
    
    are essentially self explanatory.  The footnotes at the
    
    bottom of the printout indicate the data point in question
    
    and the reason why.  It should be noted that in some cases
    
    the highest value exceeded the short-term primary standard,
    
    while the second highest did not.  Technically then, the
    
    AQCR is not in violation of the standards, but since it
    
    is classified as a Priority II or III region, it is in
    
    potential violation.
    
         Finally, when examining the printout related to sus-
    
    pended particulate and sulfur dioxide, it can be seen that
    
    the annual mean (geometric or arithmetic) is not always
    
    calculated.  This occurs because one or more quarters are
    
    lacking sufficient data with respect to the SAROAD validity
    
    criteria.
    

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    li
    •-              ATTACHMENT 2:  OBTAINING INFORMATION  ON  CO MONITORING
    ^M , j
    
    ft              PURPOSE
      §-\                   The purpose of this document is  to  alert the Regional Offices
      1
     ...]              for the need of obtaining information on the. CO monitoring in their
    •              Regions and to suggest the kinds of information needed for an effec-
      •j
      !              tive evaluation.
    ft              BACKGROUND
      I]                   In 1971, information in the NADB indicated that in the eight
      I
      j              Priority III regions for which CO data were  available, all exceeded
    ft              national ambient air quality standards.   In  1972, 20 out of 21
    _               reporting CO stations in Priority III regions exceeded the national
    •               ambient air quality standards.  While both the 1-hour and 8-hour
    • j              standards v/ere exceeded, the majority of the reporting stations
      I              exceeded the 8-hour standard.  Therefore, the Regional Offices must
    j|j              also determine which standard the station has been designed to monitor,
    _                   "Guidelines for Technical Services  of a State Air Pollution Con-
    ™               trol Agency" (APTD 1347) specifies different sampling location guide-
    •              lines depending on whether 1-hour or 8-hour  CO averages are to be
                    found'as  shown  in Table 1.   Therefore, the Regional  Offices
    I              must  also  determine  which  standard each  station  should be
    _              monitoring for  compliance.
    
    1
      t
    I
      i
    

    -------
    QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE STATION:
        (1)  What kind of building (.room) is used for a sampling
    site?  Is the CO instrument located here for convenience?
        (2)  Is the instrument located in a city center, shopping
    center, residential or rural area?
        (3)  What is the population density of the area in which the
    instrument is located?
                                         /
        (4)  Is the instrument location temporary (mobile station)
    or permanent?
        (5)  Is the station air conditioned and heated?
        (6)  What is the nature of surrounding structures if any,
    i.e., are they higher than the sampling building, thus forming
    a canyon, or the same size?
        (7)  What is the estimate of the traffic count during rush
    hours,   where the instrument is located within 200 feet of reading?
        (8)  What is the type of roadway, arterial; secondary, freeway,
    etc?
        (9)  Make a rough map of the sampling building and its sur-
    roundings, noting the distances to traffic lanes, nearest neighbori:
    buildings, cardinal directions, etc.
    
    QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE INSTRUMENT:
        (1)  What is the make and model number of CO instrument?
        (2)  What is the age of the instrument?
        (3)  What is the method of water compensation?
        (4)  What are the calibration and maintenance schedules?
        (5)  Is an instrument technician in daily attendance or does
    a non-technical person inspect daily or less frequently?
    

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    li
    _                 (6)  Is there anything noteworthy or interesting about the
    •i           operating history of this Instrument?
    •a                (7)  What is the quality of the span and zero gases?  Is
     '.\           air  or an inert gas such as N? used?  Are they CO free?
    I
    .  I           QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE INTAKE AND MANIFOLD:
    »                (1)  What is the height of intake, from the ground?
     vi
    •:                (2)  What is the distance of the  intake opening from the
      \           building will or other structure?
    |;                (3)  What is the distance of intake from the traffic lane?
    —-,                (4)  If the roof top intake height is above the roof, what
    I            1s the distance from the parapet and  from the nearest incineratoi
    m            or boiler stack, if any?
                      (5)  What is the probe and manifold composition?
    •                 (6)  What is the length of the intake and manifold attached
      t           to the CO instrument?  What is the estimated time delay of the
    •:           air  parcel from the intake to the CO  instrument?
     j
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    GUIDELINE  SERIES
              OAQPS NO.  1,2 - 006
            GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF
    
             SUSPECT AIR QUALITY DATA
       US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
         Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
    
    
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
    

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               Attachment  3
    I
    
    |          GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF SUSPECT AIR QUALITY DATA
    
               Purpose
    •              The purpose of this guideline is to provide the Regional  Office
    _          with suggested procedures for verifying and evaluating both specifii
    ™          air quality data values (Section A) and annual  averages with  respec:
    •          to ambient air quality standards (Section B).
               Data Flov/
    |              Data generated by the State and local agencies is coded
               in SAROAD (Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric  Data) format
    I          and submitter through the appropriate Regional  Office to the
    •          OAQPS (Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards) for
               submittal to the NADB (National .'.erometric Data Bank).  From
    •          the bank the National Air Data Branch provides  this
               aerometric data upon request for Federal, State and local
    •          needs.
    •         Flagging of Potentially Anomalous Data Values
                   Currently, the procedure used by the National Air Data
    J         Branch in the identification- of potentially anomalous data
    _         values depends to a large extent on chance discovery by
    *         someone scanning a print-out of either raw data or summary
    •         statistics.  If the values ore found to be spurious as a con-
               sequence of internal processing errors, the discovery contributes
    J         to the process of de-bugging the data system.  If the questioned
    —         values appear in the data as received, a query is forwarded
               through the appropriate Regional Office to the originating agency,
    |         asking for verification.
    

    -------
    Attachment 3
         This process of detecting questionable data
    values will be supplanted when the data system is trans-
    ferred to the Univac computer in March of 1974.  Potentially,
    anomalous values will be objectively identified as a step in
    the addition of all new data to the file.  Tests, preferably
    nonparametric, will be applied to the incoming data and a
    listing printed of all values that trigger one or another
    of the test criteria.  Examples of such criteria are 1)
    values that are some factor, say, 1 1/2 times larger than
    some expected value such as the 99th percentile, 2) hourly
    values that differ from adjacent values by more than some
    ratio, suggesting an abrupt change in baseline or a transient
    interference.
         This formal procedure for identifying values that call
    for deliberate verification, performed as an integral part
    of incorporating received data, will speed the process of
    minimizing errors in the data bank.  As the overall system
    is refined, internally incurred errors can be expected to
    continue to diminish.  There then remains the following
    process for checking the identified values as received to
    see if there was some error in recording or transmittal, or
    if they in fact reflect some peculiar or infrequent phenomenon
    in the ambient air.  A brief file of these latter instances
    

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    p
    I
                 Attachment 3                 .
    
                 of unusual but explainable data records could provide some
                 profitable insights to the task of urban resource manage-
                 ment.
                 Data Listing
     1               The NADB provided the pollutant averages for Priority I and
                 II  regions which were above their corresponding primary standards.
    .-Ji           These averages have been compiled and referred to the appropriate
     •           Regional  Office for their verification.
                 Regional  Office Responsibility
                     The Regional Office has been given the responsibility of
     ;            being the prime contact with the State and local agencies and re-
     *           porting to the National Air Data Branch either to accept, reject
     i
     •           or  modify the data value or average in question.  The  Regional  Offi
                 has the option to ask the originating agency to determine the
     |           validity of the data or to provide the Regional Office with certai
     M           information and documentation so that it may make the final judge-
     }            ment.
     t
     •i_.
     ;•               The procedure used to check out any specific data value could
                 depend on:  the Regional Office's assessment of the originating
     M           agency, its capability, quality control  program, and previous
    I             performance, or the Regional Office's own personnel and work load.
                 In  any case, the following sequence of procedures is suggested.
     •           Internal  Check
     I                Any Agency which alters, manipulates or transcribes a
     •           data value in any way has a potential for error.  When a
     i
     •           data value is flagged the Agency should determine that the
                 data value has maintained its integrity from the initial-
     I'
                 Contact throuqh the final Drocessina  hv that Anpnrv.
    

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    Attachment 3
    
    The data should be traced through the SAROAD system, the Regional
    Offices, State Agency and/or local Agency to its original re-
    cording, whether it be a value from a computer readout, paper tape
    printer, strip chart, or a report from the chemist in the laboratory
    The types of errors usually found in the internal check are:  typing
    key punching, tabulating and transposition, mathematical (such as
    addition, multiplication and transcribing).  Further discussion of
    these errors and method to reduce their frequency may be found in
                                          123
    already published guideline documents. ' *
        If no errors have been identified in the internal check, at all
    agency levels, the verification and evaluation process continue down
    two  similar but separate paths.  Which path is chosen depends on
    whether the data in question is a single value (Section A) or a
    composit average (Section B).
    A.  Verifying and Evaluating Specific Air Quality Data Parts
    Instrument Calibration, Specifications and Operations
        The operation and calibration of continuous instruments
    is of the utmost importance in the production of valid air
    quality data.  The instrument calibration should be reviewed
    for the time in question, both before and after the suspected
    data point.  It should be determined if the instrument was
    operating within pre-determined performance specifications
    such as drift, operating temperature fluctuations, unattended
    operational periods,  etc.  These  performance specifications
    for automatic monitors are defined and published in the
    Federal Register^ and summarized  in various guideline documents.'»2
    Guidelines on air quality control practices and error  tracing
    techniques are available also.3
    

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     tl - . -
       '            Attachment  3                   5
    
    
     I
                   Before  and  After  Readings
     •                  If the instrument  generating  the  data was  found  to be
       1!            '1n  control',  the values  immediately  before  and after should  be
       I
                   determined.   Comparisons  between  the  percent and/or gross
                   deviations  could  be  made.   Ideally, this  difference in con-
                   centration  should be determined  through  a statistical  analysis
     ™             of  historical  data.   For  example  it may  be determined  that a
     •             difference  of  0.05 ppm  in  S02  concentration  for successive
                   hourly  averages occurs  very rarely (less  than one  percent of
                   the  time).   The criteria  for what  constitutes an excessive
     •             change  may  also be linked  to the  time  of  day.   For example,
                   an  hourly change  of  CO  of  10 npm  between  6 AM and  7 AM may
    I             be  common  but  would  be  suspect  if  it  occurred  between  2 AM
    
    1
                  and  3  AM.  lf3
                  Other  Instruments  at  the  Same  Location
                       Observing  the  behavior  of other  instruments at the same
                  location,  if  any, would give the  evaluator a qualitative
    •  i           insight  into  the possible  reasons  for the anomalous reading.
                  If all of  the instruments  showed  a  general increase, meteoro-
    •             logical  factors might  be  considered, while a dramatic deviation
      'i
      I'            over the same short period of  time  may  indicate an electrical
      j ;
      ']           problem  or an air  conditioning malfunction.  On the other hand,
      §-i
     'j           if the other  instruments  behaved  normally, a temporary influenci
     •'  t
    —             of a single pollutant  or  single pollutant source may be
                  suspected.
    I
    

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     Attachment 3
     Similar  Instruments  at Adjacent Locations
          Comparing  the behavior  of other  instruments in the
     vicinity which  monitor the same pollutant could further
     elucidate  the situation.  For example, if the adjacent
     instruments  (upwind  and  downwind)  exhibited the same general
     trend, an  area  problem in which the maximum effect was over the
     station  of interest, would be indicated.  However, if the
     adjacent stations seemed to  peak either before or after the
    •time  the suspect value was recorded,  the station may have
     been  under the  influence of  plume  fumigation which wandered
     according  to wind direction  influences.  Micro meteorological
     influences should not be overlooked either.  The station may
     be  under the influence of subsidence  effects from the urban
                                                 5 6
     heat  island  or  upslope-downslope influences.  *
     Meteorological  Condi ti ons
          No  attempt to explain an anomalous air quality data point
     would be complete without a  consideration of the meteorological
     conditions present at the time of  the reading.  A passing
     front and  strong inversion,  extended  calms or strong winds
                                                            5 6
     are conditions  which have a  large  impact on air quality.  '
     Influences of precipitation, temperature and season could be
     included to  interpret the reasonableness of the data as well.
     Time-Series  Check
          Checking a time plot of the data might reveal a repetitious
     pattern  during  similar time  periods.  An extreme excursion might thus
    

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    I	:	
     •          Attachment 3                       7
    
     I
     —          be explained.  For instance, the instrument
     ™          may be extremely temperature sensitive and may be under the
      I          Influence of the sun shining between buildings from two to
                four each afternoon.  Similarly, every Thursday may be
      I          delivery day for an adjacent supermarket and trucks tend to
     .          spend the bulk of the day idling in the vicinity of the probe.
                Physical Site Location
     I               From time-to-time local air quality influences may change
               'and adversely    affect a given air monitoring station's
     I          representativeness.  Examples of this might be an adjacent
     'm          apartment house or supermarket changing from garbage haul-away
     I           to an incinerator without informing the local agency.   Urban
     jl          renewal may render the location temporarily unrepresentative for TS
     i •
     i           also.  The site may fall prey to vandalism or even premeditated
     •          and systematic tampering designed to draw attention to an
     •          underprivileged area.
                     The site location, sampling probe material and configu-
     •          ration should be within the bounds of published guidelines
                also. 1>2
                Data Verification Flow Chart
     •               In summary, the following 1s presented as a stepwise
                guide to the verification of specific data values.  It pictorially
     J          presents the previous discussion and hopefully will give the
                •reader the overall view of datd verification.
                                                                    '•
    
     I                         ""        -                          i
    

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                           DATA
                          FLAGGED
      FOUND
                         INTERNAL
                          CHECK
                            ?
                               ERPlOR
                                 NOT
                               FOI:ND
                         CONTACT
                        REGIONAL
                                                ERROR
    CORRECTED^*
                 BA:
    JFOUA'D
                          INTERNAL,
                           CHECK
                              I ERROR
                             \7 NOT
                      CONTACT STATE
                          AND/OR
                       LOCAL AGENCY
                                                ERROR
                                                __________
                 ->
    FOUND
     ERROR
     FOUND
                         INTERNAL
                          CHECK
                        INSTRUMENT
                        CALIBRATION
                        OPERATION
                      SPECIFICATIONS
                                                ERROR
    CORRECTED
                                                 ERROR
    CORRECTED
                                                              -'i
    

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    REJECT
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    LESS THAN
    CRITERIA 4
    
    NO 1
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                                      CONDITIONS
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                                          r*7  TOWARD
                                           VOCCURREJCE
                              TIME-SERIES
                                 CYCLE
                                     NO
                                                       CYCLE
                                                        NO
                                                    .DECISION
                                             POSITIVE
                                              CYCLE
        SITE
    
      DEVEATES
                  FROM
                GUIDELINES
      PHYSICAL
    SITE, PROBE,
     VANDALISM
                                                        SITE IS OK
    

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    n t LO v. iiiiicii i»
    B.  Verifying and Evaluating Annual Air Quality Averages
    Summary Statistics
       If no calculation or recording errors have been found, the
    summary statistics describing the average should be checked.   These
    may include both geometric and arithmetic means and standard  deviation,
    and the frequency distribution in percentiles.  Both the standard de-
    viations and the magnitude of the difference between the geometric and
    arithmetic mean are more sensitive to a few extremely high values than
    to many moderately high levels.  Inspection of the values cor-
    responding to the higher percentiles would also show the influence
    of abnormally high values on the average.  Standard deviations do
    not generally change much from year-to-yecr.
    List Individual Values
       If the summary statistics indicate that the mean was heavily
    influenced by a few high values, or in the absence of summary statis-
    tics, the individual bits of data which comprised  the average
    should be listed.  From inspection of this list, it can be de-
    termined if the average was influenced by a relatively  few large
    values or whether the bulk of the data appears to  be consistently
    high.  If the former appears to be the situation,  treat each in-
    dividual point  according to the guidelines for specific air quality
    data points presented in Section A.  In the latter case, proceed to
    the next step in the verification of annual averages.
    Physical Site Inspection
       The physical site location should be evaluated  in terms of
    its representativeness of the pollutant of  interest, the averaging
    time of interest and the pollutant receptor.   The  operation of
    

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    I          the site should be evaluated in terms of sampling methodology,
    .•          maintenance procedures, calibration procedures and quality con-
    <            trol practices.  The actual sampling probe and manifold material,
    :M          configuration and placement should be evaluated also.  Guidelines
    *
                describing in detail these aspects of air quality monitoring have
    •          been published. ''   The evaluator should familiarize himself
    ••          with these manuals before attempting to determine the acceptabilit
                of an air monitoring site and operation.
    jl          Plot Data
    • —         .     Comparing a visual plot of the current data to that of prior
    '*          years on a typical annual patterns could further pinpoint reasons
    •          to accept or reject the annual average  in question.  Keep in mind,
    :            however, that some year-to-year variation is expected.  Figure 1
    I          shows a typical SOg annual pattern based on expected monthly
    m          averages.  Figure 2 also  : ows this same pattern with a constantly
    '            increasing baseline drift.  A pattern of this  type suggests a  con-
    ]•          tinuing long-term fai.jrc  (change) in a component of the  instrur,en
    ! ^*
                a deterioration in the supplies being used or  a subtle  change in
    •          the environment.  Figure 3 shows  the typical pattern with an abrup
    •          dislocation of the base line.  This may be indicative of  a change
                in instruments, method of analysis, procedures used  or personnel.
    •          It should not be arbitrarily assumed that any  such shift  is wrong.
                For instance, the analytical method may have been changed to  the
    J          standard reference method, sources of interferences  may have  been
    _          eliminated, or the operators may  be follov/ing  the procedure cor-
                rectly for the first time.  Figure 4 shows a seasonal abnormality
    |          in the expected pattern.   It should be  kept in mind  that  a devia-
                                 \
    

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                                        SULFUJL-D1Q-X1IU
    \   ~H
      JPJCGURE  5-:.:
                                         CO:ISTA:IT :a
                                                  ;
                              i -n r*	» • »- \7—— i Tl II	1 I I f
    

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                  Attachment 3                y$
    I
                  tion from the expected pattern can be negative as well  as
    |             positive.  Figure 5 demonstrates how the expected pattern can be
    g.            smoothed (masked) by a nearby source whose emissions are fairly
                  constant throughout the year.  The pattern may also show part of
    B'            the year "normal" and part of the year "masked" if there are
      :            pronounced seasonal wind direction changes.
    B                 For those pollutants such as oxidants whose peak values
    •             occur during a single 'season' a plot of weekly or bi-weekly
                  averages through the period of interest would provide more
    •:            information on the cyclical patterns than monthly averages.
                  Check Prior Data for Trend
    I                Plotting at least four prpvinus annual  averages along
    g            with the current year c.r.' visually inspecting the graph
      .            could give the evaluator a qualitative insight into whether
    •            the current annual  average is a significant deviation from or
                  mearly an extension of the projected trend.
      I;
                  Compare With S u r r o u n d 1 n g S t a t i_p_ns_
      !    ,
    m1    '            If there are enough surrounding sites to develop air
                  quality isopleths of the area, the evaluator could see how the
    I            annual average in question fits in with the overall picture.
                  For instance, if the point in question was midway between
    •            the isopleth lines  representing 80 and 60, but the recorded
    •            value was 50% greater than expected, i.e., 105, an abnormality
                  may be expected,
    I                This comparative technique may also be used in areas where
    _           ' there are not enough sites to directly plot air quality
    ™            1 <: fin 1 P t h C hilt u/hova a n»~a/H -i /- +• i MO 3 i v ono1-i+-i/ mn^ol hac Kaon
    

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    Attachment 3
    
    developed and verified with a  limited  number of actual  data
    points.   In these cases, deviations of +_  100%  could  be
    suspect for instance.
    
    Neteorology
         Finally, the annual average should be interpreted  in
    conjunction with r.eteorol ogi ca! conditions for that year.
    For example, if the winter of  the year in question were  the
    coldest in 50 years or the overall degree days were  50%
    above the 20-year norm, an increased SOg  average would  be
    expected.  Suspended part-• <~-j' .3tei values can be greatly
    affected by wind direction and a d;.  "Cfortionate wind  rose
    (atypical for the i^ea) :.o>.<1''  >elp explain unusual values.
    Comparing the appropriate meteorological  parameters  such as
    rainfall, wind speed, nun:' < •• --.' J length or ir,\ersi on,
    temperature and degree day"  t •> their long-tern averages, i.e.,
    20- or 50-year norms, before attempting to change implementation
    plans is prudent.
         In summary, when an annual average indicates that  change
    in implementation plan may be  warranted,  it i;; necessary to
    verify and evaluate that air quality rreasurement according
    to the following general steps:
    

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    _l	,	-g	
    f              Attachment 3
      ,
    ,|.                 1.  make internal check for manipulative errors.
      ]                 2.  look at summary statistics.
     •i                 3.  look at individual values-
      i
     •.                 4.  inspect the physical site.
      ,                 5.  plot d&';a and compare pattern to normal/
     |i                 6.  che"., method, Instrument, procedures, personnel-
     M;                     for changes,
     "'                 7.  check calibration practices, quality control procedures,
     •.                 8.  check prior data fortrend.
     »
    
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                       9.   compare with <= ,:rroundi r,,' stations  (isopleths).
                      10.   reviev/ meteorol ogi c?1 r o ditions.
    

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                          BIBLIOGRAPHY
    1.   "Field Operations Guide for Automatic Air Monitoring
        Equipment," Office of Air Program:,, Publication No.
        APTD 0736, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C., November
        1971 .
    
    2.   "Guidelines for Technical Service;:, of a State Air
        Pollution Samples," Office of Air Programs,  Publication
        No.  APTD 1347, EPA, Research Triangle Park,  N.C.,
        November 1972.
    
    3.   "Quality Control Practices In Processing Air Pollution
        Samples," Office of Air Prog-rams, Publication No. APTD
        1132,  EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C., September  1972.
    
    4.   Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 2/8, Novcmaer 25, 1971,
        page 22404.
    
    5.   Lowry, W. P.  and R. I/. B'^i^el , "I^f teorol cgi cal Concepts
        in Air Sani t,: i. i <: n , " T> >    i<. , Corvallis, Oregon, 1967.
    
    6.   Symposium; Air Over Ci'.ies,  Public Health Service,  SEC
        Technical Report A-62-5, Cincinnati, Chio, November 1961
    

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                        GUIDELINE  SERIES
                                  OAQPS NO.  1.2 - 007
                                 AIR QUALITY MONITORING
    
    
                                   INTERIM GUIDANCE
    U5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
      Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
    
    
       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
    

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                              August 1973
    
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    AIR QUALITY MONITORING
    
       INTERIM GUIDANCE
    

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS
    
    
                                                              Page
    
        PREFACE 	 	  i
    
    1.  INTRODUCTION 	  1
    
    2.  MANDATES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING	  5
    
    3.  AIR QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION	 10
    
        3.1  General Network Design Considerations 	 10
        3.2  Size of Monitoring Network	 12
        3.3  Location of Monitoring Stations	 15
        3.4  Sampling Site Characteristics 	 16
    
             3.4.1 General Siting Considerations 	 16
             3.4.2 Specific Siting Considerations 	 18
    
        3.5  Sampling Frequency 	 18
        3.6  Instrumentation 	 23
        3.7  Laboratory Quality Assurance 	 28
    
    4.  AIR QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS 	 30
    
    5.  AIR QUALITY MONITORING EVALUATION 	 34
    

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    1
    1
    • LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
    1
    1 Table 1. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM NUMBER OF AIR QUALITY
    MONITORING SITES 	
    
    1 Table 2. SITING GUIDELINES FOR AREAS OF ESTIMATED
    MAXIMUM POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS 	
    | Table 3 . MAJOR STATIONARY POLLUTANT SOURCES 	
    I Table 4. CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING
    TECHNIQUES 	 	 	 	
    • Figure 1 . AIR QUALITY DATA FLOW 	 	 	
    1
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    Page
    14
    
    19
    21
    
    24
    33
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

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                             PREFACE
    
    
    
    
    
    
          The Monitoring an>l Data Analysis Division of the
    
    
    
    Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has prepared
    
    
    
    this report entitled "Air Quality Monitoring Interim
    
    
    
    Guidance" for use by the Regional Offices of the Environ-
    
    
    
    mental Protection Agency.  The purpose of the report is
    
    
    
    to provide general guidance information on current air
    
    
    
    quality monitoring requirements and principles.  Th.is will
    
    
    
    allow the Regional Offices to prioritize their FY1974 moni-
    
    
    
    toring related resources and program activities.  Adherence
    
    
    
    to the guidance presented in the report wil] , hopefully,.
    
    
    
    ensure mutually compatible ambient, air quality data acqui-
    
    
    
    sition by all States and Regions c,nd will also better allow
    
    
    
    the Regional Offices to evaluate State monitoring programs
    
    
    
    and related activities.  Moreover, risks involved in policy
    
    
    
    decisions concerning National Ambient Air Quality Standards
    
    
    
    should be minimized.  This report is intended to update
    
    
    
    previously issued official and informal air quality monitoring
    
    
    
    documents and will serve on an interim basis until more specific
    
    
    
    and detailed guidance documents are developed.
    

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    _                         1.   INTRODUCTION
               The purpost of this  report,  a  first  in  a  series  to  be
    •     issued by the Monitoring  and Data Analysis Division of the
    •     Office of Air Quality Planning  and  Standards,  is  to provide
          the Regional Offices of EPA with  a  general overview of both
    I     the issues and  principles involved  with the  establishment and
          operation of the air quality monitoring program which is
    _•_	required under  the Stc te  Implementation Planning  process.
    •     It is expected  that tiurough a thorough understanding  of  these
          considerations  that the Regional  Offices  will  be  better  able
    I     to prioritize their FY1974 monitoring related  program activities
          and resource allocations.
    •          Information presented in this  report* is  intended to
    •     fulfill the following immediate objectives:
                       Ensure that  mutually compatible ambient
    I                   air quality  data are obtained by  all
                       States and Regions.
    _               .  Minimize risks associated with  policy
    •                 decisions involving  National Ambient
    ™                 Air OtiA 1 i t-.v  cn-anriardc; .
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                 Air Quality Standards.
    *Guidance presented in this report is geared toward the six
    criteria pollutants (sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon
    I monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
    dioxide) and present State Implementation Plan requirements.
    Future issuances will be concerned with proposed SIP require-
    ments dealing with such issues as complex sources and non-
    degradation.
    

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                 Better allow the Regional Offices to
                 evaluate State and local air monitoring
                 programs and related activities.
    
                 Summarize and update existing monitoring
                 information in one document based on the
                 present state of knowledge.
    
         Previous issuances by EPA related to air quality monitoring
    
    have been based more on operational experience with monitoring
    
    networks than on developmental research studies.  This report
    
    is no exception.  Information and guidance gleaned from such
    
    experience are an indirect outgrowth of monitoring activities
    
    which were intended to provide a basic characterization of the
    
    ambient air quality in the general atmosphere of an urban or
    
    rural area or around a specific source.  Therefore, present
    
    guidance is of necessity limited by the constraints within which
    
    these previous efforts were conducted.  Future guidance will
    
    also be based to some degree on retrospective analyses of existing
    
    networks and on data available from various on-going research
    
    projects.  This should be the case until the monitoring infor-
    
    mation which is being obtained from evolving State and local
    
    networks can be evaluated in terms of how well it fulfills the
    
    decision-making needs of the Regional Offices.  These needs
    
    relate to:
    
              .  EPA's desire to minimize risks in making
                 yes/no decisions relative to the progress
                 States are making toward attainment or non-
                 attainment of ambient air quality standards;
                 surveillance and subsequent action with
                 respect to episodes; attainment and main-
                 tenance of standards.
    

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    _                .  EPA's ability to ensure the representativeness
    •                   of State derived data.
                        EPA's ability to make risk decisions with re-
                        Ispect to prioritization, strategy development
                        and resource allocation.
    •          Interim guidance presented in this report should allow the
         Regional Offices to develop the bases for the various decisions
    •    related to the above with some degree of confidence.  It should
         also allow them to better discharge their monitoring responsi-
    •    bilities which specifically include the ability to:
    •                .  Ensure that the States
                             Utilize standard sampling metho-
                             Idologies and proper quality control
                             procedures
                          .  Operate and maintain adequate
    •                        analytical laboratories
                             Enter air quality data into the
    •                        National Aerometric Data Bank.
                        Check the validity of incoming data
    •                .  Obtain episode data
                     .  Evaluate State and local air monitoring networks
    •                .  Establish quality assurance programs
    •                .  Assist in identifying "hot spots"
                        Analyze data to assess compliance with
    m                   National Ambient Air Quality Standards
                        Predict trends in air quality
    I                    Develop and operate regional monitoring programs
                        which meet national and regional monitoring ob-
                        jectives.
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          Information presented in this report will serve on an
    
    
    
    interim basis until more explicit and detailed guidance is
    
    
    
    developed by the Monitoring and Data Analysis Division.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
          The follow ng sections include a brief re iew of EPA
    
    
    
    mandated monitoring activities, factors involved in the
    
    
    
    physical collection of air quality data, general air quality
    
    
    
    data handling procedures and an example of an air quality
    
    
    
    monitoring evaluation P ocess.
    

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                     4.   Developing a data base for the assessment
    I                     of pollutant .fleets;  land use and trans-
                         portation planning;  study of pollutant
                         interactions,  patterns and trends;
    •                     evaluation of  statement strategies and
                         direct enforcement of  control regulations;
                         and to improve the reliability of
    ^                    diffusion models through validation
    •                    procedures.
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            2.  MANDATES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
    
         Air quality surveillance is the systematic collection and
    
    evaluation of aerometric and related data which include pollutant
    
    concentrations, source operating characteristics and emissions,
    
    and    certain meteorological parameters.  This report is
    
    concerned with monitoring operations* which are designed to
    
    measure  pollutants emitted to or present in the atmosphere.
    
    Information provided from these monitoring operations should
    
    be responsive i :> the following objectives:
    
              1.  Budging compliance with and/or progress
                  made toward meeting ambient air quality
                  standards.
    
              2.  Activating emergency control procedures
                  intended to prevent air pollution episodes.
    
              3.  Determining poll,tion trends throughout
                  a regie n incli1^ ^ - -3 the nonurban areas.
         The requirements and need for monitoring are closely
    
    related to the pollution control requirements specified by the
    * These operations include three distinct but interrelated
    elements:  sampling networks, laboratory support, and data
    acquisition and analysis.
    

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    Clean Air Act of 1967 and the Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
    
    This legislation authorizes EPA to:
    
                 Promulgate national ambient air quality
                 standards
    
                 Promulgate national emission standards
                 of performance for new stationary
                 standards
    
                 Promulgate national emission standards
                 for hazardous pollutants
    
                 Promulgate national emission standards
                 for motor vehicles and aircraft .
    
    The development of these standards and subsequent enforcement
    
    require 'hat ii.formation on ambient concentrations of pollutants
    
    concerned by this legislation be avciilable.
    
         Specifically, the following monitoring related activities
    
    are mandated*:
    
              1.  Clean Air Act, December 19/0, Section 110(a)
                   (2) (C)
    
                  Each State shall adopt a plan which provides
                  for the implementation, maintenance and
                  enforcement of primary and secondary standards
                  and which includes.,,"provision for
                  establishment and operation of appropriate
                  devices, methods, systems, and procedures
                  necessary to  (i) monitor, compile, and
                  analyze data on ambient air quality and
                   (ii) upon request, make such data available
                  to the Administrator."
    *As of the date of this report, some of the Federal Register
    Notices are for proposed regulations.  Therefore, the monitoring
    activities alluded to in these proposed regulations are not
    nov; required  (e.g., for complex sources and no significant
    deterioration).
    

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                     2.   Federal Register, April 30, 1971,
    _            .        Volume 36 Number 84
    
                         a.   Details national primary and secondary
                             ambient air quality standards for
    I                        sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon
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                             monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydro-
                             carbons, ami nitrogen dioxide.
    
                         b.   Specifies standard reference methods
                             for above pollutants.*
    
                     3.   Federal Register, August 14, 1971,
                         Volume 36  Number 158
    
                         a.   C.1 issification of Regions according
                             to pollutant concentrations.
    
                         b.   Quarterly air quality reports are
                             required.
    
                         c.   Minimum air quality network require-
                             ments  are delineated.
    I
                         d.   At least one sampling  site must be
    •               -         located in the area of  estimated
           *See  7b
                             maximum pollutant   •-  ntration.
    
                             De- c.i iptior    the air  quality
                             suiveillarj   ;.-\ stem should include:
    
                                 Basis  f;T the design of the system
    
                                 Locati*:  cf  samplers by UTM grid
                                 coordinates
    *                         .   Sampling schedules
    
    B                         .   Methods of sampling and analyses
                                 Method of  data handling  and analysis
                                 procedures
    
                                 Timetable  for  installation of
                                 additional equipment
    
                                 Stations selected  for  monitoring
                                 during episodes
    

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                      3
    4.  Federal Register, February 1, 1973,
        Volume 38 Number 21
    
        Quarterly reports submitted by the States
        to the Administrator through appropriate
        Regional Office shall include all a:ir
        qtiality data from the surveillance
        n twork:
    
            according to the SAROAD format
    
            within 15 days after the; end of
            each reporting period.
    
    5.  Federal Register, April 18, 1973,
        Volume ~>°. Number 74 (proposed rules)
    
        Determinations of impact of mobile
        source emissions as a result of a
        "complex" source require data on:
    
            present air quality, topography,
            meteorology
    
            size of facility, nature, design
    
            expected mode of ope/ '-ion.
    
    6.  Fedc-ra.i I .jgister, r.dy 7, 1973,
        Volume 38 Number u',  (proposed rules)
    
        Revises secondary standards for sulfur
        dioxide by revoking the annual standard.
    
    7.  Federal Register, June 8, 1973,
        Volume 38 Number 110  (proposed rules)
    
        a.  In transportation control measures
            development, (hydrocarbon, nitrogen
            dioxide) carbon monoxide and photo-
            chemical oxidant data must be
            compatible with the emissions
            inventory for the subregion involved.
    
        b.  Specifies three tentative candidate
            reference methods for the determination
            of nitrogen dioxide.   (Replaces
            method promulgated on Aoril 30,  1971)
    

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                         •For purposes of evaluating the pre-
                         vention of significant air quality
                         deterioration,  the following are required;
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                     8.  Federal Register, June 18, 1973,
                         Volume 38 Number 116  (proposed rules)
    
                         Areas which due to growth rate will
                         exceed National Ambient Air Quality
                         Standards in the next 10 years should
                         be identified and data on air quality
                         and human activity should be provided.
    
                     9.  Federal Register, July 16, 1973,
                         Volume 38 Number 135 (proposed rules)
    1972 baseline particulate and
    sulfur dioxide data including the
    maximum concentrations in an area.
    
    Where a source  (as desc "ibed in the
    Federal Register) is to be con-
    structed a minimum of 2 continuous
    instruments for sulfur dioxide and/or
    2 intermittent instruments for
    particul ,te matter.
    
    The source monitc.   'ns :,ruments
    should be located in the zone of
    exnected max '.rmm concentration as
    determined ,»/ diffusion modeling.
    
    The source should summarize the data
    monthly and report to the State
    semiannually.
    

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                                10
                3.  AIR QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION
    
    
         The levels and distributions of air quality are
    
    often quite variabl  in both time und space.  Knowledge of
    
    these variations, their significance and their cauaes, is
    
    essential for the proper interpretation of air quality data.
    
    The degree to which these variations are detected and
    
    quantified depends, in large part, on the adequacy of
    
    coverage and "representativeness"* of monitoring sites within
    
    an Air Quality Control Region  (AQCR).  Available pollutant
    
    measurements for many AQCR's are inadequate for comprehensive
    
    air quality and trend analyses.  However, it is expected that
    
    through adherence to, and consideration of,  the general
    
    factors and principles discussed below trial: the quantity,
    
    quality and uniformity of data being collected will be en-
    
    hanced and that the data requirements of EPA's monitoring
    
    objectives will be fulfilled.
    
    
    3.1  General Network Design Considerations
    
         The development of network designs should be based on
    
    knowledge of the existing pollution levels and patterns within
    
    the AQCR.  The areas of highest pollution levels must be
    *Representativeness connotes the effect of sampler placement
    on the uc-bility of the measurement;:.
    

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                                       11
           defined, together with geographical and temporal variations
    I      in the ambient levels.  Isopleth maps of ambient concentrations
           derived from past sampling efforts and/or from diffusion
    |      modeling are the best tools for determining the number of
    _      stations needed and for suggesting station locations.  Also,
           information on meteorological parameters, topography, population
    I      distribution, present and projected land uses including areas
           where growth is anticipated, pollution sources and areas of
           potential sources is extremely useful in network design.  Where
    _      isopleth maps are not available, information from various
           organizations such as the Bureau of Census and local planning
    I      agencies can provide the basis for initial designs.  Additionally,
           information on emission densities and/or land use can be used
    |      together with wind-rose data to pinpoint areas of expected
    •j      higher concentrations.  Maps of population density are essential
           in locating stations for monitoring during episodes and provide
    I      a general indication of human exposure in relation to various
           source distribution patterns .
    I          For many areas, information as described above may be
    •     wholly inadequate and/or unavailable.  In these cases, the re-
           sulting networks will need to be modified as more information
    •     and experience are obtained.  But this should be true even in
           those areas where adequate information is available.  Network
    |     design should be continually assessed and evaluated in terms
    
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                                 12
    
    
     of how well the resulting data fulfills the previously dis-
    
     cussed monitoring objectives keeping in mind the need for moni-
    
     toring the data base required for long term trend analysis. As
    
     more resources become available  (and based on the objectives-
    
     evaluation proc ss), network designs should be upgraded accord-
    
     ingly.
    
    
     3.2   Size  of Monitoring  Network
    
          The number  of  sampling  stations  required depends  primarily
    
     on the  existing  pollution levels, their variability, and  the
    
     size  of the region.*  The size of the network must  be  adequate
    
     to allow for definition  of the area(s) where ambient concen-
    
     trations may be  expected to  exceed air quality  standards.
    
     Information on air  quality in other areais,  including the  non-
    
     urban portions of  the region, should  c..lso be collected.   Also,
    
     issues  such as complex sources,  transportation  control measures,
    
     hot  spots,  supplementary control systems, and  fugitive dust
    
     problems may influence the monitoring network  size.
    
          A first approximation of the number of stations required
    
     in a  region may  be  obtained  from general curves based  on  a
    
     qualitative evaluation of cities of different  population  classes
    
     in terms of their  existing networks,  pollution patterns,  geo-
    
     graphic distribution of  sources, and  the  like.**  The  relationship
     * Most obviously availability of resources is also an important
       consideration.
    
    ** Guidelines:   Air Quality— Survei"1 Vance Networks, Office of
       Air Programs Publication No. AP-98, U.S. EPA, May 1971.
    

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    13
    I          between population and network size (see below) was derived from
    
               such investigations, combined with experience. In general,  popu-
    
    •          lation is a good index to network size. In certain situations,
    
    m          however, such as the relative absence of sulfur dioxide in western
    
               portions of the L lited States, such relationships are not appli-
    
    •          cable. In these situations, additional information, such as source
    
               strengths and their locations, is essential before network size
    
               can be determined.
    
    •              Based on the above population relationship and according to a
    
               priority classification assigned to each AQCR for carbon monoxide,
    
    I   	    nitrogen dioxide, parti?ulate matter, photochemical oxidants,  and
    
               sulfur dioxide, the minimum size of an air quality monitoring net-
    
    I          work can be determined.  An AQCR is assigned a priority classifica-
    
    •          tion according to a comparison of its air quality levels to the air
    
               quality standards. Generally in priority I AQCR's the air quality is
    
    •         poorer than primary standards. In priority II regions it is between
    
               secondary and primary levels and in priority III regions it is better
    
    •         than secondary standards. For particulate matter and sulfur dioxide,
    
    •         the classification criteria provide for priorities of I,II,or III
    
               while for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical oxi-
    
     •         dants priorities of I or III are applicable.
    
                   Table I presents the recommended minimum number* of air quality
     I
     I
    
     I
               monitoring sites by AQCR classification and population class. (Note
                  This number omits sites for monitoring complex sources, non-
    I              degradation, transportation control measures, supplementary
                  control systems, fugitive dust.  Guidance on these issues is
                  forthcoming.
    

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                                                                     14
    
    
        Table   1.      RECOMMENDED  MINIMUM  NUMBER  OF  AIR  QUALITY  MONITORING   SITES
      Cliiistllr.il ton          Pollutant            Mi'.iMiirnienl in. lh<«l •      Minlmiii .  fr.'iMJrm \ ,»f -umpllMK      llt^lmi popnl ii i.in          Mi ....... i,n mlinK, ,  ,,' ,|,
        "f irrjon                                                                                                                      ,,ii ihu mtimi.-imt'  I- •> •
                                            Hii;h volume <- I'M pt r          f MIC Jt-lumi - im pi, >'X < i v  <> d n - '   I,- -- >  »n |nn nmi          I
                                                                                                         lixi.iit  i.iKHi otto           1  n r. i', i  100000 p,.;,i|i ti
                                                                                                         l.DOD.lim  5.1-M'lKH)         7 S-HI .'S p» l  PHHNIM pn|,n
                                                                                                         A hOVe 5,M1          .  |J -t-0 HJ ]it 1 JIN) iNMt I „!(,!, (j
                                            T.ip*1 sampler       _ _       _  One sample e\» r> : hour?            , ..                -     On*1 p*'i -.VI IHMI p ever \ tul.ivs   L.-s(hui lot) ooo .        '{
                                                                          U'fc* lAiMilm •                  UM).tmn i.ouo. MM          _«.s -ii 1 |>< r imoHM pnpn; .-
                                                                                                         l.ltOO.Otll  SlMrtHNN)         ti-i-O |A prl lUO.UNI p..pl,, tt  ,
                                                                                                         Abo Ve 5. I* Ml 01 MI   .        11 -f U U.i pel 1 00 .000 pnpul ,-
                                                                          Continuous                   .  Less th.m H»i '""i .         I
                                                                                                         11*0.000 5.1 KH l.i KM           I t l) 15 p.-r inn in>0 pnpul tn
                                                                                                         AllOVO 5.1*** l>l)n           t"i t-0 05 J>. I ItMJ l)*)(l pupil1 il u
                   (\iroon million n It-         N'nndi-.p' > -ivc rif: tred or       Continuous                     Less th.m l'«i iw>o _         I
                                              ei|m\ ili t,t '                                                KM). (XX) 5 000 i mo         .  1 rl In |n r HXMBUI [mpij! it i
                                                                                                         Above .l.itoo nm           U-rO 05 |H i P MI noo p-ipui ,n .   -
                   Pho(cX'(i»-(iitc,»l o*id iriN    'I is p.'u -i rht mi'ummi--rii(e    Con 1 union-                     Les^ th.in I'm M»O _         I
                                              or eiuuv.ilrnt '                                               10(1,000 5,000.00(1      .     1 + 0 15 p -i loo.ooo pnpui in,, .  •
                                   JL                     ,                       -                         Above 5,000.000  ____  _  _. 6-fO 05 per 100,000 i>op(iL.M..'i  •
                   NitroptMi di'ni'lf
     II             Susprn .' h-mi -            ____
                   Sulfur rlloiM.'             !' .  u o-atii!'   ili>'»i. i; -
                                                                         C'-mtinui-a-     .          . .
     J1I*           SUN^'"'! -1 p -timil iti-    IliL'h \n'ii  i. - i ij'l  r          (HK> _M »w.ni Mtnpl >• \ ,M \ ti : '  ( > •»• _ t '  .!i- > unpi • ( \ -•! > i) .'  ,v ^                            1
                                                                          4^ t- imt»lilrn '
    
    
         • Equivalent to 01 i indoui - itrpl.- p.-r \ (  ir
         b Kfpiu lii'l't tn _''' r i1 'l"in s i'i !•'. - I- !  i- i'
         * Tol.il pupul it 11*11 >-! ,, in: mt i \\ 1 1 •,. ' • :/ !|P •! i U'M'I- r "! - 1 :ii*l"r- inclu'l -^ a fi n linn i {in i il-ofT  to ii. iti'^t \\ I MI],' mi n i In r
         * EilUivil.Mit ii" 'i   1-u   1  ' . i- ( •.< • \'-- .; > pi  • .-  ,•   i'. •-, -  FI .rin- I'hntd"1  'in-  Da. it ion >p<,»\i'i 'I i lion i- MM •! tl,rntiul i nt MM- inMr li-nrnt -\ -t.-Tti In P ir' - . v-  .-1
     to tin- \ii Mrc i'i) l. ' J1 F   "  i- 1'hnfc ••' I i'  1 >• t. i r 'in . pr r.\  i- 'i n  1 •  ' fiM intr -uifur cnr  I""lti 1-- I'l . -,'tit in - jui t tnl (|ium ill - ,ti i ii UH^ -'il i   .1' ( 'otlli'tni 1 1 1C Drln 'KMI [ *•  .  !• -1
     0\nli7ih^ it 1. 1  i, ilnt in.. ;  t  ••. M-I,, -MIIII    n  \0   •>. 1  ii - i'  r.. 7K.\"1'  »•• I • 1. [tn- tutu"i »T "I I' u -r.. tiulin.'  1'iocc'luif
         ' KqillV il -nt liu P "-M- t. i- ( I l."', n".  ip-iif -v inr  ' «"] - t ,1 i.\ui I  "i, •> . i -\t> \ - H uiu- I mil/  if HIM 1 )i t ( t ion
         ' K'IUIV it. • f  nirf ' "-i-  ;i .   |   i'"* i-  i ,  '  !"<(!•( •  <   •»! '"(LI.  (>' ttM.M'ii , pr.'M't- '! i r«> MM ti.m  I- -i, 1-1.- f-.r SO  .n.t \<>-V (_'» ("^  IMiototnrti u  D«'t« fti'm ./ *»•  i,.
     (piovMt i| (•oinpMi"  ill"'- !•> 1,1 .'it- f", J.N r   i  - -un-r MM •-  nt't • P Cl.i'i1 I'ur !i • -< ,>i ^'- th»-, ..r-iit-  tr. ' « i ,1111 M| fur rh -.' p- Put r.ts
         h In pitn -1 if i- 1 1 L-KI',-,  Hi MM ".In r n-  - ,!,  i . * | nit M | ,1 «..!,;( I h.' prnr.it. .1  to * n n --'  th on ,\ pnpn!  it KHI l> i^l-
         • All in. .i-ni. mi nt r t tlin.1- , w p-  -' •  I  i ;,.•-) -I. p  • ni Hi, «1  ,ir,' .1. v nl,,"l in U"  i rn ion L!  piu.i u\ .ui-1 sccuml u> .iinlm lit air  »tu,ilm  -t.ind inl-  pnl'!l-]i, -1    ' i *
     FKPMt M limi^Tt K n •  \;M  .',« p •: I  f') I  K --[xi,   ) i;) • r  ,i;, t! '»!> I<»L'' tin f \s i! !i  tho-f >pcClh- '1 nn-h i foulnotc^ fl'   It1 *  ,1111! if. W  ill l)f con-l'lt-l n| i'qui\ ,iU nt .    Y
     IlHH't tilt1 foHoWIHK [)> 1 (<>' ;;i nil1'  --['-'fill iti'"  •
    
    
                                                                                                    I'olUitatits
    
                                                             Sulfur ilio\idf                        f .irlt-Mi nionoxid''                    I'hotortn'niu',il  uxnl nit
                                                                                                                                  tcorrfrtiMi for NO; .iti'l -MI.
    
    
          lUnct* _ . _____                .         nj.h.ii^? ni^iOlppml         . ...0-58nic  in ' (0- ,*> p p ni )..     _  .   .  . 0 S*0 jug 'in J ''O 0 *> p p in ^
          Mi inn i tint (it u>i l ilii.  -.fusjin it >  .         J(> M-  ir  T '" nl p p in j    .   _ _     .  _  il ft niji. in x iO 5 p p in.) . . _ _     . __   .   _i> n% in * ,t*  ol p p in j
          Ki-f tinif . 'Ml  [i, i( . ;,t   _        _ _    .  ,"> tn.ini' • - .  .                     . _ _ ,  5 nimuti •-          ..... _ .......    5 minute-.
          F.ill tnni', 'K) pou - -it  ,   _  _ _    _       5 nuii.it  -                           _  5 nimutr-               .  ____    -    , •"> niinutf-.
          ZiTO (iilfl  _.  ..                   .       ±1 p. u.-nt pt i d i>  j:ui *J p- jiN-nt  p-T  *I P.TI-, nt pt r d t> ,tii  ,ui.l -^ J p. n .  ,  p  r
                                                   J-! I\-N                                .i.l.iy.-i                                .1 (1 ty-
           Span d lift    _ - -                    _ _  ± i p,.u , nt PIT d iv and * 2 p< rrt nl p*-r  * 1 pi m-ut p-'t <1 1> ;nul *~2 percent per  * I pt-rcrnt  p«-r day :uul * -' pi-re* :.'  p  f
                                                   3 d i}-                                :i rl.tys                                3d.iy.-s
          Precision  ,   ...,-, _______ ........... .  . ±_ pi rc>. ;it   _         _              _  *4 piTCt-nt       ____ _ ........    _ . =*=4 percent
          Oi^-nitton pcriuC<»1.-)- - . -    - - -      - =*•(* 5 pore nt ( full s<. ilt-1
          JntciffHMt'1.' i"|uiv.i!iMir   .  .   ...... . . 3\ m m  '• ',001 p p in t...  ........  I.I nui.'rii 3 U p p m ) ..... _ ........ 2*1 MR- 'in. J (ODl [) p in ).
     ,     Opt-r.iiinp Inn p <\> \\i\fl ,v^ foUou--
              kangfi The i. init'itun >iu'l ir. luvum nit i-ur, ih.-n' limit-                                                                                 v
              MmMMUin (It'ffct.iliit1 •"•r.-ihvit \  1 p-- >m,ii:. -t i   mmt of input concvntr i'ion \\ 1'irli c.m 1>*' (li-ttct< 'I .H roucontr.ition ippnnirhi"* zoro
              lit-r- f inn- '•*' pt n» »it  'i ni1 in'' , v u i " tvv -IMI in,'  n1 i.'-[Mri>i' ( MM' .iiul t'-iu  i" 'Hi pfic. ni r,'-pi>ri-i- if1'1!  i ,>tcp tn(t t -i .f m i-il-'t eoiuvtif-.ttion
              F.iH 11 Tin- 'M' ; • n r:;t  Tli.- int. i \ u h tu t .>n IM'L  i1 fi -p-m-t1 thin  ,ind ti , •'  tn '«) pdifjit r>-p.*ii^'' ifhT .1 -t.-p d< vi>-1 -c in tin1 inlrt con. > nttJiiori
              XtTo duff  1 ii- th u!L''- in in-tj u'nt ut utitpuf "\ • r .1 -' it-'d ti;i,,' p. runl nf ii" idj't-Ji'd ront .minus iip.-ritioii, w lieu th,1 input cniRvntr inon  i> 7<-MI.
              Np.in di tit '1 i>-  11. in-'r in I'l-irin,. "t oui put o,  t • i -i i!- d p. i, M if in  ..l/i t. -1 eon 'nui'ni- opt i iii• »t« •! rn* t-m- n;. i,t-. ol ih,   i.u,  uj.n'f nliat i,.a i \\ lucli sluill In- tin- midpoint of th.' -(..I'd  I.U-.L;.-) e\i«t—.  I j.  '.d-
          a\ er me di'M.iii'' ' '-f i • • • ' , '••• it '-n't • fiun.  11..- i'i» n.
              Op, i iii,m j,  • " d  |  ,' p. 110,1 «,f 11-.!,1 n\ • r v ,i ' )i l In1 n -t nrii'Tit c in h.^ cTtt.-rtrd to oiit-r itc nn it tfn-l-'d v, ithm 'po^iiH.itnvi-J.
              Nuts,- -|.0. r ,n. ,ilL- ,1, vntioi^ (rum j in- nt i.u'p-il i 'it i in . 'l n> n.put r.,.,1  . hli.iln.n Uiu,.--.
              Tnt iiniM-'i.! :tir.
              Ot^-rulitiR t'T'ifH T i? lire Htii'l u\t mil  1 he am hi- a t (••]>!»> i tUir-1 It in tu iHu.i  ovrr w him -f.itrd -p.a'idr it ion- will l»e met
              LliK aniy. Hie in.itimuni deM.iliun b, t \\t-i u JM  -uUi.tl m-n unti'iil ri idii.i: :md tin- r,-adin^' pi.diflciJ by i straight lin- ilui*u In Iwu'ii upper and lower caJi'Ti'nn
          points.
    *     EPA  is   currently   evaluating   throe   measurement  techniques'   for
                   and   will   publish  a   new  reference  method   by  March"l974.      The
          method   chosen   will   prescribe   the   sampling  frequency  and  minimum
          number   of  air   monitoring   sites.
    

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    •         that the standard reference method for nitrogen dioxide is cur-
    •         rently being reevaluated in terms of throe proposed tentative
    I
    
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    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
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    candidate methods.   Meanwhile,  in  cases  in  which  it  appears de-
    
    sirable  that  State  N02  monitoring  activities be continued, such
    
    continuation  is  to  be encouraged provided that either chemilumin-
    
    escence  or  Saltzman methods  are used.)
    3.3  Location of Monitoring Stations
    
         The location of sampling stations must be such that the
    
    resulting information can be used to fulfill the data require-
    
    ments of the previously presented monitoring objectives.  The
    
    monj -.oring network  should consist of stations that are:
    
              a.  Pollution oriented
    
                  Areas most heavily polluted must be
                  identified and monitored.  It is in
                  these areas that  progress toward
                  meeting air quality - taridards is
                  most  critical.
    
              b.  Population oriented
    I                        A portion of the network must be
                            located according to population
                            distribution.  This is especially
                            important during episodes.
    
     •                  c.  Representative of the Region
    
                            •Area-wide data are needed to show
                            conformity or lack of to the air
                            quality standards.  This includes both
    I                        urban and rural portions of the AQCR.
                            In rural areas, consideration must be
                            given to places where growth is
                            anticipated or new sources are ex-
     •                      pected to locate.
    
                        d.  Source category and/or source oriented
                  These  stations provide  a measure of the
                  effectiveness of  control strategies.
    
              e.  Background oriented
    
                  For  assessing the quality  of  air entering the
                  Region,  stations  must be situated on  the peri-
                  phery  of the Reaion.
    

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                                16
    
    
         Many stations are capable of meeting more than one of the
    
    above general criteria.  On a priority basis, the stations
    
    should be capable of at least providing information on:
    
                 Areas of estimated maximum concentration
                 in all ma'or urban comp]exes of the Region
                 (particulates and sulfur dioxid< in priority
                 I and IA Regions).
    
                 Transportation related pollutants in those
                 cities and regions requiring transportation
                 control measures.
    
              .  Trends and prorgress toward achievement of
                 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
    
                 Pollutant levels during episodes
    
    
    3.4  Sampling Site Characteristics
    
         In the selection of a particular site for a single sampler
    
    or a complex station, it is essential that the sampler(s)
    
    be situated to yield data representative of the location and
    
    not be unduly influenced by the immediate surroundings.  Although
    
    no definitive information is available concerning how air quality
    
    measurements are affected by the nearness of buildings, height
    
    from ground, and the like, both general and specific guidance
    
    can be provided based on operational experience.
    
    
         3.4.1  General Siting Considerations
    
                a.  Avoid sites where there are res-
    
                    trictions to air flow in the
    
                    vicinity of tne air inlet --
    
                    such as adjacent to buildings, para-
    
                    pets, trees.
    

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                    17
    •                  b.   Avoid sampling sites that are unduly
    _                      influenced by downwash from a minor
    "                      local source or by reentrainment of
    I                      ground dust, such as a stack located
                           on the roof of a building where the
    |                    -  air inlet is located or close to
    •                      ground level near an unpaved road.
                           In the latter case,  either elevate
    •                      the .-sampler intake above the level  of
                           maximum ground turbulence effect or
    I
        place the sampler intake away from
        the source of ground dust.
    
    c.  The monitoring site should be generally
                           inaccessible to the puulic;  have adequate
    •                     security,  electricity and plumbing.
    
    B                 d.   Uniformity in height above ground
                           level  is desirable.  Roof top*
    |                     samplers should be utilized  in  moderate
    im                     to high density areas (in terms of
                           structures).  Ground level samplers
    •                     should be utilized in low or sparse
                           density areas (in terms  of structures).
    
           ^Roof  top  is defined as the  average building height  above
    •      ground  for  a particular section of the  Region.
    
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                                18
    
    
    
    
    
         3.4.2  Specific Siting Considerations
    
    
    
                Specific guidelines for siting air monitoring
    
    
    
                stations in areas of maximum pollutant concen-
    
    
    
                trations are presented in Table 2.  In addition,
    
    
    
                Table 3 presents specific stationary pollutant
    
    
    
                sources for which monitoring  (e.g., for hot
    
    
    
                spots) should be undertaken, where applicable.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    3.5  Sampling Frequency
    
    
    
         Sampling averaging times depend upon the primary use of
    
    
    
    the data.  To show compliance with, or progress towards meeting
    
    
    
    ambient air quality standards, the sampling equipment must be
    
    
    
    capable of producing data consistent with the averaging times
    
    
    
    specified by the standards.  For example, if the standards are
    
    
    
    set in terms of daily and hourly averages, then the sampling
    
    
    
    frequencies must be in the same averaging time.
    
    
    
         Although standards for particulates and sulfur dioxide,
    
    
    
    for example, are in terms of annual averages and maximum daily
    
    
    
    concentrations,it is not economically feasible to  operate the entire
    
    
    
    network on a daily basis.  Adequate coverage may be maintained with
    
    
    
    intermittent sampling at frequencies calculated statistically for
    
    
    
    desired levels of precision.  In order to increase the statistical
    
    
    
    precision of the estimate for the annual average,  a systematic
    
    
    
    sampling schedule should be utilized.*  Also, the frequency of
    
    
    
    air monitoring necessary to characterize an air pollutant for a
    
    
    
    given time period and area can be determined from equations that
    * G. Akland, Design of Sampling Schedules, JAPCA22(4), April 1972.
    

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                                          21
    
    
    
              Table 3.  MAJOR STATIONARY POLLUTANT SOURCES
                                                          POLLUTANT
              SOURCE*                           Particulates  CO  SO-,  HC  NO-
    I         Asphalt concrete plants
                                                      X
    
              Petroleum refineries                    X        X   X
    
    ™        Storage vessels for
                petroleum liquids
    
    •        Secondary lead smelter                  X
    
              •Secondary brass & oronze
                production plants                     X
    
    _        Iron and steel plants                   X        X
    
              Sewage treatment plants                 X
    
    fl|        Fossil fuel steam electric              X            X
                 O1000 million BTU per
                   household input)
              Cool cleaning plants                    X
    
              Primary aluminum ore reduction          X
    
              Lime plants                             X
    
     •        Phosphate rock crushing                 X
    
              By product coke oven batteries          X
    
     "        Municipal incinerators                  X
                (>250 tons per day of
     •             refuse)
    
              Portland cement plants                  X
              Nitric acid plants
    
              Sulfuric acid plants
              *Also, any source emitting greater than 4000 tons per year
               of these pollutants.
    
     I
    
    
     I
    

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    Table 3,  MAJOR STATIONARY POLLUTANT SOURCES  (CONTINUED)
    SOURCE*
    
    Carbon black plants
    
    E'eed & grain mills
    
    Sulfur recovery plants
    
    Copper, zinc, lead smelters
    
    Pulp and papermills
    
    Grey iron cupolas
              POLLUTANT	
    Particulates  GO  S02  H£  NO 2'
    
          X       XX
    
          X
          X
    
    
          X
    
          X
         X
    
         X
    X
    
    X
    *Also, any  source  emitting greater  than  4000  tons  per  year
     of these pollutants.
    

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    I
    
    *        predict the precision of the sample mean of the air pollutant
    •        as a function of: the frequency of sampling, the standard devia-
             tion of the logs of the air pollutant measurements, and the level
    j§       of confidence*.  Table 1 presents the recommended sampling fre-
    A       quencies based on the above considerations.  It should be noted
             that for detection of maximum pollutant concentrations the samp-
    •       ling frequencies may require modification in certain portions of
             the AQCR.
    I
             3.6  Instrumentation
    I            A variety of sampling devices and instruments are being
    •       used to collect samples and measure ambient air quality.
             Mechanical  samplers are most generally used to collect integrated
     •       samples in  the field.   (Integrated sampling is conducted over a
     m       given time  period to yield a single sample  to represent the
     ™       entire time period.)   In automatic sampler-analyzers, the
     •       collection  and analytical processes are combined in a single
             device.  This  type of  instrument  produces a continuous analysis,
     |       with the output in a machine-readable  format or in a form  suitable
     _   .    for telemetry  to a central data-acquisition facility.  Table 4
             summarizes  general information  on types of  instrumentation, use,
     •       specificity and associated costs.
                  Standard  reference methods for the operation of particulate,
      I
    sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidant and
    hydrocarbon instrumentation are specified in the Federal Register
      •        *W.F.  Hunt,  The Precision Associated with the Sampling
      *         Frequency of  Log-Normally Distributed Air Pollutant
                Measurements,  JAPCA 22(9),  September 1972.
    

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          Table  4,    CLASSIFICATION  OF AIR  POLLUTION SAMPLING  TECHNIQUES
    Type
    Mechanical
    Hi-Vol
    
    
    
    Gas
    sample r
    Spot tape
    sample r
    Automatic
    Gas
    
    
    
    
    Particulale
    sorting
    (automat it
    tape)
    Use
    
    Integ rated
    quantification
    
    
    Integrated
    quant if ic at ion
    of gas
    Relative
    soiling index
    
    Cont i nuou?
    analysis of
    gaseous
    pollutants
    
    Continuous
    analysis of
    soiling rate
    
    Spec if ic ity
    
    7 otal suspended
    particular and
    multiple specific
    pollutants
    SO,;, NO i
    Unknown
    
    
    Single gas or
    group of
    related gases
    
    
    Unknown
    
    
    Common
    averaging
    time
    
    2.4 h ou r s
    
    
    
    2. 4 hours
    i hours
    
    
    C ontinuous
    sample
    integration
    usually 1-
    1 5 months
    (Same as
    above)
    
    
    Relative
    costa
    
    Moderate
    
    
    
    Moderate
    Low
    
    
    Mode rate
    to high
    
    
    
    Moderate
    
    
    Required
    training of
    pe rson.no 1"
    
    Mode rate
    
    
    
    High
    Low
    
    
    Moderate
    to high
    
    
    
    Mode rate
    
    
    Remarks
    
    Detailed chemical analysis of
    Hi- Vol and gas samples require
    sophisticated laboratory train-
    ed chemists, and is costly.
    
    Provides only a rough, rela-
    tive indexofparticulate soiling.
    
    Continuous measurements
    allow use of any desired aver-
    aging time by computation.
    Accuracy is generally much
    better than other methods.
    Calibralionissimplified. Data
    is available instantaneously.
    
    
    I.QW refers to $0-$SOO, Moderate refers, to $
    -------
    I
    ™         of April 30,  1971.   In addition,  three  tentative  candidate
    •         reference methods  for nitrogen dioxide  have  been  proposed in
              the June 8,  1973,  Federal Register.
    I             Other sampling and analysis  methods  are acceptable and
    «        will be considered equivalent to  the reference methods if
              it can be demonstrated to the EPA Administrator's satisfaction
    •        that they have  a consistent  relationship  to  the reference
              method and/or at the Administrator's discretion meet various
    •        performance  specifications.   Such specifications  include the
    •        following factors:
                           Sensitivity
     •                  .   Stability and reliability
                           Zero  drift
     •                  .   Reproducibility
     H                  .   Precision
                           Response time
     •                  .   Calibration
                        .   Accuracy
     *            The actual selection of particular monitoring equipment
     •       should follow a careful evaluation of information pertaining
              to the instrumental specifications and  a  knowledge of the user's
     p       specific application.  This  selection process should be
      ^       objective and include considerations of (e.g.,  for automatic
              air monitoring  equipment*):
      I       	
              *Field Operations  Guide for  Automatic Air Monitoring Equipment,
      •        U.S. EPA, October 1972.
    
      I
    

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                      26
    
    
    
    
    
    
    a.  Instrument description factors
    
    
    
           Application
    
    
    
           Measurement principle
    
    
    
           Schematic diagram
    
    
    
           Auxiliary equipment
    
    
    
    
    
    
    b.  Installation and operation factors
    
    
    
           Space requirements
    
    
    
           Weight
    
    
    
           Power requirements
    
    
    
           Temperature operating range
    
    
    
           Humidity operating range
    
    
    
           Vibration operating range
    
    
    
           Portability
    
    
    
           Signal output
    
    
    
           Air sampling rate
    
    
    
           Sample line pressure
    
    
    
           Calibration
    
    
    
           Sample line construction
    
    
    
           Reagent flow rate
    
    
    
           Reagent consumption
    
    
    
    
    
    c.  Performance factors
    
    
    
           Range
    
    
    
           Sensitivity
    
    
    
    
           Rise time
    

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    I
     I
    
                               Fall time
                               Zero drift
    •                       .
                               Span drift
    I                       .  Precision
                               Operation period
    m                  '    .  Noise
    •                      .  Interference
                            . .  Operating temperature fluctuation
    •                      .  Linearity
                            .  Specificity
    
                   The objective evaluation process for equipment selection
    m        should also be based on a general understanding of the measure-
     •j        ment technique employed by various monitors.  Operational
              principles commonly incorporated in continuous air monitoring
    instrumentation include:
    
                 Conductivity
                 Colorimetry
     »
                           Coulometry
     •                 .  Flame photometry
                           Flame ionization
     I
                 Nondispersive infrared photometry
                 Reflectance and transmittance
      I
                           Nephelometry
      •                 .  Chemiluminescence
      I
      I
    

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                                 28
         Information on these principles including their specifici-
    ties and interferences is presented in the previously referred
    Field Operations Guide.
    
         The selection of a specific monitoring instrument should
    be made only after a comprehensive evaluation which considers the
    above factors and principles. It is strongly recommended that no
    instrument be purchased unless the manufacturer provides a guaran-
    tee that the instrument will perform in accordance with the speci-
    fications published in either the 30 April 1971 Federal Register
    or the draft equivalency guideline document entitled "Ambient Air
    Monitoring Equivalent and Reference Methods."  Interim guidance
    on the selection of air quality monitoring instrumentation can be
    obtained from the Quality Assurance and Environmental Monitoring
    Laboratory at NERC, RTP/N.C. QAEML will provide this guidance until
    equivalency guidelines on methods and instrumentation are published
    in the Federal Register.
    
     3.7   Laboratory Quality Assurance
    
          Quality assurance is  an integral  part of any viable
     monitoring effort.   It begins when the selected methodology
     obtains a  valid measure of the analytical parameter,  when
     the  laboratory tools (reagents, instruments, standards)  are
     of invariant quality,  and  when the operational techniques
     used ensure exacting replication for the entire analytical
     procedure.  The objective  of quality assurance is to produce
     reliable data for decision making.
    

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    I
                                          29
    I
                  The two primary aspects of a quality assurance program
    ™        are standardization and quality control.  While standardization
    •        development (production of reference methods,  equivalency
             guidelines, monitoring procedures and guidelines)  is the general
    |        responsibility of EPA, the National Bureau of Standards,
    _        and certain professional associations and committees, quality
    ~        control is within the purview of State air pollution control
    Ij        laboratories.
                  The Regional Offices should assist the States in
    |        developing an effective quality control program through the
    M        implementation of the following:
                          Training of managers and operators
    •                  .  Data reporting schemes which include
    *                     evidence of quality control considerations
    •                  .  Operation of an intralaboratory
                          quality control program
    I                  .  Periodic, random checking of
                          instrumentation and equipment
    «                    calibration
                          Cross-checking of samples
                          (Checking of reagents, reference
                          samples, and quality of personnel
                          •Participation in an interlaboratory
                          testing program
    I                      Use of formalized schedules, procedures,
                          logbooks and calibration curves for all
                          monitors.
     I
     I
     I
    

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                                30
                 4.  AIR QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS
    
    
         Even the best air quality data are of little value
    
    unless they are properly analyzed and interpreted.  While
    
    analysis calls for the use of various statistical procedures
    
    and methods, the interpretation requires a complete and
    
    detailed knowledge of where and under what conditions the
    
    data were collected, methods utilized, assumptions, time span,
    
    etc.  Without this descriptive information, the data collected
    
    are meaningless.
    
         Air quality data must first be validated before analysis
    
    and interpretation can proceed.  This should involve:
    
              a.  Application of corrections for known
                  instances of instrument malfunction,
                  drift, or other deviations from normal
                  instrument operation.
    
              b.  Using various criteria such as looking
                  for atypical high values, low values
                  and extreme changes in values for con-
                  secutive observations.  These former
                  data values (outliers) should be
                  further analyzed to ascertain their
                  basis.  Steps in handling outliers
                  include:
    
                       Checking for instrument or
                       coding errors
    
                       Checking historical data
    
                       Examining meteorological data
    
                       Reviewing possible changes in
                       the environment of the monitoring
                       site
    

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    I
    
                        c.  Reporting data values based on the
                            accuracy and precision inherent in
    •                       the instruments and analytical
    •                       methodology.
    
                        Id.  Determining the completeness of the
                            data base.  (For the data to be
                            representative, samples should be
                            •collected throughout the time
                            interval under study rather than
                            bunched all together.)
    
    •                   e.  Developing surrogate procedures for
                            handling data values below the limits
                            of detection of the instruments
    •                       employed .
    
                   Once the data has been completely validated and checked
    
    |         for supporting descriptive information, various statistical
    
    •m         analyses can be performed.  These can range from the calculation
    
              and comparison of means and variances, the development of
    
    •         frequency distributions, development of wind rose-air pollutant
    
              concentration correlations and isopleth contours to the use
    
    •         of time series analysis and other trend techniques.  There are
    
    m         various computer based calculation routines and data reporting
    
              programs available from EPA which perform most of the above
    
    •         analyses.  For example, there are various meteorological
    
              programs available in PL-1 that correlate wind speed, wind
    
    •         direction and pollutant values.  Also EPA's SAROAD system can
    
    •         be utilized to access data for various analysis and reporting
    
              purposes .
    
    |             Currently there is under development a Comprehensive Data
    
    «         Handling System which would give State agencies the ability to
    
              perform statistical analysis of their air quality data through
    
    •        a statewide aerometric data system.  This system would utilize
    
              SAROAD formats and editing routines.
    

    -------
                                32
    
    
    
    
    
    
         As discussed in Section 2, there are various air quality
    
    
    
    data reporting requirements imposed on the States by EPA.
    
    
    
    The normal flow of ambient air data (including meteorological
    
    
    
    data) is from State and local agencies to the EPA Regional
    
    
    
    Offices and then to the National Air Data Branch of the
    
    
    
    Monitoring and Data Analysis Division.  Data submitted to the
    
    
    
    Regional Offices must be in SAROAD* format on either coding
    
    
    
    forms, punched cards or magnetic tape.
    
    
    
         The Regional Office should transmit the State and local
    
    
    
    data to the National Air Data Branch either by wire or mail.
    
    
    
    The Branch will process the data through editing programs
    
    
    
    and will provide error messages to the Regional Offices.  The
    
    
    
    Regional Offices are then responsible for correcting errors
    
    
    
    through contact with the States.  Corrected data is then to
    
    
    
    be resubmitted to the Branch for file updating and the
    
    
    
    performance of various statistical analyses.  Figure 1 details
    
    
    
    the data flow process from the State and local Agency source
    
    
    
    through the various validation and verification procedures
    
    
    
    which are performed £>y the Branch in conjunction with the
    
    
    
    Regional Offices.
    *APTD Publications  0663, 0907,  0633
    

    -------
    1
    
    1
    1
    
    
    
    
    • State and local
    * Air Quality Data
    1
    IN
    XV.
    s
    EPA Regional
    •Offices
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    1
    1
    /
    YADB
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    33
    
    
    -
    v Data Verification
    „ Procedures
    \
    
    
    
    CO
    CJ
    w
    w
    1
    w
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    	 internal data recording
    	 Instrument calibration,
    operation, specifications
    	 Before and after instrument
    readings
    	 Other instruments same
    location
    	 Similar instruments adjacent
    location
    	 Meteorological conditions
    	 Time-series
    cycle
    	 Physical site location
    	 Sampling probe location
    1
            Figure 1.  AIR QUALITY DATA FLOW
    

    -------
                                34
             5.  AIR QUALITY MONITORING EVALUATION
    
    
         Regional Office evaluation of State and local air
    
    monitoring programs and data should be based on the factors
    
    and principles discussed in the previous sections.  Such an
    
    evaluation process must include, as a minimum, consideration
    
    of the following elements:
    
              a.  Status and reliability of the air
                  quality network
    
                     Is the network large enough to
                     ensure adequate coverage of the
                     Region?  Will hot spots be detected?
    
                     Are sites properly located with
                     respect to major sources and height
                     above ground?
    
                     Are episode monitoring sites
                     identified?
    
                     Is the sampling methodology
                     equivalent to the EPA reference
                     methods?
    
                     Are proper quality control pro-
                     cedures being utilized?
    
                            Are instruments being properly
                            calibrated on a routine basis?
    
                            Are standard reference materials
                            being used?
    
               b.  Growth and activity of sources during
                   monitoring periods
    
                   .   How did the industrial and economic
                      activities change?
    

    -------
    I
    I
                            .  Were  there  significant deviations
    •                         in  emission patterns?
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    
    I
    I
    
    
    I
                               In what areas did growth take place?
    c.  Atmospheric characteristics
    
           Was the weather unusually warm or
           cold?
    
           What was the average wind speeds and
           direction of predominant winds?
    
           What were the frequency and duration
           of inversions and stagnations?
    d.  Laboratory quality control
    
           What sample handling and verification
           methods were used?
    
           What are the details of the analytical
           method used?
    
           What is the type and source of the
           standard reference materials and
           samples?
    
           What is the frequency of use of check
           samples?
    I                          When was  the  last  time the laboratory
                              participated  in an interlaboratory
                               testing program?
    •                      .  What  is  the quality and calibration
                              state of instrumentation?
    
    I                          Does  the laboratory have an  intra-
                             '
                               laboratory  testing program?
    
                               What  is  the level and  training of
                               the laboratory personnel?
    I
    

    -------
                           36
       e.  Data analysis
    
           •  Have  the data  been properly validated?
    
           .  Has descriptive information been
              provided with  the data?
    
           .   Are SAROAD reporting  formats being
              used?                               3
    Enviroraia'fitc.1 Protection Agency
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